https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=EulaMatos4236 2026-07-29T13:39:59Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ambasamudram_Assembly_constituency&diff=485892 2026-05-05T12:12:51Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: added new details.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}<br /> {{coord|8.7|N|77.47|E|display=title}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Ambasamudram<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 225<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Ambasamudram.svg<br /> | mla = [[E. Subaya]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Tirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency|Tirunelveli]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | electors = 227,878 <br /> }}<br /> '''Ambasamudram''' is a [[constituency]] in the [[Tamil Nadu]] legislative assembly, that includes the city of [[Ambasamudram]] within [[Tirunelveli district]]. It was part of [[Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency]] originally but moved to [[Tirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency]] now. In the 2011 election, the constituency had a total electorate of 193,552 comprising 96,157 males and 97,395 females. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.<br /> <br /> == Members of legislative Assembly ==<br /> === Madras State ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Assembly<br /> !Year<br /> !Winner<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|First]]<br /> | [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> | [[P. Chockalingam]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|Second]]<br /> | [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> | rowspan=3|[[G. Gomathisankara Dikshidar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|Third]]<br /> | [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|Fourth]]<br /> | [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Tamil Nadu ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Winner<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> | [[S. Shanmugamuthu Thevar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)|dab=y}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | rowspan=2|[[Easwarmoorthy (Soranam)]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br /> | [[Balasubramanian (Ambasamudram MLA)|Balasubramanian]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | [[K. Ravi Arunan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | [[R. Murugaiah Pandian]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | [[R. Avudaiyappan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> | [[M. Sakthivel Murugan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> | R. Avudaiyappan<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> | [[E. Subaya]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> | R. Murugaiah Pandian<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS22225.htm?ac=225|title=Election Commission of India|website=results.eci.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |rowspan=2| E. Subaya<br /> |-<br /> | [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.96}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.80}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.11}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.66}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.04}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.89}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|65.33}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|34.17}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.75}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|47.39}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|35.33}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.52}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.35}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|38.16}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.52}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|43.14}}<br /> <br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ambasamudram}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate=Dr. Esakki Subaya<br /> |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |votes=65589<br /> |percentage=34.41<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate=V. P. Durai<br /> |party=Indian National Congress<br /> |votes=55344<br /> |percentage=29.02<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate=S. Rajagopal<br /> |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam<br /> |votes=53611<br /> |percentage=28.12<br /> |change=New}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate=Dr. V. Sivasankaran<br /> |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi<br /> |votes=14906<br /> |percentage=7.82<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate=NOTA<br /> |party=None of the above<br /> |votes=1060<br /> |percentage=0.56<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory<br /> |votes=10245<br /> |percentage=5.38<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes=190195<br /> |percentage=80.29<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box registered electors<br /> |reg. electors=236877<br /> |change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> |loser=Indian National Congress<br /> |swing=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2021===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Ambasamudram]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[E. Subaya]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=85,211 |percentage=47.96% |change=2.16% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Avudaiappan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=68,296 |percentage=38.44% |change=0.32% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shenbaga Valli |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=13,735 |percentage=7.73% |change=6.69% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Rani Ranjitham |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,194 |percentage=2.36% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sengulam Ganesan C |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=2,807 |percentage=1.58% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,673 |percentage=0.94% |change=-0.25% }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,915 |percentage=9.52% |change=1.84% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=177,681 |percentage=72.52% |change= -0.45% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 245,003 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.16% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2016===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Ambasamudram]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Murugaiah Pandian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=78,555 |percentage=45.80% |change=-9.31% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Avudaiappan]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=65,389 |percentage=38.12% |change=-0.07% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Karpagavalli |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=13,690 |percentage=7.98% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Sasikala |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,711 |percentage=2.75% |change=0.90% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,041 |percentage=1.19% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Thennarasu |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,778 |percentage=1.04% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Anbalagan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,310 |percentage=0.76% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. P. Rajavelu |party=Independent politician |votes=645 |percentage=0.38% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Ravichandran |party=Independent politician |votes=635 |percentage=0.37% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Suresh Pandian. S |party=Independent politician |votes=555 |percentage=0.32% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Eswari |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=416 |percentage=0.24% |change=-0.10% }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,166 |percentage=7.68% |change=-9.24% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=171,528 |percentage=72.97% |change= -2.11% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 235,065 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.31% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2011===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Ambasamudram]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Esakki Subhaya]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=80,156 |percentage=55.11% |change=24.00% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Avudaiappan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=55,547 |percentage=38.19% |change=-7.48% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S Nambirajan |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=2,971 |percentage=2.04% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N Balachandran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,688 |percentage=1.85% |change=0.53% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S Sureshkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,466 |percentage=1.01% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Charles Ambedkar R |party=Independent politician |votes=753 |percentage=0.52% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mariammal @ Muthumari |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=497 |percentage=0.34% |change=-0.55% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kumar M |party=Independent politician |votes=342 |percentage=0.24% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arunkumar @ Arulkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=330 |percentage=0.23% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sudaroli Murugan Yadav. S. |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=214 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Avudaiyappan S |party=Independent politician |votes=156 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,609 |percentage=16.92% |change=2.36% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=193,734 |percentage=75.08% |change= 8.68% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 145,460 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.44% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Ambasamudram]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Avudaiappan]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,345 |percentage=45.66% |change=2.11% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Murugaiah Pandian]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,614 |percentage=31.11% |change=-16.93% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Ernavoor A. Narayanan]] |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=16,370 |percentage=15.15% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ponraj. S |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=2,412 |percentage=2.23% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Venkatasalam. M |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=1,541 |percentage=1.43% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anburaj Subramanian S. V |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,425 |percentage=1.32% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ganesan. E |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=959 |percentage=0.89% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Velmurugan |party=Independent politician |votes=650 |percentage=0.60% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vaithiyalingam. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=580 |percentage=0.54% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramesh. R |party=Independent politician |votes=386 |percentage=0.36% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ravindran. M. V. |party=Independent politician |votes=278 |percentage=0.26% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,731 |percentage=14.56% |change=10.07% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=108,059 |percentage=66.40% |change= 8.56% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 162,742 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.37% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Ambasamudram]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Sakthivel Murugan. M. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,021 |percentage=48.04% |change=20.02% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Avudaiappan]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,001 |percentage=43.55% |change=-5.34% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Franklin Selvaraj |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,894 |percentage=4.35% |change=-9.40% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thangaraja. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,655 |percentage=1.85% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murugadasan. G |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=754 |percentage=0.84% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Singanatham Shanmuga Thevar. K. P |party=Independent politician |votes=635 |percentage=0.71% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arumugam. S |party=Independent politician |votes=318 |percentage=0.36% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arulmani. A. |party=Independent politician |votes=151 |percentage=0.17% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arinarayanan. M |party=Independent politician |votes=125 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,020 |percentage=4.49% |change=-16.38% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=89,554 |percentage=57.84% |change= -10.65% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 154,974 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.85% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Ambasamudram]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Avudaiappan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,116 |percentage=48.89% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Murugaiah Pandian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,427 |percentage=28.02% |change=-37.32% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Meena Zacharias |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=12,969 |percentage=13.75% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Mariyappan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,863 |percentage=1.98% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Arumugaperumal |party=Janata Party |votes=1,802 |percentage=1.91% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Achutha Nadar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,386 |percentage=1.47% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Pannai Krishna Kanthan (Lion) |party=Independent politician |votes=1,284 |percentage=1.36% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Gunasekaran |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=1,199 |percentage=1.27% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Muthuraj |party=Independent politician |votes=134 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Abubacker |party=Independent politician |votes=130 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Gopal @ Gopi |party=Independent politician |votes=127 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,689 |percentage=20.87% |change=-12.36% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=94,324 |percentage=68.49% |change= -0.30% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 144,992 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -16.44% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Ambasamudram]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Murugaiah Pandian]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=57,433 |percentage=65.33% |change=35.64% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chellappa S. |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=28,219 |percentage=32.10% |change=6.64% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Poothathan S. |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,004 |percentage=1.14% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sivan P. |party=Janata Party |votes=441 |percentage=0.50% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramasamy Mudaliar A. |party=Independent politician |votes=253 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arunachalam P. |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=243 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramasamy C. |party=Independent politician |votes=151 |percentage=0.17% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gopalakrishnan E. |party=Independent politician |votes=103 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Yovan M. |party=Independent politician |votes=60 |percentage=0.07% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,214 |percentage=33.23% |change=28.76% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=87,907 |percentage=68.79% |change= -5.35% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 132,041 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 31.17% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Ambasamudram]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Ravi Arunan. K. M |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,337 |percentage=34.17% |change=33.05% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Murugaiah Pandian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,234 |percentage=29.69% |change=-25.06% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pandian. M. M |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=23,354 |percentage=25.46% |change=-18.67% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Durai. R. S. K. M |party=Independent politician |votes=5,762 |percentage=6.28% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Paramasivan. N. M |party=Independent politician |votes=1,237 |percentage=1.35% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ganapathy. R. M |party=Independent politician |votes=636 |percentage=0.69% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramasamy. A. M |party=Independent politician |votes=315 |percentage=0.34% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shanmuga Thever. K. P. M |party=Independent politician |votes=267 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gopalkrishnan. E. M |party=Independent politician |votes=256 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sankaran. S. M |party=Independent politician |votes=234 |percentage=0.26% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramaswamy. A. M |party=Independent politician |votes=232 |percentage=0.25% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,103 |percentage=4.47% |change=-6.14% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=91,721 |percentage=74.14% |change= -1.62% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,960 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -20.58% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Ambasamudram]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Balasubramanian |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=44,707 |percentage=54.75% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nallasivan A. |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=36,041 |percentage=44.14% |change=-3.25% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Eramasamy. M. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=910 |percentage=1.11% |change=-39.78% }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,666 |percentage=10.61% |change=4.11% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=81,658 |percentage=75.76% |change= 11.72% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,411 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 7.36% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Ambasamudram]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Easwarmoorthy Alias Soranam |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=31,262 |percentage=47.39% |change=12.06% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sangumuthu Thevarm S. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,975 |percentage=40.89% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subramaniam. K. V. |party=Independent politician |votes=6,999 |percentage=10.61% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sethuramasamy. N. |party=Independent politician |votes=730 |percentage=1.11% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,287 |percentage=6.50% |change=3.80% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=65,966 |percentage=64.04% |change= -2.96% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 104,484 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 12.06% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Ambasamudram]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Eswaramoorthy Alias Soranam |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=23,356 |percentage=35.33% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Nallakannu]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=21,569 |percentage=32.63% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S.S. Rajalinga Raja |party=Janata Party |votes=12,208 |percentage=18.47% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Arumugam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,114 |percentage=12.27% |change=-29.05% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K.M. Arunasalam |party=Independent politician |votes=863 |percentage=1.31% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,787 |percentage=2.70% |change=-2.49% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=66,110 |percentage=67.00% |change= -7.92% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,927 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -11.19% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Ambasamudram]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Sangumuthu Thevar S. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,192 |percentage=46.52% |change=0.17% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ananthakrishnan R. V. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,707 |percentage=41.32% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nallasivan A. |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=8,148 |percentage=12.15% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,485 |percentage=5.20% |change=1.40% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=67,047 |percentage=74.93% |change= -2.37% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,781 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 0.17% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Ambasamudram]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Gomathisankara Dikshidar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,682 |percentage=46.35% |change=8.19% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Nallasivan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=28,169 |percentage=42.55% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Nallakannu]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=7,345 |percentage=11.10% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,513 |percentage=3.80% |change=-4.56% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=66,196 |percentage=77.29% |change= 0.96% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,528 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 8.19% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1962===<br /> {{Election box begin|title=[[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Ambasamudram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |title=1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Gomathisankara Dikshidar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,883 |percentage=38.16% |change=-12.36% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Nallasivan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=20,216 |percentage=29.81% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rathinavelpandian |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=17,107 |percentage=25.22% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. K. Viswanathan |party=Swatantra Party |votes=3,907 |percentage=5.76% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. P. Annamalai |party=Independent politician |votes=707 |percentage=1.04% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,667 |percentage=8.36% |change=-6.20% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=67,820 |percentage=76.33% |change= 23.28% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,722 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -12.36% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1957===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambasamudram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Gomathisankara Dikshidar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,552 |percentage=50.52% |change=16.03% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Nallasivan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=18,191 |percentage=35.97% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kandasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=5,516 |percentage=10.91% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Annamali |party=Independent politician |votes=1,316 |percentage=2.60% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,361 |percentage=14.55% |change=5.91% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=50,575 |percentage=53.06% |change= -12.26% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,325 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 7.38% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1952===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Ambasamudram]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Chockalingam]] |party=Independent politician |votes=21,538 |percentage=43.14% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lakshmi Sankara Iyer |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,220 |percentage=34.49% |change=34.49% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Handare Subramaniam |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=6,144 |percentage=12.31% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Paul T. Diraviam |party=Independent politician |votes=4,540 |percentage=9.09% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=485 |percentage=0.97% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,318 |percentage=8.65% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=49,927 |percentage=65.32% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,436 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Tirunelveli district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmedabad_West_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=484965 2026-04-28T17:55:03Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: added entry.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Electoral constituency in Gujarat, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Ahmedabad West<br /> | type = LS<br /> | state = [[Gujarat]]<br /> | map_image = અમદાવાદ પશ્ચિમ – Ahmedabad West.svg<br /> |map_caption = Ahmedabad West Lok Sabha Constituency &lt;br&gt; અમદાવાદ પશ્ચિમ લોક સભા મતદાર વિભાગ<br /> | established = 2008<br /> | assembly_cons = [[Ellis Bridge Assembly constituency|Ellisbridge]]&lt;br&gt; [[Amraiwadi Assembly constituency|Amraiwadi]]&lt;br&gt; [[Dariapur Assembly constituency|Dariapur]]&lt;br&gt; [[Jamalpur-Khadiya Assembly constituency|Jamalpur-Khadiya]]&lt;br&gt; [[Maninagar Assembly constituency|Maninagar]]&lt;br&gt; [[Danilimda Assembly constituency|Danilimda]] &lt;br&gt; [[Asarwa Assembly constituency|Asarwa]]<br /> | reservation = SC<br /> | mp = [[Dinesh Makwana]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]<br /> | electors = 16,78,710&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/PCDetails.aspx |title=Electorate Details: Ahmedabad West |access-date=14 June 2020 |archive-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805145432/https://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/PCDetails.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''Ahmedabad West''' ({{langx|gu|અમદાવાદ પશ્ચિમ}}) is one of the 26 [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house of Indian parliament) constituencies in [[Gujarat]], a state in western [[India]]. This constituency was created as a part of the implementation of [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies in 2008. This seat is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] (SC).&lt;ref name=ceo&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=147|access-date=12 December 2014|archive-date=5 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It first held elections in 2009 and its first member of parliament (MP) was [[Kirit Premjibhai Solanki]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<br /> <br /> ==Assembly segments==<br /> As of 2014, Ahmedabad West Lok Sabha constituency comprises seven [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:&lt;ref name=ceo/&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! width=&quot;50px&quot; style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot; |Constituency number<br /> ! width=&quot;200px&quot; |Name<br /> ! width=&quot;120px&quot; style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot; |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)<br /> ! width=&quot;150px&quot; |District<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|2024 Lead<br /> |-<br /> |44<br /> |[[Ellis Bridge Assembly constituency|Ellis Bridge]]<br /> |None<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]<br /> | {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> | {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |50<br /> |[[Amraiwadi Assembly constituency|Amraiwadi]]<br /> |None<br /> |-<br /> |51<br /> |[[Dariapur Assembly constituency|Dariapur]]<br /> |None<br /> | {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |52<br /> |[[Jamalpur-Khadiya Assembly constituency|Jamalpur-Khadiya]]<br /> |None<br /> | {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |53<br /> |[[Maninagar Assembly constituency|Maninagar]]<br /> |None<br /> | {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> | {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |54<br /> |[[Danilimda Assembly constituency|Danilimda]]<br /> |SC<br /> | {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |56<br /> |[[Asarwa Assembly constituency|Asarwa]]<br /> |SC<br /> | {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> | {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Members of Parliament ==<br /> * Elections until 2008, See [[Ahmedabad Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad]] parliamentary constituency.<br /> * This seat came into existence from 2009 elections.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Election!!Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Kirit Premjibhai Solanki|Kiritbhai Solanki]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Indian general election, 2024|2024]]<br /> | [[Dinesh Makwana|Dineshbhai Makwana]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends &amp; Results June-2024 Parliamentary Constituency 8 - Ahmedabad West (Gujarat) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S068.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604114301/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S068.htm |archive-date=2024-06-04 |access-date= |website=results.eci.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> <br /> ===2024===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Ahmedabad|Ahmedabad West]]&lt;ref name=&quot;2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Ahmedabad West&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Ahmedabad West |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S068.htm |access-date=19 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719033058/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S068.htm |archive-date=19 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Dinesh Makwana]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party <br /> |votes = 6,11,704 <br /> |percentage = 63.28<br /> |change = {{down}}1.07<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Bharat Makwana<br /> |party = Indian National Congress <br /> |votes = 3,25,267 <br /> |percentage = 33.65<br /> |change = {{up}}1.55<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above]]<br /> |votes = 14,007 <br /> |percentage = 1.45<br /> |change = {{down}}0.03<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 2,86,437<br /> |percentage = 29.63<br /> |change = {{down}}2.64<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 9,67,803<br /> |percentage = 56.02<br /> |change = {{down}}4.79<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = {{down}}1.07<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2019===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]:[[Ahmedabad|Ahmedabad West]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2019 General Election constituency wise detailed result |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13539-33-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |access-date=14 February 2023 |website=ECI}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Kirit Premjibhai Solanki]]<br /> |votes = 641,622<br /> |percentage = 64.35<br /> |change = +0.38<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Raju Parmar<br /> |votes = 320,076<br /> |percentage = 32.10<br /> |change = +1.33<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |votes = 14,719<br /> |percentage = 1.48<br /> |change = -0.24<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Tribhovandas Karsandas Vaghela<br /> |votes = 10,028<br /> |percentage = 1.01<br /> |change = +0.37<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory|<br /> |votes = 321,546<br /> |percentage = 32.25<br /> |change = -0.95<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 999,233<br /> |percentage = 60.81<br /> |change = -2.12<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2014===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Ahmedabad|Ahmedabad West]]&lt;ref name=turnout&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election – 2014|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=31 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|archive-date=2 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS068.htm?ac=8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628100941/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS068.htm?ac=8|archive-date=28 June 2014|title=Ahmedabad West|publisher=Election Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Kirit Premjibhai Solanki]]<br /> |votes = 617,104<br /> |percentage = 63.97<br /> |change = +9.36<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Ishwar Makwana<br /> |votes = 296,793<br /> |percentage = 30.77<br /> |change = -10.63<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Aam Aadmi Party<br /> |candidate = J. J. Mewada<br /> |votes = 17,332<br /> |percentage = 1.80<br /> |change = N/A<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |votes = 16,571<br /> |percentage = 1.72<br /> |change = N/A<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory|<br /> |votes = 320,311<br /> |percentage = 33.20<br /> |change = +20.00<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 965,560<br /> |percentage = 62.93<br /> |change = +14.71<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2009===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Ahmedabad|Ahmedabad West]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results |pages=38–39|publisher=Election Commission of India|format=PDF|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Kirit Premjibhai Solanki]]<br /> |votes = 376,823<br /> |percentage = 54.61<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Shailesh Parmar]]<br /> |votes = 285,696<br /> |percentage = 41.40<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Pravin Solanki<br /> |votes = 8,436<br /> |percentage = 1.22<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory|<br /> |votes = 91,127<br /> |percentage = 13.21<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 690,073<br /> |percentage = 48.22<br /> |change = N/A<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Ahmedabad Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> * [[Ahmedabad District]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Lok Sabha constituencies of Gujarat}}<br /> {{coord|23.03|72.51|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmedabad West Lok Sabha constituency}}<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Government of Ahmedabad]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 2008]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chatra_Assembly_constituency&diff=493659 2026-04-19T19:17:05Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: adding new article w/ infobox</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Jharkhand legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | reservation = SC<br /> | name = Chatra<br /> | map_image = Chatra constituency map.svg<br /> | state = [[Jharkhand]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Chatra Lok Sabha constituency|Chatra]]<br /> | established = 2000<br /> | district = [[Chatra district|Chatra]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | mla = [[Janardan Paswan]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance }}<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:372980}}<br /> | constituency_no = 27<br /> }}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> ''' Chatra Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]] ||Sukhlal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]] ||[[Kamakhya Narain Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] ||rowspan=2|Keshav Prasad Singh || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]] ||[[Kamakhya Narain Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]] ||Tapeshwar Deo || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] ||S. Ahmad Sabr || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]] ||Mahesh Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]] ||rowspan=2|[[Mahendra Prakash Singh Bhogta]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]] ||[[Janardan Paswan]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]] ||[[Satyanand Bhogta]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]<br /> |- <br /> | [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] ||[[Satyanand Bhogta]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Janardan Paswan]] || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Jay Prakash Singh Bhogta]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Satyanand Bhogta]] || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> |[[Janardan Paswan]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|dab=yes}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> ===Assembly election 2024===<br /> {{Election box begin|title=[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Chatra&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Janardan Paswan]]|party=Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|votes=1,09,019|percentage=40.58|change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rashmi Prakash|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|votes=90,618|percentage=33.73|change={{decrease}}12.68 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ashok Bharti|party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha|votes=16,776|percentage=6.24|change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Umesh Kumar Bharti|party=Independent politician|votes=14,190|percentage=5.28|change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Doman Bhuiyan|party=Communist Party of India|votes=6,112|percentage=2.28|change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ashok Kumar Gahlot|party=Independent politician|votes=5,714|percentage=2.13|change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Subodh Paswan|party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen|votes=5,535|percentage=2.06|change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=8,071|percentage=3.00|change={{increase}}0.10 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory|votes=18,401|percentage=6.85|change={{decrease}}4.13}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=2,68,657|percentage=62.81|change={{increase}}4.06}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors|reg. electors = 4,27,699|ref =|change={{increase}}14.67}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|winner=Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|loser=Rashtriya Janata Dal|swing={{decrease}}5.83}}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly election 2019===<br /> {{Election box begin|title=[[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Chatra&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Satyanand Bhogta]]|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|votes=1,01,710|percentage=46.41|change={{increase}}25.90 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Janardan Paswan]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=77,655|percentage=35.44|change={{decrease}}2.90 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kedar Bhuiyan|party=Janata Dal (United)|votes=7,292|percentage=3.33|change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Tileshwar Ram|party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)|votes=6,703|percentage=3.06|change={{decrease}}23.97 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Goutam Ravidas|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=4,645|percentage=2.12|change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Naresh Ram Bharti|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=4,076|percentage=1.86|change={{decrease}}2.01 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kauleshwar Kumar Bhokta|party=Nagrik Adhikar Party|votes=3,654|percentage=1.67|change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above|votes=6,357|percentage=2.90|change={{decrease}}1.35 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory|votes=24,055|percentage=10.98|change={{decrease}}0.33}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=2,19,137|percentage=58.75|change={{increase}}5.13}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors|reg. electors = 3,72,980|ref =|change={{increase}}9.94}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|winner=Rashtriya Janata Dal|loser=Bharatiya Janata Party|swing={{increase}}8.07}}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly election 2014===<br /> {{Election box begin|title=[[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Chatra&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Jay Prakash Singh Bhogta]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=69,745|percentage=38.34|change={{increase}}16.50 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Satyanand Bhogta]]|party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)|votes=49,169|percentage=27.03|change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Janardan Paswan]]|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|votes=37,320|percentage=20.52|change={{decrease}}30.47 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Naresh Ram Bharti|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=7,041|percentage=3.87|change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Umesh Bhuiyan|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist Leninist) Liberation|votes=4,192|percentage=2.30|change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sagar Ram|party=Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha|votes=3,672|percentage=2.02|change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Manorma Devi|party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|votes=3,041|percentage=1.67|change={{decrease}}0.02 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=7,724|percentage=4.25|change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory|votes=20,576|percentage=11.31|change={{decrease}}17.84}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=1,81,904|percentage=53.62|change={{increase}}4.01}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors|reg. electors = 3,39,245|ref =|change={{increase}}27.25}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=Rashtriya Janata Dal|swing={{decrease}}12.65}}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly election 2009===<br /> {{Election box begin|title=[[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Chatra&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Janardan Paswan]]|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|votes=67,441|percentage=50.99|change={{increase}}15.24 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Subedar Paswan|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=28,886|percentage=21.84|change={{decrease}}17.58 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sahindra Ram|party=Indian National Congress|votes=18,883|percentage=14.28|change={{increase}}10.04 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Krishna Bhuiyan|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=4,219|percentage=3.19|change={{decrease}}0.43 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sagar Ram|party=Independent politician|votes=3,347|percentage=2.53|change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mithlesh Kumar|party=Independent politician|votes=2,943|percentage=2.23|change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Suresh Das|party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|votes=2,239|percentage=1.69|change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory|votes=38,555|percentage=29.15|change={{increase}}25.48}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=1,32,264|percentage=49.61|change={{increase}}0.28}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors|reg. electors = 2,66,597|ref =|change={{increase}}3.00}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|winner=Rashtriya Janata Dal|loser=Bharatiya Janata Party|swing={{increase}}11.57}}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly election 2005===<br /> {{Election box begin|title=[[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Chatra&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Satyanand Bhogta]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=50,332|percentage=39.42|change={{decrease}}5.76 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Janardan Paswan]]|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|votes=45,650|percentage=35.75|change={{decrease}}0.84 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sanjay Lal Paswan|party=Indian National Congress|votes=5,412|percentage=4.24|change={{decrease}}8.70 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Chhunnu Ram|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=4,623|percentage=3.62|change={{increase}}3.01 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Umesh Singh Bhogta|party=Lok Janshakti Party|votes=4,571|percentage=3.58|change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sanjay Kumar Paswan|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=3,619|percentage=2.83|change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kailash Bhuiyan|party=Independent politician|votes=3,421|percentage=2.68|change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory|votes=4,682|percentage=3.67|change={{decrease}}4.92}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=1,27,685|percentage=49.33|change={{increase}}12.87}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors|reg. electors = 2,58,832|ref =|change={{increase}}24.77}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=Bharatiya Janata Party|swing={{decrease}}5.76}}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly election 2000===<br /> {{Election box begin|title=[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Chatra&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar|access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Satyanand Bhogta]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=34,177|percentage=45.18|change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Janardan Paswan]]|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|votes=27,682|percentage=36.59|change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Badri Ram|party=Indian National Congress|votes=9,791|percentage=12.94|change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vinesh Das|party=Independent politician|votes=2,942|percentage=3.89|change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bhim Choudhary|party=Independent politician|votes=588|percentage=0.78|change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vinay Paswan|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=465|percentage=0.61|change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory|votes=6,495|percentage=8.59|change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=75,645|percentage=37.37|change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors|reg. electors = 2,07,453|ref =|change= }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win|winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=|swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Vidhan Sabha]]<br /> *[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> *Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the [[Election Commission of India]] [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf]<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}<br /> {{coord|24.207|84.869|display=title}}<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Chatra district]]<br /> [[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yamai_Temple&diff=546022 2026-04-19T03:30:27Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox Mandir<br /> | name = Yamai Devi<br /> | image = File:Yamai.jpg<br /> | alt = Goddess of wealth and beauty<br /> | caption = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Yamai Devi Temple''' is situated in a hill complex in the town of [[Aundh, Satara|Aundh]], [[Satara district]], [[Maharashtra]], India. <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:Aundh+Temple.jpg|alt=Beautiful view of temple|thumb|left|Yamai temple on the hill]]<br /> [[File:Deepmal at Yamai temple Aundh Satara India 15393016 10207854876154055 1249608055689690084 o.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.7|The Pride of Aundh: Standing 71 feet tall, this is not just the highest Deepmala/Deepstambh in Maharashtra, but the tallest in all of India.]]<br /> [[File:Bronze Statue of Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhosle.jpg|thumb|Bronze statue of Shivaji Maharaj in the collection of the Shri Bhavani Museum of Aundh]]<br /> It is said that Goddess [[Mahalaxmi]], God [[Jyotiba Temple|Jyotiba]] of [[Kolhapur]] and Sri Rama (Lord Vishnu) called her as &quot;Ye Mai&quot; (in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]) (ये माय / ये माई) which means &quot;Mother, pls. come&quot; in English. Hence, she is known as ''Yamai Devi''. Yamai Devi is also considered the elder sister of [[Tulja Bhavani Temple|Tulja Bhavani]] because Yamai is regarded as a combined manifestation of Shiva and Parvati and is also considered a joint incarnation of Parvati and Renuka Devi. Since the incarnation of Renuka is associated with the [[Krita Yuga]] and that of Tuljabhavani with the [[Treta Yuga]], Yamai is therefore regarded as the elder sister of Tuljabhavani. Significantly, within the Tuljapur Tuljabhavani temple complex, there is also a consecrated shrine dedicated to Yamai Devi. Therefore, many devotees still follow the tradition of visiting the Mulpeeth Yamai Devi after visiting [[Tuljapur|Tuljapur's]] Tulja Bhavani. Devotees are used to come with pure heart into one of the Devi Yamai's temples and to find her blessing. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://zeenews.india.com/spirituality/yamai-devi-legend-behind-the-goddess-and-her-temple-in-aundh-1996837.html | title = Yamai Devi: Legend behind the goddess and her temple in Aundh! | date = Apr 17, 2017 | website = [[Zee Media]] | archive-url = https://archive.today/20170421021737/https://zeenews.india.com/spirituality/yamai-devi-legend-behind-the-goddess-and-her-temple-in-aundh-1996837.html | archive-date = April 21, 2017 |url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Temple features==<br /> The Yamai temple is built on a small hill. The top of the hill can either be reached using steps that start at the bottom of the hill, or by car. There is a parking available at the top. The temple complex has the head of Rakshas Aundhasur, a well carved Nandi and a Shivling. The idol of the goddess, Yamai in black stone is almost two metres high and is in a cross-legged sitting position.{{cn|date=August 2022}} The temple is the family shrine ([[kuldaiwat|kula-daiwat]]) for a large number of Marathi families. The top of the temple has images and idols of various Hindu deities. The town and the temple has been associated with the PantPratinidhi family for many centuries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Pant|first1=Apa|title=A moment in time|year=1974|publisher=Orient Longman|location=Bombay Calcutta Madras New Delhi|pages=20|isbn=9780340147900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BpqYPSwKD2gC&amp;q=temple&amp;pg=PA7|access-date=20 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The present head of this former ruling family, Gayatreedevi Pantpratinidhi, has installed a {{convert|7|kg|lb}} solid gold ''kalash'' or crown on the pinnacle of the Yamai temple on the hill. Another temple of Devi Yamai is located in the town; apart from the one on the hill.<br /> The temple had an elephant for religious processions and ceremonies for more than fifty years. It was taken to an elephant sanctuary in 2017 because of health issues.&lt;ref&gt;Varma, S., Sujata, S.R. and Bhanage, N., Captive Elephants of Maharashtra.[http://www.asiannature.org/sites/default/files/8%20TR%20Maharastra-Captive%20elephants%20Welfare%20&amp;%20Management.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the 17th century, the Adilshahi Sultanate—infuriated by the rebellion led by [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]]—vowed to systematically destroy the [[Maratha Empire]] and its cultural foundations. During his destructive campaign, Afzal Khan desecrated the holy shrines of [[Tulja Bhavani Temple|Tuljapur]] and [[Vithoba|Pandharpur]] before advancing toward Aundh via the Karad-Rahimatpur route.<br /> <br /> To safeguard the sacred idol of Shri Yamai Devi from the invaders, the priests of Aundh acted with great presence of mind. They enshrined the deity within a small, modest structure and modified its exterior to resemble a mosque. This strategic disguise saved the idol, and to this day, one branch of the temple's priests is honorifically referred to as the 'Fakir' Pujaris.<br /> <br /> A remarkable highlight of this temple complex is the Deepmala/Deepstambh (stone lamp tower) standing tall in front of the Yamai Devi temple. Reaching a height of approximately 71 feet, it holds the distinction of being not only the tallest in Maharashtra but arguably the tallest in all of India. According to historical records in the Bombay Gazette, even Afzal Khan—a commander notorious for razing Hindu temples to the ground—was so struck by the sheer architectural beauty and monumental grandeur of this pillar that he could not find the courage to touch or demolish it.<br /> <br /> ==Shri Bhavani Museum==<br /> The temple complex also houses the Shri Bhavani Museum established from the private collection of the Maharajas of [[Aundh State|Aundh]]. The museum building is situated on the middle section of the temple hill. Visitors can reach the museum, both by steps and road. The museum holds paintings by noted 19th and 20th century Indian artists such as [[M. V. Dhurandhar]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Bhagwat.|first1=Nalini|title=M. V. Dhurandhar|url=http://www.indiaart.com/Articles-and-Features/Articles-on-M-V-Dhurandhar-by-Nalini-Bhagwat/Articles-on-M-V-Dhurandhar-by-Nalini-Bhagwat.asp|website=indiaart.com|access-date=23 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Baburao Painter]], [[Madhav Satwalekar]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Chaitanya|first1=Krishna|title=A History of Indian Painting: The modern period|date=1994|publisher=Abhinav Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7017-310-8|pages=273–274|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=McSbSMhArFgC&amp;q=Madhav+Satwalekar&amp;pg=PA1}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Raja Ravi Varma]] as well as the famous ''Mother and Child'' stone structure by the British artist [[Henry Moore]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Shivaji+designs+for+stained-glass+windows%3A+the+art+of+Ervin+Bossanyi.-a0253862098 |title=Shivaji designs for stained-glass windows: the art of Ervin Bossanyi. - Free Online Library |publisher=Thefreelibrary.com |access-date=2013-05-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Major Twelve Peeth (shrines-temples) of Shri Yamai Devi in Maharashtra ==<br /> Shree Yamai Devi is revered as one of the prominent goddesses of Maharashtra. There are around 60–70 small and large temples dedicated to Yamai Devi across India, primarily in the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. Among these, twelve temples hold special significance and are considered the twelve main shrines (temples) of Yamai Devi. Along with the ''Mulpeeth'' (original seat) at Aundh, several ''Uppeeth'' (subsidiary shrines) dedicated to the goddess have been established across the state for the purpose of destroying evil forces and ensuring the welfare of devotees. These subsidiary shrines are considered as sacred and significant as the original seat. The twelve major ''Mulpeeth'' and ''Uppeethas (12 popular Shrines-Temples of Yamai devi)'' are as follows: <br /> <br /> '''1. MULPEETH (Original Seat''' '''- Main Shrine - Temple of Shree Yamai devi) :''' Shree Mulpeeth Yamai Devi Devasthan, Shree Kshetra [[Aundh State|Aundh]] (Mulpeeth), Taluka [[Khatav]], District [[Satara (city)|Satara]].<br /> <br /> '''UPPEETH (Major Subsidiary Shrines-Temples of Shri Yamai Devi) :'''<br /> <br /> '''2.''' Shree Jagdamba Yamai Devi Devasthan, Shree Kshetra Rashin, Taluka Karjat, District Ahmednagar.<br /> <br /> '''3.''' Shree Yamai Devi Devasthan, Shree Kshetra [[Jyotiba Temple|Jyotiba Dongar]] (Wadi Ratnagiri), Taluka Panhala, District Kolhapur.<br /> <br /> '''4.''' Shree Yamai Devi Devasthan, Shree Kshetra Mardi, Taluka North Solapur, District Solapur.<br /> <br /> '''5.''' Shree Yamai Devi Devasthan, Shree Kshetra [[Kanhersar|Kanherasar]], Taluka Khed, District Pune.<br /> <br /> '''6.''' Shree Yamai Devi Devasthan, Shree Kshetra Shivri, Taluka Purandar, District Pune.<br /> <br /> '''7.''' Shree Yamai Devi Devasthan, Shree Kshetra [[Kavathe Yamai]], Taluka Shirur, District Pune.<br /> <br /> '''8.''' Shree Sakharagadnivasini Ambabai – Yamai Devi Devasthan, Shree Kshetra [[Kinhai]], Taluka Koregaon, District Satara.<br /> <br /> '''9.''' Shree Yamai Devi Devasthan, Shree Kshetra [[Hingangaon|Hingangav]], Taluka Paranda, District Dharashiv (Osmanabad).<br /> <br /> '''10.''' Shree Yamai Devi Devasthan, Shree Kshetra Hippargarav, Taluka Umarga, District Dharashiv (Osmanabad).<br /> <br /> '''11.''' Shree Yamai Devi Devasthan, Shree Kshetra [[Mahalunge|Mahalung]], Taluka Malshiras, District Solapur.<br /> <br /> '''12.''' Shree Yamai Devi Devasthan, Shree Kshetra Koregaon, Taluka Barshi, District Solapur.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Hindu temples in Maharashtra}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Satara district]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sohagpur_Assembly_constituency&diff=536491 2026-04-16T04:36:43Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: Creating Initial Pg W/ Sources!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Sohagpur<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 138<br /> | map_image = 138-Sohagpur.svg<br /> | state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Hoshangabad district|Hoshangabad]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Hoshangabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hoshangabad]]<br /> | established = 1972<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | mla = [[Vijaypal Singh (politician)|Vijaypal Singh]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = 2023<br /> }}<br /> '''Sohagpur''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;election2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; It comprises Babai tehsil, Sohagpur tehsil and parts of Itarsi tehsil, all in [[Hoshangabad district]].&lt;ref name=delimitation2008&gt;{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&amp;type=order&amp;filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2023, its representative is [[Vijaypal Singh (politician)|Vijaypal Singh]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Prior to 2008, a constituency of this name existed in [[Shahdol district]].{{update after|2029|1}}<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br /> | rowspan=1 | Krishnapal Singh<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=1}}<br /> |-<br /> |2000 (by-election)<br /> | rowspan=1 | [[Shabnam Mausi]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Independent|rowspan=1}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<br /> | rowspan=1 | Chhote Lal Sarawagi (Khuddi Bhaiya)<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]&lt;ref name=election2008&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | rowspan=4 | [[Vijaypal Singh (politician)|Vijaypal Singh]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]&lt;ref name=election2013&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]&lt;ref name=&quot;election2018-1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]&lt;ref name=&quot;election2023&quot;/&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === 2023 ===<br /> {{Election box begin<br /> |title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sohagpur&lt;ref name=&quot;election2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Vijaypal Singh (politician)|Vijaypal Singh]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:103379}}<br /> |percentage = 48.89<br /> |change = +0.8<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Pushpraj Singh<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:101617}}<br /> |percentage = 48.05<br /> |change = +6.24<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2362}}<br /> |percentage = 1.12<br /> |change = -0.32<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1762}}<br /> |percentage = 0.84<br /> |change = -5.44<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:211465}}<br /> |percentage = 87.06<br /> |change = +4.46<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2018 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sohagpur&lt;ref name=&quot;election2018-1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;election2018&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Vijaypal Singh (politician)|Vijaypal Singh]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:87488}}<br /> |percentage = 48.09<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Satpal Paliya<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:76071}}<br /> |percentage = 41.81<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party<br /> |candidate = Rameshwar Prasad Maurya<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:4207}}<br /> |percentage = 2.31<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Shavir Shah<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2448}}<br /> |percentage = 1.35<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Yashwant Singh Meena<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2256}}<br /> |percentage = 1.24<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Thakur Heera Lal<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1886}}<br /> |percentage = 1.04<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Aam Aadmi Party<br /> |candidate = Mukesh Kumar Tiwari<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1741}}<br /> |percentage = 0.96<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2618}}<br /> |percentage = 1.44<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:11417}}<br /> |percentage = 6.28<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:181939}}<br /> |percentage = 82.6<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Sohagpur]]<br /> * [[Sohagpur (Shahdol)]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}<br /> {{coords|22.70|78.20|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Hoshangabad district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]<br /> [[Category:1972 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meluri_Assembly_constituency&diff=517391 2026-04-15T23:32:44Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: Created Basic Info Basic Info</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Nagaland State, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | map_image = Meluri Assembly constituency map.svg<br /> | name = Meluri<br /> | state = [[Nagaland]]<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | district = [[Phek district|Phek]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]]<br /> | established = 1964<br /> | constituency_no = 20<br /> | reservation = ST<br /> | mla = [[Z. Nyusietho Nyuthe]]<br /> |party = {{Party index link|Naga People's Front}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:20628}}&lt;ref name=election2023/&gt;{{update after|2028|5}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Meluri''' is one of the 60 [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Nagaland]] state in [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |title=Nagaland Legislative Assembly |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is part of [[Phek district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |- <br /> | [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1964]] || Amon || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1969]] || Marhutho || {{Full party name with color|United Front of Nagaland}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || Rasutho || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)|rowspan=2}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Chekhutso <br /> |- <br /> | [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || rowspan=2 | Chiekhutso || {{Full party name with color|Naga National Democratic Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1987]] <br /> |- <br /> | [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Khuosatho || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || Zutsepa Katiry || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || Khuosatho || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || rowspan=4 | [[Yitachu]] || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front|rowspan=4}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]] <br /> |- <br /> | [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]] <br /> |- <br /> | [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]] <br /> |- <br /> | [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]|| [[Z. Nyusietho Nyuthe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Nagaland Election Result 2023 winners full list of BJP, NDPP, NPF, Congress candidates - check party and constituency-wise candidates' names&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/politics/news-nagaland-election-result-2023-winners-latest-updates-full-list-of-bjp-npp-congress-others-winners-seat-wise-assembly-constituencies-latest-news-updates-224105 |title=Nagaland Election Result 2023 winners full list of BJP, NDPP, NPF, Congress candidates - check party and constituency-wise candidates' names|date=2 March 2023|accessdate=25 November 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125181124/https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/politics/news-nagaland-election-result-2023-winners-latest-updates-full-list-of-bjp-npp-congress-others-winners-seat-wise-assembly-constituencies-latest-news-updates-224105|archivedate=25 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nagaland Election Results 2023: Constituency-wise full list of winners&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news/nagaland-assembly-election-result-winners-full-list-bjp-ndpp-naga-people-front-neiphiu-rio-patton-kahuli-sema-candidates-congress-rjd-win-lost-updates-2023-03-02-851406|title=Nagaland Election Results 2023: Constituency-wise full list of winners|last1=India TV|first1=|date=2 March 2023|work=|accessdate=25 November 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125181316/https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news/nagaland-assembly-election-result-winners-full-list-bjp-ndpp-naga-people-front-neiphiu-rio-patton-kahuli-sema-candidates-congress-rjd-win-lost-updates-2023-03-02-851406|archivedate=25 November 2023|last2=|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> === 2023 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Meluri&lt;ref name=election2023&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14874-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=20 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Z. Nyusietho Nyuthe]] |party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |votes=11,256 |percentage=58.04% |change=10.72%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Yitachu]]|party=Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|votes=7,676|percentage=39.58%|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=S. Akho Leyri|party=Naga People's Front|votes=304|percentage=1.57%|change=-46.20%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Hopeson Snock|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|votes=102|percentage=0.53%|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=55|percentage=0.28%|change=}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,580 |percentage=18.46% |change=18.01% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=19,393|percentage=93.01%|change=0.75%}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,851 |change =15.91% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 10.27% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 2018 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Meluri&lt;ref name=election2018&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yitachu]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=7,928 |percentage=47.77% |change=-16.80% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Z. Nyusietho Nyuthe]]|party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|votes=7,854|percentage=47.32%|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. Hopeson Snock|party=National People's Party (India)|votes=619|percentage=3.73%|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=195|percentage=1.17%|change=}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=74 |percentage=0.45% |change=-29.35% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=16,596|percentage=92.26%|change=-3.04%}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,989 |change =-7.99% }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -16.80% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 2013 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Meluri&lt;ref name=election2013&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2013 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yitachu]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=12,030 |percentage=64.57% |change=6.61% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khuosatho |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,479 |percentage=34.78% |change=-7.87% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Akho Leyri |party=Independent politician |votes=120 |percentage=0.64% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,551 |percentage=29.79% |change=14.48% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=18,631 |percentage=95.29% |change= 4.48% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,551 |change =-7.46% }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 6.61% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 2008 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Meluri&lt;ref name=election2008&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128170532/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2008 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yitachu]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=11,121 |percentage=57.96% |change=16.59% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Penthu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,183 |percentage=42.65% |change=6.67% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zutsepa Katiry |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=36 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,938 |percentage=15.31% |change=9.91% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=19,187 |percentage=91.54% |change= -6.54% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,127 |change =53.13% }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 16.59% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 2003 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Meluri&lt;ref name=election2003&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623083626/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 10th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yitachu]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=5,557 |percentage=41.37% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khuosatho |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,832 |percentage=35.97% |change=-38.44% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Supong |party=Rashtriya Lok Dal |votes=1,649 |percentage=12.28% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. K. T. Marhutho |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,394 |percentage=10.38% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=725 |percentage=5.40% |change=-43.43% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=13,432 |percentage=97.35% |change= 5.15% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,797 |change =11.28% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -0.74% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 1998 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Meluri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Khuosatho |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,001 |percentage=74.42% |change=35.63% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wetetso |party=Independent politician |votes=2,407 |percentage=25.58% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,594 |percentage=48.83% |change=45.51% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=9,408 |percentage=76.75% |change= -15.46% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,398 |change =4.34% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 32.31% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 1993 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Meluri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Zutsepa Katiry |party=Naga People's Front |votes=4,589 |percentage=42.11% |change=7.00% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khuosatho |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,227 |percentage=38.79% |change=-3.70% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Asang Snock |party=Independent politician |votes=2,082 |percentage=19.10% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=362 |percentage=3.32% |change=-4.06% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=10,898 |percentage=92.21% |change= -2.35% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,882 |change =47.40% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -0.38% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 1989 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Meluri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Khuosatho |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,206 |percentage=42.49% |change=18.87% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chiekhutso |party=Naga People's Front |votes=2,649 |percentage=35.10% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thungchamo |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=1,691 |percentage=22.41% |change=11.99% }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=557 |percentage=7.38% |change=0.32% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=7,546 |percentage=94.55% |change= 3.20% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,061 |change =0.14% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga National Democratic Party |swing= 5.97% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 1987 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Meluri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chiekhutso |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=2,673 |percentage=36.51% |change=-17.24% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Asang |party=Independent politician |votes=2,156 |percentage=29.45% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rasutho |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,729 |percentage=23.62% |change=-22.63% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thungchamo |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=763 |percentage=10.42% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=517 |percentage=7.06% |change=-0.44% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=7,321 |percentage=91.35% |change= 7.83% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,050 |change =5.88% }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Naga National Democratic Party |loser=Naga National Democratic Party |swing= -17.24% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 1982 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Meluri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chiekhutso |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=3,373 |percentage=53.75% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Asang Snock |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,902 |percentage=46.25% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=471 |percentage=7.51% |change=3.02% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=6,275 |percentage=83.52% |change= -6.91% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,603 |change =29.72% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga National Democratic Party |loser=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |swing= 19.65% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 1977 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Meluri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chekhutso |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=1,794 |percentage=34.11% |change=7.65% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. K. T. Marhutho |party=Independent politician |votes=1,558 |percentage=29.62% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thungchamo |party=Independent politician |votes=1,433 |percentage=27.24% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rasutho |party=Independent politician |votes=341 |percentage=6.48% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khapi |party=Independent politician |votes=102 |percentage=1.94% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rukohol |party=Independent politician |votes=32 |percentage=0.61% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=236 |percentage=4.49% |change=3.01% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=5,260 |percentage=90.43% |change= 5.06% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,861 |change =2.57% }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |loser=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |swing= 7.65% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 1974 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Meluri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rasutho |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=1,250 |percentage=26.46% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Marhutho |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=1,180 |percentage=24.97% |change=3.49% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thungchamo |party=Independent politician |votes=1,160 |percentage=24.55% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shevohu |party=Independent politician |votes=804 |percentage=17.02% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vekhuhu |party=Independent politician |votes=331 |percentage=7.01% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=70 |percentage=1.48% |change=-7.16% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=4,725 |percentage=85.37% |change= -0.67% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,714 |change =60.78% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |loser=United Front of Nagaland |swing= -8.65% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 1969 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Meluri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Marhutho |party=United Front of Nagaland |votes=1,072 |percentage=35.10% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moses |party=Independent politician |votes=808 |percentage=26.46% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thungchamo |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=656 |percentage=21.48% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kerengulo |party=Independent politician |votes=518 |percentage=16.96% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=264 |percentage=8.64% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=3,054 |percentage=86.04% |change= 86.04% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,554 |change =19.10% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Front of Nagaland |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 1964 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Meluri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Amon |party=Independent politician }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,984 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[Meluri District]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Nagaland}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|25.68|94.62|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Phek district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagaland]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1964]]<br /> [[Category:1964 establishments in Nagaland]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahakalapada_Assembly_constituency&diff=514709 2026-04-15T23:00:05Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: Created A Pg Nd Citations</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Mahakalapada}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Mahakalapada<br /> | state = [[Odisha]]<br /> | constituency_no = 100<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = 100-Mahakalapada.svg<br /> | map_caption = Mahakalapada Assembly constituency in [[Kendrapara district]]<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | division = Central Division<br /> | district = [[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Kendrapara Lok Sabha constituency|Kendrapara]]<br /> | established = 2009<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image = <br /> | mla = [[Durga Prasan Nayak]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | electors = 2,53,626{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Mahakalapada''' (Sl. No.: 100) is an unreserved [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Kendrapara district]], [[Odisha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&amp;cid=100|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419014845/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&amp;cid=100|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 April 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Mahakalapada (100) District: Kendrapara|accessdate= 17 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;News18 2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Mahakalapada Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Mahakalapada Constituency (Seat) Election Results, Live News. | website=News18 | date=2019-04-29 | url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/odisha/mahakalapada-election-result-s18a100/ | access-date=2019-10-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This constituency includes Mahakalapada block and 17 [[Gram panchayat]]s (Silipur, Dasipur, Dumuka, Marshaghai, Garajanga, Talasanga, Parakula, Akhuadakhin, Raghabapur, Antei, Batira, Beruhan, Manikunda, Angulai, Tikarpanga, Kuhudi and Mangarajpur) of Marsaghai block.&lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The constituency was formed in 2008 Delimitation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Delimitation 2008 |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/forms/int1.pdf |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]] }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; and went for polls in [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 election]].<br /> <br /> == Elected members ==<br /> <br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates <br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|57.23}}<br /> {{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|51.29}}<br /> {{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|47.62}}<br /> {{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|48.69}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Since its formation in 2009, 4 elections were held till date.<br /> <br /> List of members elected from Mahakalapada constituency is :- &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Aul Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/aul.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 17 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Election<br /> !Name<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |[[Durga Prasan Nayak]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]&lt;ref name=election2019&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=7 October 2021 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |rowspan=3|[[Atanu Sabyasachi Nayak]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> <br /> === 2024 ===<br /> Voting were held on 1st June 2024 in 4th phase of Odisha Assembly Election &amp; 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Durga Prasan Nayak]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Atanu Sabyasachi Nayak]] by a margin of 33,526 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mahakalapada Assembly Election Results 2024: Mahakalapada Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/mahakalapada-constituency-result-18100 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> |title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Mahakalapada}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Durga Prasan Nayak]]<br /> |votes = 1,09,653<br /> |percentage = 57.23<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Atanu Sabyasachi Nayak]]<br /> |votes = 76,127<br /> |percentage = 39.73<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Lokanath Moharathy<br /> |votes = 3,042<br /> |percentage = 1.59<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 578 <br /> |percentage = 0.3<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 33,526<br /> |percentage = 17.5<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,91,611<br /> |percentage = 75.55<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link no swing|<br /> |winner =<br /> |loser = Biju Janata Dal<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === 2019 ===<br /> In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Atanu Sabyasachi Nayak]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Bijay Pradhan by a margin of 15,663 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;News18 2019&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> |title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Mahakalapada&lt;ref name=&quot;News18 2019&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Atanu Sabyasachi Nayak]]<br /> |votes = 93197<br /> |percentage = 51.29<br /> |change = {{up}}3.67<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Bijay Pradhan<br /> |votes = 77534<br /> |percentage = 42.67<br /> |change = {{up}}7.64<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Bibhransu Sekhar Lenka<br /> |votes = 8318<br /> |percentage = 4.58<br /> |change = {{down}}11.28<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 531<br /> |percentage = 0.31<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 15,663 <br /> |percentage = 8.62<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,81,714<br /> |percentage = 76.1<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box Registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = 2,33,724<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Biju Janata Dal<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2014 ===<br /> In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Atanu Sabyasachi Nayak]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Bijoy Mohapatra]] by a margin of 23,246 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mahakalapada Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/mahakalapada-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=resultuniversity.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin |<br /> |title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Mahakalapada}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Atanu Sabyasachi Nayak]]<br /> |votes = 81,050<br /> |percentage = 47.62<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Bijoy Mohapatra]]<br /> |votes = 57,804<br /> |percentage = 33.96<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Balaram Parida<br /> |votes = 27,001<br /> |percentage = 15.86<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 23,246<br /> |percentage = 13.66<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,70,193<br /> |percentage = 77.94<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box Registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = 2,14,942<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Biju Janata Dal<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2009 ===<br /> In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Atanu Sabyasachi Nayak]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Balaram Parida by a margin of 19,595 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=19595 |accessdate=16 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> |title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Mahakalapada&lt;ref name=election2009&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Atanu Sabyasachi Nayak]]<br /> |votes = 70,433<br /> |percentage = 48.69<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Balaram Parida<br /> |votes = 50,838<br /> |percentage = 35.14<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Gandharb Chandra Nayak<br /> |votes = 18,633<br /> |percentage = 12.88<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 19,595<br /> |percentage = 13.55<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,44,673<br /> |percentage = 72.92<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box Registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = 1,98,390<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win|<br /> |winner = Biju Janata Dal<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> {{Kendrapara district}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}<br /> {{coords|20.42|86.60|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Kendrapara district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br /> [[Category:1957 establishments in Orissa]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geethanjali_(2023_TV_series)&diff=500174 2026-04-15T14:24:14Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: adding basic bio from scratch!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Telugu language soap opera}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | genre = [[Drama]] &lt;br/&gt; [[Family]]<br /> | creator = <br /> | developer = <br /> | story = Kumaresan<br /> | writer = '''''Dialogues''''' &lt;br/&gt; Srinivas Palapati<br /> | screenplay = C Eswar &lt;br/&gt; Balaji<br /> | director = Tava Karthik (1 - 115) &lt;br/&gt; Bairi Naresh (116 - present)<br /> | creative_director = <br /> | starring = [[Sujitha]] &lt;br/&gt; Ravi kiran<br /> | narrated = <br /> | composer = Dinesh<br /> | open_theme = ''&quot;Prati inta koluvina geethanjali&quot;'' &lt;br/&gt; Sagar (lyrics) &lt;br/&gt; Madhubala Krishnan (vocals)<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | num_seasons = 1<br /> | num_episodes = 388<br /> | executive_producer = <br /> | producer = Dr P Satish Kumar<br /> | cinematography = K Ram Singh (Sica) &lt;br/&gt; S Saravanan<br /> | editor = S Nagarajan<br /> | camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]<br /> | runtime = 20-22 minutes<br /> | company = 18 Reels Private Limited<br /> | network = [[Gemini TV]]<br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|2023|02|27|df=y}}<br /> | last_aired = {{End date|2024|05|25|df=y}}<br /> | related = ''[[Sevvanthi (TV series)|Sevvanthi]]''<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Geethanjali''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language]] [[soap opera]] premiered on 27 February 2023 airing on [[Gemini TV]] and it is available for worldwide streaming on [[Sun NXT]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-22 |title=Geethanjali Serial Gemini TV Launching On 27th February, Monday To Saturday At 07:00 PM |url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/geethanjali-serial-gemini-cast/ |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=Indian TV News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Actress Sujitha Dhanush announces her upcoming TV show 'Geethanjali' with a teaser; features actors Ravikiran, Lahari and others |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/actress-sujitha-dhanush-announces-her-upcoming-tv-show-geethanjali-with-a-teaser-features-actors-ravikiran-lahari-and-others/articleshow/97599817.cms |access-date=2023-02-23 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SunNetwork - Program Detail |url=https://www.sunnetwork.in/program-details.aspx?IProgramID=ME5L3ZFwElU=&amp;ShowType=banner |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=www.sunnetwork.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geethanjali Serial: 'గీతాంజలి'గా 'వదినమ్మ' కొత్త సీరియల్ నేటి నుంచే.. జెమిని టీవీకి పూర్వ వైభవం దక్కేనా? |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/news/tv-actress-sujitha-starrer-geethanjali-telugu-serial-starting-today-on-gemini-tv/articleshow/98279185.cms |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt; The show stars [[Sujitha]] and Ravikiran in lead roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pandian Stores' Dhanam all set to star in Telugu serial Geethanjali |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sujitha-dhanush-bags-a-role-in-gemini-tvs-geethanjali-6961717.html |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=News18 |date=31 January 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The show is an official remake of [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]] television series [[Sevvanthi (2022 TV series)|Sevvanthi]] which is being aired on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-09 |title=Geethanjali Serial: హిట్ సీరియల్ 'సెవ్వంతి' రీమేక్‌గా గీతాంజలి.. త్వరలో ప్రేక్షకుల ముందుకు బుల్లితెర మంచి కోడలు సుజిత.. |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/television/sevanthi-serial-telugu-remake-geethanjali-new-gemini-serial-coming-soon-au58-885720.html |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=TV9 Telugu |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> ===Main cast===<br /> * [[Sujitha]] as Geethanjali<br /> * Ravikiran as Ramu, Geethanjali and Shruti's husband (deceased)<br /> <br /> ===Supporting cast===<br /> *Arun Chandrakumar as Suresh, Rajam's Son<br /> * [[George Vishnu]] as Sundaram, Suresh's father and Rajam's husband <br /> *Sai Madhavi as Rajyam, Suresh's mother<br /> * Lahari / Ramya Gowda as Poornima, Raghu's wife<br /> * Nathan Shyam as Raghu, Ramu's younger brother <br /> * Preethi Kumar as Aishwarya, Ramu and Raghu's sister<br /> * [[Narasimha Raju (Telugu actor)|Narasimha Raju]] as Shivayya (Ramu, Raghu and Aishwarya's father)<br /> * Lakshmi Siddhaiah as Parvathi (Ramu, Raghu and Aishwarya's mother)<br /> * [[Dubbing Janaki]] / Bheeshma Sujatha as Ramu, Raghu and Aishwarya's grand mother<br /> * Mansi Joshi as Shruti, Ramu's first wife (deceased)<br /> * [[Raaghav]] / Vinay Yuvraj as Karthik, Ramu's best friend<br /> * Master Nidhish as Aravind (Ramu and Geetha's son)<br /> * Baby Riya Manoj as Anjali<br /> * Sumangali as Poornima's father<br /> * Jayanth as Poornima's father<br /> * [[G. V. Narayana Rao|G V Narayana Rao]] as Geethanjali's father<br /> * Jayaraman Mohan as Krishna, Geethanjali's brother<br /> * Archana as Radha, Krishna's wife<br /> <br /> ==Adaptations==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0;&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;color:white&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#7b0c0c; &quot;| Language<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#7b0c0c; &quot;| Title<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#7b0c0c; &quot;| Original release<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#7b0c0c; &quot;| Network(s)<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#7b0c0c; &quot;| Last aired<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#7b0c0c; &quot;| Notes<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> | ''[[Sevvanthi (TV series)|Sevvanthi]]'' &lt;br&gt; செவ்வந்தி<br /> | 11 July 2022<br /> | [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Ongoing<br /> | Original<br /> |-<br /> | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | ''Geethanjali'' &lt;br&gt; గీతాంజలి<br /> | 27 February 2023<br /> | [[Gemini TV]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Remake <br /> |-<br /> | [[Malayalam]]<br /> | ''[[Sita Ramam (TV series)|Sita Ramam]]'' &lt;br&gt; സീതാ രാമം<br /> | 13 March 2023<br /> | [[Surya TV]]<br /> | 25 June 2023<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian television soap operas]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]<br /> [[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:Sun Gemini original programming]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu-language television series based on Tamil-language television series]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=ETV_Andhra_Pradesh&diff=498039 2026-04-12T08:23:17Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: adding a pg v1!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Telugu-language TV news network}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox television channel<br /> | name = ETV Andhra Pradesh<br /> | logo = <br /> | logo_size = <br /> | logo_alt = <br /> | country = India<br /> | area = <br /> | network = [[ETV Network]]<br /> | headquarters = <br /> | language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=Kiran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5wJiAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=etv2 |title=Women and Media: Challenging Feminist Discourse |year=2005 |publisher=Women's Press |isbn=978-81-89110-05-5 |pages=164 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gripsrud |first=Jostein |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k84q2Ems18MC&amp;dq=etv2&amp;pg=PA91 |title=Relocating Television: Television in the Digital Context |year=2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-56452-6 |pages=91 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | owner = [[Ramoji Group]]<br /> | parent = <br /> | key_people = <br /> | sister_channels = [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]&lt;br/&gt;ETV Telangana&lt;br /&gt;ETV Plus&lt;br /&gt;ETV Cinema&lt;br /&gt;ETV Life&lt;br /&gt;ETV Abhiruchi&lt;br /&gt;[[ETV Bal Bharat]]<br /> | founder = [[Ramoji Rao]]<br /> | launch_date = {{launch date and age|28 December 2003|paren=yes}}<br /> | website = {{url|www.etvwin.com|ETV Win}}<br /> }}<br /> '''ETV Andhra Pradesh''' (formerly '''ETV2''') is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language 24-hour [[News broadcasting|news channel]] focusing on the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 August 2011 |title=Talk of Sony buying ETV lifts JM Fin |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/Talk-of-Sony-buying-ETV-lifts-JM-Fin/article20313779.ece |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=[[Business Line]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2020 |title=ETV Network completes 25 years |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/etv-network-completes-25-years-107133.html |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Exchange4media |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The channel was launched by the [[media conglomerate]] [[ETV Network]] owned by [[Ramoji Group]] on 28 December 2003 as ETV2.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiantelevision&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dr. Paramveer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ncg7EAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=etv2+renamed+telugu+channel&amp;pg=PA199 |title=Indian Silver Screen |publisher=K. K. Publications |year=2021 |pages=199, 301, 303 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Along with its rival [[TV9 Telugu]], it is the oldest 24-hour news channel in Telugu.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiantelevision&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 June 2004 |title=Five's not a crowd for Telugu news channels |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k4/telugu_news.htm |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Indiantelevision.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dhar |first=Upinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=emgtOx2sIWMC&amp;dq=etv2+telugu+channel&amp;pg=PA359 |title=New Age Marketing: Emerging Realities |year=2008 |publisher=Excel Books India |isbn=978-81-7446-587-0 |pages=376 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indiantelevision2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 February 2004 |title=Telugu tackled; TV9 keen on Kannada news channel next |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/feb/feb238.htm |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Indiantelevision.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2014, after the [[Telangana movement|bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh]], the channel was renamed as ETV Andhra Pradesh, while the then recently launched ETV3 channel was renamed as ETV Telangana.&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indiantelevision3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 May 2014 |title=ETV2 and ETV3 renamed to ETV Andhra Pradesh and ETV Telangana |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/etv2-and-etv3-renamed-to-etv-andhra-pradesh-and-etv-telangana-140507 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Indiantelevision.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> ETV Andhra Pradesh was launched on 28 December 2003 as ETV2 by the [[media conglomerate]] [[Ramoji Group]] as a 24-hour [[News broadcasting|news channel]] focusing on the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] which then also included present-day [[Telangana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;indiantelevision&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;/&gt; It already had a test launch 10 days prior to that. At its launch it had an exclusive team of 150 staff reporters and 100 news contributors.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiantelevision4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 December 2003 |title=24-hr Telugu news channel to launch 28 December |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/dec/dec220.htm |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Indiantelevision.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Along with [[TV9 Telugu|TV9]] (now TV9 Telugu) which was also launched around the same time period, ETV2 is the oldest 24-hour news channel in Telugu.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiantelevision&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indiantelevision2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Bel |first1=Bernard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8WGAwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Gemini+TV+etv&amp;pg=PA333 |title=Media and Mediation |last2=Brouwer |first2=Jan |last3=Das |first3=Biswajit |last4=Parthasarathi |first4=Vibodh |last5=Poitevin |first5=Guy |date=13 December 2005 |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=978-81-321-0269-4 |pages=333 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 2004 [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh Assembly elections]] and the [[2004 Indian general election|Indian general elections]] helped ETV2 and its rival TV9 to become established in the market.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiantelevision&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 August 2005 |title=Telugu TV Market: The Undercurrents |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k5/telugu2.htm |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Indiantelevision.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In February 2006, [[ETV Network]] had taken its two Telugu channels [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]] and ETV2 to pay mode at a combined price of {{Indian Rupee}}10. However, its non-Telugu channels remained [[free-to-air]] (FTA).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 February 2006 |title=ETV and ETV2 switched to pay mode |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/feb/feb142.htm |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Indiantelevision.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As per [[TAM Media Research]] data, for the time period from April to June 2006, ETV2 was among the top 10 news channels in India in viewership share across languages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Thussu |first=Daya Kishan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pRiiYoanw6kC&amp;dq=etv2+telugu+channel&amp;pg=PA98 |title=News as Entertainment: The Rise of Global Infotainment |publisher=SAGE |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84787-506-8 |pages=98 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H9jsAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=etv2 |title=The Indian Journal of Commerce |year=2007 |publisher=Department of Applied Economics &amp; Commerce, Patna University |pages=24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It was reported in January 2014 that [[Network18 Group]] had bought 24.5 percent stake in the Telugu channels [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]] and ETV2 along with acquiring 100 percent stake in the regional [[Hindi]] news channels of the [[ETV Network]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=22 January 2014 |title=Network18 finishes Rs 2,053-cr deal to acquire ETV stakes |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/network18-finishes-rs-2053-cr-deal-to-acquire-etv-stakes/articleshow/29215772.cms?from=mdr |access-date=17 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dr. Paramveer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ncg7EAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=etv2+renamed+telugu+channel&amp;pg=PA199 |title=Indian Silver Screen |publisher=K. K. Publications |year=2021 |pages=157 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ravi |first=Bheemaiah Krishnan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DRxBDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=etv2+telugu+channel&amp;pg=PT46 |title=Modern Media, Elections and Democracy |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |year=2017 |isbn=978-93-86602-39-8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In May 2014, after the [[Telangana movement|bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh]], the channel was renamed as ETV Andhra Pradesh, while the then recently launched ETV3 channel was renamed as ETV Telangana.&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indiantelevision3&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Programming ==<br /> The programming at its launch included four half-hour news bulletins covering national, international, business and sports news. Also, there were four regional bulletins called Andhravani, and 13 hourly news bulletins of five minutes each.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiantelevision4&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The channel also has regular infotainment shows like Sukhi Bhava dedicated to health, Maya Bazar, a political satire; Telugu Velugu a perspective on the Telugu language;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Murthy |first=Neeraja |date=21 April 2011 |title='Telugu vaibhavam will be back' |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/lsquoTelugu-vaibhavam-will-be-back/article14691488.ece |access-date=17 October 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pratidhwani an interactive show on consumer rights and law and order.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiantelevision4&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[ETV Network]]<br /> * [[Ramoji Group]]<br /> * [[Eenadu]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Television news in India}}<br /> {{Telugu Language Television}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Ramoji Group]]<br /> [[Category:ETV Network]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu-language television channels]]<br /> [[Category:24-hour television news channels in India]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premaku_Raincheck&diff=526694 2026-04-11T21:47:51Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: started a article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = <br /> | image = Premaku Raincheck.jpg<br /> | caption = Release poster<br /> | director = Akella Peri Srinivas<br /> | producer = Sharath Marar<br /> | writer = <br /> | starring = {{plainlist|<br /> *Abhilash Vadada <br /> *[[Priya Vadlamani]] <br /> *Monica Tavanam <br /> }}<br /> | music = Deepak Kiran<br /> | cinematography = Sarath Guruvugari<br /> | studio = <br /> | released = {{Film date|2018|09|07|df=yes}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> }}<br /> '''''Premaku Raincheck''''' ({{Translation|Raincheck for love}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romantic Drama|romantic drama]] film directed by Akella Peri Srinivas. Featuring a cast and crew of newcomers, the film stars Abhilash Vadada, [[Priya Vadlamani]], and Monica Tavanam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Abhilash Vadada talks about his debut film 'Premaku Raincheck'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/abhilash-vadada-talks-about-his-debut-film-premaku-raincheck/articleshow/65655607.cms|access-date=2022-01-29|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=29 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129010032/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/abhilash-vadada-talks-about-his-debut-film-premaku-raincheck/articleshow/65655607.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Premaku Raincheck to release on September 7|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.comentertainment/telugu/movies/news/premaku-raincheck-to-release-on-september-7/articleshow/65501891.cms|access-date=2022-01-29|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Wiki feels hesitant to say yes to the woman of his life that he met in his office, Ramya, because he is scared that it will spoil his life.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Entrepreneur turns filmmaker with Premaku Raincheck|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/aug/11/entrepreneur--turns-filmmaker-with-premaku-raincheck-7384.html|access-date=2022-01-29|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en|archive-date=29 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129010034/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/aug/11/entrepreneur--turns-filmmaker-with-premaku-raincheck-7384.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> *Abhilash Vadada as Wiki<br /> *[[Priya Vadlamani]] as Ramya<br /> *Monica Tavanam as Tanya<br /> *Sasanka M. Velicherla as Gopi<br /> *[[Pavani Reddy]] as Riti <br /> *Kalki Mitra as Anu<br /> *[[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Mitra<br /> *[[Raghu Karumanchi]] as Momo<br /> *[[Kireeti Damaraju]] as Naresh<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> {{Quote box|width=30%|align=Right|quote=In ‘''Premaku Raincheck''’, the female lead played by Priya Vadlamani has a habit of taking rain checks (a promise which will be fulfilled in the future). So, my character happens to meet her and gives their love story a rain check&quot;.|source= Vadada on the film's title, 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;T&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Hangout Session: Actor Abhilash Vadada gets candid about his 'Premaku Raincheck'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hangout-session-actor-abhilash-vadada-gets-candid-about-his-premaku-raincheck/articleshow/65841238.cms|access-date=2022-01-29|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Kumar|first1=Asha Kiran|archive-date=29 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129010032/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hangout-session-actor-abhilash-vadada-gets-candid-about-his-premaku-raincheck/articleshow/65841238.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> [[Osmania University]] graduate, former investment banker, and company director Akella Peri Srinivas made his debut as a director at the age of 51.&lt;ref name=&quot;H&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Nadadhur|first=Srivathsan|date=2018-08-04|title=Akella Peri Srinivas: Starting late comes with advantages|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/entrepreneur-akella-peri-srinivas-turns-a-filmmaker-at-51-with-premaku-raincheck/article24602298.ece|access-date=2022-01-29|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=29 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129010030/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/entrepreneur-akella-peri-srinivas-turns-a-filmmaker-at-51-with-premaku-raincheck/article24602298.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Newcomers Abhilash Vadada,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='Pawan Kalyan's words pushed me to live my dream,' says actor Abhilash Vadada|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/sep/04/pawan-kalyans-words-pushed-me-to-live-my-dream-says-actor-abhilash-vadada-7736.html|access-date=2022-01-29|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en|archive-date=29 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129010036/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/sep/04/pawan-kalyans-words-pushed-me-to-live-my-dream-says-actor-abhilash-vadada-7736.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Priya Vadlamani,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Priyanka Vadlamani is all set for her debut|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/aug/27/priyanka-vadlamani-is-all-set-for-her-debut-7620.html|access-date=2022-01-29|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en|archive-date=29 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129010030/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/aug/27/priyanka-vadlamani-is-all-set-for-her-debut-7620.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Monica Tavanam were selected since they could speak both Telugu and English.&lt;ref name=&quot;H&quot;/&gt; Srinivas had the idea for the film since 1996.&lt;ref name=&quot;D&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=kavirayani|first=suresh|date=2018-08-12|title=It was my wish to direct a film and I did it: Akella Peri Srinivas|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/120818/it-was-my-wish-to-direct-a-film-and-i-did-it-akella-peri-srinivas.html|access-date=2022-01-29|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=29 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129010034/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/120818/it-was-my-wish-to-direct-a-film-and-i-did-it-akella-peri-srinivas.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; One song ‘Podiche Poddulo’ was shot in Dehradun.&lt;ref name=&quot;T&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Music ==<br /> The music for the film was composed by Deepak Kiran.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Premaku Raincheck - Sasanka M Velicherla, Sravana Bhargavi - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/premaku-raincheck/is9F0RJ48Zo_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705064002/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/premaku-raincheck/is9F0RJ48Zo_ |archive-date=5 July 2023 |date=23 July 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | title1 = Adventure Song<br /> | extra1 = Sasanka M. Velicherla, [[Sravana Bhargavi]]<br /> | lyrics1 = Raghu Ram Mahamkali<br /> | length1 = 5:03<br /> | title2 = Pranama Pranama<br /> | extra2 = Satya Yamini<br /> | lyrics2 = [[Shreshta]]<br /> | length2 = 6:03<br /> | title3 = Every Saint Has A Past<br /> | extra3 = Cherry<br /> | lyrics3 = Collage Of Quotes<br /> | length3 = 3:38<br /> | title4 = Zumba<br /> | extra4 = Timothy, Bhargavi Pillai<br /> | lyrics4 = Raghu Ram Mahamkali<br /> | length4 = 4:15<br /> | title5 = Varamena<br /> | extra5 = Satya Yamini, Sri Sowmya, Mounima<br /> | lyrics5 = Raghu Ram Mahamkali<br /> | length5 = 3:35<br /> | total_length = 22:34<br /> }}<br /> ==Reception==<br /> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of three out of five stars and said that &quot;Director Prabhakar Podakandla ensures the audience stick to their seats by creating a regular metro (city) ambiance, projecting lifestyle of regular working class. The movie slows down a bit on many occasions times. The traditional music and direction with the available resources and budget available, is an add on to the movie. When the movie is about to lose its pace, Ramya’s witty one-liners turn out to be the saving grace&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Premaku Raincheck Movie Review {3.0/5}: Critic Review of Premaku Raincheck by Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/premaku-raincheck/movie-review/65723876.cms|access-date=2022-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Srividya Palaparthi of [[The Indian Express|''Cinema Express'']] gave the film the same rating and opined that &quot;If you’re willing to look past the inexperience of the film’s cast, you may find that the heart of this film is in the right place&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Premaku Raincheck Review: A romcom for and about millenials|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/telugu/2018/sep/10/premaku-raincheck-review-romcom-for-and-about-millenials-7820.html|access-date=2022-01-29|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en|archive-date=29 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129010030/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/telugu/2018/sep/10/premaku-raincheck-review-romcom-for-and-about-millenials-7820.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from [[Mallemala Entertainments|''123Telugu'']] gave the film a negative review and noted that &quot;On the whole, ''Premaku Raincheck'' is a triangular love story which lacks the basic freshness&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-09-08|title=Premaku Raincheck Telugu Movie Review|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/premaku-raincheck-telugu-movie-review.html|access-date=2022-01-29|website=123telugu.com|language=en|archive-date=29 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129010032/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/premaku-raincheck-telugu-movie-review.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb title|tt8980510}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2018 films]]<br /> [[Category:2018 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2018 romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paralympic_Committee_of_India&diff=524337 2026-03-26T07:20:39Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: started a info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|National Paralympic Committee of India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox National Paralympic Committee<br /> | title = Paralympic Committee of India<br /> | logo = PCILOGO.png<br /> | size = 120px<br /> | country = India<br /> | code = IND<br /> | created = 1992<br /> | recognized = 1992<br /> | association = Asian PC<br /> | headquarters = [[New Delhi]], India<br /> | president = [[Devendra Jhajharia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/devendra-jhajharia-becomes-new-president-of-paralympic-committee-of-india/#:~:text=March%2011th%2C%202024-,Devendra%20Jhajharia%2C%20a%20two%2Dtime%20Paralympic%20gold%20medalist%2C%20has,para%2Dathlete%2C%20Deepa%20Malik.|title=Devendra Jhajharia Becomes New President of Paralympic Committee of India |date=11 March 2024 |access-date=11 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | secretary general = Jayawant Gundu Hamanawar<br /> | website = [http://paralympicindia.com/ www.paralympicindia.com]<br /> }}<br /> The '''Paralympic Committee of India''' is the body responsible for selecting athletes to represent [[India]] at the [[Paralympic Games]] and other international athletic meets and for managing the Indian teams at the events.<br /> <br /> The organisation was founded in 1992 as the Physically Handicapped Sports Federation of India but was renamed to be inclusive.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.disabilityindia.org/djsportsaug07D.cfm Sports] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006150531/http://disabilityindia.org/djsportsaug07D.cfm |date=2010-10-06 }}, disabilityindia.org&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History ==<br /> In 1992, M. Mahadeva along with others started an organization at national level for the promotion and development of sports for physically challenged and disabled people, Physically Handicapped Sports Federation of India. It was registered in 1994 with the registrar of co-operative societies, Bangalore, Karnataka. Its first President was Rathan Singh. The objectives of this organization were to promote sports for the disabled in India. Its aims included: identifying disabled athletes throughout India, imparting necessary training to them and preparing them to take part in State, National and International Sports meets.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}<br /> <br /> The organization affiliated itself to the [[International Paralympic Committee]], as well as the International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation; the FESPIC Federation, covering countries in the Far East and South Pacific regions; and the [[Asian Paralympic Committee]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}<br /> <br /> The Paralympic Committee of India was given public authority status by the ''RTI Act'' of 2005.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}<br /> <br /> ==Administration==<br /> <br /> ===IOA executive council===<br /> Following is the PCI executive committee for the 2024–2028 term.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Elected Governing Body (2024-2028) |url=https://www.paralympicindia.com/committee/|publisher=Paralympic Committee of India|access-date=1 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Designation !! Name !! National sports federation / State olympic committee<br /> |-<br /> | '''President''' || [[Devendra Jhajharia]] || [[Athletics Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2| '''Vice-presidents''' || [[Chandrasekar Rajan]] || [[Tamil Nadu Paralympic Sports Association]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Satya Parkash Sangwan]] || {{center|''NA''}}<br /> |-<br /> | '''Secretary General''' || Jayawant Gundu Hamanawar ||{{center|''NA''}}<br /> |-<br /> | '''Treasurer''' || Sunil Pradhan || [[Badminton Association of India]]<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2| '''Joint Secretaries''' || Lalit || [[Himachal Pradesh Parasports Association]]<br /> |-<br /> | Diwakara Thimmegowda || {{center|''NA''}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=5| '''Executive Council Members''' || Dr Sutapa Chakrabarty || {{center|''NA''}}<br /> |-<br /> | Bhati Chandulal Tarachandji || [[Athletics Federation of India]]<br /> |-<br /> | Sandeep Kumar || [[Bihar Para Sports Association]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Shaminder Singh Dhillon]] || {{center|''NA''}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Singarapu Babu]] || [[Paralympic Volley Ball Federation of India]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Aims and objectives===<br /> * To promote and contribute to the development of sport opportunities and competitions, from the start to elite level.<br /> * To develop opportunities for athletes with a severe disability in sport at all levels and in all structures.<br /> * To promote the self-governance of each Paralympic sport federation as an integral part of the national sport movement, whilst at all times safeguarding and preserving its own identity.<br /> * To ensure the spirit of fair play prevails, the health risk of the athletes is managed and fundamental ethical principles are upheld.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}<br /> <br /> ==State Paralympic Associations==<br /> #Andaman and Nicobar Para Sports Association&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Affiliated State Units|url=https://www.paralympicindia.org.in/affiliated-state-units|publisher=Paralympic Committee of India|access-date=8 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> #Para Sports Association Andhra Pradesh<br /> #Paralympic Association of Arunachal Pradesh<br /> #Assam Para Sports Association<br /> #Bengal Para Sports Association<br /> #Bihar Para Sports Association<br /> #Chandigarh Sports Association for Differently Abled<br /> #Para Sports Association of Chhattisgarh<br /> #Dadar and Nagar Haveli Para Sports Association<br /> #Daman and Diu Para Sports Association<br /> #Divyang Para Sports Association of Delhi<br /> #Goa Para Sports Association<br /> #Para Sports of Gujarat<br /> #Paralympic Committee of Haryana<br /> #Himachal Pradesh Para Sports Association<br /> #Jammu and Kashmir Para Sports Association<br /> #Jharkhand Para Sports Association<br /> #Karnataka Sports Association for Physically Handicapped<br /> #Sports Association for Differently Abled Kerala<br /> #Para Sports Association of Madhya Pradesh<br /> #Paralympic Sports Association Maharashtra<br /> #Handicapped Sports Union of Manipur<br /> #Paralympic Association of Meghalaya<br /> #Paralympic Association of Mizoram<br /> #Paralympic Association of Nagaland<br /> #Para Sports Association of Odisha<br /> #Punjab Para Sports Association<br /> #Para Sports Association of Pondicherry<br /> #Divyang Para Sports Association of Rajasthan<br /> #Paralympic Association of Sikkim<br /> #Tamil Nadu Paralympic Sports Association<br /> #Para Sports Association of Telangana<br /> #Tripura Para Sports Association<br /> #Uttar Pradesh Para Sports Association<br /> #Paralympic Association of Uttarakhand<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[India at the Paralympics]]<br /> *[[India at the Asian Para Games]]<br /> *[[Indian Olympic Association]]<br /> * [[Sport in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.paralympicindia.org.in/ Official website]<br /> *[http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_paralympic-athlete-is-left-stranded-at-delhi-airport_1485441 Paralympic athlete is left stranded at Delhi airport], [[Daily News and Analysis]], 24 December 2010<br /> *[http://www.mid-day.com/news/2010/jun/110610-handicapped-Paralympic-Athletic-team.htm Athletes handicapped by red-tapism], [[MiD DAY]], 11 June 2010<br /> <br /> {{Asian Paralympic Committee}}<br /> {{Sports governing bodies in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Parasports organizations]]<br /> [[Category:National Paralympic Committees|India Paralympic committee]]<br /> [[Category:Sports governing bodies in India]]<br /> [[Category:Disability organisations based in India]]<br /> [[Category:1992 establishments in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Sports organizations established in 1992]]<br /> [[Category:Organisations based in Bengaluru]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Instagram&diff=451818 2026-03-21T04:43:58Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: Minor edits and structural improvements</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Social media platform owned by Meta}}<br /> {{redirect|Insta|other uses|Instagram (disambiguation)|and|Insta (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{Protection padlock|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use American English|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox software<br /> | name = Instagram<br /> | logo = [[File:Instagram logo 2022.svg|frameless|upright=0.5]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Instagram logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.7|class=skin-invert]]<br /> | logo_caption = [[Signature]] [[wordmark]] used since May 2016 and icon app used since May 2022<br /> | screenshot = Instagram screenshot (12 January 2026, 16h30m39s, UTC -3).png<br /> | caption = Wikipedia's Instagram page on January 12, 2026. <br /> | collapsible = no<br /> | author = {{hlist|[[Kevin Systrom]]|[[Mike Krieger]]}}<br /> | developer = [[Meta Platforms]]<br /> | released = {{Start date and age|2010|10|12}} in [[San Francisco, California]], US<br /> | ver layout = stacked<br /> | operating system = {{hlist|[[iOS]]|[[iPadOS]]|[[Android (operating system)|Android]]|[[Fire OS]]|[[Microsoft Windows]]|[[Web browser]]}}<br /> | language = {{hlist|[[Arabic language|Arabic]]|[[Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]] and [[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional]])|[[Croatian language|Croatian]]|[[Czech language|Czech]]|[[Danish language|Danish]]|[[Dutch language|Dutch]]|[[English language|English]]|[[Finnish language|Finnish]]|[[French language|French]]|[[German language|German]]|[[Greek language|Greek]]|[[Hindi]]|[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]|[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]|[[Italian language|Italian]]|[[Japanese language|Japanese]]|[[Korean language|Korean]]|[[Malay language|Malay]]|[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]|[[Persian language|Persian]]|[[Polish language|Polish]]|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]|[[Romanian language|Romanian]]|[[Russian language|Russian]]|[[Slovak language|Slovak]]|[[Spanish language|Spanish]]|[[Swedish language|Swedish]]|[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]|[[Thai language|Thai]]|[[Turkish language|Turkish]]|[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]|[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]}}<br /> | language count = 33&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://apps.apple.com/app/id389801252|title=Instagram|website=[[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)|App Store]]|date=June 12, 2023|access-date=October 7, 2019&lt;!--REQUIRES VALIDATION--&gt;|archive-date=June 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620012646/https://apps.apple.com/app/id389801252|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]<br /> | website = {{URL|https://www.instagram.com/|instagram.com}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Meta sidebar}}<br /> <br /> '''Instagram'''{{efn|Legally as '''Instagram, LLC''', registered in Delaware,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 31, 2024 |title=List of subsidiaries Meta Platforms, Inc. |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000132680125000017/meta-12312024x10kexhibit211.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612035715/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000132680125000017/meta-12312024x10kexhibit211.htm |archive-date=June 12, 2025 |access-date=August 30, 2025 |website=sec.gov |publisher=United States Securities and Exchange Commission}}&lt;/ref&gt; formerly as '''Instagram, Inc.''',&lt;ref name=&quot;zdnet&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/facebook-buying-instagram-for-300-million-23-million-shares/|title=Facebook buying Instagram for $300&amp;nbsp;million, 23 million shares|last=Protalinski|first=Emil|date=April 23, 2012|publisher=[[ZDNet]]|access-date=April 22, 2017|archive-date=October 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026042154/https://www.zdnet.com/article/facebook-buying-instagram-for-300-million-23-million-shares/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; often colloquially shortened by users to the terms '''''Insta''''',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Curry |first=Melanie |date=June 15, 2025 |title=Gwyneth Paltrow Made Breakfast Topless On Insta &amp; Everyone Has Feelings |url=https://www.aol.com/gwyneth-made-breakfast-topless-insta-183000408.html |access-date=June 23, 2025 |website=aol.com |language=en-US |archive-date=July 4, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704172912/https://www.aol.com/gwyneth-made-breakfast-topless-insta-183000408.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; '''''the Gram''''',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=&lt;!--No listed author or byline--&gt; |date=August 23, 2019 |title=Instagram holiday debt: 'I spent £5,000 for the gram' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-49445005 |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=June 23, 2025 |language=en-GB |archive-date=June 29, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629014131/https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-49445005 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and '''''IG''''',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last1 = Edwards | first1 = Erica B. | last2 = Esposito | first2 = Jennifer | chapter = Reading social media intersectionally | title = Intersectional Analysis as a Method to Analyze Popular Culture: Clarity in the Matrix | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XXzADwAAQBAJ | series = Futures of Data Analysis in Qualitative Research | location = Abingdon | publisher = Routledge | date = 2019 | isbn = 978-0-429-55700-2 | access-date = May 7, 2020 | quote = Instagram (IG) is a photo sharing app created in October of 2010 allowing users to share photos and videos. | archive-date = November 7, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231107152451/https://books.google.com/books?id=XXzADwAAQBAJ | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; which is also used as a [[URL shortening|URL shortener]] under the name '''IG.ME''' as &lt;code&gt;ig.me/u/example&lt;/code&gt; for usernames and &lt;code&gt;ig.me/p/example&lt;/code&gt; for posts and [[#Instagram Reels|reels]].}} is an American [[Image sharing|photo]] and [[Short-form content|short-form]] [[Online video platform|video sharing]] [[social networking service]] owned by [[Meta Platforms]]. It allows users to upload media that can be edited with [[Filter (social media)|filters]], be organized by [[hashtag]]s, and be associated with a location via [[Geotagging|geographical tagging]]. Posts can be shared publicly or with preapproved followers. Users can browse other users' content by tags and locations, view [[Fad|trending]] content, [[Like button|like]] photos, and follow other users to add their content to a personal [[Web feed|feed]].&lt;ref name=&quot;PD&quot; /&gt; A Meta-operated image-centric [[social media]] platform, it is available on [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], and the [[World Wide Web|web]]. Users can take photos and edit them using built-in filters and other tools, then share them on other social media platforms like [[Facebook]]. It supports 33 languages including [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[French language|French]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], and [[Korean language|Korean]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/ |access-date=November 28, 2023 |website=instagram.com |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115000102/https://www.instagram.com/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Instagram was originally distinguished by allowing content to be framed only in a square (1:1) [[Aspect ratio (image)|aspect ratio]] of 640 [[pixel]]s to match the display width of the [[iPhone]] at the time. In 2015, this restriction was eased with an increase to 1080 pixels. It also added [[Instant messaging|messaging]] features, the ability to include multiple images or videos in a single post, and a [[Story (social media)|Stories]] feature—similar to its main competitor, [[Snapchat]], which allowed users to post their content to a sequential feed, with each post accessible to others for 24 hours. As of January 2019, Stories was used by 500&amp;nbsp;million people daily.&lt;ref name=&quot;PD&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.socialmediatoday.com/news/instagram-stories-is-now-being-used-by-500-million-people-daily/547270/|title=Instagram Stories is Now Being Used by 500 Million People Daily|website=Social Media Today|access-date=April 16, 2019|archive-date=November 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103033633/https://www.socialmediatoday.com/news/instagram-stories-is-now-being-used-by-500-million-people-daily/547270/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Burbn Beta app was made available for iOS on October 6, 2010, by [[Kevin Systrom]] and [[Mike Krieger]] — still as a testing prototype, but for the first time available as a real app on the App Store rather than a web-based prototype. The app received around 25,000 registrations that day, even though it was built for testing purposes only. Six days later, on October 12, 2010, the final stable non-beta version was officially released under a new name — '''Instagram'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Garber |first=Megan |date=July 2, 2014 |title=Instagram Was First Called 'Burbn' |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/07/instagram-used-to-be-called-brbn/373815/ |access-date=October 13, 2025 |website=The Atlantic |language=en |archive-date=November 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125075647/http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/07/instagram-used-to-be-called-brbn/373815/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This was the first official public release, not a testing version. This renaming gave an even bigger response: the app rapidly gained popularity, reaching 1{{nbsp}}million registered users in two months, 10&amp;nbsp;million in a year, and 1&amp;nbsp;billion in June 2018. In April 2012, [[Meta Platforms|Facebook]] acquired the service for approximately US$1&amp;nbsp;billion in cash and stock. The [[Android (operating system)|Android]] version of Instagram was released in April 2012, followed by a feature-limited [[Desktop computer|desktop]] interface in November 2012, a [[Fire OS]] app in June 2014, an app for [[Windows 10]] in October 2016, and an app for [[iPadOS]] in September 2025. Although often admired for its success and influence, Instagram has also been criticized for negatively affecting teens' mental health, its policy and [[User interface|interface]] changes, its alleged [[censorship]], and illegal and inappropriate content uploaded by users.{{TOC limit}}<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> {{For timeline}}<br /> [[File:Instagram 2009.svg|thumb|Burbn logo from October 21, 2009, to October 12, 2010]]<br /> Instagram began development in [[San Francisco]] as '''Burbn''', a mobile check-in app created by [[Kevin Systrom]] and [[Mike Krieger]]. On March 5, 2010, Systrom closed a $500,000 ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=500000|start_year=2010|r=-2|fmt=eq}}) [[seed funding]] round with [[Baseline Ventures]] and [[Andreessen Horowitz]] while working on Burbn.&lt;ref name=&quot;inc2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=MG |last=Siegler |title=Burbn's Funding Goes Down Smooth. Baseline, Andreessen Back Stealthy Location Startup. |url=https://techcrunch.com/2010/03/05/burbn-funding/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=March 5, 2010 |access-date=April 12, 2017 |archive-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817181738/https://techcrunch.com/2010/03/05/burbn-funding/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Realizing that it was too similar to [[Foursquare City Guide|Foursquare]], they refocused their app on photo-sharing, which had become a popular feature among its users.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first1=Somini |last1=Sengupta |first2=Nicole |last2=Perlroth |first3=Jenna |last3=Wortham |title=Behind Instagram's Success, Networking the Old Way |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/14/technology/instagram-founders-were-helped-by-bay-area-connections.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414140051/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/14/technology/instagram-founders-were-helped-by-bay-area-connections.html |archive-date=April 14, 2012 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 13, 2012 |access-date=April 12, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SY&quot; /&gt; They renamed it Instagram, a [[portmanteau]] of [[instant camera]] and [[telegram]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/5-most-popular-instagram-accounts-164126625.html|title=5 Of The Most Popular Instagram Accounts|date=August 18, 2014|publisher=Yahoo! Finance|access-date=February 10, 2020|archive-date=August 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809061852/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/5-most-popular-instagram-accounts-164126625.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2010–2011: Beginnings and major funding ===<br /> [[File:Instagram 2010.svg|thumb|Instagram wordmark from October 12, 2010, to December 14, 2010]]<br /> Josh Riedel joined the company in October as Community Manager,&lt;ref name=&quot;Employees&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first=Alyson |last=Shontell |title=Meet The 13 Lucky Employees And 9 Investors Behind $1 Billion Instagram |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/instagram-employees-and-investors-2012-4 |website=[[Business Insider]] |date=April 9, 2012 |access-date=April 12, 2017 |archive-date=November 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105202419/https://www.businessinsider.com/instagram-employees-and-investors-2012-4 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Shayne Sweeney joined in November as an engineer,&lt;ref name=&quot;Employees&quot; /&gt; and Jessica Zollman joined as a Community Evangelist in August 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;Employees&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Gabriel |last=Beltrone |title=Instagram Surprises With Fifth Employee |url=http://www.adweek.com/digital/instagram-surprises-fifth-employee-133784/ |website=[[Adweek]] |publisher=Beringer Capital |date=July 29, 2011 |access-date=April 12, 2017 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809044658/https://www.adweek.com/digital/instagram-surprises-fifth-employee-133784/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On October 21, 2009, the first web-based prototype of Burbn was released online, although it was basic and non-functional, it featured a registration waiting list. The first Burbn post was a photo of South Beach Harbor at Pier 38, posted by Mike Krieger at 5:26{{spaces}}p.m. on July{{spaces}}16, 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Instagram post by Mike Krieger • Jul 16, 2010 at 5:26pm UTC|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/G/|access-date=February 10, 2020|website=Instagram|archive-date=December 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208094529/https://www.instagram.com/p/G/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SY&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/4408374/instagram-anniversary/|title=Take a Look Back at Instagram's First Posts, Six Years Ago|magazine=Time|access-date=February 10, 2020|archive-date=November 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114233059/https://time.com/4408374/instagram-anniversary/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On October{{spaces}}6, 2010, the Burbn Beta [[iOS]] app was made available through the [[App Store (Apple)|App Store]], though this was still just a testing prototype only. The final stable non-beta version was officially released 6 days later, on '''October 12, 2010''' with a new name, Instagram. In February 2011, it was reported that Instagram had raised $7&amp;nbsp;million ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=7000000|start_year=2011|r=-0|fmt=eq}}) in [[Series A round|Series A]] funding from a variety of investors, including [[Benchmark (venture capital firm)|Benchmark Capital]], [[Jack Dorsey]], [[Chris Sacca]] (through Capital fund), and [[Adam D'Angelo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=MG |last=Siegler |title=Instagram Filters Through Suitors To Capture $7 Million in Funding Led By Benchmark |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/02/02/instagram-funding/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=February 2, 2011 |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=August 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818070809/http://techcrunch.com/2011/02/02/instagram-funding/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The deal valued Instagram at around $20&amp;nbsp;million. In April 2012, Instagram raised $50&amp;nbsp;million ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=50000000|start_year=2012|r=-4|fmt=eq}}) from venture capitalists with a valuation of $500&amp;nbsp;million ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=500000000|start_year=2012|r=-5|fmt=eq}}).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Alexia |last=Tsotsis |title=Right Before Acquisition, Instagram Closed $50M at A$500M Valuation From Sequoia, Thrive, Greylock And Benchmark |url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/04/09/right-before-acquisition-instagram-closed-50m-at-a-500m-valuation-from-sequoia-thrive-greylock-and-benchmark/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=April 9, 2012 |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=October 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023104829/https://techcrunch.com/2012/04/09/right-before-acquisition-instagram-closed-50m-at-a-500m-valuation-from-sequoia-thrive-greylock-and-benchmark/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Joshua Kushner]] was the second largest investor in Instagram's Series B fundraising round, leading his investment firm, [[Thrive Capital]], to double its money after the sale to Facebook.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last1=Bertoni | first1=Steven |title = The 26-Year-Old VC Who Cashed In On Instagram|url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevenbertoni/2012/05/02/the-26-year-old-vc-who-cashed-out-in-instagram/|website = Forbes|access-date = January 2, 2016|archive-date = November 6, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201106125652/https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevenbertoni/2012/05/02/the-26-year-old-vc-who-cashed-out-in-instagram/|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2012–2014: Additional platforms and acquisition by Facebook ===<br /> [[File:Instagram wordmark.svg|thumb|Instagram wordmark from December 14, 2010, to May 2, 2013]]<br /> On April 3, 2012, Instagram released a version of its [[Mobile app|app]] for [[Android (operating system)|Android]] phones,&lt;ref name=&quot;Android launch&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first=Alexia |last=Tsotsis |title=With Over 30 Million Users on iOS, Instagram Finally Comes To Android |url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/04/03/instagram-android-demum/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=April 3, 2012 |access-date=April 8, 2017 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108041717/https://techcrunch.com/2012/04/03/instagram-android-demum/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Thomas |last=Houston |title=Instagram for Android now available |url=https://www.theverge.com/2012/4/3/2922607/instagram-for-android-available-in-google-play-store |website=[[The Verge]] |date=April 3, 2012 |access-date=April 8, 2017 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111223813/http://www.theverge.com/2012/4/3/2922607/instagram-for-android-available-in-google-play-store |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and it was downloaded more than one million times in less than one day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Jeff |last=Blagdon |title=Instagram for Android breaks 1 million downloads in less than a day |url=https://www.theverge.com/2012/4/4/2924600/instagram-android-1-million-downloads |website=[[The Verge]] |date=April 4, 2012 |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=September 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918020913/https://www.theverge.com/2012/4/4/2924600/instagram-android-1-million-downloads |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Android app has since received two significant updates: first, in March 2014, which cut the file size of the app by half and added performance improvements;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Karissa |last=Bell |title=Instagram Releases Faster, More Responsive Android App |url=http://mashable.com/2014/03/11/instagram-android-update/ |website=[[Mashable]] |date=March 11, 2014 |access-date=April 24, 2017 |archive-date=January 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129000546/https://mashable.com/2014/03/11/instagram-android-update/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=David |last=Cohen |title=Twice As Quick, Half As Large: Instagram Updates Android App |url=http://www.adweek.com/digital/instagram-android-5-1/ |website=[[Adweek]] |publisher=Beringer Capital |date=March 11, 2014 |access-date=April 24, 2017 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809051200/https://www.adweek.com/digital/instagram-android-5-1/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; then in April 2017, to add an offline mode that allows users to view and interact with content without an Internet connection. At the time of the announcement, it was reported that 80% of Instagram's 600&amp;nbsp;million users were located outside the U.S., and while the aforementioned functionality was live at its announcement, Instagram also announced its intention to make more features available offline, and that they were &quot;exploring an iOS version&quot;. On April 9, 2012, [[Meta Platforms|Facebook, Inc.]] (now Meta Platforms) bought Instagram for $1&amp;nbsp;billion ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=1000000000|start_year=2012|r=-6|fmt=eq}}) in cash and stock,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Bruce |last=Upbin |title=Facebook Buys Instagram For $1 Billion. Smart Arbitrage. |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/bruceupbin/2012/04/09/facebook-buys-instagram-for-1-billion-wheres-the-revenue/ |website=[[Forbes]] |date=April 9, 2012 |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112043142/https://www.forbes.com/sites/bruceupbin/2012/04/09/facebook-buys-instagram-for-1-billion-wheres-the-revenue/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Evelyn M. |last=Rusli |title=Facebook Buys Instagram for $1 Billion |url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/04/09/facebook-buys-instagram-for-1-billion/ |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 9, 2012 |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=April 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411095346/https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/04/09/facebook-buys-instagram-for-1-billion/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first1=Alexei |last1=Oreskovic |first2=Gerry |last2=Shih |title=Facebook to buy Instagram for $1&amp;nbsp;billion |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-idUSBRE8380M820120410 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=April 10, 2012 |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116000806/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-idUSBRE8380M820120410 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; with a plan to keep the company independently managed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first1=Josh |last1=Constine |first2=Kim-Mai |last2=Cutler |title=Facebook Buys Instagram For $1 Billion, Turns Budding Rival into Its Standalone Photo App |url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/04/09/facebook-to-acquire-instagram-for-1-billion/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=April 9, 2012 |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=October 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025202759/https://techcrunch.com/2012/04/09/facebook-to-acquire-instagram-for-1-billion/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Thomas |last=Houston |title=Facebook to buy Instagram for $1&amp;nbsp;billion |url=https://www.theverge.com/2012/4/9/2936375/facebook-buys-instagram |website=[[The Verge]] |date=April 9, 2012 |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=November 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130231550/https://www.theverge.com/2012/4/9/2936375/facebook-buys-instagram |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn-acquisition&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author-link=Laurie Segall |first=Laurie |last=Segall |title=Facebook acquires Instagram for $1&amp;nbsp;billion |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/04/09/technology/facebook_acquires_instagram/ |website=[[CNNMoney]] |date=April 9, 2012 |access-date=January 15, 2026 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111201817/https://money.cnn.com/2012/04/09/technology/facebook_acquires_instagram/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Britain's [[Office of Fair Trading]] approved the deal on August 14, 2012,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Facebook's Instagram bid gets go-ahead from the OFT |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-19258608 |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=August 14, 2012 |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426120046/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-19258608 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and on August 22, 2012, the [[Federal Trade Commission]] in the U.S. closed its investigation, allowing the deal to proceed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Alexei |last=Oreskovic |title=FTC clears Facebook's acquisition of Instagram |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-instagram-idUSBRE87L14W20120823 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=August 22, 2012 |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=November 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103002236/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-instagram-idUSBRE87L14W20120823 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On September 6, 2012, the deal between Instagram and Facebook officially closed with a purchase price of $300&amp;nbsp;million in cash and 23&amp;nbsp;million shares of stock.&lt;ref name=&quot;zdnet&quot; /&gt;<br /> {{CSS image crop |Image = Pexels-photo-267350.jpg |bSize = 750 |cWidth = 250 |cHeight = 160 |oTop = 310 | Description = Instagram app icon from September 20, 2011, to May 11, 2016}}<br /> <br /> The deal closed just before Facebook's scheduled [[initial public offering]] according to [[CNN]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn-acquisition&quot; /&gt; The deal price was compared to the $35&amp;nbsp;million [[Yahoo! Inc. (1995–2017)|Yahoo!]] paid for [[Flickr]] in 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn-acquisition&quot; /&gt; [[Mark Zuckerberg]] said Facebook was &quot;committed to building and growing Instagram independently&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn-acquisition&quot; /&gt; According to ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'', the deal netted Systrom $400&amp;nbsp;million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |first=Mike |last=Isaac |title=Exclusive: Facebook Deal Nets Instagram CEO $400 Million |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/04/facebook-buys-instagram/ |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=April 9, 2012 |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111232355/http://www.wired.com/2012/04/facebook-buys-instagram/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Instagram wordmark 2013.svg|thumb|Instagram wordmark from May 2, 2013, to 2015]]<br /> In November 2012, Instagram launched website profiles, allowing anyone to see user feeds from a web browser with limited functionality,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Ellis |last=Hamburger |title=Instagram launches web profiles, but maintains clear focus on mobile |url=https://www.theverge.com/2012/11/5/3605316/instagram-web-profiles |website=[[The Verge]] |date=November 5, 2012 |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801205154/https://www.theverge.com/2012/11/5/3605316/instagram-web-profiles |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as a selection of ''badges'', and [[web widget]] buttons to link to profiles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 21, 2012 |title=Instagram Launches Embeddable &quot;Badges&quot; To Help You Promote Your Beautiful Profile On The Web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/11/21/instagram-launches-embeddable-badges-to-help-you-promote-your-beautiful-profile-on-the-web/ |access-date=April 17, 2021 |website=[[TechCrunch]] |language=en-US |archive-date=April 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421163409/https://techcrunch.com/2012/11/21/instagram-launches-embeddable-badges-to-help-you-promote-your-beautiful-profile-on-the-web/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Since the app's launch it had used the [[Foursquare City Guide|Foursquare API]] technology to provide named location tagging. In March 2014, Instagram started to test and switch the technology to use [[Facebook Places]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Austin |last=Carr |title=Instagram Testing Facebook Places Integration To Replace Foursquare |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3028166/instagram-testing-facebook-places-integration-to-replace-foursquare |work=[[Fast Company]] |date=March 25, 2014 |access-date=April 24, 2017 |archive-date=August 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815150350/https://www.fastcompany.com/3028166/instagram-testing-facebook-places-integration-to-replace-foursquare |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Billy |last=Steele |title=Instagram is testing Facebook Places integration for location tagging |url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/03/25/instagram-tests-facebook-places/ |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=March 25, 2014 |access-date=April 24, 2017 |archive-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106191636/https://www.engadget.com/2014/03/25/instagram-tests-facebook-places/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{anchor|overhaul}}<br /> === 2015–2017: Redesign and Windows app ===<br /> [[File:Instagram wordmark 2015.svg|thumb|Instagram wordmark from 2015 to May 11, 2016]]<br /> In June 2015, the desktop website [[user interface]] was redesigned to become more [[flat design|flat]] and [[minimalism#Software and UI design|minimalistic]], but with more screen space for each photo and to resemble the layout of Instagram's mobile website.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Jacob |last=Kastrenakes |title=Instagram is launching a redesigned website with bigger photos |url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/6/9/8753023/instagram-website-redesign-launching-bigger-photos |website=[[The Verge]] |date=June 9, 2015 |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108111027/http://www.theverge.com/2015/6/9/8753023/instagram-website-redesign-launching-bigger-photos |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Napier |last=Lopez |title=Instagram for the Web is getting a cleaner, flatter redesign |url=https://thenextweb.com/apps/2015/06/09/instagram-for-the-web-is-getting-a-cleaner-flatter-redesign/ |website=The Next Web |date=June 9, 2015 |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=December 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203032818/https://thenextweb.com/apps/2015/06/09/instagram-for-the-web-is-getting-a-cleaner-flatter-redesign/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Shadman|first=Aadil|title=Instagram on Web Just Got a Major Design Overhaul|url=https://propakistani.pk/2015/06/11/instagram-on-web-just-got-a-major-design-overhaul/|newspaper=Propakistani|date=June 11, 2015|access-date=September 25, 2019|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801200708/https://propakistani.pk/2015/06/11/instagram-on-web-just-got-a-major-design-overhaul/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, one row of pictures only has three instead of five photos to match the mobile layout. The ''slideshow banner''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://beta.techcrunch.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/screen-shot-2012-11-05-at-9-39-20-am.png|title=Pre-2015 Instagram website layout screenshot.|access-date=September 25, 2019|archive-date=November 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128193558/https://beta.techcrunch.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/screen-shot-2012-11-05-at-9-39-20-am.png|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lavozmarketing.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Screen-shot-2013-03-08-at-3.12.12-PM-1024x605.png|title=Pre-June-2015 Instagram website layout screenshot with ''&quot;slideshow banner&quot;''|access-date=September 25, 2019|archive-date=April 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430091403/https://lavozmarketing.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Screen-shot-2013-03-08-at-3.12.12-PM-1024x605.png|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; on the top of profile pages, which simultaneously slide-showed seven picture tiles of pictures posted by the user, alternating at different times in a random order, has been removed. In addition, the formerly angular profile pictures became circular.<br /> <br /> [[File:Instagram logo 2016.svg|thumb|upright=0.6|Instagram icon from 2016 to 2022, when it was updated to include more saturated colors]]<br /> In April 2016, Instagram released a [[Windows 10 Mobile]] app, after years of demand from Microsoft and the public to release an app for the platform.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Tom |last=Warren |title=Nokia wants Instagram for Windows Phone, piles pressure on with #2InstaWithLove |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/3/6/4070934/windows-phone-instagram-app-nokia-pressure |website=[[The Verge]] |date=March 6, 2013 |access-date=April 8, 2017 |archive-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730121028/http://www.theverge.com/2013/3/6/4070934/windows-phone-instagram-app-nokia-pressure |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Daniel |last=Rubino |title=Nokia releases #2InstaWithLove social app to put some pressure on Instagram |url=http://www.windowscentral.com/nokia-releases-2instawithlov-social-app-pressure-instagram |website=Windows Central |publisher=Mobile Nations |date=March 5, 2013 |access-date=April 8, 2017 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111212649/http://www.windowscentral.com/nokia-releases-2instawithlov-social-app-pressure-instagram |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The platform previously had a [[Software release life cycle|beta version]] of Instagram, first released on November 21, 2013, for [[Windows Phone 8]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Tom |last=Warren |title=Official Instagram Windows Phone app arriving in the 'coming weeks' |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/10/22/4863048/instagram-official-windows-phone-app |website=[[The Verge]] |date=October 22, 2013 |access-date=April 8, 2017 |archive-date=December 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203033329/https://www.theverge.com/2013/10/22/4863048/instagram-official-windows-phone-app |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Tom |last=Warren |title=Instagram arrives on Windows Phone, lacks video recording |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/11/20/5125270/instagram-windows-phone-download-features-release |website=[[The Verge]] |date=November 20, 2013 |access-date=April 8, 2017 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112011120/http://www.theverge.com/2013/11/20/5125270/instagram-windows-phone-download-features-release |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Stuart |last=Dredge |title=Instagram arrives on Windows Phone (and yes, you CAN take photos) |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/nov/20/instagram-windows-phone-photos-videos |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=November 20, 2013 |access-date=April 8, 2017 |archive-date=August 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802042719/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/nov/20/instagram-windows-phone-photos-videos |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The new app added support for videos (viewing and creating posts or stories, and viewing live streams), album posts and direct messages.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Tom |last=Warren |title=Instagram launches on Windows 10 Mobile, finally gets video support |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/4/28/11525396/instagram-windows-10-mobile-app |website=[[The Verge]] |date=April 28, 2016 |access-date=April 8, 2017 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108144010/http://www.theverge.com/2016/4/28/11525396/instagram-windows-10-mobile-app |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, an app for [[Windows 10]] personal computers and tablets was released in October 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Tom |last=Warren |title=Instagram arrives on Windows 10 PCs and tablets, still not on iPad |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/10/14/13283082/instagram-arrives-on-windows-10-pcs-and-tablets-still-not-on-ipad |website=[[The Verge]] |date=October 14, 2016 |access-date=April 8, 2017 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130205/http://www.theverge.com/2016/10/14/13283082/instagram-arrives-on-windows-10-pcs-and-tablets-still-not-on-ipad |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Emil |last=Protalinski |title=Instagram launches for Windows 10 PCs and tablets |url=https://venturebeat.com/2016/10/13/instagram-launches-for-windows-10-pcs-and-tablets/ |website=[[VentureBeat]] |date=October 13, 2016 |access-date=April 8, 2017 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108194036/http://venturebeat.com/2016/10/13/instagram-launches-for-windows-10-pcs-and-tablets/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In May, Instagram updated its mobile website to allow users to upload photos, and to add a &quot;lightweight&quot; version of the Explore tab.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/8/15562892/instagram-mobile-browser-photo-upload|title=You can now upload Instagram photos from its mobile website|last=Carman|first=Ashley|date=May 8, 2017|website=[[The Verge]]|access-date=May 9, 2017|archive-date=June 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602181610/https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/8/15562892/instagram-mobile-browser-photo-upload|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/05/08/instagram-mobile-web/|title=Instagram launches mobile web sharing to pursue global growth|last=Constine|first=Josh|date=May 8, 2017|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|access-date=May 9, 2017|archive-date=June 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602181833/https://techcrunch.com/2017/05/08/instagram-mobile-web/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:200 Jefferson Drive.jpg|thumb|Instagram moved headquarters into its new, three-story office in [[Menlo Park, California]] (formerly home to [[PGP Corporation]]), on October 6, 2016, to celebrate its sixth birthday]]<br /> On May 11, 2016, Instagram revamped its design, adding a black-and-white [[flat design]] theme for the app's [[user interface]], and a less [[skeuomorph]]istic, more [[:wikt:abstract|abstract]], &quot;modern&quot; and colorful icon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Jacob |last=Kastrenakes |title=Instagram launches redesigned app and icon |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/5/11/11656252/instagram-redesigns-icon-app |website=[[The Verge]] |date=May 11, 2016 |access-date=April 24, 2017 |archive-date=September 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920142602/https://www.theverge.com/2016/5/11/11656252/instagram-redesigns-icon-app |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Sarah |last=Perez |title=Instagram's big redesign goes live with a colorful new icon, black-and-white app and more |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/05/11/instagrams-big-redesign-goes-live-with-a-colorful-new-icon-black-and-white-app-and-more/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=May 11, 2016 |access-date=April 24, 2017 |archive-date=November 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125033237/https://consent.yahoo.com/v2/collectConsent?sessionId=3_cc-session_0967010b-c268-4976-ba80-a4a756cdb768 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=James |last=Titcomb |title=Instagram is changing its iconic logo – here's why |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/05/11/instagram-is-changing-its-iconic-logo--heres-why/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/05/11/instagram-is-changing-its-iconic-logo--heres-why/ |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=May 11, 2016 |access-date=April 24, 2017}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rumors of a redesign first started circulating in April, when ''[[The Verge]]'' received a screenshot from a tipster, but at the time, an Instagram spokesperson simply told the publication that it was only a concept.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Casey |last=Newton |title=Instagram is testing a new black-and-white design |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/4/26/11512718/instagram-redesign-black-white |website=[[The Verge]] |date=April 26, 2016 |access-date=April 24, 2017 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108125435/http://www.theverge.com/2016/4/26/11512718/instagram-redesign-black-white |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On December 6, 2016, Instagram introduced comment liking. However, unlike post likes, the user who posted a comment does not receive notifications about comment likes in their notification inbox. Uploaders can optionally decide to deactivate comments on a post.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/198593-how-to-turn-off-comments-for-a-post-on-instagram-avoid-all-the-drama-before|title=How To Turn Off Comments On Instagram|website=Bustle|date=December 6, 2016|access-date=October 4, 2019|archive-date=November 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107162707/https://www.bustle.com/articles/198593-how-to-turn-off-comments-for-a-post-on-instagram-avoid-all-the-drama-before|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Instagram fights abuse with comment disabling and liking|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/12/06/instagram-comment-blocking/|website=[[TechCrunch]]|date=December 6, 2016|access-date=December 19, 2019|archive-date=August 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804181449/https://techcrunch.com/2016/12/06/instagram-comment-blocking/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OBrien2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/12/06/technology/instagram-turn-off-comments/index.html|title=Instagram finally lets users disable comments|first=Sara Ashley|last=O'Brien|date=December 6, 2016|website=CNNMoney|access-date=October 4, 2019|archive-date=December 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203033145/https://money.cnn.com/2016/12/06/technology/instagram-turn-off-comments/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The mobile website allows uploading pictures since May 4, 2017. Image filters and the ability to upload videos were not introduced then.&lt;!-- Whether they were introduced later is not mentioned in the sources.--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Zoll |first1=Keiko |title=Here's How To Use The New Instagram Mobile Website |url=https://www.romper.com/p/how-to-use-instagram-mobile-site-to-post-share-photos-without-the-app-56972 |website=Romper |language=en |date=May 10, 2017 |access-date=August 26, 2021 |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430091403/https://www.romper.com/p/how-to-use-instagram-mobile-site-to-post-share-photos-without-the-app-56972 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=You Can Now Upload Photos to Instagram Without the Mobile App |url=https://later.com/blog/post-to-instagram-from-web/ |website=Later Blog |access-date=August 26, 2021 |date=May 4, 2017 |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430164553/https://later.com/blog/post-to-instagram-from-web/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On April 30, 2019, the [[Windows 10 Mobile]] app was discontinued, though the mobile website remains available as a [[progressive web application]] (PWA) with limited functionality. The app remains available on [[Windows 10]] computers and tablets, also updated to a PWA in 2020.<br /> <br /> === 2018–2019: IGTV, removal of the like counter, management changes ===<br /> To comply with the [[GDPR]] regulations regarding [[data portability]], Instagram introduced the ability for users to download an archive of their user data in April 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Instagram launches &quot;Data Download&quot; tool to let you leave|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/24/instagram-export/|access-date=October 24, 2020|website=[[TechCrunch]]|date=April 24, 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=October 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026140728/https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/24/instagram-export/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Gartenberg|first=Chaim|date=April 24, 2018|title=Instagram adds new data download tool to export pictures and user information|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/24/17276106/instagram-data-download-tool-export-privacy-gdpr-compliance|access-date=October 24, 2020|website=[[The Verge]]|language=en|archive-date=December 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203043735/https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/24/17276106/instagram-data-download-tool-export-privacy-gdpr-compliance|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Canales|first=Katie|date=April 24, 2018|title=Instagram is rolling out a feature that will let you download all of your photos and past searches in one fell swoop|url=https://www.businessinsider.nl/instagram-data-download-feature-gdpr-privacy-photos-searches-2018-4/|access-date=October 24, 2020|website=[[Business Insider]]|archive-date=October 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026224319/https://www.businessinsider.nl/instagram-data-download-feature-gdpr-privacy-photos-searches-2018-4/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[IGTV]] launched on June 20, 2018, as a standalone video application. The application was shut down and removed from app stores in March 2022, citing low usage and a shift to short-form video content.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Mitchell |date=March 1, 2022 |title=Instagram says it'll stop supporting the IGTV app |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/2/28/22955646/instagram-shuts-down-separate-igtv-app-video-changes-reels-ads |access-date=November 7, 2023 |website=The Verge |language=en |archive-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107212124/https://www.theverge.com/2022/2/28/22955646/instagram-shuts-down-separate-igtv-app-video-changes-reels-ads |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On September 24, 2018, Krieger and Systrom announced in a statement they would be stepping down from Instagram.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://instagram-press.com/blog/2018/09/24/statement-from-kevin-systrom-instagram-co-founder-and-ceo/|title=Statement from Kevin Systrom, Instagram Co-Founder and CEO|last=Systrom|first=Kevin|work=Instagram |date=September 24, 2018|access-date=September 25, 2018|archive-date=September 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925033205/https://instagram-press.com/blog/2018/09/24/statement-from-kevin-systrom-instagram-co-founder-and-ceo/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/09/25/651383143/instagram-co-founders-to-step-down|title=Instagram Co-Founders To Step Down|last=Kesbeh|first=Dina|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=September 25, 2018|access-date=September 25, 2018|archive-date=October 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027013158/https://www.npr.org/2018/09/25/651383143/instagram-co-founders-to-step-down|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On October 1, 2018, it was announced that [[Adam Mosseri]] would be the new head of Instagram.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Chozick |first1=Amy |title=This Is the Guy Who's Taking Away the Likes. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 19, 2020 |page=1 |id={{Gale|A611692133}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=October 1, 2018|title=Former Facebook News Feed head Adam Mosseri to lead Instagram|publisher=[[NBC News]]|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/former-facebook-news-feed-head-adam-mosseri-lead-instagram-n915531|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=November 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124164827/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/former-facebook-news-feed-head-adam-mosseri-lead-instagram-n915531|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Constine |first1=Josh |title=Meet Adam Mosseri, the new head of Instagram |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/10/01/adam-mosseri-head-of-instagram/ |publisher=[[TechCrunch]] |date=October 1, 2018 |access-date=October 2, 2018 |archive-date=October 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020182655/https://techcrunch.com/2018/10/01/adam-mosseri-head-of-instagram/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During [[Facebook F8]], it was announced that Instagram would, beginning in Canada, pilot the removal of publicly displayed &quot;[[Like button|like]]&quot; counts for content posted by other users.&lt;ref name=&quot;HP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/30/18523847/instagram-hide-likes-test-canada|title=Instagram will test hiding public like counts in Canada|last=Carman|first=Ashley|date=April 30, 2019|website=[[The Verge]]|access-date=December 29, 2019|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111190831/http://www.theverge.com/2019/4/30/18523847/instagram-hide-likes-test-canada|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Like counts would only be visible to the user who originally posted the content. Mosseri stated that this was intended to have users &quot;worry a little bit less about how many likes they're getting on Instagram and spend a bit more time connecting with the people that they care about.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/05/01/heres-why-instagram-is-going-hide-your-likes/?noredirect=on|title=Here's why Instagram is going to hide your 'likes'|last=Shaban|first=Hamza|date=May 1, 2019|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=May 1, 2019|archive-date=May 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505203314/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/05/01/heres-why-instagram-is-going-hide-your-likes/?noredirect=on|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RP&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-49026935|title=Instagram hides likes count 'to remove pressure'|date=July 18, 2019|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=December 29, 2019|archive-date=November 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118130623/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-49026935|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has been argued that low numbers of likes in relativity to others could contribute to a lower self-esteem in users.&lt;ref name=&quot;RP&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HP&quot; /&gt; The pilot began in May 2019, and was extended to 6 other markets in July.&lt;ref name=&quot;RP&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/7/17/20697943/instagram-hide-public-like-count-test-ireland-italy-japan-brazil-australia-new-zealand|title=Instagram expands its test to hide like counts|last=Carman|first=Ashley|date=July 17, 2019|website=[[The Verge]]|access-date=December 29, 2019|archive-date=November 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107235225/https://www.theverge.com/2019/7/17/20697943/instagram-hide-public-like-count-test-ireland-italy-japan-brazil-australia-new-zealand|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The pilot was expanded worldwide in November 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/14/tech/instagram-hiding-likes-globally/index.html|title=Instagram is now testing hiding likes worldwide|last=Yurieff|first=Kaya|date=November 14, 2019|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=December 29, 2019|archive-date=July 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731120136/https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/14/tech/instagram-hiding-likes-globally/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also in July 2019, Instagram announced that it would implement new features designed to reduce harassment and negative comments on the service.&lt;ref name=Bryant2019&gt;{{cite news |last1=Bryant |first1=Miranda |title=Instagram's anti-bullying AI asks users: 'Are you sure you want to post this?' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/jul/09/instagram-bullying-new-feature-do-you-want-to-post-this |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=July 9, 2019 |access-date=December 29, 2019 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023430/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/jul/09/instagram-bullying-new-feature-do-you-want-to-post-this |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In August 2019, Instagram also began to pilot the removal of the &quot;Following&quot; tab from the app, which had allowed users to view a feed of the likes and comments made by users they follow. The change was made official in October, with head of product Vishal Shah stating that the feature was underused and that some users were &quot;surprised&quot; when they realized their activity was being surfaced in this manner.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/10/7/20903080/instagram-following-activity-tab-disappearing|title=Instagram's Following tab is going away this week|last=Lee|first=Dami|date=October 7, 2019|website=[[The Verge]]|access-date=December 29, 2019|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032822/https://www.theverge.com/2019/10/7/20903080/instagram-following-activity-tab-disappearing|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mic.com/p/instagrams-following-tab-will-be-removed-for-all-users-19195621|title=Instagram will no longer snitch on your thirsty late-night likes|website=Mic|date=October 7, 2019|access-date=December 29, 2019|archive-date=October 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025173435/https://www.mic.com/p/instagrams-following-tab-will-be-removed-for-all-users-19195621|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Instagram later restricted the ability to view public profiles without logging in, prompting users to sign in after viewing a limited number of posts. Following the change, after viewing a number of posts a pop-up requires the user to log in to continue viewing content.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first1=Ravie |last1=Lakshmanan |title=Instagram now forces people to sign in to view public profiles |url=https://thenextweb.com/socialmedia/2019/10/28/instagram-now-forces-people-to-sign-in-to-view-public-profiles/ |access-date=May 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030012944/https://thenextweb.com/socialmedia/2019/10/28/instagram-now-forces-people-to-sign-in-to-view-public-profiles/ |archive-date=October 30, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first1=Karissa |last1=Bell |title=You can't lurk on Instagram anymore unless you're logged in |website=[[Mashable]] |url=https://mashable.com/article/instagram-requires-log-in-to-view-profiles/ |access-date=May 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520165740/https://mashable.com/article/instagram-requires-log-in-to-view-profiles/ |archive-date=May 20, 2020 |date= October 24, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the same month, Instagram launched a separate app known as [[Threads (social network)|Threads]]. Similar to [[Snapchat]], the app allowed users to communicate through messaging and video chats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Yurieff |first=Kaya |date=October 3, 2019 |title=Instagram takes another page from Snapchat's playbook with new Threads app |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/03/tech/instagram-app-threads/index.html |work=CNN Business |access-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709200816/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/03/tech/instagram-app-threads/index.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was integrated with Instagram's &quot;Close friends&quot; feature, so that users could send images, photos, and texts privately to others, and also had Instagram's photo editing system embedded into the app.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Instagram Threads App – Now Connect with your Close Friends More Conveniently |date=October 6, 2019 |url=https://www.digitalinformationworld.com/2019/10/instagram-threads-app-connect-with-close-friends-more-conveniently.html |access-date=July 10, 2023 |archive-date=August 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816050115/https://www.digitalinformationworld.com/2019/10/instagram-threads-app-connect-with-close-friends-more-conveniently.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Roettgers |first=Janko |date=October 3, 2019 |title=Instagram Launches Photo Messaging App Threads |url=https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/instagram-threads-messaging-app-1203357224/ |access-date=July 10, 2023 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=August 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816050115/https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/instagram-threads-messaging-app-1203357224/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, Instagram discontinued this version of Threads in December 2021,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Espósito |first=Filipe |date=November 17, 2021 |title=Instagram discontinuing its Threads direct messaging app next month |url=https://9to5mac.com/2021/11/17/instagram-discontinuing-its-threads-direct-messaging-app-next-month/ |work=9to5Mac |access-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205235008/https://9to5mac.com/2021/11/17/instagram-discontinuing-its-threads-direct-messaging-app-next-month/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; mainly due to most of its features being rolled out on Instagram itself, as well as low usage compared to other social media applications.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=November 17, 2021 |title=Instagram will shut down its companion app Threads by year end |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/17/instagram-will-shut-down-its-companion-app-threads-by-year-end/ |access-date=July 10, 2023 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US |archive-date=October 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006122629/https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/17/instagram-will-shut-down-its-companion-app-threads-by-year-end/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Threads was not well-received among Instagram's user base. Since its launch, only approximately 220,000 users globally downloaded the app, which represented less than 0.1% of Instagram's monthly active users, indicating a lack of success in driving adoption.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Leskin |first=Paige |title=Fewer than 0.1% of Instagram users have bought into the hype of the platform's latest Snapchat competitor, Threads |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/instagram-threads-app-sees-low-downloads-compared-to-igtv-boomerang-2019-10 |access-date=July 10, 2023 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=August 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817185358/https://www.businessinsider.com/instagram-threads-app-sees-low-downloads-compared-to-igtv-boomerang-2019-10 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2020–present ===<br /> In March 2020, Instagram launched a new feature called &quot;Co-Watching&quot;. The new feature allows users to share posts with each other over video calls. According to Instagram, they pushed forward the launch of Co-Watching in order to meet the demand for virtually connecting with friends and family due to [[social distancing]] as a result of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/instagram-co-watching-feature-group-video-calling-sharing-posts-coronavirus-2020-3|title=Instagram has announced a new feature that lets you share posts over video chat, and the platform sped up the rollout to make it available now that more people are quarantining amid the coronavirus outbreak|work=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=March 24, 2020|archive-date=August 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802033237/https://www.businessinsider.com/instagram-co-watching-feature-group-video-calling-sharing-posts-coronavirus-2020-3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In August 2020, Instagram began a [[pivot to video]], introducing a new feature called &quot;[[Instagram Reels|Reels]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;VoxReels&quot;&gt;{{cite web|first1=Shirin|last1=Ghaffary|access-date=July 16, 2022|title=Reels is Facebook's TikTok clone — and its future|url=https://www.vox.com/recode/23002679/reels-facebook-tiktok-video|date=March 30, 2022|website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|archive-date=August 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804104756/https://www.vox.com/recode/23002679/reels-facebook-tiktok-video|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=July 16, 2022|title=Instagram's pivot to video marks the end of social media as we know it|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/science-tech/2021/07/instagram-pivot-video-tiktok-mosseri-reels-marks-end-social-media-we-know-it|date=July 9, 2021|archive-date=June 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608214218/https://www.newstatesman.com/science-tech/2021/07/instagram-pivot-video-tiktok-mosseri-reels-marks-end-social-media-we-know-it|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;inputmagazine&quot;&gt;{{cite web|first1=Annie|last1=Rauwerda|access-date=July 16, 2022|title=Meta says pivot to video is working as it shoves Reels in front of users|url=https://www.inputmag.com/tech/meta-facebook-pivot-to-video-instagram-reels|website=Input|date=April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402165531/https://www.inputmag.com/tech/meta-facebook-pivot-to-video-instagram-reels|archive-date=April 2, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; The intent was to compete with the video-sharing site [[TikTok]].&lt;ref name=&quot;inputmagazine&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessofbusiness.com/articles/instagram-reels-tiktok-data-snapchat-influencers/|title=A look inside Reels: Can Instagram's new feature beat TikTok?|website=businessofbusiness.com|date=August 11, 2020|access-date=November 12, 2020|archive-date=November 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116185751/https://www.businessofbusiness.com/articles/instagram-reels-tiktok-data-snapchat-influencers/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VoxReels&quot; /&gt; Instagram also added suggested posts in August 2020. After scrolling through posts from the past 48 hours, Instagram displays [[Infinite scrolling|endless posts]] related to their interests from accounts they do not follow.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carman2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Carman|first=Ashley|date=August 19, 2020|title=Instagram rolls out suggested posts to keep you glued to your feed|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/8/19/21373809/instagram-suggested-posts-update-end-feed|access-date=October 23, 2020|website=[[The Verge]]|language=en|archive-date=November 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123172611/https://www.theverge.com/2020/8/19/21373809/instagram-suggested-posts-update-end-feed|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In February 2021, Instagram began testing a new feature called Vertical Stories, said by some sources to be inspired by [[TikTok]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=February 3, 2021|title=Instagram Testing TikTok-Inspired Vertical Stories in Its App|url=https://www.iphonehacks.com/2021/02/instagram-testing-vertical-stories.html|access-date=February 4, 2021|website=iPhone Hacks {{!}} #1 iPhone, iPad, iOS Blog|language=en-US|archive-date=February 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203213656/https://www.iphonehacks.com/2021/02/instagram-testing-vertical-stories.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; The same month, they also began testing the removal of ability to share feed posts to stories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=February 3, 2021|title=Instagram removing the option to share posts in Stories for some users|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/instagram-stories-feed-post-share-test-b1797170.html|access-date=February 4, 2021|website=[[The Independent]]|language=en|archive-date=April 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407134321/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/instagram-stories-feed-post-share-test-b1797170.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2021, Instagram launched a new feature in which four people can go live at once.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Carman|first=Ashley|date=March 1, 2021|title=Instagram's new Live Rooms feature lets up to four people go live at once|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/1/22306984/instagram-live-rooms-launch-video|access-date=March 1, 2021|website=[[The Verge]]|language=en|archive-date=June 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606175131/https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/1/22306984/instagram-live-rooms-launch-video|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Instagram also announced that adults would not be allowed to message teens who don't follow them as part of a series of new child safety policies.&lt;ref name=&quot;HK&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=March 16, 2021|title=Jack Ma's SCMP Joins Hong Kong Media Groups Facing China Control|language=en|publisher=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg L.P.]]|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-16/jack-ma-s-scmp-joins-hong-kong-media-groups-facing-china-control|access-date=March 16, 2021|archive-date=March 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316184918/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-16/jack-ma-s-scmp-joins-hong-kong-media-groups-facing-china-control|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Klar|first=Rebecca|date=March 16, 2021|title=Instagram to restrict direct messages between teens and adults they don't follow|url=https://thehill.com/policy/technology/543280-instagram-to-restrict-direct-messages-between-teens-and-adults-they-dont|access-date=March 16, 2021|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|language=en|archive-date=April 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430164555/https://thehill.com/policy/technology/543280-instagram-to-restrict-direct-messages-between-teens-and-adults-they-dont/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Instagram stops adults from DMing teens who don't follow them|url=https://www.engadget.com/instagram-restricts-adult-dms-to-teens-140416475.html|access-date=March 16, 2021|website=Engadget|date=March 16, 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=June 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607202620/https://www.engadget.com/instagram-restricts-adult-dms-to-teens-140416475.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A safe version of Instagram|url=https://netmag.pk/a-safe-version-of-instagram/|access-date=April 22, 2021|website=NetMag|date=March 20, 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=April 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430170058/https://netmag.pk/a-safe-version-of-instagram/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In May 2021, Instagram began allowing users in some regions to add pronouns to their profile page.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |user=instagram |title=Add pronouns to your profile ✨ |number=1392176784028749824 |date=May 11, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carman |first=Ashley |date=May 11, 2021 |title=Instagram will let people list their pronouns on their profiles |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/5/11/22431055/instagram-pronoun-profile-update-setting |access-date=May 15, 2021 |website=[[The Verge]] |language=en |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430164552/https://www.theverge.com/2021/5/11/22431055/instagram-pronoun-profile-update-setting |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On October 4, 2021, Meta services suffered [[2021 Facebook outage|their worst outage]] since 2008, bringing down Instagram, [[Facebook]], and [[WhatsApp]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Subin|first=Samantha|date=October 4, 2021|title=Facebook is suffering its worst outage since 2008|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/04/facebook-instagram-and-whatsapp-are-down.html|access-date=October 4, 2021|publisher=[[CNBC]]|archive-date=October 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004212815/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/04/facebook-instagram-and-whatsapp-are-down.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=October 4, 2021|title=Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram suffer worldwide outage|agency=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://apnews.com/article/facebook-whatsapp-instagram-outage-8b9d3862ed957029e545182a595fdce1|access-date=October 4, 2021|archive-date=October 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008174023/https://apnews.com/article/facebook-whatsapp-instagram-outage-8b9d3862ed957029e545182a595fdce1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Security experts identified the problem as possibly being [[Domain Name System|DNS]]-related.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Duffy|first1=Clare|last2=Lyngaas|first2=Sean|date=October 4, 2021|title=Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp go down|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/04/tech/facebook-instagram-whatsapp-outage/index.html|access-date=October 4, 2021|website=[[CNN Business]]|archive-date=October 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004170507/https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/04/tech/facebook-instagram-whatsapp-outage/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On March 17, 2022, Zuckerberg confirmed plans to add [[non-fungible token]]s (NFTs) to the platform.<br /> <br /> In April 2022, Instagram began testing the removal of the ability to see &quot;recent&quot; posts from various hashtags.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Malik |first=Aisha |date=April 19, 2022 |title=Instagram test removes 'Recent' tab from hashtag pages for some users |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/04/19/instagram-removes-recent-tab-hashtag-pages/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018172631/https://techcrunch.com/2022/04/19/instagram-removes-recent-tab-hashtag-pages/ |archive-date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=October 5, 2023 |work=Tech Crunch |publisher=Yahoo}}&lt;/ref&gt; This change became permanent and system wide a year later, and now hashtags can only be used to see a selection of curated content from &quot;top&quot; users.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=August 22, 2022 |title=Instagram Recent Tab to be axed from hashtag search! Here's why |url=https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/instagram-recent-tab-to-be-axed-from-hashtag-search-here-s-why-71650536449500.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018172631/https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/instagram-recent-tab-to-be-axed-from-hashtag-search-here-s-why-71650536449500.html |archive-date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=October 5, 2023 |newspaper=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; These changes are ostensibly an attempt to hinder the spread of misinformation, while Instagram has also repeatedly stated that hashtags do not help posts get views.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Guekjian |first=Mireille |date=April 20, 2022 |title=New insights reveal that Instagram hashtags don't really increase post engagement |url=https://itp.live/news/social-media/new-insights-reveal-that-instagram-hashtags-dont-really-increase-post-engagement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018172632/https://itp.live/news/social-media/new-insights-reveal-that-instagram-hashtags-dont-really-increase-post-engagement |archive-date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=October 5, 2023 |work=ITP Live |publisher=ITP Media Group}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2022, [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]'s [[Data Protection Commissioner|Data Protection Commission]] fined the company $402 million under privacy laws recently adopted by the [[European Union]] over how it handled the privacy data of minors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2022 |title=Instagram fined €405M for violating kids' privacy |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/instagram-fined-e405m-for-violating-kids-privacy/ |access-date=September 6, 2022 |website=[[Politico]] |language=en-US |archive-date=September 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901193219/https://www.politico.eu/article/instagram-fined-e405m-for-violating-kids-privacy/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hagstrom |first=Anders |date=September 6, 2022 |title=Europe fines Instagram $402 million for 'mishandling' children's data |url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/economy/europe-fines-instagram-mishandling-childrens-data |access-date=September 6, 2022 |website=FOXBusiness |language=en-US |archive-date=April 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429121409/https://www.foxbusiness.com/economy/europe-fines-instagram-mishandling-childrens-data |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pierce |first=David |date=September 5, 2022 |title=Instagram was fined $402 million for mishandling teens' data in the EU |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/9/5/23338081/instagram-eu-fine-ireland-kids-data |access-date=September 6, 2022 |website=[[The Verge]] |language=en |archive-date=September 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920122418/https://www.theverge.com/2022/9/5/23338081/instagram-eu-fine-ireland-kids-data |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; After being trialled in mid-2022,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Christison |first1=Colleen |title=Instagram Notes Explained: What the Heck Are They For? |url=https://blog.hootsuite.com/instagram-notes/ |website=Hootsuite |date=December 14, 2022 |access-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-date=August 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822180803/https://blog.hootsuite.com/instagram-notes/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Instagram introduced Notes in December 2022. This feature allows users to share updates as short text posts of up to 60 characters with certain people, who can then reply to them using messaging on Instagram.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Share a note with others on Instagram |url=https://help.instagram.com/427590629371317/?cms_platform=android-app&amp;helpref=platform_switcher |website=Instagram |access-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-date=June 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601220137/http://help.instagram.com/427590629371317/?cms_platform=android-app&amp;helpref=platform_switcher |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=New Sharing Features on Instagram: Notes, Group Profiles and More |date=December 13, 2022 |url=https://about.fb.com/news/2022/12/sharing-features-on-instagram-notes-group-profiles-and-more/ |publisher=Meta |access-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831024054/https://about.fb.com/news/2022/12/sharing-features-on-instagram-notes-group-profiles-and-more/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In February 2023, Instagram introduced a new feature allowing users to browse and post GIFs in their comments.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/instagram-lets-users-post-gifs-in-comments-8452495/ |title=Instagram lets users post GIFs in comments: Here's how to do it |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=February 23, 2023 |access-date=May 16, 2023 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=May 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516000157/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/instagram-lets-users-post-gifs-in-comments-8452495/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also in February 2023, [[Mark Zuckerberg|Zuckerberg]] announced that Meta would start selling blue &quot;verified&quot; badges on Instagram and Facebook.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dellatto |first=Marisa |title=Meta Launching $12-Per-Month Verification Service—Following Twitter's Lead |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/marisadellatto/2023/02/19/meta-launching-12-per-month-verification-service-following-twitters-lead/ |access-date=March 24, 2023 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en |archive-date=March 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330152714/https://www.forbes.com/sites/marisadellatto/2023/02/19/meta-launching-12-per-month-verification-service-following-twitters-lead/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On July 5, 2023, [[Meta Platforms|Meta]] launched [[Threads (social network)|Threads]], a social network platform connected to Instagram that allows users to make public [[Microblogging|shortform blog posts]] comprising text, photos, and videos, as well as to converse with other users and [[Reblogging|reblog]] other users' posts. Threads aims to compete with [[Twitter]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |access-date=July 4, 2023 |date=July 3, 2023 |first=Filipe |language=en-US |last=Espósito |title=Meta to launch its new Threads app this week as Twitter falls apart |url=https://9to5mac.com/2023/07/03/meta-threads-launch/ |website=9to5Mac |archive-date=July 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704000735/https://9to5mac.com/2023/07/03/meta-threads-launch/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Isaac |first=Mike |date=July 4, 2023 |title=Meta's 'Twitter Killer' App Is Coming |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/03/technology/meta-app-twitter.html |access-date=July 4, 2023 |archive-date=July 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704005605/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/03/technology/meta-app-twitter.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Samantha |date=July 6, 2023 |title=Meta officially launches Twitter rival Threads. 30 million have joined already |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/05/tech/meta-twitter-threads-app-instagram |access-date=July 9, 2023 |work=CNN Business |language=en |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709014722/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/05/tech/meta-twitter-threads-app-instagram |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2023, Instagram launched a podcast titled &quot;Close Friends Only&quot; featuring conversations among celebrities.&lt;ref name=&quot;CU&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hutchinson |first=Andrew |date=December 7, 2023 |title=Instagram Launches New 'Close Friends Only' Podcast to Showcase Celebrity Users |url=https://www.socialmediatoday.com/news/instagram-launches-close-friends-podcast-showcase-celebrity/701924/ |access-date=October 14, 2024 |website=Social Media Today |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first episode featured rappers [[Ice Spice]] and [[Doja Cat]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CU&quot; /&gt; Subsequent episodes in June and August 2024 featured [[Reneé Rapp]], [[Rachel Sennott]], [[Megan Thee Stallion]] and [[GloRilla]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cavender |first=Elena |date=June 27, 2024 |title=Reneé Rapp and Rachel Sennott talk finstas and flirting on Instagram's 'Close Friends Only' podcast |url=https://mashable.com/article/renee-rapp-rachel-sennott-instagram-close-friends-podcast?test_uuid=01iI2GpryXngy77uIpA3Y4B&amp;test_variant=b |access-date=October 14, 2024 |website=Mashable |language=en |archive-date=February 20, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220095412/https://mashable.com/article/renee-rapp-rachel-sennott-instagram-close-friends-podcast?test_uuid=01iI2GpryXngy77uIpA3Y4B&amp;test_variant=b |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Saponara |first=Michael |date=August 13, 2024 |title=Megan Thee Stallion &amp; GloRilla Joke About Not Being 'Close Friends' on Instagram |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/megan-thee-stallion-glorilla-close-friends-podcast-teaser-1235752021/ |access-date=October 14, 2024 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US |archive-date=September 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906181426/https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/megan-thee-stallion-glorilla-close-friends-podcast-teaser-1235752021/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Instagram Metrocard.jpg|thumb|Instagram Metrocard, an advertisement Metrocard, which was the last one New York City Transit Authority did.]]<br /> In April 2024, Instagram announced that they would start testing new tools &quot;within weeks&quot; to fight [[sextortion]], a form of blackmail involving intimate pictures sent online.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=April 11, 2024 |title=Instagram to test new tools to fight so-called sextortion |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-68778834 |access-date=May 1, 2024 |language=en-GB |archive-date=May 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501075003/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-68778834 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On August 2, 2024, [[Turkey]] blocked Instagram after the platform deleted posts from users offering condolences for the [[Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh|death of Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Turkey blocks Instagram amid 'censorship' row |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/2/turkey-blocks-instagram-after-censorship-row |access-date=August 2, 2024 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=August 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802083523/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/2/turkey-blocks-instagram-after-censorship-row |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 2, 2024 |title=Turkey blocks access to Instagram. It's in response to removal of posts on Hamas chief, reports say |url=https://apnews.com/article/turkey-instagram-access-blocked-771ed7c9bfcd5e1019eeae6f02e59693 |access-date=August 2, 2024 |website=AP News |language=en |archive-date=August 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802090400/https://apnews.com/article/turkey-instagram-access-blocked-771ed7c9bfcd5e1019eeae6f02e59693 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2024, Instagram and [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority|MTA]] collaborated and sold [[MetroCard|Metrocards]] ft. creators such as [[New York Nico]], [[Overheard in New York]], and SubwayTakes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MTA Announces Final Commemorative Limited Edition MetroCards in Partnership with Instagram Featuring Iconic New York Content Creators |url=https://new.mta.info/press-release/mta-announces-final-commemorative-limited-edition-metrocards-partnership-instagram |access-date=December 11, 2024 |website=MTA |language=en |archive-date=December 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211185353/https://new.mta.info/press-release/mta-announces-final-commemorative-limited-edition-metrocards-partnership-instagram |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On September 3, 2025, Instagram launched a native iPadOS app, which before relied on the iOS app and did not utilize the larger screen size of tablets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Instagram is finally launching an iPad app | url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/09/03/instagram-is-finally-launching-an-ipad-app/ | date=September 3, 2025 | access-date=September 3, 2025 | website=Techcrunch | language=en | archive-date=September 3, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250903164307/https://techcrunch.com/2025/09/03/instagram-is-finally-launching-an-ipad-app/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In February 2026, Meta announced a new safety feature on Instagram that will alert parents if their teenage children repeatedly search for content related to suicide or self‑harm, as part of expanded parental supervision tools amid legal scrutiny of its impact on youth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vanian |first=Jonathan |date=2026-02-26 |title=Instagram to start parent alerts for teen suicide, self-harm searches as Meta trials continue |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/02/26/instagram-parent-alerts-teen-suicide-meta-trial.html |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=CNBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Meta scheduled an end of support for [[end-to-end encryption]] in Instagram direct messaging in May 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DiBenedetto |first=Chase |date=2026-03-14 |title=Meta discontinues end-to-end encryption on Instagram |url=https://mashable.com/article/instagram-meta-end-to-end-encryption |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=Mashable |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jungco |first=Kezia |date=2026-03-16 |title=Instagram Users Urged to Save Encrypted DMs Before Feature Disappears |url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/news-meta-instagram-end-to-end-encryption-chat-shutdown-2026/ |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=TechRepublic |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McCurdy |first=Will |date=2026-03-14 |title=Meta to Axe End-to-End Encryption for Instagram Messaging |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/meta-to-axe-end-to-end-encryption-for-instagram-messaging |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=PCMAG |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Features and tools ==<br /> [[File:Instagram versione (santa fiora, peschiera).jpg|thumb|right|An original photograph (left) is automatically cropped to a square by Instagram, and has a filter added at the selection of the user (right).]]<br /> [[File:Instagram Filters 2011.jpg|thumb|right|A photo collage of an unprocessed image (top left) modified with the 16 different [[#Photographic filters|Instagram filters]] available in 2011]]<br /> Users can upload photographs and short videos, follow other users' feeds,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Buck|first=Stephanie|date=May 30, 2012|title=The Beginner's Guide to Instagram|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/beginners-guide-instagram-220028085.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429065837/https://www.yahoo.com/news/beginners-guide-instagram-220028085.html|archive-date=April 29, 2016|access-date=April 22, 2017|publisher=[[Yahoo! News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[geotag]] images with the name of a location.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Posting &amp; Adding Locations |url=https://help.instagram.com/488619974671134 |website=Instagram Help |publisher=Instagram |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920215550/https://help.instagram.com/488619974671134 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Users can set their account as &quot;private&quot;, thereby requiring that they approve any new follower requests.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Megan |last=Grant |title=How To Remove Followers On Instagram, As Long As You Have A Private Account |url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/198566-how-to-remove-followers-on-instagram-as-long-as-you-have-a-private-account |website=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]] |publisher=Bustle Digital Group |date=December 6, 2016 |access-date=December 7, 2017 |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801215522/https://www.bustle.com/articles/198566-how-to-remove-followers-on-instagram-as-long-as-you-have-a-private-account |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Users can connect their Instagram account to other social networking sites, enabling them to share uploaded photos to those sites.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Dan |last=Frommer |title=Here's How To Use Instagram |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/instagram-2010-11 |website=[[Business Insider]] |date=November 1, 2010 |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=August 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823060105/http://www.businessinsider.com/instagram-2010-11 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2011, a new version of the app included new and live [[Photographic filter|filters]], instant [[Tilt–shift photography|tilt–shift]], high-resolution photographs, optional borders, one-click rotation, and an updated icon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Jennifer |last=Van Grove |title=Instagram 2.0 Launches: A Faster App With Live Filters &amp; Hi-Res Photos |url=http://mashable.com/2011/09/20/instagram-version-2/ |website=[[Mashable]] |date=September 20, 2011 |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809132807/https://mashable.com/2011/09/20/instagram-version-2/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |first=Duncan |last=Geere |title=Instagram Adds High-Res Photos, New Filters in Version 2.0 |url=https://www.wired.com/2011/09/instagram-update/ |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=September 20, 2011 |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=September 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905065500/https://www.wired.com/2011/09/instagram-update/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Photos were initially restricted to a square, 1:1 aspect ratio; since August 2015, the app supports portrait and widescreen aspect ratios as well.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Ariha |last=Setalvad |title=You can now post full-size landscape and portrait photos on Instagram |url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/8/27/9212523/instagram-full-size-photos-portrait-landscape |website=[[The Verge]] |date=August 27, 2015 |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108124412/http://www.theverge.com/2015/8/27/9212523/instagram-full-size-photos-portrait-landscape |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Rhiannon |last=Williams |title=Instagram finally drops square picture rules to embrace rectangular photos |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/11827747/Instagram-finally-drops-square-picture-rules-to-embrace-rectangular-photos.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/11827747/Instagram-finally-drops-square-picture-rules-to-embrace-rectangular-photos.html |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=August 27, 2015 |access-date=April 22, 2017}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |first=Liz |last=Stinson |title=Instagram Ends the Tyranny of the Square |url=https://www.wired.com/2015/08/instagram-says-goodbye-square-photos/ |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=August 27, 2015 |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108105551/http://www.wired.com/2015/08/instagram-says-goodbye-square-photos/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Users could formerly view a map of a user's [[Geotagging|geotagged]] photos. The feature was removed in September 2016, citing low usage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Casey |last=Newton |title=Instagram is getting rid of photo maps |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/6/12817340/instagram-photo-map-removals |website=[[The Verge]] |date=September 6, 2016 |access-date=April 28, 2017 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108110335/http://www.theverge.com/2016/9/6/12817340/instagram-photo-map-removals |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Emma |last=Hinchcliffe |title=Instagram is killing photo maps |url=http://mashable.com/2016/09/06/instagram-kills-photo-maps/ |website=[[Mashable]] |date=September 6, 2016 |access-date=April 28, 2017 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108142643/https://mashable.com/2016/09/06/instagram-kills-photo-maps/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Since December 2016, posts can be &quot;saved&quot; into a private area of the app.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Karissa |last=Bell |title=No more screenshots: Instagram now lets you privately save posts |url=http://mashable.com/2016/12/14/instagram-save-posts/ |website=[[Mashable]] |date=December 14, 2016 |access-date=April 28, 2017 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809015701/https://mashable.com/2016/12/14/instagram-save-posts/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Natt |last=Garun |title=You can now bookmark Instagram posts to look at later |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/12/14/13941522/instagram-bookmark-tool-creepy |website=[[The Verge]] |date=December 14, 2016 |access-date=April 28, 2017 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108142010/http://www.theverge.com/2016/12/14/13941522/instagram-bookmark-tool-creepy |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The feature was updated in April 2017 to let users organize saved posts into named collections.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Chris |last=Welch |title=Instagram's saved posts can now be organized into Pinterest-like collections |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/4/17/15325040/instagram-saved-post-collections-pinterest |website=[[The Verge]] |date=April 17, 2017 |access-date=April 28, 2017 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112030027/http://www.theverge.com/2017/4/17/15325040/instagram-saved-post-collections-pinterest |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Jon |last=Fingas |title=Instagram goes after Pinterest with saved post collections |url=https://www.engadget.com/2017/04/17/instagram-saved-post-collections/ |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=April 17, 2017 |access-date=April 28, 2017 |archive-date=May 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514130414/https://www.engadget.com/2017/04/17/instagram-saved-post-collections/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Users can also &quot;archive&quot; their posts in a private storage area, out of visibility for the public and other users. The move was seen as a way to prevent users from deleting photos that don't garner a desired number of &quot;likes&quot; or are deemed boring, but also as a way to limit the &quot;emergent behavior&quot; of deleting photos, which deprives the service of content.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/05/22/instagram-archive/|title=Instagram deters deletion with reversible &quot;archive&quot; option|last=Constine|first=Josh|date=May 22, 2017|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|access-date=May 23, 2017|archive-date=October 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004043751/https://techcrunch.com/2017/05/22/instagram-archive/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://9to5mac.com/2017/05/22/instragram-archive-option-ios/|title=Instagram rolling out new 'archive' option for temporarily hiding posts|last=Miller|first=Chance|date=May 22, 2017|website=9to5Mac|access-date=May 23, 2017|archive-date=August 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802130850/https://9to5mac.com/2017/05/22/instragram-archive-option-ios/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In August, Instagram announced that it would start organizing comments into threads, letting users more easily interact with replies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/8/15/16151624/instagram-comment-threads-ios-android|title=Instagram begins organizing comments into threads|last=Newton|first=Casey|date=August 15, 2017|website=[[The Verge]]|access-date=November 8, 2017|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112011021/https://www.theverge.com/2017/8/15/16151624/instagram-comment-threads-ios-android|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/08/15/facebook-instagram-comments/|title=Facebook and Instagram get redesigns for readability|last=Constine|first=Josh|date=August 15, 2017|website=[[TechCrunch]]|access-date=November 8, 2017|archive-date=August 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817195451/https://techcrunch.com/2017/08/15/facebook-instagram-comments/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Since February 2017, up to ten pictures or videos can be included in a single post, with the content appearing as a swipeable [[carousel]].&lt;ref name=&quot;tc-ten&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first=Josh |last=Constine |title=Instagram lets you post up to 10 photos or videos as 1 swipeable carousel |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/02/22/instagram-carousels/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=February 22, 2017 |access-date=April 28, 2017 |archive-date=October 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027190412/https://techcrunch.com/2017/02/22/instagram-carousels/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wired-ten&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |first=David |last=Pierce |title=Instagram Galleries Are Yet Another Reason to Never Leave Instagram |url=https://www.wired.com/2017/02/instagram-galleries/ |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=February 22, 2017 |access-date=April 28, 2017 |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021053258/https://www.wired.com/2017/02/instagram-galleries/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The feature originally limited photos to the square format, but received an update in August to enable portrait and landscape photos instead.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Jacob |last=Kastrenakes |title=Instagram now lets you post landscape and portrait photo albums |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/8/29/16221562/instagram-portrait-landscape-photo-albums-carousel |website=[[The Verge]] |date=August 29, 2017 |access-date=November 8, 2017 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032938/https://www.theverge.com/2017/8/29/16221562/instagram-portrait-landscape-photo-albums-carousel |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Zac |last=Hall |title=Instagram now lets you share portrait and landscape shots in galleries |url=https://9to5mac.com/2017/08/29/instagram-galleries-no-crop/ |website=9to5Mac |date=August 29, 2017 |access-date=November 8, 2017 |archive-date=August 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815131630/https://9to5mac.com/2017/08/29/instagram-galleries-no-crop/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In April 2018, Instagram launched its version of a portrait mode called &quot;focus mode&quot;, which gently blurs the background of a photo or video while keeping the subject in focus when selected.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/10/17217424/instagram-focus-mode-mentions-sticker|title=Instagram launches a portrait mode and a new way to tag friends in Stories|work=[[The Verge]]|first=Zac|last=Estrada|access-date=April 10, 2018|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040549/https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/10/17217424/instagram-focus-mode-mentions-sticker|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In November, Instagram began to support [[Alt attribute|Alt text]] to add descriptions of photos for the visually impaired. They are either generated automatically using [[Computer vision|object recognition]] (using existing Facebook technology) or manually specified by the uploader.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/11/28/18116323/instagram-ai-visual-impairment-description|title=Instagram is now using AI to describe photos for users with visual impairments|last=Carman|first=Ashley|date=November 28, 2018|website=[[The Verge]]|access-date=December 29, 2019|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108112919/https://www.theverge.com/2018/11/28/18116323/instagram-ai-visual-impairment-description|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On March 1, 2021, Instagram launched a new feature named Instagram Live Rooms, which lets four people go live together.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Instagram Live &quot;Rooms&quot; Let Four People Go Live Together |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/katienotopoulos/instagram-launches-live-rooms |access-date=March 1, 2021 |website=[[BuzzFeed News]] |date=March 2021 |language=en |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430135556/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/katienotopoulos/instagram-launches-live-rooms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2021, Instagram announced a new accessibility feature for videos on Instagram Reels and Stories to allow creators to place closed captions on their content.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Instagram adds a captions option for Stories and soon, Reels |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/05/04/instagram-adds-a-captions-option-for-stories-and-soon-reels/ |access-date=May 4, 2021 |website=[[TechCrunch]] |date=May 4, 2021 |language=en-US |archive-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504152808/https://techcrunch.com/2021/05/04/instagram-adds-a-captions-option-for-stories-and-soon-reels/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Hashtags ===<br /> In January 2011, Instagram introduced [[hashtag]]s to help users discover both photos and each other.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2011/01/27/instagram-hashtags/|title=Instagram Introduces Hashtags for Users &amp; Brands|last=Van Grove|first=Jennifer|date=January 27, 2011|website=[[Mashable]]|access-date=April 22, 2017|archive-date=August 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831192650/https://mashable.com/2011/01/27/instagram-hashtags/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=January 26, 2011|title=Introducing Hashtags on Instagram|url=http://blog.instagram.com/post/8755963247/introducing-hashtags-on-instagram|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123031709/http://blog.instagram.com/post/8755963247/introducing-hashtags-on-instagram|archive-date=January 23, 2012|access-date=April 22, 2017|website=Instagram Blog|publisher=Instagram}}&lt;/ref&gt; Instagram encourages users to make tags both specific and relevant, rather than tagging generic words like &quot;photo&quot;, to make photographs stand out and to attract like-minded Instagram users.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=February 15, 2012|title=Instagram Tips: Using Hashtags|url=http://blog.instagram.com/post/17674993957/instagram-tips-using-hashtags|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217221851/http://blog.instagram.com/post/17674993957/instagram-tips-using-hashtags|archive-date=February 17, 2012|access-date=April 22, 2017|website=Instagram Blog|publisher=Instagram}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Users on Instagram have created &quot;trends&quot; through hashtags. The trends deemed the most popular on the platform often highlight a specific day of the week to post the material on. Examples of popular trends include #SelfieSunday, in which users post a photo of their faces on Sundays; #MotivationMonday, in which users post motivational photos on Mondays; #TransformationTuesday, in which users post photos highlighting differences from the past to the present; #WomanCrushWednesday, in which users post photos of women they have a romantic interest in or view favorably, as well as its #ManCrushMonday counterpart centered on men; and #ThrowbackThursday, in which users post a photo from their past, highlighting a particular moment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/social-media/instagram-through-the-week-with-these-popular-hashtag-games/|title=#ThrowbackThursday is only the start: Instagram hashtags for every day of the week|date=May 4, 2017|website=[[Digital Trends]]|access-date=May 31, 2017|archive-date=November 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106005612/https://www.digitaltrends.com/social-media/instagram-through-the-week-with-these-popular-hashtag-games/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wix.com/blog/2015/03/instagrams-most-popular-hashtags-explained/|title=Instagram's Most Popular Hashtags Explained|date=March 4, 2015|website=[[Wix.com]]|access-date=May 31, 2017|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801192143/https://www.wix.com/blog/2015/03/instagrams-most-popular-hashtags-explained/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In December 2017, Instagram began to allow users to follow hashtags, which display relevant highlights of the topic in their feeds.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/12/12/16763502/instagram-hashtag-follow-new-feature-announced|title=Instagram gets more #interesting|last=Popper|first=Ben|date=December 12, 2017|website=[[The Verge]]|access-date=December 15, 2017|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109024001/https://www.theverge.com/2017/12/12/16763502/instagram-hashtag-follow-new-feature-announced|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/12/12/follow-instagram-hashtags/|title=Instagram becomes an interest network with hashtag following|last=Constine|first=Josh|date=December 12, 2017|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[Oath Inc.]]|access-date=December 15, 2017|archive-date=December 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203070345/https://techcrunch.com/2017/12/12/follow-instagram-hashtags/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ability to search &quot;Recent&quot; hashtags was temporarily disabled during the 2020 U.S. elections, to prevent the spread of misinformation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url = https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/29/instagram-disables-recent-hashtag-tab-to-reduce-election-misinfo.html | title = Instagram will disable a feature that could be used to sow election misinformation | first = Salvador | last = Rodriguez | date = October 29, 2020 | publisher = [[CNBC]] | access-date = October 5, 2023 | archive-date = October 18, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231018173008/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/29/instagram-disables-recent-hashtag-tab-to-reduce-election-misinfo.html | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2022 this was again tested on some users, and in April 2023 the ability to search recent hashtags was removed entirely. Now, users are only able to see a curated selection of &quot;popular&quot; posts using a given hashtag. Instagram said that this is to prevent abuse and so that hashtags do not help users gain views, but it has been noted that using hashtags is the only free method for a user to reach past their existing followers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://blog.hootsuite.com/instagram-algorithm/ | title = 2023 Instagram Algorithm Solved: How to Get Your Content Seen | first = Alyssa | last = Hirose | date = April 12, 2023 | work = Hootsuite | access-date = October 5, 2023 | archive-date = October 7, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231007022556/https://blog.hootsuite.com/instagram-algorithm/ | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Explore ===<br /> In June 2012, Instagram introduced &quot;Explore&quot;, a tab inside the app that displays popular photos, photos taken at nearby locations, and search.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Josh |last=Constine |title=Instagram's New &quot;Explore&quot; Brings The Future of Photo Discovery into Focus |url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/06/25/instagram-explore/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=June 25, 2012 |access-date=April 28, 2017 |archive-date=December 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203071708/https://techcrunch.com/2012/06/25/instagram-explore/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The tab was updated in June 2015 to feature trending tags and places, curated content, and the ability to search for locations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first1=Sarah |last1=Buhr |first2=Josh |last2=Constine |title=Instagram Gets Newsy With Trends And Place Search For Exploring Anything, Anywhere |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/23/teleportationgram/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=June 23, 2015 |access-date=April 28, 2017 |archive-date=December 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203071751/https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/23/teleportationgram/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In April 2016, Instagram added a &quot;Videos You Might Like&quot; channel to the tab,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Chris |last=Welch |title=Instagram makes video an even bigger part of its Explore tab |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/4/14/11433066/instagram-videos-explore-featured |website=[[The Verge]] |date=April 14, 2016 |access-date=April 28, 2017 |archive-date=December 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203071846/https://www.theverge.com/2016/4/14/11433066/instagram-videos-explore-featured |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Josh |last=Constine |title=Instagram launches personalized video feed and themed channels in Explore |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/04/14/instagram-videos-you-might-like/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=April 14, 2016 |access-date=April 28, 2017 |archive-date=December 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203072033/https://techcrunch.com/2016/04/14/instagram-videos-you-might-like/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; followed by an &quot;Events&quot; channel in August, featuring videos from concerts, sports games, and other live events,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Fitz |last=Tepper |title=Instagram adds an Events channel to show you the best videos from concerts and sporting events |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/08/17/instagram-events-channels/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=August 17, 2016 |access-date=April 28, 2017 |archive-date=December 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203072143/https://techcrunch.com/2016/08/17/instagram-events-channels/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Kia |last=Kokalitcheva |title=Instagram Now Lets Users Discover New Events-Themed Videos |url=http://fortune.com/2016/08/17/instagram-event-video-channel/ |website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |date=August 17, 2016 |access-date=April 28, 2017 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809022123/https://fortune.com/2016/08/17/instagram-event-video-channel/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; followed by the addition of Instagram Stories in October.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Casey |last=Newton |title=Instagram brings stories to the explore tab |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/10/18/13319266/instagram-stories-explore-tab-snapchat |website=[[The Verge]] |date=October 18, 2016 |access-date=April 28, 2017 |archive-date=December 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203072351/https://www.theverge.com/2016/10/18/13319266/instagram-stories-explore-tab-snapchat |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Ken |last=Yeung |title=Instagram adds Stories to search and explore tab |url=https://venturebeat.com/2016/10/18/instagram-adds-stories-to-search-and-explore-tab/ |website=[[VentureBeat]] |date=October 18, 2016 |access-date=April 28, 2017 |archive-date=December 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203072422/https://venturebeat.com/2016/10/18/instagram-adds-stories-to-search-and-explore-tab/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The tab was later expanded again in November 2016 after Instagram Live launched to display an algorithmically curated page of the &quot;best&quot; Instagram Live videos currently airing.&lt;ref name=&quot;tc-live&quot; /&gt; In May 2017, Instagram once again updated the Explore tab to promote public Stories content from nearby places.&lt;ref name=&quot;tc-story-search&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Photographic filters ===<br /> Instagram offers a number of [[photographic filter]]s that users can apply to their images. In February 2012, Instagram added a &quot;Lux&quot; filter, an effect that &quot;lightens shadows, darkens highlights and increases contrast&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Leanna |last=Lofte |title=Instagram introduces Lux, a new way to enhance your photos |url=http://www.imore.com/instagram-update-introduces-lux-enhance-photos |website=iMore |date=February 11, 2012 |access-date=April 30, 2017 |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924091744/https://www.imore.com/instagram-update-introduces-lux-enhance-photos |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Charlie |last=White |title=Instagram Upgrade Introduces a Powerful New Feature |url=http://mashable.com/2012/02/11/instagram-upgrade-lux/ |website=[[Mashable]] |date=February 11, 2012 |access-date=April 30, 2017 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809040912/https://mashable.com/2012/02/11/instagram-upgrade-lux/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2014, Slumber, Crema, Ludwig, Aden, and Perpetua were five new filters added to the Instagram filter family.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Five New Filters|url=http://blog.instagram.com/post/105365538947/141216-five-new-filters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216204523/http://blog.instagram.com/post/105365538947/141216-five-new-filters|archive-date=December 16, 2014|access-date=August 3, 2016|website=Instagram Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Video ===<br /> Initially a purely photo-sharing service, Instagram incorporated 15-second video sharing in June 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Colleen |last=Taylor |title=Instagram Launches 15-Second Video Sharing Feature, With 13 Filters And Editing |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/20/facebook-instagram-video/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=June 20, 2013 |access-date=April 30, 2017 |archive-date=October 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020044346/https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/20/facebook-instagram-video/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Christina |last=Warren |title=Instagram Adds Video |url=http://mashable.com/2013/06/20/instagram-video/ |website=[[Mashable]] |date=June 20, 2013 |access-date=April 30, 2017 |archive-date=November 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115222429/https://mashable.com/2013/06/20/instagram-video/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The addition was seen by some in the technology media as Facebook's attempt at competing with the then-popular video-sharing application [[Vine (service)|Vine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Eli |last=Langer |title=Instagram Video Taking a Swing at Vine: Study |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2013/06/23/instagram-video-taking-a-swing-at-vine-study.html |publisher=[[CNBC]] |date=June 23, 2013 |access-date=April 30, 2017 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024535/https://www.cnbc.com/id/100836937 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Alexis C. |last=Madrigal |title=#TeamVine: Instagram Has Video Now, but Not a Video-Making Culture |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/06/-teamvine-instagram-has-video-now-but-not-a-video-making-culture/277090/ |website=[[The Atlantic]] |date=June 20, 2013 |access-date=April 30, 2017 |archive-date=September 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930192834/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/06/-teamvine-instagram-has-video-now-but-not-a-video-making-culture/277090/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 2015, Instagram added support for [[widescreen]] videos.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Robinson |last=Meyer |title=It's No Longer Hip to Be Square—on Instagram, At Least |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/08/its-no-longer-hip-to-be-a-squareon-instagram-at-least/402616/ |website=[[The Atlantic]] |date=August 27, 2015 |access-date=April 30, 2017 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108092844/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/08/its-no-longer-hip-to-be-a-squareon-instagram-at-least/402616/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2016, Instagram increased the 15-second video limit to one minute.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Adario |last=Strange |title=You can now post 60-second videos on Instagram |url=http://mashable.com/2016/03/29/instagram-video-60-seconds/ |website=[[Mashable]] |date=March 29, 2016 |access-date=April 30, 2017 |archive-date=August 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808235451/https://mashable.com/2016/03/29/instagram-video-60-seconds/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Janko |last=Roettgers |title=Instagram Bumps Up Video Length From 15 to 60 Seconds |url=https://variety.com/2016/digital/news/instagram-60-second-videos-1201741348/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=March 29, 2016 |access-date=April 30, 2017 |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801194313/https://variety.com/2016/digital/news/instagram-60-second-videos-1201741348/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Albums were introduced in February 2017, which allow up to 10 minutes of video to be shared in one post.&lt;ref name=&quot;tc-ten&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wired-ten&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://business.instagram.com/blog/carousel-ad-enhancements|title=Share Up to 10 Photos and Videos in One Ad or Post|website=Instagram for Business|access-date=October 7, 2019|archive-date=September 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929083901/https://business.instagram.com/blog/carousel-ad-enhancements/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== IGTV ====<br /> {{Main|IGTV}}<br /> <br /> IGTV was a [[vertical video]]&amp;nbsp;application launched by Instagram&lt;ref&gt;[https://business.instagram.com/a/IGTV ''&quot;INTRODUCING IGTV – The next generation of video&quot;'' on Business.Instagram.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028210722/https://business.instagram.com/a/igtv |date=October 28, 2020 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; in June 2018. Basic functionality is also available within the Instagram app and website. IGTV allows uploads of up to 10 minutes in length with a file size of up to 650&amp;nbsp;MB, with verified and popular users allowed to upload videos of up to one hour in length with a file size of up to 5.4 GB.&lt;ref name=&quot;IHC2020&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=What are the video upload requirements for IGTV? |url=https://help.instagram.com/1038071743007909 |website=Instagram Help Center |access-date=June 27, 2018 |archive-date=November 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130131343/https://help.instagram.com/1038071743007909 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The app automatically begins playing videos as soon as it is launched, which CEO Kevin Systrom contrasted to video hosts where one must first locate a video.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/6/20/17484436/instagram-igtv-video-app-launch|title=Instagram announces IGTV, a standalone app for longer videos|work=The Verge|first=Casey|last=Newton|access-date=June 22, 2018|archive-date=April 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416225545/https://www.theverge.com/2018/6/20/17484436/instagram-igtv-video-app-launch|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Rosney |first1=Daniel |title=Instagram now allows 60-minute videos |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-44546270 |access-date=June 21, 2018 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=June 20, 2018 |archive-date=April 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417013433/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-44546270 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Instagram launches IGTV app for creators, 1-hour video uploads |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/06/20/igtv/ |first=Josh |last=Constine|date=June 20, 2018|access-date=June 21, 2018 |work=[[TechCrunch]] |archive-date=December 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203082710/https://techcrunch.com/2018/06/20/igtv/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2022, the application was shut down.<br /> <br /> ==== Edits ====<br /> [[File:Instagram Edits 2025.svg|thumb|upright=0.6|Instagram Edits logo]]Edits is a [[video editing]] application only available on Android and iOS. The app includes some [[AI]] features and the ability to post directly to Instagram or Facebook. Users can also view statistics on their videos and see other user's videos that are trending in the Inspiration tab.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vikhyat |date=July 30, 2025 |title=How to use Instagram Edits app for Reels and short videos |url=https://www.igeeksblog.com/how-to-use-instagram-edits-app/ |access-date=September 9, 2025 |language=en-US |archive-date=October 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017172912/https://www.igeeksblog.com/how-to-use-instagram-edits-app/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Announced on January 19, 2025 (as a response to the [[Restrictions on TikTok in the United States|U.S. government's actions against TikTok]] and [[CapCut]]), which was available for pre-order on the iOS App Store and set for an Android launch in February 2025, and had an initial release date of March 13, 2025, for iOS, after some delays, officially released for both iPhone and Android devices on April 21, 2025.<br /> <br /> === Instagram Reels ===<br /> {{See also|Facebook Reels}}<br /> [[File:Instagram Reels logo.svg|thumb|upright=0.6|Instagram Reels logo]]<br /> Instagram Reels is the [[Short-form content|short-form]] section of the American social media platform Instagram. Reels focuses on vertical videos that are less than 90 seconds of duration and various features for user interaction.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Instagram Reels Length: How Long Can Reels Be? |url=https://buffer.com/resources/instagram-reels-length/ |access-date=November 30, 2024 |website=Buffer: All-you-need social media toolkit for small businesses |language=en |archive-date=December 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204121229/https://buffer.com/resources/instagram-reels-length/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; As of November 2024, Reels averages at 150 billion views a day. Creators earn money based on the amount of views they receive, or through ad revenue.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://business.instagram.com/blog/introducing-instagram-reels-ads/|title=Introducing Instagram Reels Ads: Grow and Reach New Customers|website=Instagram for Business|access-date=August 14, 2025|archive-date=February 8, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208060142/https://business.instagram.com/blog/introducing-instagram-reels-ads/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In November 2019, it was announced that Instagram would start to roll out a new feature to Brazil known as Instagram Reels. It would then expand to France and Germany. Instagram Reels was officially launched in Pakistan in August 2022, two years after its global rollout in August 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;ET&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vincent |first=James |date=November 12, 2019 |title=Instagram is testing a new video editing tool called Reels that copies TikTok's best features |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/12/20960916/instagram-facebook-tiktok-clone-tool-scenes-clips-jane-wong |access-date=November 29, 2024 |website=The Verge |language=en |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111195312/https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/12/20960916/instagram-facebook-tiktok-clone-tool-scenes-clips-jane-wong |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It functions similarly to the Chinese video service [[TikTok]], focusing on allowing users to create short videos already set to existing sounds from other clips.&lt;ref name=&quot;ET&quot; /&gt; Users could make up to 15 (later 30) second videos using this feature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2020 |title=5 interesting facts about Instagram Reels |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/5-interesting-facts-about-instagram-reels-1707765-2020-08-04 |access-date=November 29, 2024 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=December 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203083443/https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/5-interesting-facts-about-instagram-reels-1707765-2020-08-04 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Reels also uses existing Instagram filters and editing tools.&lt;ref name=&quot;IHC2020&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In July 2020, Instagram rolled out Reels to India after TikTok was banned in the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Porter |first=Jon |date=July 6, 2020 |title=Instagram's Reels feature reportedly expands to India following TikTok ban |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/6/21314370/instagram-reels-india-tiktok-video-editing-15-seconds-brazil-france-germany-lasso |access-date=November 29, 2024 |website=The Verge |language=en |archive-date=September 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929223320/https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/6/21314370/instagram-reels-india-tiktok-video-editing-15-seconds-brazil-france-germany-lasso |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Then, the following month, Reels officially launched in 50 countries including the United States, Canada and United Kingdom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Julia |date=August 5, 2020 |title=Instagram launches Reels, its attempt to keep you off TikTok |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/8/5/21354117/instagram-reels-tiktok-vine-short-videos-stories-explore-music-effects-filters |access-date=November 29, 2024 |website=The Verge |language=en |archive-date=November 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130121939/https://www.theverge.com/2020/8/5/21354117/instagram-reels-tiktok-vine-short-videos-stories-explore-music-effects-filters |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Then in August of that year, Instagram introduced a reels button on the home page.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Ivan |date=September 4, 2020 |title=Instagram introduces a Reels button on its home screen so you might finally watch some |url=https://thenextweb.com/news/instagram-introduces-a-reels-button-on-its-home-screen-so-you-might-finally-watch-some |access-date=November 29, 2024 |website=TNW {{!}} Plugged |language=en |archive-date=January 26, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126132441/https://thenextweb.com/news/instagram-introduces-a-reels-button-on-its-home-screen-so-you-might-finally-watch-some |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On June 17, 2021, Instagram launched full-screen advertisements in Reels. The ads are similar to regular reels and can run up to 30 seconds. They are distinguished from regular content by the &quot;sponsored&quot; tag under the account name.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kastrenakes |first=Jacob |date=June 17, 2021 |title=Instagram Reels now has ads |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/17/22537297/instagram-reels-ads-launch-globally |access-date=November 29, 2024 |website=The Verge |language=en |archive-date=July 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716150949/https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/17/22537297/instagram-reels-ads-launch-globally |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite the &quot;TikTokification&quot; of Reels and the parent company Meta spending millions on courting content creators, user engagement continued to lag way behind TikTok as of 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;verge20220912&quot;/&gt; Then Instagram started rolling out a new feature with made Reels up to 90 seconds long beginning in June 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 10, 2023 |title=Instagram Extends Reels to 90 Seconds, Allows 3 Posts to Be Pinned {{!}} PCMag |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/instagram-tests-a-pinned-post-feature |access-date=November 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210164207/https://www.pcmag.com/news/instagram-tests-a-pinned-post-feature |archive-date=December 10, 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt; After a period of testing, a duration of up to three minutes was announced in January 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Instagram Officially Expands Reels Length to 3 Minutes |url=https://www.socialmediatoday.com/news/instagram-officially-expands-reels-length-3-minutes/737766/ |access-date=January 25, 2025 |website=Social Media Today |language=en-US |archive-date=January 21, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121154153/https://www.socialmediatoday.com/news/instagram-officially-expands-reels-length-3-minutes/737766/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On February 26, 2025, Instagram Reels came under fire after numerous users reported a sudden surge in violent and graphic content appearing in their feeds.&lt;ref name=&quot;Butts&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Butts |first=Dylan |date=February 27, 2025 |title=Meta says it fixed 'error' after Instagram users report a flood of graphic and violent content |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/02/27/meta-apologizes-after-instagram-users-see-graphic-and-violent-content.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250227134613/https://www.cnbc.com/2025/02/27/meta-apologizes-after-instagram-users-see-graphic-and-violent-content.html |archive-date=February 27, 2025 |access-date=February 27, 2025 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=February 27, 2025 |title=What's going on with Instagram reels? Possible reasons behind surge in sensitive and violent content |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/whats-going-on-with-instagram-reels-possible-reasons-behind-surge-in-sensitive-and-violent-content-101740612751914.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250227023347/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/whats-going-on-with-instagram-reels-possible-reasons-behind-surge-in-sensitive-and-violent-content-101740612751914.html |archive-date=February 27, 2025 |access-date=February 27, 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en-US }}&lt;/ref&gt; Meta issued a public apology, stating that a technical error led to the unintended recommendation of such content. A Meta spokesperson explained, &quot;We have fixed an error that caused some users to see content in their Instagram Reels feed that should not have been recommended. We apologize for the mistake.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=February 27, 2025 |title=Meta fixes error that flooded Instagram Reels with violent videos |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/meta-fixes-error-that-flooded-instagram-reels-with-violent-videos-2025-02-27/ |access-date=February 27, 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Gibson |first=Kate |date=February 27, 2025 |editor-last=Sherter |editor-first=Alain |title=Meta apologizes for error that exposed some Instagram users to violent content |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-is-instagram-meta-showing-sensitive-content/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250227193356/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-is-instagram-meta-showing-sensitive-content/ |archive-date=February 27, 2025 |access-date=February 27, 2025 |publisher=[[CBS News]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Butts&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Since its inception in 2020, the usage of Instagram Reels has continuously increased. In September 2022, Instagram Reels generated over 140 billion views daily.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2024 |title=32 Top Instagram Reels Statistics For 2024 |url=https://adamconnell.me/instagram-reels-statistics/ |access-date=November 30, 2024 |website=Adam Connell |language=en-US |archive-date=December 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207200947/https://adamconnell.me/instagram-reels-statistics/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The number of monthly users also increased from 1.5 billion in 2022 to 1.8 billion as of 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Santora |first=Jacinda |date=August 24, 2020 |title=22 Instagram Reel Stats &amp; Facts Marketers Should Know in 2024 |url=https://influencermarketinghub.com/instagram-reels-stats/ |access-date=November 30, 2024 |website=Influencer Marketing Hub |language=en-US |archive-date=December 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201224737/https://influencermarketinghub.com/instagram-reels-stats/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 25, 2024 |title=17 Instagram Reels Statistics You Need To Know For 2024 |url=https://bloggingwizard.com/instagram-reels-statistics/ |access-date=November 30, 2024 |website=Blogging Wizard |language=en-US |archive-date=December 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203235908/https://bloggingwizard.com/instagram-reels-statistics/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Researchers from the [[Guizhou University]] of Finance and Economics and [[Western Michigan University]] found that short-form videos like [[YouTube Shorts]], [[TikTok]], and Instagram Reels may make it easier for young adults and children to develop [[addictive behavior]] because short-form videos provide &quot;short bursts of thrills&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Ning |last2=Hazarika |first2=Bidyut |last3=Chen |first3=Kuanchin |last4=Shi |first4=Yinan |title=A cross-national study on the excessive use of short-video applications among college students |journal=Computers in Human Behavior |year=2023 |volume=145 |article-number=107752 |doi=10.1016/j.chb.2023.107752 }}&lt;/ref&gt; These researchers found that college students in the U.S. and China watch short-form videos for entertainment, knowledge, and to build social identities.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jargon 2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Jargon |first=Julie |date=August 12, 2023 |title=This Was Supposed to be the Antidote for TikTok Brain. It's Just as Bad. |language=en-US |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/this-antidote-for-tiktok-brain-is-also-a-problem-d20ce978 |access-date=November 9, 2023 |archive-date=November 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109003948/https://www.wsj.com/articles/this-antidote-for-tiktok-brain-is-also-a-problem-d20ce978 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' reported that some parents are concerned about the effects of short-form videos on their children, as there is no way to disable Instagram or set limits. When children watch short-form videos, they learn to expect continual stimulation and fast-paced changes, which can cause problems when engaging in activities that require greater focus, such as reading.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jargon 2023&quot; /&gt; Recent studies highlighted the connection between short-form videos such as Instagram Reels and the brain's reward system, specifically [[dopamine]] release. According to Dr. [[Anna Lembke]], a psychiatrist and chief of Stanford University's dual diagnosis addiction clinic, brief attention-grabbing videos act as powerful stimuli triggering dopamine surges akin to other addictive behaviors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Waters |first=Jamie |date=August 22, 2021 |title=Constant craving: how digital media turned us all into dopamine addicts |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global/2021/aug/22/how-digital-media-turned-us-all-into-dopamine-addicts-and-what-we-can-do-to-break-the-cycle |access-date=January 10, 2024 |work=The Observer |language=en-GB |archive-date=May 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508133040/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2021/aug/22/how-digital-media-turned-us-all-into-dopamine-addicts-and-what-we-can-do-to-break-the-cycle |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The rapid and easily consumable nature of short-form videos can elicit high levels of dopamine; since dopamine serves as a motivator rather than a direct source of pleasure, individuals are compelled to seek rewarding activities and become addicted to them. Such neurochemical responses lead to addictive patterns and behaviors, entering a vicious cycle. Digital addiction can lead to shorter attention spans and slower cognitive processing.<br /> <br /> === Instagram Direct ===<br /> In December 2013, Instagram announced Instagram Direct, a feature that lets users interact through private messaging (colloquially called &quot;DM&quot; OR &quot;DMs,&quot; short for &quot;Direct Message&quot;; in some regions, the messages may be known simply as &quot;direct&quot;/&quot;directs&quot;). Users who follow each other can send private messages with photos and videos, in contrast to the public-only requirement that was previously in place. When users receive a private message from someone they don't follow, the message is marked as pending and the user must accept to see it. Users can send a photo to a maximum of 15 people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Jordan |last=Crook |title=Instagram Introduces Instagram Direct |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/12/12/instagram-messaging/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=December 12, 2013 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=November 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118181144/https://techcrunch.com/2013/12/12/instagram-messaging/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Ellis |last=Hamburger |title=Instagram announces Instagram Direct for private photo, video, and text messaging |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/12/12/5203302/instagram-direct-photo-text-messaging |website=[[The Verge]] |date=December 12, 2013 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112035526/http://www.theverge.com/2013/12/12/5203302/instagram-direct-photo-text-messaging |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Laurie |last=Segall |title=Instagram launches direct messaging |url=https://money.cnn.com/2013/12/12/technology/mobile/instagram-direct/ |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=December 12, 2013 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020110/https://money.cnn.com/2013/12/12/technology/mobile/instagram-direct/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The feature received a major update in September 2015, adding [[conversation threading]] and making it possible for users to share locations, hashtag pages, and profiles through private messages directly from the news feed. Additionally, users can now reply to private messages with text, [[emoji]] or by clicking on a heart icon. A camera inside Direct lets users take a photo and send it to the recipient without leaving the conversation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Ariha |last=Setalvad |title=Instagram Direct gets a huge update focused on messaging your friends |url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/9/1/9236553/instagram-direct-messaging-update |website=[[The Verge]] |date=September 1, 2015 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108095112/http://www.theverge.com/2015/9/1/9236553/instagram-direct-messaging-update |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |first=Molly |last=McHugh |title=Today's Instagram Update Could Ease the Dreaded @ Wars |url=https://www.wired.com/2015/09/instagram-direct-messaging-update/ |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=September 1, 2015 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=September 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904234659/https://www.wired.com/2015/09/instagram-direct-messaging-update/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Kia |last=Kokalitcheva |title=Instagram takes on Twitter's direct messages with these new features |url=http://fortune.com/2015/09/01/instagram-direct-update/ |website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |date=September 1, 2015 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809003452/https://fortune.com/2015/09/01/instagram-direct-update/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; A new update in November 2016 let users make their private messages &quot;disappear&quot; after being viewed by the recipient, with the sender receiving a notification if the recipient takes a screenshot.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Jordan |last=Kahn |title=Instagram launches live video for Stories, disappearing photos &amp; videos in direct messages |url=https://9to5mac.com/2016/11/21/instagram-live-video-stories-disappearing-photos-direct/ |website=9to5Mac |date=November 21, 2016 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=October 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009011419/https://9to5mac.com/2016/11/21/instagram-live-video-stories-disappearing-photos-direct/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Nathan |last=Ingraham |title=Instagram adds live video broadcasts and disappearing photos |url=https://www.engadget.com/2016/11/21/instagram-live-video-stories-disappearing-images/ |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=November 21, 2016 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=April 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423065859/https://www.engadget.com/2016/11/21/instagram-live-video-stories-disappearing-images/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2017, Instagram redesigned Direct to combine all private messages, both permanent and ephemeral, into the same message threads.&lt;ref name=&quot;tc-2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first=Josh |last=Constine |title=Instagram Direct unites ephemeral and permanent messaging for 375M users |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/11/instachat-direct/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=April 11, 2017 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807190737/https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/11/instachat-direct/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cnet-2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first=Gordon |last=Gottsegen |title=Instagram Direct messages just became more like Snapchat |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/instagram-direct-disappearing-photos-videos-messages-snapchat/ |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=April 11, 2017 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111194507/https://www.cnet.com/news/instagram-direct-disappearing-photos-videos-messages-snapchat/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;verge-2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first=Jacob |last=Kastrenakes |title=Instagram Direct now combines permanent and ephemeral chats |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/4/11/15250766/instagram-direct-ephemeral-messaging-update |website=[[The Verge]] |date=April 11, 2017 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111225835/http://www.theverge.com/2017/4/11/15250766/instagram-direct-ephemeral-messaging-update |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In May, Instagram made it possible to send [[URL|website links]] in messages, and also added support for sending photos in their original portrait or landscape orientation without cropping.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Chaim |last=Gartenberg |title=Instagram is just now offering support for sending links in direct messages |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/25/15691746/instagram-direct-links-update-portrait-landscape |website=[[The Verge]] |date=May 25, 2017 |access-date=May 25, 2017 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021903/https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/25/15691746/instagram-direct-links-update-portrait-landscape |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Darrell |last=Etherington |title=Instagram direct messages now support web links and different photo orientations |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/05/25/instagram-direct-messages-now-support-web-links-and-different-photo-orientations/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=May 25, 2017 |access-date=May 25, 2017 |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920140616/https://techcrunch.com/2017/05/25/instagram-direct-messages-now-support-web-links-and-different-photo-orientations/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2020, Direct became accessible from the Instagram website, allowing users to send direct messages from a web version using [[WebSocket]] technology.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Carman|first=Ashley|date=April 10, 2020|title=Everyone can now access their Instagram DMs on the web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/10/21215449/instagram-dm-web-browser-update-direct-message|access-date=August 5, 2020|website=[[The Verge]]|language=en|archive-date=August 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809112243/https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/10/21215449/instagram-dm-web-browser-update-direct-message|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 2020, Facebook started merging Instagram Direct into [[Facebook Messenger]]. After the update (which is rolled out to a segment of the user base) the Instagram Direct icon transforms into Facebook Messenger icon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Amadeo|first=Ron|date=August 17, 2020|title=Facebook Messenger starts taking over Instagram Direct messages|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2020/08/facebook-starts-merging-instagram-direct-and-facebook-messenger/|access-date=August 19, 2020|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us|archive-date=November 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101105412/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2020/08/facebook-starts-merging-instagram-direct-and-facebook-messenger/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In March 2021, a feature was added that prevents adults from messaging users under 18 who do not follow them as part of a series of new child safety policies.&lt;ref name=&quot;HK&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DF&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IS&quot; /&gt; In August 2023, Instagram introduced new adjustments to protect user privacy and prevent harassment and spam. Users can now only receive one direct message from accounts that they do not follow, and must approve the message request before further messages can be sent. This setting can be changed to allow unlimited messages from other accounts that the user does not follow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Emma |date=August 3, 2023 |title=Instagram is making it harder for people to spam you with DM requests |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/8/3/23818552/instagram-dm-request-spam-limit |access-date=January 20, 2024 |website=The Verge |language=en |archive-date=April 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414235352/https://www.theverge.com/2023/8/3/23818552/instagram-dm-request-spam-limit |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2024, Instagram added a sticker editor which allows users to cut out elements of photos and send them privately. It also enabled sticker addition and writing on photos.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Mehta |first1=Ivan |title=Instagram DMs get upgraded with new features |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/09/06/instagram-is-adding-new-photo-editing-features-to-dms/ |website=TechCrunch |access-date=September 13, 2024 |date=September 6, 2024 |archive-date=September 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913145738/https://techcrunch.com/2024/09/06/instagram-is-adding-new-photo-editing-features-to-dms/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Instagram Stories ===<br /> <br /> {{See also|Story (social media)}}<br /> <br /> In August 2016, Instagram launched Instagram Stories, a feature that allows users to take photos, add effects and layers, and add them to their Instagram story. Images uploaded to a user's story expire after 24 hours. The media noted the feature's similarities to [[Snapchat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Josh |last=Constine |title=Instagram launches &quot;Stories,&quot; a Snapchatty feature for imperfect sharing |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/08/02/instagram-stories/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=August 2, 2016 |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=September 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920141716/https://techcrunch.com/2016/08/02/instagram-stories/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Casey |last=Newton |title=Instagram's new stories are a near-perfect copy of Snapchat stories |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/8/2/12348354/instagram-stories-announced-snapchat-kevin-systrom-interview |website=[[The Verge]] |date=August 2, 2016 |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=November 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119223200/https://www.theverge.com/2016/8/2/12348354/instagram-stories-announced-snapchat-kevin-systrom-interview |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In response to criticism that it copied functionality from Snapchat, CEO Kevin Systrom told ''[[Recode]]'' that &quot;Day One: Instagram was a combination of [[Hipstamatic]], [[Twitter]] [and] some stuff from [[Facebook]] like the [[Facebook like button|'Like' button]]. You can trace the roots of every feature anyone has in their app, somewhere in the history of technology&quot;. Although Systrom acknowledged the criticism as &quot;fair&quot;, ''Recode'' wrote that &quot;he likened the two social apps' common features to the auto industry: Multiple car companies can coexist, with enough differences among them that they serve different consumer audiences&quot;. Systrom further stated that &quot;When we adopted [Stories], we decided that one of the really annoying things about the format is that it just kept going and you couldn't pause it to look at something, you couldn't rewind. We did all that, we implemented that.&quot; He also told the publication that Snapchat &quot;didn't have filters, originally. They adopted filters because Instagram had filters and a lot of others were trying to adopt filters as well.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.recode.net/2017/6/5/15738276/instagram-snapchat-stories-copying-kevin-systrom-filters-facebook-snap-kara-swisher-decode-podcast|title=Did Instagram copy Snapchat? Not exactly, Instagram CEO Kevin Systrom says.|last=Johnson|first=Eric|date=June 5, 2017|website=[[Recode]]|access-date=June 14, 2017|archive-date=August 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808045153/https://www.vox.com/2017/6/5/15738276/instagram-snapchat-stories-copying-kevin-systrom-filters-facebook-snap-kara-swisher-decode-podcast|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2017/06/05/did-instagram-copy-snapchat/|title=Instagram CEO downplays criticism that it copied Snapchat|last=Krishna|first=Swapna|date=June 5, 2017|website=[[Engadget]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|access-date=June 14, 2017|archive-date=February 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203170107/https://www.engadget.com/2017/06/05/did-instagram-copy-snapchat/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In November, Instagram added live video functionality to Instagram Stories, allowing users to broadcast themselves live, with the video disappearing immediately after ending.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Casey |last=Newton |title=Instagram's take on live video arrives with an ephemeral twist |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/11/21/13682752/instagram-live-stories-direct-messages-snapchat |website=[[The Verge]] |date=November 21, 2016 |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108122855/http://www.theverge.com/2016/11/21/13682752/instagram-live-stories-direct-messages-snapchat |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tc-live&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first=Josh |last=Constine |title=Instagram launches disappearing Live video and messages |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/11/21/instagram-live/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=November 21, 2016 |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108164446/https://consent.yahoo.com/v2/collectConsent?sessionId=3_cc-session_a1b566b1-ecb0-4c38-9fcf-b0b2069397b4 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2017, Instagram launched skippable ads, where five-second photo and 15-second video ads appear in-between different stories.&lt;ref name=&quot;tc-stories-150&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first=Josh |last=Constine |title=Instagram Stories hits 150M daily users, launches skippable ads |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/01/11/instagram-stories-hits-150m-daily-users-launches-skippable-ads/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=January 11, 2017 |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112014330/https://consent.yahoo.com/v2/collectConsent?sessionId=3_cc-session_c3bb5c89-739d-46bc-bd75-f065ca96ed2b |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph-stories-150&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=James |last=Titcomb |title=Instagram to show more adverts by putting them in Stories |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2017/01/11/instagram-show-adverts-within-stories/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2017/01/11/instagram-show-adverts-within-stories/ |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=January 11, 2017 |access-date=April 22, 2017}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;variety-stories-200&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2017, Instagram Stories incorporated [[augmented reality]] stickers, a &quot;clone&quot; of Snapchat's functionality.&lt;ref name=&quot;tc-stories-200&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first=Josh |last=Constine |title=Instagram Stories hits 200M users, surpassing Snapchat as it copies its AR stickers |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/13/instagram-stories-bigger-than-snapchat/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=April 13, 2017 |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=October 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026163815/https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/13/instagram-stories-bigger-than-snapchat/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;verge-stories-200&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first=Nick |last=Statt |title=Instagram Stories is now more popular than the app it was designed to kill |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/4/13/15279266/instagram-stories-facebook-200-million-users-snapchat-clone |website=[[The Verge]] |date=April 13, 2017 |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020012/https://www.theverge.com/2017/4/13/15279266/instagram-stories-facebook-200-million-users-snapchat-clone |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;variety-stories-200&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first=Janko |last=Roettgers |title=Instagram Clocks 200 Million Daily Users for Its Snapchat Stories Clone |url=https://variety.com/2017/digital/news/instagram-stories-200-million-users-1202029987/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=April 13, 2017 |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801193415/https://variety.com/2017/digital/news/instagram-stories-200-million-users-1202029987/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In May 2017, Instagram expanded the augmented reality sticker feature to support face filters, letting users add specific visual features onto their faces.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Sean |last=O'Kane |title=Instagram adds augmented reality face filters |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/16/15643062/instagram-face-filters-snapchat-facebook-features |website=[[The Verge]] |date=May 16, 2017 |access-date=May 23, 2017 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023018/https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/16/15643062/instagram-face-filters-snapchat-facebook-features |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Josh |last=Constine |title=Instagram launches selfie filters, copying the last big Snapchat feature |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/05/16/instagram-face-filters/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=May 16, 2017 |access-date=May 23, 2017 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112011425/https://consent.yahoo.com/v2/collectConsent?sessionId=3_cc-session_a972fa64-7872-4c16-b074-cfec1e31304b |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Later in May, ''[[TechCrunch]]'' reported about tests of a Location Stories feature in Instagram Stories, where public Stories content at a certain location are compiled and displayed on a business, landmark or place's Instagram page.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Josh |last=Constine |title=Instagram tests Location Stories |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/05/16/instagram-location-stories/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=May 16, 2017 |access-date=May 23, 2017 |archive-date=October 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030023531/https://techcrunch.com/2017/05/16/instagram-location-stories/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; A few days later, Instagram announced &quot;Story Search&quot;, in which users can search for geographic locations or hashtags and the app displays relevant public Stories content featuring the search term.&lt;ref name=&quot;tc-story-search&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first=Josh |last=Constine |title=Instagram launches Story Search for hashtags and locations |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/05/23/instagram-stories-search/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=May 23, 2017 |access-date=May 23, 2017 |archive-date=September 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927065746/https://techcrunch.com/2017/05/23/instagram-stories-search/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Casey |last=Newton |title=You can now search Instagram Stories by location and hashtag |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/23/15677494/instagram-story-search-hashtags |website=[[The Verge]] |date=May 23, 2017 |access-date=May 23, 2017 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020634/https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/23/15677494/instagram-story-search-hashtags |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In June 2017, Instagram revised its live-video functionality to allow users to add their live broadcast to their story for availability in the next 24 hours, or discard the broadcast immediately.&lt;ref name=&quot;tc-june2017-live&quot; /&gt; In July, Instagram started allowing users to respond to Stories content by sending photos and videos, complete with Instagram effects such as filters, stickers, and hashtags.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Jacob |last=Kastrenakes |title=Instagram now lets you reply to stories with photos and videos |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/7/6/15928646/instagram-story-replies-update-photos-videos |website=[[The Verge]] |date=July 6, 2017 |access-date=July 7, 2017 |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025325/https://www.theverge.com/2017/7/6/15928646/instagram-story-replies-update-photos-videos |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Darrell |last=Etherington |title=You can now reply to Instagram Stories with photos and video |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/07/06/you-can-now-reply-to-instagram-stories-with-photos-and-video/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=July 6, 2017 |access-date=July 7, 2017 |archive-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817195246/https://techcrunch.com/2017/07/06/you-can-now-reply-to-instagram-stories-with-photos-and-video/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Stories were made available for viewing on Instagram's mobile and desktop websites in late August 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Natt |last=Garun |title=You can now view Instagram Stories on the web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/8/31/16233416/instagram-stories-mobile-desktop-web-support |website=[[The Verge]] |date=August 31, 2017 |access-date=November 8, 2017 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112002129/https://www.theverge.com/2017/8/31/16233416/instagram-stories-mobile-desktop-web-support |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=David |last=Lumb |title=Instagram Stories now work in your browser |url=https://www.engadget.com/2017/08/31/instagram-stories-now-work-browser/ |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[Oath Inc.]] |date=August 31, 2017 |access-date=November 8, 2017 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809060039/https://www.engadget.com/2017-08-31-instagram-stories-now-work-browser.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On December 5, 2017, Instagram introduced &quot;Story Highlights&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://help.instagram.com/813938898787367|title=How do I add a story to my Story Highlights? &amp;#124; Instagram Help Center|website=help.instagram.com|access-date=October 7, 2019|archive-date=September 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920205126/https://help.instagram.com/813938898787367|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; also known as &quot;Permanent Stories&quot;, which are similar to Instagram Stories, but don't expire. They appear as circles below the profile picture and biography and are accessible from the desktop website as well. In June 2018, the daily active story users of Instagram had reached 400&amp;nbsp;million users, and monthly active users had reached 1&amp;nbsp;billion active users.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://tej9.com/instagram-marketing-agency/|title=Instagram|website=Tej SolPro|access-date=September 16, 2019|archive-date=September 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911063610/https://tej9.com/instagram-marketing-agency/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In December 2024, Instagram announced that it was trialing a feature designed to help users reconnect with content they may have missed from their mutual followers. This new functionality showcases unseen ''Story Highlights'' at the end of the Stories tray, which is situated at the top of the feed. By doing so, users can easily access curated Stories from the past week that they might not have seen previously. Importantly, this feature will only display Story Highlights—curated collections of Stories saved by users—rather than standard Stories that disappear after 24 hours. Users will only be able to view these Highlights after they have gone through all current Stories in their tray, meaning that those who follow many accounts may find it challenging to see these updates.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Aisha |date=December 23, 2024 |title=Exclusive: Instagram tests a way to show you Story Highlights you didn't get a chance to see |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/12/23/instagram-tests-a-way-to-show-you-story-highlights-you-didnt-get-a-chance-to-see/#:~:text=Instagram%20is%20testing%20a%20way,see%20Stories%20from%20your%20friends. |access-date=December 27, 2024 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US |archive-date=December 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227074335/https://techcrunch.com/2024/12/23/instagram-tests-a-way-to-show-you-story-highlights-you-didnt-get-a-chance-to-see/#:~:text=Instagram%20is%20testing%20a%20way,see%20Stories%20from%20your%20friends. |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Interface redesign tests (2025) ===<br /> In September 2025, Instagram began testing a ''Reels-first'' user interface in India and South Korea. The redesign displays the Reels page as the default home tab, with Stories remaining at the top and the direct messages (DM) button moved to the center of the navigation bar. The Reels tab now occupies the second position in the navigation, while a new ''Following'' tab sits alongside it, offering three feed options: &quot;All&quot; (recommended posts and Reels from followed accounts), &quot;Friends&quot; (content from mutual connections), and &quot;Latest&quot; (the newest posts and Reels). Meta stated that the test would initially reach a limited number of users, with plans for a global rollout depending on feedback.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Ivan |date=September 29, 2025 |title=Instagram is testing a Reels-first UI in India and South Korea |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/09/29/instagram-is-testing-a-reels-first-ui-in-india-and-south-korea/ |access-date=September 29, 2025 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US |archive-date=September 29, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250929115659/https://techcrunch.com/2025/09/29/instagram-is-testing-a-reels-first-ui-in-india-and-south-korea/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Verified badges on Instagram ===<br /> Instagram introduced a [[Account verification|verification]] feature, known as the blue verified badge, in December 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=D'Onfro |first1=Jillian |title=Instagram Is Introducing 'Verified Badges' For Public Figures |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/instagram-verified-badges-2014-12?r=US&amp;IR=T |access-date=February 28, 2024 |work=Business Insider |agency=Business Insider |date=December 10, 2014 |archive-date=February 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228115741/https://www.businessinsider.com/instagram-verified-badges-2014-12?r=US&amp;IR=T |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The feature allows users to verify their accounts to confirm their authenticity.<br /> Instagram began allowing users to request verification for their accounts in August 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Damiani |first1=Jesse |title=Instagram Just Added A Verification Request Form And New Security Features. Here's How To Apply. |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jessedamiani/2018/08/28/instagram-just-added-a-verification-request-form-and-new-security-features-heres-how-to-apply/?sh=12de9f22c83f |access-date=February 28, 2024 |work=Forbes |date=August 28, 2018 |language=en |archive-date=February 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228115742/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jessedamiani/2018/08/28/instagram-just-added-a-verification-request-form-and-new-security-features-heres-how-to-apply/?sh=12de9f22c83f |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This marked a significant shift from the previous system where verification was typically initiated by Instagram itself for accounts it deemed to be of public interest or high-profile.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Reynoso |first1=Greg |title=Instagram's Verification Self-Submission Form Update Allows for a More Complete Verification Request |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/science-technology/instagrams-verification-self-submission-form-update-allows/377689 |access-date=February 28, 2024 |work=Entrepreneur |date=August 8, 2021 |language=en |archive-date=February 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228115741/https://www.entrepreneur.com/science-technology/instagrams-verification-self-submission-form-update-allows/377689 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; With the introduction of this feature, eligible users could apply for verification directly through the Instagram app.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ward |first1=Tom |title=How To Get Verified On Instagram |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomward/2018/04/16/how-to-get-verified-on-instagram/?sh=6bded4a46b2b |access-date=February 28, 2024 |work=Forbes |date=April 16, 2018 |language=en |archive-date=February 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228115741/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomward/2018/04/16/how-to-get-verified-on-instagram/?sh=6bded4a46b2b |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The Instagram blue verified badge is a symbol displayed next to an account's name to signify that the account is authentic, credible, and belongs to a public figure, celebrity, brand, or entity of significant public interest. It helps users easily identify legitimate accounts amidst the vast number of profiles on the platform.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Earl |first1=Jennifer |title=Instagram verified? How to get that coveted blue check mark |url=https://www.foxnews.com/tech/instagram-verified-how-to-get-that-coveted-blue-check-mark |access-date=February 28, 2024 |publisher=Fox News |date=August 29, 2018 |archive-date=February 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228115744/https://www.foxnews.com/tech/instagram-verified-how-to-get-that-coveted-blue-check-mark |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The badge appears as a blue checkmark located next to the account's username in search results, profile pages, and comments.<br /> Obtaining the blue verified badge typically requires meeting certain criteria set by Instagram, such as being notable, authentic, unique, complete, and adhering to the platform's terms of service and community guidelines. Instagram [[Account verification|verifies accounts]] based on its own discretion, and not all accounts meeting the criteria may be verified. Users can apply for verification through Instagram's settings, but the decision to grant verification ultimately rests with Instagram's team.<br /> [[Meta Platforms|Meta]] (formerly [[Facebook]]) launched paid verification on Instagram in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Titcomb |first1=James |title=Facebook and Instagram to launch paid-for subscription services |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2023/02/19/facebook-instagram-launch-paid-for-subscription-services/ |access-date=February 28, 2024 |work=The Telegraph |date=February 19, 2023 |archive-date=February 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228115741/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2023/02/19/facebook-instagram-launch-paid-for-subscription-services/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Paid verification allowed eligible Instagram users to request verification for their accounts via paying a fee,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |title=What Paid Facebook, Instagram and Twitter Verification Means for You |url=https://time.com/6257711/facebook-instagram-twitter-paid-verification/ |access-date=February 28, 2024 |magazine=Time |date=February 22, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=February 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228115740/https://time.com/6257711/facebook-instagram-twitter-paid-verification/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; rather than relying solely on meeting the platform's traditional criteria for verification.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Meta Asks Users to Pay for Verification Following Twitter Move |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-20/meta-asks-users-to-pay-for-verification-following-twitter-move |access-date=February 28, 2024 |work=Bloomberg.com |date=February 20, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319123448/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-20/meta-asks-users-to-pay-for-verification-following-twitter-move |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Advertising ===<br /> [[Emily White (businessperson)|Emily White]] joined Instagram as [[chief operating officer|Director of Business Operations]] in April 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Alexia |last=Tsotsis |title=Monetization TBD ... Instagram Hires Facebook's Emily White As Director of Business Operations |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/02/instagram-hires-facebooks-emily-white-as-director-of-business-operations/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=April 2, 2013 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=August 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813093454/https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/02/instagram-hires-facebooks-emily-white-as-director-of-business-operations/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Alyson |last=Shontell |title=Emily White Has The Large Task of Turning A Zero-Revenue Business For Facebook into A Money-Making Machine |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/emily-white-instagram-director-of-business-operations-2013-9 |website=[[Business Insider]] |date=September 9, 2013 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809014348/https://www.businessinsider.com/emily-white-instagram-director-of-business-operations-2013-9 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; She said in an interview with ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' in September 2013 that the company should be ready to begin selling advertising by September 2014 as a way to generate business from a popular entity that had not yet created profit for its parent company.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Rusli |first1=Evelyn M. |title=Instagram Pictures Itself Making Money |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/instagram-pictures-itself-making-money-1378675706 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=September 8, 2013 |access-date=March 20, 2020 |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801221235/https://www.wsj.com/articles/instagram-pictures-itself-making-money-1378675706 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; White left Instagram in December 2013 to join [[Snapchat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Addy |last=Dugdale |title=Snapchat Snaps Up Facebook And Instagram's Emily White As Its New COO |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3022925/snapchat-snaps-up-facebook-and-instagrams-emily-white-as-its-new-coo |work=[[Fast Company]] |date=December 4, 2013 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801205002/https://www.fastcompany.com/3022925/snapchat-snaps-up-facebook-and-instagrams-emily-white-as-its-new-coo |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Julie |last=Bort |title=Snapchat Just Nabbed An Important Advertising Exec Away From Facebook |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/snapchat-names-emily-white-coo-2013-12 |website=[[Business Insider]] |date=December 3, 2013 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111204529/https://www.businessinsider.com/snapchat-names-emily-white-coo-2013-12?r=DE&amp;IR=T |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 2014, James Quarles became Instagram's Global Head of Business and Brand Development, tasked with overseeing advertisement, sales efforts, and developing new &quot;monetization products&quot;, according to a spokesperson.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Kurt |last=Wagner |title=Instagram Hires New Ad Chief |url=https://www.recode.net/2014/8/13/11629814/instagram-hires-new-ad-chief |website=[[Recode]] |date=August 13, 2014 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=April 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417002006/https://www.recode.net/2014/8/13/11629814/instagram-hires-new-ad-chief |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2013, Instagram announced that video and image ads would soon appear in feeds for users in the United States,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Matthew |last=Panzarino |title=Instagram To Start Showing In-Feed Video And Image Ads To US Users |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/03/instagram-starts-showing-in-feed-video-and-image-ads-to-us-users/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=October 3, 2013 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817184249/https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/03/instagram-starts-showing-in-feed-video-and-image-ads-to-us-users/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Adrian |last=Covert |title=Instagram: Now with ads |url=https://money.cnn.com/2013/10/03/technology/social/instagram-ads/ |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=October 3, 2013 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=January 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129001159/https://money.cnn.com/2013/10/03/technology/social/instagram-ads/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; with the first image advertisements displaying on November 1, 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Chris |last=Welch |title=Instagram launches ads with sponsored post from Michael Kors |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/11/1/5055416/instagram-launches-sponsored-posts-michael-kors-first-ad |website=[[The Verge]] |date=November 1, 2013 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801235605/https://www.theverge.com/2013/11/1/5055416/instagram-launches-sponsored-posts-michael-kors-first-ad |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Jennifer |last=Van Grove |title=The preview is over: Instagram ads are here |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/the-preview-is-over-instagram-ads-are-here/ |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=November 1, 2013 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=October 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023235535/https://www.cnet.com/news/the-preview-is-over-instagram-ads-are-here/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Video ads followed nearly a year later on October 30, 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Jacob |last=Kastrenakes |title=Instagram launches video ads today |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/10/30/7131081/instagram-video-ads-launching-today |website=[[The Verge]] |date=October 30, 2014 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112014426/https://www.theverge.com/2014/10/30/7131081/instagram-video-ads-launching-today |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Sawers |title=Instagram video ads are rolling out today, watch 4 of them here |url=https://thenextweb.com/insider/2014/10/30/instagram-video-ads-rolling-today-watch-four/ |website=The Next Web |date=October 30, 2014 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817183953/https://thenextweb.com/insider/2014/10/30/instagram-video-ads-rolling-today-watch-four/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2014, Instagram announced the rollout of ads in the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Jackie |last=Dove |title=Instagram will introduce ads in the UK, Canada and Australia 'later this year' |url=https://thenextweb.com/creativity/2014/06/09/instagram-plans-ad-rollout-uk-canada-australia/ |website=The Next Web |date=June 9, 2014 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=September 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923205049/https://thenextweb.com/creativity/2014/06/09/instagram-plans-ad-rollout-uk-canada-australia/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; with ads starting to roll out that autumn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Josh |last=Ong |title=Instagram to introduce advertising in the UK in 'the coming weeks' |url=https://thenextweb.com/facebook/2014/09/17/instagram-will-roll-sponsored-posts-uk-coming-weeks/ |website=The Next Web |date=September 17, 2014 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=September 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919011049/https://thenextweb.com/facebook/2014/09/17/instagram-will-roll-sponsored-posts-uk-coming-weeks/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2015, Instagram announced it would implement &quot;carousel ads&quot;, allowing advertisers to display multiple images with options for linking to additional content.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Garett |last=Sloane |title=Instagram Unveils New Features for Advertisers, From Carousel-Style Photos to Web Links |url=http://www.adweek.com/digital/instagram-unveils-new-features-advertisers-carousel-style-photos-web-links-163268/ |website=[[Adweek]] |publisher=Beringer Capital |date=March 4, 2015 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108121939/https://www.adweek.com/digital/instagram-unveils-new-features-advertisers-carousel-style-photos-web-links-163268/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Alexei |last=Oreskovic |title=Facebook's Instagram rolls out new 'carousel' ads |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-instagram-ads-idUSKBN0M023S20150304 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=March 4, 2015 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801235415/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-instagram-ads-idUSKBN0M023S20150304 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The company launched carousel image ads in October 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Marty |last=Swant |title=Why Offering Self-Service Carousel Ads Could Attract More Marketers to Instagram |url=http://www.adweek.com/digital/why-instagram-offering-self-service-carousel-ads-could-attract-more-marketers-167877/ |website=[[Adweek]] |publisher=Beringer Capital |date=October 30, 2015 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809034146/https://www.adweek.com/digital/why-instagram-offering-self-service-carousel-ads-could-attract-more-marketers-167877/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Mark |last=Sullivan |title=Instagram will sell carousel ads to businesses via self-service |url=https://venturebeat.com/2015/10/29/instagram-will-sell-carousel-ads-to-businesses-via-self-service/ |website=[[VentureBeat]] |date=October 29, 2015 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130045/http://venturebeat.com/2015/10/29/instagram-will-sell-carousel-ads-to-businesses-via-self-service/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and video carousel ads in March 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Maureen |last=Morrison |title=Instagram Adds Video to Ad Carousel |url=http://adage.com/article/digital/instagram-introduces-video-ad-format/303831/ |website=[[Advertising Age]] |publisher=[[Crain Communications]] |date=May 3, 2016 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=January 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129000525/https://adage.com/article/digital/instagram-introduces-video-ad-format/303831 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In February 2016, Instagram announced that it had 200,000&amp;nbsp;advertisers on the platform.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Anthony |last=Ha |title=There Are Now 200K Advertisers on Instagram |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/02/24/200k-advertisers-on-instagram/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=February 24, 2016 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108121827/http://techcrunch.com/2016/02/24/200k-advertisers-on-instagram/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This number increased to 500,000 by September 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Anthony |last=Ha |title=And now there are 500K active advertisers on Instagram |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/09/22/instagram-500k/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=September 22, 2016 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108163152/https://techcrunch.com/2016/09/22/instagram-500k/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and 1&amp;nbsp;million in March 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=David |last=Ingram |title=Instagram says advertising base tops one million businesses |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-instagram-advertising-idUSKBN16T1LK |work=[[Reuters]] |date=March 22, 2017 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112035608/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-instagram-advertising-idUSKBN16T1LK |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Ken |last=Yeung |title=Instagram now has 1 million advertisers, will launch business booking tool this year |url=https://venturebeat.com/2017/03/22/instagram-now-has-1-million-advertisers-will-launch-business-booking-tool-this-year/ |website=[[VentureBeat]] |date=March 22, 2017 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803124434/https://venturebeat.com/2017/03/22/instagram-now-has-1-million-advertisers-will-launch-business-booking-tool-this-year/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2016, Instagram launched new tools for business accounts, including business profiles, analytics and the ability to promote posts as ads. To access the tools, businesses had to link a corresponding Facebook page.&lt;ref name=&quot;tc-insights&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first=Sarah |last=Perez |title=Instagram officially announces its new business tools |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/05/31/instagram-officially-announces-its-new-business-tools/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=May 31, 2016 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=October 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028182150/https://techcrunch.com/2016/05/31/instagram-officially-announces-its-new-business-tools/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The new analytics page, known as Instagram Insights, allowed business accounts to view top posts, reach, impressions, engagement and demographic data.&lt;ref name=&quot;tc-insights&quot; /&gt; Insights rolled out first in the United States, Australia, and New Zealand, and expanded to the rest of the world later in 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |first=Sarah |last=Griffifths |title=Instagram launches business tools to help users buy and sell |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/instagram-business-tools-uk |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=August 15, 2016 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=November 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113155049/https://www.wired.co.uk/article/instagram-business-tools-uk |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tc-insights&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Oscar |last=Raymundo |title=Instagram will let you run a business profile if you have a Facebook Page |url=http://www.macworld.com/article/3077377/social-media/instagram-will-let-you-run-a-business-profile-if-you-have-a-facebook-page.html |website=[[MacWorld]] |publisher=[[International Data Group]] |date=May 31, 2016 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106184937/https://www.macworld.com/article/3077377/social-media/instagram-will-let-you-run-a-business-profile-if-you-have-a-facebook-page.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In November 2018, Instagram added the ability for business accounts to add product links directing users to a purchase page or to save them to a &quot;shopping list&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/11/15/18095679/instagram-shopping-product-collection-video-posts |title=Instagram will now let users shop items from video posts |last=Carman |first=Ashley |date=November 15, 2018 |website=[[The Verge]] |access-date=December 29, 2019 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108094413/https://www.theverge.com/2018/11/15/18095679/instagram-shopping-product-collection-video-posts |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In April 2019, Instagram added the option to &quot;Checkout on Instagram&quot;, which allows merchants to sell products directly through the Instagram app.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/19/18271840/instagram-checkout-shopping-facebook-business |title=Instagram adds in-app checkout as part of its big push into shopping |last=Newton |first=Casey |date=March 19, 2019 |website=[[The Verge]] |access-date=December 29, 2019 |archive-date=November 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113032023/https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/19/18271840/instagram-checkout-shopping-facebook-business |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2020, via a blog post, Instagram announced that they are making major moderation changes in order to decrease the flow of disinformation, hoaxes and fake news regarding [[COVID-19]] on its platform, &quot;We'll remove COVID-19 accounts from account recommendations, and we are working to remove some COVID-19 related content from Explore unless posted by a credible health organization. We will also start to downrank content in feed and Stories that has been rated false by third-party fact-checkers.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/instagram-changes-moderation-policy-for-coronavirus-hoaxes-2020-3|title=Instagram is targeting fake coronavirus news and finally taking disinformation and hoaxes seriously|first=Ben|last=Gilbert|work=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=March 24, 2020|archive-date=October 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014221602/https://www.businessinsider.com/instagram-changes-moderation-policy-for-coronavirus-hoaxes-2020-3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In June 2021, Instagram launched a native [[affiliate marketing]] tool creators can use to earn commissions based on sales. Commission-enabled posts are labeled &quot;Eligible for Commission&quot; on the user side to identify them as affiliate posts. Launch partners included Sephora, MAC, and Kopari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Spangler |first1=Todd |title=Instagram Will Let Creators Earn Shopping Referral Commissions, Part of Facebook's Monetization Push |url=https://variety.com/2021/digital/news/instagram-shopping-monetization-tools-zuckerberg-1234991560/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=June 8, 2021 |access-date=August 27, 2021 |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430050653/https://variety.com/2021/digital/news/instagram-shopping-monetization-tools-zuckerberg-1234991560/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Stand-alone apps ===<br /> Instagram has developed and released three stand-alone apps with specialized functionality. In July 2014, it released Bolt, a messaging app where users click on a friend's profile photo to quickly send an image, with the content disappearing after being seen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Ellis |last=Hamburger |title=This is Bolt, Instagram's new messaging app |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/7/29/5948845/this-is-bolt-instagrams-new-messaging-app |website=[[The Verge]] |date=July 29, 2014 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=July 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730002532/http://www.theverge.com/2014/7/29/5948845/this-is-bolt-instagrams-new-messaging-app |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Alyson |last=Shontell |title=Instagram Launches Its One-Tap Photo App Bolt To Rival TapTalk And Mirage |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/instagram-launches-bolt-2014-7 |website=[[Business Insider]] |date=July 29, 2014 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809063958/https://www.businessinsider.com/instagram-launches-bolt-2014-7 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was followed by the release of [[Hyperlapse (application)|Hyperlapse]] in August, an iOS-exclusive app that uses &quot;clever algorithm processing&quot; to create tracking shots and fast time-lapse videos.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |first=Cliff |last=Kuang |title=Hyperlapse, Instagram's New App, Is Like a $15,000 Video Setup in Your Hand |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/08/hyperlapse-instagrams-new-app-is-like-a-15000-video-setup-in-your-hand/ |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=August 26, 2014 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=November 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114034640/https://www.wired.com/2014/08/hyperlapse-instagrams-new-app-is-like-a-15000-video-setup-in-your-hand/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Darrell |last=Etherington |title=Instagram's New Hyperlapse App Makes Mobile Timelapse And Steady Video Capture Easy |url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/08/26/instagram-hyperlapse/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=August 26, 2014 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=October 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022085148/https://techcrunch.com/2014/08/26/instagram-hyperlapse/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Microsoft launched a Hyperlapse app for Android and Windows in May 2015, but there has been no official [[Hyperlapse (application)|Hyperlapse app]] from Instagram for either of these platforms to date.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Emil |last=Protalinski |title=Microsoft Hyperlapse apps launch on Android and Windows to turn your shaky videos into smooth timelapses |url=https://venturebeat.com/2015/05/14/microsoft-hyperlapse-apps-launch-on-android-and-windows-to-turn-your-shaky-videos-into-smooth-timelapses/ |website=[[VentureBeat]] |date=May 14, 2015 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803124424/https://venturebeat.com/2015/05/14/microsoft-hyperlapse-apps-launch-on-android-and-windows-to-turn-your-shaky-videos-into-smooth-timelapses/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In October 2015, it released Boomerang, a video app that combines photos into short, one-second videos that play back-and-forth in a loop.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Kathleen |last=Chaykowski |title=Instagram Launches New App 'Boomerang' For Making GIF-Like Videos |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kathleenchaykowski/2015/10/22/instagram-launches-new-app-boomerang-for-making-gif-like-videos/ |website=[[Forbes]] |date=October 22, 2015 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108092549/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kathleenchaykowski/2015/10/22/instagram-launches-new-app-boomerang-for-making-gif-like-videos/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Sawers |title=Instagram launches Boomerang, an app that creates crazy, looping 1-second videos |url=https://venturebeat.com/2015/10/22/instagram-launches-boomerang-an-app-that-creates-crazy-looping-1-second-videos/ |website=[[VentureBeat]] |date=October 22, 2015 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108104706/http://venturebeat.com/2015/10/22/instagram-launches-boomerang-an-app-that-creates-crazy-looping-1-second-videos/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Third-party services ===<br /> The popularity of Instagram has led to a variety of third-party services designed to integrate with it, including services for creating content to post on the service and generating content from Instagram photos (including physical print-outs), analytics, and alternative clients for platforms with insufficient or no official support from Instagram (such as in the past, [[iPad]]s).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Heather |last=Kelly |title=10 cool things to do with Instagram |url=http://www.macworld.com/article/1160269/software-photography/instagramprojects.html |website=[[MacWorld]] |publisher=[[International Data Group]] |date=June 3, 2011 |access-date=April 23, 2017 |archive-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106184748/https://www.macworld.com/article/1160269/software-photography/instagramprojects.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/11/17/just-instagram/|title=Instagram Kills Off Feed Reading Apps|website=[[TechCrunch]]|date=November 17, 2015|access-date=December 29, 2019|archive-date=August 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814232922/https://techcrunch.com/2015/11/17/just-instagram/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In November 2015, Instagram announced that effective June 1, 2016, it would end &quot;feed&quot; [[API]] access to its platform in order to &quot;maintain control for the community and provide a clear roadmap for developers&quot; and &quot;set up a more sustainable environment built around authentic experiences on the platform&quot;, including those oriented towards [[content creation]], publishers, and advertisers. Additionally, third-party clients have been prohibited from using the text strings &quot;insta&quot; or &quot;gram&quot; in their name.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gramfeed is now Picodash |url=http://www.gramfeed.com/about |website=gramfeed |quote=Instagram based apps cannot have the word &quot;insta&quot; or &quot;gram&quot; in the name |access-date=August 26, 2021 |archive-date=May 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501033445/http://www.gramfeed.com/about |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was reported that these changes were primarily intended to discourage third-party clients replicating the entire Instagram experience (due to increasing monetization of the service), and security reasons (such as preventing abuse by automated [[click farm]]s, and the hijacking of accounts). In the wake of the [[Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal|Cambridge Analytica scandal]], Instagram began to impose further restrictions on its API in 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;KO&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/02/instagram-api-limit/|title=Instagram suddenly chokes off developers as Facebook chases privacy|website=[[TechCrunch]]|date=April 2, 2018|access-date=December 29, 2019|archive-date=August 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809161150/https://guce.techcrunch.com/consent?brandType=nonEU&amp;done=https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/02/instagram-api-limit/&amp;gcrumb=TW5Ci1A=|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mashable.com/2015/11/19/instagram-third-party-apps/|title=Instagram is cracking down on third-party apps|last=Bell|first=Karissa|website=Mashable|date=November 19, 2015|access-date=December 29, 2019|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108094126/https://mashable.com/2015/11/19/instagram-third-party-apps/?europe=true|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Third-party services can be used for unlimited browsing of public Instagram profiles without having to create an account, as well as for anonymous browsing of someone else's Stories.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Sumit |title=Can You Use Instagram Without An Account |url=https://www.coremafia.com/can-you-use-instagram-without-an-account/ |access-date=May 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513031633/https://www.coremafia.com/can-you-use-instagram-without-an-account/ |archive-date=May 13, 2020 |date=October 7, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Stories are more authentic than typical photos posted as posts because users know that in 24 hours their Stories will disappear if they don't add them as highlighted&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=When does my Instagram story disappear? |url=https://help.instagram.com/1729008150678239 |access-date=May 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412045444/https://help.instagram.com/1729008150678239 |archive-date=April 12, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; (however users can check who saw their Story for 48 hours after it was published&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How can I tell who's seen my Instagram Story? |url=https://help.instagram.com/202055156863605 |access-date=May 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412070138/https://help.instagram.com/202055156863605 |archive-date=April 12, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;). For this reason, they are very valuable for market research.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first1=Rebekah |last1=Carter |title=We Tried The Best Instagram Viewers: Here's what we Learned – Followergrowth |work=Followergrowth |url=https://followergrowth.co/best-instagram-viewer-tools/ |access-date=May 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217063940/https://followergrowth.co/best-instagram-viewer-tools/ |archive-date=December 17, 2019 |date=June 18, 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Fact-checking ===<br /> On December 16, 2019, [[Facebook, Inc.|Facebook]] announced it would expand its fact-checking programs towards Instagram,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kozlowska|first=Hanna|title=Instagram will finally fact-check posts|url=https://qz.com/1770264/instagram-will-finally-fact-check-posts/|date=December 17, 2019|access-date=August 9, 2020|website=Quartz|language=en|archive-date=November 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102000802/https://qz.com/1770264/instagram-will-finally-fact-check-posts/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; by using third-party fact-checkers organizations false information is able to be identified, reviewed and labeled as false information. Content when rated as false or partly false is removed from the explore page and hashtag pages, additionally content rated as false or partly false are labeled as such. With the addition of Facebook fact-checking program came the use of image matching technology to find further instances of misinformation. If a piece of content is labeled false or partly false on [[Facebook]] or Instagram then duplicates of such content will also be labeled as false.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=December 16, 2019|title=Combatting Misinformation on Instagram|url=https://about.fb.com/news/2019/12/combatting-misinformation-on-instagram/|access-date=August 9, 2020|website=About Facebook|language=en-US|archive-date=October 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022062929/https://about.fb.com/news/2019/12/combatting-misinformation-on-instagram/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Algorithm and design changes ===<br /> In April 2016, Instagram began rolling out a change to the order of photos visible in a user's timeline, shifting from a strictly chronological order to one determined by an algorithm.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Titcomb|first=James|date=March 16, 2016|title=Instagram is changing its feed to show photos out of order|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/03/16/instagram-is-changing-its-feed-to-show-photos-out-of-order/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/03/16/instagram-is-changing-its-feed-to-show-photos-out-of-order/ |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=July 14, 2017}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Instagram said the algorithm was designed so that users would see more of the photos by users that they liked,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=March 15, 2016|title=See the Moments You Care About First|url=http://blog.instagram.com/post/141107034797/160315-news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315223405/http://blog.instagram.com/post/141107034797/160315-news|archive-date=March 15, 2016|access-date=April 24, 2017|website=Instagram Blog|publisher=Instagram}}&lt;/ref&gt; but there was significant negative feedback, with many users asking their followers to turn on post notifications in order to make sure they see updates.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Titcomb|first=James|date=March 29, 2016|title=Instagram changes: Don't panic, you don't have to turn on notifications|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/03/29/instagram-changes-dont-panic-dont-have-to-turn-on-notifications/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/03/29/instagram-changes-dont-panic-dont-have-to-turn-on-notifications/ |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=July 14, 2017}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Alba|first=Alejandro|date=March 28, 2016|title=Instagram users are upset, anxious about the new algorithmic timeline update|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/instagram-users-upset-anxious-new-timeline-article-1.2580081|access-date=July 14, 2017|website=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]|location=New York|archive-date=April 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404122519/https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/instagram-users-upset-anxious-new-timeline-article-1.2580081|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Thottam|first=Isabel|date=March 30, 2016|title=Here's What Instagram Influencers Think of the New Algorithmic Timeline|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2016/03/4-influencers-react-to-instagrams-algorithmic-time.html|access-date=July 14, 2017|website=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]]|archive-date=April 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404231416/https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2016/03/4-influencers-react-to-instagrams-algorithmic-time.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company wrote a [[Twitter|tweet]] to users upset at the prospect of the change, but did not back down,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Brueck|first=Hilary|date=March 29, 2016|title=Instagram Asks Everyone to Calm Down After Algorithm Uproar|url=http://fortune.com/2016/03/29/instagram-algorithmic-filtering-concerns/|access-date=July 14, 2017|website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|archive-date=August 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819071700/https://fortune.com/2016/03/29/instagram-algorithmic-filtering-concerns/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; nor provide a way to change it back, which they reaffirmed in 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Patkar|first=Mihir|date=April 11, 2016|title=How (and Why) to Disable Algorithmic Feeds on Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook|url=http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/how-and-why-to-disable-algorithmic-feeds-on-twitter-instagram-and-facebook/|access-date=July 14, 2017|website=MakeUseOf|archive-date=June 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619224444/https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/how-and-why-to-disable-algorithmic-feeds-on-twitter-instagram-and-facebook/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Best|first=Shivali|date=January 28, 2020|title=Instagram explains why it won't go back to chronological feed despite pleas|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tech/instagram-explains-wont-go-back-21376005|access-date=May 5, 2021|website=mirror|language=en|archive-date=May 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502214105/https://www.mirror.co.uk/tech/instagram-explains-wont-go-back-21376005|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in December 2021, [[Adam Mosseri]], in a Senate hearing on child safety issues, stated that the company is developing a version of the feed that would show user posts in chronological order.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lyons |first=Kim |date=December 8, 2021 |title=Instagram head says it's bringing back the chronological feed |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/12/8/22824609/instagram-chronological-feed-adam-mosseri |access-date=December 10, 2021 |website=[[The Verge]] |language=en |archive-date=May 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501220103/https://www.theverge.com/2021/12/8/22824609/instagram-chronological-feed-adam-mosseri |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He later clarified the company would introduce two modes: a classic chronological feed and a version of it that would let users pick &quot;favorite&quot; users whose posts would be shown at the top in chronological order while other posts would be mixed in below.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Mitchell |date=December 10, 2021 |title=Adam Mosseri explains how Instagram is bringing back the chronological feed |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/12/10/22828773/instagram-chronological-feed-details-mosseri-two-versions |access-date=December 11, 2021 |website=[[The Verge]] |language=en |archive-date=May 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503005604/https://www.theverge.com/2021/12/10/22828773/instagram-chronological-feed-details-mosseri-two-versions |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Since 2017, Instagram has employed the ability to reduce the prominence of accounts (&quot;[[Shadow banning|shadowbanning]]&quot;) it believes may be generating non-genuine engagement and spam (including excessive use of unneeded hashtags), preventing posts from appearing in search results and in the app's Explore section. In a now-deleted [[Facebook]] post, Instagram wrote that &quot;When developing content, we recommend focusing on your business objective or goal rather than hashtags&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Lintao|first=Carissa|date=July 4, 2017|title=Instagram is cracking down on fake influencers|url=https://thenextweb.com/insider/2017/07/04/instagram-is-cracking-down-on-fake-influencers/|access-date=July 7, 2017|website=The Next Web|archive-date=March 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306050809/https://thenextweb.com/insider/2017/07/04/instagram-is-cracking-down-on-fake-influencers/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Lorentz|first=Taylor|date=June 7, 2017|title=Instagram's &quot;shadowban,&quot; explained: How to tell if Instagram is secretly blacklisting your posts|url=https://mic.com/articles/178987/instagrams-shadowban-explained-how-to-tell-if-instagram-is-secretly-blacklisting-your-posts|access-date=July 7, 2017|website=[[Mic (media company)|Mic]]|archive-date=July 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722044720/https://www.mic.com/articles/178987/instagrams-shadowban-explained-how-to-tell-if-instagram-is-secretly-blacklisting-your-posts|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Instagram has since been accused of extending the practice to censor posts under vague and inconsistent circumstances, particularly in regards to sexually suggestive material.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Joseph |first1=Chanté |title=Instagram's murky 'shadow bans' just serve to censor marginalised communities |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/nov/08/instagram-shadow-bans-marginalised-communities-queer-plus-sized-bodies-sexually-suggestive |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=November 8, 2019 |access-date=December 29, 2019 |archive-date=June 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604051850/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/nov/08/instagram-shadow-bans-marginalised-communities-queer-plus-sized-bodies-sexually-suggestive |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Instagram caused the userbase to fall into outrage with the December 2018 update.&lt;ref name=&quot;ct_122718&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Marotti|first=Ally|date=December 27, 2018|title=Instagram update: Don't panic, it was an accident, and a short-lived one|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-chicago-instagram-users-outraged-over-update-20181227-story.html|work=Chicago Tribune|access-date=December 27, 2018|archive-date=May 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502214105/https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-chicago-instagram-users-outraged-over-update-20181227-story.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=December 27, 2018|title=The Internet Hated Instagram's New Update So Much It Only Lasted 17 Minutes|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/a25693162/instagram-update-reactions/|publisher=Cosmopolitan|access-date=December 27, 2018|archive-date=May 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502214112/https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/a25693162/instagram-update-reactions/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; They found an attempt to alter the flow of the feed from the traditional vertical scroll to emulate and piggy-back the popularity of their Instagram Stories with a horizontal scroll, by swiping left.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Griffin|first=Andrew|date=December 27, 2018|title=Instagram Update: New Swipe Left Scrolling Completely Changes How Users Go Through Their Feed|work=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/instagram-update-new-scroll-left-right-sideways-feature-explained-a8700786.html|access-date=December 27, 2018|archive-date=February 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222171529/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/instagram-update-new-scroll-left-right-sideways-feature-explained-a8700786.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Various backtracking statements were released explaining it as a bug, or as a test release that had been accidentally deployed to too large an audience.&lt;ref name=&quot;ct_122718&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In November 2020, Instagram replaced the activity feed tab with a new &quot;Shop&quot; tab, moving the activity feed to the top. The &quot;new post&quot; button was also relocated to the top and replaced with a Reels tab&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=This Week in Apps: Conservative apps surge, Instagram redesigned, TikTok gets ghosted|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/11/14/this-week-in-apps-conservative-apps-surge-instagram-redesigned-tiktok-gets-ghosted/|access-date=November 18, 2020|website=[[TechCrunch]]|date=November 14, 2020|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company states that &quot;the Shop tab gives you a better way to connect with brands and creators and discover products you love&quot; and the Reels tab &quot;makes it easier for you to discover short, fun videos from creators all over the world and people just like you.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Introducing a New Home Screen for Instagram|url=https://about.instagram.com/blog/announcements/introducing-reels-and-shop-tabs|access-date=November 18, 2020|website=about.instagram.com|language=en|archive-date=September 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920063808/https://about.instagram.com/blog/announcements/introducing-reels-and-shop-tabs|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, users have not responded well to the change, taking their complaints to [[Twitter]] and [[Reddit]], and ''[[The New York Times]]'' has shunned Reels in particular, saying &quot;Not only does Reels fail in every way as a [[TikTok]] clone, but it's confusing, frustrating and impossible to navigate&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Chen |first1=Brian X. |last2=Lorenz |first2=Taylor |title=We Tested Instagram Reels, the TikTok Clone. What a Dud. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/12/technology/personaltech/tested-facebook-reels-tiktok-clone-dud.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812092646/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/12/technology/personaltech/tested-facebook-reels-tiktok-clone-dud.html |archive-date=August 12, 2020 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The New York Times |date=August 12, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Also in 2020, Instagram rolled out a feature titled &quot;suggested posts&quot;, which adds posts from accounts Instagram thinks a user would like to such user's feed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=How does Instagram determine which posts appear in Suggested Posts? |url=https://help.latest.instagram.com/381638392275939|access-date=May 5, 2021|website=Instagram Help Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; The feature was met with controversy from ''[[The Verge]]'', which reported that suggested posts would keep users glued to their feed, give Instagram more advertising space, and ultimately harm the mental health of users, while Instagram executive Julian Gutman rebutted, stating the feature was not intended to keep users glued to their screens.&lt;ref name=&quot;Carman2020&quot;/&gt; Suggested posts received more controversy after [[Fast Company]] stated that the feature would be impossible to turn off.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Grothaus|first=Michael|date=August 20, 2020|title=How to disable 'Suggested Posts' on Instagram: You can't and here's why|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90542115/how-to-disable-suggested-posts-on-instagram-you-cant-and-heres-why|access-date=May 5, 2021|website=Fast Company|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On June 23, 2021, Instagram announced a test change to the &quot;suggested posts&quot; feature. The company will put suggested posts ahead of posts from people who the user is following in the Instagram feed, citing positive reception as the reason for this change.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Carman |first=Ashley |date=June 23, 2021 |title=Instagram tests putting suggested posts ahead of your friends' |language=en-US |work=[[The Verge]] |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/23/22547045/instagram-suggested-posts-test-algorithm |access-date=June 24, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Mental health ==<br /> === Internal data from Meta ===<br /> In 2021, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' (WSJ) obtained and published internal research&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |date=November 2019 |title=Hard Life Moments - Mental Health Deep Dive |url=https://about.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Instagram-Teen-Annotated-Research-Deck-1.pdf|docket=1 |access-date=February 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |date=October 2019 |title=Teen Mental Health Deep Dive |url=https://about.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Instagram-Teen-Annotated-Research-Deck-2.pdf|docket=2 |access-date=February 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |date=September 29, 2021 |title=Teen Girls Body Image and Social Comparison on Instagram |url=https://s.wsj.net/public/resources/documents/teen-girls-body-image-and-social-comparison-on-instagram.pdf|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |docket= |access-date=February 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meta had conducted. The leak included presentations seen by company executives, and the findings mentioned CEO [[Mark Zuckerberg]] in 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;FK&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Wells |first1=Georgia |last2=Horwitz |first2=Jeff |last3=Seetharaman |first3=Deepa |date=September 14, 2021 |title=Facebook Knows Instagram Is Toxic for Teen Girls, Company Documents Show |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-knows-instagram-is-toxic-for-teen-girls-company-documents-show-11631620739}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The slides presented findings from three qualitative studies. The first interviewed 15 monthly Californian Instagram users with low body image and self esteem, aged 13–21. The second recruited 10 monthly users for a 5-day diary study, where they recorded their online habits. The third selected 7 users from the diary study for a 30-minute interview. No study was designed to be a [[randomized controlled trial]] or [[Case–control study|case-control]], meaning they were incapable of drawing [[causal inference]]s. The WSJ reported that Instagram can worsen poor [[body image]] of young people, with girls particularly vulnerable.&lt;ref name=&quot;FK&quot; /&gt; Instagram has had negative effects on the body image of one in three teenagers.&lt;ref name=&quot;NV&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Kang |first1=Cecilia |date=September 30, 2021 |title=Facebook Grilled by Senators over Its Effect on Children |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/30/technology/facebook-senate-hearing.html |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/30/technology/facebook-senate-hearing.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Instagram makes 20% of the teens feel worse about themselves and 40% better about themselves.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Facebook is nearing a reputational point of no return |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/10/09/facebook-is-nearing-a-reputational-point-of-no-return |access-date=September 1, 2024 |newspaper=The Economist }}&lt;/ref&gt; 70% of teen girls and 40% of teen boys experience negative social comparison. According to the research, Instagram has a higher impact on appearance comparison than [[TikTok]] or [[Snapchat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mak |first=Aaron |date=September 30, 2021 |title=The Most Damning Thing We've Learned About Instagram Yet |url=https://slate.com/technology/2021/09/instagram-facebook-body-image-documents-wall-street-journal.html |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 13% of British and 6% of American teenager users with suicidal thoughts could trace them to Instagram use.&lt;ref name=&quot;NV&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Instagram responded to the story, saying it &quot;focused on a limited set of findings and casts them in a negative light.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Social Media and Well-Being: Instagram's Research and Actions |url=https://about.instagram.com/blog/announcements/using-research-to-improve-your-experience |access-date=September 16, 2021 |website=Instagram Blog |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meta defended not publishing its research, saying it was &quot;kept confidential to promote frank and open dialogue and brainstorming internally.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McEvoy |first=Jemima |title=Facebook Internal Research Found Instagram Can Be Very Harmful To Young Girls, Report Says |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2021/09/14/facebook-internal-research-found-instagram-can-be-very-harmful-to-young-girls-report-says/ |access-date=September 16, 2021 |website=[[Forbes]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the wake of the backlash, Meta announced it had &quot;paused&quot; development of Instagram Kids. The company stated it was looking into concerns raised by the regulators and parents.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Milmo |first=Dan |date=September 27, 2021 |title=Facebook pauses work on Instagram Kids after teen mental health concerns |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/sep/27/facebook-pauses-instagram-kids-teen-mental-health-concerns |access-date=September 28, 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]]|language=en-UK}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Grossman |first=Matt |date=September 27, 2021 |title=Facebook to Halt Instagram Kids Project Amid Pressure From Lawmakers, Parents Groups |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-pauses-instagram-kids-project-11632744879 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Depression, anxiety and stress ===<br /> Khodarahimi &amp; Fathi 2017 found evidence users displayed higher levels of depressive and anxious symptoms compared to non-users.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Khodarahimi |first1=Siamak |last2=Fathi |first2=Rayhan |title=The Role of Online Social Networking on Emotional Functioning in a Sample of Iranian Adolescents and Young Adults |journal=Journal of Technology in Human Services |date=April 3, 2017 |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=120–134 |doi=10.1080/15228835.2017.1293587 }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, Frison &amp; Eggermont 2017 found that, among boys and girls, browsing could predict depressive symptoms; liking and posting seemed to have no effect.&lt;ref name=&quot;Frison &amp; Eggermont 2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Frison |first1=Eline |last2=Eggermont |first2=Steven |title=Browsing, Posting, and Liking on Instagram: The Reciprocal Relationships Between Different Types of Instagram Use and Adolescents' Depressed Mood |journal=Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking |date=October 2017 |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=603–609 |doi=10.1089/cyber.2017.0156 |pmid=29039700 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Their study showed presence of depressive symptoms in a user could positively predict they would post.&lt;ref name=&quot;Frison &amp; Eggermont 2017&quot; /&gt; The study showed viewing celebrity and peer pictures could make the moods of women negative.&lt;ref name=&quot;Frison &amp; Eggermont 2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Tiggemann |first1=Marika |last2=Anderberg |first2=Isabella |last3=Brown |first3=Zoe |date=June 2020 |title=Uploading your best self: Selfie editing and body dissatisfaction |journal=Body Image |volume=33 |pages=175–182 |doi=10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.03.002 |pmid=32224447 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In a 2021 study, Mun &amp; Kim pointed out users with a strong need for approval were more likely to falsely present themselves, which increased the likelihood of depression.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mun |first1=Il Bong |last2=Kim |first2=Hun |year=2021 |title=Influence of False Self-Presentation on Mental Health and Deleting Behavior on Instagram: The Mediating Role of Perceived Popularity |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=12 |article-number=660484 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.660484 |pmc=8071929 |pmid=33912119 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Lub &amp; Trub 2015 showed that following more strangers increases social comparisons and depressive symptoms.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lup |first1=Katerina |last2=Trub |first2=Leora |last3=Rosenthal |first3=Lisa |title=Instagram #Instasad?: Exploring Associations Among Instagram Use, Depressive Symptoms, Negative Social Comparison, and Strangers Followed |journal=Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking |year=2015 |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=247–252 |doi=10.1089/cyber.2014.0560 |pmid=25965859 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Multiple studies have found that increasing time spent on Instagram increases anxiety.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baltaetal2020&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Balta |first1=Sabah |last2=Emirtekin |first2=Emrah |last3=Kircaburun |first3=Kagan |last4=Griffiths |first4=Mark D. |date=June 2020 |title=Neuroticism, Trait Fear of Missing Out, and Phubbing: The Mediating Role of State Fear of Missing Out and Problematic Instagram Use |journal=International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=628–639 |doi=10.1007/s11469-018-9959-8 |doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.12684/460 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Couture Bue |first1=Amelia C. |date=July 2020 |title=The looking glass selfie: Instagram use frequency predicts visual attention to high-anxiety body regions in young women |journal=Computers in Human Behavior |volume=108 |article-number=106329 |doi=10.1016/j.chb.2020.106329 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Yurdagül |first1=Cemil |last2=Kircaburun |first2=Kagan |last3=Emirtekin |first3=Emrah |last4=Wang |first4=Pengcheng |last5=Griffiths |first5=Mark D. |date=December 10, 2019 |title=Psychopathological Consequences Related to Problematic Instagram Use Among Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Body Image Dissatisfaction and Moderating Role of Gender |journal=International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=1385–1397 |doi=10.1007/s11469-019-00071-8 |doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.12684/569 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Body image ===<br /> Users report higher body surveillance (habitual monitoring of one's shape and size),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Cohen |first1=Rachel |last2=Newton-John |first2=Toby |last3=Slater |first3=Amy |title=The relationship between Facebook and Instagram appearance-focused activities and body image concerns in young women |journal=Body Image |year=2017 |volume=23 |pages=183–187 |doi=10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.10.002 |pmid=29055773 }}&lt;/ref&gt; appearance-related pressure,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Åberg |first1=Erica |last2=Koivula |first2=Aki |last3=Kukkonen |first3=Iida |date=March 2020 |title=A feminine burden of perfection? Appearance-related pressures on social networking sites |journal=Telematics and Informatics |volume=46 |article-number=101319 |doi=10.1016/j.tele.2019.101319 }}&lt;/ref&gt; eating-disorder-related-pathology&lt;ref name=&quot;Fardouly et al 2020&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Fardouly |first1=Jasmine |last2=Magson |first2=Natasha R. |last3=Rapee |first3=Ronald M. |last4=Johnco |first4=Carly J. |last5=Oar |first5=Ella L. |date=July 2020 |title=The use of social media by Australian preadolescents and its links with mental health |journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology |volume=76 |issue=7 |pages=1304–1326 |doi=10.1002/jclp.22936 |pmid=32003901 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and lower body satisfaction&lt;ref name=&quot;Fardouly et al 2020&quot; /&gt; than non-users. Studies have shown users who take more selfies before making a post, and those who strategically present themselves by editing selfies, report higher levels of body surveillance and body dissatisfaction, and lower esteem overall.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chang |first1=Leanne |last2=Li |first2=Pengxiang |last3=Loh |first3=Renae Sze Ming |last4=Chua |first4=Trudy Hui Hui |date=June 2019 |title=A study of Singapore adolescent girls' selfie practices, peer appearance comparisons, and body esteem on Instagram |journal=Body Image |volume=29 |pages=90–99 |doi=10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.03.005 |pmid=30884385 |hdl=2066/214649 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lamp |first1=Sophia J. |last2=Cugle |first2=Alyssa |last3=Silverman |first3=Aimee L. |last4=Thomas |first4=M. Tené |last5=Liss |first5=Miriam |last6=Erchull |first6=Mindy J. |date=December 1, 2019 |title=Picture Perfect: The Relationship between Selfie Behaviors, Self-Objectification, and Depressive Symptoms |journal=Sex Roles |volume=81 |issue=11 |pages=704–712 |doi=10.1007/s11199-019-01025-z }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wagner |first1=Charles |last2=Aguirre |first2=Ester |last3=Sumner |first3=Erin M. |title=The relationship between Instagram selfies and body image in young adult women |journal=First Monday |year=2016 |doi=10.5210/fm.v21i9.6390 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Faelens et al 2021&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Faelens |first1=Lien |last2=Hoorelbeke |first2=Kristof |last3=Cambier |first3=Ruben |last4=van Put |first4=Jill |last5=Van de Putte |first5=Eowyn |last6=De Raedt |first6=Rudi |last7=Koster |first7=Ernst H. W. |date=August 1, 2021 |title=The relationship between Instagram use and indicators of mental health: A systematic review |journal=Computers in Human Behavior Reports |volume=4 |article-number=100121 |doi=10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100121 |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-8729541 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tiggermann et al. showed facial satisfaction can decrease when one spends greater time editing selfies. Comments related to appearance on Instagram can lead to higher dissatisfaction with one's body.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.10.002|title = The relationship between Facebook and Instagram appearance-focused activities and body image concerns in young women|year = 2017|last1 = Cohen|first1 = Rachel|last2 = Newton-John|first2 = Toby|last3 = Slater|first3 = Amy|journal = Body Image|volume = 23|pages = 183–187|pmid = 29055773 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.08.007|title = Attractive celebrity and peer images on Instagram: Effect on women's mood and body image|year = 2016|last1 = Brown|first1 = Zoe|last2 = Tiggemann|first2 = Marika|journal = Body Image|volume = 19|pages = 37–43|pmid = 27598763 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/15213269.2016.1257392|title=Picture Perfect: The Direct Effect of Manipulated Instagram Photos on Body Image in Adolescent Girls|year=2018|last1=Kleemans|first1=Mariska|last2=Daalmans|first2=Serena|last3=Carbaat|first3=Ilana|last4=Anschütz|first4=Doeschka|journal=Media Psychology|volume=21|pages=93–110 |doi-access=free|hdl=2066/180218|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.08.009|title=&quot;You look great!&quot;: The effect of viewing appearance-related Instagram comments on women's body image|year = 2018|last1 = Tiggemann|first1 = Marika|last2 = Barbato|first2 = Isabella|journal = Body Image|volume = 27|pages = 61–66|pmid = 30138768 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Loneliness and social exclusion ===<br /> Mackson et al. 2019 found users were less lonely than non-users&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mackson |first1=Samantha B |last2=Brochu |first2=Paula M |last3=Schneider |first3=Barry A |date=October 2019 |title=Instagram: Friend or foe? The application's association with psychological well-being |journal=New Media &amp; Society |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=2160–2182 |doi=10.1177/1461444819840021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and Instagram membership predicts lower self-reported loneliness.&lt;ref name=&quot;Faelens et al 2021&quot; /&gt; A 2021 study by Büttner &amp; Rudertb showed that not being tagged in an Instagram photo triggers the feeling of social exclusion and ostracism, especially for those with higher needs to belong.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Büttner |first1=Christiane M. |last2=Rudert |first2=Selma C. |title=Why didn't you tag me?!: Social exclusion from Instagram posts hurts, especially those with a high need to belong |journal=Computers in Human Behavior |year=2022 |volume=127 |article-number=107062 |doi=10.1016/j.chb.2021.107062 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, Brailovskaia &amp; Margraf 2018 found a significant positive relationship between Instagram membership and extraversion, life satisfaction, and social support. Their study showed only a marginally [[Statistical hypothesis testing|significant]] negative association between Instagram membership and self-conscientiousness.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Brailovskaia |first1=Julia |last2=Margraf |first2=Jürgen |title=What does media use reveal about personality and mental health? An exploratory investigation among German students |journal=PLOS ONE |date=January 25, 2018 |volume=13 |issue=1 |article-number=e0191810 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0191810 |pmid=29370275 |pmc=5784983 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1391810B |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Fioravanti et al. 2020 showed that women who had to take a break from Instagram for seven days reported higher life satisfaction compared to women who continued their habitual use. No significant differences were observed for men.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Fioravanti |first1=Giulia |last2=Prostamo |first2=Alfonso |last3=Casale |first3=Silvia |date=February 1, 2020 |title=Taking a Short Break from Instagram: The Effects on Subjective Well-Being |journal=Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=107–112 |doi=10.1089/cyber.2019.0400 |pmid=31851833 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The relationship between Instagram use and the [[fear of missing out]], or FOMO, has been confirmed in multiple studies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baltaetal2020&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Barry |first1=Christopher T. |last2=Reiter |first2=Shari R. |last3=Anderson |first3=Alexandra C. |last4=Schoessler |first4=Mackenzie L. |last5=Sidoti |first5=Chloe L. |title=&quot;Let me take another selfie&quot;: Further examination of the relation between narcissism, self-perception, and instagram posts |journal=Psychology of Popular Media Culture |year=2019 |volume=8 |pages=22–33 |doi=10.1037/ppm0000155 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Research shows Instagram browsing predicts social comparison, which generates FOMO, which can lead to depression.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Burnell |first1=Kaitlyn |last2=George |first2=Madeleine J. |last3=Vollet |first3=Justin W. |last4=Ehrenreich |first4=Samuel E. |last5=Underwood |first5=Marion K. |year=2019 |title=Passive social networking site use and well-being: The mediating roles of social comparison and the fear of missing out |journal=Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace |volume=13 |issue=3 |doi=10.5817/CP2019-3-5 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Eating disorders ===<br /> A comparison of users with non-users showed boys with an account differ from boys without in terms of over-evaluation of their shape and weight, skipping meals, and levels of reported disordered eating cognitions. Girls with an account only differed from girls without in skipping meals; they also had a stricter exercise schedule, a pattern not found in boys. This suggests a possible negative effect of usage on body satisfaction and disordered eating for boys and girls.&lt;ref name=&quot;Faelens et al 2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wilksch |first1=Simon M. |last2=O'Shea |first2=Anne |last3=Ho |first3=Pheobe |last4=Byrne |first4=Sue |last5=Wade |first5=Tracey D. |title=The relationship between social media use and disordered eating in young adolescents |journal=International Journal of Eating Disorders |date=January 2020 |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=96–106 |doi=10.1002/eat.23198 |pmid=31797420 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Fardouly |first1=Jasmine |last2=Willburger |first2=Brydie K |last3=Vartanian |first3=Lenny R |title=Instagram use and young women's body image concerns and self-objectification: Testing mediational pathways |journal=New Media &amp; Society |date=April 2018 |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=1380–1395 |doi=10.1177/1461444817694499 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Fatt |first1=Scott J |last2=Fardouly |first2=Jasmine |last3=Rapee |first3=Ronald M |title=#malefitspo: Links between viewing fitspiration posts, muscular-ideal internalisation, appearance comparisons, body satisfaction, and exercise motivation in men |journal=New Media &amp; Society |date=June 2019 |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=1311–1325 |doi=10.1177/1461444818821064 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Feltman &amp; Szymanski 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Feltman |first1=Chandra E. |last2=Szymanski |first2=Dawn M. |title=Instagram Use and Self-Objectification: The Roles of Internalization, Comparison, Appearance Commentary, and Feminism |journal=Sex Roles |date=March 2018 |volume=78 |issue=5–6 |pages=311–324 |doi=10.1007/s11199-017-0796-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Appel et al. 2016 and Feltman et al. 2017 found a positive link between the intensity of Instagram use, body surveillance and disordered eating.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Appel |first1=Helmut |last2=Gerlach |first2=Alexander L |last3=Crusius |first3=Jan |title=The interplay between Facebook use, social comparison, envy, and depression |journal=Current Opinion in Psychology |date=June 2016 |volume=9 |pages=44–49 |doi=10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.10.006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Feltman &amp; Szymanski 2018&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Suicide and self-harm ===<br /> Picardo et al. 2020 examined the relationship between self-harm posts and actual self-harm offline and found such content had negative emotional effects on some users. The study reported evidence of online posts affecting offline behavior, but stopped short of claiming causality. Some benefits for those who engage with self-harm content have been suggested.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Picardo |first1=Jacobo |last2=McKenzie |first2=Sarah K. |last3=Collings |first3=Sunny |last4=Jenkin |first4=Gabrielle |title=Suicide and self-harm content on Instagram: A systematic scoping review |journal=PLOS ONE |date=September 2, 2020 |volume=15 |issue=9 |article-number=e0238603 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0238603 |pmid=32877433 |pmc=7467257 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1538603P |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Instagram has published resources to help users in need of support.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/suicide/|title = #suicide hashtag on Instagram • Photos and Videos}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Sharenting risks ===<br /> {{Main|Sharenting}}<br /> <br /> Sharenting is when parents post content, including images, about their children. Instagram is one of the main sites for sharenting. The hashtag #letthembelittle contains over 10 million images related to children on Instagram. Bare 2020 analysed 300 randomly selected images under the hashtag and found they tended to contain children's personal information, including name, age and location.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |url=https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3732/ |title=The Undisclosed Dangers of Parental Sharing on Social Media: A Content Analysis of Sharenting Images on Instagram |type=MA thesis |publisher=East Tennessee State University |date=May 2020 |last1=Bare |first1=Christian}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Addiction ===<br /> Sanz-Blas et al. 2019 showed that users who feel they spend too much time on Instagram report higher levels of &quot;[[Problematic social media use|addiction]]&quot; to Instagram, which was related to higher levels of stress induced by the app.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sanz-Blas |first1=Silvia |last2=Buzova |first2=Daniela |last3=Miquel-Romero |first3=María José |date=September 9, 2019 |title=From Instagram overuse to instastress and emotional fatigue: the mediation of addiction |journal=Spanish Journal of Marketing - ESIC |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=143–161 |doi=10.1108/sjme-12-2018-0059 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Foroughi et al. 2021 found that the desire for recognition and entertainment were predictors of students' addiction to Instagram. The study proved addiction to Instagram negatively affected academic performance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Foroughi |first1=Behzad |last2=Griffiths |first2=Mark D. |last3=Iranmanesh |first3=Mohammad |last4=Salamzadeh |first4=Yashar |year=2021 |title=Associations Between Instagram Addiction, Academic Performance, Social Anxiety, Depression, and Life Satisfaction Among University Students |journal=International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=2221–2242 |doi=10.1007/s11469-021-00510-5 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gezgin &amp; Mihci 2020 found frequent Instagram usage correlated with [[Problematic smartphone use|smartphone addiction]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Gezgin |first1=Deniz Mertkan |last2=Mihci |first2=Can |year=2020 |title=Smartphone Addiction in Undergraduate Athletes: Reasons and Effects of Using Instagram Intensively |journal=International Journal of Technology in Education and Science |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=188–202 |doi=10.46328/ijtes.v4i3.106 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == User characteristics and behavior ==<br /> [[File:Instagram app on smartphone.jpg|thumb|The Instagram app, running on the [[Android (operating system)|Android]] operating system, September 2016]]<br /> <br /> === Users ===<br /> {{See also|List of most-followed Instagram accounts}}<br /> After being released in October 2010, Instagram had one million registered users in December 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Nick |last=Bilton |title=Instagram Quickly Passes 1 Million Users |url=https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/21/instagram-quickly-passes-1-million-users/ |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 21, 2010 |access-date=April 8, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=December 20, 2010|title=The Instagram Community – One Million and Counting|url=http://blog.instagram.com/post/8755444024/the-instagram-community-one-million-and-counting|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126012133/http://blog.instagram.com/post/8755444024/the-instagram-community-one-million-and-counting|archive-date=November 26, 2011|access-date=April 8, 2017|publisher=Instagram}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2011, it announced that it had 5&amp;nbsp;million users,&lt;ref name=&quot;Siegler2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first=MG |last=Siegler |title=At 5 Million Users, It's Hard Not To View Instagram Through A Rose-Colored Filter |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/06/13/instagram-five-million-users/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=April 8, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; which increased to 10&amp;nbsp;million in September.&lt;ref name=&quot;User timeline&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first=Marty |last=Swant |title=This Instagram Timeline Shows the App's Rapid Growth to 600 Million |url=http://www.adweek.com/digital/instagram-gained-100-million-users-6-months-now-has-600-million-accounts-175126/ |website=[[Adweek]] |publisher=Beringer Capital |date=December 15, 2016 |access-date=April 8, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=September 26, 2011|title=The Instagram Community – Ten Million and Counting|url=http://blog.instagram.com/post/10692926832/10million|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927201739/http://blog.instagram.com/post/10692926832/10million|archive-date=September 27, 2011|access-date=April 8, 2017|publisher=Instagram}}&lt;/ref&gt; This growth continued to 30&amp;nbsp;million users in April 2012,&lt;ref name=&quot;User timeline&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Android launch&quot; /&gt; 80&amp;nbsp;million in July 2012,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Instagram soars to 80M users, 4B photos |url=https://venturebeat.com/2012/07/26/instagram-80-million-users/ |website=[[VentureBeat]] |date=July 26, 2012 |access-date=April 8, 2017 |archive-date=December 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204023036/https://venturebeat.com/2012/07/26/instagram-80-million-users/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Emil |last=Protalinski |title=Instagram passes 80 million users |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/instagram-passes-80-million-users/ |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=July 26, 2012 |access-date=April 8, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; 100&amp;nbsp;million in February 2013,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Josh |last=Constine |title=Instagram Hits 100 Million Monthly Users 28 Months After Launch |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/02/26/instagram-100-million/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=April 8, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Julianne |last=Pepitone |title=Instagram hits 100 million users |url=https://money.cnn.com/2013/02/26/technology/social/instagram-100-million-users/ |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=April 8, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; 130&amp;nbsp;million in June 2013,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Crook |first=Jordan |date=June 20, 2013 |title=Instagram Crosses 130 Million Users, With 16 Billion Photos And Over 1 Billion Likes Per Day |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/20/instagram-crosses-130-million-users-with-16-billion-photos-and-over-1-billion-likes-per-day/ |access-date=May 31, 2017 |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 150&amp;nbsp;million in September 2013,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Brian Anthony |last=Hernandez |title=Instagram Reaches 150 Million Monthly Active Users |url=http://mashable.com/2013/09/08/instagram-150-million-monthly-active-users/ |website=[[Mashable]] |date=September 9, 2013 |access-date=April 8, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Cooper |last=Smith |title=Instagram Has 150 Million Monthly Active Users |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/instagram-has-150-million-monthly-active-users-2013-9 |website=[[Business Insider]] |date=September 9, 2013 |access-date=April 8, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; 300&amp;nbsp;million in December 2014,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Josh |last=Constine |title=Instagram Hits 300 Million Monthly Users To Surpass Twitter, Keeps It Real With Verified Badges |url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/12/10/not-a-fad/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=December 10, 2014 |access-date=April 8, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Laura |last=Lorenzetti |title=Instagram leaves Twitter in the dust with 300 million active users |url=http://fortune.com/2014/12/10/instagram-leaves-twitter-in-the-dust-with-300-million-active-users/ |website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |date=December 10, 2014 |access-date=April 8, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; 400&amp;nbsp;million in September 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Kathleen |last=Chaykowski |title=Instagram Hits 400 Million Users, Soaring Past Twitter |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kathleenchaykowski/2015/09/22/instagram-hits-400-million-users-soaring-past-twitter/ |website=[[Forbes]] |date=September 22, 2015 |access-date=April 8, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Jacob |last=Kastrenakes |title=Instagram is now used by 400 million people each month |url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/9/22/9374837/instagram-400-million-monthly-active-users |website=[[The Verge]] |date=September 22, 2015 |access-date=April 8, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; 500&amp;nbsp;million in June 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Kurt |last=Wagner |title=Instagram now has 500 million users |url=https://www.recode.net/2016/6/21/11987046/instagram-500-million-users |website=[[Recode]] |date=June 21, 2016 |access-date=April 8, 2017 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108165311/https://www.vox.com/2016/6/21/11987046/instagram-500-million-users |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Josh |last=Constine |title=Instagram doubles monthly users to 500M in 2 years, sees 300M daily |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/06/21/instagram-500-million/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=June 21, 2016 |access-date=April 8, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; 600&amp;nbsp;million in December 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Jon |last=Fingas |title=Instagram hits 600 million users as its growth speeds up |url=https://www.engadget.com/2016/12/15/instagram-hits-600-million-users/ |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=December 15, 2016 |access-date=April 8, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Janko |last=Roettgers |title=Instagram Now Has 600 Million Monthly Active Users |url=https://variety.com/2016/digital/news/instagram-600-million-monthly-active-users-1201943444/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=December 15, 2016 |access-date=April 8, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; 700&amp;nbsp;million in April 2017,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Josh |last=Constine |title=Instagram hits 700 million users, accelerating from 600M in December |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/26/instagram-700-million-users/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=April 26, 2017 |access-date=April 26, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Sam |last=Byford |title=Instagram is growing faster than ever |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/4/26/15431872/instagram-monthly-active-users-700-million-growth |website=[[The Verge]] |date=April 26, 2017 |access-date=April 26, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 800&amp;nbsp;million in September 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Anita |last=Balakrishnan |title=Instagram says it now has 800 million users, up 100 million since April |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/25/how-many-users-does-instagram-have-now-800-million.html |publisher=[[CNBC]] |date=September 25, 2017 |access-date=December 13, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Jacob |last=Kastrenakes |title=Instagram added 200 million daily users a year after launching Stories |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/9/25/16361356/instagram-500-million-daily-active-users |website=[[The Verge]] |date=September 25, 2017 |access-date=December 13, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In June 2011, Instagram passed 100&amp;nbsp;million photos uploaded to the service.&lt;ref name=&quot;Siegler2011&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Jennifer |last=Van Grove |title=Instagram by the Numbers: 5 Million Users &amp; 100 Million Photos |url=http://mashable.com/2011/06/13/instagram-5-million/ |website=[[Mashable]] |date=June 14, 2011 |access-date=May 31, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; This grew to 150&amp;nbsp;million in August 2011,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=MG |last=Siegler |title=The Latest Crazy Instagram Stats: 150 Million Photos, 15 Per Second, 80% Filtered |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/08/03/instagram-150-million/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=August 3, 2011 |access-date=May 31, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Devindra |last=Hardawar |title=Instagram snaps 150M photos, 7M users – still only 4 employees |url=https://venturebeat.com/2011/08/03/instagram-150-photos/ |website=[[VentureBeat]] |date=August 3, 2011 |access-date=May 31, 2017 |archive-date=January 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129002813/https://venturebeat.com/2011/08/03/instagram-150-photos/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; and by June 2023, there were over 50 billion photos uploaded to the service.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2023 |title=Unfiltered Instagram Statistics You'll Want to Share {{!}} DataProt |url=https://dataprot.net/statistics/instagram-statistics/ |access-date=January 23, 2024 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In October 2016, Instagram Stories reached 100&amp;nbsp;million active users, two months after launch.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Darrell |last=Etherington |title=Instagram Stories has 100 million daily active users after just 2 months |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/10/06/instagram-stories-has-100-million-daily-active-users-after-just-2-months/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=October 6, 2016 |access-date=June 20, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Oscar |last=Raymundo |title=Snapchat what? Instagram Stories racks up 100 million daily viewers |url=http://www.macworld.com/article/3128392/iphone-ipad/instagram-has-100-million-people-watching-its-live-stories-every-day.html |website=[[MacWorld]] |publisher=[[International Data Group]] |date=October 6, 2016 |access-date=June 20, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; This increased to 150&amp;nbsp;million in January 2017,&lt;ref name=&quot;tc-stories-150&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph-stories-150&quot; /&gt; 200&amp;nbsp;million in April, surpassing Snapchat's user growth,&lt;ref name=&quot;tc-stories-200&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;verge-stories-200&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;variety-stories-200&quot; /&gt; and 250&amp;nbsp;million active users in June 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first1=Kurt |last1=Wagner |first2=Rani |last2=Molla |title=Instagram Stories is still growing quickly and now has 250 million users |url=https://www.recode.net/2017/6/20/15836248/instagram-stories-250-million-users-snapchat |website=[[Recode]] |date=June 20, 2017 |access-date=June 20, 2017 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112001301/https://www.vox.com/2017/6/20/15836248/instagram-stories-250-million-users-snapchat |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tc-june2017-live&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first=Josh |last=Constine |title=Instagram Stories hits 250M daily users, adds Live video replays |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/06/20/instagram-live-video-replays/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=June 20, 2017 |access-date=June 20, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2017, Instagram Direct had 375&amp;nbsp;million monthly users.&lt;ref name=&quot;tc-2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cnet-2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;verge-2017&quot; /&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Countries with most active users (January 2025)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Instagram Users, Stats, Data, Trends, and More |url=https://datareportal.com/essential-instagram-stats |access-date=April 14, 2025 |website=DataReportal – Global Digital Insights |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401005448/https://datareportal.com/essential-instagram-stats |archive-date=April 1, 2025 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> !Rank<br /> !Country<br /> !Users<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |{{IND}}<br /> |414 million<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |{{USA}}<br /> |172 million<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |{{BRA}}<br /> |141 million<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |{{IDN}}<br /> |103 million<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |{{TUR}}<br /> |58.5 million<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |{{JPN}}<br /> |57.5 million<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |{{MEX}}<br /> |48.8 million<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |{{GBR}}<br /> |33.4 million<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |{{GER}}<br /> |31.3 million<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> |{{ARG}}<br /> |28.9 million<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Demographics ====<br /> {{as of|2014}}, Instagram's users are divided equally, with 50% iPhone owners and 50% Android owners. While Instagram has a neutral gender-bias format, 68% of Instagram users are female and 32% are male. Instagram's geographical use is shown to favor urban areas, as 17% of U.S. adults who live in urban areas use Instagram, while only 11% of adults in suburban and rural areas do so. While Instagram may appear to be one of the most widely used sites for photo sharing, only 7% of daily photo uploads, among the top four photo-sharing platforms, come from Instagram. Instagram has been proven to attract the younger generation, with 90% of its 150&amp;nbsp;million users under the age of 35. From June 2012 to June 2013, Instagram approximately doubled their number of users. With regards to income, 15% of U.S. Internet users who make less than $30,000 per year use Instagram, while 14% of those making $30,000 to $50,000 and 12% of users who make more than $50,000 per year do so.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/instagram-demographics-2013-12|title=Instagram Demographics|work=[[Business Insider]]|publisher=Smith, Cooper|date=March 13, 2014|access-date=June 10, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; With respect to the education demographic, respondents with some college education proved to be the most active on Instagram, with 23%. Following behind, college graduates consist of 18% and users with a high school diploma or less make up 15%. Among these Instagram users, 24% say they use the app several times a day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.marketingcharts.com/wp/online/the-demographics-of-instagram-and-snapchat-users-37745/|title=The Demographics of Instagram and Snapchat Users |publisher=Marketing Charts|date=October 29, 2013|access-date=June 10, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === User behavior ===<br /> Ongoing research continues to explore how media content on the platform affects user engagement. Past research has found that media which show people's faces receive more 'likes' and comments and that using filters that increase warmth, exposure, and contrast also boosts engagement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |doi=10.1145/2556288.2557403 |chapter=Faces engage us |title=Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |year=2014 |last1=Bakhshi |first1=Saeideh |last2=Shamma |first2=David A. |last3=Gilbert |first3=Eric |pages=965–974 |isbn=978-1-4503-2473-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Users are more likely to engage with images that depict fewer individuals compared to groups and they are also more likely to engage with content that has not been watermarked, as they view this content as less original and reliable compared to user-generated content.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Thomson |first1=T.J. |last2=Greenwood |first2=Keith |title=I 'Like' That: Exploring the Characteristics That Promote Social Media Engagement With News Photographs |journal=Visual Communication Quarterly |date=October 2, 2017 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=203–218 |doi=10.1080/15551393.2017.1388701 |url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/119022/7/119022.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Recently Instagram has come up with an option for users to apply for a verified account badge; however, this does not guarantee every user who applies will get the verified blue tick.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/how-to/how-to-get-your-instagram-account-verified-6835701.html|title=How to get your Instagram account verified|website=Firstpost|date=June 18, 2019|access-date=June 19, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The motives for using Instagram among young people are mainly to look at posts, particularly for the sake of social interactions and recreation. In contrast, the level of agreement expressed in creating Instagram posts was lower, which demonstrates that Instagram's emphasis on visual communication is widely accepted by young people in social communication.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Yi-Ting |last2=Su |first2=Sheng-Fang |title=Motives for Instagram Use and Topics of Interest among Young Adults |journal=Future Internet |date=August 9, 2018 |volume=10 |issue=8 |page=77 |doi=10.3390/fi10080077 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Performative activism ===<br /> In June 2020, because of the [[Black Lives Matter]] movement, Instagram became more widely used as a social justice platform.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nguyen |first=Terry |date=August 12, 2020 |title=PowerPoint activism is taking over your friends' Instagram accounts |url=https://www.vox.com/the-goods/21359098/social-justice-slideshows-instagram-activism |access-date=December 28, 2021 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cortez |first=Stevie |date=December 8, 2020 |title=Whom Is Instagram Activism Really Helping? |url=https://fordhamobserver.com/52763/opinions/whom-is-instagram-activism-really-helping/ |access-date=December 28, 2021 |website=The Observer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Instagram-based activism (as well as other social media) has been criticized and dismissed for being [[Performative activism|performative]], [[Reductionism|reductionist]], and overly focused on aesthetics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Corbett |first=Erin |date=May 25, 2021 |title=The Aesthetics Of Activism: How Instagram Changed Protesting |url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2021/05/10335757/instagram-activism-aesthetics-impact |access-date=December 28, 2021 |website=Refinery29.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Censorship and restricted content{{anchor|Allegations_of_censorship}} ==<br /> {{split section|Censorship of Instagram|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{split section|Censorship by Instagram|date=March 2026}}<br /> <br /> Like many [[social media]] sites, Instagram employs a combination of automated algorithms, user reports and human review to identify and remove illegal content such as [[child abuse]] and encouragement of [[terrorism]]. The system also aims to identify [[cyberbullying]], [[hate speech]] and [[misinformation]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Clune |first1=Conor |last2=McDaid |first2=Emma |title=Content moderation on social media: Constructing accountability in the digital space |journal=Accounting, Auditing &amp; Accountability Journal |year=2024 |volume=37 |pages=257–279 |doi=10.1108/AAAJ-11-2022-6119 |hdl=1959.4/unsworks_83595 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Although the U.S. government has little direct power to force social media sites to remove specific content, Instagram has on occasion done so voluntarily,&lt;ref name=&quot;EM&quot; /&gt; especially to avoid being seen as aiding the spread of [[fake news]]. On October 30, 2020, Instagram temporarily removed the &quot;recent&quot; tab on hashtag pages to prevent the spread of misinformation regarding the [[2020 United States presidential election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Carman|first=Ashley|date=October 30, 2020|title=Instagram nixes the &quot;recent&quot; tab from hashtag pages ahead of election|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/10/30/21541939/instagram-recent-hashtag-tab-election-2020|access-date=January 7, 2021|website=[[The Verge]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; On January 7, 2021, following the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack|attack on the U.S. Capitol]] by supporters of then-President [[Donald Trump]], Trump was banned from Instagram &quot;indefinitely&quot;. Zuckerberg stated &quot;We believe the risks of allowing the President to continue to use our service during this period are simply too great.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tyko|first=Kelly|title=President Trump blocked from posting to Facebook, Instagram 'indefinitely,' at least through end of term|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2021/01/07/facebook-trump-instagram-social-media-accounts-block-indefinitely-zuckerberg/6580221002/|access-date=January 7, 2021|website=[[USA Today]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Instagram has been criticized in India for not taking steps to counter homophobic and transphobic contents.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Bhat |first1=Adnan |last2=Andrabi |first2=Kaisar |date=April 1, 2024 |title=How Big Tech Platforms Like Instagram Are Failing LGBT Teens in India |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-big-tech-platforms-like-instagram-are-failing-lgbt-teens-in-india |access-date=April 24, 2024 |work=The Daily Beast |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the LGBT activist Indrajeet Ghorpade, &quot;Hateful homophobic content in English is removed but the same in Indian languages is allowed to remain on the platform... despite flagging the hateful and homophobic content to Instagram, no action has been taken.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 7, 2021 |title=LGBTQ community finds homophobia has a free run on Instagram, and pleas for help don't really work |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/lgbtq-community-finds-homophobia-has-a-free-run-on-instagram-and-pleas-for-help-dont-really-work-9869871.html |access-date=April 24, 2024 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023, a 16-year-old queer artist allegedly died by suicide after receiving thousands of hate comments on Instagram.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 26, 2023 |title=Teen queer artist kills self after receiving homophobic comments on Instagram |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/madhya-pradesh/teen-queer-artist-kills-self-after-receiving-homophobic-comments-on-instagram-2785500 |access-date=April 24, 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Illicit drugs ===<br /> Instagram has been the subject of criticism due to users publishing images of drugs they are selling on the platform. In 2013, the [[BBC]] discovered that users, mostly located in the United States, were posting images of drugs they were selling, attaching specific hashtags, and then completing transactions via instant messaging applications such as [[WhatsApp]]. Corresponding hashtags have been blocked as part of the company's response and a spokesperson engaged with the BBC explained:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-24842750|title=Instagram blocks some drugs advert tags after BBC probe|date=November 7, 2013|website=[[BBC News]]|access-date=May 31, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/nov/07/instagram-illegal-drugs-bbc-investigation|title=Instagram acts after BBC finds site users are advertising illegal drugs|last=Batty|first=David|date=November 7, 2013|website=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=May 31, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;Instagram has a clear set of rules about what is and isn't allowed on the site. We encourage people who come across illegal or inappropriate content to report it to us using the built-in reporting tools next to every photo, video or comment, so we can take action. People can't buy things on Instagram, we are simply a place where people share photos and videos.&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> However, new incidents of illegal drug trade have occurred in the aftermath of the 2013 revelation, with [[Meta Platforms|Facebook, Inc.]], Instagram's parent company, asking users who come across such content to report the material, at which time a &quot;dedicated team&quot; reviews the information.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2014/09/11/how-instagrams-drug-deals-go-undetected/|title=How Instagram's drug deals go undetected|last=Babb|first=Fletcher|date=September 19, 2014|website=[[VentureBeat]]|access-date=May 31, 2017|archive-date=December 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204063835/https://venturebeat.com/2014/09/11/how-instagrams-drug-deals-go-undetected/}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, Facebook announced that influencers are no longer able to post any [[Electronic cigarette|vape]], [[tobacco]] products, and [[weapon]]s promotions on Facebook and Instagram.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/18/tech/instagram-influencers-vaping-guns/index.html|title=Instagram influencers can no longer promote vaping and guns|first=Kaya|last=Yurieff|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=December 18, 2019|access-date=December 19, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Women's bodies ===<br /> In October 2013, Instagram deleted the account of Canadian photographer [[Petra Collins]] after she posted a photo of herself in which a very small area of pubic hair was visible above the top of her bikini bottom. Collins claimed that the account deletion was unfounded because it broke none of Instagram's terms and conditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/petra-collins/why-instagram-censored-my-body_b_4118416.html|title=Why Instagram Censored My Body|last=Collins|first=Petra|date=January 23, 2014|website=[[HuffPost]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|access-date=May 31, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Audra Schroeder of ''[[The Daily Dot]]'' further wrote that &quot;Instagram's terms of use state users can't post 'pornographic or sexually suggestive photos.'&quot; You can indeed find more sexually suggestive photos on the site than Collins', where women show the side of &quot;femininity&quot; the world is &quot;used to&quot; seeing and accepting.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dailydot.com/irl/instagram-petra-collins-deleted-censorship/|title=Was this tame photo too racy for Instagram?|last=Schroeder|first=Audra|date=October 17, 2013|website=[[The Daily Dot]]|access-date=May 31, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nick Drewe of ''[[The Daily Beast]]'' wrote a report the same month focusing on hashtags that users are unable to search for, including #sex, #bubblebutt, and #ballsack, despite allowing #faketits, #gunsforsale and #sexytimes, calling the discrepancy &quot;nonsensical and inconsistent&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/10/30/instagram-s-sex-censorship-is-inconsistent-and-hilarious|title=Instagram's Sex Censorship is Inconsistent and Hilarious|last=Drewe|first=Nick|date=October 30, 2013|newspaper=[[The Daily Beast]]|access-date=May 31, 2017|publisher=[[IAC (company)|IAC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Similar incidents occurred in January 2015, when Instagram deleted Australian fashion agency Sticks and Stones Agency's account because of a photograph including pubic hair sticking out of bikini bottoms,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/01/21/instagram-ban-the-bush_n_6508694.html|title=Did Instagram Ban This Account Because of a Photo Showing Women's Pubic Hair?|last=Hinde|first=Natasha|date=January 23, 2015|website=[[HuffPost]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|access-date=May 31, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; and March 2015, when artist and poet [[Rupi Kaur]]'s photos of menstrual blood on clothing were removed, prompting a rallying post on her Facebook and [[Tumblr]] accounts with the text &quot;We will not be censored&quot;, gaining over 11,000 shares.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/apr/10/pics-or-it-didnt-happen-reclaiming-instagrams-censored-art|title=Pics Or It Didn't Happen: reclaiming Instagram's censored art|last=Banks|first=Grace|date=April 10, 2017|website=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=May 31, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The incidents have led to a #FreetheNipple campaign, aimed at challenging Instagram's removal of photos displaying women's nipples. Although Instagram has not made many comments on the campaign,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.allure.com/story/free-the-nipple-instagram-account|title=Free the Nipple: You Need to See This Badass Instagram Account|last=Fuller|first=Gillian|date=December 7, 2016|website=[[Allure (magazine)|Allure]]|access-date=May 31, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; an October 2015 explanation from CEO Kevin Systrom highlighted [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s content guidelines for apps published through its [[App Store (Apple)|App Store]], including Instagram, in which apps must designate the appropriate age ranking for users, with the app's current rating being 12+ years of age. However, this statement has also been called into question due to other apps with more explicit content allowed on the store, the lack of consequences for men exposing their bodies on Instagram, and for inconsistent treatment of what constitutes inappropriate exposure of the female body.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nylon.com/articles/instagram-free-the-nipple-guidelines|title=Instagram Explains Why It Won't #FreetheNipple|last=Deczynski|first=Rebecca|date=October 5, 2015|website=[[Nylon (magazine)|Nylon]]|publisher=Diversis Capital|access-date=May 31, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/free-the-nipple-what-types-of-nipples-are-allowed-on-instagram-a6683271.html|title=Free the Nipple: What types of nipples are allowed on Instagram?|last=Bolton|first=Doug|date=October 6, 2015|access-date=May 31, 2017|website=[[The Independent]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Government of Iran|Iranian government]] offered moderators bribes up to $9,000 to delete specific accounts, with [[Masih Alinejad]] being targeted in particular.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-61516126 | title=Instagram moderators say Iran offered them bribes to remove accounts | work=[[BBC News]] | date=May 26, 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Criticisms and controversies===<br /> In January 2020, after the [[Assassination of Qasem Soleimani]] by the United States, Instagram removed posts expressing support for General Soleimani. Instagram stated that this action with U.S. sanctions against Iran. Officials described the move as &quot; undemocratic&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=O'Sullivan and Moshtaghian |first1=Donie and Artemis |title=Instagram says it's removing posts supporting Soleimani to comply with US sanctions |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/10/tech/instagram-iran-soleimani-posts/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=January 13, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> in May 2021, in [[2021 Israel–Palestine crisis|The eviction of Palestinian families from Sheikh Jarrah]], which became emblematic of the Israeli-Palestinian struggle over land rights, identity, and sovereignty in Jerusalem,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ayyub|first1=Rami|last2=El-Haroun|first2=Zainah|last3=Farrell|first3=Stephen|title=East Jerusalem's Sheikh Jarrah becomes emblem of Palestinian struggle |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/east-jerusalems-sheikh-jarrah-becomes-emblem-palestinian-struggle-2021-05-10/ |website=Reuters |date=May 10, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Users, including journalists and human rights activists, reported that Instagram removed content, limited visibility (shadow banning), and restricted accounts referencing the potential eviction of Palestinians from East Jerusalem. Instagram denied intentional censorship and attributed the deletion of Palestinian posts to glitches. Digital rights groups such as [[7amleh]] and [[Access Now]] argue that the removal of Palestinian content reflects broader issues of digital discrimination and have called for greater transparency from social media platforms.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gebeily |first1=Maya |title=Instagram, Twitter blame glitches for deleting Palestinian posts |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/technology/instagram-twitter-blame-glitches-for-deleting-palestinian-posts-idUSL8N2MU624/ |website=Reuters |date=May 10, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2023, Instagram labeled some users' profile bios as containing the term &quot;terrorist&quot; if they included the Palestinian flag emoji and the Arabic phrase &quot;[[Alhamdulillah]] ({{langx|ar|ٱلْحَمْدُ لِلَّٰهِ}}, ''{{Transliteration|ar|al-Ḥamdu lillāh}}''),&quot; which means &quot;Praise be to God.&quot; The platform's automated translation system incorrectly interpreted the phrase as &quot;Palestinian terrorists are fighting for their freedom.&quot; Instagram attributed the error to a computerized translation system, apologized, and corrected the translation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=McMahon and Tidy |first1=Liv and Joe |title=Instagram sorry for adding 'terrorist' to some Palestinian user bios |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-67169228 |publisher=BBC |date=October 20, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Josh |title=Instagram apologises for adding 'terrorist' to some Palestinian user profiles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/oct/20/instagram-palestinian-user-profile-bios-terrorist-added-translation-meta-apology |website=The Guardian |date=October 20, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In February 2026, a court filling revealed that nearly 19% of users aged 13 to 15 told Meta that they saw “nudity or sexual images on Instagram” that they didn’t want to view on Instagram.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meta users survey found 19% of young teens on Instagram report seeing unwanted nude images |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/business/meta-users-survey-found-19-young-teens-instagram-report-seeing-unwanted-nude-images-5947691 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=CNA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Censorship by countries ===<br /> Censorship has occurred in several countries.<br /> <br /> ==== China ====<br /> {{See also|Internet censorship in China}}<br /> Instagram has been blocked by China following the [[2014 Hong Kong protests]] as many confrontations with police and incidents occurring during the protests were recorded and photographed. Hong Kong and Macau were not affected as they are part of [[special administrative regions of China]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-29409533|title=Instagram appears blocked in China|date=June 2018|work=[[BBC News]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129223651/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-29409533|archive-date=November 29, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sometimes the phrase &quot;Chinese Instagram&quot; is used to refer to [[Xiaohongshu]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tang |first=Shiyi |date=March 3, 2022 |title=How to Grow Your Business in Xiaohongshu - GPI Translations Blog |url=https://www.globalizationpartners.com/2022/03/03/how-to-grow-your-business-in-xiaohongshu/ |access-date=July 7, 2023 |website=Globalization Partners International |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Perik |first=Nina |date=September 13, 2022 |title=Little Red Book Marketing — How to Advertise on the &quot;Chinese Instagram&quot;? |url=https://maf.ad/en/little-red-book-marketing-chinese-instagram/ |access-date=July 7, 2023 |website=MAF |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; a competitor social media app which is not to be confused with Instagram.<br /> <br /> ==== Cuba ====<br /> The Cuban government blocked access to several social media platforms, including Instagram, to curb the spread of information during the [[2021 Cuban protests]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Cuba's internet cutoff: A go-to tactic to suppress dissent |url=https://apnews.com/article/business-technology-cuba-ca1ae7975e04481e8cbd56d62a7fb30e |access-date=July 14, 2021 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=July 13, 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Iran ====<br /> {{See also|Internet censorship in Iran}}<br /> Instagram was one of the last freely available global social media sites in Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Maziar|last=Motamedi|title=Iran's internet bill expected to progress despite overturned vote|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/23/irans-internet-bill-expected-to-progress-despite-overturned-vote|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=February 23, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[International Federation of Journalists|IFJ]], Instagram is popular among Iranians because it is seen as an outlet for freedom and a &quot;window to the world&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first=Kersten|last=Knipp|title=Why is the Iranian regime wary of Instagram?|url=https://www.dw.com/en/why-is-the-iranian-regime-wary-of-instagram/a-53915013|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=June 23, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Still, Iran has sentenced citizens to prison for posts made on their Instagram accounts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=January 17, 2021|title=The Instagrammers who worry Iran|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-55631078|access-date=October 7, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Iranian government blocked Instagram periodically during [[2019–2020 Iranian protests|anti-government protests in 2019-20]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Iran releases messaging app to replace Telegram|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/4/26/iran-releases-messaging-app-soroush-to-replace-telegram|date=April 26, 2018|access-date=June 20, 2021|publisher=Al Jazeera|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July 2021, Instagram temporarily censored videos with the phrase &quot;death to [[Ali Khamenei|Khamenei]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Instagram restores anti-government Iran videos citing 'public interest'|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iran-instagram-restores-anti-government-videos-public-interest-exemption|first=Alex |last=MacDonald|date=July 22, 2021|access-date=October 7, 2021|website=Middle East Eye|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As of September 2022, it was blocked permanently, along with WhatsApp, with an exception made for tourists and corporations who request its use.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=مومنی |first=علی |date=February 24, 2023 |title=اینترنت طبقاتی، این بار برای توریست‌ها‌/ گردشگرها سیم‌کارت بدون فیلتر می‌گیرند |url=https://peivast.com/p/156331 |access-date=February 24, 2023 |website=پیوست |language=fa-IR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=نقاش |first1=بابک |last2=املاکی |first2=نیما |date=January 31, 2023 |title=چه کسانی درخواست اینترنت بدون فیلتر کرده‌اند؟ |url=https://peivast.com/p/153839 |access-date=February 24, 2023 |website=پیوست |language=fa-IR}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== North Korea ====<br /> {{See also|Internet in North Korea}}<br /> A few days after a fire incident that happened in the [[Koryo Hotel]] in North Korea on June 11, 2015, authorities blocked Instagram to prevent photos of the incident from being spread.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/2939152/after-photo-leak-north-korea-said-to-block-instagram.html|title=After photo leak, North Korea said to block Instagram|date=June 2018|newspaper=PC World}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Russia ====<br /> On March 11, 2022, Russia announced it would ban Instagram due to alleged &quot;calls for violence against Russian troops&quot; on the platform during the ongoing [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-60709208 |title=War in Ukraine: Instagram banned in Russia over 'calls to violence' |work=[[BBC News]]|date=March 11, 2022 |access-date=March 21, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; On March 14, the ban took effect, with almost 80 million users losing access to Instagram.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/3/14/22976603/russia-bans-instagram-facebook-meta-call-to-violence |title=Russia bans Instagram as promised, blocking access for 80 million users |work=[[The Verge]] |last=Vincent |first=James |date=March 14, 2022 |access-date=March 21, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Instagram along with Facebook are labelled as extremist by Russian government, making it illegal to use with VPN if the law was passed on July 17, 2025, to criminalise searching and accessing to extremist materials even with VPN, with a fines from 3000 to 5000 rubles (€30 to €50) by the September 1, 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2025 |title=New Russian law criminalises searching for content deemed 'extremist' |url=http://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2025/07/22/new-russian-law-criminalises-searching-for-content-deemed-extremist |access-date=October 20, 2025 |website=euronews |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Turkey ====<br /> On August 2, 2024, Instagram was banned by [[Information and Communication Technologies Authority (Turkey)]] after the [[Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=August 2, 2024 |title=Turkey Blocks Access To Instagram For Failure To Comply With Laws |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkey-blocks-access-instagram-platform-gives-no-reason-2024-08-02/ |work=[[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ban lasted for nine days and was lifted on August 10, 2024, with Instagram accepting the government's demands and agreeing to work with authorities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=August 10, 2024 |title=Turkey restores access to Instagram after 9-day block |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/08/10/turkey-restores-access-to-instagram-after-9-day-block.html |publisher=[[CNBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== United States ====<br /> In the U.S., there is relatively little government regulation of social media content, with most content removal taking place on a voluntary basis by the companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;EM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Spandana |date=July 22, 2019 |title=Everything in Moderation |url=http://newamerica.org/oti/reports/everything-moderation-analysis-how-internet-platforms-are-using-artificial-intelligence-moderate-user-generated-content/ |access-date=July 20, 2024 |website=[[New America (organization)|New America]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; One exception was in January 2020, when Instagram and its parent company, Facebook, Inc., removed posts &quot;that voice support for slain Iranian commander [[Qasem Soleimani]] to comply with US sanctions&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=O'Sullivan|first1=Donie|last2=Moshtaghian|first2=Artemis|title=Instagram says it's removing posts supporting Soleimani to comply with US sanctions|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/10/tech/instagram-iran-soleimani-posts/index.html|access-date=January 11, 2020|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=January 11, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Following the election of [[Donald Trump]] in 2025, various sources noted possible censorship related to the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] on Instagram and other Meta platforms.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Dedezade |first1=Esat |title=Meta Faces Backlash As Democrat-Related Terms Disappear From Instagram |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/esatdedezade/2025/01/21/meta-faces-backlash-as-democrat-related-terms-disappear-from-instagram/ |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Haysom |first1=Sam |title=Is Instagram blocking the #Democrat hashtag? |url=https://mashable.com/article/instagram-blocking-democrat-hashtag |website=Mashable |publisher=Ziff Davis |access-date=January 22, 2025 |language=en |date=January 21, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gerken |first1=Tom |title=Instagram hides search results for 'Democrats' |date=January 21, 2025 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4g32yxpdz0o|publisher=BBC |access-date=January 22, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> === Awards ===<br /> Instagram was the runner-up for &quot;Best Mobile App&quot; at the 2010 ''[[TechCrunch]]'' Crunchies in January 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/01/21/congratulations-crunchies-winners-twitter-takes-best-startup-of-2010/|title=Congratulations Crunchies Winners!|date=January 25, 2011|work=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|access-date=October 4, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2011, ''[[Fast Company]]'' listed CEO Kevin Systrom at number 66 in &quot;The 100 Most Creative People in Business in 2011&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fastcompany.com/most-creative-people/2011/kevin-systrom-instagram|title=The 100 Most Creative People in Business in 2011|date=May 2011|work=[[Fast Company]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101125115/http://www.fastcompany.com/most-creative-people/2011/kevin-systrom-instagram|archive-date=November 1, 2011|access-date=October 4, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2011, [[Inc. (magazine)|''Inc.'']] included co-founders Systrom and Krieger in its 2011 &quot;30 Under 30&quot; list.&lt;ref name=&quot;inc2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.inc.com/30under30/2011/profile-kevin-systrom-mike-krieger-founders-instagram.html|title=Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger, Founders of Instagram|last=Lagorio|first=Christine|date=June 27, 2011|work=[[Inc. (magazine)|Inc.]]|access-date=October 4, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Instagram won &quot;Best Locally Made App&quot; in the ''[[SF Weekly]]'' Web Awards in September 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://blogs.sfweekly.com/exhibitionist/2011/09/sf_weekly_web_awards_2011_we_h.php|title=SF Weekly Web Awards 2011: We Have Some Winners!|last=Swearingen|first=Jake|date=September 2, 2011|work=[[SF Weekly]]|access-date=October 4, 2011|archive-date=November 8, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108000852/http://blogs.sfweekly.com/exhibitionist/2011/09/sf_weekly_web_awards_2011_we_h.php}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[7x7 (magazine)|7x7Magazine]]'''s September 2011 issue featured Systrom and Krieger on the cover of their &quot;The Hot 20 2011&quot; issue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.7x7.com/magazine/hot-20-2011|title=The Hot 20 2011|date=September 23, 2011|work=[[7x7 (magazine)|7x7]]|access-date=October 4, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2011, [[Apple Inc.]] named Instagram the &quot;App of the Year&quot; for 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/apple-names-instagram-top-app-of-the-year/2011/12/09/gIQAg1VuhO_story.html|title=Apple names Instagram top app of the year|last=Tsukayama|first=Hayley|date=December 9, 2011|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=December 9, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015, Instagram was named No. 1 by [[Mashable]] on its list of &quot;The 100 best iPhone apps of all time&quot;, noting Instagram as &quot;one of the most influential social networks in the world.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Mashable.com [http://mashable.com/2015/12/08/100-best-iphone-apps/ &quot;The 100 best iPhone apps of all time&quot;] Published December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Instagram was listed among ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''{{'}}s &quot;50 Best Android Applications for 2013&quot; list.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://techland.time.com/2013/07/01/50-best-android-apps-for-2013/slide/instagram/|title=50 Best Android Apps for 2013|last=Newman|first=Jared|date=June 30, 2013|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704152242/http://techland.time.com/2013/07/01/50-best-android-apps-for-2013/slide/instagram/|archive-date=July 4, 2013|url-status=live|access-date=April 12, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Mental health ===<br /> {{See also|Social media and suicide}}<br /> In May 2017, a survey conducted by the United Kingdom's [[Royal Society for Public Health]], featuring 1,479 people aged 14–24 and asking them to rate social media platforms depending on anxiety, depression, loneliness, bullying and body image, concluded that Instagram was the &quot;worst for young mental health&quot;. Some have suggested it may contribute to [[Digital media use and mental health|digital dependence]], whilst this same survey noticed its positive effects, including self-expression, self-identity, and community building. In response to the survey, Instagram said that &quot;Keeping Instagram a safe and supportive place for young people was a top priority&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-39955295|title=Instagram 'worst for young mental health'|date=May 18, 2017|website=[[BBC News]]|access-date=May 19, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/instagram-rated-worst-media-mental-health-032700830.html|title=Instagram rated worst media for mental health|date=May 19, 2017|publisher=[[Yahoo! News]]|access-date=May 19, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company filters out the reviews and accounts. If some of the accounts violate Instagram's community guidelines, it will take action, which could include banning them.&lt;ref name=Holson2018&gt;{{cite news |last1=Holson |first1=Laura M. |title=Instagram Unveils a Bully Filter |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/01/technology/instagram-bully-filter.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501204605/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/01/technology/instagram-bully-filter.html |archive-date=May 1, 2018 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 1, 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2017, researchers from [[Harvard University]] and [[University of Vermont]] demonstrated a [[machine learning]] tool that successfully outperformed general practitioners' diagnostic success rate for depression. The tool used color analysis, metadata components, and face detection of users' feeds.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Reece|first1=Andrew G.|last2=Danforth|first2=Christopher M.|year=2017|title=Instagram photos reveal predictive markers of depression|journal=EPJ Data Science|volume=6|issue=1|page=15|arxiv=1608.03282|doi=10.1140/epjds/s13688-017-0110-z }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, Instagram began to test the hiding of like counts for posts made by its users, with the feature later made available to everyone.&lt;ref name=&quot;HP&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Newton&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Newton |first=Casey |date=May 27, 2021 |title=What Instagram really learned from hiding like counts |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/5/27/22456206/instagram-hiding-likes-experiment-results-platformer |access-date=March 1, 2024 |website=The Verge |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021, Instagram announced that like counts would return to be publicly viewable by default. Users can choose to switch them off for their whole feed or on a per-post basis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Newton&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Correlations have been made between Instagram content and dissatisfaction with one's body, as a result of people comparing themselves to other users. In a recent survey, half of the applicants admitted to photo editing behavior which has been linked with concerns over body image.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Minsum |title=Social media photo activity, internalization, appearance comparison, and body satisfaction: The moderating role of photo-editing behavior |journal=Computers in Human Behavior |date=Jan 2021 |volume=114 |article-number=106579 |doi=10.1016/j.chb.2020.106579 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In October 2021, CNN published an article and interviews on two young women, Ashlee Thomas and Anastasia Vlasova, saying Instagram endangered their lives due to it having toxic effects on their diets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/09/us/instagram-eating-disorders/index.html|title = How Instagram led to two teens' eating disorders|publisher = [[CNN]]|date = October 9, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2023, 42 U.S. states filed a lawsuit against Instagram and parent company Meta, accusing them of contributing to a youth mental health crisis due to the addictive nature of the platforms. The lawsuit claimed that Meta and its Instagram unit repeatedly misled the public about the dangers of its platforms and knowingly induced young children and teenagers into addictive and compulsive social media use. Meta representatives replied that they were disappointed with the lawsuit and were hoping instead to continue working with other companies from the industry to create new and better standards for applications teens use.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Paul |first=Kari |date=October 24, 2023 |title=Meta sued by 33 states over claims youth mental health endangered by Instagram |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/oct/24/instagram-lawsuit-meta-sued-teen-mental-health-us |access-date=October 26, 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Stempel |first1=Jonathan |last2=Bartz |first2=Diane |last3=Raymond |first3=Nate |last4=Bartz |first4=Diane |last5=Raymond |first5=Nate |date=October 25, 2023 |title=Meta's Instagram linked to depression, anxiety, insomnia in kids - US states' lawsuit |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/dozens-us-states-sue-meta-platforms-harming-mental-health-young-people-2023-10-24/ |access-date=October 26, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Negative comments ====<br /> In response to abusive and negative comments on users' photos, Instagram has made efforts to give users more control over their posts and accompanying comments field. In July 2016, it announced that users would be able to turn off comments for their posts, as well as control the language used in comments by inputting words they consider offensive, which will ban applicable comments from showing up.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2016/07/29/instagram-will-soon-let-you-filter-comments-on-your-own-account/|title=Instagram will soon let you filter comments on your own account|last=Tsukayama|first=Hayley|date=July 29, 2016|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=June 29, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/7/29/12327312/instagram-anti-harassment-commenting-tools|title=Instagram is building the anti-harassment tools Twitter won't|last=Kastrenakes|first=Jacob|date=July 29, 2016|website=[[The Verge]]|access-date=June 29, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the July 2016 announcement, the ability to ban specific words began rolling out early August to celebrities,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/8/2/12365786/instagram-anti-abuse-comment-filter-celebrity-chrissy-teigen|title=Instagram's anti-abuse comment filter is rolling out now|last=McCormick|first=Rich|date=August 2, 2016|website=[[The Verge]]|access-date=June 29, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; followed by regular users in September.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/12/12887514/instagram-comments-abusive-words-filter-section|title=Instagram is now letting everyone filter abusive words out of their comments|last=Carman|first=Ashley|date=September 12, 2016|website=[[The Verge]]|access-date=June 29, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; In December, the company began rolling out the abilities for users to turn off the comments and, for private accounts, remove followers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/12/6/13853172/instagram-turn-off-comments-remove-followers|title=Instagram will soon let you turn off comments and boot followers from private accounts|last=Vincent|first=James|date=December 6, 2016|website=[[The Verge]]|access-date=June 29, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OBrien2016&quot;/&gt; In June 2017, Instagram announced that it would automatically attempt to filter offensive, harassing, and &quot;spammy&quot; comments by default. The system is built using a Facebook-developed [[deep learning]] algorithm known as DeepText (first implemented on the social network to detect spam comments), which utilizes [[natural-language processing]] techniques, and can also filter by user-specified keywords.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|last=Thompson|first=Nicholas|date=June 29, 2017|title=Instagram unleashes an AI system to blast away nasty comments|url=https://www.wired.com/story/instagram-launches-ai-system-to-blast-nasty-comments/|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|access-date=June 29, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/06/29/instagram-implements-an-ai-system-to-fight-mean-and-harassing-comments/|title=Instagram implements an AI system to fight mean and harassing comments|last=Etherington|first=Darrell|date=June 29, 2017|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|access-date=June 29, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Holson2018&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2017, the company announced that public users would be able to limit who can comment on their content, such as only their followers or people they follow. At the same time, it updated its automated comment filter to support additional languages.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/26/instagram-now-lets-you-choose-who-can-comment-on-your-posts/ |title=Instagram now lets you choose who can comment on your posts |last=Etherington |first=Darrell |date=September 26, 2017 |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[Oath Inc.]] |access-date=December 13, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/9/26/16366060/instagram-comment-controls-launch |title=Instagram now lets you limit who can comment on your pics |last=Kastrenakes |first=Jacob |date=September 26, 2017 |website=[[The Verge]] |access-date=December 13, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July 2019, the service announced that it would introduce a system to proactively detect problematic comments and encourage the user to reconsider their comment, as well as allowing users the ability to &quot;restrict&quot; others' abilities to communicate with them, citing that younger users felt the existing block system was too much of an escalation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bryant2019&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> An April 2022 study by the [[Center for Countering Digital Hate]] found that Instagram failed to act on 90% of abusive direct messages (DMs) sent to five high-profile women, despite the DMs being reported to moderators. The participants of the study included actress [[Amber Heard]], journalist [[Bryony Gordon]], television presenter [[Rachel Riley]], activist Jamie Klingler and magazine founder [[Sharan Dhaliwal]]. Instagram disputed many of the study's conclusions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Lorenz |first1=Taylor |last2=Dwoskin |first2=Elizabeth |date=April 6, 2022 |title=Some women shared the messages they get on Instagram. It's not pretty. |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/04/06/instagram-women-harassment/ |access-date=April 9, 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sung |first=Morgan |date=April 7, 2022 |title=Instagram 'systemically fails' to protect high-profile women from abuse, study finds |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/viral/instagram-ignores-dm-abuse-study-rcna23271 |access-date=April 9, 2022 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Kari |date=April 6, 2022 |title=High-profile women on Instagram face 'epidemic of misogynist abuse', study finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/apr/05/high-profile-women-on-instagram-face-epidemic-of-misogynist-abuse-study-finds |access-date=April 9, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Culture ===<br /> On August 9, 2012, English musician [[Ellie Goulding]] released a new music video for her song &quot;[[Anything Could Happen]]&quot;. The video only contained fan-submitted Instagram photographs that used various filters to represent words or lyrics from the song, and over 1,200 different photographs were submitted.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2012/08/09/ellie-goulding-instagram-music-video/|title=Singer Composes Music Video From Fans' Instagram Photos|last=Colbert|first=Annie|date=August 9, 2012|website=[[Mashable]]|access-date=May 31, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Security ===<br /> In August 2017, reports surfaced that a [[software bug|bug]] in Instagram's developer tools had allowed &quot;one or more individuals&quot; to gain access to the contact information, specifically email addresses and phone numbers, of several high-profile verified accounts, including its most followed user, [[Selena Gomez]]. The company said in a statement that it had &quot;fixed the bug swiftly&quot; and was running an investigation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Newton|first=Casey|date=August 30, 2017|title=Hackers exploited an Instagram bug to get celebrity phone numbers and email addresses|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/8/30/16229198/instagram-hack-api-bug-selena-gomez-justin-bieber|access-date=December 13, 2017|website=[[The Verge]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Coldewey|first=Devin|date=August 30, 2017|title=Instagram bug leaked data on 'high-profile' users, company warns|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/08/30/instagram-bug-leaked-data-on-high-profile-users-company-warns/|access-date=December 13, 2017|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[Oath Inc.]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the following month, more details emerged, with a group of hackers selling contact information online, with the affected number of accounts in the &quot;millions&quot; rather than the previously assumed limitation on verified accounts. Hours after the hack, a searchable database was posted online, charging $10 per search.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hack in millions&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Newton|first=Casey|date=September 1, 2017|title=An Instagram hack hit millions of accounts, and victims' phone numbers are now for sale|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/9/1/16244304/instagram-hack-api-bug-doxagram-selena-gomez|access-date=December 13, 2017|website=[[The Verge]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The Daily Beast]]'' was provided with a sample of the affected accounts and could confirm that, while many of the email addresses could be found with a [[Google]] search in public sources, some did not return relevant Google search results and thus were from private sources.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Cox|first=Joseph|date=August 31, 2017|title=Hackers Make Searchable Database to Dox Instagram Celebs|newspaper=[[The Daily Beast]]|publisher=[[IAC (company)|IAC]]|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/hackers-make-searchable-database-to-dox-instagram-celebs|access-date=December 13, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The Verge]]'' wrote that cybersecurity firm RepKnight had found contact information for multiple actors, musicians, and athletes,&lt;ref name=&quot;Hack in millions&quot; /&gt; and singer Selena Gomez's account was used by the hackers to post naked photos of her ex-boyfriend [[Justin Bieber]]. The company admitted that &quot;we cannot determine which specific accounts may have been impacted&quot;, but believed that &quot;it was a low percentage of Instagram accounts&quot;, though ''[[TechCrunch]]'' stated in its report that six million accounts were affected by the hack, and that &quot;Instagram services more than 700 million accounts; six million is not a small number&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Buhr|first=Sarah|date=September 1, 2017|title=Hackers claim to have personal info of millions of Instagram accounts, including celebs|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/01/hackers-are-selling-millions-of-instagram-celeb-accounts-on-the-web/|access-date=December 13, 2017|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[Oath Inc.]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2019, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] pulled an app which let users stalk people on Instagram by scraping accounts and collecting data.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Peters|first=Jay|date=November 11, 2019|title=Apple pulls app that let you stalk people you follow on Instagram|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/11/20959419/apple-instagram-like-patrol-app-following-tab|website=[[The Verge]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iran has [[Deep packet inspection|DPI blocking]] for Instagram.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ooni.org/post/2018-iran-protests-pt2/ |title=Iran Protests: DPI blocking of Instagram (Part 2) |work=OONI |date=February 14, 2018 |access-date=August 20, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2024, Meta paid out a $101 million fine for storing up to 600 million passwords of Instagram and Facebook users in plain text. The practice was initially discovered in 2019, though reports indicate passwords were stored in plain text since 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Lovejoy |first1=Ben |title=Up to 600 million Facebook and Instagram passwords stored in plain text |url=https://9to5mac.com/2024/09/27/up-to-600-million-facebook-and-instagram-passwords-stored-in-plain-text/ |website=9to5Mac |access-date=September 29, 2024 |date=September 27, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Content ownership ===<br /> On December 17, 2012, Instagram announced a change to its Terms of Service policy, adding the following sentence:&lt;ref name=&quot;verge-policy&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Patel|first=Nilay|date=December 18, 2012|title=No, Instagram can't sell your photos: what the new terms of service really mean|url=https://www.theverge.com/2012/12/18/3780158/instagrams-new-terms-of-service-what-they-really-mean|access-date=April 24, 2017|website=[[The Verge]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|To help us deliver interesting paid or sponsored content or promotions, you agree that a business or other entity may pay us to display your username, likeness, photos (along with any associated metadata), and/or actions you take, in connection with paid or sponsored content or promotions, without any compensation to you.}}<br /> <br /> There was no option for users to opt out of the changed Terms of Service without deleting their accounts before the new policy went into effect on January 16, 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=December 18, 2012|title=Instagram seeks right to sell access to photos to advertisers|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-20767537|access-date=April 24, 2017|publisher=[[BBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The move garnered severe criticism from users,&lt;ref name=&quot;cnet criticism&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=McCullaugh|first1=Declan|last2=Tam|first2=Donna|date=December 18, 2012|title=Instagram apologizes to users: We won't sell your photos|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/instagram-apologizes-to-users-we-wont-sell-your-photos/|access-date=April 24, 2017|publisher=[[CNET]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hernandez|first=Brian Anthony|date=December 18, 2012|title=15 Celebrities Outraged by Instagram's Privacy Policy|url=http://mashable.com/2012/12/18/celebrity-outrage-instagram-terms-of-service/|access-date=May 31, 2017|website=[[Mashable]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; prompting Instagram CEO Kevin Systrom to write a blog post one day later, announcing that they would &quot;remove&quot; the offending language from the policy. Citing misinterpretations about its intention to &quot;communicate that we'd like to experiment with innovative advertising that feels appropriate on Instagram&quot;, Systrom also stated that it was &quot;our mistake that this language is confusing&quot; and that &quot;it is not our intention to sell your photos&quot;. Furthermore, he wrote that they would work on &quot;updated language in the terms to make sure this is clear&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Systrom|first=Kevin|author-link=Kevin Systrom|date=December 18, 2012|title=Thank you, and we're listening|url=http://blog.instagram.com/post/38252135408/thank-you-and-were-listening|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219104024/http://blog.instagram.com/post/38252135408/thank-you-and-were-listening|archive-date=December 19, 2012|access-date=April 24, 2017|website=Instagram Blog|publisher=Instagram}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cnet criticism&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The policy change and its backlash caused competing photo services to use the opportunity to &quot;try to lure users away&quot; by promoting their privacy-friendly services,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=McCullaugh|first=Declan|date=December 18, 2012|title=Instagram rivals try to lure users away after photo rights flap|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/instagram-rivals-try-to-lure-users-away-after-photo-rights-flap/|access-date=April 24, 2017|publisher=[[CNET]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and some services experienced substantial gains in momentum and user growth following the news.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Perlroth|first1=Nicole|last2=Wortham|first2=Jenna|date=December 20, 2012|title=Instagram's Loss Is a Gain for Its Rivals|url=https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/20/instagrams-loss-is-other-apps-gain/|access-date=April 24, 2017|website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; On December 20, Instagram announced that the advertising section of the policy would be reverted to its original October 2010 version.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=McDermott|first=John|date=December 21, 2012|title=Amid Criticism, Instagram Reverts to Old Terms of Service|url=http://adage.com/article/digital/amid-criticism-instagram-reverts-terms-service/238895/|access-date=April 24, 2017|website=[[Advertising Age]]|publisher=[[Crain Communications]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The Verge]]'' wrote about that policy as well, however, noting that the original policy gives the company right to &quot;place such advertising and promotions on the Instagram Services or on, about, or in conjunction with your Content&quot;, meaning that &quot;Instagram has always had the right to use your photos in ads, almost any way it wants. We could have had the exact same freakout last week, or a year ago, or the day Instagram launched&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;verge-policy&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The policy update also introduced an arbitration clause, which remained even after the language pertaining to advertising and user content had been modified.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Levine|first=Dan|date=December 24, 2012|title=Instagram furor triggers first class action lawsuit|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-instagram-lawsuit-idUSBRE8BN0JI20121224|access-date=April 24, 2017|work=[[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Facebook acquisition as a violation of U.S. antitrust law ===<br /> Columbia Law School professor [[Tim Wu]] has given public talks claiming that Facebook's 2012 purchase of Instagram was a [[felony]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bqkau41MFvI Tim Wu: Facebook's Purchase of Instagram was a Felony], at the 2019 Aspen Ideas Festival (The Aspen Institute YouTube channel, published on June 28, 2019)&lt;/ref&gt; On February 26, 2019, the ''[[New York Post]]'' released an article stating that the FTC had discovered a memo authored by a senior Facebook official, revealing that the purpose behind the acquisition of Instagram was to remove a potential rival. Wu explains this is a violation of [[United States antitrust law#Horizontal mergers|US antitrust law]] (see [[monopoly]]). Wu stated that this document was an email directly from [[Mark Zuckerberg]], whereas the Post article had stated that their source had declined to say whether the high-ranking executive was the CEO.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kosman |first=Josh |date=February 26, 2019 |title=Facebook boasted of buying Instagram to kill the competition: sources |url=https://nypost.com/2019/02/26/facebook-boasted-of-buying-instagram-to-kill-the-competition-sources/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509094040/https://nypost.com/2019/02/26/facebook-boasted-of-buying-instagram-to-kill-the-competition-sources/ |archive-date=May 9, 2023 |access-date=June 21, 2024 |work=[[The New York Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Algorithmic advertisement with a rape threat ===<br /> In 2016, Olivia Solon, a reporter for ''[[The Guardian]]'', posted a screenshot to her Instagram profile of an email she had received containing threats of rape and murder towards her. The photo post had received three likes and countless comments, and in September 2017, the company's algorithms turned the photo into an advertisement visible to Solon's sister. An Instagram spokesperson apologized and told ''The Guardian'' that &quot;We are sorry this happened – it's not the experience we want someone to have. This notification post was surfaced as part of an effort to encourage engagement on Instagram. Posts are generally received by a small percentage of a person's Facebook friends.&quot; As noted by the technology media, the incident occurred at the same time parent company Facebook was under scrutiny for its algorithms and advertising campaigns being used for offensive and negative purposes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Levin|first=Sam|date=September 21, 2017|title=Instagram uses 'I will rape you' post as Facebook ad in latest algorithm mishap|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/sep/21/instagram-death-threat-facebook-olivia-solon|access-date=November 8, 2017|website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Liao|first=Shannon|date=September 21, 2017|title=Instagram accidentally advertises itself on Facebook with rape threat photo|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/9/21/16346900/instagram-facebook-advertisement-rape-death-threat|access-date=November 8, 2017|website=[[The Verge]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Human exploitation ===<br /> In May 2021, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' published a report detailing a &quot;black market&quot; of unlicensed employment agents luring migrant workers from Africa and Asia into [[indentured servitude]] as maids in [[Persian Gulf]] countries and using Instagram posts containing their personal information (including in some cases, [[passport]] numbers) to market them. Instagram deleted 200 accounts that had been reported by the ''Post'', and a spokesperson stated that Instagram took this activity &quot;extremely seriously&quot;, disabled 200 accounts found by the ''Post'' to be engaging in these activities, and was continuing to work on systems to automatically detect and disable accounts engaging in human exploitation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=McQue|first=Katie|date=May 5, 2021|title=Instagram fuels rise in black-market sales of maids into Persian Gulf servitude|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/gulf-uae-migrant-workers-instagram/2021/05/04/3a767564-a44d-11eb-b314-2e993bd83e31_story.html|access-date=May 26, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === July 2022 updates ===<br /> In July 2022, Instagram announced a set of updates which immediately received widespread backlash from its userbase. The changes included a feed more focused on Instagram's content algorithms, full-screen photo and video posts, and changing the format of all of its videos to Reels. The primary criticisms for these updates was that Instagram was more like [[TikTok]] than photo sharing. The backlash originated from an Instagram post and [[Change.org]] petition created by photographer Tati Bruening (under the username @illumitati) on July 23, 2022, featuring the statement &quot;Make Instagram Instagram again. (stop trying to be TikTok; i just want to see cute photos of my friends.) Sincerely, everyone.&quot;. The post and petition gained mainstream attention after influencers [[Kylie Jenner]] and [[Kim Kardashian]] reposted the Instagram post; subsequently, the original post gained over 2 million likes on Instagram and over 275,000 signatures on Change.org.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=▵✖️tati on Instagram: &quot;I'm starting a movement. Let's bring back the old instagram, share this to your stories and SIGN MY PETITION. LINK ON MY STORY. SHARE THIS EVERYWHEREEEEE LETS FUCKING GOOOOOOOOOOOO&quot; |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CgVLB1Dj3Ow/ |access-date=August 1, 2022 |website=Instagram |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 31, 2022 |title='Stop trying to be TikTok': how video-centric Instagram sparked a revolt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/jul/31/tiktok-video-instagram-revolt-update-kardashians |access-date=August 1, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 30, 2022 |title=Meet the Photographer Behind the 'Make Instagram Instagram Again' Meme |url=https://gizmodo.com/make-instagram-again-meme-kylie-jenner-tati-bruening-1849348057 |access-date=August 1, 2022 |website=Gizmodo |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Instagram walked back the update on July 28, with Meta saying &quot;We recognize that changes to the app can be an adjustment, and while we believe that Instagram needs to evolve as the world changes, we want to take the time to make sure we get this right.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Huang |first1=Kalley |last2=Isaac |first2=Mike |date=July 28, 2022 |title=Instagram rolls back some product changes after user backlash. |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/28/technology/instagram-reverses-changes.html |access-date=July 29, 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite repeated attempts by Meta to shape Instagram to appear and operate more like TikTok, user engagement continued to lag far behind its rival as of 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;verge20220912&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sato |first=Mia |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/9/12/23349004/instagrams-reels-tiktok-internal-documents |title=Instagram knows it has a Reels problem |date=September 12, 2022 |access-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-date=June 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609190215/https://www.theverge.com/2022/9/12/23349004/instagrams-reels-tiktok-internal-documents |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Propaganda usage ===<br /> Instagram has been used for [[propaganda]] purposes by a variety of different countries for different reasons. The reasons can be for domestic promotion of certain goals or foreign policy objectives.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Khalil |first=Leena |date=September 29, 2023 |title=Inside the Middle East's epic online propaganda war |url=https://wired.me/technology/privacy/inside-the-middle-easts-epic-online-propaganda-war/ |access-date=April 13, 2024 |magazine=WIRED |archive-date=April 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423065702/https://wired.me/technology/privacy/inside-the-middle-easts-epic-online-propaganda-war/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; During the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] Instagram was used for propaganda purposes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bond |first=Shannon |date=February 28, 2023 |title=How Russia is losing — and winning — the information war in Ukraine |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/02/28/1159712623/how-russia-is-losing-and-winning-the-information-war-in-ukraine |access-date=April 13, 2024 |publisher=NPR}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Wrongful account bans ===<br /> Starting in 2025 and continuing into 2026, a large wave of users have been complaining of erroneous account bans, specifically for the reason of &quot;[[child sexual abuse]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sidorowicz |first=Joshua |date=November 17, 2025 |title=Facebook, Instagram users say accounts were wrongfully suspended for &quot;child exploitation&quot; |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/facebook-instagram-accounts-wrongfully-suspended-for-child-exploitation/ |work=[[CBS News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; This may be due to Meta's &quot;AI-powered&quot; moderation system, which lacks a proper human appeal process. Users have complained of &quot;extreme stress&quot; as a result of these bans, with some businesses losing income due to the lockout of their social media accounts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-08-10 |title=Business owners 'horrified' by Meta's false child abuse allegations |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-08-11/meta-shuts-down-business-accounts-western-australia/105628412 |access-date=2026-03-16 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[BBC News]]'' reached out to Meta, who declined to comment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Fraser |first=Graham |date=July 9, 2025 |title=Instagram wrongly accuses some users of breaching child sex abuse rules |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy8kjdz9nr3o |work=[[BBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some users have tried to reach out to Meta through their ''Meta Verified'' program, which advertised customer support, but ''[[TechCrunch]]'' has reported that the customer service is &quot;dismissive&quot; and &quot;unhelpful&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Randhawa |first=PJ |last2=Lesniak |first2=Leigh |last3=Zachara |first3=Ronald |date=2026-02-16 |title=Meta users say false child‑safety flags led to sudden lockouts |url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/consumer/meta-users-say-false-child%e2%80%91safety-flags-led-to-sudden-lockouts/3892720/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=NBC Chicago |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=2025-07-02 |title=Meta users say paying for Verified support has been useless in the face of mass bans |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/07/02/meta-users-say-paying-for-verified-support-has-been-useless-in-the-face-of-mass-bans/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=[[TechCrunch]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In South Korea, the [[National Assembly (South Korea)|National Assembly’s Science, ICT, Broadcasting and Communications Committee]] organized a private meeting with Meta Korea due to continued erroneous bans, with an attorney noting that due to South Korea's Telecommunications Business act, Meta has to show cause for any service suspension for it to be justified.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Joon-hyun |first=Moon |date=2025-07-13 |title=Meta faces backlash in South Korea over mysterious account bans |url=https://www.koreaherald.com/article/10530332 |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=The Korea Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Statistics ==<br /> {{Update|section|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{See also|List of most-followed Instagram accounts|l1=Most-followed Instagram accounts}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Top ten most followed personal Instagram accounts&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 10 Most Followed Instagram Accounts In The World In 2024 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/explainers/most-followed-instagram-accounts-world/85649/1 |access-date=October 15, 2024 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! Name and username<br /> ! Followers<br /> ! Profession<br /> ! Country<br /> |-<br /> |#1 [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] (@cristiano)<br /> |640 million<br /> |Footballer<br /> |Portugal<br /> |-<br /> |#2 [[Lionel Messi]] (@leomessi)<br /> |504 million<br /> |Footballer<br /> |Argentina<br /> |-<br /> |#3 [[Selena Gomez]] (@selenagomez)<br /> |424 million<br /> |Singer, Actress<br /> |United States<br /> |-<br /> |#4 [[Kylie Jenner]] (@kyliejenner)<br /> |396 million<br /> |Reality TV Star, Businesswoman<br /> |United States<br /> |-<br /> |#5 [[Dwayne Johnson|Dwayne &quot;The Rock&quot; Johnson]] (@therock)<br /> |395 million<br /> |Actor, Producer, Wrestler<br /> |United States<br /> |-<br /> |#6 [[Ariana Grande]] (@arianagrande)<br /> |376 million<br /> |Singer, Actress<br /> |United States<br /> |-<br /> |#7 [[Kim Kardashian]] (@kimkardashian)<br /> |360 million<br /> |Reality TV Star, Businesswoman<br /> |United States<br /> |-<br /> |#8 [[Beyoncé]] (@beyonce)<br /> |316 million<br /> |Singer, Actress, Businesswoman<br /> |United States<br /> |-<br /> |#9 [[Khloé Kardashian]] (@khloekardashian)<br /> |306 million<br /> |Reality TV Star, Businesswoman<br /> |United States<br /> |-<br /> |#10 [[Justin Bieber]] (@justinbieber)<br /> |294 million<br /> |Singer<br /> |Canada<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The [[List of most-liked Instagram posts|most-liked photo on Instagram]] is a carousel of photos from footballer [[Lionel Messi]] celebrating winning the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]], The post has over 76 million likes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Hassan |first1=Beril Naz |title=Lionel Messi's World Cup Instagram post breaks record to become most-liked ever |url=https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/messi-world-cup-instagram-post-081118403.html?guccounter=1&amp;guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&amp;guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAFQf8_ngqUHBK3X7KGi9K1zmnBzriU29YepcEIml3RVjarPoTzsUlPSCmdzqzrj5ViJR2oF2k-IJ58Sl6G0qjTL5_C9kBM_F8bPaLLiP1Hjz2AXC3sc_d8BffVMJBk0Flmn2BUVqkrzkh5ONP-U-CEInQTJf4OiK6Hbcdk1YqIhI |access-date=December 20, 2022 |publisher=Yahoo sports}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2022, Instagram was the second most downloaded mobile app of the year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Koetsier |first1=John |title=10 Most Downloaded Apps Of 2022: Facebook Down, Spotify Up, TikTok Stable, CapCut Keeps Growing |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnkoetsier/2023/01/04/top-10-most-downloaded-apps-of-2022-facebook-down-spotify-up-tiktok-stable-capcut-keeps-growing/?sh=6a814fa821cc |website=[[Forbes]]|access-date=June 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609024845/https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnkoetsier/2023/01/04/top-10-most-downloaded-apps-of-2022-facebook-down-spotify-up-tiktok-stable-capcut-keeps-growing/ |archive-date=June 9, 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == In popular culture ==<br /> * [[Social Animals (2018 documentary film)|''Social Animals'' (documentary film)]]: A 2018 documentary film about three teenagers growing up on Instagram<br /> * [[Instagram model]]: a term for models who gain their success as a result of the large number of followers they have on Instagram<br /> *[[Instapoetry]] is a style of [[poetry]] which formed by sharing images of short poems by poets on Instagram.<br /> * [[Instagram Pier]]: a cargo working area in [[Hong Kong]] that gained its nickname due to its popularity on Instagram<br /> <br /> == System ==<br /> Instagram is written in [[Python (programming language)|Python]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Tung|first=Liam|title=Programming languages: How Instagram's taming a multimillion-line Python monster|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/programming-languages-how-instagrams-taming-a-multimillion-line-python-monster/|access-date=October 11, 2021|publisher=[[ZDNet]]|language=en|date=October 21, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Instagram [[artificial intelligence]] describes content for visually impaired people who use [[screen reader]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=November 29, 2018|title=Instagram Can Now Describe Photos to Visually Impaired Users|url=https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/instagram-describe-photos-visually-impaired-users/|access-date=October 11, 2021|website=MUO|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal|Internet|Companies}}<br /> * [[Criticism of Facebook]]<br /> * [[Dronestagram]]<br /> * {{annotated link|Instagram face}}<br /> * {{annotated link|Instagram husband}}<br /> * {{annotated link|Internet celebrity}}<br /> * [[List of social networking services]]<br /> * {{annotated link|Pheed}}<br /> * {{annotated link|Pixnet}}<br /> * {{annotated link|Social media and suicide}}<br /> * [[Timeline of social media]]<br /> <br /> == Explanatory notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Frier |first=Sarah |year=2020 |title=No Filter: The Inside Story of Instagram |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |isbn=978-1-9821-2680-3}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> {{Wiktionary}}<br /> &lt;!-- per [[WP:ELMINOFFICIAL]], choose one official website only --&gt;<br /> * {{Official website}}<br /> * {{Cite web|url=http://www.commonwealthclub.org/events/2013-05-30/nofilter-conversation-founders-instagram|title=A #Nofilter Conversation with the founders of Instagram|date=May 30, 2013|first=Kevin|last=Rose|publisher=[[Commonwealth Club of California|Commonwealth Club]]|format=podcast}}<br /> * {{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/06/07/493923357/instagram-kevin-systrom-mike-krieger|work=How I Built This|publisher=[[NPR]]|format=podcast|title=Instagram: Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger|date=September 19, 2016}}<br /> <br /> {{Instagram navbox|state=expanded}}<br /> {{Meta, Inc.}}<br /> {{Online social networking}}<br /> {{Most popular social media accounts}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Instagram| ]]<br /> [[Category:2010 establishments in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:2010 software]]<br /> [[Category:2012 mergers and acquisitions]]<br /> [[Category:Android (operating system) software]]<br /> [[Category:BlackBerry software]]<br /> [[Category:Companies based in San Francisco]]<br /> [[Category:Image-sharing websites]]<br /> [[Category:Internet properties established in 2010]]<br /> [[Category:IOS software]]<br /> [[Category:Meta Platforms acquisitions]]<br /> [[Category:Meta Platforms applications]]<br /> [[Category:Mobile software]]<br /> [[Category:Photo software]]<br /> [[Category:Shorty Award winners]]<br /> [[Category:Symbian software]]<br /> [[Category:Video software]]<br /> [[Category:WatchOS software]]<br /> [[Category:Windows Phone software]]<br /> [[Category:American websites]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dwarkanath_Tagore&diff=469567 2026-03-20T23:03:20Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: quick update formatting also and updated info to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian industrialist (1794–1846)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | honorific_prefix = ''Prince''<br /> | name = Dwarakanath Tagore&lt;br /&gt;{{no bold|দ্বারকানাথ ঠাকুর}}<br /> | other_names = Prince Dwarkanath Tagore<br /> | image = Dwarkanath Tagore-দ্বারকানাথ ঠাকুর Oil Portrait.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = Acad.style: ''Prince Dwarakanath Tagore'', by F.B. Carpenter, c.1840s<br /> | birth_date = 1794<br /> | birth_place = [[Gobindapur, Kolkata|Gobindapur Village]], [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]]<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1846|8|1|1794|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[City of London]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain]]<br /> | father = Rammoni Tagore (biological), Ramlochan Tagore (adoptive)<br /> | mother = Menaka Devi (biological), Aloka Sundari Devi (adoptive)<br /> | children = [[Debendranath Tagore]] +2 others<br /> | occupation = [[Industrialist]]<br /> | spouse = {{married|Digambari Devi|1811|1839}}<br /> | citizenship = [[British Subject|British Indian]]<br /> | family = [[Tagore family]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Dwarkanath Tagore''' (also spelled '''Dwarakanath Thakur'''; 1794–1846), popularly known as '''Prince Dwarkanath Tagore''',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ram |first1=Vidya |title=The forgottenTagore |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/know/the-forgotten-tagore/article24714423.ece#:~:text=Dwarkanath%20became%20their%20friend%2C%20philosopher,prefix%20of%20the%20'Prince'. |access-date=18 May 2025 |newspaper=Business Line |date=17 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kling |first=Blair B. |title=Partner in Empire: Dwarkanath Tagore and the Age of Enterprise in Eastern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVBKeqaYeVwC |year=1976 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-02927-5 |page=320}}&lt;/ref&gt; was one of the first Indian industrialists to partner with the British.&lt;ref name=wolpert/&gt; He was the son of Rammoni Tagore, and was given in adoption to Rammoni’s elder brother Ramlochan Tagore. He was the scion of the [[Tagore family]] of Calcutta, father of [[Debendranath Tagore]], grandfather of [[Rabindranath Tagore]], and great-grandfather of [[Abanindranath Tagore]].<br /> <br /> ==Ancestry==<br /> Dwarakanath Tagore was a descendant of Brahmins of the Kushari division. They were called [[Pirali Brahmin]] - the word &quot;Pirali&quot; comes from Pir Ali, a convert to Islam who supposedly dined with and converted two Tagore ancestors. Their relatives, still Hindus, were tainted by association and got the name &quot;Pirali Brahmin&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thompson_1926_12&quot;&gt;{{citation | last1=Thompson | first1=E Jr. |year=2007 |orig-year=First published 1926 |title=Rabindranath Tagore: Poet and Dramatist |publisher=Read |isbn=978-1-4067-8927-0 |page=12 |quote=The [Tagores] are ''Pirili'' Brahmans [sic]; that is, outcastes, as having supposedly eaten with Musalmans in a former day. No strictly orthodox Brahman would eat or inter-marry with them.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dutta_1995_17-18&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=K&lt;!--rishna--&gt;. |last2=Robinson |first2=A&lt;!--ndrew--&gt;. |author2-link=W. Andrew Robinson |year=1995 |title=Rabindranath Tagore: The Myriad-Minded Man |publisher=Saint Martin's Press |pages=17–18 |isbn=978-0-312-14030-4&lt;!--0312140304--&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Dwarakanath's great grandfather Jairam Tagore made a large fortune as a merchant and as [[Dewan]] to the French government at Chandannagar. He shifted from Gobindapur to [[Pathuriaghata]], when the British constructed the new [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] in the mid-eighteenth century. His eldest son, [[Nilmoni Tagore]] (b.1721 - d.1791), with his wife Lalita Devi and sons, settled at [[Jorasanko]] after leaving the ancestral house at Pathuriaghata following a rift with his younger brother [[Darpanarayan Tagore]]. Nilmoni Tagore built the [[Jorasanko Thakur Bari]] where the Jorasanko branch of the family dwelled, while Darpanarayan Tagore's descendants belonged to the Pathuriaghata Tagore branch.&lt;ref name=f&gt;{{cite book|author=James Wyburd Furrell|title=The Tagore Family: A Memoir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3gOAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA17|accessdate=5 April 2017|year=1882|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, &amp; Company|page=17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Childhood==<br /> Nilmoni's grandson, Dwarakanath Tagore, was born in 1794 to Rammoni Tagore and his wife Menaka Devi. Soon after birth, he was given in adoption to Rammoni's childless elder brother Ramlochan (b.1759 - d.1807), a rich man of his time and a patron of music. Menaka Devi was the younger sister of Dwarakanath's adoptive mother Aloka Sundari Devi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Thakurbarir Bahirmahal|author=Chitra Deb|publisher=Ananda|year=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Dwarakanath studied at the English-medium school of Mr. Sherbourne. In 1807, Ramlochan died leaving a considerable inheritance in trust to Dwarakanath, who was then a minor aged 13. This property consisted of the [[zamindar]]i Berhampore, estates in Orissa, and urban holdings in Calcutta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kling |first=Blair B. |title=Partner in Empire: Dwarkanath Tagore and the Age of Enterprise in Eastern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVBKeqaYeVwC |year=1976 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-02927-5 |page=15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dwarakanath left school in 1810 at the age of 16 and apprenticed himself under renowned barrister, [[Robert Cutlar Fergusson]] and traveled between Calcutta and his estates at Behrampore and [[Cuttack]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kripalani |first1=Krishna |title=Dwarkanath Tagore A Forgotten Pioneer, a Life |date=1981 |publisher=National Book Trust India |isbn=978-812-373-488-0 |pages=305 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoMeAAAAMAAJ |access-date=26 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Dwarkanath Tagore National Library.png|thumb|Bust of Dwarkanath Tagore at the [[National Library of India]].]]<br /> <br /> ==Marriage==<br /> At the age of 17, Dwarakanath married the 9 years old Digambari Devi, daughter of a zamindar from near Jessore, in 1811. They had 4 sons and 1 daughter - among whom 3 survived - [[Debendranath Tagore]] (b.1817), Girindranath Tagore (b.1820 - d.1854) and Nagendranath Tagore (b.1829 - d.1858). As Dwarakanath started leading an extravagant lifestyle, his married life with his orthodox Hindu wife got strained. She consulted with Hindu Brahmins regarding his behaviour and finally decided to stop interaction with her husband. Whenever she had to speak to him regarding household matters, she used to take a bath in the holy Ganges water. It continued this way for some time. However, after taking such a bath in a cold winter night, Digambari caught fever, and died in 1839 at the age of 37.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Thakurbarir Andarmahal|author=Chitra Deb|publisher=Ananda Publishers}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Business life==<br /> [[File:Dwarakanath Thakur.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Dwarakanath Thakur, {{circa|1907}}.]]<br /> Tagore was a western-educated [[Bengali Brahmin]] and a civic leader of [[Calcutta]] who played a pioneering role in setting up a string of commercial ventures—banking, insurance, and shipping companies—in partnership with British traders. In 1828, he became the first Indian bank director. In 1829, he founded Union Bank in Calcutta. He helped found the first&lt;ref name=wolpert/&gt; Anglo-Indian managing agency (industrial organisations that ran [[jute]] mills, coal mines, tea plantations, etc.,&lt;ref name=&quot;kulke&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=Hermann |author-link1=Hermann Kulke |last2=Rothermund |first2=Dietmar |author-link2=Dietmar Rothermund |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V73N8js5ZgAC&amp;pg=PA265 |access-date=18 September 2011 |year=2004 |orig-year=First published 1986 |edition=4th |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-32920-5 |page=265}}&lt;/ref&gt;) [[Carr, Tagore and Company]]. (Earlier, Rustomjee Cowasjee, a Parsi in Calcutta, had formed an inter-racial firm, but in the early 19th century [[Parsi]]s were classified as a Near Eastern community as opposed to South Asian.)<br /> <br /> Tagore's company managed large zamindari estates spread across today's [[West Bengal]] and [[Odisha]] states in India, and in [[Bangladesh]], and held stakes in new enterprises that were tapping the rich coal seams of Bengal, running tug services between Calcutta and the mouth of the river [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]], and growing tea in [[Assam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kling |first=Blair B. |title=Partner in Empire: Dwarkanath Tagore and the Age of Enterprise in Eastern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVBKeqaYeVwC |year=1976 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-02927-5 |pages=94, 123–124, 144–145}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Carr, Tagore and Company was also engaged in shipping [[opium]] to China.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kling |first=Blair B. |title=Partner in Empire: Dwarkanath Tagore and the Age of Enterprise in Eastern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVBKeqaYeVwC |year=1976 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-02927-5 |pages=90–91}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Portrait_of_Dwarakanath_Tagore.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Dwarakanath Tagore at [[The Bengal Club]]]]<br /> In 1832, Tagore purchased a coal mine at Raniganj, the oldest, largest, and richest coal mine in India. It eventually became the Bengal Coal Company.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kling |first=Blair B. |title=Partner in Empire: Dwarkanath Tagore and the Age of Enterprise in Eastern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVBKeqaYeVwC |year=1976 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-02927-5 |pages=94, 101}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> [[File:Monument of Dwarkanath Tagore at London.png|right|thumb|Monument of Dwarkanath Tagore at Kensal Green Cemetery, London.]]<br /> [[File:Commemoration at Kensal Green Cemetery on 11 August 2018.jpg|right|thumb|A commemoration to Dwarkanath Tagore at [[Kensal Green Cemetery]] on 11 August 2018 was organised by Bengal Heritage Foundation.]]<br /> Dwarakanath Tagore died &quot;at the peak of his fortune&quot;&lt;ref name=wolpert&gt;{{cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley |author-link=Stanley Wolpert |year=2009 |orig-year=First published 1077 |title=A New History of India |url=https://archive.org/details/newhistoryofindi0000wolp_i0v9/page/221/mode/1up |edition=8th |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=221 |isbn=978-0-19-533756-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; on the evening of 1 August 1846 at the [[Treehouse Hotel London|St. George's Hotel]] in London.<br /> <br /> In his obituary, ''The London Mail'' newspaper of 7 August wrote:<br /> {{blockquote|text=Descended from the highest Brahmin caste of India his family can prove a long and undoubted pedigree. But it is not on account of this nobility that we now review his life but on far better grounds. However gifted, his claims rest on a higher pedestal – he was the benefactor of his country... They testified to his merits in the encouragement of every public and private undertaking likely to benefit India.&lt;ref name=&quot;kripalani&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Kripalani|first=Krishna|title=Dwarkanath Tagore, A Forgotten Pioneer: A Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoMeAAAAMAAJ|year=1981|publisher=National Book Trust, India|location=New Delhi, India|pages=246–7|isbn=978-81-237-3488-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Family tree==<br /> {{main|Tagore_family#Family_tree}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|40em}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{cite book |last=Sinha |first=Narendra Krishna |title=The Economic History of Bengal, 1793–1848 |volume=III |year=1970 |location=Calcutta |publisher=K.L. Mukhopadhyay |oclc=1368861703}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> * {{Internet Archive author}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Islam |first=Sirajul |year=2012 |chapter=Tagore, Prince Dwarkanath |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Tagore,_Prince_Dwarkanath |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}<br /> * {{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Sengupta |editor1-first=Subodh Chandra |editor2-last=Basu |editor2-first=Anjali |year=1988 |orig-year=First published 1976 |script-title=bn:দ্বারকানাথ ঠাকুর |trans-title=Dwarkanath Tagore |script-encyclopedia=bn:সংসদ বাঙালি চরিতাভিধান |encyclopedia=Saṃsada bāṅāli caritābhidhāna |trans-encyclopedia=Parliament Bengali Biographical Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/Samsad-Bangali-Charitabhidhan-Ed2/page/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A9/mode/1up |language=bn |volume=1 |edition=2nd |location=Kolkata |publisher=Sahitya Samsad |page=223}}<br /> <br /> {{Bengal Renaissance}}<br /> {{Tagore family}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Tagore, Dwarkanath}}<br /> [[Category:1794 births]]<br /> [[Category:1846 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]<br /> [[Category:Industrialists from British India]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Bengali zamindars]]<br /> [[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery]]<br /> [[Category:Tagore family|Dwarkanath]]<br /> [[Category:Indian businesspeople in the coal industry]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali Hindus]]<br /> [[Category:Indian businesspeople in mining]]<br /> [[Category:Indian businesspeople in the textile industry]]<br /> [[Category:Indian businesspeople in the sugar industry]]<br /> [[Category:Indian social workers]]<br /> [[Category:Social workers from West Bengal]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trinamool_Congress&diff=448614 2026-03-20T00:15:12Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Political party in India}}<br /> {{pp-semi|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian political party<br /> |logo = File:All India Trinamool Congress logo (3).svg{{!}}class=skin-invert<br /> |logo_size = 220px<br /> |name=|abbreviation = AITC (official)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;TMC (alternatives)<br /> |colorcode = {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}<br /> |chairperson = [[Mamata Banerjee]]&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;([[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister of West Bengal]])<br /> |general_secretary = [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]]<br /> |loksabha_leader = [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]]<br /> |rajyasabha_leader = [[Derek O'Brien (politician)|Derek O' Brien]]<br /> |ppchairman = [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]<br /> |foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1998|1|1}}<br /> |founder = [[Mamata Banerjee]]<br /> |split = {{nowrap|[[Indian National Congress]]}}<br /> |headquarters = 30B Harish Chatterjee Street, Kolkata 700026<br /> |publication = ''[[Jago Bangla]]'' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]])<br /> |youth = [[Trinamool Youth Congress]]<br /> |students = [[Trinamool Chaatra Parishad]]<br /> |women = [[Trinamool Mahila Congress]]<br /> |labour = [[Indian National Trinamool Trade Union Congress]]<br /> |peasants = [[Trinamool Kisan Khet Majdur Congress]]<br /> |ideology = {{ubl|class=nowrap|<br /> |[[Bengali nationalism]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/politics/tmcs-bengali-regionalism-is-distinct-and-deeply-political|title=TMC’s Bengali Regionalism Is Distinct and Deeply Political|publisher=The Wire|date=16 March 2026|access-date=20 March 2026}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Bengali pride,sub-nationalism emerge as rallying points in West Bengal assembly polls |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/bengali-pride-sub-nationalism-emerge-as-rallying-points-in-west-bengal-assembly-polls-965345.html |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=23 March 2021 |quote=&quot;This is for the first time we have made Bengali pride our main poll plank. Bengali pride is not just about Bengalis; it appeals to all sons of the soil,&quot; senior TMC leader and MP Sougata Roy told PTI.&quot;}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=The Bengali card: Is Mamata trying to give TMC a new ideological core?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/mamata-banerjee-bengal-polls-tmc-bjp-outsiders-1743885-2020-11-25|work=[[India Today]]|date=26 November 2020|quote=The TMC has decided to counter the BJP's Hindutva majoritarian politics by invoking Bengali sub-nationalism ahead of the State Assembly polls. With Mamata Banerjee setting the tone herself, TMC leaders have started attacking the BJP as a party of 'outsiders' trying to mount an assault on Bengalis.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|title=In Bengal, speak Bengali: Squeezed by BJP's Hindutva, Mamata Banerjee grasps at Bengali nationalism|url=https://scroll.in/article/927157/in-bengal-speak-bengali-squeezed-by-bjps-hindutva-mamata-banerjee-grasps-at-bengali-nationalism|work=[[Scroll.in]]|date=26 June 2019|quote=These crises pushed the Trinamool to declare its Bengali nativist line even more vociferously, hoping that this new narrative will break the party's free fall.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |[[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chirakkara |first1=Vipin Kumar |title=Rethinking regional politics: Beyond the 2021 West Bengal elections |journal=Asian Journal of Comparative Politics |date=September 2022 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=507–520 |doi=10.1177/20578911221099076 | issn=2057-8911 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hussain |first1=Md. Iftekhar |last2=Mir |first2=Aijaz Ahmad |title=Party Politics in West Bengal: Historical and Contemporary Dynamics |journal=Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities |date=25 May 2024 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=50–55 |doi=10.55544/ijrah.4.3.10|doi-access=free }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |[[Populism]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |last=Bhaumik |first=Subir |date=13 May 2011 |title=Defeat rocks India's elected communists – Features |work=[[Al Jazeera English]] |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/05/2011513143311330487.html |url-status=dead |access-date=16 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005063541/http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/05/2011513143311330487.html |archive-date=5 October 2011 |quote=The Congress alliance, led by populist Mamata Banerji, has won elections in the West Bengal state assembly.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |[[Welfare spending|Welfarism]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=Debnath |first1=Kunal |last2=Chatterjee |first2=Souvik |title=Populism in Electoral Politics: What We Learnt from the West Bengal Assembly Elections 2021 |date=1 August 2021 |journal=Academia Letters, Article 2855 |ssrn=3905238}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=Das |first1=Ritanjan |last2=Nielsen |first2=Kenneth Bo |title=Consolidating a political dynasty: Abhishek Banerjee, the Trinamool Congress, and the 2023 panchayat elections in West Bengal |journal=Contemporary South Asia |date=2 April 2024 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=194–201 |doi=10.1080/09584935.2023.2296899}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rameez |first1=Md |title=The development of West Bengal: Contextualizing different strategies adopted by Mamata Banerjee's government |journal=International Journal of Political Science and Governance |date=1 January 2023 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=344–347 |doi=10.33545/26646021.2023.v5.i1e.241 |url=https://www.journalofpoliticalscience.com/uploads/archives/5-1-72-529.pdf}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |last1=Debnath |first1=Kunal |chapter=Welfare Populism and Electoral Politics |title=Encyclopedia of New Populism and Responses in the 21st Century |date=2023 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1007/978-981-16-9859-0_282-1|isbn=978-981-16-9859-0 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |[[Progressivism]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |last2=Rahman |first2=Shaikh Azizur |date=26 March 2021 |title='India's soul at stake': Bengalis vote in divisive election |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/26/india-soul-at-stake-west-bengalis-vote-in-divisive-election-modi-bjp |work=The Guardian |access-date=13 June 2024}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |[[Social liberalism]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |last1=Sircar |first1=Jawhar |date=28 March 2021 |title=From Liberalism To Secularism, the Battle for Bengal Has Just Begun |url=https://thewire.in/politics/west-bengal-assembly-elections-mamata-tmc-bjp-secularism |work=The Wire |access-date=13 June 2024}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite journal |last1=Howladar |first1=Sumit |title=1 Trinamool, Politics and Poribarton: Comprehending the Ideological Connection |journal=University of North Bengal |date=2016 |volume=12 |url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/3867/1/Vol.%2012%2C%20March-October%202016_07.pdf}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |[[Socialism]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://aitcofficial.org/party-constitution/|title=Constitution of All India Trinamool Congress|publisher=aitcofficial.org|access-date=16 March 2026}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |[[Secularism]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Secular ideals of Indira Gandhi is more relevant today:TMC leader Subrata Mukherjee |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/secular-ideals-of-indira-gandhi-more-relevant-today-tmc-leader-subrata-mukherjee/articleshow/45203010.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |agency=PTI |date=19 November 2014 |access-date=11 June 2024}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> }}<br /> |position = {{ubl|class=nowrap|[[Centrism|Centre]] to [[Centre-left politics|centre-left]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://aitcofficial.org/party-constitution/|title=Constitution of All India Trinamool Congress|publisher=aitcofficial.org|access-date=16 March 2026}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;tmc_2&quot;&amp;gt;<br /> * {{cite journal|last1=Banerjee|first1=Vasabjit|last2=Bhattacharya|first2=Srobana|last3=Jha|first3=Anand|date=3 July 2017|title=Inequality and Elections: The Nationwide Origins and State-Level Dynamics of India's Maoist Insurgency|journal=Asian Affairs: An American Review|volume=44|issue=3|pages=72–97|doi=10.1080/00927678.2017.1357347|s2cid=158695181|issn=0092-7678|doi-access=free|hdl=2263/64297|hdl-access=free}}<br /> * {{cite journal|last=Ghosh|first=Gautam|date=2015|title=An 'infiltration' of time? Hindu Chauvinism and Bangladeshi migration in/to Kolkata, India|url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=289519|journal=Journal of Comparative Research in Anthropology and Sociology|volume=6|issue=1|pages=263–288|issn=2068-0317}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |title=At 24, Trinamool Congress eyes national stage |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/at-24-trinamool-congress-eyes-national-stage/articleshow/88629814.cms |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |agency=PTI |date=1 January 2022 |access-date=10 June 2024}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; |eci=}} <br /> |eci = [[List of political parties in India#State parties|State Party]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=NCP, TMC and CPI lose national party status, AAP earns coveted tag Dated 10.04.2023|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/election-commission-withdraws-national-party-status-of-tmc-cpi-2358245-2023-04-10|publisher=India Today|access-date=10 April 2023|location=India|year=2013}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |colours = {{Color box|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}} [[Azure (color)|Green]]<br /> |alliance = * '''National Alliance'''&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A.]] (2023–present)&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/india-alliance-tmc-cong-break-up-in-bengal-paves-way-for-three-cornered-contest/articleshow/107152611.cms|title=TMC and Congress break up in Bengal in INDIA alliance|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=25 January 2024 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;<br /> * '''Regional Alliances'''&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;[[Samajwadi Alliance|SP+]] ([[Uttar Pradesh]]) (2024–present)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] ([[Kerala]]) (2026–present)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;<br /> {{hidden|Former Alliances|<br /> *[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] (2009–2012)<br /> *[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] (1998–2001; 2003–2006)}}<br /> |loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|28|543|hex={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}}<br /> |rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|13|245|hex={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}}<br /> |state_seats_name = [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]]<br /> |state_seats = {{Composition bar|227|4036|hex= {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}}<br /> {{hidden<br /> |Indian states<br /> |headerstyle=background:#ccccff<br /> |style=text-align:center;<br /> |<br /> {{Composition bar|222|294|hex={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}} ([[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]])<br /> {{composition bar|5|60|hex= {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}} ([[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Meghalaya]])<br /> }}<br /> |no_states = {{Composition bar|1|31|hex={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}}<br /> |website = {{URL|http://aitcofficial.org/}}<br /> |symbol = [[File:All India Trinamool Congress symbol 2021.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert|100px|center]]<br /> |flag = All India Trinamool Congress flag (2).svg<br /> |slogan=''[[Joy Bangla (slogan)|Joy Bangla]]'' &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; ''[[Khela Hobe]]'' (Electoral Slogan) &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt; ''[[Ma Mati Manush]]'' (Political Slogan)}}<br /> {{Mamata Banerjee sidebar}}<br /> <br /> The '''Trinamool Congress''' ({{abbr|'''TMC'''}}; {{translation|Grassroots Congress}}), officially '''All India Trinamool Congress''', is an Indian [[political party]] that is mainly influential in the [[Federated state|state]] of [[West Bengal]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/elections/trinamool-congress-a-timeline-tracing-the-journey-of-the-party|title=Trinamool Congress: A Timeline Tracing The Journey Of The Party|publisher=Outlook India|date=26 March 2024|access-date=3 March 2026}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It was founded by [[Mamata Banerjee]] on 1 January 1998 as a [[List of Indian National Congress breakaway parties|breakaway faction of the Indian National Congress]] and rapidly rose to prominence in the [[politics of West Bengal]] under her leadership. Presently, it is ruling the state of [[West Bengal]] beside being the fourth-largest party in India in terms of number of [[Member of Parliament (India)|MPs]] just after the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Samajwadi Party]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/parties#google_vignette|title=Lok Sabha Election Party Wise Results|publisher=Times of India|access-date=16 March 2026}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The party won a historic victory in the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] by ending the 34-year-long [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] rule, world's longest democratically elected communist government. It has won a three-time majority in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] and has been the ruling party in West Bengal since 20 May 2011. AITC is led by Mamata Banerjee as the chairperson of the party.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> === Founding ===<br /> After being a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) for over 26 years, Mamata Banerjee quit the INC and established the TMC in 1998. The official election symbol of the TMC is ''Jora Ghas Phul'' (two flowers with grass). In the [[1998 Indian general election|1998 Lok Sabha polls]], TMC won seven seats. In the [[1999 Indian general election|next Lok Sabha election]] that was held in 1999, Trinamool Congress won eight seats with BJP, thus increasing its tally by one.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1999 to the 13th Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In 2000, TMC won the Kolkata Municipal Corporation elections.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|date=13 May 2011|title=The fall and rise of Trinamool Congress|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/latest-news/the-fall-and-rise-of-trinamool-congress/|access-date=11 December 2021|work=The Indian Express}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The party initially joined the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA), as part of the [[Vajpayee government]], and was initially quite successful, winning seven seats in its [[1998 Indian general election|first election in 1998]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1998 to the 12th Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;IndiaToday&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2011/west-bengal/story/trinamool-congress-chief-mamata-banerjee-a-profile-133684-2011-05-12 |title=Mamata, the street-fighting politician and Left nemesis |work=[[India Today]] |date=13 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518043559/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/story/trinamool-congress-chief-mamata-banerjee-a-profile/1/138015.html |archive-date=18 May 2011 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In the 2001 Vidhan Sabha elections, the TMC won 60 seats in alliance with the INC, becoming the principal opposition party.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf|title=Key Highlights of General Election, 2001 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; They suffered big losses in the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 Lok Sabha elections]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and the [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]],&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;IndiaToday&quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |date=14 May 2004 |title=Why did the NDA lose West Bengal? |website=Rediff |agency=PTI |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/14mamata.htm|access-date=28 December 2020}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and subsequently left the NDA.<br /> <br /> === Nandigram movement ===<br /> {{Main|Nandigram violence}}<br /> In December 2006, the people of [[Nandigram]] were given notice by Haldia Development Authority that a major portion of Nandigram would be seized and 70,000 people evicted from their homes to make way for a chemical plant.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.iacboston.org/india/1207-nandigram-says-no.html|work=International Action Center – Boston|title=Nandigram says 'No!' to Dow's chemical hub|date=December 2007|access-date=27 December 2009|archive-date=6 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706032521/http://www.iacboston.org/india/1207-nandigram-says-no.html|url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; People started a movement against this land acquisition and the TMC helped lead the movement. The [[Bhumi Uchhed Pratirodh Committee|Bhumi Uchchhed Pratirodh Committee]] ('Committee against Land Evictions'; BUPC) was formed to protest against the eviction. On 14 March 2007, the police opened fire on the protesters and killed 14 villagers and many more went missing. Many sources claimed (and the claims were supported by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] in its report) that armed [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] cadres, along with police, fired on protesters in Nandigram&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|last=Sarin|first=Ritu|date=19 December 2007|title=CPM cadres joined cops to fire, now beating up witnesses: CBI|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/cpm-cadres-joined-cops-to-fire-now-beating-up-witnesses-cbi/251917/0 |access-date=4 December 2021|newspaper=Indian Express}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Many intellectuals protested in the streets and this incident gave birth to a new movement. [[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]] leader Nanda Patra led the movement. The events led to a significant backlash against the CPI(M) government, and were a major factor in the TMC's success in the elections that followed.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;aljaz&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite news |last=Bhaumik |first=Subir |date=13 May 2011 |title=Defeat rocks India's elected communists – Features |work=[[Al Jazeera English]] |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/05/2011513143311330487.html |url-status=dead |access-date=16 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005063541/http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/05/2011513143311330487.html |archive-date=5 October 2011}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> === Post-Nandigram/Singur elections ===<br /> {{Main|Singur Tata Nano controversy}}<br /> <br /> In the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 Lok Sabha election]], TMC won 19 seats in [[West Bengal]], in alliance with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. They subsequently became a part of [[Manmohan Singh]]'s [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|government]], with Banerjee serving as [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]].<br /> <br /> In the 2010 Kolkata municipal election, the party won 97 out of 141 seats. It also won a majority of other municipalities.&amp;lt;ref name=civicpolls2010&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mamata-wins-bengal-civic-polls-demands-early-elections-419690|title=Mamata wins Bengal civic polls, demands early elections|work=NDTV|date=2 June 2010}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> === In government ===<br /> [[File:Mamata Banerjee - Kolkata 2011-12-08 7542 Cropped.JPG|alt=|thumb|[[Mamata Banerjee]], [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] and chairperson of All India Trinamool Congress]]<br /> In the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], the TMC-led alliance that included the [[Indian National Congress|INC]] and [[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|SUCI(C)]] won 227 seats in the 294-seat legislature, defeating the incumbent [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] government which had been in power for 34 years.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;forbes&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|work=[[Forbes]]|title=The Anti-Communist of West Bengal|url=https://www.forbes.com/2011/04/14/forbes-india-trinamool-congress-didi-banerjee-at-gates.html#4b8299546c90|access-date=18 April 2011}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bardhan|first=Pranab|date=11 February 2012|title=Why the Left Front Lost West Bengal: Poor Governance or Enhanced Accountability Standards?|url=https://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Bardhan-Et-Al-2012-Working-Paper.pdf|journal=International Growth Centre|volume=1|pages=41}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news|date=13 May 2011|title=Mamata ends 34-year-old Left Front rule in Bengal|work=The Hindu Business Line|agency=PTI|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/mamata-ends-34-year-old-left-front-rule-in-bengal/article23047550.ece|access-date=13 May 2011}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; TMC alone won 184 seats, enabling it to govern without an alliance. Subsequently, it won a by-election in [[Basirhat]] and two Congress MLAs switched to the TMC, giving it a total of 187 seats. Banerjee, an [[Member of the Lok Sabha|MP]] at the time, had not contested the election and had to transfer to the safe seat of [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;vidhansabha2011by&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|date=28 September 2011|title=Mamata Banerjee wins assembly bypoll|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/current-affairs/mamata-banerjee-wins-assembly-bypoll_591641.html |access-date=28 September 2011|website=Moneycontrol}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> On 18 September 2012, Banerjee announced her decision to withdraw support to the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] after the TMC's demands to undo government-instituted changes including [[Foreign direct investment|FDI]] in retail, increase in the price of diesel and limiting the number of subsidised cooking gas cylinders for households, were not met.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Rupee falls after TMC pulls out from government|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets-business/-1978325.html|publisher=[[Moneycontrol.com]]|date=20 September 2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Mamata Banerjee's party ready to meet President tomorrow to officially quit UPA|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mamata-banerjees-party-ready-to-meet-president-tomorrow-to-officially-quit-upa-499796|work=NDTV|date=20 September 2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The [[2014 Indian general election|2014 Lok Sabha elections]] saw the TMC dominate the state, winning 34 out of the 42 seats. It also qualified for national party status, as the TMC had received 6% of the vote from five different states ([[West Bengal]], [[Manipur]], [[Tripura]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Assam]]).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/statistical_reportge2014.aspx/ | website=Election Commission of India | title=Archive of General Election 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318025154/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/statistical_reportge2014.aspx/ | archive-date=18 March 2015}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite news|date=2 September 2016|title=Trinamool Congress recognised as national party|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|agency=PTI|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Trinamool-Congress-recognised-as-national-party/article14620149.ece|url-access=subscription|access-date=6 December 2021|issn=0971-751X|quote=It is a recognised State party in West Bengal, Manipur, Tripura and Arunachal Pradesh, satisfying one of the conditions of the Election Commission.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; On 2 September 2016, the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] recognised TMC as a national political party.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/trinamool-congress-tmc-national-party-status-election-commission-3010274/|title=Trinamool Congress gets national party status|newspaper=Indian Express|date=2 September 2016}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The party was reelected in the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016 election]] to a supermajority government, and Banerjee continued as chief minister.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|date=20 May 2016|title=West Bengal Election Results 2016: TMC storms back to power in Bengal, Cong-Left alliance loses|newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The party won the most seats in West Bengal in the [[2019 Indian general election]], but suffered significant losses to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], which for the first time established itself as a major force in the state.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|last=Bose|first=Pratim Ranjan|date=23 May 2019|title=Election results 2019: Bengal votes for the BJP, breaks many stereotypes|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/elections/election-results-2019-bengal-votes-for-the-bjpbreaks-many-stereotypes/article27216896.ece |access-date=6 December 2021|website=The Hindu BusinessLine}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|last=Chatterjee|first=Ahana|date=23 May 2019|title=WB Election Result Highlights: BJP creates history in Bengal|url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/west-bengal-results-2019-live-updates-mamata-banerjee-tmc-narendra-modi-bjp-1558573084174.html |access-date=6 December 2021|website=Livemint}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; After the election, the party's status came under revision by the [[Election Commission of India]], due to a loss in presence in most states outside West Bengal.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |url =https://www.news18.com/news/politics/how-have-trinamool-cpi-ncp-failed-to-meet-national-party-status-while-npp-makes-it-an-explainer-2239173.html|title =Why Did TMC, CPI, NCP Fail to Meet National Party Status When NPP Made It? An Explainer|publisher =[[Network 18]]|quote =Due to several political developments over the past few years, the EC wants the three political parties to respond on why their 'national party' status should not be taken away.|location =Kolkata|date =20 July 2019|website =News18.com|author =Sujit Nath|access-date =11 May 2020}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Banerjee's government was reelected again in the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021 state election]] by an unexpectedly large margin over the BJP. Prior to the election, several high-profile TMC members such as [[Mukul Roy]] and [[Suvendu Adhikari]] had defected to the BJP. Despite the large winning margin, Banerjee was defeated by Adhikari in the [[Nandigram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nandigram seat]],&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25210.htm?ac=210|access-date=2 May 2021|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503202328/https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25210.htm?ac=210|url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; where she had transferred to fight Adhikari head-on.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news|last1=Ellis-Petersen|first1=Hannah|last2=Rahman|first2=Shaikh Azizur|date=26 March 2021|title='India's soul at stake': Bengalis vote in divisive election|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/26/india-soul-at-stake-west-bengalis-vote-in-divisive-election-modi-bjp}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In the [[2026 Rajya Sabha elections]], the TMC nominated lawyer [[Menaka Guruswamy]] to be an MP, with her becoming India's first openly LGBTQ+ national-level member of Parliament.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/who-is-menaka-guruswamy-set-to-become-india-first-openly-lgbtq-parliamentarian/article70687017.ece|title=Menaka Guruswamy, TMC’s pick for Rajya Sabha, could become India’s first LGBTQ+ parliamentarian|publisher=The Hindu|date=February 28, 2026}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == Presence in other states ==<br /> <br /> === Arunachal Pradesh ===<br /> In the [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], Trinamool Congress won five seats and got 15.04% of the total votes.<br /> <br /> In 2020, an independent MLA [[Chakat Aboh]] joined the TMC.<br /> <br /> === Assam ===<br /> In the 2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election, [[Jamal Uddin Ahmed (MLA)|Jamal Uddin Ahmed]] won [[Badarpur (Assam Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Badarpur constituency]]. He was a Trinamool Congress candidate.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/assam/assembly-constituencies/2001-election-results.html|title=Assam Assembly Election Results in 2001|website=www.elections.in}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Since then, the party has not emphasised on any other organisation.{{Incomprehensible inline|date=November 2021}} Later in 2018, the work of the organisation started again under the leadership of M. Shanti Kumar Singha. In the 2021 assembly elections, it was decided to field candidates from 14 constituencies on behalf of the party.<br /> <br /> All-India president of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]'s women's wing and its national spokesperson and former [[Silchar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Silchar]] MP [[Sushmita Dev]] joined the Trinamool Congress in August 2021.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sushmita-dev-former-congress-mp-joins-trinamool-as-mamata-expands-base-101629105024017.html|title=Sushmita Dev, former Congress MP, joins Trinamool as Mamata expands base|work=Hindustan Times|date=16 August 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; She is now an MP of Rajya Sabha.<br /> <br /> Later in 2022, former [[Rajya Sabha]] MP from [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], Mr [[Ripun Bora]] joined AITC and was named the President of its Assam Unit. Leading to the joining many prominent local leaders joined the party strengthening its grassroot workers level.<br /> The Trinamool Congress released a list of candidates for four Lok Sabha seats in Assam in 2024. TMC's list of candidates includes Gauri Shankar Sarania from Kokrajhar (ST), Abdul Kalam Azad from Barpeta seat, Ghana Kanta Chutia from Lakhimpur seat, and [[ Radheshyam Biswas]] from Silchar (SC).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-tmc-mamata-banerjee-releases-list-of-4-candidates-from-assam-1672068 | title=Lok Sabha Elections: TMC Releases List of 4 Candidates from Assam | date=14 March 2024 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> === Bihar ===<br /> On 23 November 2021 [[Kirti Azad]], a three-time [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] from [[Darbhanga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darbhanga]] and [[Pavan Varma]], a former adviser to [[List of chief ministers of Bihar|Bihar CM]] [[Nitish Kumar]], joined TMC.&amp;lt;ref name=TOI&amp;gt;{{cite web|date=23 November 2021|title=Kirti Azad of Congress, Pavan Verma &amp;amp; Ashok Tanwar of JD(U) join TMC|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kirti-azad-pavan-varma-and-ashok-tanwar-join-tmc/articleshow/87869529.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=1 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=Frontline&amp;gt;{{cite web|date=23 November 2021|title=Congress leaders Kirti Azad and Ashok Tanwar and former JD(U) leader Pawan Verma join Trinamool Congress|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/congress-leaders-kirti-azad-and-ashok-tanwar-and-former-jdu-leader-pawan-verma-join-trinamool-congress/article37650343.ece|work=Frontline|access-date=1 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=Free&amp;gt;{{cite web|date=23 November 2021|title=Kirti Azad, Ashok Tanwar and Pawan Varma join Trinamool Congress in presence of Mamata Banerjee in Delhi|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/kirti-azad-ashok-tanwar-and-pawan-varma-join-trinamool-congress-in-presence-of-mamata-banerjee-in-delhi|work=The Free Press Journal|access-date=1 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> === Goa ===<br /> Trinamool Congress made their state debut in the [[2012 Goa legislative assembly election|2012 assembly election]]. [[Wilfred de Souza]] served as head of the Goa branch of the party.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Trinamool-Cong-offers-Willy-state-chiefs-post/articleshow/11345775.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131030100319/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-03/goa/30583707_1_assembly-elections-national-party-status-political-party|url-status=live|archive-date=30 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title=Trinamool Cong offers Willy state chief's post|date=3 January 2013}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> With the [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] approaching, the work of organising the party started from September 2021. The work began with the participation of seven-time Goa Chief Minister [[Luizinho Faleiro]]. Since then, the party has increased its membership in Goa. Former footballer [[Denzil Franco]] and former tennis player [[Leander Paes]] were among those who joined the party. On 13 November 2021, [[Mahua Moitra]] was appointed as the in-charge of the party in Goa to prepare it to contest in the Assembly election.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=TMC appoints Mahua Moitra as party's Goa in-charge ahead of Assembly polls |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/goa/trinamool-congress-mahua-moitra-goa-in-charge-assembly-polls-7621320/ |access-date=13 November 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=13 November 2021 |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; MLA [[Churchill Alemao]] joined TMC in the same year.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|date=13 December 2021|title=Goa: NCP's Churchill Alemao Announces Merger With TMC|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-goa-ncps-churchill-alemao-announces-merger-with-tmc/404880|work=Outlook India|access-date=13 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|date=13 December 2021|title=Churchill Alemao, sole NCP MLA in Goa, joins Trinamool on Mamata Banerjee's visit to state|url=https://theprint.in/politics/churchill-alemao-sole-ncp-mla-in-goa-joins-trinamool-on-mamata-banerjees-visit-to-state/780879/|work=The Print|access-date=13 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In the [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022 Goa Legislative Assembly Election]], it got 5.2% votes. Later its party President and many leaders left the party. Samil Volvaiker was appointed the President in 2023.<br /> <br /> === Haryana ===<br /> On 23 November 2021 [[Ashok Tanwar]], former president of [[Haryana Pradesh Congress Committee]], joined TMC.&amp;lt;ref name=TOI /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=Frontline /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=Free /&amp;gt; [[Sukhendu Shekhar Roy]] was appointed as in-charge of the party's [[Haryana]] unit on 25 November.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|date=25 November 2021|title=Sukhendu Sekhar Roy appointed Trinamool's Haryana unit in-charge|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/sukhendu-sekhar-roy-appointed-trinamools-haryana-unit-in-charge20211125230932|work=ANI|access-date=1 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> === Kerala ===<br /> Kerala Pradesh Trinamool Congress was launched in 2009. In 2014, its candidates contested five seats under the party symbol in the parliamentary election. Leaders like Mukul Roy, Derek O'Brien, Mahua Moitra and Nadimul Haque visited Kerala and gave directions for further development in the party's activities. In the 2014 Lok Sabha elections, Trinamool Congress candidates contested from five parliamentary constituencies. The 2014 Lok Sabha elections made the Trinamool Congress presence known in Kerala, although it failed to garner significant votes. In the 2016 state election, TMC contested in 70 assembly constituencies but due to technical errors, the party symbol was not accepted. District Committees in all 14 districts of Kerala. Constituency Committees in 95 constituencies out of 140 constituencies. Kerala Pradesh Trinamool Congress also has a 59-member state working committee. Kerala Pradesh trinamool Congress State President Dr. Harish Palathingal.The working president is Shamsu Payaningal. The party is active in all political spheres of the state of Kerala. The Trinamool Congress is aligned with the India Front but is not part of the UDF or the LDF in the state.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|date=5 August 2021|title=Kerala TMC: 'ভারত বাঁচাতে দিদিকে চাই,' বাম শাসিত কেরলে নতুন করে যাত্রা তৃণমূলের|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/nation/call-didi-save-india-poster-by-tmc-in-left-ruled-kerala_396667.html|work=Zee 24 Ghanta|language=bn|access-date=5 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|date=6 August 2021|title='ভারত বাঁচাতে দিদিকে চাই', Mamata Banerjee-র ছবি দেওয়া হোর্ডিং এবার কেরলে|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/india/call-didi-save-india-new-hording-seen-at-ernakulam-kerala-in-support-of-mamata-banerjee/|work=Sangbad Pratidin|language=bn|access-date=5 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|date=7 August 2021|title='Call Didi, Save India': After Tamil Nadu, Mamata's Posters in Left Bastion Kerala|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/call-didi-save-india-after-tamil-nadu-now-kerala-mamatas-posters-spreading-fast-in-south-4056650.html|work=News18|access-date=5 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|date=7 August 2021|title=&quot;Call Didi Save India, Delhi Chalo&quot; posters featuring Mamata Banerjee's face in Kerala|url=https://english.natungati.in/call-didi-save-india-delhi-chalo-posters-featuring-mamata-banerjees-face-in-kerala/|work=Natun Gati|access-date=5 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Democratic Movement of Kerala ====<br /> The Democratic Movement of Kerala (DMK) is an Indian political party based in [[Kerala]], India. It was founded by [[P. V. Anvar]] on 9 October 2024.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |date=6 October 2024 |title='Democratic Movement of Kerala': MLA P V Anvar names party |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Oct/06/democratic-movement-of-kerala-mla-p-v-anvar-names-party}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |date=6 October 2024 |title=Ex-independent MLA PV Anvar launches new party, calls for 15th district in Kerala |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/kerala/story/ex-mla-pv-anvar-launches-new-party-democratic-movement-of-kerala-15th-kerala-district-2612302-2024-10-06}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |date=7 October 2024 |title=Anvar launches 'movement' for social justice |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/anvar-launches-movement-for-social-justice-101728242147757.html |work=Hindustan Times}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |date=6 October 2024 |title=PV Anvar launches DMK movement: Promises caste census and new district |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/pv-anvar-launches-dmk-movement-promises-caste-census-and-new-district}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |last1=Anand |first1=G. |title=P.V. Anvar launches new movement, but fails to find political anchorage in DMK in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pv-anvar-launches-new-political-movement-but-fails-to-find-political-anchorage-in-dmk-in-tamil-nadu/article68725345.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |date=6 October 2024 |title='പതിനഞ്ചാമത് ജില്ല വരണം; ജാതി സെൻസസ് നടത്തണം, പ്രവാസി വോട്ടവകാശം'; നയം വ്യക്തമാക്കി അൻവറിന്റെ DMK |url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2024/10/06/pv-anvars-democratic-movement-of-kerala-clarified-the-policy.html#google_vignette}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Democratic Movement of Kerala is active in the [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] region. It was merged into the All India Trinamool Congress.<br /> <br /> === Manipur ===<br /> In the [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012 assembly elections]] of [[Manipur]], the party won eight seats and got 10% of the total votes. It became the only opposition party in the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|date=17 August 2018|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Manipur|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3712-manipur-2012/ |access-date=29 November 2020|website=Election Commission of India|language=en-IN}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In the 2017 assembly elections, the party won only one seat (from [[Thanga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Thanga]]) and received 5.4% of the total votes cast in the elections.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/magazine/2019/gels/CEO%20Report%202019%20.pdf |title= Report – General Election to Lok Sabha, 2019|website=ceomanipur.nic.in |date= |author=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |access-date= 27 December 2020}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Its lone member of the Manipur Legislative Assembly, Tongbram Robindro Singh, switched to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] government in [[Manipur]] in 2017. As of 18 June 2020, he has withdrawn support from the BJP, following the disqualification of seven of its members, to support the [[Indian National Congress]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite web|date=1 June 2020|title=Mess in Manipur|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/manipur-bjp-government-no-confidence-motion-congress-mlas-6465601/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> === Meghalaya ===<br /> TMC candidate Purno Agitok Sangma won the [[Tura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tura constituency]] by a huge margin in the 2004 Lok Sabha election.<br /> <br /> The party's [[Meghalaya]] unit was launched in 2021.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|date=25 November 2021|title=Meghalaya: 12 of 17 Congress MLAs, Led By Ex CM Mukul Sangma, Jump Ship to TMC|url=https://thewire.in/politics/meghalaya-12-of-17-congress-mlas-led-by-ex-cm-mukul-sangma-jump-ship-to-tmc|work=The Wire|access-date=25 November 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|date=25 November 2021|title='Not Effective Opposition': Meghalaya MLAs On Why They Left Congress|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/not-effective-opposition-meghalaya-mlas-on-why-they-left-congress-joined-trinamool-congress-2624123|work=NDTV|access-date=25 November 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> On 24 November 2021, former [[List of chief ministers of Meghalaya|Chief Minister of Meghalaya]] [[Mukul Sangma]] along with other 11 MLAs of INC joined TMC which made TMC the largest opposition party in [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|date=24 November 2021|title=Ex-Meghalaya CM Mukul Sangma Joins TMC With 12 MLAs; Trinamool Now Main Oppn in State|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/ex-meghalaya-cm-mukul-sangma-joins-tmc-with-12-mlas-trinamool-now-main-oppn-in-state-4483196.html|work=News18|access-date=25 November 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|date=24 November 2021|title=Meghalaya: In massive jolt to Congress, former CM Mukul Sangma, 11 other MLAs join TMC|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/former-meghalaya-cm-mukul-sangma-11-others-join-trinamool-congress-1880464-2021-11-24|work=India Today|access-date=25 November 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|date=25 November 2021|title=Mukul Sangma, 11 Congress MLAs join Trinamool|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mukul-sangma-11-congress-mlas-join-trinamool/article37674046.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 November 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|date=26 November 2021|title=Congress mulls legal action as 12 MLAs join TMC, make it main opposition in Meghalaya|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shillong/congress-mulls-legal-action-as-12-mlas-join-tmc-make-it-main-opposition-in-meghalaya/articleshow/87919280.cms|access-date=29 November 2021|work=The Times of India}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> On 29 November, [[Charles Pyngrope]] was appointed as the president of AITC Meghalaya unit.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|date=30 November 2021|title=Charles Pyngrope appointed as Meghalaya TMC president|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/charles-pyngrope-appointed-as-meghalaya-tmc-president20211130071036|work=ANI|access-date=1 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> In 2022, one defected MLA who has earlier switched from INC quit the party and joined BJP.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=16 December 2022 |title=In Meghalaya ruling alliance slugfest, BJP draws first blood; takes in two NPP MLAs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/meghalaya-ruling-alliance-slugfest-bjp-takes-two-npp-mlas-8328224/ |access-date=20 December 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In the [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]], the Trinamool Congress led by Mukul Sangma contested 56 of the 60 seats and won five seats and received 13.32% of the votes; as such, it became a State Party.<br /> <br /> Since 2024, it is the largest opposition in Meghalaya.<br /> <br /> === Mizoram ===<br /> In 2023, an independent MLA Dr. [[K Beichhua]] joined the TMC.<br /> <br /> === Punjab ===<br /> Shortly before the Assembly elections in 2017, the party started working on the Punjab organisation under the leadership of Jagat Singh. After that, during the assembly elections, it was decided that they would field candidates for 20 constituencies on behalf of the party. The party, however, did not gain any seats in Punjab in that election. After that the party's organisational work in Punjab almost completely stopped.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} From 2019, the party started a new committee under the leadership of [[Manjit Singh (Trinamool Congress)|Manjit Singh]]. Since then, the party has had a continuous presence in Punjab.<br /> <br /> === Tripura ===<br /> Under the leadership of [[Sudip Roy Barman]], former [[leader of opposition]] and then [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Tripura]], all six MLAs of the [[Indian National Congress]] defected to the TMC in 2016, along with many ex-ministers, former MLAs, senior state and district level leaders, in addition to thousands of party workers and supporters, to fight CPI(M), who were running the [[Government of Tripura|Government in Tripura]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Six-Congress-MLAs-in-Tripura-join-Trinamool/articleshow/52637180.cms|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607125851/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Six-Congress-MLAs-in-Tripura-join-Trinamool/articleshow/52637180.cms|archivedate=2016-06-07|title=Six Congress MLAs in Tripura join Trinamool|date=7 June 2016|website=Times of India}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{POV statement|date=November 2021}} Later in the presence of [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] and [[Dharmendra Pradhan]], Barman defected to the BJP along with all of the other TMC MLAs of the Tripura Legislative Assembly after they cross-voted against party lines in the [[2017 Indian presidential election]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/recognise-ex-tmc-mlas-as-bjp-members-in-tripura-bjp/|title=Recognise Ex-TMC MLAs as BJP Members in Tripura: BJP}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> TMC won one seat in Ambassa Municipal council in the [[2021 Tripura local elections|2021 Tripura civic polls]] despite widespread violence. TMC emerged as the second largest party in terms of vote-share in the 120 seats it contested out of 334 seats as it garnered 19.9% of the votes in those seats.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|date=9 December 2021|title=Not BJP or TMC, the real story of Tripura's civic poll numbers was near-decimation of Congress|url=https://theprint.in/politics/not-bjp-or-tmc-the-real-story-of-tripuras-civic-poll-numbers-was-near-decimation-of-congress/778485/|work=The Print|access-date=13 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> === Uttar Pradesh ===<br /> The party's state unit in [[Uttar Pradesh]] was set up in 2005.&amp;lt;ref name=dtnext&amp;gt;{{cite web|date=28 May 2021|title=TMC keen to join farmers' protest, eyes 2024 polls|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/National/2021/05/28144620/1297220/TMC-keen-to-join-farmers-protest-eyes-2024-polls.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130212848/https://www.dtnext.in/News/National/2021/05/28144620/1297220/TMC-keen-to-join-farmers-protest-eyes-2024-polls.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 November 2021|work=DTNext.in|access-date=1 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In 2012, [[Shyam Sunder Sharma]] contested the by-poll to [[Mant (Assembly constituency)|Mant constituency]] and won on an '''AITC''' ticket.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Uttar Pradesh 2012 – Uttar Pradesh – Election Commission of India|date=14 August 2018 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/|access-date=3 September 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Trinamool-Congress-to-expand-base-in-Uttar-Pradesh/articleshow/15534104.cms|title=Trinamool Congress to expand base in Uttar Pradesh|work=The Times of India| date=17 August 2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=UP Election Assembly Results 2012 {{!}} Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha Election Results 2012|url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/2012-election-results.html|access-date=4 September 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He later defected to [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|date=4 January 2016|title=MLA SS Sharma charged with forgery, fraud|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/MLA-SS-Sharma-charged-with-forgery-fraud/articleshow/50443268.cms|work=The Times of India}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|date=25 June 2016|title=Lone TMC MLA in UP joins BSP|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/lone-tmc-mla-in-up-joins-bsp-116062500882_1.html|work=Business Standard|access-date=1 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Neeraj Rai is the current president of '''AITC''' 's state unit in Uttar Pradesh.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|date=31 March 2021|title=UP's Purvanchal has a key role to play in Bengal polls|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/ups-purvanchal-has-a-key-role-to-play-in-bengal-polls/articleshow/81769237.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=1 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=dtnext /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|date=21 June 2021|title=Uttar Pradesh TMC to follow West Bengal model|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/up-tmc-to-follow-w-bengal-model/articleshow/83700999.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=1 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|date=14 August 2021|title=No Permission to Khela Hobe Diwas in Uttar Pradesh, Says TMC|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/no-permission-to-khela-hobe-diwas-in-uttar-pradesh-says-tmc-4083899.html|work=News18|access-date=1 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|date=12 September 2021|title=TMC and Samajwadi Party expected to form alliance for 2022 assembly polls in Uttar Pradesh|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/tmc-and-samajwadi-party-expected-to-form-alliance-for-2022-assembly-polls-in-uttar-pradesh|work=The Free Press Journal|access-date=1 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|date=14 October 2021|title=जब कोर्ट का डंडा चलता है,तब होती हैं कार्यवाही -नीरज राय|url=https://www.patrika.com/lucknow-news/trinamool-congress-state-president-neeraj-rai-held-a-press-conference-7122161/|work=Patrika|language=hi|access-date=1 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2021, two senior Congress leaders of [[Uttar Pradesh]] – Rajeshpati Tripathi and Laliteshpati Tripathi, who are the grandson and the great-grandson of [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|former UP Chief Minister]] [[Kamalapati Tripathi]], joined the '''AITC''' in the presence of Mamata Banerjee.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|date=25 October 2021|title=Two UP Congress Leaders Join '''AITC''' In Mamata Banerjee's Presence|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/two-uttar-pradesh-congress-leaders-join-trinamool-congress-tmc-in-west-bengal-chief-minister-mamata-banerjees-presence-2587380|work=NDTV|access-date=27 October 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|date=26 October 2021|title=UP 2022 Assembly polls: Ex-Congress leaders join TMC|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/up-2022-assembly-polls-ex-congress-leaders-join-tmc-7590745/|work=The Indian Express|access-date=27 October 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news|date=26 October 2021|title=নভেম্বরেই যোগীর গড়ে হানা মমতার {{!}} ইন্দিরা-ঘনিষ্ঠ কমলাপতি ত্রিপাঠির নাতির তৃণমূলে যোগ|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=14&amp;amp;nID=326148&amp;amp;P=1&amp;amp;nPID=20211026|newspaper=Bartaman|language=bn|access-date=27 October 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|date=26 October 2021|title=UP Congress Leaders Join TMC, Mamata Says Will Visit Varanasi Soon|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/up-congress-leaders-join-tmc-mamata-says-will-visit-varanasi-soon-4364663.html|work=News18|access-date=27 October 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == Electoral performance ==<br /> <br /> === General election results ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white&quot; | Year<br /> ! Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white&quot; |Lok Sabha<br /> ! Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white&quot; |Party leader<br /> ! Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white&quot; | Seats&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;contested<br /> ! Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white&quot; | Seats won<br /> ! Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white&quot; | Seats +/-<br /> ! Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white&quot; | Vote %&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;(in whole country)<br /> ! Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white&quot; | Vote swing<br /> ! Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white&quot; | Ref.<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;<br /> | [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br /> | [[12th Lok Sabha]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | [[Mamata Banerjee]]<br /> | 29<br /> |{{Composition bar|7|543|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}}<br /> | {{increase}} 7<br /> | 2.42%<br /> | {{steady}} new<br /> |&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ECI1998&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=Statistical report on general elections, 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=30 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br /> | [[13th Lok Sabha]]<br /> | 29<br /> |{{Composition bar|8|543|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}}<br /> | {{increase}} 1<br /> | 2.57%<br /> | {{increase}} 0.15%<br /> |&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ECI1999&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=Statistical report on general elections, 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=30 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br /> | [[14th Lok Sabha]]<br /> | 33<br /> |{{Composition bar|2|543|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}}<br /> | {{decrease}} 6<br /> | 2.07%<br /> | {{decrease}} 0.5%<br /> |&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ECI2004&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title = Statistical report on general elections, 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 30 May 2014 |archive-date = 18 July 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718190634/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |url-status = dead }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br /> | [[15th Lok Sabha]]<br /> | 26<br /> |{{Composition bar|19|543|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}}<br /> | {{increase}} 17<br /> | 3.20%<br /> | {{increase}} 1.15%<br /> |&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ECI2009&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/12_PerformanceOfNationalParties.pdf | title=LS 2009: Performance of National Parties | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | archive-date=9 December 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209173959/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/12_PerformanceOfNationalParties.pdf | url-status=dead }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br /> | [[16th Lok Sabha]]<br /> | 131<br /> |{{Composition bar|34|543|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}}<br /> | {{increase}} 15<br /> | 3.84%<br /> | {{increase}} 0.64%<br /> |&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ECI2014&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/4%20-%20List%20of%20Successful%20Candidates.pdf | title=LS 2014: List of successful candidates | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 October 2014 | pages=93 | archive-date=24 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024141309/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/4%20-%20List%20of%20Successful%20Candidates.pdf | url-status=dead }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br /> | [[17th Lok Sabha]]<br /> | 62<br /> | {{Composition bar|22|543|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}}<br /> | {{decrease}} 12<br /> | 4.11%<br /> | {{increase}} 0.27%<br /> |&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ECI2019&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10987-4-list-of-successful-candidate | title=LS 2019: List of successful candidates | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | date=11 October 2019 | access-date=11 October 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> | [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> |[[18th Lok Sabha]]<br /> |47<br /> | {{Composition bar|29|543|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}}<br /> | {{increase}} 7<br /> | 4.37%<br /> | {{increase}} 0.26%<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {{Vertical bar chart|1998|7|1999|8|2004|2|2009|19|2014|34|2019|22|2024|29|full_name=All time-AITC Lok Sabha seat count|type=demographic|color= rgb(0.125, 0.776, 0.275)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === State Legislative Assembly elections ===<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title={{color|white|Vote share in consecutive West Bengal Assembly elections}}<br /> |titlebar= {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}<br /> |width=250px<br /> |barwidth= <br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|2021|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}|48.02}}<br /> {{bar percent|2016|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}|44.91}}<br /> {{bar percent|2011|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}|38.93}}<br /> {{bar percent|2006|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}|26.64}}<br /> {{bar percent|2001|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}|30.66}}<br /> }}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+'''Legislative Assembly elections'''&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;WB_Results&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/94-west-bengal/ | title=West Bengal Assembly Election Results | work=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=11 October 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white&quot; | Election Year<br /> ! Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white&quot; | Party leader<br /> ! Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white&quot; | Seats&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;contested<br /> ! Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white&quot; | Seats won<br /> ! Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white&quot; | Change in seats<br /> ! Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white&quot; | Percentage&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;of votes<br /> ! Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white&quot; | Vote swing<br /> ! Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white&quot; | Popular vote<br /> ! Style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}; color:white&quot; | Result<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> !colspan=9|[[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br /> |<br /> |26<br /> |{{Composition bar|5|60|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}}<br /> |{{increase}} 5<br /> |15.04%<br /> | –<br /> |86,406<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FA07A;&quot;| Others<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> !colspan=9|[[Assam Legislative Assembly]]<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|date=20 August 2018|title=Assam 2001|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4007-assam-2001/|work=Election Commission of India|access-date=12 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |<br /> |23<br /> |{{Composition bar|1|126|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}}<br /> |{{increase}} 1<br /> |0.55%<br /> | –<br /> |58,361<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FA07A;&quot;| Others<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> |<br /> |126<br /> |{{Composition bar|1|126|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}}<br /> |{{steady}}<br /> |2.05%<br /> | –<br /> |283,683<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FA07A;&quot;| Others<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> !colspan=9|[[Goa Legislative Assembly]]<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br /> | [[Wilfred de Souza]]<br /> |20<br /> |{{Composition bar|0|40|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}}<br /> |<br /> |1.81%<br /> | –<br /> |15,323<br /> | Others<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> |[[Mahua Moitra]]{{efn|Moitra was appointed the state in-charge of the party for the elections. The state unit was later formed on 19 January 2022 with [[Kiran Kandolkar]] as president.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/tmc-constitutes-state-committee/90489/|title=TMC constitutes State committee|date=19 January 2022|work=Herald Goa}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}}<br /> |26<br /> |{{Composition bar|0|40|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}}<br /> |<br /> |5.2%<br /> | –<br /> |49,480<br /> | Others<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=9|[[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br /> | [[Maibam Kunjo]]<br /> |60<br /> |{{Composition bar|7|60|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}}<br /> |{{increase}} 7<br /> |17%<br /> | –<br /> |237,517<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FFA07A;&quot;| Opposition<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<br /> |<br /> |60<br /> |{{Composition bar|1|60|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 6<br /> |1.4%<br /> | {{decrease}}15.6%<br /> |23,304<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FA07A;&quot;| Others<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;9&quot; |[[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> |[[Mukul Sangma]]<br /> |56<br /> |{{Composition bar|5|60|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}}<br /> |{{increase}} 5<br /> |13.78%<br /> |{{increase}}13.38%<br /> |255,742<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FFA07A;&quot;| Opposition<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> !colspan=9|[[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br /> | <br /> |24<br /> |{{Composition bar|0|60|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}}<br /> |<br /> |0.3%<br /> | –<br /> |6,989<br /> | Others<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> | Pijush Kanti Biswas<br /> |28<br /> |{{Composition bar|0|60|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}}<br /> |<br /> |0.88%<br /> | –<br /> |22,316 <br /> | Others<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> !colspan=9|[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]] ([[By-election]])<br /> |<br /> |1<br /> |{{Composition bar|1|403|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}}<br /> |{{increase}} 1<br /> |<br /> | –<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FA07A;&quot;| Others<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> !colspan=9|[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]<br /> |-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> |[[Mamata Banerjee]]<br /> |226<br /> |{{Composition bar|60|294|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}}<br /> |{{increase}} 60<br /> |30.66%<br /> | –<br /> | 11,229,396<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FFA07A;&quot;| Opposition<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> |[[Mamata Banerjee]]<br /> |257<br /> |{{Composition bar|30|294|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}}<br /> |{{decrease}} 30<br /> |26.64%<br /> |{{decrease}} 4.02%<br /> | 10,512,153<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FFA07A;&quot;| Opposition<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> |[[Mamata Banerjee]]<br /> |226<br /> |{{Composition bar|184|294|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}}<br /> |{{increase}} 154<br /> |38.93%<br /> |{{increase}} 12.29%<br /> |18,547,678<br /> | style=&quot;background:#98FB98;&quot; | Government<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> |[[Mamata Banerjee]]<br /> |293<br /> |{{Composition bar|211|294|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}}<br /> |{{increase}} 27<br /> |44.91%<br /> |{{increase}} 5.98%<br /> |24,564,523<br /> | style=&quot;background:#98FB98;&quot; | Government<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> |[[Mamata Banerjee]]<br /> |290<br /> |{{Composition bar|215|294|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}}<br /> |{{increase}} 4<br /> |48.02%<br /> |{{increase}} 3.11%<br /> |28,968,281<br /> | style=&quot;background:#98FB98;&quot; | Government<br /> |}<br /> &amp;lt;big&amp;gt;'''Presidential election results'''&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style=text-align:right<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Election<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Candidate<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | First round<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Second round<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Result<br /> |-<br /> ! Votes<br /> ! %<br /> ! Votes<br /> ! %<br /> |-<br /> ! [[2022 Indian presidential election|2022]]<br /> | align=left| [[Yashwant Sinha]]<br /> | 380,177<br /> | 35.97<br /> |colspan=2 {{N/A}}<br /> | {{No2|Lost}} {{N}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {{Vertical bar chart|2001|60|2006|30|2011|184|2016|211|2021|215|full_name=All time-AITC West Bengal Legislative Assembly seat count|type=demographic|color= rgb(0.125, 0.776, 0.275)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Party symbols and slogans ==<br /> {{Further|Ma Mati Manush|Joy Bangla|Khela Hobe}}<br /> The party name and election symbol represents 'grassroots'– the name contains the Bengali word ''trinamool'', which literally means grassroots, and the symbol is a sapling emerging from the ground.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite book|last1=Chatterjee|first1=Jyotiprasad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-u9DwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PT70|title=Left Front and After: Understanding the Dynamics of Poriborton in West Bengal|last2=Basu|first2=Suprio|date=7 January 2020|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-93-5328-724-5|pages=70}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The symbol is known as ''Jora Ghas Phul'' (Bengali: grass and flower; two flowers with grass).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|date=13 May 2011|title=The fall and rise of Trinamool Congress – Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-fall-and-rise-of-trinamool-congress/790124/2 |access-date=6 December 2021|website=The Indian Express Archives}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The usage of &quot;All India&quot; in the party name represents the rejection of &quot;elitist&quot; Indian National Congress from which it broke apart from.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ''Ma Mati Manush'' ({{langx|bn|মা মাটি মানুষ}}) was primarily a slogan, coined by [[Mamata Banerjee]]. The term is literally translated as &quot;Mother, Motherland and People&quot;. The slogan became very popular in West Bengal at the time of the 2011 assembly election. Mamata Banerjee wrote a Bengali book with the same title.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book|url=http://www.menakabooks.com/ameya-prakashan-books/421-maa-mati-manush-mamata-banerjee-suvarna-bedekar-ameya-prakashan-buy-online.html|title=Maa Mati Manush|publisher=Menaka Books|isbn=978-93-5080-024-9|language=Marathi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810120855/http://www.menakabooks.com/ameya-prakashan-books/421-maa-mati-manush-mamata-banerjee-suvarna-bedekar-ameya-prakashan-buy-online.html|archive-date=10 August 2020 |author=Mamata Banerjee |author2=Suvarna Bedekar |author3=Ameya Prakashan}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; A song was also recorded with the same title.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|date=28 July 2011|title=Six popular contemporary slogans|newspaper=DNA India|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/slideshow-six-popular-contemporary-slogans-1570374#top|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030109/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/slideshow-six-popular-contemporary-slogans-1570374|archive-date=25 February 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news|date=20 May 2012|title='Ma Mati Manush' song at traffic intersections|work=Business Standard India|agency=PTI|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/-ma-mati-manush-song-at-traffic-intersections-112052000205_1.html|access-date=6 December 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The slogan Joy Bangla is also officially used by [[Mamata Banerjee]] and by her party Trinamool Congress as part of attempt to create a territorial and ethnolinguistic identity for [[Bengalis]] in India.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web| url = https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/joy-bangla-history-west-bengal-7166839/| title = Explained: The history of 'Joy Bangla' |work = The Indian Express| date = 29 January 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-decoded-joy-bangla-mamatas-slogan-that-bjp-calls-secessionist/372594| title = Decoded: The History Of 'Joy Bangla', Mamata's Slogan That BJP Calls Secessionist| date = 29 January 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It is used in particular, as a closing remark for political speeches.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly/khela-hobe-to-khela-sesh-its-season-of-slogans/article34155120.ece| title = West Bengal Assembly Elections {{!}} 'Khela hobe' to 'khela sesh' — it's season of slogans - The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 24 March 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/let-the-game-for-2021-begin-says-mamata/article33896356.ece| title = Let the game for 2021 begin, says Mamata - The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 21 February 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.esamskriti.com/e/National-Affairs/Current-Affairs/What-does-the-JOY-BANGLA-slogan-remind-you-of-1.aspx| title = What does the JOY BANGLA slogan remind you of - eSamskriti }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In the 2021 assembly election, the party used a song &quot;''Khela Hobe''&quot; across the state. The song was penned by Debangshu Bhattacharya, a party youth wing member. The &quot;''Khela Hobe''&quot; term has been used across India by several opposition parties and to catalyse the movements against the establishment on multiple issues throughout the nation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|last=Banerjee|first=Tamaghna|date=4 October 2021|title='Party hobe': CM Mamata Banerjee's supporters paint the town green|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/party-hobe-didis-supporters-paint-the-town-green/articleshow/86741104.cms |access-date=6 December 2021|website=The Times of India}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news|date=16 August 2021 |title=Khela Hobe Divas: TMC celebrates 'Khela Hobe Divas'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/tmc-observes-khela-hobe-diwas-across-west-bengal/articleshow/85363785.cms |access-date=6 December 2021|newspaper=The Times of India}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==List of Union Ministers==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> !rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#2EDF1C;color:white&quot;|No.<br /> !rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#2EDF1C;color:white&quot;|Portrait<br /> !rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#2EDF1C;color:white&quot;|Portfolio<br /> !rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#2EDF1C;color:white&quot;|Name&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(Lifespan)<br /> !colspan=3 style=&quot;background-color:#2EDF1C;color:white&quot;|Term in office<br /> !rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#2EDF1C;color:white&quot;|Constituency&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(House)<br /> !rowspan=2 colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color:#2EDF1C;color:white&quot;|[[Prime Minister of India|{{white|Prime Minister}}]]<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#2EDF1C;color:white&quot;|Assumed office<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#2EDF1C;color:white&quot;|Left office<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#2EDF1C;color:white&quot;|Time in office<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|1<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[File:Official portrait of Mamata Banerjee.jpg|70px]]<br /> |'''[[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]]'''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|'''[[Mamata Banerjee]]'''&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(born 1955)<br /> |13 October 1999<br /> |16 March 2001&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pm-rejects-mamatas-resignation/articleshow/43343413.cms|title=PM rejects Mamata's resignation|date=1 October 2000|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> !'''{{ayd|1999|10|13|2001|03|16}}'''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Calcutta South]]&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;([[Lok Sabha]])<br /> |rowspan=5|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br /> |rowspan=5 {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |'''[[Third Vajpayee ministry|Minister without portfolio]]'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glass-house/story/20030922-vajpayee-reinducts-mamata-banerjee-as-cabinet-minister-792033-2003-09-21|title=Vajpayee reinducts Mamata Banerjee as cabinet minister without portfolio|date=22 September 2003|website=India Today}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |8 September 2003 <br /> |9 January 2004 <br /> !'''{{ayd|2003|09|8|2004|1|9}}'''<br /> |-<br /> |'''[[Ministry of Coal|Minister of Coal]]'''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|9 January 2004 <br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|22 May 2004 <br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|'''{{ayd|2004|1|9|2004|5|22}}'''<br /> |-<br /> |'''[[Ministry of Mines (India)|Minister of Mines]]'''<br /> |-<br /> !2<br /> |[[File:Blank.svg|70px]]&amp;lt;!-- Do not use image placeholders here per WP:IPH --&amp;gt;<br /> |'''[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]]'''&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br /> |'''[[Ajit Kumar Panja]]'''&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(born 1955)<br /> |13 October 1999<br /> |16 March 2001 <br /> !'''{{ayd|1999|10|13|2001|03|16}}'''<br /> |[[Calcutta North East Lok Sabha constituency|Calcutta North East]]&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;([[Lok Sabha]])<br /> |-<br /> !3<br /> |[[File:Official portrait of Mamata Banerjee.jpg|70px]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''[[Ministry of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]]'''<br /> |'''[[Mamata Banerjee]]'''&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(born 1955)<br /> |23 May 2009<br /> |19 May 2011&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mamata-resigns-as-railway-minister/article2032063.ece|title=Mamata resigns as Railway Minister|date=19 May 2011|via=www.thehindu.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.presidentofindia.gov.in/smt-pratibha-devisingh-patil/press_releases/president-accepts-resignation-ms-mamata-banerjee-pm&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> !'''{{ayd|2009|05|23|2011|05|19}}'''<br /> |[[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Calcutta South]]&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;([[Lok Sabha]])<br /> |rowspan=11|[[Manmohan Singh]]<br /> |rowspan=11 {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> !4<br /> |[[File:The Union Minister of Railways, Shri Dinesh Trivedi holding a Press Conference to announce the setting up of an expert group for modernization of Indian Railways, in New Delhi on September 21, 2011.jpg|70px]]<br /> |'''[[Dinesh Trivedi]]'''&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(born 1950)<br /> |12 July 2011<br /> |20 March 2012<br /> !'''{{ayd|2011|07|12|2012|03|20}}'''<br /> |[[Barrackpore Lok Sabha constituency|Barrackpore]]&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;([[Lok Sabha]])<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|5<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[File:Mukul Roy.png|70px]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''[[Mukul Roy]]'''&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(born 1954)<br /> |20 March 2012<br /> |22 September 2012<br /> !'''{{ayd|2012|03|20|2012|09|22}}'''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[West Bengal]]&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;([[Rajya Sabha]])<br /> |-<br /> |'''[[Ministry of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]]'''&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br /> |19 May 2011<br /> |12 July 2011<br /> !'''{{ayd|2011|05|19|2011|07|12}}'''<br /> |-<br /> |'''[[Ministry of Shipping (India)|Minister of Shipping]]'''&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br /> |28 May 2009<br /> |20 March 2012<br /> !'''{{ayd|2009|05|28|2012|03|20}}'''<br /> |-<br /> !6<br /> |[[File:The Union Minister of Railways, Shri Dinesh Trivedi holding a Press Conference to announce the setting up of an expert group for modernization of Indian Railways, in New Delhi on September 21, 2011.jpg|70px]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|'''[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Minister of Health &amp;amp; Family Welfare]]'''&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br /> |'''[[Dinesh Trivedi]]'''&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(born 1950)<br /> |28 May 2009<br /> |12 July 2011<br /> !'''{{ayd|2009|05|28|2011|07|12}}'''<br /> |[[Barrackpore Lok Sabha constituency|Barrackpore]]&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;([[Lok Sabha]])<br /> |-<br /> !7<br /> |[[File:Shri Sudip Bandyopadhyay official portrait.jpg|70px]]<br /> |'''[[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]'''&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(born 1952)<br /> |12 July 2011<br /> |22 September 2012<br /> !'''{{ayd|2011|07|12|2012|09|22}}'''<br /> |[[Kolkata Uttar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolkata Uttar]]&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;([[Lok Sabha]])<br /> |-<br /> !8<br /> |[[File:Saugata Roy MP.jpg|70px]]<br /> |'''[[Ministry of Urban Development (India)|Minister of Urban Development]]'''&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br /> |'''[[Saugata Roy]]'''&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(born 1946)<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|28 May 2009<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|22 September 2012&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mamata-banerjee-withdraws-support-to-upa-government/articleshow/16453326.cms|title=Mamata Banerjee withdraws support to UPA government|date=18 September 2012|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/mamata-banerjee-upa-pullout-tmc-meet-116380-2012-09-18|title=Mamata withdraws support from UPA govt, ministers to hand over their resignations on Friday|date=18 September 2012|website=India Today}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/cong-cool-as-tmc-leaves-upa-govt-271889.html|title=Cong cool as TMC leaves UPA govt|website=Deccan Herald}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> !rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|'''{{ayd|2009|05|28|2012|09|22}}'''<br /> |[[Dum Dum Lok Sabha constituency|Dum Dum]]&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;([[Lok Sabha]])<br /> |-<br /> !9<br /> |[[File:The Minister of State of Rural Development, Shri Sisir Adhikari addressing the inaugural session of Bharat Nirman Public Information Campaign, at Srirampur, Bhardaman, West Bengal on December 11, 2010.jpg|70px]]<br /> |'''[[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of Rural Development]]'''&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br /> |'''[[Sisir Adhikari]]'''&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(born 1941)<br /> |[[Kanthi Lok Sabha constituency|Kanthi]]&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;([[Lok Sabha]])<br /> |-<br /> !10<br /> |[[File:The Minister of State for Tourism, Shri Sultan Ahmed addressing at the inauguration of Bharat Nirman Public Information Campaign, at Shyampur, Howrah, in West Bengal on November 13, 2010.jpg|70px]]<br /> |'''[[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of Tourism]]'''&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br /> |'''[[Sultan Ahmed (Indian politician)|Sultan Ahmed]]'''&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(born 1953)<br /> |[[Uluberia Lok Sabha constituency|Uluberia]]&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;([[Lok Sabha]])<br /> |-<br /> !11<br /> |[[File:Chowdhury Mohan Jatua presenting the award for the Best Actor to Mr. Sasson Gabey for the film “Restoration” at the closing ceremony of the 42nd International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2011), at Panaji, Goa.jpg|70px]]<br /> |'''[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information &amp;amp; Broadcasting]]'''&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;'''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''<br /> |'''[[Choudhury Mohan Jatua]]'''&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(born 1939)<br /> |[[Mathurapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mathurapur]]&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;([[Lok Sabha]])<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Leadership ==<br /> The highest decision-making body of the party is its Core Committee.<br /> * [[Mamata Banerjee]] — Founder,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/West-Bengal#ref1115982|title=West Bengal {{!}} History, Culture, Map, Capital, &amp;amp; Population|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=21 September 2018|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Chairperson, Leader of the party in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] and [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister of West Bengal]].<br /> * [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]] — General Secretary, Leader of the party in the [[Lok Sabha]].<br /> * [[Derek O'Brien (politician)|Derek O'Brien]] —Leader of the party in the [[Rajya Sabha]].<br /> * [[Kakoli Ghosh Dastidar]] — Deputy leader of the party in the [[Lok Sabha]].<br /> * [[Kalyan Banerjee (politician)|Kalyan Banerjee]] — [[Chief Whip]] of the party in the [[Lok Sabha]].<br /> * [[Sukhendu Shekhar Roy]] — Chief Whip of TMC in [[Rajya Sabha|Rajya Shabha]].<br /> * [[Mukul Sangma]] — Ex Leader of the Opposition in [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]].<br /> * [[Aroop Biswas]] — Treasurer<br /> * [[Sovandeb Chattopadhyay|Sobhandeb Chatteejee]] -Deputy Leader of House of West Bengal Legislative Assembly.<br /> <br /> The party's executive committee is the [[National Working Committee of All India Trinamool Congress| National Working Committee]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/trinamool-streamlines-party-organisation-mum-on-its-role-in-india-bloc/article68910494.ece|title=Trinamool streamlines party organisation, mum on its role in INDIA bloc|first=Shiv Sahay|last=Singh|date=26 November 2024|via=www.thehindu.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===List of chairpersons===<br /> This is a list of [[chairperson]]s of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<br /> * [[Ajit Kumar Panja]] (1998–2001) <br /> * [[Mamata Banerjee]] (2001–present)<br /> <br /> ===List of the national general secretaries===<br /> This is a list of national [[general secretary|general secretaries]] of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<br /> * [[Mukul Roy]] (2006—2015)<br /> * [[Subrata Bakshi]] (2015–2021)<br /> * [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]] (2021—present)<br /> <br /> ==State/union territorial president and in-charge==<br /> {{Unreferenced section|date=June 2023}}<br /> This is a list of the official state, territorial and regional committees of the All India Trinamool Congress.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot;<br /> !State/UT<br /> !Committee<br /> ! President<br /> ! In-charge<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background: #00BFFF; color:white;&quot; |State Committees of the All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Andhra Pradesh]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Andhra Pradesh|AITC Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | '''NA'''<br /> | '''TBD'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Arunachal Pradesh]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Arunachal Pradesh|AITC Arunachal Pradesh]]<br /> | '''NA'''<br /> | '''TBD'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Assam]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Assam|AITC Assam]]<br /> | Ramen Chandra Borthakur <br /> | [[Sushmita Dev]]<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Bihar]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Bihar|AITC Bihar]]<br /> | '''Mr. [[Kirti Azad]]'''<br /> | '''TBD'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Chhattisgarh]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Chhattisgarh|AITC Chhattisgarh]]<br /> | '''NA'''<br /> | '''TBD'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Goa]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Goa|AITC Goa]]<br /> | '''Mr. [[Samil Volvoikar]]'''<br /> | '''Mr. [[Kirti Azad]]'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Gujarat]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Gujarat|AITC Gujarat]]<br /> | '''Mr. [[Jitendra Kumar Khadayata]]'''<br /> | '''TBD'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Haryana]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Haryana|AITC Haryana]]<br /> | '''NA '''<br /> | '''[[Sukhendu Shekhar Roy]]'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Himachal Pradesh]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Himachal Pradesh|AITC Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> | '''NA '''<br /> | '''TBD'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Jharkhand]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Jharkhand|AITC Jharkhand]]<br /> | '''NA '''<br /> | '''TBD'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Karnataka]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Karnataka|AITC Karnataka]]<br /> | '''NA'''<br /> | '''TBD'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Kerala]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Kerala|AITC Kerala]]<br /> | '''Dr. Harish Palathingal'''<br /> | '''[[Derek O'Brien (politician)|Derek O'Brien]]'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Madhya Pradesh]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Madhya Pradesh|AITC Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | '''NA'''<br /> | '''TBD'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Maharashtra]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Maharashtra|AITC Maharashtra]]<br /> | '''NA'''<br /> | '''TBD'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Manipur]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Manipur|AITC Manipur]]<br /> | '''TBD'''<br /> | '''TBD'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Meghalaya]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Meghalaya|AITC Meghalaya]]<br /> | '''Mr. [[Charles Pyngrope]]'''<br /> | '''Mr. [[Manas Bhunia]]'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Mizoram]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Mizoram|AITC Mizoram]]<br /> | '''NA'''<br /> | '''TBD'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Nagaland]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Nagaland|AITC Nagaland]]<br /> | '''NA'''<br /> | '''TBD'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Odisha]]''' <br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Odisha|AITC Odisha]]<br /> | ''' NA'''<br /> | '''TBD'''<br /> |- <br /> | '''[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Punjab|AITC Punjab]]<br /> | '''[[Manjit Singh (Trinamool Congress)|Manjit Singh]]'''<br /> | '''TBD'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Rajasthan]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Rajasthan|AITC Rajasthan]]<br /> | '''NA'''<br /> | '''TBD'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Sikkim]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Sikkim|AITC Sikkim]]<br /> | '''NA'''<br /> | '''TBD'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Tamil Nadu]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Tamil Nadu|AITC Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | '''Dr. [[Sabita Tamilini]]'''<br /> | '''TBD'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Telangana]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Telangana|AITC Telangana]]<br /> | '''NA'''<br /> | '''TBD'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Tripura]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Tripura|AITC Tripura]]<br /> | '''TBD'''<br /> | '''[[Rajib Banerjee]]'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Uttar Pradesh]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Uttar Pradesh|AITC Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | '''Laliteshpati Tripathi'''<br /> | '''TBD'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Uttarkhand]]''' <br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Uttarkhand|AITC Uttarkhand]]<br /> | '''NA'''<br /> | ''' TBD'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[West Bengal]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, West Bengal|AITC West Bengal]]<br /> | '''Mr. [[Subrata Bakshi]]'''<br /> | '''TBD'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background: #00BFFF; color:white;&quot; |Union Territorial Committees of the All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Andaman and Nicobar Islands|AITC Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]<br /> | '''Ayan Mandal '''<br /> | '''TBD'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Chandigarh]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Chandigarh|AITC Chandigarh]]<br /> | '''NA'''<br /> | '''NA'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Dadra and Nagar Haveli|AITC Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]<br /> | '''NA'''<br /> | '''TBD'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Lakshadweep]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Lakshadweep|AITC Lakshadweep]]<br /> | '''NA '''<br /> | '''TBD'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Delhi]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Delhi|AITC Delhi]]<br /> | '''NA'''<br /> | '''TBD'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Jammu and Kashmir|AITC Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> | '''NA'''<br /> | '''TBD'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Ladakh]]'''<br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Ladakh|AITC Ladakh]]<br /> | '''NA'''<br /> | '''TBD'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]''' <br /> | [[All India Trinamool Congress, Puducherry|AITC Puducherry]]<br /> | '''NA '''<br /> | '''Dr. [[Sabita Tamilini]] '''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;!---- Do Not Introduce without Discussion<br /> ===Corruption cases and conviction ===<br /> {{neutrality|reason=pages of political parties do not have [[WP:Controversy]] sections}}<br /> {{BLP violation|reason=content doesn't precisely follow the sources}}<br /> ==== 2014 Saradha Group financial scandal ====<br /> {{Main|Saradha Group financial scandal}}<br /> The Saradha Group financial scandal and the [[Rose Valley financial scandal]] came to light during her tenure and some of her cabinet ministers were accused of money laundering and have been incarcerated.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;WB Minister Madan Mitra arrested&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news|title=WB Minister Madan Mitra arrested in Saradha scam|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/wb-minister-madan-mitra-arrested-in-saradha-scam/17345.html|access-date=15 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215113110/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/wb-minister-madan-mitra-arrested-in-saradha-scam/17345.html|archive-date=15 December 2014}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; One of her paintings was also sold to Sudipto Sen (central figure in the [[Saradha scam]]) for {{INRConvert|1.8|c|lk=on|year=2018}}, while 20 more of her pictures were seized from other Saradha Group shareholders.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news|title=Saradha scam: Sale of Mamata Banerjee's painting for Rs 1.8 crore under CBI lens|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Saradha-scam-Sale-of-Mamata-Banerjees-painting-for-Rs-1-8-crore-under-CBI-lens/articleshow/44807114.cms|url-status=live|access-date=12 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628101631/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Saradha-scam-Sale-of-Mamata-Banerjees-painting-for-Rs-1-8-crore-under-CBI-lens/articleshow/44807114.cms|archive-date=28 June 2018}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/proceeds-from-mamata-banerjees-paintings-under-scrutiny-as-cbi-asks-for-trinamool-accounts-745419|title=Sale of Mamata Banerjee's Paintings Under Scrutiny as CBI Asks For Trinamool Income|work=NDTV |access-date=12 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513080903/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/proceeds-from-mamata-banerjees-paintings-under-scrutiny-as-cbi-asks-for-trinamool-accounts-745419|archive-date=13 May 2018|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|title=The 1.8 crore question: Is Mamata Banerjee India's most underrated artist?|website=firstpost.com|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/the-1-8-crore-question-is-mamata-banerjee-indias-most-underrated-artist-1759725.html|url-status=dead|access-date=12 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513014451/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/the-1-8-crore-question-is-mamata-banerjee-indias-most-underrated-artist-1759725.html|archive-date=13 May 2018}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/painter-didi-in-trouble-cbi-quizzes-tmc-on-sale-of-mamatas-paintings|title=From Rs 2 Cr to 9 Cr in 48 Hrs: Mamata Paints Bank Balance Green|work=The Quint|access-date=12 May 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007121103/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/painter-didi-in-trouble-cbi-quizzes-tmc-on-sale-of-mamatas-paintings|archive-date=7 October 2017|url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cbi-seizes-didis-20-paintings-from-chit-fund-firm-owners/articleshow/67155786.cms|title=CBI seizes Didi's 20 paintings from chit fund firm owners|first=Madhuparna|last=Das|date=19 December 2018|access-date=22 October 2019|newspaper=The Economic Times}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; She has been criticised by opposition parties for not taking adequate steps against her own ministers who tried to cover-up their deeds.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;firstpost&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/sudip-bandyopadhyay-arrested-all-you-need-to-know-about-rose-valley-chit-fund-scam-3187490.html|website=firstpost.com|title=Sudip Bandyopadhyay arrested: All you need to know about Rose Valley chit fund scam – Firstpost|access-date=5 January 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104143227/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/sudip-bandyopadhyay-arrested-all-you-need-to-know-about-rose-valley-chit-fund-scam-3187490.html|archive-date=4 January 2017}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;intoday&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rose-valley-chit-fund-scam-trinamool-congress-investment-firm-tmc-leaders-cbi-953042-2017-01-03|website=India Today |title=Rose Valley chit fund scam: TMC leaders' nexus with the investment firm |access-date=5 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104074341/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rose-valley-chit-fund-scam-trinamool-congress-investment-firm-tmc-leaders-cbi/1/849019.html|archive-date=4 January 2017}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Sudipto Sen was arrested from Kashmir.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/17xY5ipGyuLphDO2DbNwcK/Saradha-Group-chairman-Sudipta-Sen-arrested.html|title=Saradha Group chairman Sudipta Sen arrested in Kashmir|first=Romita|last=Datta|date=23 April 2013|website=mint}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Shyamal Sen Commission, set up by the Chief Minister, was able to return {{INRConvert|185|c|lk=on|year=2014}} to the depositors.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/shyamal-sen-commission-wound-up-job-unfinished/story-07YLIk47hwg2S2WufOOQ6O.html|title=Shyamal Sen commission wound up; job unfinished|date=22 October 2014|website=Hindustan Times}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Leaders from other parties like were also accused in this scam particularly after many of them switched away from the AITC.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|last=Kundu|first=Indrajit|title=Politicians who took money from me, cheated people are now joining BJP, alleges jailed Saradha promoter|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/saradha-group-sudipta-sen-letter-to-pm-modi-mamata-banerjee-1747035-2020-12-05|website=India Today|access-date=5 December 2020}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Despite [[Bankshall Court]]'s order to investigate into this matter, no action has been taken by CBI against any of these leaders (other than TMC leaders) to date.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|date=1 February 2021|title=Sudipta Sen Letter: 'একাধিক নেতা কোটি কোটি টাকা নেন...' সুদীপ্ত সেনের সেই চিঠি নিয়ে সিবিআইকে তদন্তের নির্দেশ আদালতের|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/news/bankshall-court-gives-order-to-cbi-for-investigation-of-sudipta-sen-letter-which-he-wrotes-from-jail-789913|access-date=1 February 2021|website=এবিপি আনন্দ লাইভ|language=bn}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Rose Valley financial scandal ====<br /> {{Main|Rose Valley financial scandal}}<br /> The Rose Valley financial scandal was a major financial scam and alleged [[political scandal]] in India caused by the collapse of a [[Ponzi scheme]] run by Rose Valley Group where multiple MPs from Banerjee's party were accused of [[money laundering]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;first_post&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/sudip-bandyopadhyay-arrested-all-you-need-to-know-about-rose-valley-chit-fund-scam-3187490.html|website=firstpost.com|title=Sudip Bandyopadhyay arrested: All you need to know about Rose Valley chit fund scam – Firstpost|access-date=5 January 2017}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;int&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rose-valley-chit-fund-scam-trinamool-congress-investment-firm-tmc-leaders-cbi-953042-2017-01-03|website=India Today |title=Rose Valley chit fund scam: TMC leaders' nexus with the investment firm |access-date=5 January 2017}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;hindu_line&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/all-you-wanted-to-know-about-rose-valley-scam/article9468861.ece|website=thehindubusinessline.com|title=All you wanted to know about Rose Valley scam|access-date=5 December 2018}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==== 2016 Narada scam ====<br /> {{Main|Narada sting operation}}<br /> The [[Narada sting operation]] was carried out by [[Mathew Samuel]] in 2011 for the Indian newsmagazine ''Tehelka'' and published on Naradanews.com just before the 2016 West Bengal Assembly elections. The sting targeted high-ranking officials and politicians of Banerjee's political party All India Trinamool Congress (AITC).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/state/k-d-singh-ordered-me-to-do-the-sting-operation-on-tmc-leaders-says-mathew-samuel-1.582948|title=তৃণমূল সাংসদ কে ডি সিংহের নির্দেশেই স্টিং অপারেশন, বিস্ফোরক ম্যাথু|date=20 March 2017|work=anandabazar.com|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426063623/http://www.anandabazar.com/state/k-d-singh-ordered-me-to-do-the-sting-operation-on-tmc-leaders-says-mathew-samuel-1.582948|archive-date=26 April 2017|url-status=live|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Didi-sees-blackmail-conspiracy-in-Narada/articleshow/52813646.cms|title=Didi sees 'blackmail conspiracy' in Narada|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 June 2016|access-date=24 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806091235/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Didi-sees-blackmail-conspiracy-in-Narada/articleshow/52813646.cms|archive-date=6 August 2016}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> During her tenure she challenged the federal system of India when she ordered the arrest of [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officials, who arrived in Kolkata to investigate the Saradha Group financial scandal.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cops-nab-cbi-men-mamata-banerjee-at-war-with-centre/articleshow/67824420.cms |title=Kolkata police 'nab' CBI men, Mamata Banerjee at war with Centre – Times of India |access-date=11 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204211836/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cops-nab-cbi-men-mamata-banerjee-at-war-with-centre/articleshow/67824420.cms |archive-date=4 February 2019 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; But CBI's attempted arrest of Kolkata Police Commissioner was also an attack on federalism.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/politics/cbis-attempted-arrest-of-kolkata-police-commissioner-was-an-attack-on-federalism|title=CBI's Attempted Arrest of Kolkata Police Commissioner Was an Attack on Federalism|website=The Wire|date=4 February 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==== 2022 coal scam case ====<br /> Rujira Banerjee, the wife of [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]], the Lok Sabha member and national general secretary of the Trinamool Congress, appeared before the [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) on Thursday after being prevented from boarding a flight to the UAE earlier this week due to a &quot;lookout&quot; notice issued by the central organisation. Rujira received a summons to appear before the organisation on 8 June when she arrived at the airport. She was questioned by the ED in relation to the coal theft case last year. She had previously been questioned by the CBI in the same matter in 2021.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=8 June 2023 |title=ED summons TMC's Abhishek Banerjee in jobs case, he says won't appear before rural polls |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/ed-summons-tmc-abhishek-banerjee-bengal-primary-school-jobs-scam-case-8653261/ |access-date=17 August 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=8 June 2023 |title=TMC MP Abhishek Banerjee's Wife Appears Before ED In Connection With Bengal Coal Scam Case |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/west-bengal-coal-scam-case-tmc-mp-abhishek-banerjee-wife-rujira-banerjee-appears-before-ed-1607615 |access-date=17 August 2023 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> According to officials, as quoted by the news agency PTI, Rujira appeared before the ED in Kolkata on Thursday for questioning about the coal theft case. Rujira was being questioned by a team of five officials, including those from New Delhi. In a money-laundering case related to a West Bengal coal scam, the [[Supreme Court of India]] on Tuesday stayed a Delhi High Court decision allowing the Enforcement Directorate (ED) to question Trinamool Congress MP Abhishek Banerjee in Delhi, but allowed the investigation agency to question him in Kolkata after providing 24 hours' notice.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |date=2 September 2022 |title=West Bengal coal scam case: Enforcement Directorate grills TMC leader Abhishek Banerjee for seven hours |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/west-bengal-coal-scam-case-enforcement-directorate-grills-tmc-leader-abhishek-banerjee-for-7-hours/articleshow/93952226.cms |access-date=17 August 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |date=17 May 2022 |title=West Bengal coal scam case: Supreme Court allows ED to question Abhishek Banerjee in Kolkata |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/sc-allows-ed-to-question-abhishek-banerjee-in-west-bengal-coal-scam-case/article65421936.ece |access-date=17 August 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> === 2022 cattle smuggling case ===<br /> [[Anubrata Mondal]], a powerful member of the Trinamool Congress who was detained on 11 August, has been placed in the custody of the CBI until 20 August. On the evening of 11 August, Mondal was transferred from Asansol to the CBI office in Kolkata's Nizam Palace, where he is currently being questioned.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Cattle Smuggling Case Accused Trinamool Leader Seeks Transfer To West Bengal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cattle-smuggling-case-tmc-leader-anubrata-mondal-seeks-transfer-to-asansol-prison-in-plea-at-delhi-court-3892557 |access-date=17 August 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Cattle from Haryana, UP were smuggled: Trinamool alleges BJP involvement |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/west-bengal-cattle-smuggling-case-tmc-bjp-anubrata-mondal-bsf-border-2379461-2023-05-15 |access-date=17 August 2023 |website=India Today |date=15 May 2023 |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Mondal is one of Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee's most dependable aides, and he was in charge of all TMC operations in Birbhum. The ongoing cross-border cattle smuggling case, which allegedly involves a connection between BSF, Customs, and police personnel with racketeers and politicians, has come back into the spotlight as a result of the arrest of the TMC strongman.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=6 January 2023 |title=West Bengal cattle smuggling case: CBI freezes 54 accounts at cooperative bank |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/west-bengal-cattle-smuggling-case-cbi-freezes-54-accounts-at-cooperative-bank-101672984552743.html |access-date=17 August 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |date=11 August 2022 |title=West Bengal: CBI arrests TMC's Anubrata Mondal in cattle smuggling case |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/west-bengal-cbi-arrests-tmcs-anubrata-mondal-in-cattle-smuggling-case/articleshow/93495142.cms |access-date=17 August 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> === 2022 West Bengal School Service recruitment scam ===<br /> {{Main|West Bengal School Service Commission recruitment scam 2022}} <br /> West Bengal School Service recruitment scam is an ongoing education [[SSC scam]] in [[West Bengal]], [[India]] since 2022.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-west-bengal-school-service-commission-recruitment-scam-7869437/|title=Explained: What is the West Bengal School Service Commission recruitment scam?|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=15 April 2022|access-date=18 April 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The scam is being currently investigated jointly by [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] and [[Enforcement Directorate]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/kolkata-besides-cbi-ed-to-probe-bengal-ssc-recruitment-scam/articleshow/90853740.cms|title=Kolkata: Besides CBI, ED to probe Bengal SSC Recruitment scam|date=15 April 2022|access-date=16 April 2022|work=[[The Economic Times]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The scam was revealed, following the arrest of [[Partha Chatterjee (politician)|Partha Chatterjee]], a Trinamool Congress leader, who has served as the Minister of Education in the Mamata Banerjee's cabinet until his arrest on 23 July 2022.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bengal-teacher-recruitment-scam-ed-partha-chatterjee-arrest-20-crore-arpita-mukherjee-tmc-top-points-1979034-2022-07-23|title=ED arrests Bengal minister Partha Chatterjee, finds link to money seized at close aide Arpita's house|work=[[India Today]]|date=23 July 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> === Allegations of extortion ===<br /> {{Main|Syndicate Raj}} <br /> Before Trinamool (AITC) took office in West Bengal in 2011, the regional AITC party leaders grew significantly in strength. The leaders allegedly began requesting a portion of the funds used to construct any new buildings in the region. As time went on, various groups in various locations began to emerge and link with various local AITC leaders. The entire syndicate business is alleged to have prospered when AITC ultimately won the 2011 Legislative Assembly election and began their tenure.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Sayantan |title=How Bengal politics is dependent on syndicate raj, corruption and strongmen like Anubrata Mondal |url=https://www.newsdrum.in/analysis/left-front-to-tmc-how-bengal-politics-is-dependent-on-syndicate-raj-corruption-and-strongmen-like-anubrata-mondal-81416.html |access-date=17 August 2023 |website=www.newsdrum.in |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/flourishing-syndicate-raj-is-an-open-secret-in-bengal/story-WoDYZCYhnPJ6whzXahrHPJ.html|title=Flourishing 'syndicate raj' is an open secret in Bengal|date=5 April 2016|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=27 October 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/syndicate-raj-thrives-in-mamata-banerjee-s-bengal-india-today-investigation-1325672-2018-08-28|title=India Today investigation exposes syndicate raj in Mamata Banerjee's Bengal|author=Amit Kumar Chaudhary |date=29 August 2018 |magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=27 October 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> -----&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Portal bar|India|Politics}} <br /> * [[Indian National Congress breakaway parties]]<br /> * [[Nationalist Trinamool Youth Congress]]<br /> * [[List of political parties in India]]<br /> * [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Notelist|40em}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> {{Reflist|group=note}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> *{{Cite book|last1=Chatterjee|first1=Jyotiprasad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-u9DwAAQBAJ|title=Left Front and After: Understanding the Dynamics of Poriborton in West Bengal|last2=Basu|first2=Suprio|date=7 January 2020|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-93-5328-724-5|language=en|chapter=2. Rise and Growth of AITC}}<br /> *{{Cite thesis|last=Piyali|first=Basu|title=Dynamics of Opposition Politics in West Bengal (1998–2011)|date=2017|publisher=Rabindra Bharati University|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/285507|doi=|hdl=10603/285507|place=[[Shodhganga]]}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Commons category-inline}}<br /> * {{Official website}}<br /> * [https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/index.htm ECI 2024 LOK SABHA RESULT] <br /> <br /> {{Indian political parties}}<br /> {{West Bengal}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Trinamool Congress| ]]<br /> [[Category:1998 establishments in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Centre-left parties in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Centrist parties in India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress breakaway groups]]<br /> [[Category:Liberal parties in India]]<br /> [[Category:Political parties established in 1998]]<br /> [[Category:Populist parties]]<br /> [[Category:Progressive parties]]<br /> [[Category:Social liberal parties]]<br /> [[Category:Member parties of the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]<br /> [[Category:Political parties in India]][[Category:Former member parties of the National Democratic Alliance]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shenoi_Goembab&diff=462237 2026-03-11T08:10:14Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: minor fix page after review and updated info</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Goan writer and activist (1877–1946)}}<br /> {{No footnotes|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}<br /> {{Infobox writer<br /> | name = Shenoi Goembab <br /> | image = Konkani activist Shenoi Goembab.jpg<br /> | caption = Goembab in an undated photograph<br /> | birth_name = Waman Raghunath Shennoi Varde Valaulikar<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1877|06|23|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Bicholim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]<br /> | nationality = <br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|1946|04|09|1877|06|23|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[Bombay]], [[British India]]<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Writer|activist}}<br /> | language = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]<br /> | period = <br /> | genre = &lt;!-- or: | genres = --&gt;<br /> | subject = &lt;!-- or: | subjects = --&gt;<br /> | movement = <br /> | spouse = Shantabai Valaulikar<br /> | children = 4<br /> | years_active = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Waman Raghunath Shennoi Varde Valaulikar''' (23 June 1877 – 9 April 1946), better known as '''Shenoi Goembab''', was a [[Goan]] writer and activist of the [[Konkani language]].&lt;ref name = goanews&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.goanews.com/shenoi.htm|title=Shenoi Goembab |first=Sandesh |last=Prabhudesai |work=Goa News |date=28 August 2008|publisher=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828083336/http://www.goanews.com/shenoi.htm|archive-date=28 August 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Waman Raghunath Shennoi Varde Valaulikar was born on 23 June 1877 at [[Bicholim]], [[Goa]], which was part of [[Portuguese India]] during the [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India). He came from a notable family which boast the presence of [[diplomat]]s. One of his [[progenitors]] was a diplomat of a local potentate in the court of the Portuguese in Goa, while another is reported to have been was Delegate or Ambassador of the [[Portuguese Government]] at the Court of the [[Peshwa]]s in [[Poona]], [[British India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Naik|first=R. N.|title=Shenoi Goembab|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=2007|isbn=978-81-260-2354-7|location=New Delhi|pages=1|translator-last=Borges|translator-first=Sebastian M.}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Goembab's father, however, was not a successful man, who was reported to have held the position of manager in the household of a rich relative and subsequently a poor [[shopkeeper]] in Bicholim.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; He attended primary school in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] till 6th grade and then joined a [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] primary school, where he completed ''&quot;Segundo Grau&quot;'' (roughly 4th grade). <br /> <br /> After discontinuing studies due to financial constraints he taught himself [[Sanskrit]] and English at home. He went to the city of Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]) in 1893 and continued with his studies there, completing High School in 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;goanews&quot; /&gt; He was married to Shantabai in Mumbai and had two sons and two daughters.<br /> <br /> It is believed that Goembab earned his nickname when he was going along with his uncle Chintamanrao to Bombay aboard a [[Steamboat|steamer]]. A friend on board the ship remarked to his uncle &quot;I hear you are taking this ''Goembab'' (Gentleman from Goa) with you to Bombay.&quot; The young and idealistic Goembab later used &quot;Shennoi Goembab&quot; as his [[pen-name]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Iliadis |first1=Dennis |last2=Gullo |first2=Bill |last3=Wakefield |first3=Rhys |last4=Miller |first4=Logan |last5=Hinshaw |first5=Ashley |last6=Hall |first6=Natalie |title=+1 |isbn=978-0788617539 |oclc=867735697}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Valaulikar returned to [[Goa]] in 1899 and took up a job as a school teacher, but later left it as he wasn't satisfied. He went to [[Karachi]], [[British India]] and worked there for some time as a [[clerk]] in the [[Lahore]] Municipality. He returned to [[Bombay]] where he got married and later got a job with the Italian Consulate. Later he joined a German company, ''Meister Lucius &amp; Bruening'', as a [[stenographer]].&lt;ref name=&quot;mukeshthali&quot;&gt;[http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/shenoigoembab/mukeshthali.htm Goa Konkani Akademi&amp;nbsp;– promoting the development of Konkani language, literature and culture&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824022359/http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/shenoigoembab/mukeshthali.htm |date=24 August 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Due to [[World War I]], the Germans had to leave and Valaulikar was left in charge of the company. He managed the company well in the absence of its management and on their return, he earned their praise. Later he was promoted to the post of a secretary of the company. However, due to some disgruntled employees he was accused of mismanagement and left the company.&lt;ref name = &quot;goanews&quot;/&gt; After this he dedicated his life to revitalising the [[Konkani language]].<br /> <br /> ===Writing===<br /> Valaulikar had started writing in [[Konkani language|Konkani]] while working in Bombay. His wife was an illiterate but had a very good knowledge of Konkani language and [[folklore]]. He made her recite the tales and proverbs and put them in writing which were published later. ''&quot;Goenkaaranchi Goianbhaili Vosnook&quot;'' ([[Goan]] migrants outside Goa) was a series of history lectures given by Goembab at the Saraswat Brahman Samaj, Bombay, in 1927.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BMdU2Kj9RHcC&amp;q=Goenkaaranchi+Goianbhaili+Vosnook&amp;pg=PT217|title=Goa: A Daughter'S Story|last=Couto|first=Maria Aurora|date=2005-04-05|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=9789351180951|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Another historical book he wrote was ''&quot;Albuquerquan Goen Kashe Jikle&quot;'' (How Albuquerque Won Goa). ''&quot;Mhaji Baa Khai Gelli?&quot;'' is regarded as the first modern Konkani [[short-story]]. It was published in ''&quot;Gomantopnishat&quot;'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://library.unigoa.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=66202&amp;query_desc=kw,wrdl:%20shenoi%20goembab|title=Gomantopanishat|last=Goembab|first=Shenoi|date=1989|publisher=Konkani Bhasha Mandal|series=Shenoi Goembabali Barpaval : Dusre Pustak|location=Goa}}&lt;/ref&gt; which is a two-volume collection of fiction and non-fiction. The second volume contained ''&quot;Sonvsar Budti&quot;'' (The drowning of the world). It used the story of the Great Flood to discuss various philosophies and includes parts from various religious works such as the [[Upanishads]], Bible, [[Qur'an]] and [[Talmud]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://chronicler.in/remembering-shenoi-goembab-on-vishwa-konkani-dis-world-konkani-day/Goa/|title=Remembering Shenoi Goembab on Vishwa Konkani Dis (World Konkani Day)|work=The Chronicler |date=9 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117192900/https://chronicler.in/remembering-shenoi-goembab-on-vishwa-konkani-dis-world-konkani-day/Goa/|archive-date=17 November 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He believed that Konkani language was awaiting a revolution and it could only be brought about by its youth. This was revealed in his essays ''&quot;Amrutacho Pavs&quot;'' (The Rain of Nectar) and ''&quot;Konkani Vidyarthiank&quot;'' (For Konkani Students). One of his major contribution was towards children's literature. ''&quot;Bhurgianche Vyakran&quot;'' (Children's Grammar) was written in a series of question-answers that he used to teach his son and ''&quot;Bhurgianlo Ishtt&quot;'' was a collection of short stories.<br /> <br /> Valaulikar has also translated many works into Konkani, the chief among them being [[Molière]]'s ''Le Médecin malgré lui'', which he translated as ''&quot;Mogachen Logn&quot;'' (''Love Marriage'') and [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Othello]]'', ''[[Hamlet]]'' and ''[[King Lear]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://library.unigoa.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=61170&amp;query_desc=kw,wrdl:%20shenoi%20goembab|title=Moganche Lagna|last=Shenoi|first=Goembab|date=1989|publisher=Konkani Bhasha Mandal|location=Margao}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is most remembered for his translation of the [[Bhagavad Gita]] into Konkani: &quot;''Bhagwantalem Geet''&quot;.&lt;ref name = &quot;mukeshthali&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Activism===<br /> In an autobiographical reference, Goembab credits the Barão de Cumbarjua ([[Baron]] of [[Cumbarjua]]), Tomás Morão, with opening his eyes to the fact that it was Konkani, and not Marathi, which was the [[mother-tongue]] of [[Goans]]. In anecdote he recounts in ''Konkani Bhashechem Zoit'', Goembab indicates that in about 1899, he had written a book &quot;''O Mestre Portugu''é''s''&quot; for use in the Marathi-Portuguese schools that had been established by the ''[[Estado da Índia]]'' in Goa since 1871.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Botelho|first=Afonso Manuel|title=Language and Early Schooling in Goa|publisher=Directorate of Official Language, Govt. of Goa|year=2011|location=Panjim- Goa|pages=103}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> At the time the Morão, was the Inspector of Schools in Goa. In that book, Goembab indicates that he had introduced lessons covering grammatical rules, meanings of words and sentences for teaching the art of translation. In the Portuguese introduction, he recounts &quot;I had, in my ignorance, referred to Marathi as &quot;''Lingua Vernacular''&quot; i.e., local language. After reading that introduction, Morão pointed to my mistake saying, &quot;the local language of Goa is Konkani, how can it be Marathi?&quot;. I saw the truth in that statement. And I have not forgotten that incident till this day.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Varde Valavalikar|first=Shenoi V. R.|title=The Triumph of Konkani: A Translation of Shenoy Goembab's Konkani Bhashechem Zoit|publisher=Asmitai Pratishthan|year=2003|location=Margão|pages=25|translator-last=Borges|translator-first=Sebastian M.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He had observed how Konkani had diminished in status among [[Goans]] and Marathi and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] had taken the place of respect among the educated, upper class Hindus and Christians respectively. Konkani was used only to communicate with their employees, the poor and downtrodden castes. He believed that no matter how many languages a person could communicate in to earn a living, he was lost if he could not communicate in his mother tongue, the &quot;language of your soul&quot; as he called it.&lt;ref name=&quot;goanews&quot; /&gt; &quot;We have been shining under others' lamps&quot;, observed Shenoi Goembab.&lt;ref name=&quot;goanews&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> He began telling [[Konkani people|Konkanis]] about the sweetness of their mother tongue and of its rich past. He started writing books to propagate his views.&lt;ref name=&quot;goanews&quot; /&gt; Not only did he see the Konkani language as an inseparable part of every Goan's and Konkani's identity. He also saw it as a movement against Portuguese rule in Goa. <br /> <br /> Goembab wrote 7 books in the [[Konkani in the Roman script|Roman script]] and 22 in [[Devanagari]]. This included short stories, dramas novels, poetry, essays, linguistics, philosophy history.&lt;ref name=&quot;goanews&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> Perhaps, ahead of his time, Shenoi Goembab stressed on the need to eliminate caste barriers and get the lower castes educated. He said &quot;let's make ''Pandits'' (scholars) out of ''Gawdes'' (farmers)&quot;.<br /> <br /> In a communally divided linguistic community Waman Shenoi spread the message of peace and unity without rejecting religion. He equated Santeri (a Goddess popular among Goans) with the [[Virgin Mary]] to get the [[Goan Catholics]] and [[Hindus]], two major communities of Goa, to join hands for Konkani. He would chant ''&quot;Om Santeri Have Mercy on Us! Holy virgin Mother Bless Our Way!&quot;''<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> Goembab died on 9 April 1946 in the city of [[Bombay]], [[British India]], and his death anniversary, is now observed as ''Vishwa Konkani Dis'' ([[World Konkani Day]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;goanews-kpm&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.goanews.com/9apr00.htm |title=Goanews – By Sandesh Prabhudesai&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |work=Goa News |access-date=12 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517165915/http://www.goanews.com/9apr00.htm |archive-date=17 May 2008 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> On 9 April 2000, Goembab was [[Posthumous award|posthumously]] awarded the Konkani Person of the Millennium award by ''Mandd Sobhann'' (a [[Mangalore]] based Konkani organisation), on his 54th death anniversary.&lt;ref name = &quot;goanews-kpm&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legacy==<br /> The Shenoi Goembab School of Languages and Literature is established by the [[Amalgamation (business)|amalgamation]] of six conventional language departments active in the field of languages and literature, viz., Department of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] (established in 1987), Department of [[Marathi language|Marathi]] (1970), Department of [[Hindi language|Hindi]] (1965), Department of English (1965), Department of Portuguese (1987) and Department of French (1965) of [[Goa University]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Goa University: Shenoi Goembab School of Languages and Literature |url=https://www.unigoa.ac.in/dept/shenoi-goembab-school-of-languages-and-literature.html |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=www.unigoa.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Konkani Language]]<br /> * [[Konkani people]]<br /> * [[Shenoy]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070823220042/http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/shenoigoembab/index.htm Goa Konkani Akademi page on Shennoi Goembab]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Goembab, Shenoi}}<br /> [[Category:1877 births]]<br /> [[Category:1946 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Goa]]<br /> [[Category:Konkani-language writers]]<br /> [[Category:Konkani people]]<br /> [[Category:Activists from Goa]]<br /> [[Category:People from North Goa district]]<br /> [[Category:Educators from Goa]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from British India]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lollu_Sabha_Seshu&diff=513548 2026-03-09T01:46:49Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: Created New Info Added Tags...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian comedian and actor (died 2024)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox comedian<br /> | name = Lollu Sabha Seshu<br /> | image = Lakshmi Narayan Seshu.jpg<br /> | pseudonym = <br /> | birth_name = Lakshmi Narayanan Seshu<br /> | birth_date = {{circa|1963}}<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = {{death date and given age|df=y|2024|03|26|60}}<br /> | death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]<br /> | children = <br /> | years_active = 2003–2024<br /> | genre = [[Comedic genres|Comedy]]<br /> | website =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Lakshmi Narayanan Seshu''' ({{circa|1963}} – 26 March 2024), also popularly known by his stage name '''Lollu Sabha Seshu''', was an Indian actor and comedian who appeared in [[Tamil cinema]]. He started his career with the television show ''[[Lollu Sabha]]'' alongside other comedians, including [[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=லீ |first=தார்மிக் |date=13 February 2018 |title=''இந்த ஒரு டயலாக்கைச் சொல்ல ஒரு நாள் ஆச்சு'' - 'லொள்ளு சபா' சேஷு கலாய் |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/116222-interview-with-lollu-sabha-fame-seshu |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=www.vikatan.com/ |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Seshu made his film acting debut in [[Dhanush]] starrer ''[[Thulluvadho Ilamai]]'' (2002) which was directed by Dhanush's father [[Kasthuri Raja]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; However, he got his first career breakthrough after entering the television field.<br /> <br /> Seshu first garnered attention through his performances in the spoof show ''[[Lollu Sabha]]'' on [[STAR Vijay|Vijay TV]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The series spawned several successful comedians, who eventually moved on to appear in [[Tamil cinema]] including many of the show's lead cast such as [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Swaminathan]], [[Lollu Sabha Jeeva|Jeeva]], and [[Lollu Sabha Balaji|Balaji]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2022 |title={{!}} ///17.04.2022//// &quot;இவன்லாம் ஹீரோவான்னு விஷம் குடிக்க நினைச்சேன்&quot;, லொள்ளு சபா சேஷு ஓபன் டாக்! |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/i-was-going-to-drink-poison-by-thought-is-he-even-a-hero-lollu-saba-seshu-open-talk-48560 |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=tamil.abplive.com |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other supporting actors such as [[Yogi Babu]] and [[Jangiri Madhumitha|Madhumitha]] also became popular actors in the film industry. Seshu's most memorable iconic ''Lollu Sabha'' performance was when he spoofed veteran actress [[Gandhimathi]]'s role from the 1983 film ''[[Mann Vasanai]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=26 March 2024 |title=Actor-comedian Seshu passes away at 60 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-comedian-seshu-passes-away-at-60/article67994167.ece |access-date=26 March 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Seshu frequently collaborated with Santhanam in many of his films including ''[[Velayudham]]'' (2011) [[A1 (film)|''A1'']] (2019), ''[[Dikkiloona]]'' (2021), ''[[Parris Jeyaraj]]'' (2021), ''[[Gulu Gulu]]'' (2022), ''[[80s Buildup]]'' (2023), ''[[Kick (2023 film)|Kick]]'' (2023) and ''[[Vadakkupatti Ramasamy]]'' (2024). He also played a supporting role in his son Abhilash's short film ''Aurora'' (2020)''.'' He was also well known for his comedy tracks in [[Draupathi (2020 film)|''Draupathi'']] (2020) and ''[[Naai Sekar Returns]]'' (2022).<br /> <br /> He was supposed to be part of the film project titled ''Sister'' where [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] is set to play a main lead role as the project was announced around January 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=11 January 2024 |title=Aishwarya Rajesh teams up with Yogi Babu and Redin Kingsley for 'Sister' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aishwarya-rajesh-teams-up-with-yogi-babu-and-redin-kingsley-for-sister/article67729836.ece |access-date=26 March 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> Seshu died at a private hospital in [[Chennai]], on 26 March 2024, at the age of 60.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tamil actor Lakshmi Narayanan Seshu dies at 60 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/actor-lakshmi-narayanan-seshu-60-dies-after-suffering-heart-attack-2519624-2024-03-26 |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prior to his death, he reportedly underwent treatment after suffering from a sudden heart attack on 15 March 2024 and doctors revealed that three blockages were identified in his heart.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 March 2024 |title=Lollu Sabha actor Seshu passed away at 60 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/lollu-sabha-actor-seshu-passed-away-at-60-9234469/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=26 March 2024 |title=Comic actor Seshu passes away due to a cardiac arrest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/comic-actor-seshu-passes-away-due-to-a-cardiac-arrest/articleshow/108791350.cms |access-date=26 March 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2024, just weeks before his death, he also attended as one of the cadres of Lollu Sabha team for a reunion meet for a television program which was aired in Vijay TV.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Selected filmography ==<br /> === Films ===<br /> {{Colbegin}}<br /> * ''[[Thulluvadho Ilamai]]'' (2002)<br /> * ''[[Remote (2004 film)|Remote]]'' (2004)<br /> * ''[[Thirudiya Idhayathai]]'' (2005)<br /> * ''[[Veerappu]]'' (2007)<br /> * ''[[Neethana Avan]]'' (2010)<br /> * ''[[Velayudham]]'' (2011)<br /> * ''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi]]'' (2012)<br /> * ''[[India Pakistan]]'' (2015)<br /> * ''[[Pazhaya Vannarapettai (film)|Pazhaya Vannarapettai]]'' (2016)<br /> * [[Sketch (2018 film)|''Sketch'']] (2018)<br /> * ''[[A1 (film)|A1]]'' (2019)<br /> * ''[[Draupathi (2020 film)|Draupathi]]'' (2020)<br /> * ''[[Naanga Romba Busy]]'' (2020)<br /> * ''[[Dikkiloona]]'' (2021)<br /> * ''[[Anti Indian]]'' (2021)<br /> * ''[[Parris Jeyaraj]]'' (2021)<br /> * ''[[Naai Sekar Returns]]'' (2022)<br /> * ''[[Bestie (film)|Bestie]]'' (2022)<br /> * ''[[Kadamaiyai Sei]]'' (2022)<br /> * ''[[Gulu Gulu]]'' (2022)<br /> * ''[[80s Buildup]]'' (2023)<br /> * ''[[Rayar Parambarai]]'' (2023)<br /> * ''[[Kannitheevu]]'' (2023)<br /> * ''[[Single Shankarum Smartphone Simranum]]'' (2023)<br /> * ''[[Vadakkupatti Ramasamy]]'' (2024) as Priest<br /> * ''[[Ranam Aram Thavarel]]'' (2024)<br /> * ''[[Boomer Uncle]]'' (2024)<br /> * ''[[Aranmanai 4]]'' (2024)<br /> * ''[[Inga Naan Thaan Kingu]]'' (2024)<br /> * ''[[Sooriyanum Sooriyagandhiyum]]'' (2024)<br /> * ''[[Vasco Da Gama (film)|Vasco Da Gama]]'' (2024)<br /> * ''[[Brother (2024 film)|Brother]]'' (2024)<br /> * ''[[Baby and Baby]]'' (2025)<br /> {{Colend}}<br /> <br /> ===Television===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Role<br /> !Channel<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |2003-2008<br /> |''[[Lollu Sabha]]'' || ||[[Star Vijay]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2006, 2015 || ''[[Chinna Papa Periya Papa]]'' || || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] || appeared on Season 2-3<br /> |-<br /> |2007-2008<br /> |''[[List of programs broadcast by Jaya TV|Comedy Bazaar]]'' || || [[Jaya TV]] ||<br /> |-<br /> |2008 ||''Deepavali Deepavali''|| ||[[Vasanth TV]] ||<br /> |-<br /> |2010<br /> |''[[Mama Maaple]]'' || Neelananda Swamiji's assistant || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] ||<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |''[[Joking Bad]]'' || [[Gus Fring|Gus Annachi]] ||[[Netflix India]] ||Parody of [[Breaking Bad]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Joking Bad: தி பாய்ஸ் ஆர் பேக்... வருகிறது ஜோக்கிங் பேட் |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/joking-bad-to-be-streamed-in-netflix-from-this-month-20-131674097757960.html |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=Tamil Hindustan Times |language=ta |archive-date=25 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125124844/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/joking-bad-to-be-streamed-in-netflix-from-this-month-20-131674097757960.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|7020181}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Seshu, Lollu Sabha}}<br /> [[Category:1960s births]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]<br /> [[Category:2024 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil comedians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil male television actors]]<br /> [[Category:Television personalities from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Tamil male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male comedians]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathamuni&diff=451520 2026-03-02T18:37:13Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}<br /> <br /> {{Short description|Hindu theologian}}<br /> {{Infobox Hindu leader<br /> | name = Nathamuni<br /> | image = NathamuniAalavandar.jpg<br /> | caption = Nathamuni and Sri Aalavandar in Kattumannarkoil<br /> | religion = [[Hinduism]]<br /> | birth_date = 823 CE<br /> | birth_place = Viranayana (present-day [[Kattumannarkoil, Tamil Nadu]], India)<br /> | birth_name = Aranganathan<br /> | death_date = 951 CE<br /> | death_place = [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram|Gangaikonda Cholapuram, Tamil Nadu]], India<br /> | denomination = [[Sri Vaishnavism]]<br /> | philosophy = Sri Vaishnavism<br /> | movement = [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti]]<br /> | works = [[Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]<br /> | spouse = <br /> | father = Iśvara Bhaṭṭa<br /> | children = Iśvara Muni<br /> | influenced = [[Ramanuja]]<br /> | influences = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Nathamuni''', also known as '''Sri Ranganathamuni,''' (823 CE – 951 CE), was a [[Sri Vaishnava|Vaishnava]] theologian who collected and compiled the [[Divya Prabandha|''Naalayira Divya Prabandham'']].&lt;ref name=&quot;Dasguptap94&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A History of Indian Philosophy |volume=3 |year=1991 |first=S. N. |last=Dasgupta |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120804142 |pages=94–96 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jI2PUAa8B8oC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;chari&quot;&gt;Srinivasa Chari, S. M. (1994). Vaiṣṇavism, p.22-24. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. {{ISBN|8120810988}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=evmiLInyxBMC&amp;dq=nathamuni+824&amp;pg=PA22]&lt;/ref&gt; Considered the first of the [[Sri Vaishnava]] [[Acharya|a''charyas'']],&lt;ref name=&quot;chari&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;shastri&quot;/&gt; Nathamuni is also the author of the ''Yogarahasya'',&lt;ref name=&quot;desikachar&quot;&gt;Desikachar, T.K.V. (2010). The Heart of Yoga: Developing a Personal Practice, p.231. Inner Traditions, Bear &amp; Co. {{ISBN|1594778922}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=U1tV9F9kArUC&amp;dq=nathamuni&amp;pg=PA231]&lt;/ref&gt; and the ''Nyayatattva''.&lt;ref name=&quot;chari&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;shastri&quot;/&gt;{{Vaishnavism}}<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> <br /> === Early life ===<br /> Nathamuni is generally considered to have been born in 823 CE and to have died in 951 CE. His birth name was Aranganathan; however, he was known as Nathamuni, which literally means ''Saint-lord'' (''Nathan'' - lord, ''muni'' - saint).&lt;ref name=&quot;shastri&quot;&gt;Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri (1964). The culture and history of the Tamils, p.149&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;padmaja&quot;&gt;Padmaja, T. (2002). Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamil Nadu. Abhinav Publications. {{ISBN|8170173981}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=F-_eR1isesMC&amp;dq=nathamuni+824&amp;pg=PA70]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Subrahmanian, N., Hikosaka, S., Samuel, John G., &amp; Thiagarajan P. (1998). Tamil social history, Volume 2, p.342. Institute of Asian Studies.&lt;/ref&gt; An alternative view is that he was born in 582 CE and died in 922 CE.&lt;ref name=&quot;aiyangar&quot;&gt;Aiyangar, Sakkottai Krishnaswami (1911). Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of Southern India, p.409, 413. Asian Educational Services. {{ISBN|8120618505}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=htArUg0OMpcC&amp;dq=nathamuni&amp;pg=PA409]&lt;/ref&gt; Yet another view is that Nathamuni was born at [[Kattumannarkoil|Viranarayana Puram]] sometime shortly after 907 CE and flourished in the 10th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;neevel&quot;&gt;Neevel, Walter G. (1977). Yāmuna's Vedānta and Pāñcarātra: Integrating the Classical and the Popular, p.15. Issue 10 of Harvard theological review. Harvard dissertations in religion. Scholars Press. {{ISBN|0891301364}}&lt;/ref&gt; The traditional view that he lived for more than 400 years is untenable. It is likely that Nathamuni lived for slightly over a hundred years in that region controlled by the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] kings before they rose to the peak of their greatness.&lt;ref name=&quot;rajagopalac&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4X6IDAEACAAJ&amp;q=The+Vaishnavite+reformers+of+India|title=The Vaishnavite reformers of India: Critical sketches of their lives and writings|isbn=9781332877256|last1=Chariar|first1=T Rajagopala|date=23 June 2016|publisher=FB&amp;C Limited }}&lt;/ref&gt; His birth star was Anusham.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Music rituals in the temples of South India, Volume 1|first=Geetha|last=Rajagopal|publisher=D. K. Printworld, 2009 - Religion|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Though there is difficulty in identifying Nathamuni's date of birth and age, he is considered to have lived during the lifetime of [[Madhurakavi Alvar]]'s ''parampara'' (lineage).&lt;ref name=&quot;Dasguptap94&quot; /&gt; According to Sri Vaishnava tradition, Nathamuni was conversing with his father about the legend of Prabandhams written by the Alvars. His father, Ishvara Bhattar, exclaimed the Prabandhams were long lost, and that they would be impossible to retrieve unless one had the grace of [[Narayana]]. Hence, he got interested in this and had set to the pilgrimage to the [[Sarangapani temple, Kumbakonam|Kumbakonam Sarangapani Temple]], where Vishnu is worshipped under the epithet of Aravamudhan. There, he heard priests singing 10 particular ''pasurams'' (hymns) dedicated to Aravamudhan (Sarangapani temple's main deity) by the saint Nammalvar. He was overjoyed hearing those and enquired its details. But the priests stated that only 10 pasurams was known to them out of 1,292 written by Nammalvar. He placed immense faith on the deity Aravamudhan and he visited Thirukurgur, birth place of Nammalvar. He enquired about the Prabandhams written by Nammalvar to Madhurakavi's direct descendants who lived at Thirukurgur. There, the descendants of Madhurakavi gave 10 pasurams written by Madhurakavi by the name of [[Kanninun Cirutampu]]. They also informed Nathamuni that whoever sings these 10 pasurams with dedication would meet Nammalvar himself at the shrine in the city. He kept full faith in Nammalvar and started singing the pasurams with dedication under the tamarind tree under which Nammalvar himself is believed to have sat during his lifetime. Once he completed the count 12,000 times, the deity Aravamudhan sent [[Vishvaksena]], the commander of Vishnu's armies, to bless Nathamuni again as Nammalvar (Nammalvar is believed to be the avatar of [[Vishvaksena]]). Thus, Nammalvar himself came in front of Nathamuni and granted him all the 4,000 pasurams of all the Alvars, instead of just 1,292 written by him. He joyously returned and expressed his gratitude to Aravamudhan and Nammalvar profusely. Nathamuni, thus, is regarded to have revived the ''Naalayira Divya Prabandham'', hence becoming the first acharya of the [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] tradition. Nathamuni is considered to be an incarnation of a nityasuri in Vaikuntha, named Gajananar. His grand disciple is Ramanuja himself, who is considered as an incarnation of [[Shesha|Adishesha]].{{Ciation needed|date=December 2024}}<br /> <br /> The relationship between Nammalvar and Nathamuni is attested by the ''Guru-paramparā'', ''Divya sūri charita'', and ''Prappannāmŗta''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dasguptap94&quot; /&gt; The ''Prappannāmŗta'' also attests that Nathamuni was born in the village Viranarayana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dasguptap94&quot; /&gt; Viranarayana is today generally identified as [[Kattumannarkoil]].&lt;ref name=&quot;neevel&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jagadeesan, N. (1989). Collected Papers on Tamil Vaishnavism, p.126. Ennes Publications.&lt;/ref&gt; Nathamuni is said to have died at [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]].&lt;ref&gt;Es Vaiyāpurip Piḷḷai (1956). History of Tamil language and literature: beginning to 1000 AD, p.130. New Century Book House&lt;/ref&gt; His father's name was Iśvara Bhaṭṭa and his son's name was Iśvaramuni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dasguptap94&quot; /&gt; His grandson was [[Yamunacharya]]&lt;ref name=&quot;shastri&quot; /&gt; who was probably named in commemoration of a pilgrimage that Nathamuni took to the banks of the Yamuna along with his son (Iśvara Muni) and daughter-in-law.&lt;ref name=&quot;rajagopalac&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> It is believed that his other names were Sadamarsana Kula Tilakar, Sottai Kulaththu Arasar, and Ranganatha Acharya.&lt;ref name=&quot;rajagopalac&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Compilation of the ''Naalayira Divya Prabandham'' ===<br /> [[File:நாதமுனிகள்.jpg|thumb|200px|Nathamuni]]<br /> He spent time travelling in [[North India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Dasguptap94&quot; /&gt; He learned about the ''Naalayira Divya Prabandham'', but he heard only ten hymns. He wanted the rest. He recited 12,000 times, Kanninun Siruthambu, a poem in praise of [[Nammalwar|Nammalvar]]. Nammalvar appeared and gave the 4000 hymns (''Naalayira Divya Prabandham''). He was the one who brought back the 4000 hymns. In addition to teaching the hymns to his two nephews at [[Srirangam]], he introduced them into the Srirangam temple service at the [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam]], where he was the temple administrator.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/28/stories/2007092855041100.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820222008/http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/28/stories/2007092855041100.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=20 August 2008 | title=First Preceptor | date=28 September 2007 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=23 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;''The story goes that Nathamuni, while at the Vishnu temple at Kattumannar Koil his native place, heard some Brahmins from the Southern end of the Peninsula recite Tamil verses of Satakopa addressed to the Vishnu God of Kumbhakonam and was charmed with their sense and diction. He also found that these verses concluded with the words &quot;These 10 out of the thousand, composed by Satakopa&quot;. Nathamuni thus placed in the track of research seems to have finally recovered the whole of Satakopa's works and then rearranged them and the extant works of the other Alwars into four collections of about a thousand stanzas each.''&lt;ref name=&quot;rajagopalac&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> === Other contributions ===<br /> The ritual of worship as followed in Vishnu temples is based on two early standard works. The first being ''Vaikhanasa Sutra'' which probably belongs to the Krishna Yajurveda school {{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}. The other is the ''Panchratra Agama'' which belongs to the extensive ''Tantra'' literature, believed to have been composed by Narayana himself {{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}. The Agama has a peculiar philosophy of its own, the [[Bhagavata]] Tradition, which is ancient and is referred to in the [[Mahabharata]] and [[Brahma Sutras]] of Badarayana. Nathamuni made a provision for the recitation of the Tamil Veda on appropriate occasions during the main festivals of Vishnu.&lt;ref name=&quot;rajagopalac&quot; /&gt; He is thought to be the originator of the [[Araiyar Sevai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/10/26/stories/2007102651260600.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028182459/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/10/26/stories/2007102651260600.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 October 2007 | title=Rare event: Srinivasarangachariar performing Araiyar Sevai at Sri Mahalakshmi Temple, Besant Nagar | date=26 October 2007 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=23 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Legend ==<br /> <br /> === The court dancer ===<br /> Nammalvar's songs are sung to this day at Srirangam and other places of where Vishnu is worshipped. Nathamuni is said to have set them into music after his discovery of these verses. During that period, a dancing girl sang songs in the same celestial tune (in which Nathamuni set the prabandhams into music) at the court of the Chola king in ''[[Gangaikonda Cholapuram|Gangaikondacholapuram]].'' The tune was rare and could not be appreciated by the common folk and hence the king slighted the dancer. The dancer travelled to the [[Kattumannarkoil|Veeranarayanapuram]] Vishnu temple and sang before God in the same celestial tune. This was appreciated by Nathamuni who understood the nuances of the tune. On hearing that Nathamuni himself had appreciated the dancer's singing, the king visited the temple and enquired why Nathamuni had appreciated that unfamiliar tune. To display his expertise, Nathamuni ordered several cymbals to be sounded and determined the weight of the cymbals from the pitch of the sound that they produced. This impressed the king and he accepted the superiority of the celestial tune.<br /> <br /> There is an inconsistency in this anecdote. During the time of Nathamuni (late 9th century), ''[[Uraiyur]]'' was the capital of the [[Chola]] kings, and [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]] had not been founded yet. However, it is possible that the site of the city was used as an alternative capital or had a palace that was frequented by the kings.&lt;ref name=&quot;rajagopalac&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === ''Uyyakondar and'' his disciple Pundarikaksha ===<br /> One of Nathamuni's most illustrious disciples was Pundarikaksha, who hasn't left any literary work behind him. It is believed that Nathamuni had a vision where he foresaw the birth of his grandson [[Yamunacharya]] and deputed Pundarikaksha to be his spiritual guru (who in turn deputed his disciple ''Ramamisra'' to guide Yamunacharya).<br /> <br /> It is said that Nathamuni once asked Pundarikaksha to escort his wife ''Aravindappavai'' to the residence of her father ''Vangi-purathachi.'' On reaching the house of Vangi-purathachi he was served stale food and made to wait outside, as he was from a subgroup of Brahmins ([https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%3ACastes_and_Tribes_of_Southern_India.djvu/467 Choliah]) who at the time faced discrimination from other [[Tamil Brahmin|Tamil Brahmins]]. Yet, he did not resent the apparent slight and indignity, but rather accepted it cheerfully as Vaishnava [[Prasada|prasadam]]. When Nathamuni heard of this incident, he reckoned that it was a mark of high spiritual advancement and called him by the name of ''Uyyakondar'' - saviour of the new dispensation.&lt;ref name=&quot;rajagopalac&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *{{cite book |last=Bartley |first=C. J. |year=2002 |title=The theology of Ramanuja: realism and religion |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7007-1459-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Og7MoH69mPUC}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |location=Cambridge |pages=132–136 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C |isbn=0-521-43304-5}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9069320/Srivaisnava#259890.hook Srivaisnava - Britannica Online]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050127182708/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/12/31/stories/2004123102371300.htm Vedanta Ramanuja Mahadesikan]<br /> * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MbXtyeDAQVg Kattumannarkoil Temple, Sriman Nathamuni and Sri Aalavandar life history by Sri U.Ve.Asthagothram Kachi Kidambi T.Sreenivasachari Swamy]<br /> * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_u6TMnOMwEc {{authority control}}]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Sri Vaishnava religious leaders]]<br /> [[Category:Medieval Hindu religious leaders]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian theologians]]<br /> [[Category:Scholars from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil scholars]]<br /> [[Category:10th-century Indian scholars]]<br /> [[Category:People from Cuddalore district]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trump_Card_(2010_film)&diff=541974 2026-03-02T09:18:33Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: Creating A Details More To Come</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2010 Bollywood film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{italic title}}<br /> '''''Trump Card''''' is a 2010 [[Bollywood]] film directed by Arshad Khan. The film stars [[Vishwajeet Pradhan]], Vikram Kumar, Haidar Ali, [[Urvashi Chaudhary]]. This is a thriller story of deceit, love crime. This film was released on 12 March 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trump Card - Movie - |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=908 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Box Office India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Trump Card (film).jpg|thumb|poster]]<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[Vishwajeet Pradhan]]<br /> * Vikram Kumar<br /> * Haider Ali<br /> * [[Urvashi Chaudhary]]<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> The music was composed by Lalit Sen.<br /> <br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Trump Card<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = Lalit Sen<br /> | released = 2009<br /> | recorded = 2009<br /> | genre = [[Soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 27:34<br /> | label = Planet41<br /> | producer = Lalit Sen<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{tracklist<br /> | headline = Track list<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = 27:34<br /> | title1 = Shadows Of The Night<br /> | lyrics1 = Lalit Sen<br /> | extra1 = [[Suzanne D'Mello]]<br /> | length1 = 1:55<br /> | title2 = Life Is Fun<br /> | lyrics2 = Nawab Arzoo<br /> | extra2 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]<br /> | length2 = 5:43<br /> | title3 = Raat Ka Jaadu<br /> | lyrics3 = Sunil Jha<br /> | extra3 = Sunidhi Chauhan, Shaan<br /> | length3 = 5:17<br /> | title4 = Dil Nakaam <br /> | lyrics4 = Sunil Jha<br /> | extra4 = Sunidhi Chauhan<br /> | length4 = 5:06<br /> | title5 = Anta Habibi<br /> | lyrics5 = [[Shakeel Azmi]]<br /> | extra5 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]]<br /> | length5 = 4:19<br /> | title6 = Tumhare Liye<br /> | lyrics6 = Nawab Arzoo<br /> | extra6 = [[Alka Yagnik]], Kunal Ganjawala<br /> | length6 = 5:10<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{IMDb title|id=1629424}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2010 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2010 crime thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2010 films]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}<br /> {{crime-thriller-film-stub}}</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaidiki_Velanadu&diff=459252 2026-02-22T14:17:03Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: enhanced section based on references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Subcaste of Smarta Brahmin}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}<br /> {{no footnotes|date=March 2018}}<br /> '''Vaidiki Velanadu''' is a sub-caste of [[Telugu language|Telugu]] speaking Smarta Brahmins whose ancestral roots lie in the Velanadu region, the ancient name for the coastal region on the banks of River Krishna in the [[Guntur district]] and [[Prakasam district]]. Some may have roots in Northern Andhra Pradesh near [[Visakhapatnam]] or [[Srikakulam]] or in Southern Telangana near [[Nalgonda]]. They are classified as [[Pancha-Dravida]] Brahmins. They are predominantly followers of [[Adi Shankaracharya]] and are located in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]. However, There is a small subset of them who remain Shrauta Brahmins. Most Vaidiki Velanadu Brahmins follow the [[Apastamba Dharmasutra]] and belong to the [[Taittiriya Shakha]] of the [[Yajurveda|Krishna Yajur Veda]].<br /> <br /> <br /> The earliest reference to Vaidiki Velanadu starts from 12th century. Early references mention that the Velanadu Brahmins have a martial tradition, and many have fought bravely in the Battle of Palnadu on the side of [[Brahma Naidu]].<br /> <br /> Most of the Telugu-speaking priests of Smarta tradition and all of the Telugu Shrauta brahmins are from this sect. However, the people have diversified into other professions like military service, sports, politics, arts, medicine, advocacy, science, engineering and academics.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> * B S L Hanumantha Rao, ''Social Mobility in Medieval Andhra'', Telugu Academy Press<br /> * [[Christopher Alan Bayly]], ''Rulers, Townsmen, and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870'', [[Cambridge University Press]], 1983<br /> * Durga Prasad, History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D., P. G. PUBLISHERS, GUNTUR (1988)<br /> <br /> [[Category:Telugu Brahmin communities]]<br /> [[Category:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tinsukia_Medical_College_%26_Hospital&diff=541392 2026-02-18T07:43:19Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Medical college in Tinsukia, Assam, India}}<br /> {{Infobox hospital<br /> | name = Tinsukia Medical College &amp; Hospital<br /> | opened = {{Start date and age|2024}}<br /> | funding = Public<br /> | type = Teaching<br /> | image = <br /> | city = <br /> | state = [[Makum]], [[Tinsukia district]], [[Assam]]<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|27.4865|95.4358|display=inline,title}}<br /> | pushpin_map = <br /> | affiliation = [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]]&lt;br /&gt; [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]<br /> | language = <br /> | website = {{URL|https://tinsukiamch.assam.gov.in/}}<br /> | logo = <br /> | logo_size = <br /> | logo_alt = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Tinsukia Medical College &amp; Hospital''' is a medical college with an attached hospital located in [[Makum]], [[Tinsukia district]], [[Assam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sentinel&quot; &gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/cities/guwahati-city/assam-dispur-applies-for-permission-to-make-tinsukia-medical-college-operational-from-this-year<br /> |title=Assam: Dispur applies for permission to make Tinsukia Medical College operational from this year|date=10 February 2024|website=The Sentinel|language=en|access-date=6 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the 13th medical college in the state.&lt;ref name=&quot;sentinel&quot; /&gt;<br /> The college operates under the State Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Assam. It is recognised by the [[National Medical Commission]] and affiliated with [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]], [[Guwahati]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/assam-nmc-recognises-tinsukia-medical-college-adds-100-ug-seats-1043702-2024-07-06<br /> |title=Assam: NMC recognises Tinsukia Medical College, adds 100 UG seats|date=6 July 2024|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=6 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of the 2024–25 academic year, the college has a capacity of 100 undergraduate students.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/assam-tinsukia-medical-college-receives-national-medical-commission-recognition|title=Assam: Tinsukia Medical College Receives National Medical Commission Recognition<br /> |date=6 July 2024|website=The Sentinel|language=en|access-date=6 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[Government of Assam]] decided to construct a medical college and hospital at Makum in Tinsukia district. A project for the construction of Tinsukia Medical College and Hospital, along with related infrastructure, was approved for funding from the Assam Infrastructure Financing Authority, with an estimated project cost of Rs. 350 Crores. On 7 January 2019, Chief Minister [[Sarbananda Sonowal]] laid the foundation stone of the institute.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://assamtribune.com/foundation-of-tinsukia-medical-college-laid|title=Foundation of Tinsukia Medical College laid<br /> |date=7 January 2019|website=The Assam Tribune|language=en|access-date=6 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The college was inaugurated on 9 March 2024, by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-unveils-development-projects-in-assam-accuses-congress-of-ignoring-northeast/article67931956.ece|title=PM Modi unveils development projects in Assam, accuses Congress of ignoring Northeast<br /> |date=9 March 2024|website=The Hindu|language=en|access-date=6 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Academics==<br /> Tinsukia Medical College &amp; Hospital offers an undergraduate course in medicine, specifically the [[Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery]] (MBBS). The duration of the course is five and a half years, including one year of internship. The college has an annual intake of 100 students.&lt;ref name=&quot;tmch-about&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://tinsukiamch.assam.gov.in/about-us/about-us |title=About Us |publisher=Tinsukia Medical College &amp; Hospital, Government of Assam |access-date=30 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Affiliates of Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]]<br /> [[Category:Medical colleges in Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Hospitals in Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2024]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korpana&diff=454721 2026-02-16T12:48:30Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: adjust details for clarity</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{refimprove|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Korpana<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = कोरपना<br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = city<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Maharashtra<br /> | pushpin_label_position = top<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|19|44|27|N|78|59|21|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = chandrapur<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = Municipal Council<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 10000 estimated<br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] <br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 442 916<br /> | registration_plate = MH 34<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Korpana''' is a City (City council) and a [[tehsil]] in [[Rajura]] subdivision of [[Chandrapur district]] in [[Nagpur Division|Nagpur revenue Division]] in the [[Vidarbha]] region in the state of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt; |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 10, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> This is Last Tehsil Place In Chandrapur District. The [[Telangana]] border and Yavatmal district .Also this taluka is leading in cement production in Maharashtra. It has 4 big cement factories in the country and 1 coal mine.The taluka covers a total of 113 villages.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Geographic Location<br /> |Centre = Korpana<br /> |North = [[Painganga River]],Wani-Nagpur highway <br /> |Northeast = <br /> |East = [[Chandrapur]] Chandrapur highway 353-D<br /> |Southeast = <br /> |South = [[Jivati]]<br /> |Southwest = <br /> |West = [[Adilabad]], [[Telangana]] Adilabad highway 353-D<br /> |Northwest = <br /> <br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Chandrapur district]]<br /> [[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]<br /> {{Chandrapur-geo-stub}}</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunil_Narine&diff=454440 2026-02-15T16:20:40Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: expand details based on references</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Trinidadian cricketer (born 1988)}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=August 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox cricketer<br /> | name = Sunil Narine<br /> | image = Sunil Narine.jpg<br /> | caption = Narine in 2014<br /> | fullname = Sunil Philip Narine<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|5|26|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Arima]], Trinidad and Tobago<br /> | batting = Left-handed<br /> | bowling = Right-arm [[off break]]<br /> | role = [[All-rounder]]<br /> | international = true<br /> | internationalspan = 2011–2019<br /> | country = West Indies<br /> | testdebutdate = 7 June<br /> | testdebutyear = 2012<br /> | testdebutagainst = England<br /> | testcap = 295<br /> | lasttestdate = 19 December<br /> | lasttestyear = 2013<br /> | lasttestagainst = New Zealand<br /> | odidebutdate = 5 December <br /> | odidebutyear = 2011<br /> | odidebutagainst = India<br /> | odicap = 162<br /> | lastodidate = 5 October<br /> | lastodiyear = 2016<br /> | lastodiagainst = Pakistan<br /> | T20Idebutdate = 27 March<br /> | T20Idebutyear = 2012<br /> | T20Idebutagainst = Australia <br /> | T20Icap = 55<br /> | lastT20Idate = 6 August<br /> | lastT20Iyear = 2019<br /> | lastT20Iagainst = India<br /> | club1 = [[Trinidad and Tobago national cricket team|Trinidad and Tobago]]<br /> | year1 = {{nowrap|2008/09–2023/24}}<br /> | club2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]<br /> | year2 = 2012–present<br /> | club3 = [[Sydney Sixers]]<br /> | year3 = 2012/13<br /> | club4 = [[Guyana Amazon Warriors]]<br /> | year4 = 2013–2015<br /> | club5 = [[Cape Cobras]]<br /> | year5 = 2013/14<br /> | club6 = [[Comilla Victorians]]<br /> | year6 = 2015–2023<br /> | club7 = [[Trinbago Knight Riders]]<br /> | year7 = 2016–present<br /> | club8 = [[Melbourne Renegades]]<br /> | year8 = 2016/17<br /> | club9 = [[Lahore Qalandars]]<br /> | year9 = 2017–2018<br /> | club10 = [[Dhaka Dynamites]] <br /> | year10 = 2017–2018<br /> | club11 = [[Oval Invincibles]] <br /> | year11 = 2021–2023<br /> | club12 = [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]] <br /> | year12 = 2022–2023<br /> | club13 = [[Abu Dhabi Knight Riders]]<br /> | year13 = 2023–present<br /> | club14 = [[Los Angeles Knight Riders]]<br /> | year14 = 2024–present<br /> <br /> | columns = 4<br /> | column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]<br /> | matches1 = 6<br /> | runs1= 40<br /> | bat avg1= 8.00<br /> | 100s/50s1= 0/0<br /> | top score1= 22*<br /> | deliveries1 = 1,650<br /> | wickets1 = 21<br /> | bowl avg1 = 40.25<br /> | fivefor1 = 2<br /> | tenfor1 = 0<br /> | best bowling1 = 6/91<br /> | catches/stumpings1= 2/0<br /> | column2 = [[One Day Internationals|ODI]]<br /> | matches2 = 65<br /> | runs2= 363<br /> | bat avg2= 11.00<br /> | 100s/50s2=0/0<br /> | top score2= 36<br /> | deliveries2 = 2,435<br /> | wickets2 = 92<br /> | bowl avg2 = 26.46<br /> | fivefor2 = 8<br /> | tenfor2 = 0<br /> | best bowling2 = 6/27<br /> | catches/stumpings2= 14/0<br /> | column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]<br /> | matches3 = 13<br /> | runs3= 213<br /> | bat avg3= 21.5<br /> | 100s/50s3= 0/0<br /> | top score3= 40*<br /> | deliveries3 = 3023<br /> | wickets3 = 65<br /> | bowl avg3 = 17.75<br /> | fivefor3 = 8<br /> | tenfor3 = 3<br /> | best bowling3 = 8/17<br /> | catches/stumpings3= 10/0<br /> | column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]<br /> | matches4 = 116<br /> | runs4= 714<br /> | bat avg4= 13.22<br /> | 100s/50s4= 0/1<br /> | top score4= 51<br /> | deliveries4 = 3,783<br /> | wickets4 = 190<br /> | bowl avg4 = 19.91<br /> | fivefor4 = 6<br /> | tenfor4 = 0<br /> | best bowling4 = 6/9<br /> | catches/stumpings4= 35/0<br /> | date = 7 January 2024<br /> | source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/sunil-narine-230558 ESPNcricinfo<br /> | medaltemplates = &lt;!-- MENTION HOST NATIONS FOR TEAM SPORTS --&gt;<br /> {{MedalSport|Men's [[Cricket]]}}<br /> {{MedalCountry|{{cr|WIN}}}}<br /> {{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Men's T20 World Cup]]}}<br /> {{Medal|W|[[2012 ICC World Twenty20|2012 Sri Lanka]]|}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Sunil Philip Narine''' (born 26 May 1988) is a [[Trinidadian]] cricket player who played internationally for the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]]. He made his [[One Day International]] (ODI) debut in December 2011 and [[Test cricket|Test match]] debut in June 2012. Primarily an [[off spin|off-spin]] bowler, he is also a left-handed batsman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2017/content/story/1096624.html|title=Narine demolishes RCB with fastest IPL fifty|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 May 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Narine was a part of the West Indies team that won the [[2012 T20 World Cup]], where he took the winning wicket of [[Lasith Malinga]] in the [[2012 ICC World Twenty20 Final|final]]. In November 2023, he announced his retirement from international cricket.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/west-indies-spinner-sunil-narine-calls-time-on-international-career-1407363|title=Sunil Narine retires from international cricket|work=ESPNCricInfo|access-date=6 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Domestic and T20 franchise career==<br /> Narine made his debut in [[first-class cricket]] for [[Trinidad and Tobago national cricket team|Trinidad and Tobago]] in February 2009 during the [[2008–09 Regional Four Day Competition|Regional Four Day Competition]], bowling thirteen overs without taking a wicket.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/205/205189.html |title=f51427 Trinidad and Tobago v Leeward Islands: Regional Four Day Competition 2008/09 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=10 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; He did not play another first-class match until nearly a year later,&lt;ref name=&quot;fc matches&quot;&gt;{{citation |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/97/97646/First-Class_Matches.html |title=First-class matches played by Sunil Narine |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=10 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; and after going wicketless in the first innings claimed a double scalp in the second, that of tail-ender [[Lionel Baker]].&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/266/266761.html |title=f52251 Leeward Islands v Trinidad and Tobago: Regional Four Day Competition 2009/10 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=10 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 20 January 2011, during the [[2011–12 Caribbean Twenty20|Caribbean Twenty20]], Narine played his first [[Twenty20]] (T20) match but did not bowl as the match was rained off before Trinidad and Tobago could bowl.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/314/314769.html |title=tt2076 Hampshire v Trinidad and Tobago: Caribbean T20 2010/11 (Group B) |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=10 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the end, Trinidad and Tobago won the competition and Narine managed five wickets at an average of 13.40.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/314/314774.html |title=tt2087 Hampshire v Trinidad and Tobago: Caribbean T20 2010/11 (Final) |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=10 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/WI/Caribbean_T20_2010-11/Bowling_by_Average.html |title=Bowling in Caribbean T20 2010/11 (ordered by average) |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=10 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; By virtue of winning the competition, Trinidad and Tobago qualified for the [[2011 Champions League Twenty20]] held in September and October, in which Narine was one of three bowlers to take ten or more wickets.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/IND/Champions_League_2011-12/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Champions League 2011/12 (ordered by wickets) |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=10 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; He made his [[List A cricket|List&amp;nbsp;A]] debut on 20 October 2011 in the [[2011–12 Regional Super50|Regional Super50]], claiming figures of one wicket for 35&amp;nbsp;runs (1/35); his wicket that of opening batsman [[Miles Bascombe]].&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/353/353763.html |title=a21543 Combined Campuses and Colleges v Trinidad and Tobago: Regional Super50 2011/12 (Group B) |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=10 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Trinidad and Tobago won the competition and Narine was the leading wicket-taker in the competition with 15 scalps, five more than the nearest competitor, fellow spin bowler [[Nikita Miller]].&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/353/353775.html |title=a21563 Jamaica v Trinidad and Tobago: Regional Super50 2011/12 (Final) |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=10 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/WI/Regional_Super50_2011-12/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Regional Super50 2011/12 (ordered by wickets) |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=10 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Narine is the all-time leading wicket taker in [[Champions League Twenty20|Champions League T20]] history with 39 scalps.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/championsleague/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=120;type=trophy|title=Cricket Records {{!}} Champions League Twenty20 {{!}} Records {{!}} Most wickets {{!}} ESPNcricinfo|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=28 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; In February 2012, he was bought by the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] at $700,000 to play for them in the [[2012 Indian Premier League]].&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=List of Players Sold in IPL 2012 Players Auction |url=http://www.ipl-schedule.net/players-sold-in-ipl-auction-2012-list-of-players-sold-in-ipl-2012-players-auction/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In May 2018, he was named as one of the ten marquee players for the [[2018 Global T20 Canada|first edition]] of the [[Global T20 Canada]] cricket tournament.&lt;ref name=&quot;marquee1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1147584.html |title=Steven Smith named as marquee player for Canada T20 tournament |access-date=24 May 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;marquee2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sportingnews.com/other-sports/news/steve-smith-australia-cricket-global-t20-canada-ball-scuffing-scandal/1k2lxwrnwsazj1wj8ylmuejdbm |title=Steve Smith named as marquee player for Global T20 Canada |access-date=24 May 2018 |work=Sporting News}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 3 June 2018, he was selected to play for the Montreal Tigers in the players' draft for the inaugural edition of the tournament.&lt;ref name=&quot;Squads2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/global-t20-canada-league-full-squads-announced/ |title=Global T20 Canada League – Full Squads announced |work=CricTracker |date=4 June 2018 |access-date=4 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In [[2018 Indian Premier League]] he became the most valuable player, this was his second MVP award, after his debut season in 2012 IPL.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/sunil-narine-wins-most-valuable-player-of-ipl-2018-716400 |title=Sunil Narine wins Most Valuable Player of IPL 2018|publisher=Cricket Country | date=27 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2018, he was named in the squad for the [[Dhaka Dynamites]] team, following the draft for the [[2018–19 Bangladesh Premier League]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tigercricket.com.bd/2018/10/29/full-players-list-of-the-teams-following-players-draft-of-bpl-t20-2018-19/ |title=Full players list of the teams following Players Draft of BPL T20 2018–19 |work=Bangladesh Cricket Board |access-date=29 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2019, Narine played in his 100th match in the IPL.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1175361 | title=Andre Russell steals the show as Knight Riders make it two in two| work=ESPNcricinfo | date=27 March 2019|access-date=28 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In June 2019, he was selected to play for the Montreal Tigers franchise team in the [[2019 Global T20 Canada]] tournament.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.canadacricket.com/?p=12755 |title=Global T20 draft streamed live |work=Canada Cricket Online |date=20 June 2019 |access-date=20 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July 2020, he was named in the [[Trinbago Knight Riders]] squad for the [[2020 Caribbean Premier League]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29417692/nabi,-lamichhane,-dunk-earn-big-cpl-2020-draft |title=Nabi, Lamichhane, Dunk earn big in CPL 2020 draft |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.windiescricket.com/news/teams-selected-hero-cpl-2020/ |title=Teams Selected for Hero CPL 2020 |work=Cricket West Indies |access-date=6 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; In February 2021, during the [[2020–21 Super50 Cup]], Narine played in his 100th List A match.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketworld.com/cg-insurance-super50-cup-match-10-red-force-make-it-four-wins-in-a-row/68950.htm |title=CG Insurance Super50 Cup: Match 10 - Red Force make it four wins in a row |work=Cricket World |access-date=19 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2022, he was bought by the [[Oval Invincibles]] for the [[2022 season of The Hundred|2022 season]] of [[The Hundred (cricket)|The Hundred]] in England.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/60477088 |title=The Hundred 2022: latest squads as Draft picks revealed |work=BBC Sport |date=22 February 2022 |access-date=5 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 29 March 2024, he became the fourth player overall to play 500 T20 matches, during the [[2024 Indian Premier League]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=IPL 2024: Sunil Narine set to complete massive personal milestone vs RCB |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/ipl-2024-sunil-narine-set-to-complete-massive-personal-milestone-vs-rcb-2024-03-29-923681 |accessdate=29 March 2024 |work=India Today|date=29 March 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He also became the first spinner and the first player from KKR to achieve the feat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=OneCricket |last2=Gupta |first2=Sumit |date=29 March 2024 |title=KKR's Sunil Narine Set To Make History As First Spinner to Reach 'THIS' Sensational Feat |url=https://cricket.one/cricket-news/kkrs-sunil-narine-set-to-make-history-as-first-spinner-to-reach-this-sensational-feat/6606bb5024ec3d272248501b |access-date=29 March 2024 |website=OneCricket |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=29 March 2024 |title=IPL 2024 {{!}} Sunil Narine Becomes First KKR Player with 500 T20 Appearances |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!sports/ipl-2024-sunil-narine-becomes-first-kkr-player-with-500-t20-appearances-enn24032904038 |access-date=29 March 2024 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 16 April 2024, he scored his first century in the IPL with 109 from 56 balls for [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] against [[Rajasthan Royals]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=From Pinch-Hitter to Centurion: Sunil Narine Demolishes RR Bowling Scoring a Stunning 49-ball 100 - News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/from-pinch-hitter-to-centurion-sunil-narine-scores-his-first-ipl-century-as-kkr-take-on-rr-8854162.html |access-date=17 April 2024 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In [[IPL 2024]], he won the MVP award for the 3rd time (the most by a single player), as his performance along with the overall team performance lead to KKR's 3rd title.<br /> <br /> In 2025 Major League Cricket, he was stand in captain for Jason Holder for two matches for Los Angeles Knight Riders.<br /> <br /> ==International career==<br /> When the West Indies toured India in [[West Indies cricket team in India in 2011–12|November and December 2011]] Narine was included in the squad. He made his [[One Day International]] debut in the third fixture on 6 December, taking the wickets of [[Virat Kohli]] and then [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] to help the West Indies to a 16-run victory.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-west-indies-2011/content/story/543964.html |title=Narine kept building the pressure&amp;nbsp;– Rampaul |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=6 December 2011 |access-date=10 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Playing in the final two matches (both won by India) Narine took one more wicket while conceding a further 87&amp;nbsp;runs.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=6938;type=series |title=Records / West Indies in India ODI Series, 2011/12 / Most wickets |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208041108/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=6938%3Btype%3Dseries |archive-date=8 December 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Back in the Caribbean, Narine played three of T&amp;T's six matches in February 2012 in the Regional Four Day Competition, taking 31&amp;nbsp;wickets at an average of 9.61, and finishing as the team's leading wicket-taker and seventh overall.&lt;ref name=&quot;fc matches&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=7015;type=tournament |title=Records / Regional Four Day Competition, 2011/12 / Most wickets |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Australia arrived in the West Indies in March, and their tour began with [[Australian cricket team in the West Indies in 2011–12|five ODIs]]. Narine and West Indies fast bowler [[Kemar Roach]] each finished with eleven wickets and were joined leading wicket takers in the series which was drawn 2–2 <br /> .&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=7007;type=series |title=Records / Australia in West Indies ODI Series, 2011/12 / Most wickets |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/west-indies-v-australia-2012/content/story/558695.html |title=Sammy heroics in vain as Australia draw series |first=Brydon |last=Coverdale| author-link = Brydon Coverdale |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=25 March 2012 |access-date=10 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Following an injury to fast bowler [[Kemar Roach]], and the conclusion of the 2012 IPL, Narine was drafted into the West Indies squad for the third and final Test against England in June 2012. At the time he had played just six first-class matches, managing 34&amp;nbsp;wickets at an average of 11.88.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england-v-west-indies-2012/content/story/566743.html |title=Narine replaces injured Roach |first=Andrew |last=McGlashan |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=30 May 2012 |access-date=10 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Replacing fellow off spinner [[Shane Shillingford]] in the team, Narine made his Test debut on 10 June 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url=http://www.news.com.au/national/englands-errors-bolster-windies/story-fn7mjqus-1226390156690 |title=England's errors bolster Windies |publisher=new.com.au |date=10 June 2012 |access-date=10 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A superb performance by Narine of five wickets for 28 runs on 16 July 2012 helped the West Indies beat New Zealand by 20 runs in their fifth and last ODI and win the current series 4–1 at Basseterre, St. Kitts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/Cricket/CricketNews/Five-star-Narine-sees-West-Indies-to-win-over-Kiwis/Article1-890559.aspx| title= Five star Narine sees West Indies to win over Kiwis| date= 17 July 2012| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120718111043/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Cricket/CricketNews/Five-star-Narine-sees-West-Indies-to-win-over-Kiwis/Article1-890559.aspx| archive-date= 18 July 2012| df= dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Playing only in his second Test he was adjudged the Man of the Match after he picked eight wickets which included his maiden five-wicket haul.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/match-report/bowlers-hand-west-indies-the-advantage/16483 | title= Gayle, Narine put West Indies on top| publisher = Wisden India | date=26 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=https://www.ipl2020score.in/top-2-best-spin-teams/ | title=Sunil Narine the Top Bolwer in All formats| publisher = [[ipl 2020]] | date=30 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Narine was left out of the first 2 tests vs New Zealand.<br /> <br /> He is the only bowler to have bowled a [[maiden (cricket)|maiden]] in a [[Super Over]] in a Twenty20 match.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/caribbean-premier-league-2014/content/story/761401.html|title=Narine's Super-Over maiden sinks Red Steel|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=4 April 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/caribbean-premier-league-2014/engine/match/743145.html|title=5th Match: Guyana Amazon Warriors v Trinidad &amp; Tobago Red Steel at Providence, Jul 17, 2014 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard {{!}} ESPNcricinfo|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=4 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was left out of the [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2021 ICC T20 CWC]] squad despite his good performance in [[2021 Indian Premier League|IPL 2021]], prompting several questions and reactions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=13 October 2021|title=In-form Sunil Narine won't make T20 World Cup cut, confirms Kieron Pollard|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/inform-sunil-narine-won-t-make-t20-world-cup-cut-confirms-kieron-pollard-101634115940102.html|access-date=12 November 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Bowling action==<br /> Narine has the reputation of a &quot;mystery bowler&quot;, due to the variations that he has on his [[off break]]s, and how he disguises them, but has been reported for a suspect bowling action on a number of occasions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Chopra|first=Akash|title=Unravelling the Narine mystery|url=http://www.espncicinfo.com/magazine/content/story/629562.html|work=www.ESPNcricinfo.com|access-date=14 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; He missed playing in the final of the [[2014 Champions League Twenty20]] after being suspended for an [[Throwing (cricket)|illegal action]] with his arm bent by more than 15 degrees and in November 2015 was suspended from bowling in international cricket.&lt;ref name=&quot;suspended&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/westindies/content/story/945381.html |title=Narine suspended after action found illegal |access-date=29 November 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; His action was reported during the third ODI game [[West Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2015–16|against Sri Lanka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;suspended&quot; /&gt; In April 2016, he was cleared for bowling in all formats of domestic and international cricket.<br /> <br /> Narine's action was again reported during the [[2018 Pakistan Super League]], but was cleared soon after.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22785427/sunil-narine-bowling-action-reported-psl |title=Sunil Narine's bowling action reported in PSL |access-date=13 April 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo|date=16 March 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2020, it was reported yet again, this time during the [[2020 Indian Premier League]]. It was cleared by the IPL Suspect Bowling Action Committee later in the season.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/114570/narine-cleared-by-ipl-suspect-bowling-action-committee |title=Narine cleared by IPL Suspect Bowling Action Committee |access-date=18 September 2020 |work=Cricbuzz}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{cricinfo|id=230558}}<br /> *[https://www.wisden.com/players/sunil-narine-11229 Sunil Narine]'s profile page on Wisden<br /> *[http://cplt20.com/player/sunil-philip-narine Sunil Narine profile page on cplt20]<br /> {{ICC Emerging Player of the Year}}<br /> {{IPL Player of the Series}}<br /> {{Navboxes<br /> |title= West Indies squads<br /> |bg= #951A42<br /> |fg= #FCED00<br /> |bordercolor=#FCED00<br /> |list1=<br /> {{West Indies Squad 2012 ICC World Twenty20}}<br /> {{West Indies Squad 2014 World Twenty20}}<br /> {{West Indies Squad 2015 Cricket World Cup}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Trinidad and Tobago national cricket team}}<br /> {{Kolkata Knight Riders Squad}}<br /> {{Dhaka Dynamites squad}}<br /> {{Trinidad and Tobago Red Steel Squad}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Narine, Sunil}}<br /> [[Category:1988 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Sportspeople from Arima]]<br /> [[Category:Trinidad and Tobago people of Indian descent]]<br /> [[Category:Sportspeople of Indian descent]]<br /> [[Category:West Indies Test cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:West Indies One Day International cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:West Indies Twenty20 International cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Cricketers at the 2015 Cricket World Cup]]<br /> [[Category:Cape Cobras cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Comilla Victorians cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Dhaka Dominators cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Trinidad and Tobago expatriate cricketers in Bangladesh]]<br /> [[Category:Guyana Amazon Warriors cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Kolkata Knight Riders cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Trinidad and Tobago expatriate cricketers in India]]<br /> [[Category:Lahore Qalandars cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Trinidad and Tobago expatriate cricketers in Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Quetta Gladiators cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Melbourne Renegades cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Trinidad and Tobago expatriate cricketers in Australia]]<br /> [[Category:MI London cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Trinidad and Tobago expatriate cricketers in England]]<br /> [[Category:Sydney Sixers cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Trinbago Knight Riders cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Trinidad and Tobago cricketers]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Bruce_(trader)&diff=530668 2026-02-13T05:29:39Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=May 2018}}<br /> '''Robert Bruce''' (1789–1824)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Robert Bruce Robert Bruce 1789 - 1824 from The Gazetteer for Scotland |url=https://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst3223.html |website=www.scottish-places.info |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; was a [[Scotland|Scottish]] arms trader and mercenary soldier on the north-east frontier of India. He took steps towards the introduction of tea plantations in [[Assam]] in the 1820s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Andreas |first1=Peter |title=Killer High: A History of War in Six Drugs |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-046301-4 |page=114 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eMHADwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA114 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://liyn-an.com/tea_room/bruce/ |title=Mr Bruce's Report on Assam Tea |accessdate=2007-12-04 |publisher=Chambers' Edinburgh Journal |date=1840-01-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061220204732/http://liyn-an.com/tea_room/bruce/ |archivedate=2006-12-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Life==<br /> In early life, Bruce was a naval officer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Stephanie |title=Two Centuries Of Overseas Trading |date=27 July 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-07376-4 |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n8K-DAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1823 a despatch described Bruce as Indian-born. This was doubted, however, by [[Edward Albert Gait]], who mentioned his brother, [[Charles Alexander Bruce]], and his 1809 voyage to India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gait226&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Gait |first1=Edward Albert |title=A History of Assam |date=1906 |publisher=[[Thacker, Spink &amp; Company|Thacker, Spink &amp; Co.]] |page=226 |url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryassam01gaitgoog/page/n251/mode/1up |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''Dictionary of Indian Biography'', Charles Alexander Bruce was born in Assam, at [[Jorhat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite DIB|wstitle=Bruce, Charles Alexander}}&lt;/ref&gt; Robert Bruce was resident at [[Jogighopa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Gait226&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1821, during the [[Burmese invasions of Assam]], Bruce involved himself in the affairs of the [[Ahom Kingdom]]. Having helped the deposed [[Purandar Singha]] muster and equip an army in the [[Dooars]], with the help of the [[East India Company]], he led it into Ahom in May of that year, against [[Chandrakanta Singha]]. Suffering a defeat, he was taken prisoner. He then agreed to support Chandrakanta Singha, against the Burmese forces of the [[Konbaung dynasty]], who was regrouping in the [[Goalpara district]]. With guns and ammunition supplied through Bruce, Chandrakanta Singha took back [[Guwahati]] at the beginning of 1822.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gait226&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Robert Bruce is buried in the cemetery in [[Tezpur]] town.<br /> <br /> ==Tea in Assam==<br /> Bruce learned from [[Maniram Dewan]] that the [[Singpho people]] grew tea, which was then not generally known. In 1823, while trading at [[Garhgaon]], he encountered a Singpho chief, who was willing to supply him with botanical tea samples.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gait346&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Gait |first1=Edward Albert |title=A History of Assam |date=1906 |publisher=Thacker, Spink &amp; Co. |page=346 |url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryassam01gaitgoog/page/n375/mode/1up |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; The chief was [https://namsai.nic.in/history/ Bisa Gam]. Bruce died soon after, in 1824.&lt;ref&gt;Excerpts from [[D. K. Taknet]], [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51163537 ''The Heritage of Indian Tea''], Jaipur, IIME, (2002), {{ISBN|81-85878-01-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The samples found their way to Charles Alexander Bruce, and then to David Scom.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Stephanie |title=Two Centuries Of Overseas Trading |date=27 July 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-07376-4 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n8K-DAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Assam Tea]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bruce, Robert}}<br /> [[Category:1789 births]]<br /> [[Category:1824 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Mercenaries in India]]<br /> [[Category:Scottish expatriates in India]]<br /> [[Category:Owners of plantations in India]]<br /> [[Category:History of tea]]<br /> [[Category:Place of birth missing]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Scotland-bio-stub}}</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepa_Sannidhi&diff=461235 2026-02-07T18:37:05Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: added formatting also and corrected details to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Deepa Sannidhi<br /> | image =<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = kn<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_name = Rahasya<br /> | birth_place = [[Chikkamagaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]<br /> | othername = Deepu<br /> | yearsactive = 2011–2017<br /> | spouse = <br /> | mother = Nanda<br /> | father = Shashidhar<br /> | height = 1.68 m<br /> | occupation = Actress<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Deepa Sannidhi''' (born '''Rahasya''')&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know-/Deepa-Sannidhis-birth-name-is-Rahasya/articleshow/33544798.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Deepa Sannidhi's birth name is Rahasya – The Times of India |access-date=13 April 2014 |archive-date=26 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926045127/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know-/Deepa-Sannidhis-birth-name-is-Rahasya/articleshow/33544798.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an Indian former actress who mainly appears in [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada]] films. She made her acting debut in the 2011 film ''[[Saarathi]]'', which won her the [[Suvarna Film Awards|Suvarna Film Award for Best Female Debut]]. Deepa then went on to star in several successful films in Kannada, also appeared in other languages.<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Rahasya was born in [[Chikmagalur district|Chikkamagalur district]] of [[Karnataka]] to Shashidhar and Nanda. She completed her schooling in Bangalore and is an alumna of [[St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)|St. Aloysius College]] in [[Mangalore]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mangalore: Kannada Movie 'Sakkare' – All Set for Sweet Taste of Success |url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&amp;broadcastid=319251 |accessdate=25 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526093054/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&amp;broadcastid=319251 |archivedate=26 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Deepa Sannidhi was in her first year in Agriculture engineering when she received a film offer for ''[[Saarathi]]'' starring Darshan and dropped out of college to pursue a career in films. She also has some prior experience in modelling and has completed a one-year course in jewellery designing.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-deepa-sannidhi/20120601.htm 'I wasn't serious about pursuing a career in films' – Rediff.com Movies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413202914/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-deepa-sannidhi/20120601.htm |date=13 April 2014 }}. Rediff.com (1 June 2012). Retrieved 27 May 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; During her acting career, Deepa simultaneously pursued a degree in English Literature through Distant Education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.womenexclusive.co.in/the-reluctant-actor-deepa-sannidhi/ |title=The Reluctant Actor – Deepa Sannidhi : Women Exclusive |access-date=10 January 2016 |archive-date=10 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110221623/http://www.womenexclusive.co.in/the-reluctant-actor-deepa-sannidhi/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She took part in the audition tests conducted by the ''Saarathi'' film team and was selected to play its lead role after undergoing two rounds of tests.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/pages/Deepa-Sannidhi/187269981305181 |title=Deepa Sannidhi |via=Facebook |accessdate=1 May 2012 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012013813/https://www.facebook.com/pages/Deepa-Sannidhi/187269981305181 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Primary source inline|date=February 2024}} While shooting for ''Saarathi'', she signed her second film ''[[Paramathma (film)|Paramathma]]'' alongside [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] directed by [[Yogaraj Bhat]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/I-want-to-see-myself-on-screen-Deepa-Sannidhi/articleshow/10037833.cms? |work=The Times of India |title=I want to see myself on screen: Deepa Sannidhi – The Times of India |access-date=13 April 2014 |archive-date=24 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024221249/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/I-want-to-see-myself-on-screen-Deepa-Sannidhi/articleshow/10037833.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; which released a week after ''Saarathi''. ''Paramathma'' went on to become a successful venture.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/All-work-and-no-play-for-Deepa/articleshow/8862441.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710010949/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-16/news-interviews/29664992_1_yogaraj-bhat-birthday-gal-paramathma |url-status=live |archive-date=10 July 2012 |title=All work and no play for Deepa |date=16 June 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Deepa was chosen as the Promising Newcomer Female for ''Saarathi'' and ''Paramathma'' in The Bangalore Times Film Awards 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/us |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121210140027/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-21/news-interviews/32336976_1_ramya-kiccha-sudeep-kannada-film-industry |url-status=live |archive-date=10 December 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=The Bangalore Times Film Awards 2011 |date=21 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her only 2012 release was [[Preetham Gubbi]]'s ''[[Jaanu (2012 film)|Jaanu]]''. [[Rediff]] in its review called it &quot;Deepa Sannidhi's film all the way&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-jaanu-is-and-average-fare/20120601.htm Review: Jaanu is and average fare – Rediff.com Movies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413185125/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-jaanu-is-and-average-fare/20120601.htm |date=13 April 2014 }}. Rediff.com (1 June 2012). Retrieved 27 May 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2014, she was first seen in ''[[Endendu Ninagagi]]'' as Soumya, &quot;a very bold, in-your-face, today's girl&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Celebrate-young-love-with-Endendu-Ninagaagi/articleshow/33559242.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Celebrate young love with Endendu Ninagaagi – The Times of India |access-date=13 April 2014 |archive-date=29 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029232015/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Celebrate-young-love-with-Endendu-Ninagaagi/articleshow/33559242.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She stated that the role was &quot;quite challenging because this is not me&quot; but that she loved playing it.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-i-loved-my-role-in-endendhu-ninagaagi/20140413.htm 'I loved my role in Endendhu Ninagaagi' – Rediff.com Movies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413164036/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-i-loved-my-role-in-endendhu-ninagaagi/20140413.htm |date=13 April 2014 }}. Rediff.com (13 April 2014). Retrieved 27 May 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015, she made her Tamil film debut in ''[[Enakkul Oruvan (2015 film)|Enakkul Oruvan]]'', a remake of Kannada film ''[[Lucia (2014 film)|Lucia]]'', in which she reprised the character that [[Sruthi Hariharan]] did in the original.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Deepa-Sannidhi-in-Lucias-Tamil-remake/articleshow/30280664.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Deepa Sannidhi in Lucia's Tamil remake – The Times of India |access-date=13 April 2014 |archive-date=28 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428074332/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Deepa-Sannidhi-in-Lucias-Tamil-remake/articleshow/30280664.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even before her Tamil debut she signed up her next Tamil film, [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]]'s ''[[Yatchan]]''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Kannada-girl-Deepa-Sannidhi-for-Arya/articleshow/35261587.cms Kannada girl Deepa Sannidhi for Arya – The Times of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518212748/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Kannada-girl-Deepa-Sannidhi-for-Arya/articleshow/35261587.cms |date=18 May 2014 }}. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (18 May 2014). Retrieved 27 May 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2017, she starred in [[Chakravarthy (2017 film)|''Chakravarthy'']] alongside [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Deepa-teams-up-with-Darshan-again/2016/06/01/article3460053.ece |title=Deepa teams up with Darshan again |access-date=7 June 2016 |archive-date=9 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609083828/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Deepa-teams-up-with-Darshan-again/2016/06/01/article3460053.ece |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Key<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ffc;&quot;| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br /> | Denotes films that have not yet been released<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2011 || ''[[Saarathi]]'' || Rukmini || rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[Kannada]] || [[Suvarna Film Awards|Suvarna Award for Best Female Debut]]&lt;br/&gt;Bangalore Times Film Award for Most Promising Actress<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Paramathma (film)|Paramathma]]''|| Deepa ||Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Kannada]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2012 || ''[[Jaanu (2012 film)|Jaanu]]'' || Rukmini /Jaanu ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2013 || ''[[Sakkare]]'' || Neha ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || ''[[Endendu Ninagagi]]'' || Sowmya ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2015 || ''[[Enakkul Oruvan (2015 film)|Enakkul Oruvan]]'' || Divya || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Nominated—[[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Best Debut Actress]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Yatchan]]''|| Shwetha ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2017 ||''[[Chowka]]''|| Gowri || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Kannada]] ||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Chakravarthy (2017 film)|Chakravarthy]]''|| Shanthi ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|id=4715473}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sannidhi, Deepa}}<br /> [[Category:People from Chikmagalur]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Institutes_of_Handloom_Technology&diff=471644 2026-01-31T13:43:38Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Government run institutes}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{multiple issues|<br /> {{Advert|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{inline|date=October 2020}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Infobox university<br /> |name = Indian Institute of Handloom Technology<br /> |image = Indian Institute of Handloom Technology Logo.png<br /> |nickname = IIHT<br /> |type = [[Public university|Public institutions]]<br /> |location = India<br /> }}<br /> {{location map+|India|float=right|width=320|caption=Location of the 6 Central Sector IIHTs (green) and 4 State Sector IIHTs (red)|places=<br /> {{Location map~|India|label='''Varanasi'''|mark=Green pog.svg|position=left|lat=25.28|long=82.95}}<br /> {{Location map~|India|label='''Salem'''|mark=Green pog.svg|position=bottom|lat=11.65|long=78.16}}<br /> {{location map~|India|label='''Guwahati'''|mark=Green pog.svg|position=bottom|lat=26.18|long=91.75}}<br /> {{Location map~|India|label='''Jodhpur'''|mark=Green pog.svg|position=left|lat=26.18|long=73.04}}<br /> {{Location map~|India|label='''Bargarh'''|mark=Green pog.svg|position=bottom|lat=21.20|long=83.37}}<br /> {{Location map~|India|label='''Fulia'''|mark=Green pog.svg|position=right|lat=23.24|long=88.50}}<br /> {{Location map~|India|label='''Venkatagiri'''|mark=Red pog.svg|position=left|lat=13.96|long=79.56}}<br /> {{Location map~|India|label='''Gadag'''|mark=Red pog.svg|position=right|lat=15.41|long=75.61}}<br /> {{Location map~|India|label='''Champa'''|mark=Red pog.svg|position=left|lat=21.05|long=82.65}}<br /> {{Location map~|India|label='''Kannur'''|mark=Red pog.svg|position=left|lat=11.8689|long=75.3555}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Indian Institutes of Handloom Technology''' ('''IIHTs''') are government run public institutes of higher education in the [[Loom|handloom]] sector. <br /> <br /> There are six institutes in the central sector and four in the State sector. Central sector IIHTs are under administrative control of [[Ministry of Textiles]], [[Government of India]] and State sector IIHTs are under administrative control of respective state government and bodies.<br /> <br /> The courses offered by the IIHTs are designed to cover various aspects of handloom technology, including designing, [[dyeing]], [[weaving]], printing, and finishing of handloom [[Textile|fabrics]]. The courses are offered at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels.<br /> <br /> == Institutes ==<br /> [[File:Indian Institute of Handloom Technology, Bargarh, Orissa.jpg|thumb|IIHT, [[Bargarh]], [[Odisha]], India|alt=* Indian Institute of Handloom Technology(IIHT) Bargarh (Odisha)]]<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ IIHTs and locations<br /> |-<br /> ! Serial no !! Name !! Established !! Mode!! Location !! State/UT<br /> |-<br /> || 1 || [https://www.iihtvaranasi.edu.in/ Indian Institute of Handloom Technology, Varanasi]||1911 (1956) ||Central|| [[Varanasi]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> |-<br /> || 2 || [https://www.iihtsalem.edu.in/ Indian Institute of Handloom Technology, Salem]|| 1960 ||Central|| [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] ||[[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> |-<br /> || 3 || [https://iihtguwahati.in/ Indian Institute of Handloom Technology, Guwahati] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209214024/https://iihtguwahati.in/ |date=9 December 2021 }}|| 1982 ||Central|| [[Guwahati]] ||[[Assam]]<br /> |-<br /> || 4 || [http://iihtjodhpur.com/ Indian Institute of Handloom Technology, Jodhpur]|| 1993 ||Central|| [[Jodhpur]] ||[[Rajasthan]]<br /> |-<br /> || 5 || [http://www.iihtbargarh.org.in/ Indian Institute of Handloom Technology, Bargarh]|| 2008 || Central || [[Bargarh]] ||[[Odisha]]<br /> |-<br /> || 6 || [http://iihtfulia.ac.in/ Indian Institute of Handloom Technology, Fulia]|| 2015 || Central || [[Phulia|Fulia]] ||[[West Bengal]]<br /> |-<br /> || 7 || [https://spsnellore.ap.gov.in/spkm-indian-institute-of-handloom-technology-venkatagiri/ S.P.K.M. Indian Institute of Handloom Technology, Venkatagiri]|| 1992 || State || [[Venkatagiri]] ||[[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> |-<br /> || 8 || [http://karnatakadht.org/english/corporations&amp;institutes.php Karnataka Handloom Technology Institute, Gadag]|| 1994 || State || [[Gadag]] ||[[Karnataka]]<br /> |-<br /> || 9 || [https://iihtchampa.in/ Indian Institute of Handloom Technology, Champa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206135917/http://iihtchampa.in/ |date=6 December 2021 }}|| 2006 || State || [[Champa, Chhattisgarh|Champa]] ||[[Chhattisgarh]]<br /> |-<br /> || 10 || [http://iihtkannur.ac.in/ Indian Institute of Handloom Technology, Kannur]|| 1987 || State || [[Kannur]] ||[[Kerala]]<br /> |-<br /> || 11 || [https://iihtsrt.com Indian Institute of Handloom Technology, Surat]|| 2014|| State || [[Surat]] || [[Gujarat]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Note<br /> * Central Sector IIHTs are funded by [[Government of India]].<br /> * State Sector IIHTs are funded by the respective State Government.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Khadi]]<br /> * [[Khādī Development and Village Industries Commission]] ([[Khadi Gramodyog]])<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *http://www.iihtjodhpur.com<br /> *http://www.iihtchampa.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707064914/http://iihtchampa.in/ |date=7 July 2020 }}<br /> *https://iihtsrt.com<br /> https://web.archive.org/web/20130906181403/http://cgiiht.in/aboutus.html<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Technical universities and colleges in India]]<br /> [[Category:Weaving]]<br /> [[Category:Vocational education in India]]<br /> [[Category:Textile arts of India]]<br /> [[Category:Textile schools in India]]<br /> [[Category:Handloom industry in India]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{india-university-stub}}<br /> {{textile-arts-stub}}</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Floriano_Vaz&diff=499223 2026-01-13T21:46:02Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: adding some entry w/ infobox</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian writer and activist (1963–1986)}}<br /> {{distinguish|Floriano Vanzo}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Floriano Vaz<br /> | birth_name = Floriano Vas<br /> | image = Floriano Vaz.jpg<br /> | caption = Portrait of Vaz around the 1980s<br /> | death_cause = [[Murder]] (gunshot wound to the stomach) <br /> | birth_place = [[Gogol, Goa]], India<br /> | known_for = First martyr of the [[Konkani language agitation]]<br /> | monuments = [[Bust (sculpture)|Bust]] at Floriano Vaz Circle, [[Margao]] <br /> | death_place = Gogol, Goa, India<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Writer|[[activist]]}}<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1963|9|8|df=y}}<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|1986|12|20|1963|9|8|df=y}}<br /> | movement = Konkani language agitation <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Floriano Vaz''' ([[né]] '''Vas'''; 8 September 1963 – 20 December 1986) was an Indian writer and activist.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-07-30 |title=Margao Municipality to name Road in the name of Manohar Parrikar |url=https://goanewshub.com/margao-municipality-to-name-road-in-the-name-of-manohar-parrikar/ |access-date=2022-10-23 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the first [[martyr]] of the [[scheduled tribe]] community who fought for the [[Languages with official status in India|official status]] of the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] language during the [[Konkani language agitation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Konkani martyr remembered on death anniversary |url=https://www.thegoan.net//konkani-martyr-remembered-on-death-anniversary/8078.html |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Relatives, well-wishers remember Floriano Vaz on birth anniversary |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Relatives-wellwishers-remember-Floriano-Vaz-on-birth-anniversary/179812 |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=oHeraldo}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=[Goanet] Remembering the sacrifice of Floriano Vaz for Konkani. |url=https://goanet.goanet.narkive.com/fTXyAbAO/remembering-the-sacrifice-of-floriano-vaz-for-konkani |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=goanet.goanet.narkive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gomes |first=Olivinho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rZxjAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=floriano+vaz |title=Old Konkani language and literature: the Portuguese role |date=1999 |publisher=Konkani Sorospot Prakashan |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early and personal life==<br /> Floriano Vas was born on 8 September 1963 in [[Gogol, Goa]] to Inacio Vas and Luizinha Araujo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 June 2006 |title=Registo De Nascimento |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/Appln/UIL/BirthDeathCertificate_af?__Key=&amp;_Mode=B&amp;__cscKey= |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=Goa Online |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810131321/https://goaonline.gov.in/HomePage |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He belonged to the [[scheduled tribe]] community and had a brother and a sister.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What Herald saw, reported, analysed and opinionated on in last four decades |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/What-Herald-saw-reported-analysed-and-opinionated-on-in-last-four-decades/194949 |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=oHeraldo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> On 20 December 1986, a heated argument took place between Sudin Bhagvanta Naique, a [[businessman]] and son of a prominent industrialist from [[Comba, Goa|Comba]], and Vaz, who was his ex-employee. Vaz and his supporters had stopped Naique's car from moving forward by blocking the road with [[boulders]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; At 1:20 pm, Rajaram G. Pawar,&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Floriano Vaz, Innocent Martyr?:Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr |url=https://www.tskk.org/content_disp.php?id=23 |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=www.tskk.org |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022115325/https://www.tskk.org/content_disp.php?id=23 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; a [[head constable]] of the [[Gujarat]] State Reserve (SRP), at the behest of Naique, shot Vaz, aged 23 with a [[.303 British|303 rifle]] near his residence at [[Gogol, Goa|Gogol]].<br /> <br /> At 4:00 pm, Vaz died while protecting himself from [[haemorrhage]] and shock from the [[gunshot wound]]. The rest of his six accomplices were killed at Neura, [[Tiswadi]]. Later, a [[memorial]] was installed in their honour at the facade of the St. Lawrence Church at [[Agaçaim]], Goa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Cardozo |first=Tomazinho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJxKAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=floriano+vaz |title=My Journey |date=2007 |publisher=Ormor Prakaxon |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Naik |first=Datta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=seEyAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=floriano+vaz |title=Laying the Ground for Communal Riots--? |date=1987 |publisher=Saungadi Prakashan |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gomes |first=Olivinho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rl9uAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=floriano+vaz |title=Goa |date=2004 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |isbn=978-81-237-4139-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The long road from 1961 to 2020 |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/The-long-road-from-1961-to-2020/168883 |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=oHeraldo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The news was first declared by [[Mark Tully]], the then [[BBC]] [[New Delhi]] Bureau Chief, at around 5:00 pm, before any local news agencies reported it. This declaration sparked a riot in [[Margao]], with people claiming that the news was connected to the [[Konkani language agitation]], making it an obvious act.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=[Goanet] Martyr Memorial eludes - late Master Floriano Vaz &amp; Konkani Roman |url=http://lists.goanet.org/pipermail/goanet-goanet.org/2010-December/117083.html |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=lists.goanet.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legacy==<br /> A [[roundabout]] has been named in Vaz's honour known as the Floriano Vaz Circle wherein the [[Bust (sculpture)|bust]] of Vaz was constructed by former Goa Chief minister, [[Churchill Alemao]] at [[Gogol, Goa|Gogol]] traffic junction in [[Margao]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> A ''[[tiatr]]'' was produced by Menino de Bandar in honour of Vaz, titled &quot;''Floriano Vaz - Poilo Matir&quot;'' ({{translation|Floriano Vaz - First Martyr}}). It included noted cast like [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]], [[Mario Menezes]] and [[M. Boyer]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A true friendship in the world of tiatr |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/A-true-friendship-in-the-world-of-tiatr-/95892 |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=oHeraldo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In December 2011, the Floriano Vaz recreation complex was reportedly under construction at Chandravaddo, [[Fatorda]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 21, 2011 |title=1,000 pirated Konkani CDs seized at Mapusa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/1000-pirated-konkani-cds-seized-at-mapusa/articleshow/11186541.cms |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Aftermath==<br /> ===1987 case study===<br /> A [[case study]] was done a year later after Vaz's death, in 1987, by Lionel Messias. This was published in the Gomantak Times Weekender on 24 December 2006. As per this investigation, the death of Vaz was a &quot;cold blooded murder&quot; and attempts were made to close the case. Messias stated that the day Vaz was murdered, around noon, Jose Francisco Gomes, a local of the [[Gogol, Goa|Gogol]] neighbourhood, heard a single gunshot and ran towards the three houses owned by the [[Vaz (surname)|Vaz]] clan. Gomes witnessed Vaz fallen on the ground, injured with a stomach wound. He also noticed a [[Fiat]] car, possibly the [[Premier Padmini]] driven by Naique, parked besides the SRP van.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Hours after Vaz's death, the [[Margao]] police station issued two official versions describing the incident. The first instance said that Vaz along with his three accomplices had restrained [[sub-inspector]] Narayan K Yetale of the [[Goa Police]] and had made attempts to seize Yetale's [[service revolver]], after which the accompanying SRP took Vaz down. The second version claimed that a violent crowd of around 400-500 had attacked the police who in [[self defence]] shot Vaz.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Messias further states that the &quot;whitewash&quot; was unmethodical to an extent that Vaz along with the 400-500 violent mob were charged under Cr. No. 444/86 u/s 341, 143, 147, 148, 323, 353, 332, 307 of the [[Indian Penal Code|IPC]] r/w 149 IPC for assaulting the police, setting up the blockade and grabbing service weapons. As per the scrutiny of the ''panchanama'' conducted at the hospital around 4:00–4:30 pm IST, stated that no external injuries were found. Further, they mentioned, &quot;Vaz's body was turned and except the bandaged area where he was shot, no other injuries were visible&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> A source later revealed that no ''panchanama'' was done. Instead, the deputy collector and station police inspector were called by the inspector to witness Vaz's injuries. The inspection began before and after the [[post mortem]]. Messias reported that Vaz's body bore 15 marks caused by a dull weapon, probably a police ''[[Baton (law enforcement)|lathi]]''. The longest mark was 23.5×3 cms which was underneath the right [[antebrachium]], which explained the defensive posture of Vaz while shielding himself. There were also red swellings on both forearms, which were 3–21cms long, showing signs that Vaz was brutally beaten.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The police refused to disclose the post mortem reports. Vaz's family vowed that prior to the latter's death, Naique had promised to return with the police and teach Vaz a lesson. Naique had driven to the station and returned with 22 police personnel. This was later confirmed by police. It is also believed that an [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|ASI]], along with two policemen, had arrived at the road blockade in Naique's car.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The Vaz family had stated that the police arrived on the scene and questioned about Vaz at the first two houses owned by the clan. Upon discovering him in the third house, they dragged him out from the [[outhouse]] and assaulted him. His younger sister had pleaded with the ASI to arrest him instead but she was dragged away from Vaz. He was then shot at [[point blank range]] while defending himself, possibly with a [[melee]] (a protective helmet) which had fallen on the ground.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Re: [Goanet] Floriano was a denationalised Goan who gave his life for Bharati Bhasha |url=https://www.mail-archive.com/goanet@lists.goanet.org/msg77471.html |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=www.mail-archive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The accompanying ASI then faked an injury, but refused X-ray when he was admitted at a local government hospital. He later yielded once the [[Medical officer of health|medical officer]] insisted. The prevailing night of Vaz's death, a [[fishing net]] factory owned by the Naique family was set on fire. The next day, Bhagvanta Naique offered MLAs, [[Uday Bhembre]] and [[Luizinho Faleiro]] a sum of amount {{INRConvert|20|k|year=1986}} as compensation to the Vaz family. The same evening, another fishing net factory the family owned was destroyed, which forced the Naiques to stay at home.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Vandalism, tributes and demands==<br /> On 16 September 2012, Vaz's bust was vandalized by unknown individuals, the [[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] expressed their shock and distress over the matter and asked the state government to take strict action on those who were responsible and rebuild the sculpture as fast as possible.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2012 |title=DKA shocked over damage to Vaz statue |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/dka-shocked-over-damage-to-vaz-statue/articleshow/16415824.cms |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 21 December 2015, at Vaz's 29th [[death anniversary]], his brother, several well wishers and relatives paid floral tributes to the bust at [[Gogol, Goa|Gogol]] traffic junction. The [[scheduled tribe]] association president, Camilo Barretto&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=#GOA365 VIDEO: Floriano Vaz Death anniversary observed |url=https://www.goa365.tv/general/N/floriano-vaz-death-anniversary-observed-/www.goa365.tv/general/N/floriano-vaz-death-anniversary-observed-/05548.html |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=Goa365 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; demanded immediate resignation of then [[Bicholim Assembly constituency|Bicholim]] [[M.L.A]], [[Naresh Sawal]] from the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] and appealed that he may migrate to [[Maharashtra]] for demanding equal official status for the [[Marathi language]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Barretto further demanded that the [[Government of Goa]] should provide jobs to Vaz's family, he also stated that many politicians in the past had made promises of providing jobs to the family and restoration of Vaz's house but till date none was fulfilled.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> On 9 September 2021, at Vaz's 58th [[birth anniversary]], Barretto and the [[Councilors]] of [[Margao]] demanded that for his contributions to the [[Konkani language]], Vaz should be remembered officially at government level. Barretto further added, Vaz is an inspiration to the scheduled tribe community (ST) and will make sure that justice is served to the ST community in all fronts.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://mymargao.barretomiranda.com/floriano-vaz/ Floriano Vaz by Miranda Barreto]<br /> * [http://tiatr.in/tiart/florian-vaz-poilo-martir/ Floriano Vaz - Poilo Matir]<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Vaz, Floriano}}<br /> [[Category:1963 births]]<br /> [[Category:1986 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:People from Margao]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from South Goa district]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic martyrs]]<br /> [[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Goa]]<br /> [[Category:Martyrs]]<br /> [[Category:People shot dead by law enforcement officers in India]]<br /> [[Category:Activists from Goa]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_women%27s_football_team&diff=505571 2025-12-31T21:23:12Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: Created a redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Jammu and Kashmir Football Association]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirza_Hasan_Qatil&diff=517833 2025-12-23T13:34:49Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|18th-century Urdu and Persian author}}<br /> <br /> '''Mirza Muhammad Hasan Qatīl''' ({{langx|Ur|مرزا محمد حسن قتیل}}; {{circa|1758}}–1818) was an 18th-century [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]-language poet and author.<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> Mirza Qatīl was born in 1758 as Diwani Singh into a Punjabi [[Khatri]] family in [[Delhi]]. His family hailed from the city of [[Batala]] in [[Punjab]]; his father Dargahi Mal had migrated from Punjab to Delhi and took service under a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] noble Hidayat Ali Khan as a ''[[munshi|munshī]]'', with an annual salary of 1000 rupees.{{sfnp|Alam|Subrahmanyam|2010|pages=416–417}}<br /> <br /> Like other Khatri families of his age, Qatīl had his early education in Persian and Urdu. Under the influence of his tutor, Mirza Baqir Shahid Isfahani, he converted to [[Twelver Shia Islam|Twelver Shi'a Islam]] at the age of 18.{{sfnp|Pellò|2016|p=206}} He travelled widely in the countries of [[Iraq]] and [[Iran]], and after returning to Delhi, spent a few years in the army of [[Mirza Najaf Khan]]. After the death of Najaf Khan he moved to [[Lucknow]] in 1784 where he became an established poet and [[philologist]]. Except for a brief time he spent at the court of [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung III|Imad-ul-Mulk Feroz Jang III]] in [[Kalpi]], Qatīl remained in Lucknow until his death in 1817, and was buried in [[Qaisar Bagh]], Lucknow.{{sfnp|Pellò|2016|p=206}}{{sfnp|Hadi|1995|p=490}}<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> Qatīl was a prolific author and a [[polyglot]], writing in Persian and Urdu as well as in [[Turkic languages|Turkish]] and [[Arabic]]. He became a leading poet of Persian and Urdu in Lucknow during his lifetime. However, his fame rests mainly on his scholarly works in prose. His major works include:{{sfnp|Alam|Subrahmanyam|2010|pages=418–419}}{{sfnp|Pellò|2016|pp=206–209}}<br /> * ''Chahār sharbat'', a Persian grammar<br /> * ''Ma'dan al-Fawā'id'', a collection of his letters by his pupil Khwaja Imam al-Din Imami<br /> * His Persian [[Diwan (poetry)|Divān]] <br /> * ''Ṣubḥ-i bahār'', a collection of [[Mathnavi]]s, <br /> * ''Haft tamāshā'', a work on the [[ethnography]] of people of Indian subcontinent<br /> * ''Maz̤har al-‘ajā’ib'', a collection of poetic tropes<br /> * ''Shajarat al-amānī'' and ''Nahr al-faṣāḥat'', works on Persian grammar and [[rhetoric]]<br /> * ''Samar al-Badā’i’'' and ''Hadīqat al-insha’'', works on [[Insha]] (letters)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Pellò |first=Stefano |chapter-url=http://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/libri/978-88-6969-101-0/a-linguistic-conversion/ |chapter=A Linguistic Conversion: Mīrzā Muḥammad Ḥasan Qatīl and the Varieties of Persian (ca. 1790) |date=2016 |title=Borders: Itineraries on the Edges of Iran|isbn=978-88-6969-100-3 |language= |doi=10.14277/6969-100-3/eur-5-9|location=Italy | publisher=[[Ca' Foscari University of Venice]]|pages=203–240}}<br /> * {{Cite journal |last1=Alam |first1=Muzaffar |author-link=Muzaffar Alam |last2=Subrahmanyam |first2=Sanjay |author-link2=Sanjay Subrahmanyam |date=2010 |title=Witnesses and Agents of Empire: Eighteenth-Century Historiography and the World of the Mughal Munshī |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25651223 |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |publisher=Brill |volume=53 |issue=1/2 |pages=393–423 |jstor=25651223 |issn=0022-4995}}<br /> * {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Hadi |first=Nabi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qjJmzdJFOHwC&amp;pg=PA490 |title=Qatīl, Mirzā Muhammad Hasan|encyclopedia= Dictionary of Indo-Persian Literature |date=1995 |publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts |isbn=978-81-7017-311-3 |pages= |language=en}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Qatil, Mirza Hasan}}<br /> [[Category:1818 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Urdu-language poets]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]<br /> [[Category:Converts to Islam from Hinduism]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rigveda_1.32&diff=530487 2025-12-15T19:04:38Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: started info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Poem within the Rigveda (c 1400–1000 BCE)}}<br /> [[File:Rigveda hymn I.32 in Rosen's edition.jpg|thumb|The first printed edition of hymn 1.32 appeared in 1838 along with a Latin translation by [[Friedrich August Rosen]] beginning ''Indræ nunc victorias canam''.]]<br /> '''Hymn 1.32''' of the [[Rigveda]] is a poem praising the deity [[Indra]] for his victory over the serpent [[Vritra]]. While this story is often referred to in the Rigveda, hymn 1.32 is the only detailed description of it. The poem describes in 15 stanzas how Indra smashes Vritra with his [[vajra|mace]], thereby liberating the waters. The hymn is rich in similes and has long been valued for its beauty. The linguistic and metrical traits of the poem suggest it was composed relatively late in the Rigveda period. Preserved in [[mandala 1]] of the Rigveda, the hymn is attributed to Hiraṇyastūpa Āṅgirasa, a [[rishi]] of the [[Angiras]] clan.<br /> <br /> ==Synopsis==<br /> Indra's victory over Vritra is a principal feat referred to repeatedly in the Rigveda. However, hymn 1.32 is the only detailed description of it.{{sfn|Elizarenkova|1995|p=191}}&lt;ref&gt;&quot;the most important Rgvedic hymn describing the Indra-Vrtra conflict&quot;, &quot;the locus classicus for the Indra-Vrtra battle&quot; [[Klaus Klostermaier]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=CFQ9DgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=32+%22indra-vrtra+%22&amp;pg=PA16]&lt;/ref&gt; Even so, the hymn is not a simple linear narrative but circles around and repeatedly returns to the confrontation between Indra and Vritra.{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=134}} The poem consists of 15 stanzas, each of which has 4 lines while each line has 11 syllables.{{sfn|Aufrecht|1877|pp=24&amp;ndash;25}} The meter is called [[triṣṭubh]],{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=134}} a common metrical form in the Rigveda.{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=73}} <br /> <br /> The first stanza begins with the poet stating that he will &quot;proclaim the manly deeds of Indra&quot;{{sfn|Griffith|1889|p=56}} who is called the wielder of the ''[[vajra]]'' (mace).{{sfn|Puhvel|1987|p=51}} The Indra-Vritra myth is then presented in a nutshell &amp;ndash; Indra slew the serpent, bored out the waters and split the bellies or innards of the mountains.{{sfn|Watkins|1987|p=273}}{{sfn|Elizarenkova|1995|p=191}}{{sfn|West|2007|p=256}} The word used for serpent is ''áhi-'' which is also sometimes translated as 'dragon'.{{sfn|Doniger O'Flaherty|1975|p=74}}{{sfn|Doniger O'Flaherty|1981|p=148}} The phrase ''áhann áhim'' &quot;he slew the serpent&quot; is formulaic, occurring 11 times in the Rigveda and always applied to Indra.{{sfn|Watkins|1995|p=305}}<br /> <br /> Stanza 2 returns to Indra's &quot;resounding mace&quot;, attributing its creation to [[Tvashtr]].{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=134}} Then the poem's first simile appears, the waters which Indra freed from Vritra are like &quot;bellowing milk-cows&quot;.{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=135}} The bovine imagery continues in stanza 3 where Indra is compared to a bull. The smashing of Vritra with the mace is further described in stanzas 3 and 4 while stanza 4 also credits Indra for &quot;producing sun, sky, and dawn&quot;.{{sfn|Puhvel|1987|pp=51-52}}{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=135}} Stanza 5 has a simile comparing the defeated Vritra to &quot;a tree-trunk split asunder with an axe&quot;.{{sfn|Maurer|1986|p=42}} Stanza 6 has a further simile to describe Vritra's defeat:<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|text=<br /> Like a nonwarrior who can't hold his liquor, he provoked the hard-pressing, lees-quaffing super champion. He did not withstand the onslaught of his weapons. He was crushed for having challenged Indra, his features smashed.{{sfn|Puhvel|1987|p=52}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> A simile in stanza 7 compares Vritra to a steer going against a bull. Stanzas 8&amp;ndash;11 describe the liberation of the waters which Vritra was holding back. The female figure [[Danu (Hinduism)|Danu]] is mentioned and described as the mother of Vritra. Stanzas 12&amp;ndash;13 return to a description of the battle but here it is portrayed as more of an even fight, with Vritra attacking Indra with his fangs and other means. Indra is, nevertheless, the victor.{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|pp=134-136}} This is followed by the puzzling stanza 14, which states that Indra fled after the battle, terrified of a would-be avenger.{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=134}}<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|text=<br /> Whom did you see, Indra, as the avenger of the serpent when fear came into your heart after you smashed him, and when you crossed over the ninety-nine flowing rivers, like a frightened falcon through the airy realms?{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=136}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The final stanza 15 extolls Indra as a king over different peoples, like a rim encompassing the spokes of a wheel.{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=134}}<br /> <br /> ==Dating and authorship==<br /> The Rigveda hymns in general are dated to approximately 1400&amp;ndash;1000 BCE.{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=5}} [[Edward Vernon Arnold]] divided the poetry of the Rigveda into five periods, based on metrical and linguistic criteria.{{sfn|Arnold|1905|p=269}} He also noted chronological trends in content of the poems, such as mythological narration being characteristic of later poetry.{{sfn|Arnold|1905|pp=26&amp;ndash;27}} Arnold analyzed 1.32 as a relatively late poem, assigning it to the fourth phase, the &quot;cretic&quot; period.{{sfn|Arnold|1905|p=270}} <br /> <br /> The ''[[Anukramaṇī]]'' indices attribute hymn 1.32 to Hiraṇyastūpa Āṅgirasa, a [[rishi]] who is also ascribed another hymn to Indra (1.33) as well as several hymns to other deities.{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|pp=131&amp;ndash;142, 1238, 1300}} The traditional identifications of poets are seen as plausible by some scholars as they correspond to verbal and thematic connections between the hymns.{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=11}} The [[Angiras|Āṅgiras]] seers are a celebrated clan of poets whose hymns are found mainly in [[mandala 8]] and [[mandala 1]] of the Rigveda.{{sfn|Witzel|2018}}<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> Hiraṇyastūpa Āṅgirasa's hymns to Indra seem to have long been especially valued.{{sfn|Eggeling|1882|p=175}} The ''[[Aitareya Brahmana]]'' says that with hymn 1.32, Hiraṇyastūpa &quot;obtained the favour of Indra&quot; and &quot;gained the highest world&quot;.{{sfn|Haug|1863|pp=200&amp;ndash;201}} The poem is also valued highly by Western scholars who have praised its enduring beauty{{sfn|Mey|2002|p=89}} and described it as &quot;a fine hymn&quot;{{sfn|Perry|1885|p=135}} and &quot;a poetic masterwork&quot;{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=87}} that is &quot;justly famous&quot;.{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=134}}<br /> <br /> The hymn has had a variety of functions in the [[śrauta]] liturgy, including use at the midday pressing of [[Soma (drink)|Soma]].{{sfn|Bhat|1997|p=30}} [[Laurie L. Patton]] comments that its verses &quot;are meant to indicate the power of Soma as a world-conquering drink that releases nothing less than the waters of the world&quot;.{{sfn|Patton|2005|p=122}} In the [[Rig Vidhana]], the hymn is indicated for use as a kind of magical incantation:<br /> <br /> :''He who is restrained should mutter Hiraṇyastūpa's hymn [RV 1.32] which is a high praise of Indra's deeds: he pushes against his enemies with very little effort.''{{sfn|Patton|2005|p=122}}{{sfn|Bhat|1997|p=30}}<br /> <br /> The first three stanzas of the hymn are used in hymn 2.5 of the [[Atharva Veda]], an invitation to Indra.{{sfn|Griffith|1916|p=47}}<br /> <br /> The poem is a part of [[mandala 1]] of the Rigveda which was first published by [[Friedrich August Rosen]] in 1838 along with a Latin translation.{{sfn|Rosen|1838|pp=54&amp;ndash;57}} It has appeared in English as a part of complete translations of the Rig-Veda{{sfn|Wilson|1866|pp=84&amp;ndash;89}}{{sfn|Griffith|1889|pp=56&amp;ndash;59}}{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|pp=134&amp;ndash;136}} and in publications of selected hymns{{sfn|Doniger O'Flaherty|1981|pp=148&amp;ndash;151}}{{sfn|Maurer|1986|pp=42&amp;ndash;47}} as well as in mythological studies.{{sfn|Puhvel|1987|pp=51&amp;ndash;52}}{{sfn|Doniger O'Flaherty|1975|pp=74&amp;ndash;76}} It is frequently referred to in studies of [[Proto-Indo-European_mythology#Serpent-slaying_myth|Proto-Indo-European mythology]] such as ''[[How to Kill a Dragon]]'' by [[Calvert Watkins]].{{sfn|Watkins|1995}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Works cited==<br /> <br /> * {{cite book|last=Arnold|first=E. Vernon|date=1905|title=Vedic Metre in its Historical Development|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|url=https://archive.org/details/vedicmetreinitsh00arnouoft/|author-link=E. Vernon Arnold}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Aufrecht|first=Theodor|date=1877|title=Die Hymnen des Ṛigveda. Erster Theil|publisher=Adolph Mareus|location=Bonn|url=https://archive.org/details/diehymnendesrig00aufrgoog|author-link=Theodor Aufrecht}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Bhat|first=M. S.|date=1997|title=Vedic Tantrism. A Study of Ṛgvidhāna of Śaunaka with Text and Translation|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|location=Delhi|isbn=8120801970}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Doniger O'Flaherty|first=Wendy|date=1975|title=Hindu Myths. A Sourcebook Translated from the Sanskrit|publisher=Penguin Books|location=Harmondsworth|author-link=Wendy Doniger}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Doniger O'Flaherty|first=Wendy|date=1981|title=The Rig Veda. An Anthology|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London|author-link=Wendy Doniger}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Eggeling|first=Julius|date=1882|title=The Śatapatha-Brâhmaṇa According to the Text of the Mâdhyandina School. Part 1|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.238711/page/n5|author-link=Julius Eggeling}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Elizarenkova|first=Tatyana J.|date=1995|title=Language and Style of the Vedic Ṛṣis|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|isbn=0791416674|author-link=Tatyana Elizarenkova}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Griffith|first=Ralph T. H.|date=1889|title=The Hymns of the Rigveda|publisher=E. J. Lazarus and co.|location=Benares|url=https://archive.org/details/hymnsrigveda02grifgoog/|author-link=Ralph T. H. Griffith}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Griffith|first=Ralph T. H.|date=1916|title=The Hymns of the Atharva-Veda. Vol. 1|publisher=E. J. Lazarus and co.|location=Benares|url=https://archive.org/details/hymnsoftheatharv029640mbp/|author-link=Ralph T. H. Griffith}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Haug|first=Martin|date=1863|volume=II|title=The Aitareya Brahmanam of the Rigveda|location=Bombay|publisher=Government Central Book Depot|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_u1QjaM31z8oC/|author-link=Martin Haug}}<br /> * {{cite book|last1=Jamison|first1=Stephanie W.|last2=Brereton|first2=Joel P.|date=2014|title=The Rigveda. The Earliest Religious Poetry of India|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780199370184|author1-link=Stephanie W. Jamison}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Klostermaier|first=Klaus|date=1984|title=Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India|publisher=Canadian Corporation for Studies in Religion|location=Waterloo|isbn=0889201587|author-link=Klaus Klostermaier}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Maurer|first=Walter H.|date=1986|title=Pinnacles of India's Past. Selections from the Ṛgveda|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|location=Amsterdam|isbn=0915027623}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Mey|first=Jacob L.|chapter=The relation between micro- and macropragmatics in modern language studies|title=Changing Philologies. Contributions to the Redefinition of Foreign Language Studies in the Age of Globalisation|publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press|editor-last=Hansen|editor-first=Hans Lauge|date=2002|location=Copenhagen|isbn=8772897902|pages=89&amp;ndash;104|author-link=Jacob L. Mey}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Patton|first=Laurie L.|date=2005|title=Bringing the Gods to Mind. Mantra and Ritual in Early Indian Sacrifice|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0520240872|author-link=Laurie L. Patton}}<br /> * {{cite journal|last=Perry|first=Edward Delavan|author-link=:de:Edward Delavan Perry|title=Indra in the Rig-Veda|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=11|date=1885|pages=117&amp;ndash;208|doi=10.2307/592191 |jstor=592191 |url=https://archive.org/details/jstor-592191/page/n1}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Puhvel|first=Jaan|date=1987|title=Comparative Mythology|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore|isbn=0801839386|author-link=Jaan Puhvel}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Rosen|first=Friedrich August|date=1838|title=Rigveda-Sanhita. Liber primus. Sanskritè et latinè|publisher=The Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/rigvedasanhitali00rose|author-link=Friedrich August Rosen}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Watkins|first=Calvert|date=1987|chapter=How to kill a dragon in Indo-European|title=Studies in memory of Warren Cowgill (1929&amp;ndash;1985)|editor-first=C.|editor-last=Watkins|pages=270&amp;ndash;299|location=Berlin|publisher=de Gruyter|author-link=Calvert Watkins}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Watkins|first=Calvert|date=1995|title=How to Kill a Dragon. Aspects of Indo-European Poetics|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, Oxford|author-link=Calvert Watkins}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=West|first=M. L.|date=2007|title=Indo-European Poetry and Myth|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|author-link=Martin Litchfield West}}<br /> * {{cite book|last1=Witzel|first1=Michael|last2=Gotō|first2=Toshifumi|date=2007|title=Rig-Veda. Erster und zweiter Liederkreis|publisher=Verlag der Weltreligionen|location=Frankfurt am Main|author1-link=Michael Witzel}}<br /> * {{cite encyclopedia|last=Witzel|first=Michael|date=2018|title=Ṛṣis|publisher=Brill|encyclopedia=Brill’s Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-encyclopedia-of-hinduism/rsi-s-COM_1030320?s.num=0&amp;s.rows=20&amp;s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.brill-s-encyclopedia-of-hinduism&amp;s.q=%E1%B9%9A%E1%B9%A3is|access-date=July 16, 2024|author-link=Michael Witzel}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Wilson|first=H. H.|date=1866|title=Rig-Veda Sanhitá|publisher=N. Trübner and co.|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/rigvedasanhita01wils/|author-link=Horace Hayman Wilson}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{wikisource|The Rig Veda/Mandala 1/Hymn 32}}<br /> * [https://sri-aurobindo.co.in/workings/matherials/rigveda/01/01-032.htm Sanskrit text with audio] <br /> * [https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/books/rigveda/RV01#H032 Metrically restored text]<br /> <br /> {{Rigveda}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindu texts]]<br /> [[Category:Rigveda]]<br /> [[Category:Sanskrit texts]]<br /> [[Category:Vedic hymns]]<br /> [[Category:Indian poems]]<br /> [[Category:Dragonslayers]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Broadway,_Chennai&diff=451985 2025-11-25T05:42:01Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: Refined content and updated sections</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Street in Chennai, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox street<br /> |marker_image=<br /> |name= Broadway<br /> |native_name= <br /> |alternate_name= Prakasam Road <br /> |maint= [[Corporation of Chennai]]<br /> |image= Broadway, Chennai.JPG<br /> |caption= A section of the street in 2007<br /> |map=<br /> |length_mi= 1.05<br /> |length_round=<br /> |length_ref=<br /> |length_notes=<br /> |inauguration_date== Late 18th century<br /> |decommissioned=<br /> |direction_a=South<br /> |terminus_a=[[China Bazaar Road, Chennai|China Bazaar Road]], [[George Town, Chennai|George Town]], [[Chennai]]<br /> |junction=<br /> |direction_b=North<br /> |terminus_b= [[Old Jail Road, Chennai|Old Jail Road]]/Ibrahim Sahib Street, [[Chennai]]<br /> |coordinates = {{coord|13.09965|80.286613|display=inline,title}}<br /> |counties=<br /> |cities=<br /> |system=<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Broadway''' (officially known as '''Prakasam Salai''', after the freedom fighter [[T. Prakasam]]) is one of the historical thoroughfares of the commercial centre of [[George Town, Chennai|George Town]] in [[Chennai]], India. The road runs north–south connecting [[China Bazaar Road, Chennai|China Bazaar Road]] in the south with Ibrahim Sahib Street ([[Old Jail Road, Chennai|Old Jail Road]]) in the north. The road divides George Town into Muthialpet and Peddanaickenpet.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[File:Wesleyan Chapel, Popham's Broadway, Madras (January 1848, p.1, V) - Copy.jpg|thumb|260px|Wesleyan Chapel, Popham's Broadway, Madras (January 1848, p.1, V)&lt;ref name=Offering1848&gt;{{cite journal|title=Wesleyan Chapel, Popham's Broadway, Madras|journal=Wesleyan Juvenile Offering|date=January 1848|volume=V|page=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TFwEAAAAQAAJ|access-date=20 November 2015|publisher=Wesleyan Mission-House|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> [[File:Plan of Fort St George and the City of Madras 1726.jpg|thumb|260px|Plan of Fort St George and the city of Madras in 1726.]]<br /> Up until the 16th century, the road and the surrounding region, being near the coast, had many sand ridges. As the sea level rose, it inundated these regions, where several lagoons and ridges were left behind when the sea withdrew. The sandy ridges remained places of safety, where settlements were established. Several valleys ran around the ridges, which rose up to about 12&amp;nbsp;feet in height. Some of these valleys served as drainage channels. Until the late 18th century, the area on which the present day's road lies remained one such unwanted drainage channel,&lt;ref name=&quot;CMDA_StructureOfChennai&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> |title=Structure of Chennai <br /> |work=Chapter 1 <br /> |publisher=CMDA <br /> |url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter01_Structure%20of%20Chennai.pdf <br /> |access-date=24 February 2013 <br /> |url-status=dead <br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826201439/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter01_Structure%20of%20Chennai.pdf <br /> |archive-date=2013-08-26 <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; known then as Atta Pallam. Much of the area was owned by [[Stephen Popham]], a former British [[Member of parliament|MP]] and later the advocate general in [[Calcutta]], who moved to Madras in 1778. He is credited with establishing a modern police force in the city in 1782.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndiaToday_HistoryBehindBroadway&quot;&gt;{{cite news <br /> | title = History behind the broadway <br /> | newspaper = India Today <br /> | location = Chennai<br /> | publisher = IndiaToday.in <br /> | date = 8 February 2008 <br /> | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20080218-history-behind-the-broadway-735369-2008-02-08<br /> | access-date = 15 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;srinivasachari&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=History of the city of Madras written for the Tercentenary Celebration Committee| first=C. S.|last=Srinivasachari| year=1939| pages=189–191| chapter=Governor Pigot and his immediate successors (1775-1803)|publisher=P. Varadachary &amp; Co.|place=Madras}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The area where the [[Government General Hospital, Chennai|General Hospital]], Madras United Club and the [[Park Town, Chennai|Park Town]] post office stand today was then a hill known locally as Narimedu (literally 'mound of foxes'), which was named 'Hoggs Hill' by the British. When the British considered it as a security threat to [[Fort St. George]] and decided to level the area, Popham negotiated with them to buy the earth removed from the hill to fill the ditch,&lt;ref name=&quot;IndiaToday_HistoryBehindBroadway&quot;/&gt; and a road was laid on it in 1782.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Narasiah<br /> | first = K. R. A.<br /> | title = Madras: Tracing the Growth of the City Since 1639<br /> | publisher = Palaniappa Brothers<br /> | edition = 1<br /> | date = 2016<br /> | location = Chennai<br /> | pages = 232<br /> | isbn = 978-81-8379-687-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The thoroughfare thus created came to be known as 'Popham's Broadway'.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndiaToday_HistoryBehindBroadway&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> By the 1890s, the road became known for two food establishments, the first of which was that of P. Venkatachellum, whose condiments and chutneys were popular in England. He is credited with the creation of [[Mulligatawny|mulligatawny soup]] from the local recipe of ''milagu rasam'' (''milagu thanni''). The other restaurant was Harrison's, established in 1891, which today is a contemporary hotel in [[Nungambakkam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IndiaToday_HistoryBehindBroadway&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The road was also home to the city's first private hospital run in the 1900s by physician T. A. Sankaranarayanan,&lt;ref name=&quot;IndiaToday_HistoryBehindBroadway&quot;/&gt; decades before the advent of the [[Apollo Hospitals]], the country's first modern corporate hospital, established in 1983.<br /> <br /> ==The present-day road==<br /> Today, the road has morphed into one of the most important commercial streets of George Town. Several commercial establishments, especially those of opticians, have their shops on this street.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndiaToday_HistoryBehindBroadway&quot;/&gt; The [[Broadway bus terminus]], the largest bus terminus of the [[Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)|Chennai Metropolitan Transport Corporation]], is located on the southern end of the road.<br /> <br /> The road also houses the Mannadi Metro Rail station of the [[Chennai Metro Rail]].<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|India}}<br /> * [[Parry's Corner]]<br /> * [[George Town, Chennai|George Town]]<br /> * [[History of Chennai]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> * {{cite book | title=Madras Discovered| last=Muthiah| first=S.| year=1981| author-link=S. Muthiah| publisher=East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd|page=124}}<br /> <br /> {{Chennai Topics}}<br /> {{Roads of Chennai}}<br /> {{Transport in Chennai}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Roads in Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Streets of George Town, Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Shopping districts and streets in India]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Someshvara_I&diff=457334 2025-11-22T18:59:05Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: corrected lead</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Short description|Western Chalukya Emperor from 1042 to 1068}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | image = File:Western Chalukyas of Kalyana King Somesvara I Trailokyamalla 1043-1068.jpg<br /> |caption = [[Western Chalukyas]] of [[Kalyana]], coin of King Somesvara I Trailokyamalla (1043-1068). Temple façade / Ornate floral ornament.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=302739 CNG Coins]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | succession = King of the [[Western Chalukyas]]<br /> | reign = 1042 &amp;ndash; 29 March 1068&lt;ref name=&quot;k955&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=From Prehistoric Times To The Fall Of Vijayanagar : K. A. Nilakanta Sastri : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive | website=Internet Archive | date=22 September 2015 | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.461121/page/n181/ | access-date=26 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | predecessor = [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]] <br /> | successor = [[Someshvara II]] <br /> | issue = <br /> | house = [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]]<br /> | death_date = 29 March 1068<br /> | death_place = Kuruvatti, [[Western Chalukya Empire]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[File:Amritesvara temple at Annigeri, Dharwad district, Karnataka.jpg|thumb|[[Annigeri|Amrtesvara Temple]] in Annigeri was built in the [[Dharwad district]] by Someshvara I in 1050 CE with ''dravida'' articulation. This was the first temple made entirely of [[soapstone]]]]<br /> [[File:Kalleshvara temple (1057 AD) at Hire Hadagali.JPG|thumb|210px|[[Kalleshwara Temple, Hire Hadagali]] built in 1057 CE by the Prime Minister to Someshvara I ]]<br /> [[File:Old Kannada inscription (1053 AD) from Kelawadi of Western Chalukya king Somesvara I.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Old Kannada inscription (1053 CE) from Kelawadi of Western Chalukya king Someshvara I]]<br /> '''Someshvara I''' ({{IAST3|Someśvara}}; died 29 March 1068&lt;ref name=&quot;sen2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=52–53}}&lt;/ref&gt;) was a king of the [[Western Chalukya]]s. Also known as &quot;Ahavamalla&quot; or &quot;Trilokamalla&quot;, Someshvara succeeded his father [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]] to the throne.<br /> <br /> His several military successes in [[Central India]] made him a formidable ruler of a vast empire. During his rule, the Chalukyan empire extended to [[Gujarat]] and Central India in the north. The [[Hoysalas]] of the [[Malenadu]] (hill) regions of [[Mysore]] were his vassals in the South. [[Vinayaditya (Hoysala dynasty)|Vinayaditya]]'s daughter or sister called Hoysala Devi was one of his queens. In the west, Someshvara I retained control over the [[Konkan]]. In the east he was able to extend his influence up to [[Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh|Ananthapur]] and [[Kurnool]]. Despite many defeats during his wars with the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas of Tanjore]], he managed to play king-maker at [[Vengi]] on several occasions.&lt;ref name=&quot;rule&quot;&gt;Kamath (1980), p.104, p.124&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the historian Ganguli, the Cholas &quot;could not wrest from him any part of his kingdom&quot;. According to the historian Sen, Someshvara I's rule was a &quot;brilliant period&quot; in the history of the Western Chalukyas that would reach its zenith under [[Vikramaditya VI]].&lt;ref name=&quot;zenith&quot;&gt;Sen (1999), p.384&lt;/ref&gt; Historian Tripathi claims the Chalukya influence was felt in far-off Eastern India as well. He shifted his capital from [[Manyakheta]] to Kalyani (present day [[Basavakalyana]] in modern [[Bidar district]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;capital&quot;&gt;Kamath (1980), p.103&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sankar&quot;/&gt; He patronized the [[Kannada language]] scholar Shridharacharya who wrote ''Jatakatilaka'' (c.1049), the earliest available work on astrology in the language, and the now extinct ''Chandraprabhacharite'' on [[Belles-lettres]] (''kavya kavite'').&lt;ref name=&quot;jain&quot;&gt;Narasimhacharya (1988), p.19&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Wars with the Cholas==<br /> According to the historian Kamath, soon after his coronation, Someshvara I interfered in the affairs of Vengi and invaded the region but faced defeat against the Chola monarch [[Rajadhiraja Chola]] (crowned in c.1044) at Amaravathi. The Cholas followed this by invading Chalukya territory. According to the historian Sastri, Rajadhiraja defeated Someshvara I in the battle of Dannada (&quot;Dhanyakataka&quot;) on the banks of the [[Krishna River]] compelling the Western Chalukya armies to retreat, and the fort at Kollipakki (Kulpak) was razed to the ground. This was followed by victories at [[Kampili]] and Pundur. According to the historians Chopra et al., the details of the sack of Kampili is recorded in the Manimangalam inscription. A victory pillar with the Chola emblem was installed at Yetagiri (modern [[Yadgir]] in the [[Yadgir district]]). Finally, the Cholas plundered Kalyani, the Chalukya capital in c.1045. Rajadhiraja performed the ''Virabhisheka'' (&quot;victory celebration&quot;) in the destroyed enemy capital and assumed the title ''Vijayarajendra'' (&quot;victorious Rajendra&quot;). However, according to Sastri and Sen, in a dramatic recovery, Someshvara I drove the Cholas out of Vengi by c.1050 and re-established his influence, not only in Vengi but also in [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] (modern day [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]). Sen further claims Someshvara I took the battle right to the heart of the Chola empire. According to Kamath there was a Chalukya counterattack and a raid on [[Kanchipuram]].&lt;ref name=&quot;zenith&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capital&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bank&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mani&quot;&gt;Chopra, Ravindran and Subrahmanian (2003), p.138&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> For a while the Cholas did not press their cause either in Vengi or Kalinga. However, in c.1054, the Cholas responded by invading [[Koppal]] (Koppam) where King [[Rajadhiraja Chola]] was killed and Someshvara I had to mourn the death of his brother Jayasimha. However, according to Sastri, the Cholas were able to convert defeat into victory when their crown prince Rajendra II (brother of Rajadhiraja) mounted a surprise counterattack and pushed the Chalukya armies back. Rajendra II crowned himself on the battlefield, mounted a victory pillar at Kollapura (modern [[Kohlapur]]) and returned to his capital [[Gangaikondacholapuram]] with much booty which including the Chalukya queens Sattiyavvai and Sangappai. Hostilities continued and in c.1059 [[Rajendra Chola II]] invaded the Chalukya kingdom but was defeated on the banks of the Tungabhadra River. Someshvara I constructed a temple at [[Annigeri]] in the modern [[Dharwad district]] to celebrate this success. However, according to Sen, in the battle of Mudakkarru on the banks of the Tungabhadra in c.1059, Someshvara I suffered another defeat.&lt;ref name=&quot;zenith&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capital&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bank&quot;&gt;Sastri (1955), pp.168-169&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mani&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Politics of succession erupted again over the Vengi throne in c.1061 after the death of the [[Eastern Chalukyas|Eastern Chalukya]] King [[Rajaraja Narendra]]. Someshvara I installed Saktivarman II, son of Vijayaditya II, on the throne. This went against the wishes of the Cholas who wanted their own blood line from the Vengi family at the helm. The Cholas desired to crown Rajendra, son of the deceased king Rajaraja Narendra. There was a brief respite for Someshvara I over Vengi affairs but the new Chola monarch Rajendra II appears to have defeated Someshvara I in several encounters, including in a major battle at Kudalasangama (modern [[Koodli]] in the [[Shimoga district]]) in c.1062. The historians Chopra et al., claim this Kudalasangama was actually at the confluence of Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers. On this occasion, Someshvara I had sent two armies, one under his general Chamundaraya and another into Gangavadi (southern Mysore territory) under his sons prince Vikramaditya VI and Jayasimha. However, Rajendra II defeated both armies and thus Someshvara I's effort to erase the defeat at Koppal failed. In c.1063, Rajendra II and his son Rajamahendra died leading to the coronation of Virarajendra as the new Chola king.&lt;ref name=&quot;zenith&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;capital&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bank&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mani&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Final battle of Kudalasangama===<br /> During a brief lull in hostilities, Someshvara I was busy reinforcing himself, militarily and diplomatically. In the east he counted on the Nagavamsi ruler Dharavarsha and the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]] King Vajrahasta II of Kalinga as his allies. In [[Bezwada]], he relied on the support of the [[Paramara dynasty]] prince Janannatha. In the west he stationed a large army under Vijayaditya. After a few brief encounters with the Cholas including a successful Chalukya raid of the Chola capital by prince Vikarmaditya VI, Someshvara I invited Virarajendra Chola to a battle at Kudalasangama. However, because of an incurable illness that afflicted him, Someshvara I's and his army did not show up at the venue. After a month-long wait Virarajendra invaded and was victorious at all fronts: Vengi, Bezwada, Kalinga and Chitrakuta (in the Nagavamsi domains), and a victory pillar was erected on the banks of the Tungabhadra. Unable to recover from his illness, Someshvara I committed ritual suicide (''paramayoga'') by drowning himself in the Tungabhadra river at Kuruvatti (modern [[Bellary district]]) on 29 March 1068.&lt;ref name=&quot;zenith&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mani&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;illness&quot;&gt;Kamath (1980), p.104&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;illness1&quot;&gt;Sastri (1955), p.170&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Success in the central and eastern India==<br /> During this time of constant conflict with the Cholas, according to Kamath and Sastri, Someshvara I dealt successfully with the [[Shilahara]]s of the North [[Konkan]], the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty]] King Bhillama III, the [[Paramara dynasty]] King [[Bhoja]] of Dhara, the Chaulukyas of Gujarat and the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratiharas]] of central India. Someshvara I plundered [[Dhar]], [[Ujjain]] and [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandapa]] in central India and subjugated King Bhoja. The Chindaka Nagas of [[Bastar district|Bastar]] (the Nagavamsi dynasty of Chitrakuta) in central India were defeated by the Chalukya vassal [[Kakatiya dynasty]] King Prolla. According to Chopra et al., Someshvara I got the better of King [[Lakshmikarna]] of the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri dynasty of Tripuri]] (near[[Jabalpur]]) as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;mani&quot;/&gt; Thus Someshvara I's control extended as far north as [[Vidharba]] and parts of modern [[Madhya Pradesh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;illness&quot;&gt;Kamath (1980), p.104&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dhara&quot;&gt;Sastri (1955), pp.167-168&lt;/ref&gt; According to the historian Tripathi, toward the end of his reign, under the leadership of his brilliant son [[Vikramaditya VI]], Someshvara I's armies marched east with an eye on the Gangetic plains. Unchecked by the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandela rulers]] and the [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kacchapaghata rulers]] of central India, according to the Yewur inscription, Someshvara I's armies raided [[Kanyakubja]] whose king appears to have fled based on this line in the inscription: &quot;quickly experiences an abode among the caves&quot;. The Chalukya armies marched further east, overwhelming the [[Lakshmikarna|Kalachuri King Lakshmikarna of Madhyadesha]] and getting the better of the kingdoms of [[Mithila, India|Mithila]], [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], Anga, Vanga and Gouda. The [[Pala empire|Palas]] appear to have posed no resistance either. Eventually, Someshvara's I armies were stopped by the king of [[Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)|Kamarupa]] (in modern [[Assam]]). The Chalukya armies returned home through Southern [[Western Odisha|Kosala]], raiding the [[Chindaka Naga]] capital of Chakrakota.&lt;ref name=&quot;sankar&quot;&gt;Tripathi (1942), pp.421-422&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> {{Chalukyas|Kalyani}}<br /> <br /> == Notes==<br /> {{reflist|1}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> *{{cite book |last1= Chopra|first1= P.N.|last2= Ravindran|first2= T.K.|last3=Subrahmanian|first3= N|title= History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1|orig-year=2003|year=2003|publisher= Chand Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn= 81-219-0153-7}}<br /> * {{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}<br /> *{{cite book|last= Narasimhacharya|first= R|title= History of Kannada Literature|orig-year= 1988|year= 1988|publisher= Penguin Books|location= New Delhi|isbn= 81-206-0303-6|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/historyofkannada0000nara}}<br /> *{{cite book |last= Sastri|first= Nilakanta K.A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}<br /> *{{cite book |last= Sen|first= Sailendra Nath |title= Ancient Indian History and Civilization |orig-year=1999|year=1999|publisher= New Age Publishers|isbn=81-224-1198-3}}<br /> *{{cite book |last= Tripathi|first= Rama Shankar |title=History of Ancient India|orig-year=1942|year=1992|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-208-0018-4}}<br /> <br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Someshvara 01}}<br /> [[Category:1068 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Western Chalukya kings]]<br /> [[Category:Medieval suicides]]<br /> [[Category:Suicides by drowning]]<br /> [[Category:Suicides in India]]<br /> [[Category:Heads of state who died by suicide]]<br /> [[Category:Royalty who died by suicide]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aranyer_Din_Ratri&diff=475520 2025-11-12T10:27:59Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: correct references for clarity and updated info</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Days and Nights in the Forest]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rajya_Sabha_members_from_Jharkhand&diff=475749 2025-11-03T19:47:00Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: basic refined information and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Other uses|Member of Parliament (India)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br /> The list of current and past [[Rajya Sabha]] members from the [[Jharkhand]] State. State elect six members for the term of six years. They are indirectly elected by the state legislators of Jharkhand state, since 2002 biennial elections to Rajya Sabha. As per the Bihar Reorganisation Act 2000, these six seats are allocated to Jharkhand state from Bihar State, reducing Bihar seats from 22 to 16 seats, since 15 November 2000.&lt;ref name=rs-at-work&gt;{{cite book|title=Rajya Sabha At Work|date=October 2006|publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat|location=New Delhi|page=24|edition=Second|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rsat_work/main_rsatwork.asp|accessdate=20 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Current members==<br /> '''Keys:'''<br /> {{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|3}}<br /> {{Party legend|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|2}}<br /> {{Party legend|Casual vacancy|1}}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !#<br /> ! style=&quot;width:200px&quot; | Name<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Party<br /> !Term start<br /> !Term end<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |[[Sarfaraz Ahmad]]<br /> |{{party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br /> |04-May-2024<br /> |03-May-2030<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |[[Pradip Kumar Varma]]<br /> |{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |04-May-2024<br /> |03-May-2030<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |[[Mahua Maji]]<br /> |{{party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br /> |08-Jul-2022<br /> |07-Jul-2028<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |[[Aditya Sahu]]<br /> |{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |08-Jul-2022<br /> |07-Jul-2028<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |[[Deepak Prakash (politician)|Deepak Prakash]]<br /> |{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |22-Jun-2020<br /> |21-Jun-2026<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |Vacant<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Chronological list of Rajya Sabha members from Jharkhand state ==<br /> Alphabetical list by last name&lt;ref name=RS-list-alpha&gt;{{cite web|title=Alphabetical List Of Former Members Of Rajya Sabha Since 1952 |url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx |website=rajyasabha.nic.in |publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat, Sansad Bhawan, New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''The list is incomplete''.<br /> * {{legend inline|#DBD7D2|text={{asterisk}}}} represents current members<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Name<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> !Term start<br /> !Term end<br /> !Term<br /> !Notes<br /> |-style=&quot;background-color:#DBD7D2;&quot;<br /> |[[Sarfaraz Ahmad]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br /> |04-May-2024<br /> |03-May-2030<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |-style=&quot;background-color:#DBD7D2;&quot;<br /> |[[Pradip Kumar Varma]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |04-May-2024<br /> |03-May-2030<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |-style=&quot;background-color:#DBD7D2;&quot;<br /> |[[Mahua Maji]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br /> |08-Jul-2022<br /> |07-Jul-2028<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |-style=&quot;background-color:#DBD7D2;&quot;<br /> |[[Aditya Sahu]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |08-Jul-2022<br /> |07-Jul-2028<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |-style=&quot;background-color:#DBD7D2;&quot;<br /> |[[Deepak Prakash (politician)|Deepak Prakash]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |22-Jun-2020<br /> |21-Jun-2026<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Shibu Soren]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br /> |22-Jun-2020<br /> |04-Aug-2025<br /> |3<br /> |Death On 04-Aug-2025<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sameer Oraon]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |04-May-2018<br /> |03-May-2024<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Dhiraj Prasad Sahu]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |04-May-2018<br /> |03-May-2024<br /> |3<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |08-Jul-2016<br /> |07-Jul-2022<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mahesh Poddar]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |08-Jul-2016<br /> |07-Jul-2022<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[M. J. Akbar]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |03-Jul-2015<br /> |29-Jun-2016<br /> |1<br /> |bye- res of [[K. D. Singh (politician)|K. D. Singh]] <br /> |-<br /> |[[Prem Chand Gupta]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br /> |10-Apr-2014<br /> |09-Apr-2020<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Parimal Nathwani]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}<br /> |10-Apr-2014<br /> |09-Apr-2020<br /> |2<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Pradeep Kumar Balmuchu]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |04-May-2012<br /> |03-May-2018<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sanjiv Kumar (Jharkhand politician)|Sanjiv Kumar]] <br /> |{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br /> |04-May-2012<br /> |03-May-2018<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[K. D. Singh (politician)|K. D. Singh]] <br /> |{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br /> |08-Jul-2010<br /> |12-Feb-2014<br /> |1<br /> |resigned<br /> |-<br /> |[[Dhiraj Prasad Sahu]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |08-Jul-2010<br /> |07-Jul-2016<br /> |2<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Dhiraj Prasad Sahu]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |24-Jun-2009<br /> |07-Jul-2010<br /> |1<br /> |bye - res of [[Digvijay Singh (Bihar politician)|Digvijay Singh]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Hemant Soren]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br /> |24-Jun-2009<br /> |04-Jan-2010<br /> |1<br /> |bye -res of [[Yashwant Sinha]]<br /> resigned<br /> |-<br /> |[[Parimal Nathwani]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}<br /> |10-Apr-2008<br /> |09-Apr-2014<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Jai Prakash Narayan Singh]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |10-Apr-2008<br /> |09-Apr-2014<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[S. S. Ahluwalia]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |03-Apr-2006<br /> |02-Apr-2012<br /> |2<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mabel Rebello]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |03-Apr-2006<br /> |02-Apr-2012<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Digvijay Singh (Bihar politician)|Digvijay Singh]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]<br /> |06-Jun-2005<br /> |05-Apr-2009<br /> |1<br /> |bye - res of [[Stephen Marandi]]<br /> resigned<br /> |-<br /> |[[Stephen Marandi]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br /> |08-Jul-2004<br /> |16-Mar-2005<br /> |1<br /> |disqualified<br /> |-<br /> |[[Yashwant Sinha]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |08-Jul-2004<br /> |16-May-2009<br /> |1<br /> |elected to [[Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency|Hazaribagh Lok Sabha]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Devdas Apte]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |02-Jul-2002<br /> |09-Apr-2008<br /> |1<br /> |bye - res of [[Shibu Soren]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ajay Maroo]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |10-Apr-2002<br /> |09-Apr-2008<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Shibu Soren]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br /> |10-Apr-2002<br /> |02-Jun-2002<br /> |2<br /> |resigned<br /> |-<br /> |[[S. S. Ahluwalia]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |03-Apr-2000<br /> |02-Apr-2006<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[R. K. Anand]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |03-Apr-2000<br /> |02-Apr-2006<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Abhay Kant Prasad<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |05-Jun-2002<br /> |07-Jul-2004<br /> |1<br /> |bye - death of [[Dayanand Sahay]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Dayanand Sahay]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}<br /> |19-Jul-2001<br /> |19-Mar-2002<br /> |1<br /> |bye - res of [[Shibu Soren]]<br /> expired<br /> |-<br /> |[[Shibu Soren]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br /> |08-Jul-1998<br /> |18-Jul-2001<br /> |1<br /> |resigned<br /> |-<br /> |[[Parmeshwar Kumar Agarwalla]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |08-Jul-1998<br /> |07-Jul-2004<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Ven'ble Dhammaviriyo<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br /> |15-Nov-2000<br /> |09-Apr-2002<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Obaidullah Khan Azmi]]<br /> |{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal}}<br /> |10-Apr-1996<br /> |09-Apr-2002<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Party-wise MPs list==<br /> ==={{Color box|#FF9933}} Bharatiya Janata Party===<br /> * {{legend inline|#DBD7D2|text={{asterisk}}}} represents current members<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !#<br /> ! style=&quot;width:200px&quot; | Name<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Party<br /> !Term start<br /> !Term end<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |[[Parmeshwar Kumar Agarwalla]]<br /> |{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=15}}<br /> |08-Jul-1998<br /> |07-Jul-2004<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |Abhay Kant Prasad<br /> |05-Jun-2002<br /> |07-Jul-2004<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |[[S. S. Ahluwalia|Surendrajeet Singh Ahluwalia]]<br /> |03-Apr-2000<br /> |02-Apr-2006<br /> |1st term<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |[[Ajay Maroo]]<br /> |10-Apr-2002<br /> |09-Apr-2008<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |[[Devdas Apte]]<br /> |02-Jul-2002<br /> |09-Apr-2008<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |[[Yashwant Sinha]]<br /> |08-Jul-2004<br /> |16-May-2009<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |(3)<br /> |[[S. S. Ahluwalia|Surendrajeet Singh Ahluwalia]]<br /> |03-Apr-2006<br /> |02-Apr-2012<br /> |2nd term<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |[[Jai Prakash Narayan Singh]]<br /> |10-Apr-2008<br /> |09-Apr-2014<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |[[M. J. Akbar|Mobasher Jawed Akbar]]<br /> |03-Jul-2015<br /> |29-Jun-2016<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |[[Mahesh Poddar]]<br /> |08-Jul-2016<br /> |07-Jul-2022<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> |[[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]]<br /> |08-Jul-2016<br /> |07-Jul-2022<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |11<br /> |[[Sameer Oraon]]<br /> |04-May-2018<br /> |03-May-2024<br /> |<br /> |-style=&quot;background-color:#DBD7D2;&quot;<br /> |12<br /> |[[Deepak Prakash (politician)|Deepak Prakash]]<br /> |22-Jun-2020<br /> |21-Jun-2026<br /> |<br /> |-style=&quot;background-color:#DBD7D2;&quot;<br /> |13<br /> |[[Aditya Sahu]]<br /> |08-Jul-2022<br /> |07-Jul-2028<br /> |<br /> |-style=&quot;background-color:#DBD7D2;&quot;<br /> |14<br /> |[[Pradip Kumar Varma]]<br /> |04-May-2024<br /> |03-May-2030<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==={{Color box|#215B30}} Jharkhand Mukti Morcha===<br /> * {{legend inline|#DBD7D2|text={{asterisk}}}} represents current members<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !#<br /> ! style=&quot;width:200px&quot; | Name<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Party<br /> !Term start<br /> !Term end<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Shibu Soren]]<br /> |{{party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=9}}<br /> |08-Jul-1998<br /> |18-Jul-2001<br /> |1st term<br /> |-<br /> |(1)<br /> |10-Apr-2002<br /> |02-Jun-2002<br /> |2nd term<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |[[Stephen Marandi]]<br /> |08-Jul-2004<br /> |16-Mar-2005<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |[[Hemant Soren]]<br /> |24-Jun-2009<br /> |04-Jan-2010<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |[[K. D. Singh (politician)|Kanwar Deep Singh]]<br /> |08-Jul-2010<br /> |12-Feb-2014<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |[[Sanjiv Kumar (Jharkhand politician)|Sanjiv Kumar]]<br /> |04-May-2012<br /> |03-May-2018<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |(1)<br /> |[[Shibu Soren]]<br /> |22-Jun-2020<br /> |04-Aug-2025<br /> |3rd term<br /> |-style=&quot;background-color:#DBD7D2;&quot;<br /> |6<br /> |[[Mahua Maji]]<br /> |08-Jul-2022<br /> |07-Jul-2028<br /> |<br /> |-style=&quot;background-color:#DBD7D2;&quot;<br /> |7<br /> |[[Sarfaraz Ahmad]]<br /> |04-May-2024<br /> |03-May-2030<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==={{Color box|#00BFFF}} Indian National Congress===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !#<br /> ! style=&quot;width:200px&quot; | Name<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Party<br /> !Term start<br /> !Term end<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |[[R. K. Anand|Ram Kumar Anand]]<br /> |{{party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}<br /> |03-Apr-2000<br /> |02-Apr-2006<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |[[Mabel Rebello]]<br /> |03-Apr-2006<br /> |02-Apr-2012<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=3|3<br /> |rowspan=3|[[Dhiraj Prasad Sahu]]<br /> |24-Jun-2009<br /> |07-Jul-2010<br /> |1st term<br /> |-<br /> |08-Jul-2010<br /> |07-Jul-2016<br /> |2nd term<br /> |-<br /> |04-May-2018<br /> |03-May-2024<br /> |3rd term<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |[[Pradeep Kumar Balmuchu]]<br /> |04-May-2012<br /> |03-May-2018<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==={{Color box|#056D05}} Rashtriya Janata Dal===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !#<br /> ! style=&quot;width:200px&quot; | Name<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Party<br /> !Term start<br /> !Term end<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |Ven'ble Dhammaviriyo<br /> |{{party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}<br /> |15-Nov-2000<br /> |09-Apr-2002<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |[[Prem Chand Gupta]]<br /> |10-Apr-2014<br /> |09-Apr-2020<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==={{Color box|#003366}} Janata Dal (United)===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !#<br /> ! style=&quot;width:200px&quot; | Name<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Party<br /> !Term start<br /> !Term end<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |[[Digvijay Singh (Bihar politician)|Digvijay Singh]]<br /> |{{party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)}}<br /> |06-Jun-2005<br /> |05-Apr-2009<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==={{Color box|#2E8B57}} Janata Dal===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !#<br /> ! style=&quot;width:200px&quot; | Name<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Party<br /> !Term start<br /> !Term end<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |[[Obaidullah Khan Azmi]]<br /> |{{party name with colour|Janata Dal}}<br /> |10-Apr-1996<br /> |09-Apr-2002<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==={{Color box|#DCDCDC}} Independent===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !#<br /> ! style=&quot;width:200px&quot; | Name<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;| Party<br /> !Term start<br /> !Term end<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |[[Dayanand Sahay]]<br /> |{{party name with colour|Independent politician|shortname=IND|rowspan=3}}<br /> |19-Jul-2001<br /> |19-Mar-2002<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Parimal Nathwani]]<br /> |10-Apr-2008<br /> |09-Apr-2014<br /> |1st term<br /> |-<br /> |(2)<br /> |10-Apr-2014<br /> |09-Apr-2020<br /> |2nd term <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://rajyasabha.nic.in Rajya Sabha homepage hosted by the Indian government]<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718152159/http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/currentmpterms.aspx List of Sitting Members of Rajya Sabha (Term Wise) ]<br /> *[http://164.100.47.5/NewMembers/RetLMemState.aspx MEMBERS OF RAJYA SABHA (STATE WISE RETIREMENT LIST) ]<br /> <br /> {{Rajya Sabha}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lists of members of the Rajya Sabha|Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Jharkhand| ]]<br /> [[Category:Jharkhand-related lists|Rajya Sabha]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nandi_Awards_of_1980&diff=520326 2025-10-31T07:53:06Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: Created The Article Needs Work...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Telugu film and TV awards ceremony}}<br /> {{one source|date=July 2021}}<br /> {{Nandi Awards}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br /> <br /> Nandi Awards presented annually by Government of Andhra Pradesh. First awarded in 1964.<br /> <br /> == 1980 Nandi Awards Winners List ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Category&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=|title=Nandi Award winners 1964-2008|url=https://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=14 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> !Winner<br /> !Film<br /> |-<br /> |[[List of winners of the Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |No award given<br /> |-<br /> |Second Best Feature Film<br /> |[[Dhavala Satyam]]<br /> |[[Yuvatharam Kadilindi]]<br /> |-<br /> |Third Best Feature Film<br /> |S.M.Santhanam<br /> |Sangham Maarali<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Nandi Awards]]<br /> [[Category:1980 awards]]<br /> {{film-award-stub}}</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emani_Sambayya&diff=452113 2025-10-17T00:23:43Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: Improved article clarity and structure</p> <hr /> <div>{{Multiple issues|<br /> {{Notability|Biography|date=April 2023}}<br /> {{Primary sources|date=April 2023}}<br /> }}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox clergy<br /> | name = Emani Sambayya<br /> | image = <br /> | image_size =<br /> | caption =<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1905|07|01}}<br /> | birth_place = Bodipalem, [[Guntur district]], Andhra Pradesh<br /> | death_date = 1972 (aged 67)<br /> | death_place = [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka<br /> | church = [[Church of North India]]<br /> | other_names =Canon Sambayya<br /> | education = &lt;br&gt;<br /> * [[United Theological College (Bangalore)|United Theological College]],&lt;ref name=&quot;New York&quot;&gt;Alumni Directory 1836–1970, The Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York, The Alumni Office, New York, 1970. p. 321. [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_6122000_000/pages/ldpd_6122000_000_00000369.html]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bengaluru]]<br /> * [[University of Calcutta]],&lt;ref name=&quot;New York&quot;/&gt; [[Kolkata]]<br /> * [[Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York]],&lt;ref name=&quot;New York&quot;/&gt; New York<br /> * [[Westcott House, Cambridge|Westcott House]], Cambridge<br /> | ordained =1940&lt;ref name=&quot;New York&quot;/&gt;<br /> | writings = ''See Section''<br /> | congregations =<br /> * [[Christ Church, Byculla]] (1939–1940)<br /> * St. Paul's Cathedral (1954)<br /> | offices_held =&lt;br&gt;<br /> * Warden, Wesley Boys High School, Secunderabad (1932–1935)<br /> * Lecturer, [[Bishop's College, Calcutta]] (1941–1968)<br /> | title = Reverend Doctor<br /> | parents =<br /> | footnotes =<br /> }}<br /> '''Canon Emani Sambayya''' (1905–1972) was an Anglican Priest, who was born in Bodipalem in Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cecil&quot;&gt;Cecil Hargreaves, ''Three Assignments in the Church'', Indo-British Review, Indo-British Historical Society, Chennai, 1988. p.52. [https://books.google.com/books?id=86O2AAAAIAAJ&amp;q=emani+sambayya]&lt;/ref&gt; He has been described as an &quot;eloquent speaker and a gifted writer.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Calcutta&quot;&gt;Calcutta Municipal Gazette, Calcutta Municipal Corporation, Kolkata, 1972. p.125. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xOuNAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=eloquent]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Emani Sambayya was born in Bodipalem in Andhra Pradesh&lt;ref name=&quot;Cecil&quot;/&gt; on 25 July 1905.&lt;ref name=&quot;New York&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Graduate studies===<br /> In 1928,&lt;ref name=&quot;New York&quot;/&gt; Emani began pursuing theological studies at the [[United Theological College (Bangalore)|United Theological College]], [[Bengaluru]] earning a graduate degree (BD) in 1932.&lt;ref name=&quot;New York&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Post-graduate studies===<br /> Sambayya also enrolled for a post-graduate degree in [[Master of Arts|MA]] under the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1932&lt;ref name=&quot;New York&quot;/&gt; completing it by 1935.&lt;ref name=&quot;New York&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1938,&lt;ref name=&quot;New York&quot;/&gt; Sambayya went to the [[Westcott House, Cambridge]],&lt;ref&gt;Geoffrey Rowell, Kenneth Stevenson (Eds.), ''Love's Redeeming Work: The Anglican Quest for Holiness'', Oxford University Press, 2003. pp. 696–697. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ognOQvh942QC&amp;dq=emani+sambayya&amp;pg=PA696]&lt;/ref&gt; for a diploma course.<br /> <br /> In 1949, Sambayya was sent to the Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York for post-graduate studies in Moral Theology. In the continuing year, he was awarded an [[S.T.M.]] Sambayya's post-graduate dissertation was entitled ''The Eucharistic doctrine of Richard Hooker and Herbert Throndike''&lt;ref&gt;Emani Sambayya, ''The Eucharistic doctrine of Richard Hooker and Herbert Throndike'', New York, 1950. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKtVHAAACAAJ]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Contribution==<br /> Emani Sambayya first served as the Secretary of the Student Christian Movement and was based in Allahabad from 1935 to 1938.&lt;ref name=&quot;New York&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1939, he was [[Deacon]] at [[Christ Church, Byculla]]. In the succeeding year, he was ordained as a Minister of the Anglican Church in India.<br /> <br /> ===Anglicanism===<br /> Emani Sambayya, although baptised into Methodism, chose to get ordained as an Anglican Priest.&lt;ref&gt;Kevin Ward, ''A History of Global Anglicanism'', Cambridge University Press, 2006.[http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/03953/excerpt/9780521803953_excerpt.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt; In Anglicanism, he felt a sense of togetherness as it was a mix of [[Catholic]] and [[Reformed church|Reformed]] traditions. Kevin Ward in ''A History of Global Anglicanism'' mentions this particular aspect which Sambayya endorsed.<br /> <br /> Inspired by Anglicanism, Sambayya wrote ''The Genius of the Anglican Communion&lt;ref&gt;Emani Sambayya, ''The Genius of Anglican Communion'' in E. R. Morgan and Roger Lloyd (Eds.), ''The Mission of the Anglican Communion, London, SPCK and SPG, 1948. pp. 18–29. Cited by Kevin Ward, ''A History of Global Anglicanism'', Cambridge University Press, 2006.[http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/03953/excerpt/9780521803953_excerpt.pdf]''&lt;/ref&gt;'' in 1948.<br /> <br /> ===Theological education===<br /> From 1941 through 1968, Sambayya taught Theology at Bishop's College, Kolkata. He was first made a Lecturer in 1941&lt;ref name=&quot;Bishop&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://anglicanhistory.org/india/bishops1970/ |title= Bishop's College, Calcutta 1820–1970, Bishop's College, Kolkata, 1970 |publisher=anglicanhistory.org|access-date=10 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; replacing Rev. John William Sadiq.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bishop&quot;/&gt; In 1949, he was sent to the Union Theological Seminary in the city of New York for post-graduate studies in Moral Theology.<br /> <br /> Immediately after his return from New York, Sambayya was made the Vice-Principal&lt;ref&gt;''[[Union Seminary Quarterly Review]]'', Union Theological Seminary in the city of New York, 1949. p. 45. [https://books.google.com/books?id=N-IWAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=calcutta]&lt;/ref&gt; in place of Canon Manuel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bishop&quot;/&gt; From 1959 through 1968 he was Principal&lt;ref name=&quot;Bishop&quot;/&gt; of Bishop's College, Kolkata.<br /> <br /> During the period at Bishop's College, Sambayya's articles began appearing in the ''Indian Journal of Theology''.<br /> <br /> ''Articles''<br /> * Touching the Untouchables.&lt;ref&gt;Emani Sambayya, ''Touching the Untouchables'', Indian Journal of Theology, 1956 (January to March), pp. 9–14. Cited in International Review of Mission, World Council of Churches Commission on World Mission and Evangelism, International Missionary Council, 1956. p.370. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PZ8TAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=Touching+the+Untouchables+sambayya]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The Christian Message and the Non-Christian Religions.&lt;ref&gt;Emani Sambayya, ''The Christian Message and the Non-Christian Religions'', Indian Journal of Theology, Serampore, 1958 (January to March), pp.12–18. Cited by [[Joseph Houldsworth Oldham]] in ''International Review of Mission, World Council of Churches Commission on World Mission and Evangelism'', International Missionary Council. p.374. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7p8TAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=sambayya]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Books''<br /> * The Eucharistic Doctrine of Richard Hooker and Herbert Throndike (1950).&lt;ref name=&quot;google&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Eucharistic Doctrine of Richard Hooker and Herbert Throndike|author=Sambayya, E.|date=1950|publisher=Union Theological Seminary, New York.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKtVHAAACAAJ|access-date=24 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Faith and Conduct: An Introduction to Moral Theology, Christian Students Library, Chennai, 1965.&lt;ref name=&quot;google2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Faith and Conduct: An Introduction to Moral Theology|author=Sambayya, E.|date=1965|publisher=Christian Literature Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BCjGwAACAAJ|access-date=24 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Senate of Serampore===<br /> India's first University,&lt;ref&gt;Sankar Ray, The William Carey Library in Serampore, Business Line, The Hindu, Friday 11 April 2008. Internet, accessed 17 October 2008. [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2008/04/11/stories/2008041150100400.htm]&lt;/ref&gt; the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] in West Bengal conferred upon Emani Sambayya an honorary doctorate in 1961&lt;ref&gt;Senate of Serampore College (University), List of the Recipients of the degree of Doctor of Divinity (honoris causa). {{cite web |url=http://www.senateofseramporecollege.org/fame/DD.htm |title=Doctor of Divinity from Senate of Serampore College (University) |access-date=2009-01-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218223554/http://www.senateofseramporecollege.org/fame/DD.htm |archive-date=18 December 2007 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Emani Sambayya also served as the President of the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] in 1968.&lt;ref&gt;Senate of Serampore College (University), Presidents and Convenors of the Senate. [http://www.senateofseramporecollege.org/fame/senate.htm]{{dead link|date=September 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Retirement and death==<br /> In 1972, the Calcutta Municipal Gazette reported that&lt;ref name=&quot;Calcutta&quot;/&gt; Sambayya died while living in his residence in [[Bengaluru]].<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[The Reverend|Rev.]] Dr. [[B. V. Subbamma]]<br /> * [[The Reverend|Rev.]] [[Yisu Das Tiwari]]<br /> * Bishop [[N. D. Ananda Rao Samuel]]<br /> * [[The Reverend|Rev.]] [[Father (title)|Fr.]] Dr. [[D. S. Amalorpavadass]]<br /> * Bishop [[Victor Premasagar]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{cite journal<br /> | author=Bishop's College, Kolkata<br /> | title=Bishop's College, Calcutta, 1820 – 1970<br /> | year=1970<br /> | volume=<br /> | issue=<br /> | url =http://anglicanhistory.org/india/bishops1970/<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite journal<br /> | author=John William Sadiq<br /> | title=Surprised by Love<br /> | year=1984<br /> | volume=<br /> | issue=<br /> | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=n646AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=sambayya<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> | author=A. Frank Thompson<br /> | title=The Bairagi Madonna: Leaves from a Calcutta Notebook<br /> | year=1997<br /> | volume=<br /> | publisher=Guangxi shi fan da xue chu ban she<br /> | isbn=9787549576722<br /> | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=BHhEAQAACAAJ&amp;q=the+bairagi+madonna<br /> }}<br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-edu}}<br /> {{succession box | before=[[S. J. Samartha]]<br /> 1967<br /> | title=President, [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]]<br /> |after=A. K. Mundle<br /> 1969| years=1968}}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sambayya, Emani}}<br /> [[Category:1907 births]]<br /> [[Category:1972 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian Christian theologians]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian Anglican priests]]<br /> [[Category:Christian clergy from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Converts to Anglicanism from Methodism]]<br /> [[Category:Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni]]<br /> [[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Union Theological Seminary alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of the Senate of Serampore College (University)]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Christians]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhabha_University&diff=462324 2025-10-07T09:41:52Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Private university in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Infobox university<br /> | name = Bhabha University<br /> | native_name = <br /> | image = Bhabha University logo.png<br /> | motto = Vision leads to desire, Desire leads to success<br /> | established = 2018<br /> | founder = Sunil Kapoor&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=SCIENCE - Bhabha University Bhopal Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.bhabhauniversity.edu.in/department/11/ |website=www.bhabhauniversity.edu.in |access-date=28 July 2021|quote=its founder Chairman Dr. Sunil Kapoor}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | type = [[Private university|Private]]<br /> | endowment = <br /> | staff = <br /> | faculty = <br /> | president = <br /> | provost = <br /> | principal = <br /> | rector = <br /> | chancellor = Dr. Sadhna Kapoor&lt;ref name=leadership&gt;{{cite web |title=Administration |url=https://www.bhabhauniversity.edu.in/leadership/ |website=www.bhabhauniversity.edu.in |publisher=Bhabha University |access-date=27 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | vice_chancellor = Prof (Dr.) D K dey&lt;ref name=Administration/&gt;<br /> | dean = <br /> | head_label = <br /> | head = <br /> | students = <br /> | undergrad = <br /> | postgrad = <br /> | doctoral = <br /> | city = [[Bhopal]]<br /> | state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | campus = <br /> | free_label = <br /> | free = <br /> | athletics = <br /> | colors = {{color box|blue}}{{color box|yellow}} Blue &amp; Yellow<br /> | mascot = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | affiliations = <br /> | website = {{url|bhabhauniversity.edu.in}}<br /> | address = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Bhabha University''' is a private university in [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It was established in 2018 by the Ayushmati Education and Social Society.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=20&amp;Unitype=3|title=Private University Madhya Pradesh|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]|date=|accessdate=19 October 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Universities in Madhya Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|23.172|77.471|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Private universities in India]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2018]]<br /> [[Category:2018 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{MadhyaPradesh-university-stub}}</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vajarahalli_metro_station&diff=543389 2025-09-05T17:10:02Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Namma Metro's Green Line metro station}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = Vajarahalli<br /> | style = Namma Metro<br /> | type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Green}}<br /> | image = Vajarahalli metro station.jpg<br /> | caption = This station leading towards [[Silk Institute metro station|Silk Institute]]<br /> | address = Kanakapura Road, Vajarahalli Village, Talaghattapura, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560062<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|12.87745466146456|77.54459442247827|display=inline,title}}<br /> | owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)<br /> | operator = [[Namma Metro]]<br /> | architect = Nagarjuna Construction Company (NCC)<br /> | lines = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Green|croute}}<br /> | platforms = [[Side platform]]&lt;br&gt;<br /> Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Madavara}}&lt;br&gt;Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Silk Institute}}<br /> | tracks = 2<br /> | structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]<br /> | levels = 2<br /> | accessible = Yes {{access icon}}<br /> | status = Staffed<br /> | code = VJRH<br /> | opened = {{start date and age|2021|January|21|df=yes}}&lt;ref name=FE1&gt;{{cite news|title=Bengaluru's Namma Metro stretch from Yelachenahalli to Silk Institute launched; open for public from today|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/bengalurus-namma-metro-stretch-from-yelachenahalli-to-silk-institute-launched-open-for-public-from-today/2171414/|newspaper=Financial Express|first=Devanjana|last=Nag|date=15 January 2021|access-date=28 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | electrified = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]]<br /> | services = {{adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line=Green |left=Doddakallasandra |right=Thalaghattapura|to-left=Madavara}}<br /> | route_map = {{BMR Green Line}}<br /> | map_state = collapsed<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-marker = rail<br /> | mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Green}}<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 14<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Vajarahalli''' is an elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Green Line (Namma Metro)|Green Line]] of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bengaluru]], India.&lt;ref name=FE1 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Christin Mathew Philip|date=16 Jan 2021|title=Bengaluru: 5,000 take Yelachenahalli- Silk Institute Metro line on Day 1 {{!}} Bengaluru News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-5000-take-yelachenahalli-silk-institute-metro-line-on-day-1/articleshow/80297392.cms|access-date=2021-09-01|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; This station was opened on 21 January 2021 to the public. The station was inaugurated along with five other stations, as a part of the [[Green Line (Namma Metro)|Green Line]] extension.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Namma Metro's 6 Km Yelachenahalli To Silk Institute Stretch Flagged-off|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/namma-metros-6-km-yelachenahalli-to-silk-institute-stretch-flagged-off-6347911.html|access-date=2021-09-01|website=Moneycontrol|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Christin Mathew Philip|date=13 Jan 2021|title=Bengaluru: Namma Metro's Sankranti gift brings cheer to Kanakapura Road residents {{!}} Bengaluru News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-namma-metros-sankranti-gift-brings-cheer-to-kanakapura-residents/articleshow/80247079.cms|access-date=2021-09-01|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Station layout ==<br /> {{stack|{{Routemap<br /> | title = Vajarahalli track layout<br /> | title color = white<br /> | title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Green}}<br /> | legend = track<br /> | collapsible = no<br /> | map = vCONTgfa<br /> cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Doddakallasandra}}<br /> *'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''<br /> cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Thalaghattapura}}<br /> vCONTgfe<br /> | bottom = &lt;div style=&quot;width:23.5em;text-align:center&quot;&gt;Station with two tracks and two side platforms&lt;/div&gt;<br /> }}}}<br /> {|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=30 valign=top|'''G'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=85 valign=top|Street level<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance<br /> |-<br /> |valign=top|'''L1'''<br /> |valign=top|Mezzanine<br /> |valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover&lt;br&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=85|&lt;span style=color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Green}}&gt;'''Platform 2'''&lt;br/&gt;'''Southbound'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Silk Institute}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Thalaghattapura}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;span style=color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Green}}&gt;'''Platform 1'''&lt;br&gt;'''Northbound'''&lt;/span&gt; <br /> |Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Madavara}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Doddakallasandra}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; colspan=2 align=center|&lt;small&gt;[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=85|<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=500|<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> [[File:Vajarahalli namma metro.webm|thumb|left|Video of a metro train arriving at the station]]<br /> <br /> ==Entry/Exits==<br /> There are 2 Entry/Exit points – A and B. Commuters can use either of the points for their travel.<br /> <br /> * Entry/Exit point A: Towards Bayanapalya (Magnum Honda Showroom)<br /> * Entry/Exit point B: Towards Raghuvanahalli (DMart Kanakapura Road)<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Bengaluru]]<br /> * [[Green Line (Namma Metro)|Green Line]]<br /> * [[List of Namma Metro stations]]<br /> * [[Transport in Karnataka]]<br /> * [[List of metro systems]]<br /> * [[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]<br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> {{Wikivoyage|Bangalore}}<br /> * [https://english.bmrc.co.in Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)] <br /> * [https://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.<br /> <br /> [[Category:Namma Metro stations]]<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in Bengaluru]]<br /> {{Karnataka-railstation-stub}}<br /> {{Namma Metro|green line=yes}}<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2021]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kottiyoor_Vysakha_Mahotsavam&diff=510662 2025-08-30T01:37:50Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: New - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|27-day annual pilgrimage by Hindus}}<br /> {{Fiction|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox holiday<br /> |holiday_name = Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam<br /> |type = Hindu<br /> |longtype = Religious<br /> |image = KottiyoorTemple.jpg<br /> |caption = Kottiyoor Yajna Bhoomi<br /> |official_name = Vysakha Mahotsavam<br /> |nickname = Kottiyoor Utsavam<br /> |observedby = [[Hindu]]<br /> |begins = Swati in [[Shalivahana era|Saka Calendar]]:Vaisakha; (Gregorian Calendar: May–June)<br /> |ends = Chitra in [[Shalivahana era|Saka Calendar]]:Jyaistha; (Gregorian Calendar:June–July)<br /> |duration = 27 days<br /> |date2013 = 23 May – 19 June&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.kottiyoortemple.com/vaisakha_maholsavam.html |title=Vaisakha Maholsavam dates for year 2013 |year=2013 |quote=19-June-2013, Wednesday - Thrukkalassattu |access-date=20 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |date2014 = 14 May - 6 July<br /> |date2015 = 31 May - 27 June<br /> |date2016 = 20 May - 16 June<br /> |observances = Circumambulation of the ''Swayambhu linga'' through the sacred pond (Thiruvanchira)<br /> |relatedto = Daksha Yaga<br /> }}<br /> {{Hinduism}}<br /> '''Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam''' ({{langx|sa|वैशाख महोत्सव}}) is an annual 27-day Hindu pilgrimage held in [[Kottiyoor]], [[Kerala]]. The festival commemorates the [[Daksha yajna|Daksha Yaga]], a significant event in [[Hindu mythology]]. Similar to the [[Kumbh Mela]] at [[Prayagraj|Prayag]], the pilgrimage features ritual ablutions. The site is not classified as a conventional temple due to the absence of permanent structures. Instead, a temporary hermitage constructed with Palmyra leaves, known as Yajna Bhoomi, serves as the focal point of the rituals. Kottiyoor is also referred to as Dakshina Kasi (the [[Varanasi]] of the South) for its religious significance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/19/stories/2009081955980800.htm/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822160310/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/19/stories/2009081955980800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 August 2009 |title=Daksha Yagnam |date=19 August 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-07-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ==Shrines==<br /> Located in [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]], Kottiyoor features two shrines situated on the banks of the [[Bavali River|Vavali]]. On the west bank stands the permanent Thruchherumana Vadakkeshwaram Temple (also known as Ikkare Kottiyoor), which follows a traditional Nalukettu architectural style. On the east bank, there is a temporary shrine called Akkare Kottiyoor, exclusively used during the Vysakha Mahotsavam.<br /> <br /> During the festival, tens of thousands of pilgrims gather at the Yajna Bhoomi, where pujas are conducted in a temporary temple built at the prehistoric Vedic site of Akkare Kottiyoor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Thousands throng Kottiyur temple|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/07/stories/2005060710270500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050618073504/http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/07/stories/2005060710270500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 June 2005|access-date=19 August 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 June 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; This structure is dismantled after the event. The focal point of the temple is a Swayambhu Shivalinga, where devotees perform ablutions. Unlike traditional temples, Akkare Kottiyoor lacks a Sreekovil(Garbhagriha); instead, it stands on a raised platform made of river stones, surrounded by a pond. Water from the pond flows into the Vavali River. When viewed from above, the entire shrine resembles a Shivalinga. Devotees circumambulate the shrine within the pond, usually in the rain. Adjacent to the main shrine is a raised circular platform named Ammarakal Thara(Manithara), where tradition holds that Sati immolated herself. Additionally, a giant Jayanti vilakku (a variant of Lakshmi lamp) and a Bhagavathi mirror idol under a palmyra leaf umbrella are present.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Huge crowd at Kottiyur temple|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/huge-crowd-at-kottiyur-temple/article3120548.ece|access-date=7 July 2018|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 June 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Ikkare Kottiyoor and Akkare Kottiyoor temples are dedicated to [[Shiva]]. The Vavali River flows between the shrines. While the former is attributed to Parashurama, the latter is considered Swayambhu (naturally formed).<br /> <br /> The Prathishta (installation) of the Thruchherumanna Temple is believed to have been performed by [[Parashurama]] on the western bank of the river. The Thruchherumanna Temple is dedicated to the year-round worship of Shiva, in contrast to the Swayambhuu linga, which can only be venerated for 27 days annually. [[Sankaracharya]] is credited with codifying the temple's rites and rituals. He visited the Thruchherumana temple and offered worship, but refrained from crossing the river to the Swayambhuu linga as it was not the Vysakha pilgrimage period. It is believed that during this visit, Sankaracharya discerned the Swayambhuu linga as a universal representation of Shiva, eternally united with Nature (Prakruti or Devi). Shiva and Shakti, in this merged state, are believed to prefer undisturbed solitude, granting blessings solely during the Vysakha Mahotsavam. This belief persists, prohibiting visits to the Swayambhuu linga or Akkare kottiyoor outside the Vysakha pilgrimage. Sankaracharya performed ablutions in the Vavali river, prayed from the western bank, and then continued his journey.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Few Facts about the temple|url=http://kottiyoordevaswom.com/about.html|publisher=Kottiyoor Devaswom|access-date=11 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The deity at Kottiyoor is worshipped as the universal form of Shiva, symbolizing pure consciousness, in conjunction with Prakṛti (Devi). This form is described in the Śrī Rudram, a hymn from the Taittirīya Saṃhitā of the Krishna Yajurveda (TS 4.5, 4.7), and is meditated upon during the chanting of the [[Śhrī Rudram]] hymns. Unlike many other Shiva shrines, the deity here is situated in an open space, exposed to the elements, symbolizing the unrestricted and boundless nature of the divine. This form also represents the union of [[Shiva]] and [[Shakti]], interpreted as a cosmic synergy of consciousness and nature.<br /> The following Vedic hymn illustrates the universal form of Shiva revered at Kottiyoor Yajña Bhūmi:&lt;br /&gt;<br /> पीठं यस्य धरित्री जलधरकलशं लिङ्गमाकाशमूर्तिम् &lt;br /&gt;<br /> नक्षत्रं पुष्पमाल्यं ग्रहगणकुसुमं चन्द्रवह्न्यर्कनेत्रम्। &lt;br /&gt;<br /> कुक्षिः सप्तसमुद्रं भुजगिरिशिखरं सप्तपाताळपादम् &lt;br /&gt;<br /> वेदं वक्त्रं षडङ्गं दशदिश वसनं दिव्यलिङ्गं नमामि॥ &lt;br /&gt;<br /> pīṭhaṁ yasya dharitrī jaladharakalaśaṁ liṅgamākāśamūrtim &lt;br /&gt;<br /> nakṣatraṁ puṣpamālyaṁ grahagaṇakusumaṁ chandravahnyarkanetram| &lt;br /&gt;<br /> kukṣiḥ saptasamudraṁ bhujagiriśikharaṁ saptapātāḻapādam &lt;br /&gt;<br /> vedaṁ vaktraṁ ṣaḍaṅgaṁ daśadiśa vasanaṁ divyaliṅgaṁ namāmi|| &lt;br /&gt;<br /> Meaning: &quot;I offer salutations to the divine linga, whose expanse is spread across the sky, whose base is the earth, and whose water pot comprises rain-filled clouds. The stars form the flower garland, the planets serve as blossoms, and the Moon, the Sun, and Fire are the three eyes. The seven seas constitute the belly, while the mountain peaks are the deity's arms, and the seven Pātālas form the legs. The mouth represents the Vedas (Ṛig, Yajur, Sāma, Atharva) and their six limbs (Chandas, Vyākaraṇa, Kalpa, Jyotiṣa, Nirukta, Śīkṣā), while the ten directions serve as the divine garment.&quot;<br /> <br /> According to the Viṣhṇupurāṇa and Devībhāgavatam, the earth is described as consisting of seven islands surrounded by seven oceans: Jambudvīpa (the terrestrial realm) encircled by a saltwater ocean (Lavana); Plakṣadvīpa, surrounded by an ocean of sugarcane juice (Ikshu); Kuśadvīpa, surrounded by an ocean of ghee (Sarpi); Krauñchadvīpa, surrounded by an ocean of curd (Dadhi); Śākadvīpa, surrounded by an ocean of milk (Kṣīra); Śālmalīdvīpa, surrounded by an ocean of liquor (Surā); and Puṣkaradvīpa, surrounded by an ocean of pure water (Suddhodaka).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Shri Rudram English Translation |url=https://shaivam.org/scripture/English-Script/1431/rudram-english-translation/#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=4 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Period of pilgrimage==<br /> The festival occurs from the Swati Nakshatra of the [[Shalivahana era|Saka calendar]] month of Vaisakha to the Chitra Nakshatra of Jyaistha month. This is equivalent to the [[Malayalam calendar]] months of Medam-Edavam to Edavam-Mithunam or the Gregorian months of May–June to June–July. The pilgrimage occurs during the monsoon season when there is abundant rainfall in the region. The flow of the Vavali river water is suitable for ablutions and the sacred pond Tiruvanchira is filled with water. The climate during the pilgrimage is moderate to slightly cold.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kottiyoor Shiva Temple|url=http://touristplaces.org/india/kerala/kannur/kottiyoor-shiva-temple|publisher=touristplaces.org|access-date=13 August 2013|archive-date=13 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913112745/http://touristplaces.org/india/kerala/kannur/kottiyoor-shiva-temple|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Even though the pilgrimage is called Kottiyoor Ulsavam or Kottiyoor Festival, the programs related to the pilgrimage are only religious rituals there are no entertainment programs like festivals in other temples. Only Vedic hymns are recited, and priestly rites and rituals are performed.<br /> <br /> ==Legend==<br /> Daksha Yagna was an important turning point in the creation and development of sects in Hinduism like [[Shaktism]] and [[Shaivism]]. It is the story behind the 'Stala Purana' (Origin story of Temples) of [[Shakti Peethas]].<br /> [[File:Shiva as the Lord of Dance LACMA edit.jpg|thumbnail|Shiva as Nataraja- A Chola Age Statue-(Los Angeles County Museum of Art)]]<br /> Daksha organised a huge Yaga and intentionally avoided Shiva and Sati. Even though discouraged by Shiva, who told her not to go to a function where she and her husband were uninvited, the personal bondage with her parents made Sati ignore social etiquette and her husband's wishes. Sati, without Shiva, went to the ceremony. She was snubbed by Daksha and insulted by him in front of the guests. Sati, unable to bear further insult, ran into the Sacrificial fire and immolated herself. Shiva, upon knowing the terrible incident in his wrath, invoked [[Virabhadra]] and [[Bhadrakali]] by plucking a lock of hair and thrashing it on the ground. Virabhadra and [[Bhutagana|Bhoota ganas]] marched south and destroyed all the premises. Daksha was decapitated and the ''yagnja shaala'' was devastated in the rampage. The Bhutaganas celebrated the victory by plucking the beard of the 'Presiding Master' of the yagna, Sage [[Bhrigu]], as a war souvenir. Daksha was later forgiven and given life by fixing a ram (Male Goat)'s head and the yagna was allowed to complete, with the presence of all the divinity.<br /> [[File:An attempt to depict the creative activities of Prajapati.jpg|thumbnail|[[Prajapati]] and his activities-Illustration]]<br /> The story continues with the act of Vishnu pacifying Shiva, who was in deep grief at seeing the half-burned corpse of his beloved wife. Vishnu embraced Shiva to pacify him. Shiva, unable to part with Sati, took her corpse and wandered. The body parts of the corpse of [[Sati Devi]] fell in the places Shiva travelled. The places where the body parts [[Sati Devi]]'s corpse fell came to be known as [[Shakti Peethas]].&lt;ref name=Maha&gt;[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12b111.htm the Horse-sacrifice of the Prajapati Daksha] [[Mahabharata|The Mahabharata]] translated by [[Kisari Mohan Ganguli]] (1883–1896), Book 12: Santi Parva: Mokshadharma Parva: Section CCLXXXIV. '''p. 317'''. &quot;I am known by the name of [[Virabhadra]]’’ and I have sprung from the wrath of Rudra. This lady (who is my companion), and who is called Bhadrakali, hath sprung from the wrath of the goddess.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/17/stories/2006061708850500.htm |title=The Hindu: Kerala / Kannur News: Huge crowd at Kottiyur temple |website=www.hindu.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001030606/http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/17/stories/2006061708850500.htm |archive-date=1 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Mythology==<br /> The mythological story of [[Daksha Yaga]] has immense influence in [[Shaivism]] and [[Shaktism]] literal Vaishnava philoPrajapathis derived from or resulted in an epilogue of this tale. These include the origin of [[Shakti Peethas]], the marriage of [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati|Shree Parvathi]], resulting in the birth of [[Ganesh]] and [[Subrahmanya]], and the story about the death of [[Kamadeva]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vaayu.P-Horace Hayman Wilson&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Vaayu Purana|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp043.htm|work=Horace Hayman Wilson|accessdate=12 August 2013|pages=62–69}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Daksha]], one of the [[Prajapatis]], was a son of [[Brahma]] and among his foremost creations. The name [[Daksha]] means “Skilled One.” He had two wives: Prasoothi and Panchajani (Virini). His youngest daughter, Sati (also known as Uma due to her generous austerity), was born from Prasoothi, the daughter of the Prajapati [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]]. Sati was Daksha's beloved child, and he always carried her with him. The name Sati signifies the feminine aspect of Sat (meaning “The Truth”). She is also called [[Dakshayani]], as she follows Daksha's path. This name is derived from the Sanskrit words [[Daksha]] (referring to Daksha himself) and [[Ayana (singer)|Ayana]](meaning “Walk” or “Path”).&lt;ref name=&quot;Siva Purana&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Siva: The Siva Purana Retold|year=2011|publisher=Rupa and Co|isbn=978-8129114952|author=Ramesh Menon|edition=Fourth Re-print}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/l |title=The list of Hindu sacred books |publisher= John Bruno Hare |year=2010 |accessdate=2013-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Skanda Purana&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The mythology of [[Daksha Yaga]] is primarily recounted in the [[Vayu Purana]]. It also appears in the Kasi Kanda of the [[Skanda Purana]], the [[Kurma Purana]], the [[Harivamsa Purana]], and the [[Padma Purana]]. Additionally, the [[Linga Purana]], [[Shiva Purana]], and [[Matsya Purana]] provide details of this incident. <br /> <br /> The mythology is derived from the ancient Sanskrit texts called Puranas.<br /> <br /> *The mythology of Daksha Yaga is mainly from the ''Vaayu Purana''. There is also a description of the mythology in ''Padma Purana'', ''Skanda Purana'', ''Kurma Purana'', ''Harivamsa Purana'', ''Matsya Purana'', ''Linga Purana'', ''Shiva Purana'' from the perspective of Shaiva Vaishnava philosophies. Puranas which are more inclined to Vaishnavism are Vaishnava Puranas; similarly, there are Shaiva and Shakta Puranas.<br /> <br /> *The Vaayu Purana mentions the invoking of Bhadrakali and addresses her also as Rudrakali.<br /> <br /> *The Vaayu Purana does not mention the decapitation of Daksha; instead, it says ''Yagnja'' the personification of Yaga, took the form of an antelope and jumped towards the sky; Veerabhadra captured it and decapitated Yagnja. But Linga Purana and Bhagavatha Purana mention about the decapitation of Daksha&lt;ref name=&quot;Vaayu.P-Horace Hayman Wilson&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> *Vaayu Purana mentions the attack of Bhutaganas, the nose of some goddesses being cut, breaking Yama Deva's staff bone, Mitra's eyes, Indra trampled by Veerabhadra and Bhutaganas, Pusha's teeth knocked down, Chandra Deva was beaten heavily, all of the Prajapathis' were beaten, the hands of Vahini were cut off, Bhrigu's beard been cut off.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vaayu.P-Horace Hayman Wilson&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> *Certain other Puranas like Harivamsa, Kurma, and Skanda narrate the story from the perspective of the Vishnava-Shaiva community enmity prevalent in olden times. Here there are combats between Vishnu and Shiva or Veerabhadra and in these Puranas time the former or the latter wins<br /> <br /> *In Vaayu Purana, Daksha is not decapitated as said before; instead, he begs mercy from the ''Parabrahma'' (The Supreme Almighty who is formless), who rose from the Yagna fire and forgives Daksha. The Parabharma informs Daksha that Shiva is, in fact, a manifestation of Parabrahma. Daksha then becomes a great devotee of Shiva.<br /> <br /> * The story of Daksha Yaga in Vaishnava and Shaiva Puranas ends with the surrender of Daksha to the Parabrahma or until the destruction of Yaga and decapitation of Daksha in various Puranas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vaayu.P-Horace Hayman Wilson&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> *The Epilogue of the mythology is the creation of Shakti Peethas. This epilogue is usually told along with the story of Daksha Yaga by the Shakta sect of Hinduism. There are two different versions of the formation of Shakti Peethas in post-puranic texts or regional stories. The Vaishnava version says Vishnu cut the corpse of Sati Devi using Sudarshana chakra to pacify Shiva the Shaiva version says the parts were fallen while Shiva was carrying the corpse of Sati in various places. Both versions have a common end, which says the places where these body parts fell came to be known as Shakti Peethas. The Shakti Peethas are mentioned in Shakta([[Shaktism]]) Puranas like Devi Bhagavatha Purana and Kalika Purana. Some of the Puranas, which came in later ages, gave more importance to their supreme deity (depending on Vaishnava, Shaiva and Shakta sects) in their literature.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=What are Puranas? Are they Myths?|url=http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&amp;sd=Articles&amp;ArticleID=1775|work=boloji.com|accessdate=12 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts|year=1993|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=9780791413814|editor=Wendy Doniger}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> *Various locations: In addition to Kottiyoor, two other shrines believe their respective place as a location as the site of Daksha Yaga they are Kanakhala near Haridwar in Himachal Pradesh and Draksharamam in Andhra Pradesh. Kanakhala and Draksharamam are temples, and Kottiyoor Vysakha Mohotsavam is a 27-day, yearly pilgrimage(entry is prohibited for the rest of the year).<br /> <br /> ===The Sati-Shiva Marriage===<br /> <br /> Sati, the youngest daughter of Daksha, deeply loved Shiva and aspired to become his wife. Her worship and devotion towards Shiva intensified her desire to be his better half. However, Daksha disapproved of his daughter's contemplation of Shiva. This disapproval stemmed from Daksha's position as a Prajapati, the Emperor of Dakshina Desa in [[Aryavarta]] (an ancient Indian region comprising [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], [[India]], [[Nepal]], and [[Bangladesh]]), and his status as the son of [[Brahma]]. [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]], on the other hand, was the [[Emperor]]’s daughter—a royal princess. Their opulent lifestyle sharply contrasted with Shiva's humble existence. As an Emperor, Daksha sought to enhance his influence and power through marriage alliances with powerful empires and influential sages and Devas ([[Adityas]]).<br /> [[File:Uma maheswar.jpg|thumb|300px|Uma Maheshwara(Sati and Shiva with Bhutaganas); 7th CE wall engravings; [[Prince of Wales Museum]], Mumbai]]<br /> <br /> In stark contrast, Shiva led a modest life. He dwelled among the downtrodden, clad in a [[tiger]] skin, his body smeared with ashes. His thick, matted hair framed his face, and he begged with a skull as his bowl. His abode was [[Mount Kailasa]] in the freezing [[Himalayas]], where only mountains, rocks, and snow prevailed. Shiva embraced all living beings without distinction—good souls and bad souls alike. His followers, the Bhutaganas (assembly of clan heads), included ghosts, demons, ghouls, and goblins. He wandered through gardens and graveyards alike.<br /> <br /> Daksha harboured aversion toward Shiva as a potential companion for his daughter. However, unlike Daksha, Sati Devi loved Shiva profoundly. She had the revelation that Shiva, the Supreme Rudra, was, in fact, The Mahadev or The Paramashwara (The Supreme Almighty-Parabrahmam)<br /> <br /> As his daughters grew up, Daksha conducted a [[Swayamvara]] yagam. Swayamvara was an ancient form of marriage where the woman had the authority to choose her husband from prospective suitors. Sati undoubtedly chose Shiva. The marriage ceremony between Sati and Shiva took place. Daksha was compelled to accept Shiva as his son-in-law since he did not influence the groom selection process.&lt;ref name=&quot;Siva Purana&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kanchi_Madom&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kamakoti.org/kamakoti/details/bhagvatpurana19.html?PHPSESSID=9f4008ee0de438b0895d657b7ee280dal |title=Essence Of Maha Bhagavatha Purana |publisher= Shri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham |date=|accessdate=2013-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Brahma's Yaga===<br /> Once, Brahma Deva Daksha's father conducted a grand yajna. All the [[Prajapati]]s from around the world, along with the Adityas and kings, were invited by Brahma to participate in the yajna. Shiva and Sati were also among the invitees. Everyone gathered at the ceremonial place for the yajna, and Daksha arrived last. As he entered, all the attendees stood up in reverence, recognizing him as one of the Prajapatis. However, Brahma, Shiva, and Sati Devi remained seated, not rising to greet [[Daksha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Malayala Manorama News&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/advt/Festival/Kottiyoor-Festival13/Odapoo.html |title=ഇതു ദക്ഷ യാഗ ഭൂമി |publisher= Malayala Manorama |year=2013 |accessdate=2013-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was a global event, attended by emperors, kings, and esteemed individuals from various regions. Strict adherence to etiquette was expected. Brahma refrained from standing, being Daksha's father. Sati, too, followed her husband's lead and did not rise.<br /> <br /> Shiva's position as Daksha's son-in-law created a complex social dynamic. Given that Brahma was Daksha's father, Brahma's realm was essentially Daksha's ancestral home. Had Shiva risen to greet Daksha upon his arrival, it would have been akin to a son-in-law welcoming his father-in-law in the latter's ancestral abode, a socially incongruous and potentially disrespectful act. Daksha's arrogance and pride, however, clouded his judgment. Unable to comprehend the subtleties of this social protocol, he interpreted Shiva's actions as a deliberate insult, overlooking their familial relationship. In contrast, the other deities, unbound by such intricate family ties, freely expressed their reverence for Daksha as a Prajapati.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Samskaras the sacrament of Hindussm-The role of women|url=http://www.hinduwebsite.com/hinduism/concepts/samskara.asp}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Daksha's grudge against Shiva intensified after these incidents. With the primary motive of insulting Shiva, Daksha organized a grand yajna similar to the one conducted by Brahma. Sage [[Bhrigu]] was chosen to preside over the yajna. Daksha extended invitations to all the Adityas (Gods), Prajapatis, and kings, deliberately excluding Shiva and Sati. <br /> <br /> Dadhichi-Daksha Argument: <br /> The Kurma Purana recounts the dialogues between [[Dadhichi]] and Daksha {{efn|Sage [[Dadhichi]] is an embodiment of self-sacrifice, as mentioned in Puranas. [[Indra]] was able to make the ''Vajrayudha'' using Sage's bones and vanquish [[Vritra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Dadhichi_Vajrayudha&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The story of Sage Dadhichi and Vajrayudha|url=https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/dadhichi-the-sage-who-sacrificed-his-life-to-protect-the-devas/|accessdate=19 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} After the sacrifices and hymns were offered to the 12 Adityas, Dadhichi—one of the most revered sages—observed that no sacrificial portion (havish) had been allotted to Mahadeva (Shiva) and his wife. Furthermore, no Vedic hymns were used in the yajna to address Rudra, even though they were part of the Vedic tradition. Dadhichi warned Daksha that altering the Holy Vedas for personal reasons was unacceptable. The priests and other sages supported Dadhichi's stance. In response, Daksha not only refused to comply but also directed abusive words toward Shiva. As a result of this heated argument, Dadhichi left the yajna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vaayu.P-Horace Hayman Wilson&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Sati's Arrival at the Ceremony===<br /> Sati learned about the grand yagna organized by her father. She requested Shiva's presence at the event. However, Shiva declined, explaining that attending an uninvited function would be ill-mannered. He reminded Sati that, after their marriage, she was now part of Shiva's family rather than Daksha's. Despite social norms, Sati felt a strong personal bond with her parents, leading her to believe that formal invitations were unnecessary. She persistently pleaded with Shiva to allow her to attend the ceremony, ignoring his reasons for not going himself. Eventually, Shiva permitted Sati to visit her parents, accompanied by Nandi, but he did not join her.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kanchi_Madom&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Upon reaching the ceremony, Sati tried to interact with her parents and sisters. Daksha, however, arrogantly avoided her. He repeatedly snubbed her in front of the dignitaries. Despite this, Sati maintained her composure. When Sati persisted in seeking interaction, Daksha reacted vehemently, insulting her publicly for attending an uninvited event. He even called Shiva an atheist and a dweller of cremation grounds. Daksha's planned humiliation of Sati and Shiva became unbearable for her. The shameless insults and humiliation pushed her to the brink.<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Siva Purana&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hinduonline.co/Scriptures/Puranas/ShivaMahaPurana.html |title=Lord Shiva stories, Shiva purana |publisher= |year=2009 |accessdate=2013-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Kottiyoor temple festival IMG 9526.JPG|thumbnail|Ammarakkallu-The spot where [[Sati (goddess)|Sati]] Devi immolated herself]]<br /> <br /> In deep remorse, Sati cursed Daksha for mistreating his innocent daughter and her respected husband. She reminded him that his haughty behaviour had blinded his intellect. Sati cursed him, predicting that Shiva's wrath would destroy him and his empire. Unable to bear further humiliation, Sati tragically committed suicide by leaping into the sacrificial fire. The beloved daughter of the entire race was consumed by the flames.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vaayu.P-Horace Hayman Wilson&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Siva Purana&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Malayala Manorama News&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Onlookers tried to save Sati, but it was too late.&lt;ref name=&quot;Skanda Purana&quot;/&gt; They found only her half-burnt body. The cherished progeny of Daksha's lineage, the source of their happiness, faded away, sacrificed to satisfy her father's pride. Daksha's prejudice against his son-in-law, Shiva, fueled immense hatred within him, ultimately leading to his daughter's demise.&lt;ref name=&quot;Siva Purana&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kanchi_Madom&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> After the incident, Nandi and the accompanying bhootas left the yajna site. Nandi cursed the participants, and Bhrigu responded by cursing the Bhootaganas in return.<br /> <br /> ===The wrath of Shiva===<br /> [[File:Virabhadra Daksha.jpg|thumbnail|[[Virabhadra|Veera Bhadra]] and [[Daksha]]]]<br /> Upon hearing the shocking news of his wife's death, Shiva was consumed by grief and anger. He realized how Daksha had cunningly plotted against him, and it was his innocent wife who had fallen into the trap. Shiva learned about Daksha's callous treatment of Sati. Although Sati was once his beloved daughter, Daksha's ego and pride led him to force her into a dishonourable death. Shiva's rage intensified, and plucked a lock of hair from his head and smashed it on the ground, breaking it into two with his foot. From that act emerged the armed and fearsome [[Veerabhadra]] and [[Bhadrakali]] (as mentioned in the Vayu Purana). Shiva commanded them to kill Daksha and destroy the yajna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Skanda Purana&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Skanda-Purana, Part 1|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=8120809661|author=G. V. Tagare|editor=G. P. Bhatt|date=August 1, 1992|edition=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kanchi_Madom&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The ferocious Veerabhadra, Bhadrakali, and the Bhutaganas marched south, launching a brutal assault on Daksha. His army was swiftly crushed and slaughtered, and they began destroying the Yajna surroundings. Like a hurricane sweeping through a city, people fled the turmoil, abandoning the ceremony. Sage Bhrigu, using his divine penance powers, created an army to resist Shiva's attack and protect the Yajna. However, Bhrigu's forces couldn't withstand the onslaught; they were demolished, and the entire area lay in ruins. Even the Prajapatis and Adityas (Gods) who participated suffered merciless beatings, wounds, or death. Daksha was captured and beheaded. As a final act of victory, the Bhutaganas plucked out Sage Bhrigu's white beard.<br /> <br /> According to the Shaiva and Vaishnava Puranas, the mythology of Daksha Yajna concludes here. The remaining aspects of the story are found in the epilogues mentioned in Shakta Puranas like the Devi Bhagavatha Purana, Kalika Purana, and various regional folklores. The following account represents the Shaiva version, while the Vaishnava versions are also documented in the Notes section.&lt;ref name=&quot;devibhagavatham&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Srimad Devi Bhagavatam|year=2007|publisher=Munshiram Maniharlal|isbn=978-8121505918|author=Swami Vijnanananda}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===The sorrow of Shiva===<br /> <br /> The grand sacrificial ceremony, the yagna, had been disrupted and lay desolate. Recognizing that such an obstruction could wreak havoc and cause severe ill effects on nature, Brahma and Vishnu went to summon the grief-stricken Shiva to the Yajna site. They offered comfort and sympathy, urging him to come and pacify the bhutaganas, allowing the yagna to proceed. Shiva agreed, and together, the Trimurti arrived at the location. There, Shiva discovered the charred remains of his beloved wife. The poignant scene moved the world as they witnessed Shiva's heart-wrenching sorrow. Vishnu embraced his dear friend, Shiva, providing solace. Shiva granted permission to continue the yagna. Daksha was absolved by Shiva, and the head of a ram (male goat) meant for the yagna was placed upon Daksha's decapitated body, restoring his life. Thus, the yagna was completed.&lt;ref name=&quot;devibhagavatham&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Shiva Wandering with Sati's Corpse===<br /> <br /> Unable to part from his beloved wife, Shiva carried Sati's lifeless body and wandered across the land. Wherever her body parts fell during his journey, those locations became known as the Shakti Peethas—51 in total, symbolizing the 51 Sanskrit alphabets. Shiva remained in isolation and solitude for ages until Sati Devi reincarnated as Shri Parvati, the daughter of King Himavana. Parvati renounced her royal privileges, retreated to the forest, and became known as ‘Aparna,’ the one without sustenance. Shiva tested her devotion in disguise, even attempting to dissuade her by speaking ill of himself. However, Parvati's unwavering love for Shiva prevailed. Eventually, Shiva recognized her as Uma, the same soul as Sati. He later married [[Parvathi|Shri Parvati]] as Sundareshwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Siva Purana&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;devibhagavatham&quot;/&gt;<br /> &lt;!--PLEASE DO NOT ADD THE STORY OF CUTTING OF SATIS CORPSE BY VISHNU IN THIS SECTION IT IS ALREADY MENTIONED IN NOTES AS DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF THE STORY--&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Vaishakha Festival rituals==<br /> [[File:Akkare kottiyu1.JPG|thumbnail|Akkare Kottiyoor]]The Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam ({{langx|ml| കൊട്ടിയൂർ വൈശാഖ മഹോത്സവം}}) ({{langx|ta|கோட்டியூர் வைசாக மகோற்சவம்}})({{langx|hi|कोट्टीयुर वैशाख महोत्सव}}) festival rites are performed by [[Kottiyoor Temple|akkare Kottiyoor]] temple on the east side of Vavali river.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kottiyoor Devaswam Temple Administration Portal|url=http://kottiyoordevaswom.com/|publisher=Kottiyoordevaswom.com|access-date=20 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kottiyoor Ulsavam is conducted in the Tiruvanchira pond in rainy season where only hay thatched huts are allowed. The sacred pond is a [[Spring (hydrology)|spring]] and a tributary of the Vavali river and is an appealing environment - a reminder of ancient vedic times. [[Kottiyoor]] itself is a serene hilly area. It is believed that [[Bhutagana]]s brings the materials needed for the rituals from the [[Thirunelli Temple|Tirunelli MahaVishnu Temple]] (10&amp;nbsp;km south of Kottiyoor Temple) through the Brahmagiri valley. Kottiyoor Temple, as its name implies, is the meeting of the [[Trimurti]] - Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. The [[Lingam|Shivalinga]] of the Kottiyoor Temple is [[Swayambhu]] i.e. formed naturally. Kottiyoor Temple pilgrimage is a rarity where each community is given right to perform specific rituals and duties for their pilgrimage.<br /> <br /> The ceremonies for the Kottiyoou Festival, performed in sequential order, are<br /> Purakkuvam{{langx|ml|പുരക്കുവം(പ്രാക്കുഴം}}, Neerezhunnallathu{{langx|ml|നീരെഴുന്നെള്ളത്}}, Vavalikettu{{langx|ml|വാവലിക്കെട്ട്}}, Neyyattam {{langx|ml|നെയ്യാട്ടം}}, Bringing Agni and Ooda (Reed){{langx|ml|ഓടയും അഗ്നിയും എഴുന്നെള്ളത്}}, &quot;Vaal&quot; Ezhunnallathu{{langx|ml|വാൾ എഴുന്നള്ളത്}}, &quot;Chothi Vilakku&quot; {{langx|ml|ചോതിവിളക്ക്}}, &quot;Naallam Thurakkal&quot; {{langx|ml|നാളം തുറക്കൽ}}, &quot;Bhandaram Ezhunnallathu&quot; {{langx|ml|ഭണ്ഡാരം എഴുന്നെള്ളത്}}, Thiruvona Aaraadhana {{langx|ml|തിരുവോണ ആരാധന}}, Ilaneervaipu {{langx|ml|ഇളനീർ വെയ്പ്പ്}}, Ilaneerattam {{langx|ml|ഇളനീരാട്ടം}}, Revathi Aaraadhana {{langx|ml|രേവതി ആരാധന}}, Rohini Aaraadhana {{langx|ml|രോഹിണി ആരാധന}}, Thrikur Ariyalavu {{langx|ml|തൃക്കൂർ അരി അളവ്}}, Makam {{langx|ml|മകം}}, Kalam Varavu {{langx|ml|കളം വരവ്}}, Atham naal {{langx|ml|അത്തം നാൾ}}, Vallattom {{langx|ml|വാളാട്ടം}}, Thengaeru {{langx|ml|തേങ്ങ ഏറു}}, Chithra naal {{langx|ml|ചിത്ര നാൾ}}, Thrikkaleshattam {{langx|ml|തൃക്കലശാട്ടം}}, Thandilmeil Oonu {{langx|ml|തണ്ടിന്മേൽ ഒന്നു}}, Vaal madakkam {{langx|ml|വാൾ മടക്കം}}, Valiya Vattalam Payasam {{langx|ml|വലിയ വട്ടളം പായസം}}, Purakkuvam (Prakuzham, Purakuzham){{langx|ml|പുരക്കുവം (പ്രാക്കുഴം, പുരക്കുഴം)}}<br /> <br /> Rohini Aradhana is an important ceremony performed by the Kurumathoor Nayikan Brahman, the head of a local Vaishnavite family who holds the birthright for this ritual. Considered a representation of Vishnu, the Bhattatirippad conducts the ceremony with the assistance of a Namboothiri priest. The highlight of the ritual is the Alingana Pushpanjali, where the Bhattatirippad embraces the Swayambhu Shivalinga. This act commemorates the mythological event during Daksha Yaga when Shiva was inconsolable after witnessing Sati's tragic demise. The Rohini Aradhana serves as a symbolic representation of Vishnu comforting the grief-stricken Shiva.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kottiyoor: the site of a legendary sacrifice|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2018/06/01/kottiyoor-a-temple--in-ultimate-holiness.html |access-date=4 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Entry of Parashurama===<br /> Ages after the dreadful incident and havoc, carrying Sati Devi's tears and curse, the land started being governed by [[Kali (demon)|Kali]] (the personification of [[Kali Yuga]], the reigning power of calamity). Kerala was submerged under water. [[Parashurama]], who donated all his conquered land to Brahmins, needed a place to live. At the request of [[Varuna]], he threw his axe from [[Gokarna, Nepal|Gokarna]] to [[Kanyakumari]] and Kerala reemerged from the sea. Parashurama was attacked by [[Kali (demon)|Kali]] in Kottiyoor. He overpowered Kali and, as he raised his axe to kill him, the [[Trimurti]] materialised there and stopped Parashurama. He released Kali on the condition that he would never ever come into the premises of the Swyam Bhuu Linga of his Guru, Shiva, in Kottiyoor. He started the twenty-seven-day festival to remember the incidents that happened in the place.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Parashurama's entry|url=http://kottiyoordevaswom.com/about/parashuramasEntry.html|publisher=Kottiyoordevaswom.com|access-date=11 August 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130811193116/http://kottiyoordevaswom.com/about/parashuramasEntry.html|archive-date=11 August 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Exclusiveness in rites===<br /> * Usha pooja is only for twenty-four days to match with the standard yaga period. However the rest of the pooja is conducted for all twenty-seven days.<br /> * The quantity of Nivedyam is fixed as in ancient time. It not increased proportional to an increase in the number of pilgrims.<br /> * No pooja is performed at Ammarakkal (Sati Devi's self-immolation site) only [[Pushpanjali]] and Nivedyam is offered.<br /> * Punyaham is never performed, as the location is blessed with the congruence of the Shaiva, Shakta, Vaishnava divinities. Kottiyoor is so pure that all impurities are washed away. The location is the origin of a [[Spring (hydrology)|spring]] which form part of the Vavali River. The festival takes place during the rainy season.<br /> * Ganapathi Homam is performed every day in morning.<br /> * The whole premises is a temporary shelter and it is a replica of the ancient Vedic worship and culture, thousands of years ago. Unlike most pilgrimage sites there is no permanent temple structure. The pradakshinam (circumambualtion) is through a pond.<br /> <br /> {{Panorama<br /> |image = Image:Kottiyoor temple festival.jpg<br /> |height = 240<br /> |alt = The Kottiyoor Vyshakha Mahotsavam<br /> |caption = {{center|A panoramic view of Ikkare kottiyoor, The Kottiyoor Vyshakha Mahotsavam}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Access==<br /> {{main|Kottiyoor}} <br /> The national highway passes through [[Kannur]] town. [[Mangalore]] and [[Mumbai]] can be accessed on the northern side and [[Cochin]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] can be accessed on the southern side. The road to the east of [[Iritty]] connects to [[Mysore]] and [[Bangalore]]. The nearest railway station is [[Kannur railway station|Kannur]] on Mangalore-[[Palakkad]] line and the nearest airport is Kannur International Airport.<br /> <br /> ==Image gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Kottiyoor temple festival IMG 0030.JPG|Festival Time<br /> File:Ikkare kottiyur.JPG|Ikkare Kottiyur<br /> File:Entry point to Akkare Kottiyoor.jpg|Entry to Akkare<br /> File:Kottiyoor-way to akkare kottiyoor.jpg|Going to Akkare Kottiyur<br /> File:KottiyoorView.jpg|festival view<br /> File:Tender coconut-bringing-kottiyur.JPG|Bringing Tender Coconuts<br /> File:The Banyan tree at Akkare Kottiyoor.jpg|The Peepal Tree<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Virabhadra]]-[[Daksha]]<br /> * [[Shaivism]]-[[Shaktism]]<br /> * [[Shiva]]-[[Sati (goddess)|Sati]]-[[Shakti Peethas]]<br /> * [[Kottiyoor]], [[Thalassery]], [[Kerala]]<br /> * [[Kottiyoor Temple|Kottiyoor Vadakkeshwaram Temple]]-[[Thirunelli Temple|Tirunelli Temple]]<br /> {{Portal bar|Society|Mythology|Hinduism}}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography of notable offline sources==<br /> &lt;!--Not all references are mentioned in Bibliography only significant ones are mentioned--&gt;<br /> * {{cite book | title=Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology: Mahapuranas-The Vayu Purana | year=1987 | publisher=UNESCO Heritage Publishing, (United Nations Organization) | isbn=9231030175 | url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/publications/ }}<br /> * {{cite book | last=Wilson | first=H.H. | title=The Vishnu Purana - Vol I | date=November 4, 2008 | publisher=Hesperides Press | isbn=978-1443722636 }}<br /> * {{cite book | title=Siva: The Siva Purana Retold | year=2011 | publisher=Rupa and Co | isbn=978-8129114952 | author=Ramesh Menon | edition=1, Fourth Re-print}}<br /> * {{cite book | last=Müller | first=F. Max | title=The Upanishads Part II: The Sacred Books of the East Part Fifteen | date=July 26, 2004 | publisher=Kessinger Publishing, LLC | isbn=1417930160 }}<br /> * {{cite book | last=Vijnanananda | first=Swami | title=The Srimad Devi Bhagavatam | year=2007 | publisher=Munshiram Maniharlal | isbn=978-8121505918 }}<br /> * {{cite book | last=Dallapiccola | first=Anna L | title=Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend | year=2002 | publisher=Thames &amp; Hudson | isbn=0500510881 }}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> <br /> * {{cite book | last=Wilson | first=H.H. | title=Select Works Of Sri Sankaracharya: Sanskrit Text And English Translation | date=January 31, 2003 | publisher=Cosmo Publishing | isbn=8177557459 }}<br /> * {{cite book | last=Müller | first=F. Max | title=The Upanishads, Vol I | date=June 1, 2004 | publisher=Kessinger Publishing, LLC | isbn=1419186418 }}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category|Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam}}[http://www.kottiyoortemple.com Kottiyoor Temple]<br /> <br /> {{Kannur district}}<br /> <br /> {{HinduMythology}}<br /> {{Shaivism}}<br /> {{Shaktism}}<br /> {{Hindu festivals}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindu festivals]]<br /> [[Category:Religious festivals in India]]<br /> [[Category:Villages near Iritty]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Poulett,_6th_Earl_Poulett&diff=545775 2025-07-31T05:14:50Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: Creating First Pg W/ Refs!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|English peer, landowner, army officer and racehorse owner}}<br /> [[File:Monument to William, 6th Earl Poulett - St Georges church, Hinton St George (geograph 2660930).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Monument to Poulett at Hinton St George in Somerset]]<br /> '''William Henry Poulett, 6th Earl Poulett''' (22 September 1827 – 22 January 1899) was an English peer, landowner, army officer, and racehorse owner. In the [[House of Lords]] he was a Conservative.<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> When Poulett was born in 1827, his chance of inheriting the family estates seemed remote. He was the third son of Vice-Admiral the Hon. George Poulett RN (1786–1854), who was the second son of the [[John Poulett, 4th Earl Poulett|4th Earl]] and the brother of the [[John Poulett, 5th Earl Poulett|5th Earl]], who already had three sons. His mother, Catherine Poulett, was a daughter of [[Sir George Dallas, 1st Baronet]].&lt;ref name=burke&gt;''Burke's Peerage'', volume 2 (2003), p. 3203&lt;/ref&gt; He joined the [[54th (West Norfolk) Regiment of Foot]] in 1840 and was educated at the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]], passing out in 1842. Commissioned into the 54th Regiment, in 1846 he transferred to the 2nd [[Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)|Queen’s Royals]], then from 1852 to 1857 was with the [[Cheshire Regiment|22nd Regiment]] in India, taking part in the British expedition from [[Peshawar]] to the Boroe Valley in 1853, and was with Brigadier-General Boileau at the storming of the heights.&lt;ref name=who&gt;&quot;[http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U190027, POULETT, 6th Earl]&quot;, in ''Who Was Who'', online edition by Oxford University Press, 2014, accessed 3 August 2016 (Subscription site)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Inheritance==<br /> In 1857, news reached Poulett in India that both surviving sons of his uncle the 5th Earl had died: Amias Poulett on 20 February 1857, and Vere Poulett, Viscount Hinton, on 29 August 1857. As Poulett's own father and older brothers had also died, this left him unexpectedly as the heir presumptive to the family estates, and he returned to England. From 1858 to 1870, he hunted the Hambledon Foxhounds six days a week. In 1864, as foreseen, he succeeded his uncle, the 5th Earl Poulett, inheriting [[Hinton House]] and about 11,000 acres, mostly around [[Hinton St George]] in Somerset, with a second country house at Granville Hall, in [[Droxford]], Hampshire. He became a racehorse owner, specialising in National Hunt, and owned The Lamb, winner of the [[Grand National]] in 1868 and 1871. Another of his horses, Benazal, won twenty-seven steeple-chases and other races. In ''[[Who's Who (UK)|Who's Who]]'', Poulett gave his recreations as &quot;Racing, hunting, steeple-chasing, shooting, driving, yachting, fishing, telegraphy, and photography&quot;. He was a member of the [[Army and Navy Club]], Arthur’s, the Wellington Club, the [[Royal Albert Yacht Club]], the [[Royal London Yacht Club]], and others.&lt;ref name=who/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Poulett married three times. First, on 23 June 1849, he married Elizabeth Lavinia, daughter of Joseph Newman of [[Landport]].&lt;ref&gt;''The Complete Peerage'', vol. x p. 623&lt;/ref&gt; However, he soon discovered she was already pregnant, and she admitted the father was a Capt. William Turnour Granville, with whom he heard she had been living in Dublin prior to their marriage. Poulett left her on 8 August 1849. She gave birth six months after their marriage to a son at [[Southsea]], [[Hampshire]]:<br /> <br /> *William Turnour Thomas Poulett, Viscount Hinton (15 December 1849 – 8 April 1909), unsuccessfully claimed peerage&lt;ref name=&quot;geelong&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=The Organ Grinder's Claim to a Peerage. |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/148998857 |access-date=25 December 2024 |work=Geelong Advertiser |date=5 September 1903 |location=Geelong, Victoria |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A birth announcement appeared days after the birth, announcing Poulett and his wife had welcomed a son.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Births. |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000433/18491219/033/0003 |access-date=25 December 2024 |work=Dublin Evening Mail |date=19 December 1849 |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1869, W. T. T. Poulett married Lydia Ann Shippey, the daughter of William Shippey, a general dealer.&lt;ref name=&quot;geelong&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> She died in 1871. Later that year he married, secondly, Emma Sophia Johnson, who died in 1876. They had a son, born prior to their marriage, and a daughter.<br /> *William Henry George Poulett (1 April 1870 – )<br /> *Maud<br /> <br /> In November 1871, W. T. T. Poulett petitioned the [[Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes]] for a Declaration of Legitimacy, to establish that he was the lawful son of William Henry Poulett, now the 6th Earl. In 1875, he was living at the family's secondary estate, Grenville Hall, Droxford, under the [[courtesy title]] of [[Viscount Hinton]].&lt;ref&gt;Thom Adam Bisset, ''The Upper Ten Thousand, for 1876: A Biographical Handbook'' (1876), p. 227: &quot;Hinton, visc. (eld. s. of earl Poulett). William Turnour Thomas Poulett, 4.11.49 : address — Grenville Hall, Droxford.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; However, after the birth of William John Lydston Poulett in 1883, W. T. T. Poulett was again disowned.<br /> <br /> Lastly, in 1879, he married Rosa, daughter of Alfred Hugh (de) Melville, an artist.&lt;ref&gt;''The Complete Peerage'', vol. x p. 624&lt;/ref&gt; They had three children:<br /> <br /> * [[William Poulett, 7th Earl Poulett|William John Lydston Poulett, Viscount Hinton]] (1883–1918)<br /> * Lady Eleanor Augusta Rosa (9 October 1879 – )<br /> * Lady Violet Nita (5 October 1880 – ), married Capt. Cecil John Talbot Rhys Wingfield (1881–1915; died of wounds received in [[First World War]]) and was the mother of Maj. Edward William Rhys Wingfield (1905–1984) who married Lady Norah Beryl Cayzer Rhys Jellicoe, daughter of Admiral-of-the-Fleet [[John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe|Earl Jellicoe]]&lt;ref name=burke/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Dispute==<br /> Following the 6th Earl's death, the Poulett earldom and its entailed estates were claimed by W. T. T. Poulett, and on 27 July 1903, on a report from its Committee of Privileges, the [[House of Lords]] determined the dispute in favour of the 6th Earl's fifteen-year-old son, William John Lydston Poulett.&lt;ref&gt;[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1903/jul/27/poulett-peerage Poulett Peerage], outcome of House of Lords Debate on 27 July 1903 (vol 126, cc298-9)&lt;/ref&gt; In a curious turn of events, [[Wilhelmina Powlett, Duchess of Cleveland]], the widow of a distant kinsman of the 6th Earl Poulett, left W. H. G. Poulett a bequest of £5,000 in her will, and he became a tea-planter in Ceylon.&lt;ref&gt;G. E. Cokayne, ''&amp; al.'', ''The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant'', volume X, p. 624&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2660930 ST4112 : Monument to William, 6th Earl Poulett – St George's church, Hinton St George] at geograph.org.uk<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-reg|en}}<br /> {{s-bef | before=[[John Poulett, 5th Earl Poulett|John Poulett]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl | title=[[Earl Poulett]] | years=1864–1899}}<br /> {{s-aft | after=[[William Poulett, 7th Earl Poulett|William Poulett]]}}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Poulett, William Henry}}<br /> [[Category:1827 births]]<br /> [[Category:1899 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]<br /> [[Category:Earls Poulett|6]]<br /> [[Category:Poulett family|William, 6th Earl]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Studios_Delhi_Aerocity&diff=542658 2025-05-31T21:04:48Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: Created a redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Universal Destinations &amp; Experiences#Universal Studios Delhi]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R with possibilities}}<br /> }}</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gymnothorax_andamanensis&diff=501672 2025-05-28T18:14:04Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: Details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Species of fish}}<br /> {{Speciesbox|authority=Mohapatra, Kiruba-Sankar, Praveenraj &amp; Mohanty, 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - 1493584 authority section |url=https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=1493584%20authority%20section |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=www.marinespecies.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;|taxon=Gymnothorax andamanensis}}<br /> '''''Gymnothorax andamanensis''''' is a species from the [[moray eel]] family found in [[South Andaman]], [[India]]. The dorsal fin is situated behind the gill, its teeth is flat and a black rim covers the jaw opening. It has around 135 to 136 vertebrae.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=MOHAPATRA |first=ANIL |last2=KIRUBA-SANKAR |first2=R. |last3=PRAVEENRAJ |first3=J. |last4=MOHANTY |first4=SWARUP RANJAN |date=2019-08-27 |title=A new short brown unpatterned moray eel Gymnothorax andamanensis (Muraenidae: Muraeninae) from Andaman waters, India |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4661.1.11 |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4661 |issue=1 |pages=189–196 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4661.1.11 |issn=1175-5334|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; This mid-sized fish is brown and it has an unpatterned body. It is fairly long with a dull snout and smooth teeth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gymnothorax andamanensis Mohapatra &amp; Kiruba-Sankar &amp; Praveenraj &amp; Mohanty 2019, sp. nov. - Plazi TreatmentBank |url=http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1676879A-FFC4-FF9A-84F8-FE7825764F97 |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=treatment.plazi.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q108081236}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Fish described in 2019]]<br /> [[Category:Gymnothorax|andamanensis]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Muraenidae-stub}}</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baseball_in_India&diff=456795 2025-05-05T03:57:42Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: cleaned up section for accuracy</p> <hr /> <div>{{refimprove|date=March 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox sport overview<br /> | boxwidth = &lt;!-- set width of infobox, default is 22em. must add units afterward, i.e. &quot;25em&quot; or &quot;250px&quot;, not &quot;22&quot; or &quot;250&quot; --&gt;<br /> | title = &lt;!-- title of the infobox if different from the article title --&gt;<br /> | image = &lt;!-- image filename and type (i.e. &quot;ImageName.png&quot; --&gt;<br /> | imagesize = &lt;!-- change image size, default is 200px. must add units afterward, i.e. &quot;250px&quot; not &quot;250&quot; --&gt;<br /> | image_alt = &lt;!-- alt text, which will be seen when hovering over the image --&gt;<br /> | caption = &lt;!-- caption for the image above --&gt;<br /> | union = [[Amateur Baseball Federation of India]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | sport = Baseball<br /> | nationalteam = [[India national baseball team|Men]]&lt;br&gt;[[India women's national baseball team|Women]]<br /> | nickname = &lt;!-- nicknames --&gt;<br /> | first = Early 1940s<br /> | registered = &lt;!-- number of registered players --&gt;<br /> | clubs = &lt;!-- number of clubs --&gt;<br /> | national_list = [[National Baseball Championship]]<br /> | club_list = &lt;!-- list of club competitions --&gt;<br /> | intl_list = [[Asian Baseball Championship]]&lt;br&gt;[[Asian Baseball Cup]]&lt;br&gt;[[Women's Baseball World Cup]]<br /> | match = &lt;!-- single match audience record --&gt;<br /> | league = &lt;!-- league audience record --&gt;<br /> | fan_org = &lt;!-- fan organization --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{HistBaseball nav}}<br /> [[Baseball]] is played in local clubs, schools and at the [[college baseball|university]] level in India.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> [[File:An Airbase Baseball Game (BOND 0296).jpg|thumb|1944 U.S. military game in the [[Alipore]], [[Kolkata]] air base]]<br /> Baseball was [[Sports in Manipur#Baseball|played in Manipur]] as early as [[World War II]] when the [[US Army Air Force]] flew supplies to China over the [[Himalayas]], known as &quot;[[Flying the Hump]]&quot;, and the locals learned the game from the [[airman|troops]] stationed there.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.baseballebm.com/single-post/2016/09/09/Gaining-Ground|title=Gaining Ground {{!}} European Baseball &amp; Softball Magazine/Home|website=European Baseball &amp; Softball Magazine/Home|date=9 September 2016 |language=en|access-date=2018-07-09}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Amateur Baseball Federation of India was founded in 1983 and India's first national baseball championship occurred in 1985, taking place in [[New Delhi]]. That same year, it joined both the [[International Baseball Federation]] along with the [[Baseball Federation of Asia]]. In 2006, [[MLB International]] sent Envoy coaches to India to train local coaches and players in partnership with First Pitch, an India-based grass-roots baseball organisation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/content/printer_friendly/mlb/y2006/m07/d17/c1560943.jsp|title=MLB International Envoy Program to send coaches to India|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714214539/http://mlb.mlb.com/news/press_releases/press_release.jsp?ymd=20060717&amp;content_id=1560943&amp;vkey=pr_mlb&amp;fext=.jsp&amp;c_id=mlb|date=17 July 2006|archivedate=14 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/Its-just-not-cricket-US-exports-baseball-to-India/articleshow/322761.cms|title=It's just not cricket: US exports baseball to India|last=Rajghattal|first=Chidanand|date=5 November 2006|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|agency=TNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Joe logan in India.jpg|left|thumb|Kids learning baseball as part of an [[United States Department of State|American State Department]] program]]<br /> The first [[ballpark]] in India was opened on 5 February 2017 at a farmhouse on the [[Gurgaon]]-[[Delhi]] border by Grand Slam Baseball and recognised by [[World Baseball Softball Confederation|WBSC]] President [[Riccardo Fraccari]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Built by social entrepreneur and baseball enthusiast Raunaq Sahni, India's first and only regulation-size baseball ground is named Field of Dreams in homage to the [[Field of Dreams|1989 American film of the same name]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Field of Dreams: Giving wings to India's baseball aspirations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/field-of-dreams-giving-wings-to-indias-baseball-aspirations/articleshow/56990335.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |last=Kohli |first=Sharad |date=6 February 2017 |accessdate=9 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=WBSC President welcomes India's first-ever Baseball Stadium|url=http://www.wbsc.org/wbsc-president-welcomes-indias-first-ever-baseball-stadium/ |website=[[World Baseball Softball Confederation|WBSC]] |accessdate=9 July 2018 |date=2 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sahni had set up Grand Slam Baseball in 2013 as a grass-roots sports initiative to help organise tournaments and coaching programmes for youths across the country. Before the birth of Grand Slam Baseball, the sport was mostly played among [[expatriate|expats]] and among government school players. Grand Slam Baseball changed this by starting pay-for-play programmes at elite private schools in [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi-NCR]] while also sponsoring an equal number of government school players.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/major-league-baseball-field-of-dreams-grand-slam-baseball-959930-2017-02-09|title=Major League Baseball coaches train kids in India's first pro-baseball field in Delhi|last=Gupta|first=Shivani|date=9 February 2017|website=[[India Today]]|language=en|access-date=2019-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/chasing-a-home-run-india-takes-its-first-steps-towards-baseball-4933290/|title=Chasing a Home Run: India takes its first steps towards baseball|date=12 November 2017|website=[[The Indian Express]]|last=Amsan|first=Andrew|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://littleindia.com/batter-bringing-baseball-billion/|title=Batter Up! Bringing Baseball to a Billion|date=16 November 2017|first=Aswati|last=Anand|website=Little India: Overseas Indian, NRI, Asian Indian, Indian American|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In July 2019, [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) announced plans to open an office in New Delhi to promote the growth of baseball in India. The league also announced to plans to stream one regular season game a week on Facebook in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=MLB to open New Delhi office in bid to gain India foothold |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-baseball-mlb-india/mlb-to-open-new-delhi-office-in-bid-to-gain-india-foothold-idUSKCN1TX2NT |website=Reuters |accessdate=24 September 2019 |language=en |date=3 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; MLB also stated that it would relaunch ''Million Dollar Arm'' holding tryouts in India between September and December 2019. MLB also announced the launch of First Pitch, a grassroots program for primary school children from 300 schools across New Delhi, Bangalore and Mumbai to learn baseball through workshops by MLB coaches.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/major-league-baseball-looks-to-spread-baseball-in-india-delhi-capitals-mohammed-kaif-jim-smalls-million-dollar-arm/article28262988.ece|first=Bhrigu|last=Bagga|title=MLB and Delhi Capitals look to spread baseball in India|work=[[Sportstar]]|publisher=The Hindu Group|date=2 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; MLB has said that there may be collaboration with [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] to increase the spread of both cricket and baseball.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-major-league-baseball-may-take-crickets-help-to-spread-footprint-in-india/359420&quot;&quot;We could work together with the BCCI and give them a value proposition in the United States. When India goes to play cricket in the US, they play in baseball stadiums. So there can be synergy,&quot; Small explained.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == ''Million Dollar Arm'' ==<br /> In 2007, struggling MLB agent [[J.B. Bernstein]] decided to start a competition in India titled ''Million Dollar Arm'', a talent search for the best throwing arms in India. He gained his inspiration after watching [[ESPN]]'s broadcast of a cricket match featuring [[bowling (cricket)|bowlers]] that bowled at speeds as high as {{convert|150|kph|mph|abbr=on}} and realising that India was one of the largest untapped environments for baseball. Despite being inspired by cricketers, the two winners were 19-year-old [[javelin throw]]ers [[Rinku Singh (wrestler)|Rinku Singh]] and [[Dinesh Patel]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tucker |first=Reed |date=2014-05-11 |title=The wacky but true story behind ‘Million Dollar Arm’ |url=https://nypost.com/2014/05/11/the-wacky-but-true-story-behind-million-dollar-arm/ |access-date=2025-03-09 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although he did not reach the million-dollar mark, Singh won [[United States dollar|US$]]100,000 for the fastest delivery of the contest and Patel won US$5,000. They were also invited to the United States to train and try out for [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) teams. Eventually, both [[Pitcher (baseball)|pitchers]] were signed by the [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] organisation and became the first two Indians to play [[professional baseball]].<br /> <br /> Patel ended up having a successful 2009 season for [[Gulf Coast League Pirates|Pirates' Gulf Coast League team]], finishing with a 1–0 [[win–loss record (pitching)|record]] and a 1.42 [[earned run average|ERA]] in {{frac|6|1|3}} [[innings pitched]]. His 2010 season was not successful, with his ERA going up to 8.59 in {{frac|7|1|3}} innings. He was released after the season and returned to India to teach baseball and prepare kids for subsequent seasons of ''Million Dollar Arm''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-05-15 |title=Crasnick: Baseball changed lives of Singh, Patel |url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/10935566/million-dollar-arm-remarkable-journeys-rinku-singh-dinesh-patel |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The screen rights to their story were purchased in 2009, and in 2014 Disney released the film titled ''[[Million Dollar Arm]]''. It made $3.9 [[Indian numbering system|crore]] off a budget of $2.5 crore.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Baseball United]], a Middle Eastern and South Asian baseball league<br /> * [[India national Baseball5 team|Baseball5 in India]]<br /> * [[Softball in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.abfi.in/ Amateur Baseball Federation of India]<br /> <br /> {{Sport in India}}<br /> {{World baseball}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Baseball in India| ]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fanny_Emily_Penny&diff=498881 2025-03-14T16:43:22Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: adding some pg first draft!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|British novelist (1847–1939)}}<br /> {{Infobox person/Wikidata<br /> <br /> |fetchwikidata=ALL<br /> <br /> |dateformat=dmy<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Fanny Emily Farr Penny''' (29 December 1847 – 22 December 1939) was a British novelist. She lived for twenty-four years in India and most of her forty-four novels are set there.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kemp |first=Sandra |title=Edwardian fiction: an Oxford companion |last2=Mitchell |first2=Charlotte |last3=Trotter |first3=David |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-811760-5 |location=Oxford; New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Fanny Emily Farr was born in 1847 in [[Covehithe]], [[Suffolk]], England, the daughter of the Rev. John Farr, [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]] in [[Gillingham, Norfolk|Gillingham]], [[Norfolk]], and Emily Caroline Cobbold Farr, daughter of brewer [[John Cobbold (1746–1835)|John Cobbold]] and poet [[Elizabeth Cobbold]]. She was educated at [[Queen's College, London|Queen's College]] and [[Bedford College, London|Bedford College]] in London. In 1877, she married the Rev. Frank Penny. The Rev. Penny was a chaplain for the [[Indian Ecclesiastical Establishment]] and she accompanied him to India, where they lived until his retirement in 1901. They retired to [[Ealing]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Author: Fanny Emily Penny |url=https://www.victorianresearch.org/atcl/show_author.php?aid=2342 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=www.victorianresearch.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=Srilekha |date=2001 |title=Mrs. Frank Penny's A Mixed Marriage: &quot;A Tale Worth Reading&quot; |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/article/366714 |journal=English Literature in Transition, 1880-1920 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=28–45}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A number of her novels feature the clash between western and Indian culture, and while Penny favors her Christian British culture her depiction of Indian culture is not unsympathetic.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt; ''The Outcaste'' (1912) features a Western-educated Christian Indian ostracized by Indian culture.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; ''A Mixed Marriage'' (1903) features an interracial marriage between an upper class white British woman, Lorina Carlyon, and a wealthy Indian Muslim aristocrat, Mir Yacoob.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; A number of her novels feature magical elements, such as divination and men changing into animals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bleiler |first=Everett Franklin |url=http://archive.org/details/guidetosupernatu0000blei |title=The guide to supernatural fiction |date=1983 |publisher=Kent, Ohio : Kent State University Press |others=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> She also wrote several works of non-fiction, including ''Southern India'' (1914), featuring illustrations of a wide variety of Indian people by [[Arthur Lawley, 6th Baron Wenlock|Lady Lawley]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Inman |first=Colin |url=http://archive.org/details/acblackcolourboo0000inma |title=The A &amp; C Black colour books : a collector's guide and bibliography 1900-1930 |date=1990 |publisher=London : Werner Shaw |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-907961-05-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Fanny Emily Penny died on 22 December 1939 in Ealing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Various |url=http://archive.org/details/whowaswhovol31920003vari |title=Who Was Who Vol 3 1929-1940 |date=1848 |publisher=Adam &amp; Charles Black |others=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> <br /> * ''Fickle Fortune in Ceylon.'' Madras: Addison &amp; Co., 1887&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.27815 |title=Author catalogue of printed books in European languages |date=1954 |publisher=Government of India press, Calcutta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Caste and Creed''.  2 vol.  London: F. V. White, 1890.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Brijen Kishore |url=http://archive.org/details/indiainenglishfi0000gupt |title=India in English fiction, 1800-1970; an annotated bibliography |date=1973 |publisher=Metuchen, N.J., Scarecrow Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8108-0612-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''The Romance of a Nautch Girl: A Novel''.  1 vol.  London: [[Swan Sonnenschein]], 1898.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''A Forest Officer: Being Episodes in the Life of Jim Burns''.  1 vol.  London: [[Methuen Publishing|Methuen]], 1900.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''[[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]], Madras: A Short History of Our First Possession in India''. London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1900.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''Dilys''. London: [[Chatto &amp; Windus|Chatto and Windus]], 1903.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''A Mixed Marriage.'' London: Methuen, 1903.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''The Sanyasi.'' London: Methuen, 1904.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''The Tea Planter.'' London: Chatto and Windus, 1906.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''The Inevitable Law.'' London: Chatto and Windus, 1907.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''Dark Corners''. London: Chatto and Windus, 1908.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''On the [[Coromandel Coast]].'' London: Smith Elder, 1908.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''The Unlucky Mark''. London: Chatto and Windus, 1909.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''Sacrifice''. London: Chatto and Windus, 1910.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''The Rajah.'' London: Chatto and Windus, 1911.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''The Outcaste''. London: Chatto and Windus, 1912.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''The Malabar Magician''. London: Chatto and Windus, 1912.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''Love in the Hills''. London: Chatto and Windus, 1913.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''Southern India.'' Black, 1914.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/whowaswhoinliter0002unse |title=Who was who in literature, 1906-1934 |date=1979 |publisher=Detroit : Gale Research Company |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8103-0402-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Love in a Palace''. London: Chatto and Windus, 1915.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''Love by an Indian River.'' London: Chatto and Windus, 1916.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''A Love Tangle''. London: Chatto and Windus, 1917.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''Missing''. London: Chatto and Windus, 1917.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''A Love Offensive.'' London: Chatto and Windus, 1918.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Grimes |first=Janet |url=http://archive.org/details/novelsinenglishb0000grim |title=Novels in English by women, 1891-1920 : a preliminary checklist |date=1981 |publisher=New York : Garland Pub. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8240-9522-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Desire and Delight''. London: Chatto and Windus, 1919.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''Diamonds.'' London: [[Hodder &amp; Stoughton|Hodder and Stoughton]], 1920.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''The Rajah's Daughter.'' London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1921.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''The Swami's Curse.'' London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1923.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''One of the Best.'' London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1923.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''Living Dangerously.'' London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1925.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''Pulling the Strings.'' London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1925.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''A Question of Colour.'' London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1926.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''A Question of Love.'' London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1928.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''The Two Brides.'' London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1929.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''The Wishing Stone.'' London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''Get on the Wooing.'' London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1931.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''The Lady of the Rifle.'' London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1932.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''Magic in the Air''. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1933.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''The Old Dagoba''. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1934.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''Patrick''. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1934.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''The Elusive Bachelor''. London: Hutchinson, 1935.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''A Spell of the Devil''. London: Hutchinson, 1935.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''The Familiar Stranger.'' London, Hutchinson, 1936.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''Chowra's Revenge''. London: Hutchinson, 1937.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''Treasure, Love and Snakes''. London: [[Mills &amp; Boon|Mills and Boon]], 1938.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''Jackals and Others''. London: Mills and Boon, 1939.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links==<br /> *[https://india.vardill.org/penny Works by F. E. Penny] at [https://india.vardill.org Veranda Archive]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Penny, Fanny Emily}}<br /> [[Category:Created via preloaddraft]]<br /> [[Category:1847 births]]<br /> [[Category:1939 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of Bedford College, London]]<br /> [[Category:Cobbold family]]<br /> [[Category:English women novelists]]<br /> [[Category:People educated at Queen's College, London]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Suffolk]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandra_Hirjee&diff=467003 2024-11-20T04:23:50Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: quick update</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian billiards and snooker player (1924–1989)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox snooker player<br /> | name = Chandra Hirjee<br /> |image = <br /> |caption = <br /> |birth_date = {{circa|1924}}<br /> |birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]<br /> |death_date = {{circa|1989}} (aged 65)<br /> |death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India<br /> | World champ = 1958<br /> }}<br /> {{MedalTableTop}}<br /> {{MedalSport | Men's [[english billiards]]}}<br /> {{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}<br /> {{MedalCompetition|Indian Open Billiards Championship}}<br /> {{MedalGold | 1946 | Singles}}<br /> {{MedalGold | 1947 | Singles}}<br /> {{MedalSilver | 1952 | Singles}}<br /> {{MedalSilver | 1954 | Singles}}<br /> {{MedalSilver | 1955 | Singles}}<br /> {{MedalGold | 1956 | Singles}}<br /> {{MedalSilver | 1957 | Singles}}<br /> {{MedalGold | 1958 | Singles}}<br /> {{MedalSport | Men's [[snooker]]}}<br /> {{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}<br /> {{MedalCompetition|Indian Snooker Championship}}<br /> {{MedalSilver | 1952 | Singles}}<br /> {{MedalSilver | 1953 | Singles}}<br /> {{MedalSilver | 1954 | Singles}}<br /> {{MedalSilver | 1955 | Singles}}<br /> {{MedalSilver | 1956 | Singles}}<br /> {{MedalSilver | 1957 | Singles}}<br /> {{MedalSilver | 1958 | Singles}}<br /> {{MedalBottom}}<br /> '''Chandrasinh Hirjee Jewraj''' (1924–1989), known simply as '''Chandu''' to friends and fans and often referred to by the media as The Stylist,&lt;ref name=&quot;The Stylist&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19991229/isp29067.html | title=Wilson Jones crosses barrier; Chandra at the threshold | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115347/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19991229/isp29067.html | archivedate=2014-08-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; was an [[Indian people|Indian]] amateur billiards and snooker player. He represented&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_BtAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22chandra+hirjee%22 | title=India 2001: Reference Encyclopedia, Volume 1| isbn=9780945921424| last1=Myer| first1=Hanna| year=1995}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bengal and India in domestic and world championships - the World Amateur Billiards Championship &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/75731612| title=No.2 Indian Player Beats Bob Marshall}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the World Amateur Snooker Championship. He won the inaugural World Amateur Snooker Championship held at Kolkata (then Calcutta) in 1958.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&amp;dat=19581222&amp;id=6Z1VAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=gqoDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3828,3330648 | title=Indian Wins Snooker Title - The Age - Dec 22, 1958}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was also Indian Open Billiards Championship winner in 1946, 47,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4cMTAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22chandra+hirjee%22 | title=Asian Recorder, Volume 1| year=1955}}&lt;/ref&gt; 56&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wbNKAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22chandra+hirjee%22 | title=The New Year Book, Volume 26| last1=Thakurta| first1=Jnanranjan Guha| last2=Ghatak| first2=Amal C.| year=1963}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 58,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpAjAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22chandra+hirjee%22 | title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who| last1=Reed| first1=Sir Stanley| year=1958}}&lt;/ref&gt; runner-up in 1952, 54, 55, 57 and Indian Snooker Championship runner-up in 1952, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57 and 58.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> &lt;!--- After listing your sources please cite them using inline citations and place them after the information they cite. Please see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. ---&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!--- STOP! Be warned that by using this process instead of Articles for Creation, this article is subject to scrutiny. As an article in &quot;mainspace&quot;, it will be DELETED if there are problems, not just declined. If you wish to use AfC, please return to the Wizard and continue from there. ---&gt;<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Hirjee, Chandra}}<br /> [[Category:1925 births]]<br /> [[Category:Sportspeople from Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:1989 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian players of English billiards]]<br /> [[Category:Indian snooker players]]<br /> [[Category:Cue sports players from West Bengal]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-sport-bio-stub}}<br /> {{billiards-bio-stub}}<br /> {{Snooker-bio-stub}}</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drama_Juniors&diff=497699 2024-10-20T14:13:00Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Marathi language reality show}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = <br /> | genre = [[Reality television|Reality]]<br /> | director = <br /> | creative_director = <br /> | presenter = {{plainlist|<br /> * [[Shreya Bugde]]}}<br /> | judges = {{plainlist|<br /> * [[Amruta Khanvilkar]]<br /> * Sankarshan Karhade}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Marathi<br /> | num_seasons = <br /> | num_episodes = 36<br /> | camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]<br /> | runtime = 45 minutes<br /> | company = Full Screen Entertainment<br /> | network = [[Zee Marathi]]<br /> | first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2024|6|22}}<br /> | last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2024|10|20}}<br /> | related = ''[[India's Best Dramebaaz]]''<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Drama Juniors''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] talent search [[reality television show]] airing on [[Zee Marathi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=रिॲलिटी शोचा परीक्षक व्हायला तयार नव्हता संकर्षण कऱ्हाडे, काय होतं नेमकं कारण? |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/interview/drama-juniors-marathi-cast-interview-amruta-khanvilkar-shreya-bugde-sankarshan-karhade/articleshow/111309154.cms |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt; This show features drama skit performances by children aged 2 to 14.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-12 |title=हार्दिक जोशीच्या 'जाऊ बाई गावात'नंतर 'झी मराठी'वर लवकरच सुरू होणार नवीन रिअ‍ॅलिटी शो, जाणून घ्या... |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-will-starts-new-reality-show-after-hardeek-joshi-jau-bai-gavaat-sva-00-4096418/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='चला हवा येऊ द्या'नंतर श्रेया बुगडेचीही नव्या कार्यक्रमात एन्ट्री; 'ड्रामा' करणार अभिनेत्री |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/chala-hawa-yeu-dya-star-shreya-bugade-in-zee-marathi-new-show-in-drama-juniors-with-sankarshan-karhade-and-amruta-khanvilkar/articleshow/110830594.cms |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is judged by [[Amruta Khanvilkar]] and Sankarshan Karhade and hosted by [[Shreya Bugde]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-29 |title=लाइट्स, ड्रामा आणि अ‍ॅक्शन! इतका भव्यदिव्य आहे संकर्षण व अमृता यांच्या नव्या शोचा सेट, पाहा |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/sankarshan-karhade-and-amruta-khanwilkars-new-show-drama-juniors-set-video/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=Its Majja |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-07-01 |title=Photos: 'ड्रामा ज्युनिअर्स'च्या ग्रँड शुभारंभासाठी श्रेया बुगडेचा हटके लूक |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/4456818/zee-marathi-drama-juniors-tv-show-host-actress-shreya-bugde-sheth-look-in-purple-dress-photos-sdn-96/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The show was announced in December 2023 on Zee Marathi's social media handles, along with two other fiction series.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-30 |title=फुल्ल टू ड्रामा अन् पोरांचा कारनामा, झी मराठीवर नवीन वर्षात ४ नव्या मालिका! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/zee-marathi-is-coming-with-new-reality-show-and-series/771097 |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=[[Zee 24 Taas]] |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt; In early June 2024, a promotional announcement featuring Khanvilkar, Karhade, Bugde, and a few child actors was launched.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-09 |title=Video: 'ड्रामा ज्युनिअर्स' कार्यक्रमाच्या परीक्षणाची धुरा संकर्षण कऱ्हाडे व अमृता खानविलकरच्या हाती, सूत्रसंचालन करणार 'ही' अभिनेत्री |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/sankarshan-karhade-and-amruta-khanvilkar-will-be-the-judges-of-zee-marathi-program-drama-juniors-pps-98-4417297/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt; The series premiered with the Mega Auditions on 22 June 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title='ड्रामा ज्युनियर्स'च्या ऑनएअरची वेळ ठरली, 'झी मराठी'वरील कोणत्या मालिकेची बदलणार वेळ? |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/marathi-serial-updates-drama-juniors-reality-show-on-zee-marathi-know-about-which-marathi-serial-likely-time-slot-change-1290547 |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-12 |title=अखेर मुहूर्त ठरला! 'झी मराठी'चा 'ड्रामा ज्युनिअर्स' कार्यक्रम 'या' तारखेपासून होणार सुरू |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/zee-marathi-new-show-drama-juniors-start-from-22-june-pps-98-4422942/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Concept ==<br /> The show format is a captivating talent competition designed to discover and nurture young drama enthusiasts. Featuring a series of engaging acts, it tests the participants' creativity, spontaneity, and acting skills. This delightful showcase highlights the extraordinary talents of child actors, with performances that encompass acting, dancing, and various performing arts, all presented on a grand stage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-12-13 |title=New Marathi show Drama Juniors is all set to launch soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/new-marathi-show-drama-juniors-is-all-set-to-launch-soon/articleshow/105961968.cms |access-date=2024-07-06 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-10 |title=किडनॅप झालेले संकर्षण, अमृता 'ड्रामा ज्युनियर्स' च्या मंचावर ! |url=https://www.mymahanagar.com/entertainment/marathi-serial-kidnapped-sankarshan-amrita-on-the-stage-of-drama-juniors/753237/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=My Mahanagar |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Contestant ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot; text-align:center; line-height: 25px; width: auto;&quot;<br /> !Contestants<br /> !Age<br /> !Hometown<br /> !Position<br /> !Status<br /> !Date of Elimination <br /> |-<br /> |Adhya Shirgaonkar<br /> |5<br /> |[[Sangameshwar|Sangameshwar, Ratnagiri]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Arav Aair<br /> |8<br /> |[[Kudal|Kudal, Sindhudurg]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Arjun Chougule<br /> |12<br /> |[[Kolhapur]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Arnav<br /> |12<br /> |Pimpalgaon, [[Beed]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Durv Dalvi<br /> |9<br /> |[[Byculla|Byculla, Mumbai]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Hridan Urunkar<br /> |5<br /> |[[Sangli]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Ira Tambe<br /> |3 <br /> |[[Girgaon|Girgaon, Mumbai]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Mahi Sasane<br /> |8<br /> |[[Ahmedpur, Latur]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Netra Shitole<br /> |9<br /> |[[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur, Pune]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Savi Mudrale<br /> |9<br /> |Kasarde, [[Kankavli]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Shivansh Chorghe<br /> |8<br /> |[[Parel|Parel, Mumbai]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Shubra Tilgulkar<br /> |9<br /> |[[Badlapur|Badlapur, Thane]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Swara Mendgule<br /> |8<br /> |[[Sangli]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Tanmay More<br /> |9<br /> |[[Malegaon|Malegaon, Nashik]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Vanshika Sawant<br /> |11<br /> |[[Bhandup|Bhandup, Mumbai]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Vedanti Bhosale<br /> |4<br /> |[[Satara (city)|Satara]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Vihan Shedge<br /> |11<br /> |[[Bhugaon|Bhugaon, Pune]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Yash Wakale<br /> |12<br /> |[[Amravati]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Weekly Acts ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot; text-align:center; line-height: 25px; width: auto;&quot;<br /> !Episode No.<br /> !Date of Broadcast<br /> !Act Name<br /> !Performers<br /> !Housefull<br /> !Performance of the Week<br /> |-<br /> !1<br /> |22 June 2024<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FCF6C5&quot;|Mega Auditions<br /> |-<br /> !2<br /> |23 June 2024<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |3<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |29 June 2024<br /> |Lakudtodyachi Goshta<br /> |<br /> * Durv Dalvi<br /> * Savi Mrudale<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Jatayu and Ravana fight<br /> |<br /> * Shivansh Chorghe<br /> * Vihan Shedge<br /> |style=&quot;background:#F1FF0D;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.5em;&quot;&gt;✓&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Lottery<br /> |<br /> * Tanmay More<br /> * Netra Shitole<br /> |style=&quot;background:#F1FF0D;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.5em;&quot;&gt;✓&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Guru Maa and Rapper<br /> |<br /> * Vanshika Sawant<br /> * Mahi Sasane<br /> * Vedanti Bhosale<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |4<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |30 June 2024<br /> |Dog and Cat<br /> |<br /> * Hridan Urunkar<br /> * Adhya Shirgaonkar<br /> * Ira Tambe<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Dashavatara<br /> |<br /> * Swara Mendgule<br /> * Arav Aair<br /> |style=&quot;background:#F1FF0D;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.5em;&quot;&gt;✓&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:gold;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 2em;&quot;&gt;☆&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Pawankhind<br /> |<br /> * Arjun Chougule<br /> * Arnav Tor<br /> |style=&quot;background:#F1FF0D;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.5em;&quot;&gt;✓&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Urban education and Rural education<br /> |<br /> * Shubra Tilgulkar<br /> * Yash Wakale<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''Notes:'''<br /> :{{Color box|gold|border=darkgray|☆}} Performance of the Week<br /> :{{Color box|#F1FF0D|border=darkgray|✓}} Housefull performance<br /> :{{Color box|#FA8072|border=darkgray}} Eliminated<br /> :{{Color box|#FCF6C5|border=darkgray}} Mega Audition<br /> :{{Color box|aquamarine|border=darkgray}} Runner Up<br /> :{{Color box|lime|border=darkgray}} Winner<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/drama-juniors/0-6-4z5490907 ''Drama Juniors''] at [[ZEE5]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:Indian reality television series]]<br /> [[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]<br /> [[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]<br /> [[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pune%E2%80%93Jaipur_Superfast_Express&diff=527199 2024-09-04T02:09:24Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: started entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox rail service<br /> | name = Pune–Jaipur Superfast Express<br /> | image = <br /> | image_width = <br /> | caption = <br /> | type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]<br /> | locale = <br /> | first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2010|07|04}}<br /> | last =<br /> | operator = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]<br /> | ridership =<br /> | start = {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}} (PUNE)<br /> | stops = 12<br /> | end = {{stnlnk|Jaipur Junction}} (JP)<br /> | distance = {{convert|1294|km|0|abbr=on}}<br /> | journeytime = 22 hours 20 minutes<br /> | frequency = Two days{{efn|Runs two days in a week for every direction.}}<br /> | class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved<br /> | seating = No<br /> | sleeping = Yes<br /> | autorack =<br /> | catering = No<br /> | observation = Large windows<br /> | entertainment = <br /> | baggage = Below the seats<br /> | otherfacilities=<br /> | stock = [[LHB coach]]<br /> | gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}<br /> | el =<br /> | trainnumber = 12939 / 12940<br /> | speed = {{cvt|58|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts<br /> | map =<br /> | map_state =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The 12939 / 12940 '''Pune–Jaipur Superfast Express''' is an intercity train of the Indian Railways connecting [[Pune Junction railway station|Pune]] in [[Maharashtra]] and {{stnlnk|Jaipur}} of [[Rajasthan]]. It is currently being operated with 12939/12940 train numbers on bi-weekly basis.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,4,268&amp;dcd=1804&amp;did=1390915609554B3A6EBA2137D2C58FC928AF03ECB72A8.web103 4 WR TRAINS AUGMENTED on PERMANENT BASIS]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&amp;dcd=2003&amp;id=0,4,268 Temporary augmentation of trains]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Service==<br /> <br /> The 12939/Pune–Jaipur SF Express has an average speed of 59&amp;nbsp;km/h and covers 1294&amp;nbsp;km in 22 hrs 05 mins. 12940/Jaipur–Pune SF Express has an average speed of 57&amp;nbsp;km/h and covers 1294&amp;nbsp;km in 22 hrs 50 mins.<br /> <br /> == Route and halts ==<br /> <br /> The important halts of the train are:<br /> <br /> * '''{{stnlnk|Pune Junction}}'''<br /> * {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Vasai Road}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Surat}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Ratlam Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Ramganj Mandi Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Kota Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Sawai Madhopur Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Banasthali Niwai}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Durgapura}}<br /> * '''{{stnlnk|Jaipur Junction}}'''<br /> <br /> ==Coach composition==<br /> <br /> The train consists of 22 LHB coach :<br /> <br /> * 1 AC First-class cum AC II Tier<br /> * 2 AC II Tier<br /> * 3 AC III Tier<br /> * 10 Sleeper coaches<br /> * 4 General<br /> * 2 Second-class Luggage/parcel van<br /> <br /> == Traction==<br /> <br /> Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Pune to Jaipur and vice versa.<br /> <br /> ==Direction reversal==<br /> <br /> The train reverses its direction 1 time:<br /> <br /> * {{stnlnk|Sawai Madhopur Junction}}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * [http://indiarailinfo.com/train/pune-jaipur-sf-express-12939/8350/76/272 12939/Pune - Jaipur SF Express]<br /> * [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/jaipur-pune-sf-express-12940/8349/272/76 12940/Jaipur - Pune SF Express]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Pune-Jaipur SF Express}}<br /> [[Category:Express trains in India]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Jaipur]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Pune]]<br /> [[Category:Railway services introduced in 2010]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-express-train-stub}}</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=ETV_Gujarati&diff=477026 2024-08-07T07:02:14Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: done</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Viacom18#Owned channels]]<br /> {{R from move}}</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Bengal&diff=501091 2024-03-18T07:13:13Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Government of Bengal''' may refer to:<br /> <br /> *[[Government of Bangladesh]]<br /> *[[Government of East Bengal]]<br /> *[[Government of West Bengal]]<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Governor of Bengal]], a British official from 1690 until Independence in 1947<br /> <br /> {{disambiguation}}</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishunpur,_Jaunpur&diff=491939 2024-03-07T09:12:53Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: adding first entry v1</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> |official_name =Bishunpur<br /> |other_name =<br /> |native_name = <br /> |nickname = <br /> |settlement_type =Village<br /> |motto =<br /> |image_skyline =<br /> |imagesize = <br /> |image_caption = <br /> |image_flag = <br /> |flag_size =<br /> |image_seal = <br /> |seal_size =<br /> |image_map = <br /> |mapsize = <br /> |map_caption = <br /> |pushpin_map =India Uttar Pradesh<br /> |pushpin_label_position =bottom<br /> |pushpin_mapsize=<br /> |pushpin_map_caption =<br /> |subdivision_type = Country<br /> |subdivision_name ={{flag|India}}<br /> |subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]] <br /> |subdivision_name1 =[[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> |subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]<br /> |subdivision_name2 =[[Jaunpur district]]<br /> |subdivision_type3 = [[Nagar panchayat]]<br /> |subdivision_name3 =[[Shahganj]]<br /> |coordinates = {{coord|24.72|N|82.95|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}<br /> |population_as_of = 2001<br /> |population_footnotes =<br /> |population_note =<br /> |population_total =<br /> |population_density_km2 =<br /> |timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] <br /> |utc_offset = +5.30<br /> |elevation_footnotes = <br /> |elevation_m = 811<br /> |elevation_ft = <br /> |postal_code_type = Post code<br /> |postal_code =223103<br /> |area_code = 91-05453(telephone)<br /> |blank_name =Parliament Constituency<br /> |blank_info =[[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]]<br /> |blank1_name =Assembly Constituency<br /> |blank1_info = [[Shahganj]]<br /> |website = <br /> |footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Bishunpur''' is a [[village]] and postal address in [[Shahganj]], [[Jaunpur district]] in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://indiamapia.com/Jaunpur/Bishunpur.html]. India MAPIA Bishunpur&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Census of India 2001 [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=227783]. Data from the Census, Bishunpur-223103&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://pincode.net.in/UTTAR_PRADESH/JAUNPUR/B/BISHUNPUR]. Bishunpur-223103&lt;/ref&gt; The inhabitants of the village follow Lord [[Vishnu]] in whose honor the village name was kept Bishunpur in ancient days. This village has an internal relationship with the village [[Ramapur]] from ancient days.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Jaunpur district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Jaunpur district]]</div>

EulaMatos4236 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kharbu&diff=509616 2024-02-05T01:25:04Z

<p>EulaMatos4236: Done - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Kharbu<br /> | other_name = Kharboo<br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Ladakh#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ladakh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|34.53|N|75.98|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = [[India]]<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Ladakh|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Kargil district|Kargil]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[List of tehsils in India|Tehsil]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Dras|Drass]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://kargil.nic.in/revenue-villages/|title=Villages in Kargil district|work=Kargil district website|accessdate=1 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 1074&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ourhero.in/villages/kharbu-978|title=Kharbu Population|work=Our Hero|accessdate=8 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]] <br /> | demographics1_title2 = Spoken<br /> | demographics1_info2 = [[Shina language|Shina]], [[Urdu]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 194103<br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kharbu''' is a village in [[Dras|Drass]] tehsil in [[Kargil district]] of the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|union territory]] of [[Ladakh]]. The village is located 26 kilometres from the district and tehsil headquarters [[Kargil]].<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> According to the [[2011 census of India]], Kharbu has 145 households.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ourhero.in/villages/kharbu-978|title=Kharbu Population|work=Our Hero|accessdate=8 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The literacy rate of Kharbu village is 79.23%. In Kharbu, Male literacy stands at 93.58% while the female literacy rate was 64.29%.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ Demographics (2011 Census)<br /> ! !! Total !! Male !! Female<br /> |-<br /> | Population || 1074 || 566 || 508<br /> |-<br /> | Children aged below 6 years || 188 || 114 || 74<br /> |-<br /> | [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0<br /> |-<br /> | [[Scheduled tribe]] || 1064 || 559 || 505<br /> |-<br /> | Literacy || 79.23% || 93.58% || 64.29%<br /> |-<br /> | Workers (all) || 345 || 231 || 114<br /> |-<br /> | Main workers (all) || 170 || – || –<br /> |-<br /> | Marginal workers (total) || 175 || 92 || 83<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> ===Road===<br /> Kharbu is well-connected by road to other places in Ladakh and India by the [[National Highway 1 (India)|Srinagar-Leh Highway]] or the NH 1.<br /> <br /> ===Rail===<br /> The nearest railway station to Kharbu is the [[Srinagar railway station]] located at a distance of 201 kilometres.<br /> <br /> ===Air===<br /> The nearest airport is at [[Kargil Airport|Kargil]] located at a distance of 35 kilometres but it is currently non-operational. The next nearest major airports are [[Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport|Srinagar International Airport]] and [[Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport|Leh Airport]] located at a distance of 198 kilometres and 241 kilometres.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Ladakh]]<br /> *[[Kargil]]<br /> *[[Suru Valley]]<br /> *[[Dras|Drass]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Ladakh}}<br /> {{Kargil district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Drass tehsil]]</div>

EulaMatos4236