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Amit Mehta

2026-05-08T00:50:33Z

EthanMarko2: Adding Basic Info Added Tags

{{Short description|American federal judge (born 1971)}}
{{Infobox judge
|name = Amit Mehta
|image = Mehta A.jpg
|caption = Official portrait, 2016
|office = Judge of the [[United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court]]
|term_start = June 1, 2021
|term_end =
|appointer = [[John Roberts]]
|predecessor = [[James Boasberg]]
|successor =
|office1 = Judge of the [[United States District Court for the District of Columbia]]
|term_start1 = December 19, 2014
|term_end1 =
|appointer1 = [[List of federal judges appointed by Barack Obama|Barack Obama]]
|predecessor1 = [[Ellen Segal Huvelle]]
|successor1 =
|birth_name = Amit Priyavadan Mehta
|birth_date = {{birth year and age|1971}}
|birth_place = [[Patan, Gujarat]], India
|death_date =
|death_place =
|education = [[Georgetown University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[University of Virginia School of Law|University of Virginia]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]])
}}
'''Amit Priyavadan Mehta''' (born 1971) is an American lawyer and jurist who serves as a [[United States federal judge|United States district judge]] of the [[United States District Court for the District of Columbia|U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia]]. He was appointed in 2014 by President [[Barack Obama]]. In 2021, Mehta became a judge on the [[United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court]].

Mehta presided over cases related to [[January 6 United States Capitol attack|attack on the United States Capitol]] on January 6, 2021,<ref name=":3" /> and the [[United States v. Google LLC (2020)|Google antitrust case]].<ref name=":1"></ref> In 2022, he rejected efforts by [[Donald Trump]] to dismiss lawsuits accusing the former President of legal responsibility in the attacks.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Cheney |first1=Kyle |last2=Gerstein |first2=Josh |date=2022-02-18 |title=Judge rejects Trump effort to toss lawsuits accusing him of Jan. 6 conspiracy |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/02/18/trump-january-6-lawsuit-00010249 |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Mehta was born in 1971 in [[Patan, Gujarat]], India.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/hip-hop-loving-indian-american-judge-rules-against-trump-in-fight-for-his-financial-records/articleshow/69432068.cms|title=Hip-hop loving Indian-American judge rules against Trump in fight for his financial records|last=Rajghatta|first=Chidanand|date=May 21, 2019|work=[[Times of India]]|access-date=21 May 2019}}</ref> At the age of one, Mehta immigrated with his parents, Priyavadan and Ragini Mehta, to the United States.<ref name=":2" /> His mother worked as a [[laboratory technician]], while his father worked as an engineer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Bhargavi |date=2022-11-30 |title='One of the Most Intelligent Judges': Defense Attorneys Praise Judge Amit Mehta For Conducting a Fair Seditious Conspiracy Trial |url=https://americankahani.com/lead-stories/one-of-the-most-intelligent-judges-defense-attorneys-praise-judge-amit-mehta-for-conducting-a-fair-seditious-conspiracy-trial/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=American Kahani |language=en-US}}</ref> Mehta was raised in [[Reisterstown, Maryland]], a suburb of [[Baltimore]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Maqsood |first=Zofeen |date=2019-05-25 |title=Newsmaker: Amit Mehta, the Indian American judge who ruled against President Trump - The American Bazaar |url=https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2019/05/24/newsmaker-amit-mehta-the-indian-american-judge-who-ruled-against-president-trump-437685/,%20https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2019/05/24/newsmaker-amit-mehta-the-indian-american-judge-who-ruled-against-president-trump-437685/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> He graduated from [[Franklin High School (Reisterstown, Maryland)|Franklin High School]] in 1989.

Mehta graduated from [[Georgetown University]] in 1993 with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in [[economics]], graduating [[Phi Beta Kappa]]. From 1993 to 1994, Mehta worked as a [[paralegal]] at the law firm Patton Boggs (now [[Squire Patton Boggs]]). He then attended the [[University of Virginia School of Law]], where he was an editor of the ''[[Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law]]''. He graduated in 1997 with a [[Juris Doctor]] and [[Order of the Coif]] honors.

== Early career ==
After graduating from law school, Mehta spent a year as an associate at the law firm [[Latham & Watkins]] before leaving to be a [[law clerk]] to Judge [[Susan P. Graber]] of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit]] from 1998 to 1999. He was an associate at the law firm Zuckerman Spaeder, LLP from 1999 to 2002, then became a staff attorney at the [[Public Defender Service for the District of Columbia]] from 2002 to 2007.

From 2007 to 2014, he rejoined Zuckerman Spaeder, serving as partner from 2010 to 2014. He represented clients in civil and criminal matters before state and federal courts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/07/31/president-obama-nominates-two-serve-united-states-district-courts|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|title=President Obama Nominates Two to Serve on the United States District Courts|date=31 July 2014 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.zuckerman.com/amit_mehta Official Biography at Zuckerman Spaeder] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808050845/http://www.zuckerman.com/amit_mehta |date=August 8, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="fjc.gov">{{FJC Bio|nid=1394756|inline=yes}}</ref> While in the private sector, he represented former Managing Director of the [[International Monetary Fund]] [[Dominique Strauss-Kahn]].<ref name=":1" />

== Federal judicial service ==
=== Nomination ===
On July 31, 2014, President [[Barack Obama]] nominated Mehta to serve as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, to the seat vacated by Judge [[Ellen Segal Huvelle]], who took [[senior status]] on June 3, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://don411.com/the-white-house-nominations-sent-to-the-senate-allison-dale-burroughs-amit-priyavadan-mehta/#.U9sh6mPG_sV|title=THE WHITE HOUSE NOMINATIONS SENT TO THE SENATE: Allison Dale Burroughs, Amit Priyavadan Mehta|author=Don|work=Don411.com Media :: Performing Arts News Unabridged|access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> He received a hearing before the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary]] on September 17, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/meetings/judicial-nominations-2014-09-17|title=Meeting – Hearings & Meetings – United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|date=17 September 2014|publisher=|access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> On November 20, 2014, his nomination was reported out of committee by [[voice vote]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Results%20of%20Executive%20Business%20Meeting%2011-20-14.pdf|title=Results of Executive Business Meeting – November 20, 2014 United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|publisher=}}</ref> On December 13, 2014, Senate Majority Leader [[Harry Reid]] filed a motion to invoke [[cloture]] on the nomination.

On December 16, 2014, Reid withdrew his cloture motion on Mehta's nomination, and the Senate proceeded to vote to confirm Mehta in a [[voice vote]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/nomination/113th-congress/1942|title=PN1942 — Amit Priyavadan Mehta — The Judiciary|date=16 December 2014|publisher=Congress.gov|access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref> He received his federal judicial commission on December 19, 2014.<ref name="fjc.gov" />

=== Tenure ===
{{update|date=December 2022}}
[[File:JudgeMehta102715 crop.jpg|thumb|Judge Mehta in 2015]]

In May 2019, Mehta ruled that accounting firm [[Mazars]] had to provide its records of [[Donald Trump]]'s accounts from before his presidency to the [[House Oversight Committee]] in response to their subpoena.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/20/politics/mazars-trump-records/index.html|title=Judge orders Trump accounting firm to hand over records to Congress|first=Katelyn|last=Polantz|website=[[CNN]]|date=May 20, 2019}}</ref> In a 41-page opinion, he asserted that Congress has the right to investigate potential illegal behavior by a president, including actions both before and after the president assumed office.<ref name = upholds>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/05/20/judge-upholds-dem-subpoena-for-trump-financial-records-1335370|title=Judge upholds Dem subpoena for Trump financial records|last1=Desiderio|first1=Andrew|last2=Cheney|first2=Kyle|date=May 20, 2019|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=21 May 2019}}</ref> The ruling will be appealed by Trump's personal legal team.<ref name = upholds/>

In July 2019, Mehta sided with the pharmaceutical firms [[Merck & Co.]], [[Eli Lilly and Company]], and [[Amgen Inc.]] by blocking a [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]] rule requiring drugmakers to put prices in television ads, a central part of the president's push to lower the cost of prescription medications. The goal of the rule was to increase transparency; Mehta ruled that requiring big pharmaceutical companies to disclose prices to consumers in television advertisements was something that could be done only by the [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|Department of Health and Human Services]] if mandated by Congress.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://freepdfhosting.com/9f12cc13ab.pdf|title=MERCK & CO., INC., et al., vs US Dept. HHS|last=Mehta|first=Amit|date=July 8, 2019|website=freepdfhosting.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-09}}</ref>

In 2020, Mehta became the presiding judge in the [[United States v. Google LLC (2020)|''United States v. Google LLC'']] antitrust case.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Arbel |first=Tali |date=2021-04-21 |title=Meet Amit Mehta, the judge for Google's antitrust case |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-district-of-columbia-hip-hop-and-rap-lawsuits-music-dfdd86ca91930cda6ab138cd1393a88e |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref> On June 1, 2021, Chief Justice [[John Roberts]] appointed Mehta to the [[United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court]].<ref>{{cite web |title=FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE COURT FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE COURT OF REVIEW Current and Past Members June 2021 |url=https://www.fisc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/FISC%20FISCR%20Judges%20June%202021.pdf |accessdate=August 31, 2021}}</ref>

==== January 6 Capitol attack-related cases ====
Mehta has presided over several cases related to the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack]]. He has charge of the criminal prosecution of [[Oath Keepers]] founder [[Stewart Rhodes]] for [[seditious conspiracy]].<ref name=":3">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2022/02/18/stewart-rhodes-jail-seditious-conspiracy/|title=Oath Keepers leader Stewart Rhodes ordered to be jailed until trial on seditious conspiracy|last=Hsu|first=Spencer S.|date=February 18, 2022|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=19 February 2022}}</ref> He is also presiding over three civil lawsuits against Trump and multiple associates, in which several members of Congress and two police officers are suing for damages for physical and emotional injuries they allegedly incurred during the attacks.

On February 18, 2022, Mehta issued a lengthy opinion that rejected [[Donald Trump|Trump]]'s claim of "absolute [[Legal immunity|immunity]]" from lawsuits, finding that his actions were not part of his presidential duties, and that there was plausible evidence to suggest he engaged in a [[conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]] with organized groups to use any means, including violence, to [[Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election|overturn the results]] of the [[U.S. presidential election, 2020|2020 election]]. The opinion allows the case to proceed, with the plaintiffs demanding documents, depositions, and other evidence from Trump and members of the Oath Keepers and [[Proud Boys]]. Mehta dropped several other co-defendants from the suit, including [[Rudy Giuliani]], [[Donald Trump Jr.]], and Representative [[Mo Brooks]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2022/02/18/jan6-trump-lawsuit/|title=U.S. judge rejects Trump claim of 'absolute immunity' from Jan. 6 lawsuits|last=Hsu|first=Spencer S.|date=February 18, 2022|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=19 February 2022}}</ref>

On January 25, 2024, Mehta sentenced former Trump adviser, [[Peter Navarro]], to four months in jail for contempt of Congress after defying a subpoena related to the congressional investigation into the January 6, 2021, US Capitol attack.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/25/politics/peter-navarro-contempt-congress-sentence/index.html/|title=Former Trump adviser Peter Navarro sentenced to 4 months in jail for defying congressional subpoena|last1=Cole|first1=Devan|last2=Lybrand|first2=Holmes|date=25 January 2024|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref>

===Google antitrust case===
{{Main|United States v. Google LLC (2020)}}
On August 5, 2024, Mehta ruled that [[Google]] is a monopoly and has violated antitrust laws.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Feiner |first1=Lauren |title=Judge rules that Google 'is a monopolist' in US antitrust case |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/8/5/24155520/judge-rules-on-us-doj-v-google-antitrust-search-suit |website=The Verge |date=5 August 2024 }}</ref> In September 2025, he ruled that Google would not be required to divest of [[Google Chrome|Chrome]] or [[Android (operating system)|Android]], but would be barred from including [[Google Search|Search]] in exclusive contracts and required to share certain [[Search engine indexing|search index]] and user interaction data with competitors.<ref>{{cite news|last=Elias|first=Jennifer|date=September 2, 2025|title=Google stock jumps 8% after search giant avoids worst-case penalties in antitrust case|publisher=CNBC|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/02/google-antitrust-search-ruling.html|access-date=September 2, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Liedtke|first=Michael|date=September 2, 2025|title=Google avoids breakup in search monopoly case, but judge orders other changes in landmark ruling|publisher=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/google-search-antitrust-remedies-chrome-846916fda0943c5fa359385044a02c8b|access-date=September 2, 2025}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Mehta is as an avid fan of [[hip hop music]].<ref name=":0" /> In a 2015 [[Copyright law of the United States|copyright case]] regarding the similarity of two songs, Mehta noted in a footnote that he was "not a 'lay person' when it comes to hip-hop music and lyrics," and noted he has "listened to hip hop for decades". American rappers [[Jay-Z]], [[Eminem]], [[Kanye West]] and Canadian rapper [[Drake (musician)|Drake]] are among his favorite artists.<ref name=":1" />

==See also==
*[[List of Asian American jurists]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{FJC Bio|nid=1394756}}
*{{Ballotpedia|Amit_Priyavadan_Mehta}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-legal}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ellen Segal Huvelle]]}}
{{s-ttl|title={{nowrap|Judge of the [[United States District Court for the District of Columbia]]}}|years=2014–present}}
{{s-inc|rows=2}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[James Boasberg]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Judge of the [[United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court]]|years=2021–present}}
{{s-end}}

{{United States DC Circuit district judges}}
{{FISA Court}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Amit Priyavadan}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American jurists of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Georgetown University alumni]]
[[Category:Judges of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia]]
[[Category:Judges of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:People from Reistertown, Maryland]]
[[Category:People from Patan district]]
[[Category:Public defenders]]
[[Category:United States district court judges appointed by Barack Obama]]
[[Category:University of Virginia School of Law alumni]]
[[Category:Virginia lawyers]]
[[Category:American people of Gujarati descent]]

Ya Ya (film)

2026-05-07T17:14:45Z

EthanMarko2: started data

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by I. Rajasekaran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ya Ya
| image = Ya Ya poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = I. Rajasekaran
| producer = MS Murugaraj
| writer = I. Rajasekaran
| starring = [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]] [[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]] [[Sai Dhanshika|Dhansika]] [[Sandhya (actress, born 1988)|Sandhya]]
| music = [[Vijay Ebenezer]]
| cinematography = [[Vetri (cinematographer)|Vetri]]
| editing = [[T. S. Suresh]]
| studio = M10 Productions
| distributor = [[T. Rama Rao|Sri Lakshmi Productions]]
| released = {{film date|2013|9|20|df=y}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ya Ya''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] written and directed by debutant I. Rajasekaran, who was an assistant to Director [[M. Rajesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shiva and Santhanam start working on 'Ya Ya' |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/87500.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023152456/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/87500.html |archive-date=23 October 2012 |access-date=20 February 2013 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> The film stars [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]], [[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]], [[Sai Dhanshika|Dhansika]] and [[Sandhya (actress, born 1988)|Sandhya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaadhal Sandhya makes a comeback |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130218/entertainment-tvmusic/article/kaadhal-sandhya-makes-comeback |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625062155/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130218/entertainment-tvmusic/article/kaadhal-sandhya-makes-comeback |archive-date=25 June 2013 |access-date=20 February 2013 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> It received 'U/A' certificate from Central Board of Film Certification.<ref>[http://cinesine.com/kollywood/1493/ya-ya-movie-censor-report Ya Ya Movie Censor Report]. Retrieved 11 September 2013.</ref> The film received mixed reviews from critics, but become a decent success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=IBTimes Staff |date=21 September 2013 |title='Ya Yaa' Review Roundup: Shiva-Santhanam Film Fails to Deliver |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/507778/20130921/ya-yaa-review-roundup-shiva-santhanam-yaya.htm |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=21 September 2013 |title=Ya Ya: Comic con |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/ya-ya-comic-con/article5153555.ece |access-date=22 February 2018 |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Review : (2013) |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ya-yaa-review-tamil-15038994.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924084052/http://www.sify.com/movies/ya-yaa-review-tamil-15038994.html |archive-date=24 September 2013 |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2013 |title='Ya Ya' Review: Banking on cliched humour |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/ya-ya-review-banking-on-cliched-humour_143203.html |access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2013 |title=Ya Ya Movie Review |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/reviews/2013/ya-ya-movie-review-120412.html |access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref>

==Plot==
There are two friends, Ramarajan and Rajkiran, who for reasons unknown, prefer to call themselves Dhoni and Sehwag, respectively. They have nothing better to do than hang around together, booze, and tease pretty girls. Dhoni does not believe in the idea of working but is still in search of a government job, knowing very well that he is not likely to get it. Kanaka, a police constable, is the daughter of Dhoni’s maternal uncle, and though their families want them to marry, neither is interested.

Meanwhile, Dhoni, while going for an interview, meets and falls in love with Seetha. He is so impressed by her that when he meets the ugly-looking, buck-toothed local councillor Aishwarya, who has promised him a job, he hugs her and declares his undying love for her, believing her to be Seetha. Though he apologizes to her, the much older Aishwarya is now very much in love with Dhoni and is determined to marry him. She gives money to Sehwag so that he separates Dhoni and Seetha's love. Sehwag arranges Dhoni's sister's friends to pose as his lover to separate him. Seetha believes this rumor and breaks up with him. Dhoni blames Seetha as the "accused no. 1" who cheated him. He then learns that it was Sehwag's plan to separate him, so he ends their friendship.

Aishwarya's fat brothers record Sehwag's speech scolding Aishwarya in an inebriated state. In the early morning, Dhoni attends Kanaka's marriage but is shocked that Sehwag is the marriage groom. Seetha still mistakes Dhoni as a womaniser when she sees the same girl coming out misunderstanding. The girl tells all the truth to Dhoni about the plan which was overheard by Seetha. Aishwarya tries to kidnap Seetha but instead gets kidnapped by Beerpal who mistakes her to be Seetha in order to take revenge on her for rejecting his love. After the marriage, Dhoni scolds Seetha alone himself for loving him then Seetha arrives at that place and again misunderstands him, she urges him to commit suicide. Meanwhile, Varadharajan is searching for Dhoni, who disappeared from home. Seetha is feeling guilty for his disappearance and also thinks that he might have committed suicide. Dhoni arrives at their home, saying he disappeared from home to conduct the marriage of Aishwarya and Beerpal. The film ends with Dhoni and Sehwag uniting with their lovers happily.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]] as Ramarajan (Dhoni)
* [[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]] as Rajkiran (Sehwag)
* [[Sai Dhanshika|Dhansika]] as Seetha
* [[Sandhya (actress, born 1988)|Sandhya]] as Kanaka
* [[Powerstar Srinivasan]] as Beerpal (extended cameo role)
* [[Devadarshini]] as Councillor Aishwarya
* [[Ilavarasu]] as Varadharajan
* [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] as Dhoni's mother
* [[R. N. R. Manohar]] as Seetha's father
* [[Chitra Lakshmanan]] as Kanaka's father
* [[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]] as Vijayashanti
* [[George Vishnu]] as Sehwag's assistant
* [[Cool Suresh]] as Sehwag's assistant
* [[Thalapathy Dinesh]] as Aishwarya's brother
* Rithi Mangal as LIC Agent Geetha
}}

==Production==
[[Remya Nambeesan]] was roped in after her appreciated performance in ''Pizza'' but she was later replaced by [[Sai Dhanshika|Dhansika]].<ref name="indiatimes1">{{Cite web |title=Powerstar joins Shiva, Santhanam in Ya Ya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Powerstar-joins-Shiva-Santhanam-in-Ya-Ya/articleshow/18060531.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216065849/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-17/news-interviews/36393418_1_kalakalappu-shiva-santhanam-kanna-laddu-thinna-aasaiya |archive-date=16 February 2013 |access-date=20 February 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramya Nambeesan roped in to 'Ya Ya' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Ramya-Nambeesan-roped-in-to-Ya-Ya/articleshow/17073918.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411044954/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-03/news-interviews/34892463_1_thillu-mullu-mirchi-shiva-santhanam |archive-date=11 April 2013 |access-date=20 February 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Doctor turned actor [[Srinivasan (actor)|Powerstar Srinivasan]] will be part of ''Ya Ya''.<ref name="indiatimes1" /> [[Sandhya (actress, born 1988)|Sandhya]] is said to be playing the hot and happening comedian Santhanam’s love interest in ''Ya Ya''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sandhya to romance Santhanam? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sandhya-to-romance-santhanam-news-tamil-ncqpDPbjgdc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218045422/http://www.sify.com/movies/sandhya-to-romance-santhanam-news-tamil-ncqpDPbjgdc.html |archive-date=18 February 2013 |access-date=20 February 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The shoot of the film started from 18 Jan 2013 in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=3 men comedy team starts Ya, Ya! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/3-men-comedy-team-starts-ya-ya-news-tamil-nbslufhccdd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120044505/http://www.sify.com/movies/3-men-comedy-team-starts-ya-ya-news-tamil-nbslufhccdd.html |archive-date=20 January 2013 |access-date=20 February 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

The film is produced by M. S. Murugaraj who earlier worked as a production manager to various producers such as [[T. Rama Rao]], Poornachandra Rao, Mohan Natrajan, and actor [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]], Murugaraj wanted to produce a film on his own, when he heard the story from director I. Rajasekaran, he immediately wanted to start production and invited Santhanam and Siva for a story discussion.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June 2013 |title=Audio beat: Ya Ya - Laugh out loud - The Hindu: Mobile Edition |url=http://m.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-ya-ya-laugh-out-loud/article4863294.ece/ |access-date=22 February 2018 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ya Ya
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = to Ya Ya
| artist = [[Vijay Ebenezer]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Front Cover
| released = {{film date|df=y|2013|6|19}}
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[Vijay Ebenezer]]
| prev_title = [[Kalakalappu]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Pappali]]
| next_year = 2013
}}

The soundtrack is composed by [[Vijay Ebenezer]]. The audio was released on 19 June 2013 at Sathyam Cinema Theatre. Shiva, Dhansika, the film's director I.Rajasekaran (a former assistant to Rajesh and SA Chandrasekhar), the producer M.S.Murugaraj, T.Rama Rao and T. Ajay Kumar from Sree Lakshmi Productions (the distributors of Ya Ya) were among the dignitaries present. Thanu, R.B.Choudary, directors Rajesh, Hari, Sundar C, Pandiraj and Badri were also present. Santhanam couldn't make it for the event due to his obviously busy schedules.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ya Ya Audio Launch, ya ya, Ya Ya Audio Launch |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-events/ya-ya-audio-launch-ya-ya-ya-ya-audio-launch.html |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=behindwoods.com}}</ref> Milliblog wrote:"Ya Ya is thoroughly disappointing, after promising efforts like Kandaen and Kalakalappu".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ya Ya (Music review), Tamil – Vijay Ebenezer by Milliblog! |url=http://itwofs.com/milliblog/2013/06/20/ya-ya-music-review-tamil-vijay-ebenezer/ |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=itwofs.com}}</ref> Behindwoods called it "safe and sound".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ya Ya Songs Review Ya Ya, Shiva, Santhanam |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/ya-ya/ya-ya-songs-review.html |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=behindwoods.com}}</ref> Indiaglitz wrote:"Music carved with the comical visualization in mind".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinema News - Movie Reviews - Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/17161.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624084735/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/17161.html |archive-date=24 June 2013 |access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref>

{{Track listing|title1 = Friende Podhum|extra_column = Singer(s)|extra1 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Steve Vatz|title2 = Oru Kannadiya|extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]|title3 = Neethane Endru|extra3 = [[Krish (singer)|Krish]], [[Suchitra]]|title4 = Nothing Want|extra4 = Steeve Vatz|title5 = Bhoomi Nalla|extra5 = [[Rahul Nambiar]], [[Malavika (singer)|Malavika]]|title6 = Yaaru Kitta|extra6 = Krish, M. L. R. Karthikeyan}}

==Release==
Andhra-based company Sree Lakshmi Productions which produced Tamil films like ''[[Dhill]]'', ''[[Youth (2002 film)|Youth]]'' and ''[[Malaikottai]]'' distributed ''Ya Ya'' all over India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ya Ya Audio Launch |url=http://badhil.com/ya-ya-audio-launch/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624235011/http://badhil.com/ya-ya-audio-launch/ |archive-date=24 June 2013 |access-date=23 June 2013 |publisher=Badhil |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Reception==
The film opened to negative reviews from critics. Prasanth Reddy from ''[[Desimartini]]'' said that "Ya Yaa is an average movie, with a story that lacks direction and performances that failed to deliver".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prashanth Reddy's Review - Ya Ya |url=http://www.desimartini.com/reviews/prashanth-reddy-ya-ya/rd22419md2921.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923061145/http://www.desimartini.com/reviews/prashanth-reddy-ya-ya/rd22419md2921.htm |archive-date=23 September 2013 |access-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> [[Rediff.com]] gave the film a 2/5 stating "''Ya Yaa'' is an average movie, with a story that lacks direction and performances that failed to deliver".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Ya Yaa is a big let down |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-ya-yaa-is-a-big-let-down/20130920.htm |access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref>

Behindwoods wrote: "The audiences watch Shiva's films purely for the comedy and this film could have done without the few scenes of gory violence, especially since it features Santhanam too, but instead it stretches itself into death and mourning segments that hamper the proceedings".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ya Ya Movie Review Ya Ya Movie Review |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/ya-ya/ya-ya-review.html |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=behindwoods.com}}</ref>

[[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "The trouble with Ya Yaa is that it isn’t even much of a comedy — its rhythms are those of drama...if gags are all you’re after, why not go all-out absurd like The Naked Gun movies?"<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 2013 |title=Ya Ya: Comic con |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/ya-ya-comic-con/article5153555.ece |access-date=4 August 2019 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|6448416}}

[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2013 comedy films]]
[[Category:2013 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Mhadei-class sailing vessels

2026-05-06T13:49:59Z

EthanMarko2:

{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}{{italic title|string=Mhadei}}

{{Short description|Sailing vessels of the Indian Navy}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=INSV Mhadei.jpg
|image_caption=INSV ''Mhadei''
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country= India
|flag= {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
|name= INSV ''Mhadei''
|owner=
|namesake=[[Mandovi River|Mhadei River]]
|ordered=
|builder= Aquarius Shipyard Private Limited
|laid_down=
|launched=
|acquired=
|commissioned= February 2009
|decommissioned=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|identification=*{{MMSI Number|419083100}}
*[[Maritime call sign|Callsign]]: AUYW
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|type=
|displacement=23 tons
|length=17.1 metres
|beam=
|draught=
|draft=
|propulsion=
|speed=
|range=
|complement=
|sensors=
|notes=
}}
}}

The '''Mhadei class''' are [[ocean]] going [[sail training]] [[boats]] of the [[Indian Navy]] & include INSV Mhadei and INSV Tarini as the 2 [[sail boats]] of the class.<ref group=Note>"INSV" stands for Indian Navy sailing vessel.</ref> On 19 May 2010 as he sailed ''Mhadei'' into Mumbai harbour, Commander Dilip Donde became the first Indian national to complete a single-handed circumnavigation under sail, in an Indian-built boat. He sailed from [[Mumbai]] on 19 August 2009 and returned to Mumbai after four stops on 19 May 2010. It was later used by Abhilash Tomy for his own single-handed, unassisted, non-stop [[circumnavigation]] under sail.<ref name=thhin25m/>

==Design and description==
[[INSV Mhadei|INSV ''Mhadei'']] the first boat of the Mhadei class is a cruising [[sloop]] built at the Aquarius Shipyard Pvt Ltd shipyard in [[Divar]].<ref>[http://www.aquariusgoa.com/sailing-yacht-aquarius-fibre-glass-boat-manufacturer-in-goa.php Article about ''Mhadei'' (made in Goa by Aquarius Fibreglas Pvt Ltd) at aquariusgoa.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714115410/http://www.aquariusgoa.com/sailing-yacht-aquarius-fibre-glass-boat-manufacturer-in-goa.php |date=14 July 2015 }} Retrieved 1 January 2017</ref> The vessel was handed over to the Indian Navy in February 2009 and christened INSV ''Mhadei'', after the [[Mandovi River]].<ref name=thhin25m/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/after-a-solo-voyage-round-the-world-heros-welcome-awaits-tomy/article4555217.ece|title=After a solo voyage round the world, hero's welcome awaits Tomy|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 March 2013|author=Anandan, S}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-20/goa/34605323_1_vessel-mhadei-indian-navy-insv-mhadei | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928094055/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-20/goa/34605323_1_vessel-mhadei-indian-navy-insv-mhadei | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 September 2013 | title=Indian Navy Sailing Vessel Mhadei ready for solo sail around globe | date=20 October 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | accessdate=11 August 2013}}</ref><ref name=hindufull/>

''Mhadei'' was built to a stock design by [[E.G. van de Stadt|van de Stadt]] called Tonga 56<ref>{{citation|title=Tonga 56 stock design|url=http://www.stadtdesign.com/designs/stock_plans_sail/tonga_56|publisher=Stadt Design}}</ref> measuring 56 feet in length and displacing 23 tons. It was decided to build a wood-core and [[fibreglass]] sandwich hull for better performance than steel or aluminium. The boat has two mainsails, two Genoa's, a stay-sail, one try-sail and two gennaker's. She is also fitted with satellite communications and electronic navigation systems.<ref name=thhin25m>{{cite news|title=INSV Mhadei docks at Ezhimala Academy|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/insv-mhadei-docks-at-ezhimala-academy/article3222177.ece|accessdate=4 January 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 March 2012}}</ref><ref name=in>{{cite web|title=INSV Mhadei|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/insv-mhadei|publisher=Indian Navy|accessdate=4 January 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922131406/http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/insv-mhadei|archivedate=22 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Service history==
Originally built by Ottavio Tofful and Yohan Vels on the Divar Island in Goa.

After launching in [[Goa]], Commander Donde sailed ''Mhadei'' to [[Colombo]] and [[Mauritius]]. Donde then took the boat on a circumnavigation voyage on 19 August 2009, and returned on 19 May 2010; ''Mhadei'' was the first Tonga 56 to complete a solo circumnavigation.<ref name=hindufull/>

In 2012, ''Mhadei'' was used by [[Indian Navy]] [[Lt Cdr]] Abhilash Tomy to complete a single-handed, unassisted, non-stop [[circumnavigation]] under sail. He was the first Indian, second Asian, and 79th person to do so.<ref>{{cite news|title=INSV Mhadei completes first Indian solo, non-stop circumnavigation of the globe|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/indian-navy-security-blanket-lt-commander-abhilash-tommy-157932-2013-04-04|newspaper=India Today|date=2013-04-06}}</ref> ''Mhadei'' finished the journey at Kochi, after completing a voyage of 23,100 nautical miles (42,781 km).<ref name=thhin25m/><ref name=hindufull>{{cite news|title=Coming full circle|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/coming-full-circle/article5006770.ece|accessdate=4 January 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=INSV Mhadei touches Kochi after completing a voyage of 5000 Nautical Miles|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/insv-mhadei-touches-kochi-after-completing-voyage-5000-nautical-miles|publisher=Indian Navy|accessdate=4 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Navy officer Abhilash Tomy becomes first Indian to circumnavigate the globe solo and non-stop |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130406/news-current-affairs/article/navy-officer-abhilash-tomy-becomes-first-indian-circumnavigate |accessdate=4 January 2014 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=2013-04-06 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603110550/http://deccanchronicle.com/130406/news-current-affairs/article/navy-officer-abhilash-tomy-becomes-first-indian-circumnavigate |archivedate=3 June 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Navy Sailing Vessel Mhadei ready for solo sail around globe|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-20/goa/34605323_1_vessel-mhadei-indian-navy-insv-mhadei|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928094055/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-20/goa/34605323_1_vessel-mhadei-indian-navy-insv-mhadei|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-09-28|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2012-10-20}}</ref>

In 2013, the navy's first all female team of sailors began preparation for another circumnavigation of the world, led by [[Lieutenant Commander]] Shweta Kapur. The crew practised in a race from [[Cape Town]] to [[Rio de Janeiro]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Spirit of Adventure Overrides All Else|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Spirit-of-Adventure-Overrides-All-Else/2013/12/22/article1958700.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225151704/http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Spirit-of-Adventure-Overrides-All-Else/2013/12/22/article1958700.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 December 2013|accessdate=5 January 2014|newspaper=New Indian Express|date=22 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Navy leads the way: Women officers set to circumnavigate|url=http://www.sail-world.com/Asia/Indian-Navy-leads-the-way:-Women-officers-set-to-circumnavigate/118167|accessdate=5 January 2014|newspaper=Sail World}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=INSV Mhadei with First Naval Lady Officer as Crew Casts Off for Cape 2 Rio Race|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/women-power-insv-mhadei-first-naval-lady-officer-crew-casts-cape-2-rio-race|accessdate=6 January 2014|newspaper=Indian Navy|date=6 January 2014}}</ref>

In May 2016 INSV Mhadei set sail from Goa for a voyage to Port Louis in Mauritius skippered by Lt. Cdr. Vartika Joshi, a Naval Constructor. This was the first open-ocean voyage of the Navy's all-woman crew of the Mhadei. It was a training voyage to expose the young crew to the weather that they would confront during the circumnavigation of the globe scheduled for 2017.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/allwoman-crew-of-insv-mhadei-sets-sail-for-mauritius/article8642137.ece | title=All-woman crew of INSV Mhadei sets sail for Mauritius | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=25 May 2016 | accessdate=15 June 2016}}</ref> The crew entered Port Louis, Mauritius, on Tuesday, 14 June 2016. The crew members were skipper Lieutenant Commander Vartika Joshi, a Naval architect, and five others: Lieutenant P. Swathi, Lt. Pratibha Jamwal, Lt. Vijaya Devi, Sub Lt. Payal Gupta and Lt. B. Aishwarya.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/navys-woman-power-reaches-mauritius-shores/article8729055.ece | title=Navy's woman power reaches Mauritius shores | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=15 June 2016 | accessdate=15 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/indian-navys-all-women-crew-yacht-insv-mhadei-creates-history-docks-in-port-louis_1895733.html | title=Indian Navy's all-women crew yacht INSV Mhadei creates history, docks in Port Louis | work=[[Zee News]] | date=14 June 2016 | accessdate=15 June 2016}}</ref>

== Second Boat ==
A second boat in this class, [[INSV Tarini|INSV ''Tarini'']], was ordered in 2016 and commissioned into active service on 18 February 2017. She was built by Aquarius Shipyard Private Limited.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/INSV-Mhadei-crew-set-to-circumnavigate-the-globe-in-2017/articleshow/50802272.cms|title=INSV Mhadei crew set to circumnavigate the globe in 2017|website=Times of India|access-date=2016-06-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/navys-all-women-sailing-crew-prepping-to-go-around-the-globe-1285176|title=Navy's All-Women Sailing Crew Prepping To Go Around The Globe|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2016-03-31}}</ref> The sail boat was inducted by [[Admiral]] [[Sunil Lanba]] at the INS Mandovi Boat Pool with an all women crew and is skippered by Lieutenant Commander Vartika Joshi. The [[Marine vessel|vessel]] will be [[Indian Navy]]'s first all-woman global [[circumnavigation]] vessel and the extremely challenging [[Exploration|expedition]] by Tarini's all-woman crew is slated to commence in August 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Navy inducts second sailboat INSV Tarini with all-woman crew|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-navy-ins-sailboat-tarini-admiral-sunil-lamba-insv-mhadei-961386-2017-02-18}}</ref>

==Specifications==
*Displacement: 23 tons<ref name=in/>
*Length (overall): 17.1 m<ref name=in/>
*Beam: 5 m<ref name=in/>
*Height of mast: 21 m above [[waterline]]<ref name=in/>

==See also==
*[[List of active Indian Navy ships]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mhadei}}
[[Category:Ships of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Individual sailing vessels]]
[[Category:Sloops of India]]
[[Category:Ships built in India]]
[[Category:Sailboat type designs by E. G. van de Stadt]]

INS Mahé (1983)

2026-05-05T22:23:28Z

EthanMarko2: created first data more to come

{{Short description| Retired minesweeper of the Indian Navy}}
{{other ships|INS Mahé}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image =
| image_caption =
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = India
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = INS ''Mahé'' (M 83)
| namesake = [[Mahé, Puducherry|Mahé, India]]
| owner =
| operator =
| registry =
| route =
| ordered =
| awarded =
| builder = [[Leningrad]], [[USSR]]
| original_cost =
| yard_number =
| way_number =
| laid_down =
| launched =
| sponsor =
| christened =
| completed =
| acquired =
| commissioned = 16 May 1983
| recommissioned =
| decommissioned = 15 May 2006
| maiden_voyage =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| renamed =
| reclassified =
| refit =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| homeport = [[Kochi, India|Kochi]]
| identification =
| motto =
| nickname =
| honours =
| honors =
| captured =
| status = Decommissioned
| notes =
| badge =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class = [[Mahé-class minesweeper]]
| type =
| tonnage =
| displacement = 100 tons full load
| length = 26  m
| beam = 5.5 m
| height =
| draught = 1.5 m
| draft =
| depth =
| hold_depth =
| decks =
| deck_clearance =
| ramps =
| ice_class =
| power =
| propulsion = Two diesel engines with 600 hp sustained and 2 shafts<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Mahe.html|title=Mahé {Yevgenya} Class |access-date=28 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331031448/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Mahe.html |archive-date=31 March 2009 }}</ref>
| sail_plan =
| speed = {{convert|12|kn|km/h|0}}
| range = {{convert|300|nmi|km|1}} at {{convert|10|kn|km/h|0}}
| endurance =
| test_depth =
| boats =
| capacity =
| troops =
| complement = 10
| crew = 25
| time_to_activate =
| sensors = MG-7 sonar
| EW =
| armament = 2 x 25mm/80 twin guns
| armour =
| armor =
| aircraft =
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes = *Primarily used for: Inshore mine sweeping,
*Harbor defense,
*Coastal patrolling.
}}
}}

'''INS ''Mahé''''' was an Indian Naval [[minesweeper]], named after a Union Territory [[Mahé, India|Mahé]] in the west coast of India commissioned in 1983. She remained in service until decommissioned at Naval Base, [[Kochi, India|Kochi]] on 15 May 2006.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/m-mahe.htm |title=Mahé Class |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |access-date=2010-08-11}}</ref>

== Service==
{{Expand section|date=May 2010}}

The ship was commissioned by Vice Admiral K. K. Nayyar, the then Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command, on 16 May 1983 at Kochi.

She was decommissioned at Kochi Naval Base in the presence of Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Southern Naval Command, Vice Admiral Jagjit Singh Bedi. With the sounding of the 'Last post', the paying off pennant was hauled down to an end her 24 years of commission in the Indian naval service.

The Admiral inspected a 50-man guard of honor and Lt Cdr Boyiri Varma, the last commanding officer of INS Mahé, delivered the pre-decommissioning speech. At sunset, the Color Guard presented arms as the National Flag and the Naval Ensign were hauled down.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/ar_showdetails.asp?id=705150844&cat=&n_date=20070515 |title=INS Mahe decommissioned – News – Webindia123.com |publisher=News.webindia123.com |access-date=2010-08-11}}</ref>



==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mahé-class minesweeper}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahe, INS}}
[[Category:Mahé-class minesweepers]]

Tanu Grewal

2026-05-05T06:45:39Z

EthanMarko2: started a info

{{Short description|Canadian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tanu Grewal
| image = Tanu Grewal.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Grewal in 2025
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|01|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], Canada
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2019–present
| known_for = ''[[Yaar Mera Titliaan Warga]]''
| notable_works =
}}

'''Tanu Grewal''' is a Canadian actress of Indian origin who made her debut in the Punjabi-language comedy film ''[[Shava Ni Girdhari Lal]]'' as Kuljeet. She also played the lead role in Punjabi film ''[[Yaar Mera Titliaan Warga]]'' and music video ''[[Chitta Kurta]]''.

==Early life and career==
Tanu was born on 27 January 2001, in [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] to immigrant parents from Punjab. She attended David Thompson Secondary School from where she obtained her High School Diploma.<ref name="News">{{cite web |title=Who is Tanu Grewal? The Rising Actress taking Pollywood by Storm |url=https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/393924-Who-is-Tanu-Grewal-The-Rising-Actress-taking-Pollywood-by-Storm |website=5 Dariya News}}</ref> She started her career through Punjabi music videos such as [[Chitta Kurta]], Chithiyan, Rim vs Jhanjar,<ref>{{cite web |title=ਗਿੱਪੀ ਗਰੇਵਾਲ ਦੀ ਫਿਲਮ "ਸ਼ਾਵਾ ਨੀ ਗਿਰਧਾਰੀ ਲਾਲ" 'ਚ ਡੈਬਿਊ ਕਰਨ ਵਾਲੀ ਕੌਣ ਹੈ ਇਹ ਅਦਾਕਾਰਾ? ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਫਿਲਮਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਗਿੱਪੀ ਨਾਲ ਡੈਬਿਊ ਕਰਨ ਵਾਲੀ ਤਨੂੰ ਦੀ ਹੁਣ ਗਿੱਪੀ ਨਾਲ ਹੀ ਇੱਕ ਹੋਰ ਫਿਲਮ ਆ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/punjabi/punjab/gallery/celebrities/new-pictures-of-punjabi-actress-tanu-grewal/pb20220718150920707707306/c_id_62d52a4d9efff10ec500026e |website=etvbharat.com |access-date=13 November 2022 |archive-date=13 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113163620/https://www.etvbharat.com/punjabi/punjab/gallery/celebrities/new-pictures-of-punjabi-actress-tanu-grewal/pb20220718150920707707306/c_id_62d52a4d9efff10ec500026e |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lifestyle by [[Amrit Mann]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Watch Latest Full Punjabi Music Video Song 2020 'Lifestyle' Sung By Amrit Maan Featuring Gurlej Akhtar And Tanu Grewal {{!}} Punjabi Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/watch-latest-full-punjabi-music-video-song-2020-lifestyle-sung-by-amrit-maan-featuring-gurlej-akhtar-and-tanu-grewal/videoshow/75153231.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Punjaban by [[Rajvir Jawanda]]<ref>{{cite web |title=New Punjabi song 2020: सिंगर राजवीर जवांदा का गाना 'पंजाबन' हुआ वायरल, मिले 25 लाख से भी ज्यादा व्यूज, Rajvir Jawanda New Punjabi song Punjaban released watch video |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/amp/punjabi/video/rajvir-jawanda-new-punjabi-song-punjaban-crosses-25-lakh-views-in-youtube-watch-video/285583 |website=timesnowhindi.com |language=hi |date=20 March 2020}}</ref> and Laut Aana by [[Karan Aujla]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Karan Aujla shares glimpse of his 'first Hindi song Laut Aana' |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/karan-aujla-shares-glimpse-of-his-first-hindi-song-laut-aana |website=PTC Punjabi |language=en |date=4 September 2022}}</ref> She made her debut as an actress in the film [[Shava Ni Girdhari Lal]] from which she won the best debut actress award by [[PTC Punjabi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Shava Ni Girdhari Lal - Official Trailer {{!}} Punjabi Movie News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/punjabi/shava-ni-girdhari-lal-official-trailer/videoshow/88044290.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> and in 2022 she played the lead role in [[Yaar Mera Titliaan Warga]].<ref>{{cite web |title='ਯਾਰ ਮੇਰਾ ਤਿੱਤਲੀਆਂ ਵਰਗਾ' ਫ਼ਿਲਮ ਨੇ 3 ਦਿਨਾਂ 'ਚ ਕੀਤੀ 9 ਕਰੋੜ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਧ ਦੀ ਕਮਾਈ |url=https://jagbani.punjabkesari.in/entertainment/news/yaar-mera-titliaan-warga-box-office-collection-1378076 |website=jagbani |date=6 September 2022}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"|
|
|}

===Actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
!Ref.
|-
|2021
|''[[Shava Ni Girdhari Lal]]''
|Kuljeet
|Punjabi
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Shava Ni Girdhari Lal song 'Kuljeete': Foot-tapping number with hook steps |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/dec/15/32517/shava-ni-girdhari-lal-song-kuljeete-foot-tapping-number-with-hook-steps |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Yaar Mera Titliaan Warga]]''
|Beant
|Punjabi
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Yaar Mera Titliaan Warga Movie Review: It is a comic lesson in finding marital bliss within confines of a marriage |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-reviews/yaar-mera-titliaan-warga/movie-review/93956626.cms}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Maujaan Hi Maujaan]]''
|
|Punjabi
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Maujaan Hi Maujaan: Gippy Grewal Announced His Upcoming Movie, Shoot Started |url=https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/392548-Maujaan-Hi-Maujaan-Gippy-Grewal-Announced-His-Upcoming-Movie-Shoot-Started |website=5 Dariya News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=PR |first1=ANI |title=Gippy Grewal announces 'Maujaan Hi Maujaan' |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/gippy-grewal-announces-maujaan-hi-maujaan/1202717/ |website=ThePrint |date=7 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Maujan Hi Maujan': Gippy Grewal's new film goes on floor; details inside |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/maujan-hi-maujan-gippy-grewals-new-film-goes-on-floor-details-inside |website=PTC Punjabi |language=en |date=5 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|style="background:#FFFFCC;" |''Munda Southall Da''
|
|Punjabi
|<ref name="News" />
|-
|2023
|style="background:#FFFFCC;" |''Outlaw''
|
|Punjabi
|<ref name="News" />
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| 2022
| [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]]
| Best Debut Female
|''[[Shava Ni Girdhari Lal]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web |title=PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2022: Nominations for 'Best Debut Female' |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2022-nominations-for-best-debut-female |website=PTC Punjabi |language=en |date=18 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2022: Here's the list of Winners of Punjabi Film Awards |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2022-heres-the-list-of-winners-of-punjabi-film-awards |website=PTC Punjabi |language=en |date=11 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grewal, Tanu}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]

Kilpennathur Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T13:44:47Z

EthanMarko2:

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 64
| map_image = Constitution-Kilpennathur.svg
| district = [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tiruvannamalai Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]
| established = 2008
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| mla = S. Ramachandran
| party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| name = Kilpennathur
| electors = 240,823
| reservation =
}}
'''Kilpennathur''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]], India, that was formed after constituency [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitations]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Constituencies, Post-Delimitation 2008 |url=http://www.elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515102633/http://elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf |archive-date=2012-05-15 }}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 64. It comprises a portion of [[Tiruvannamalai taluk]] and is included in the [[Tiruvannamalai Lok Sabha constituency|similarly named parliamentary constituency]] for national elections.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification & Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 26 January 2017}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[A. K. Aranganathan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=64}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[K. Pitchandi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=64}}</ref>
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| S. Ramachandran
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.34}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.22}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.20}}
}}

=== 2026 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kilpennathur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramachandran|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Pitchandi]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate|candidate=R. Janakiraman<ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2026/Apr/03/ramadoss-releases-list-of-18-candidates</ref>|party=[[Ayya Pattali Makkal Katchi|APMK]] |color= #FFFF00 |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= V. Loganathan|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Raja|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =240823 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kilpennathur<ref>{{cite web|title=Kilpennathur Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a064|access-date= 15 Oct 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Pitchandi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=104,675 |percentage=51.34% |change=+1.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Selvakumar |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=77,888 |percentage=38.20% |change=+27.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. R. Ramesh Babu |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=11,541 |percentage=5.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Karthikeyan |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,191 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Suganantham |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=1,437 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,787 |percentage=13.14% |change= -4.43% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=203,884 |percentage=80.55% |change= -3.90% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=252|percentage=0.12% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 253,101 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.12% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kilpennathur<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Pitchandi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=99,070 |percentage=50.22% |change=+4.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Selvamani |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,404 |percentage=32.64% |change=-15.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Ediroli Manian |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=20,737 |percentage=10.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Jothi |party=Communist Party of India |votes=4,613 |percentage=2.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Devendiran |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,273 |percentage=0.65% |change=-0.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Subbarayan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,209 |percentage=0.61% |change=-0.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,164 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=34,666 |percentage=17.57% |change= 15.22% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=197,287 |percentage=84.45% |change= -0.02% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 233,605 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.02% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kilpennathur<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. K. Aranganathan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=83,663 |percentage=48.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Pitchandi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=79,582 |percentage=45.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Sridharan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,301 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Pitchandi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,811 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Settu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,724 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Isaac Newton |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,203 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Murugan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,057 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,081 |percentage=2.35% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=173,576 |percentage=84.47% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 205,491 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|12.24|79.23|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tiruvannamalai district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Modern Meitei poetry

2026-04-19T21:44:23Z

EthanMarko2: created new entry v1

{{Short description|20th century Meitei poetry}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

[[File:ꯀꯕꯤꯇꯥꯅꯤꯀꯨꯟꯖ.jpg|thumb|A post World War II Meitei poetry book]]

'''Modern Meitei poetry''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯃꯩꯇꯩꯂꯣꯟ ꯁꯩꯔꯦꯡ / ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯁꯩꯔꯦꯡ}}) refers to poetic works composed in the [[Meitei language]] (also known as [[Manipuri language]]) from the 20th century onward, particularly before and after [[World War II]]. Marked by a shift from romantic and traditional themes to contemporary concerns, it explores issues such as political unrest, cultural dislocation, and personal identity. Influenced by modernist and postmodernist trends, it features experimentation with form, language, and symbolism, reflecting the changing social and intellectual landscape of [[Manipur]].<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265.">Singh, Ch Manihar (1996). "The Modern Period | Pre-World War II Literature | Poetry ; | Post-World War II Literature | Poetry". A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265. ISBN 978-81-260-1586-3.</ref>

The period before WWII saw the birth of modern Meitei poetry. Poets like Chaoba, Kamal, and Angahal used their talents to bring the Meitei language and literature back to life. They blended tradition with new ideas, and even though each had a different style and focus, together they laid the foundation for future [[Meitei literature]].<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." />

After World War II, Meitei literature saw a major shift from romantic and traditional poetry to more modern, realistic, and experimental styles. A new generation of young, urban poets emerged, expressing disillusionment with society, politics, and traditional values through bold imagery and free forms influenced by global movements like symbolism and surrealism. While some older poets continued writing in classical styles, the younger voices brought a fresh, often critical perspective that marked a turning point in Meitei poetry.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." />

== Pre World War II ==

Before World War II, modern Meitei literature began to take shape, mainly because of three important writers: Khwairakpam Chaoba ({{Script|Mtei|ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯔꯥꯛꯄꯝ ꯆꯥꯎꯕ}}), Lamabam Kamal ({{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯃꯥꯕꯝ ꯀꯃꯜ}}), and Hijam Angahal ({{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯤꯖꯝ ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯍꯜ}}). Their writings helped people appreciate the beauty of their own language and sparked interest in Meitei literature, which had been neglected for years. These writers worked in many forms—poetry, novels, dramas, essays, and more.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." />

=== Khwairakpam Chaoba Singh (1896–1950) ===

Chaoba ({{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯥꯎꯕ}}) was born in [[Imphal]] and passed his high school exams in [[Shillong]] in 1918. Though he was a smart student, he had to leave college in Kolkata due to illness and became a teacher. His job helped deepen his love for his mother tongue, Meitei language. He realized that earlier Meitei literature had once flourished but had now become inaccessible.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." /><ref name=":Rajkumar Mani. Khwairakpam Chaoba Singh. India: Sahitya Akademi">Singh, Rajkumar Mani. Khwairakpam Chaoba Singh. India: Sahitya Akademi, 2002.</ref>

In his first poem, he praised the natural beauty of Manipur and expressed hope for new poets. He famously said, “Ignorant is he who speaks of the poverty of my mother tongue,” and this inspired others to write as well.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." /><ref name=":Rajkumar Mani. Khwairakpam Chaoba Singh. India: Sahitya Akademi" />

His poem Chhatra Macha ({{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯥꯇ꯭ꯔꯥ ꯃꯆꯥ}}) helped Manipuri gain recognition from [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]]. Although he wrote many prose works, his poetry is where he truly stood out. His poems were serious and well-structured. In his early poems, like “To a Flower on the Hill-Side” and “On Seeing the Lotus”, he reflected on death and the shortness of life. Later, his poems became more positive and celebrated nature and divine beauty, such as in “Mankind” and “Loktak Mapanda” ({{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯣꯛꯇꯥꯛ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯗꯥ}}).<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." /><ref name=":Rajkumar Mani. Khwairakpam Chaoba Singh. India: Sahitya Akademi" />

He was religious and often experienced emotional highs while worshipping [[Jagannath]]. His poems were influenced by traditional devotional songs but didn't fully succeed in bringing back old vocabulary.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." /><ref name=":Rajkumar Mani. Khwairakpam Chaoba Singh. India: Sahitya Akademi" />

=== Lamabam Kamal Singh (1899–1935) ===

Kamal ({{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯃꯜ}}), born in 1899, also passed his exams from [[Shillong]] in 1922. Though he wanted to study humanities, he was made to study medicine and became a doctor. He loved reading and was familiar with both English and Bengali literature.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." /><ref name=":Lamabam Damodar. L. Kamal Singh. India: Sahitya Akademi">Singh, Lamabam Damodar. L. Kamal Singh. India: Sahitya Akademi, 2000.</ref>

If Chaoba is called a romantic poet, Kamal fits that label even more. He loved nature and wanted peace, often using beautiful Bengali words for his poem titles. His first poem, Abhinandan ({{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯚꯤꯅꯟꯗꯟ}}), celebrated the revival of Meitei literature. He often pointed out how people were ignoring their language and culture in favor of foreign ones.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." /><ref name=":Lamabam Damodar. L. Kamal Singh. India: Sahitya Akademi" />

In poems like “Silent Night” and “Solitude”, Kamal shows how he found deep meaning and wisdom in nature. He believed nature understood people better than other humans could. In “Universal Love”, he described love as powerful and beyond scientific understanding.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." /><ref name=":Lamabam Damodar. L. Kamal Singh. India: Sahitya Akademi" />

He didn't focus as much on form or rhythm like Chaoba or Angahal, but his poetry was musical and influenced by poets like Tagore.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." /><ref name=":Lamabam Damodar. L. Kamal Singh. India: Sahitya Akademi" />

=== Hijam Angahal Singh (1892–1951) ===

Angahal ({{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯍꯜ}}) was the oldest of the three. He left school after class V due to poverty and worked as a petition writer in court. Despite little formal education, he had a strong command of his language and culture. He was a devout Vaishnava and a kind, humble man.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." /><ref name=":Dīnamaṇi Siṃha, Elaṃbama., Akademi, Sahitya. Hijam Anangal Singh (Manipuri Writer). India: Sahitya Akademi">Dīnamaṇi Siṃha, Elaṃbama., Akademi, Sahitya. Hijam Anangal Singh (Manipuri Writer). India: Sahitya Akademi, 1997.</ref>

His short poems often talked about patriotism, devotion, and moral values. For example, in one poem, he mourned a fallen tree and ended with a lesson. Some poems were satirical, poking fun at pride or foolishness. Others dealt with serious themes like slavery, such as “Wa-Tannaba” ({{Script|Mtei|ꯋꯥ ꯇꯥꯟꯅꯕ}}) and “Meenai Luhongba” ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯤꯅꯥꯏ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯕ}}), which criticized a society that denied freedom even in marriage.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." /><ref name=":Dīnamaṇi Siṃha, Elaṃbama., Akademi, Sahitya. Hijam Anangal Singh (Manipuri Writer). India: Sahitya Akademi" />

Angahal used a form of poetry called payar (rhymed 14-syllable couplets), but his poetry lacked the grace of Chaoba's or Kamal's.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." /><ref name=":Dīnamaṇi Siṃha, Elaṃbama., Akademi, Sahitya. Hijam Anangal Singh (Manipuri Writer). India: Sahitya Akademi" />

His poetic story Shingel Indu ({{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯤꯡꯉꯦꯜ ꯏꯟꯗꯨ}}), set during the time of Maharaja Chandrakirti, tells the love story of Gopal and Indu, who grew up like siblings but fell in love. The story ends happily, but the emotional depth was not fully explored.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." /><ref name=":Dīnamaṇi Siṃha, Elaṃbama., Akademi, Sahitya. Hijam Anangal Singh (Manipuri Writer). India: Sahitya Akademi" />

His greatest work, though, was the [[Khamba Thoibi Sheireng|Khamba Thoibi Seireng]] ({{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯝꯕ ꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ ꯁꯩꯔꯦꯡ}}), a massive epic with 34,000 lines. It mixed ancient and modern Meitei language words and told a dramatic tale using [[blank verse]] and payar. The story is full of tension, romance, war, and drama, based on traditional Meitei legends. His poetic skill and imagination made this his masterpiece.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." /><ref name=":Dīnamaṇi Siṃha, Elaṃbama., Akademi, Sahitya. Hijam Anangal Singh (Manipuri Writer). India: Sahitya Akademi" />

=== Other Important Poets ===

Hawaibam Nabadwipchandra Singh ({{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯋꯥꯏꯕꯝ ꯅꯕꯗ꯭ꯋꯤꯕꯆꯟꯗ꯭ꯔ ꯁꯤꯡꯍ}}; 1897–1946) left school early but became a teacher and supported education. He translated [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]]’s Meghanad Badh Kavya into Meitei, which earned him great praise, even though he didn't finish the full work.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." />

Arambam Dorendrajit ({{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯔꯥꯝꯕꯝ ꯗꯣꯔꯦꯟꯗ꯭ꯔꯖꯤꯠ}}; 1907–1944) was dedicated to Meitei literature. His epic poem Kangsa Bodh ({{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯪꯁ ꯕꯣꯙ}}), written in Western style, is his most important work. Though inspired by Michael Dutt, Dorendrajit gave it his own touch. His language experiments were creative and he combined Indo-Aryan and local words. In his story, though Kangsa is the focus, Krishna becomes the true hero due to Dorendrajit's religious leanings.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." />

=== Other Contributors ===

[[Hijam Irabot]] ({{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯤꯖꯝ ꯏꯔꯥꯕꯣꯠ}}); 1896–1951) started the first Manipuri literary journal Meitei Chanu ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯆꯅꯨ}}) in 1922. A man of many talents, he is considered the first modern Meitei poet with his 1924 book Seidam Seireng ({{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯩꯗꯝ ꯁꯩꯔꯦꯡ}}).<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." /><ref>Manimohana Siṃha, Kārāma. Hijam Irabot Singh and Political Movements in Manipur. India: B.R. Publishing Corporation, 1989.</ref>

A. Minaketan Singh ({{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯁꯥꯡꯕꯝ ꯃꯤꯅꯀꯦꯇꯟ ꯁꯤꯡꯍ}}; 1906–1995) wrote thoughtful poems often focused on the passing of time. His collection Basanta Seireng ({{Script|Mtei|ꯕꯁꯟꯇ ꯁꯩꯔꯦꯡ}}) was a school text for many years.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." /><ref>Masterpieces of Indian Literature: Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu & Urdu. India: National Book Trust, 1997. p. 795–796</ref>

R.K. Shitaljit Singh ({{Script|Mtei|ꯔꯥꯖꯀꯨꯃꯥꯔ ꯁꯤꯇꯜꯖꯤꯠ ꯁꯤꯡꯍ}}; 1913–2007) was active in literary journals and wrote poems about devotion and patriotism.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." />

== Post World War II ==
{{Further|Anglo-Manipur War|Battle of Imphal}}

After World War II, some early Meitei literary figures had already passed away or stopped writing. Kamal and Anganghal died before and during the war. Chaoba, who lived until 1950, had stopped writing creatively by 1940. His last major work was Labanga Lata. He only wrote a few essays afterward.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." />

Poets like A. Minaketan and R.K. Shitaljit continued to publish after the war, but their writing styles and ideas didn't change much, despite the war and the political/social upheavals. Their works, like Ketuki ({{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯦꯇꯨꯀꯤ}}), Eekhoulangba ({{Script|Mtei|ꯏꯈꯧꯂꯥꯡꯕ}}), and Vidyai Asirbad ({{Script|Mtei|ꯕꯤꯗ꯭ꯌꯥꯏ ꯑꯥꯁꯤꯔꯕꯥꯗ}}), felt more like they were written before the war, not reflecting the new world.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." />

By this time, Manipur was going through political tension about whether it should join India. The rise of many political parties led to confusion and frustration among the people, especially the youth.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." />

In 1949, E. Nilakanta Singh ({{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯦꯂꯥꯡꯕꯝ ꯅꯤꯂꯀꯥꯟꯇ ꯁꯤꯡꯍ}}), then a student, published the poem Manipur. It captured the uneasy mood of the time—global fears of nuclear war and local political instability. His poem was not very emotional but more intellectual, using images to express complex feelings. However, his later poetry didn't match the strength of Manipur.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." />

=== Rise of a New Generation ===

Nilakanta's poem inspired a group of young poets who started expressing frustration with modern life. These poets were urban, educated, and experimental. They used symbols, modern language, and new poetic forms. At first, their poetry shocked readers, but people soon saw the truth in what they were saying.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." />

Notable poets like Thangjam Ibopishak, R.K. Madhubir, and Yumlembam Ibomcha wrote poems expressing sadness, loss of faith, and frustration with modern society. They questioned traditional values, mocked outdated morals, and highlighted feelings of loneliness and disconnection. Their style broke away from emotional, romantic poetry of the past and instead used harsh, sometimes disturbing images to reflect reality.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." />

They were influenced by Western literary movements like Imagism, Symbolism, Surrealism, and the works of T.S. Eliot. For example, Ibopishak's poems like Footpath, Dustbin, and Morgue and Sri Biren's Rotten Fish reflect this modern, raw style.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." />

Poetry collections by these poets in the late 1960s and 70s marked a clear shift from the old, emotional, romantic style to a new, realistic, and sometimes cynical one.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." />

=== Impact ===

Some critics feel these young poets tried too hard to be complex or shocking. Their poems could be hard to understand and focused too much on the darkness of life. But they were genuine in their effort and helped modern Meitei poetry grow up. Poetry was no longer about sweet emotions—it now talked about real life, struggles, and the human condition.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." />

New poets were expected to be thoughtful and intelligent, to express their personal experiences, and to use strong, meaningful language and rhythm. The young poets succeeded in pushing Meitei poetry into a more modern direction.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." />

=== Other Contributors ===

Other poets followed the modern trend but were less focused on society's problems.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." /> Examples include:

* Padmakumar Singh ({{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯗ꯭ꯃꯀꯨꯃꯥꯔ ꯁꯤꯡꯍ}}) – philosophical tone in Evening Song.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." />
* Thiyam Ibohal Singh, Kangjam Ibohal Singh, Gurumayum Ranjit Sarma – poetic works in the late 1960s and 70s.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." />

Laishram Somorendra Singh ({{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯥꯏꯁ꯭ꯔꯝ ꯁꯣꯃꯣꯔꯦꯟꯗ꯭ꯔꯣ ꯁꯤꯡꯍ}}), a senior poet, wrote satirical and witty poetry about society. His poems often looked cheerful on the surface but had deep meanings. For example, in Black Trousers, he shows how modern youth have lost direction.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." />

He also criticized greedy businessmen and fake politicians, but in a humorous way. His major works include ''"The Lotus Blooms in the East"''
({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯃꯥꯡ ꯂꯩꯀꯥꯏ ꯊꯝꯕꯥꯜ ꯁꯥꯠꯂꯦ}}) and ''"The Story of a Village."''<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." />

=== More Young Voices ===

Many other young poets also contributed to this new wave of poetry, such as:

Tokpam Ibomcha, Sagolsem Dhabal, Ratan Kumar Thiyam, Nabachandra Hamom, Brajakumar Sarma, Imo Meetei, and Ibempishak Devi. Their themes ranged from personal emotion to reflections on society and philosophy.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." />

Notably, some poets were from outside Manipur (like in Assam's [[Cachar district|Cachar District]]), showing the spread of this literary movement.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." />

=== Old Tradition Continues ===

While the new style took center stage, traditional poetry was still alive.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." /> Older poets like:

R.K. Surendrajit Singh, Khumanthem Ibohal, Minaketan Singh, and Nilbir Sastri continued writing in the older, more romantic and classical style.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." />

Of them, R.K. Surendrajit ({{Script|Mtei|ꯔꯥꯖꯀꯨꯃꯥꯔ ꯁꯨꯔꯦꯟꯗ꯭ꯔꯖꯤꯠ}}) stood out. His poetry had rich language, hopeful themes, and influences from Tagore. He encouraged poets not to just dream, but to fight the problems of the real world. He believed both tradition and modernity could coexist.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." />

Minaketan Singh ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯤꯅꯀꯦꯇꯟ ꯁꯤꯡꯍ}}), a respected figure, tried hard to create a unique style, but his poetry sometimes felt forced. He also translated major works from other languages, but his writing sometimes lacked emotional depth. Still, some of his short poems had real charm.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." />

Others like Kalachand Sastri, Nilbir Sastri, and Sanjenbam Nodiachand also continued in the traditional path, though not always successfully.<ref name=":A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 219–229, 255–265." />

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|Arts|Asia|Civilization|History|India|Language|Literature|Poetry}}
* [[Ancient Meitei literature]]
** [[Ancient Meitei hymns]]
** [[Meitei ritual songs]]

== Bibliography ==
* A Catalogue of Manipuri Books, 1891–1969. India: The Parishad, 1970.
* Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems. India: Sahitya Akademi, 1992.
* Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti. India: Sahitya Akademi, 1988.

== References ==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei poetry]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian literature]]

Suchitra Ella

2026-04-19T16:29:13Z

EthanMarko2: started entry

{{Short description|Indian business executive}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suchitra Ella
| image = File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Padma Bhushan Award to Smt. Suchitra Krishna Ella, at the Civil Investiture Ceremony-II, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on March 28, 2022.jpg
| caption = ''Suchitra Ella receiving the Padma Bhushan, 2022''
| occupation = Business executive
| years_active = 1996–present
| known_for = Co-founding Bharat Biotech
| employer = [[Bharat Biotech]]
| title = Managing Director
| alma_mater = [[University of Madras]] (B.A.)
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2022)
}}

'''Suchitra Ella''' is an Indian [[business executive]] and the [[Managing director|joint managing director]] and [[co-founder]] of [[Bharat Biotech]], an Indian biotechnology company founded in 1996.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-22 |title=BT MPW 2025 Super Achievers: Celebrating women who lead, build and transform |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/deep-dive/story/bt-mpw-2025-super-achievers-celebrating-women-who-lead-build-and-transform-507034-2025-12-22 |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=Business Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhamija |first=Anshul |date=2021-05-07 |title=The Ellas of Bharat Biotech: The gift of the jab |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/the-ellas-the-gift-of-the-jab/105465 |access-date=25 February 2026 |website=Fortune India}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news |title=Krishna Ella, Suchitra Ella among Padma Bhushan awardees |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/krishna-ella-suchitra-ella-among-padma-bhushan-awardees/articleshow/89122960.cms |date=25 January 2022 |work=The Times of India |access-date=25 February 2026}}</ref> She was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2022, along with her husband [[Krishna Ella]], for contributions to industry.<ref name=":0">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zo4IEl5EJ2Y |title=President Kovind presents Padma Bhushan to Dr Krishna Murthy Ella and Smt. Suchitra Krishna Ella |date=2022-03-28 |last=President of India |access-date=2026-02-25 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Biotech's Krishna Ella, Wife Suchitra Ella & SII's Cyrus Poonawalla Get Padma Bhushan |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/bharat-biotechs-krishna-ella-wife-suchitra-ella-siis-cyrus-poonawalla-get-padma-bhushan/articleshow/127430090.html |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=Indiatimes |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bharat Biotech]]
* [[Padma Bhushan]]
* [[COVID-19 vaccination in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ella, Suchitra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian business executives]]
[[Category:Indian women business executives]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian corporate directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Ferozepur Jhirka Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:48:27Z

EthanMarko2: added initial data basic info - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ferozepur Jhirka
| type = SLA
| map_image = Ferozepur Jhirka Assembly constituency map.svg
| mla = [[Mamman Khan]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| region =
| state = [[Haryana]]
| district = [[Nuh district|Nuh]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Gurgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Gurgaon]]
| constituency_no = 80
| established = 1967
| electors = 2,45,916
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| abolished = 
}}
'''Ferozepur Jhirka''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] of Indian state of [[Haryana]]. Ferozepur Jhirka is also part of [[Gurgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gurgaon Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/ferozepur-jhirka.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Ferozepur Jhirka Assembly constituency]</ref>

This constituency has been primarily been occupied by the [[Political families of Haryana#Shakrulla-Naseem clan of Ferozepur Jhirka|Shakrulla-Naseem clan]] from the political families in the region.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1952 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<ref name=election1952>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3442-punjab-1951/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 1952 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date= 15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024155114/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3442-punjab-1951/ |archive-date=24 October 2021 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan=2|[[Yasin Khan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name=election1957>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3443-punjab-1957/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 1957 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317194848/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3443-punjab-1957/ |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
|-
| [[1962 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Tayyib Hussain Khan<ref name=election1962>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3444-punjab-1962/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 1962 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317192238/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3444-punjab-1962/ |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=3|Deen Mohammad
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]]
| {{Full party name with color|Vishal Haryana Party}}
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1977^
| rowspan=2|Shakrulla Khan
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| Ajmat Khan
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| Shakrulla Khan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| Azad Mohammad
| {{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| [[Chaudhary Mohd Ilyas|Mohammad Ilyas]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| Azad Mohammad
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan=2|[[Naseem Ahmed]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| rowspan=2|[[Mamman Khan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}

^By poll

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ferozepur Jhirka<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/statewiseS071.htm |title=State wise result |work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mamman Khan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,30,497 |percentage=72.03% |change={{increase}}14.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Naseem Ahmed]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=32,056 |percentage=17.69% |change={{decrease}}14.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Habib |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=15,638 |percentage=8.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mumtaj Ahmed |party=Independent politician |votes=1,142 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=439 |percentage=0.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=98,441 |percentage=54.34% |change= {{increase}}29.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,81,166 |percentage=73.24% |change= {{increase}}3.00 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,45,916 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.40 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}14.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ferozepur Jhirka<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mamman Khan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=84,546 |percentage=57.62 |change={{increase}}45.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Naseem Ahmed]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=47,542 |percentage=32.40 |change={{increase}}20.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aman Ahmed |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=9,818 |percentage=6.69 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghubir |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,314 |percentage=0.90 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=37,004 |percentage=25.22 |change= {{increase}}22.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,46,736 |percentage=70.24 |change= {{decrease}}5.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,08,910 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{increase}}28.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ferozepur Jhirka<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Naseem Ahmed]] |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=40,320 |percentage=29.47% |change={{decrease}}16.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mamman Khan]] |party=Independent politician |votes=37,075 |percentage=27.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aman Ahmed |party=Independent politician |votes=18,212 |percentage=13.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,540 |percentage=12.09% |change={{increase}}6.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Azad Mohammad |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,943 |percentage=11.65% |change={{decrease}}14.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fakruddin |party=Independent politician |votes=4,517 |percentage=3.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fakhruddin |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=995 |percentage=0.73% |change={{decrease}}4.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohd Ahmed |party=Independent politician |votes=984 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,245 |percentage=2.37% |change= {{decrease}}17.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,36,838 |percentage=75.38% |change= {{increase}}4.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,81,528 |ref = |change= {{increase}}39.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{decrease}}16.69 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ferozepur Jhirka}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Naseem Ahmed]] |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=42,824 |percentage=46.15% |change={{increase}}23.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mamman Khan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,630 |percentage=26.54% |change={{decrease}}5.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohd. Iqbal |party=Independent politician |votes=12,448 |percentage=13.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aman Ahmed |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=5,116 |percentage=5.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Mahender Kumar Garg |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,909 |percentage=5.29% |change={{increase}}2.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghanshyam Dass |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,497 |percentage=1.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohd. Yunus |party=Independent politician |votes=719 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,194 |percentage=19.61% |change= {{increase}}17.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=92,791 |percentage=71.35% |change= {{increase}}1.79 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,30,045 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}12.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}13.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ferozepur Jhirka<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Azad Mohammad |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,372 |percentage=32.45% |change={{increase}}2.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shakrulla Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=31,649 |percentage=30.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chaudhary Mohammad Ilyas]] |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=23,182 |percentage=22.54% |change={{decrease}}27.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dayawati |party=Independent politician |votes=8,544 |percentage=8.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhani Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,228 |percentage=3.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haneef |party=Independent politician |votes=1,251 |percentage=1.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rujdar |party=Independent politician |votes=538 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,723 |percentage=1.68% |change= {{decrease}}18.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,02,836 |percentage=69.57% |change= {{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,47,823 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{decrease}}17.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ferozepur Jhirka}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chaudhary Mohammad Ilyas]] |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=44,288 |percentage=50.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shakrulla Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,728 |percentage=30.37% |change={{increase}}10.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=14,924 |percentage=16.96% |change={{increase}}11.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Razak |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=1,142 |percentage=1.30% |change={{decrease}}25.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haneef |party=Independent politician |votes=479 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mamta |party=Independent politician |votes=446 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,560 |percentage=19.95% |change= {{increase}}16.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=88,007 |percentage=70.41% |change= {{increase}}6.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,26,441 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.17 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Samata Party |swing= {{increase}}20.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ferozepur Jhirka}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Azad Mohammad |party=Samata Party |votes=24,056 |percentage=30.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Razak |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=21,414 |percentage=26.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shakrulla Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,864 |percentage=19.96% |change={{decrease}}12.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishaq |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=6,751 |percentage=8.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Idrish |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,463 |percentage=5.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohd. Sualeh Khan |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,960 |percentage=2.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sohrab |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,501 |percentage=1.89% |change={{decrease}}25.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Israil S/O Niwaj Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=705 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nasru |party=Independent politician |votes=443 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,642 |percentage=3.32% |change= {{decrease}}1.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=79,479 |percentage=65.76% |change= {{decrease}}0.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,24,983 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.96 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Samata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ferozepur Jhirka}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shakrulla Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,661 |percentage=32.45% |change={{increase}}11.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishaq |party=Janata Dal |votes=19,184 |percentage=27.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Iqbal |party=Independent politician |votes=8,545 |percentage=12.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaswant Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,285 |percentage=10.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajmat Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,523 |percentage=6.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sardar Mohammad |party=Independent politician |votes=4,394 |percentage=6.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mubeen Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,109 |percentage=3.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rahim |party=Independent politician |votes=441 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Altaf Hussain |party=Janata Party |votes=428 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,477 |percentage=4.98% |change= {{decrease}}7.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,826 |percentage=67.37% |change= {{decrease}}7.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,08,715 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.54 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}0.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ferozepur Jhirka}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajmat Khan |party=Lokdal |votes=23,289 |percentage=32.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shakrulla Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,596 |percentage=20.59% |change={{decrease}}1.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Chand Premi |party=Independent politician |votes=12,642 |percentage=17.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sardar Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=8,133 |percentage=11.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mubin |party=Independent politician |votes=5,402 |percentage=7.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishaq |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=3,662 |percentage=5.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karm Ilahi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,736 |percentage=2.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lalita Devi |party=Independent politician |votes=406 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Razak |party=Independent politician |votes=371 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,693 |percentage=12.27% |change= {{increase}}8.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,875 |percentage=73.04% |change= {{increase}}2.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,348 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.22 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ferozepur Jhirka}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shakrulla Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,552 |percentage=21.93% |change={{increase}}10.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Banwari Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=10,450 |percentage=18.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajmat Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=10,215 |percentage=17.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yakub Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=8,799 |percentage=15.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sardar Mohammad |party=Independent politician |votes=5,586 |percentage=9.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Din Mohhamad |party=Independent politician |votes=2,495 |percentage=4.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yasin Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,389 |percentage=2.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Umar Mohd. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,260 |percentage=2.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karam Ilahi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,032 |percentage=1.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alisher |party=Independent politician |votes=868 |percentage=1.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohd. Sardar Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=859 |percentage=1.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,102 |percentage=3.67% |change= {{decrease}}2.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,242 |percentage=71.21% |change= {{increase}}8.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,810 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.21 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}0.62 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ferozepur Jhirka}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shakrulla Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=9,682 |percentage=22.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yakub Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=7,236 |percentage=16.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Banwari Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=6,814 |percentage=15.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shamshad |party=Janata Party |votes=5,237 |percentage=12.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Razak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,856 |percentage=11.31% |change={{decrease}}14.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Din Mohhamad |party=Independent politician |votes=4,645 |percentage=10.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akhtar Hassain |party=Independent politician |votes=1,865 |percentage=4.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhanwar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,141 |percentage=2.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Hai |party=Independent politician |votes=957 |percentage=2.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alisher |party=Independent politician |votes=514 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,446 |percentage=5.70% |change= {{decrease}}3.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,947 |percentage=62.57% |change= {{decrease}}5.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,798 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.40 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}12.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ferozepur Jhirka}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Razak |party=Independent politician |votes=14,489 |percentage=35.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Din Mohhamad |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,631 |percentage=26.03% |change={{decrease}}23.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajmat Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=10,176 |percentage=24.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sultan Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,302 |percentage=5.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhoria |party=Independent politician |votes=2,236 |percentage=5.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Girdhari Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,008 |percentage=2.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,858 |percentage=9.45% |change= {{increase}}8.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,842 |percentage=68.91% |change= {{increase}}21.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,012 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.13 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Vishal Haryana Party |swing= {{decrease}}15.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ferozepur Jhirka}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Razak |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=12,503 |percentage=50.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Imam Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,148 |percentage=49.28% |change={{increase}}1.88 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=355 |percentage=1.44% |change= {{decrease}}3.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,651 |percentage=47.25% |change= {{decrease}}21.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,931}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Vishal Haryana Party |loser=Swatantra Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ferozepur Jhirka}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Mohammad |party=Swatantra Party |votes=19,040 |percentage=52.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Huisain |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,160 |percentage=47.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,880 |percentage=5.19% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,200 |percentage=70.20% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,848}}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Swatantra Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Ferozepur Jhirka]]
* [[Mewat district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|27.789|76.949|display=title}}
{{Haryana constituencies}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Nuh district]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]

Bamutia Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:32:51Z

EthanMarko2: Adding A Info Added Tags!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Tripura State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bamutia
| constituency_no = 03
| state = [[Tripura]]
| district = [[West Tripura district|West Tripura]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura West]]
| established = 1972
| type = SLA
| map_image = Bamutia Assembly constituency map.svg
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Nayan Sarkar]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:46947}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2023 - Tripura - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Bamutia''' is one of the 60 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Tripura]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/7249-tripura/ |title=Delimitation Commission of India – Notification |website=eci.gov.in |date=12 May 2005 |author=Shangara Ram |accessdate= 25 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=district-AC-Map>{{cite web |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |title=District/AC Map – Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura |website=ceotripura.nic.in |access-date= 23 January 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405133941/http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |archive-date=5 April 2014}}</ref> It is part of [[West Tripura district|West Tripura]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]]. It is also part of [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Prafulla Kumar Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || rowspan=2 | Haricharan Sarkar || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || [[Prakash Chandra Das]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || Haricharan Sarkar || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || rowspan=2 | [[Prakash Chandra Das]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan=2 | Haricharan Sarkar || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Krishnadhan Das]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Nayan Sarkar]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bamutia<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220141112/https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nayan Sarkar]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=20,119 |percentage=46.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Krishnadhan Das]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,093 |percentage=41.72% |change={{decrease}}7.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nitai Sarkar |party=Tipra Motha Party |votes=3,478 |percentage=8.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nihar Ranjan Sarkar |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=635 |percentage=1.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=473 |percentage=1.09% |change={{increase}}0.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Biplab Das |party=Independent politician |votes=402 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,026 |percentage=4.67% |change= {{increase}}2.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=43,365 |percentage=92.57% |change= {{decrease}}2.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,947 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.75 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bamutia<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2018 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228163855/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Krishnadhan Das]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,014 |percentage=49.15% |change={{increase}}47.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haricharan Sarkar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=19,042 |percentage=46.76% |change={{decrease}}5.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Swapanananda Das |party=Indian National Congress |votes=402 |percentage=0.99% |change={{decrease}}44.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=348 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bimal Das |party=Amra Bangali |votes=276 |percentage=0.68% |change={{decrease}}0.60 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=972 |percentage=2.39% |change= {{decrease}}4.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,720 |percentage=94.29% |change= {{decrease}}0.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,777 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.26 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}3.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bamutia<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2013 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165655/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Haricharan Sarkar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=19,744 |percentage=52.35% |change={{increase}}0.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prakash Chandra Das]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,994 |percentage=45.06% |change={{increase}}0.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bikram Bairagi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=493 |percentage=1.31% |change={{increase}}0.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bimal Chandra Das |party=Amra Bangali |votes=481 |percentage=1.28% |change={{increase}}0.18 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,750 |percentage=7.29% |change= {{increase}}0.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,712 |percentage=95.61% |change= {{increase}}1.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,513 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}0.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bamutia<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Haricharan Sarkar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=17,324 |percentage=52.07% |change={{increase}}4.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prakash Chandra Das]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,944 |percentage=44.91% |change={{decrease}}5.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samir Biswas |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=367 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brajendra Das |party=Amra Bangali |votes=366 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Papri Podder(Biswas) |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=271 |percentage=0.81% |change={{decrease}}0.68 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,380 |percentage=7.15% |change= {{increase}}4.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,272 |percentage=93.91% |change= {{increase}}12.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,499 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bamutia<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2003 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165918/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prakash Chandra Das]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,170 |percentage=50.46% |change={{decrease}}2.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haricharan Sarkar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=12,539 |percentage=48.04% |change={{increase}}4.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Achalmani Biswas |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=391 |percentage=1.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=631 |percentage=2.42% |change= {{decrease}}7.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,100 |percentage=81.45% |change= {{decrease}}0.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,046 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.81 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bamutia<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prakash Chandra Das]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,871 |percentage=52.84% |change={{increase}}6.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Urmila Biswas |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,691 |percentage=43.14% |change={{decrease}}8.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rash Mohan Sarkar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=904 |percentage=4.02% |change={{increase}}2.89 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,180 |percentage=9.70% |change= {{increase}}5.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,466 |percentage=83.39% |change= {{decrease}}0.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,434 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.69 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bamutia<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065326/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Haricharan Sarkar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=11,683 |percentage=51.28% |change={{increase}}2.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prakash Chandra Das]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,645 |percentage=46.73% |change={{decrease}}4.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhajan Das |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=258 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,038 |percentage=4.56% |change= {{increase}}1.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,781 |percentage=83.61% |change= {{decrease}}3.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,625 |ref = |change= {{increase}}32.68 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1988 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bamutia<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006100546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prakash Chandra Das]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,109 |percentage=51.10% |change={{increase}}3.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilip Kumar Das |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=8,636 |percentage=48.45% |change={{decrease}}2.34 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=473 |percentage=2.65% |change= {{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,825 |percentage=86.75% |change= {{increase}}1.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,820 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bamutia<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006044341/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Haricharan Sarkar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=7,417 |percentage=50.79% |change={{increase}}1.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prafulla Kumar Das |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,023 |percentage=48.09% |change={{increase}}43.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subodh Chandra Das |party=Independent politician |votes=164 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=394 |percentage=2.70% |change= {{decrease}}4.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,604 |percentage=85.47% |change= {{increase}}2.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,351 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.20 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bamutia<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613130016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Haricharan Sarkar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=6,195 |percentage=49.70% |change={{increase}}11.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parfulla Kumar Das |party=Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee |votes=5,276 |percentage=42.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jayram Kanda |party=Indian National Congress |votes=578 |percentage=4.64% |change={{decrease}}57.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Lal Das |party=Janata Party |votes=416 |percentage=3.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=919 |percentage=7.37% |change= {{decrease}}16.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,465 |percentage=83.52% |change= {{increase}}11.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,194 |ref = |change= {{increase}}35.56 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}12.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Bamutia<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Prafulla Kumar Das |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,862 |percentage=61.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brajendra Biswas |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,015 |percentage=38.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,847 |percentage=23.45% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,877 |percentage=71.40% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,208 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
*[[West Tripura district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

{{coord|23.96|91.29|display=title}}

[[Category:West Tripura district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Tripura]]

Granules India

2026-04-14T18:27:17Z

EthanMarko2: added first info v1 - done

{{Short description|Indian pharmaceutical company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Granules India Ltd.
| logo = Granules_India_logo_2026.png
| logo_size = 176
| image = Granules largest single-site.jpg
| image_caption = Granules Finished Dosage unit in [[Gagillapur]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|532482}} {{NSE|GRANULES}}
| industry = [[Pharmaceutical company|Pharmaceuticals]]
| foundation = 1984
| founder = Krishna Prasad Chigurupati
| location = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Krishna Prasad Chigurupati ([[Chairman|CMD]]) Uma Devi Chigurupati ([[Executive Director|ED]]) Priyanka Chigurupati ([[Executive Director|ED]]) Harsha Chigurupati ([[Executive Director|ED]])
| products = Finished Dosages Pharmaceutical Formulation Intermediates [[Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients]] Peptides/CDMO
| revenue = {{down}} {{INRconvert|4481.6|c}} (FY 2024-25)<ref name="fy25"/>
| operating_income = {{down}} {{INRconvert|856|c}} (FY24)<ref name="fy24">{{cite web |title=Earnings Presentation - Q4 & Full Year FY24 |url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachHis/2b4f9d1d-b4e2-4bfd-8f6d-32d5923e670f.pdf |website=BSE |publisher=Granules India Limited |access-date=10 July 2024}}</ref>
| profit = {{down}} {{INRconvert|501.5|c}} (FY 2024-25)<ref name="fy25">{{cite web |title=Granules India posts Q4 FY25 PAT at Rs. 152 Cr |url=https://www.indianpharmapost.com/news/lite/granules-india-posts-q4-fy25-pat-at-rs-152-cr-17212 |website=Indian Pharma Post |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>
| num_employees = 6,166 (March 2025)
| subsid = {{ubl|Granules Pharmaceuticals Inc.| Granules Life Sciences Private Limited| Granules CZRO Private Limited| Ascelis Peptides Private Limited }}.<ref> {{cite news
|title=Granules India gets USFDA tentative nod for generic ADHD treatment tablets
|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/granules-india-gets-usfda-tentative-nod-for-generic-adhd-treatment-tablets/articleshow/126410383.cms|work=The Economic Times|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2024|access-date=27 March 2026}}</ref>
| homepage = {{URL|https://granulesindia.com}}
}}
'''Granules India Limited''' is an Indian pharmaceutical manufacturing company headquartered in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India. The company is involved in the manufacture and sale of [[Tablet (pharmacy)|finished dosage]] forms (FDs), [[pharmaceutical formulation]] intermediates (PFIs), [[Active ingredient|active pharmaceutical ingredients]] (APIs).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/granules-india-signs-dealmatchland-pty-ltd_270194.html|title=Granules India signs deal with Matchland Pty Ltd}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/05/10/stories/2007051001371700.htm|title=Granules India| date=10 May 2007|work=Moneycontrol.com|accessdate=10 December 2009}}</ref>

Granules manufactures off-patent pharmaceutical products at large scale for customers in regulated and other international markets.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Amirapu |first=Deepika |date=2011-08-26 |title=Granules India to augment APIs production, expand market share of best sellers |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/granules-india-to-augment-apis-production-expand-market-share-of-best-sellers/articleshow/9745760.cms? |access-date=2026-02-20 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

The company is among the larger global manufacturers of first-line therapeutic products, including [[paracetamol]], [[metformin]], ibuprofen, [[guaifenesin]], and [[methocarbamol]].

The company manufactures pharmaceutical products across multiple therapeutic categories, including antihistamines, anti-gout agents, anti-thrombocytopenic agents, [[Diabetes medication|anti-diabetic]] drugs, [[central nervous system]] (CNS) treatments, oncology products, and mineral supplements. In 2025 company also entered the [[Peptide|peptides]] segment through the establishment of its subsidiary, Ascelis Peptides Private Limited.

==History==
Granules India was founded in 1984 as Triton Laboratories Private Limited by Krishna Prasad Chigurupati and Uma Chigurupati in Hyderabad, India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hindu |first=The |date=2025-06-20 |title=Granules unit in Hyderabad, one of the largest globally for paracetamol API, under U.S. FDA scanner |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/granules-unit-in-hyderabad-one-of-the-largest-globally-for-paracetamol-api-under-us-fda-scanner/article69718076.ece |access-date=2026-01-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The company initially focused on the manufacture of paracetamol active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) at its Bonthapally facility, located on the outskirts of Hyderabad.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Pilla |first=Viswanath |date=August 27, 2020 |title=How Granules India transformed itself from a company making commodity APIs into one making formulations |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/how-granules-transformed-itself-from-a-company-of-commodity-apis-to-formulations-with-us-focus-5762971.html}}</ref>

In 1987, Triton became the second Indian pharmaceutical company to export products to the United States,<ref name=":2" /> marking an early milestone in its international expansion.

'''1990-2000'''

During the 1990s, the company expanded its manufacturing capabilities.

In 1990, it established a second production facility in Jeedimetla to manufacture multiple APIs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web | url=https://granulesindia.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/Granules-AR-2022-23.pdf | title=Transforming Healthcare through Innovation and Sustainability | website=granulesindia.com}}</ref> As part of its differentiation strategy, Triton pioneered the production and sale of bulk granulated paracetamol, commonly referred to as direct compressible (DC) grade material or pharmaceutical formulation intermediates (PFIs).

In 1991, Granules India Private Limited was formally incorporated as a merchant exporter of bulk drugs.<ref name=":0" />

In 1993, the company established its first pharmaceutical formulation intermediates (PFI) facility at Jeedimetla, applying the PFI concept to multiple active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Amirapu |first=Deepika |date=2011-08-26 |title=Granules India to augment APIs production, expand market share of best sellers |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/granules-india-to-augment-apis-production-expand-market-share-of-best-sellers/articleshow/9745760.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-29 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> and began exporting to international markets including the United States, Germany, and [[Australia]]. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-07-09 |title=Granules India expansion to make it among largest single-site PFI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/granules-india-expansion-to-make-it-among-largest-single-site-pfi/articleshow/14782551.cms |access-date=2026-01-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Granules became a public company in 1993 and was listed following its initial public offering on the Hyderabad Stock Exchange in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Granules |url=https://www.ifc.org/en/insights-reports/2021/granules-cases-study |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=IFC |language=English}}</ref>

'''2000 -2010'''

In 2001, Triton Laboratories merged with Granules India, consolidating operations under a single corporate entity.<ref name=":0" />

In 2003, Granules commissioned what it described as the world’s largest single-site PFI manufacturing facility at [[Gagillapur]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-05-14 |title=Granules India gets USFDA approval for two facilities |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/granules-india-gets-usfda-approval-for-two-facilities/articleshow/2044288.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-29 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In the same year, the company established Granules US, a wholly owned subsidiary, to support marketing and distribution activities in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-22 |title=Granules unit gets USFDA nod for generic drug |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/granules-unit-gets-usfda-nod-for-generic-drug/articleshow/126116751.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-29 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

In 2002, Granules India was listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE), followed by a listing on the [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]] (NSE) in 2005. During this period, the company commissioned a new paracetamol manufacturing plant at [[Bonthapally]], expanding its active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) production capacity.

'''2008-2020'''

In 2008, Granules entered the finished dosage formulations segment, diversifying its business beyond APIs and pharmaceutical formulation intermediates (PFIs). The company received approval from the U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) for its first [[Abbreviated New Drug Application]] (ANDA) in 2010.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=BS |title=Granules acquires exclusive product rights from US pharma company |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/granules-acquires-exclusive-product-rights-from-us-pharma-company-116060900277_1.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160816212452/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/granules-acquires-exclusive-product-rights-from-us-pharma-company-116060900277_1.html |archive-date=2016-08-16 |access-date=2026-01-29 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=N. Ravi |date=2025-11-11 |title=Granules Life Sciences secures first U.S. FDA approval |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/granules-life-sciences-secures-first-us-fda-approval/article70266112.ece |access-date=2026-01-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2013, Granules India acquired Auctus Pharma Laboratories, an API manufacturing facility with regulatory approvals,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-11-04 |title=Granules India agrees to acquire Auctus Pharma |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/granules-india-agrees-to-acquire-auctus-pharma/articleshow/25214696.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-29 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> and established an API research and development centre at [[Pragathi Nagar]], Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-04 |title=Granules India to buy Auctus Pharma for Rs 120 crore |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/granules-india-to-buy-auctus-pharma-for-rs-120-crore/article64105047.ece |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

In 2014, the company set up Granules Pharmaceuticals Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary in the United States, to focus on formulation research and development and forward integration.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-25 |title=Granules India to invest ₹220 crore in US subsidiary |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/granules-india-to-invest-220-crore-in-us-subsidiary/article9712718.ece |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

In 2015, Granules entered the U.S. over-the-counter (OTC) segment through Granules Consumer Healthcare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=INDIA |first=THE HANS |date=2016-01-22 |title=Granules signs pact with US firm |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Business/2016-01-22/Granules-signs-pact-with-US-firm/201692 |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2016, Granules commissioned a manufacturing facility at Visakhapatnam with capabilities for oncology and high-potency APIs, expanding into specialised therapeutic areas.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Market |first=Capital |title=Granules India rises after Vizag facility gets EIR from USFDA |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/granules-india-rises-after-vizag-facility-gets-eir-from-usfda-117100600514_1.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190211001721/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/granules-india-rises-after-vizag-facility-gets-eir-from-usfda-117100600514_1.html |archive-date=2019-02-11 |access-date=2026-01-29 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, the company entered the front-end prescription drug business in the United States under the GPI label, marking its move into direct pharmaceutical sales.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[www.ETPharma.com](www.ETPharma.com) |title=Granules gears for portfolio boost with in-house candidates, eyes Big Ticket rollouts from FY28 |url=https://pharma.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/pharma-industry/granules-india-targets-major-portfolio-expansion-with-in-house-candidates-and-big-ticket-launches-by-fy28/121927032 |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=ETPharma.com |language=en}}</ref>

'''2021 - 2025'''

In 2021, Granules laid the foundation for a large-scale Multi-Unit Pellet System (MUPS) manufacturing facility, aimed at supporting advanced drug delivery technologies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=The Hindu |first=Special |date=2021-02-08 |title=Granules India to invest ₹800 cr. in expansion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/granules-india-to-invest-800-cr-in-expansion/article33785968.ece |access-date=2026-01-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2023, Granules entered into a strategic partnership with Greenko ZeroC to enable [[Climate change mitigation|decarbonisation]], advancing its sustainability initiatives.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2023-01-03 |title=Granules ties up with Greenko ZeroC for green molecule solutions |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/granules-ties-up-with-greenko-zeroc-for-green-molecule-solutions-11672722220644.html |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, Granules Life Sciences (GLS) commenced operations with a planned finished dosage capacity of ten billion units annually, and the Granules CZRO pilot plant also became operational.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-11 |title=Granules Life Sciences new plant in Hyd gets USFDA nod |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/granules-life-sciences-new-plant-in-hyd-gets-usfda-nod/articleshow/125252882.cms |access-date=2026-01-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2025, Granules acquired Senn Chemicals AG, a [[Switzerland]]-based contract development and manufacturing organisation (CDMO) specialising in peptide development and manufacturing, through its wholly owned subsidiary Ascelis Peptides Private Limited.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-21 |title=Granules acquires Swiss firm for Rs 192 cr; forays into CDMO space |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/granules-acquires-swiss-firm-for-rs-192-cr-forays-into-cdmo-space/articleshow/118458838.cms? |access-date=2026-01-29 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
==Infrastructure==
[[File:Granules Pharmaceuticals Inc. in Chantilly.jpg|thumb|Granules Pharmaceuticals, Inc. in [[Chantilly, Virginia|Chantilly]], [[Virginia]], US]] Granules has 10 manufacturing facilities out of which seven are in India, two in the US and one in Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mergu |first=Snehal |date=2025-08-22 |title=Can Granules India leverage its strong product pipeline to offset recent profit declines? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/can-granules-india-leverage-its-strong-product-pipeline-to-offset-recent-profit-declines/articleshow/123442490.cms? |access-date=2026-02-20 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The Company has eight research centers, one in Pune, five in Hyderabad, one in Switzerland and one in the US.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-02 |title=Granules India sets up 2 advanced R&D CoEs at IITH |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/granules-india-sets-up-2-advanced-rd-coes-at-iith/articleshow/125702838.cms |access-date=2026-02-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>[[File:Granules India, Breast Health Express mobile cancer screening unit.jpg|thumb|Breast Health Express mobile cancer screening unit by Granules]]

==See also==
*[[Pharmaceutical industry in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies established in 1984]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1984]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Generic drug manufacturers]]

M. Y. Eqbal

2026-03-26T02:14:15Z

EthanMarko2: refine layout for accuracy and updated info

{{Short description|Indian judge (1951–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Justice
| name = Mokhtarajma Yusuf Eqbal
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Justice M.Y. Eqbal.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Judge of [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start = 24 December 2012
| term_end = 12 February 2016
| nominator = [[Altamas Kabir]]
| appointer = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| office1 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madras High Court|36th Chief Justice]] of [[Madras High Court]]
| term_start1 = 11 June 2010
| term_end1 = 23 December 2012
| nominator1 = [[S. H. Kapadia]]
| appointer1 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| predecessor1 = {{ubl|[[H. L. Gokhale]]|Elipe Dharma Rao ''(acting)''}}
| successor1 = {{ubl|[[Rajesh Kumar Agrawal|R. K. Agrawal]]|Elipe Dharma Rao ''(acting)''}}
| office2 = Judge of [[Jharkhand High Court]]
| term_start2 = 15 November 2000
| term_end2 = 10 June 2010
| appointer2 = [[K. R. Narayanan]]
| status3 = Acting Chief Justice
| appointer3 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| term_start3 = 1 May 2010
| term_end3 = 10 June 2010
| predecessor3 = [[Gyan Sudha Misra]]
| successor3 = {{ubl|[[Bhagwati Prasad (judge)|Bhagwati Prasad]]|Sushil Harkauli ''(acting)''}}
| appointer4 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| term_start4 = 16 May 2008
| term_end4 = 12 July 2008
| predecessor4 = [[M. Karpaga Vinayagam]]
| successor4 = [[Gyan Sudha Misra]]
| appointer5 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| term_start5 = 29 August 2006
| term_end5 = 16 September 2006
| predecessor5 = {{ubl|[[Nelavoy Dhinakar]]|[[S. J. Mukhopadhaya]] ''(acting)''}}
| successor5 = [[M. Karpaga Vinayagam]]
| office6 = Judge of [[Patna High Court]]
| term_start6 = 9 May 1996
| term_end6 = 14 November 2000
| appointer6 = [[S. D. Sharma]]
| nominator6 = [[A. M. Ahmadi]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1951|2|13|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|5|7|1951|2|13|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]], India
| education = [[B.Sc]] and [[LL.B]]
| alma_mater = [[Ranchi University]]
}}
'''Mokhtarajma Yusuf Eqbal''' (13 February 1951 – 7 May 2021) was an Indian judge,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/sjud/myeqbal.htm |title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice M.Y. Eqbal |publisher=Supremecourtofindia.nic.in |accessdate=2016-06-08 |url-status=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017132007/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/sjud/myeqbal.htm |archivedate=17 October 2015 }}</ref> who served as a [[Judge]] of the [[Supreme Court of India]]. He also served as Chief Justice of the [[Madras High Court]]. He retired in February 2016.<ref>Murali, Krishnan. [https://barandbench.com/justice-my-eqbal-retires-vacancy-in-supreme-court-rises-to-6/ "Justice MY Eqbal retires; Vacancies in Supreme Court rise to 6"], ''Bar & Bench'' (February 13, 2016).</ref>

==Early life and education==
He was born on 13 February 1951, passed B.Sc. examination from [[Ranchi University]] in 1970 and obtained LL.B. degree with Distinction (Gold Medalist) in 1974.

==Career==
Enrolled as an Advocate in 1975 and initially practised exclusively on the civil side, in civil courts at Ranchi, he shifted his practice to the Ranchi Bench of the [[Patna High Court]] in 1986 and became Government Pleader in the Ranchi Bench of Patna High Court in 1990.

In 1993 he became Government Advocate in the High Court. In these periods he practised in civil, criminal, constitutional and tax matters. He also worked as retained Counsel and Legal Adviser of almost all the Banks, Insurance Company, Electricity Board, Housing Board, university and other Government and semi Government Undertakings. Appointed permanent Judge of the [[Patna High Court]] on 9 May 1996, by Notification dated 14 November 2000 he became the Judge of the [[Jharkhand High Court]] where he also served as acting chief justice thrice in 2006,<ref name="Chief justice sworn in">{{Cite news |date=17 September 2006 |title=Chief justice sworn in |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/chief-justice-sworn-in/cid/770094 |access-date=7 June 2019 |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=India}}</ref> 2008<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reading material of JHALSA |url=https://jhalsa.org/pdfs/Reading_Materials/RM_11-15_06_08_Mediation/Part_1.pdf |access-date=23 January 2026 |website=Jharkhand legal services authority}}</ref> and 2010 respectively.

He was the chief justice of the [[Madras High Court]] from 11 June 2010 to 21 December 2012 and elevated as Judge of Supreme Court of India on 24 December 2012.<ref>{{cite web|author=A Subramani |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-22/chennai/34652504_1_senior-judges-high-court-adequate-representation |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216083223/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-22/chennai/34652504_1_senior-judges-high-court-adequate-representation |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-02-16 |title=With more judges retiring, Madras high court backlog likely to go up |date=2012-10-22 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=2013-05-16}}</ref>

His brother is also a judge in the Ranchi Lower Court.

Eqbal died from [[COVID-19]] in May 2021, at the Medanta Hospital in the city of [[Gurgaon]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/former-supreme-court-judge-justice-my-eqbal-passes-away|title=Former Supreme Court judge, Justice MY Eqbal passes away|date=7 May 2021 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eqbal, M Y}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Madras High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:People from Ranchi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Ranchi University alumni]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

Government Institute of Ceramic Technology

2026-03-24T19:23:40Z

EthanMarko2: improved article

{{Short description|Polytechnic in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}

'''Government Institute of Ceramic Technology''' is statewide institution in Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Gudur in Tirupati district.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=India |title=AP POLYCET counselling 2025: Web option entry begins today at appolycet.nic.in; check details here |url=https://bestcolleges.indiatoday.in/news-detail/ap-polycet-counselling-2025-web-option-entry-begins-today-at-appolycetnicin-check-details-here-4243 |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=bestcolleges.indiatoday.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-09 |title=AP POLYCET 2025 seat allotment result tomorrow on polycetap.nic.in |url=https://news.careers360.com/ap-polycet-2025-seat-allotment-result-tomorrow-on-polycetap-nic-in-phase-1-round |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=Careers360 |language=en}}</ref> It is established in 1952. Government Institute of Ceramic Technology is an autonomous institute offering Diploma in Ceramic Technology that cater to the changing needs of industry, business and community at large using need based curricular delivered in a dynamic learning environment. [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]] approved full-time programs are offered to candidates selected as per POLYCET conducted by the government of Andhra Pradesh. The polytechnic also maintains relations with accreditations bodies like All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) and [[Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education|State Board of Technical Education]] (SBTETAP).
{{Infobox college
| name = Government Institute of Ceramic Technology, Gudur
| image =
| established = 1952
| faculty = 10+
|location = Malavya Nagar, [[Gudur]], [[Tirupati District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| principal = C. Narendranath Reddy
| affiliations = [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]]
|type=Technical/Education
}}

== Campus details ==
It is located in Malavya Nagar in Gudur, Tirupati district. It has a 10 acres of land with hostel facilities to students. It is offering only Diploma in Ceramic Technology. It is a [[sandwich course]]. One year implant training will be provided. It is a three and half years diploma course. The intake of the course is 60. The students are admitted through AP POLYCET entrance exam and seats are allotted through AP POLYCET counselling

== Campus Activities ==
Cultural activities are conducted in the second semester of the year for annual college day function. Various sports and games are also held within the campus ground and the institute actively takes part in Inter Polytechnic Sports and Games Meet (IPSGM) every year.

== References ==
[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Indian traditions]]
[[Category:Ceramic art]]
[[Category:Ceramic engineering]]
[[Category:Education in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1952]]

Habib Tanvir

2026-03-24T15:39:05Z

EthanMarko2:

{{Short description|Indian actor (1923–2009)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Habib Tanvir
| image = Indian Writer Habib Tanvir.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Habib Tanvir at [[Prithvi Theatre]], [[Mumbai]]; November 2005
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1923|9|1}}
| birth_place = [[Raipur]], [[Central Provinces and Berar]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2009|6|8|1923|9|1}}
| death_place = [[Singrauli]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| yearsactive = 1945–2009
| birth_name = Habib Ahmed Khan
| othername =
| occupation = Playwright, dramatist, poet, actor
| spouse = Moneeka Misra (2001-2005)
| children = {{ublist|Anna (b.1964<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/vantage/former-lover-differs-habib-tanvir-telling-their-relationship|title=A former lover differs with Habib Tanvir's telling of their relationship|last=Peck|first=Serena|website=The Caravan|language=en|access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref>)|Nageen (b. 1964)}}
| honours = Padma Shri (1983)
Padma Bhushan (2002)

| footnotes =
}}
{{Progressive Writers' Movement}}

'''Habib Tanvir''' (1 September 1923 – 8 June 2009<ref name=":0" />) was one of the most popular Indian [[Urdu]] playwrights, a theatre director, poet and actor.<ref name=":0" /> He was the writer of plays such as, ''Agra Bazar'' (1954) and ''[[Charandas Chor]]'' (1975). A pioneer in [[Urdu]] and [[Hindi theatre]], he was most known for his work with [[Chhattisgarh]]i tribals, at the Naya Theatre, a theatre company he founded in 1959 in [[Bhopal]]. He went on to include indigenous performance forms such as ''nacha'', to create not only a new theatrical language, but also milestones such as ''Charandas Chor'', ''Gaon ka Naam Sasural, Mor Naam Damad'' and ''Kamdeo ka Apna Basant Ritu ka Sapna''.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Mumbai/Habib-Tanvir-makes-his-final-exit/articleshow/4633305.cms Habib Tanvir makes his final exit] ''[[The Times of India]]'', 9 June 2009.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=zo5os6d0rvMC&dq=Habib+Tanvir&pg=PA42 Contemporary Theatre ] ''McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of world drama'', by Stanley Hochman, McGraw-Hill, inc. Published by Verlag für die Deutsche Wirtschaft AG, 1984. {{ISBN|0-07-079169-4}}. ''Page 42''.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=aQqOKWmjdQUC&dq=Habib+Tanvir&pg=PA1330 Habib Tanvir] ''The Columbia encyclopedia of modern drama'', by Gabrielle H. Cody, Evert Sprinchorn. Columbia University Press, 2007. {{ISBN|0-231-14424-5}}. ''Page 1330''</ref>

For him, true "theatre of the people" existed in the villages, which he strived to bring to the urban "educated", employing folk performers as actors alongside urban actors.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=mLQaz-12Eo8C&dq=Habib+Tanvir&pg=PA115 Habib Tanvir] ''Theatres of independence: drama, theory, and urban performance in India since 1947'', by Aparna Bhargava Dharwadker. University of Iowa Press, 2005. {{ISBN|0-87745-961-4}}. ''Page 115''.</ref> He died on 8 June 2009 at Bhopal after a three-week illness.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090615001838/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?a=jginEzajhga&title=Noted_playwright_Habib_Tanvir_passes_away&?vsv=smm/ Noted playwright Habib Tanvir passes away at 85] [[Sify.com]], 8 June 2009.</ref><ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8088751.stm Indian playwright Tanvir is dead] [[BBC News]], 9 June 2009.</ref> Upon his death, he was the last of pioneering actor-managers in [[Indian theatre]], which included [[Sisir Bhaduri]], [[Utpal Dutt]] and [[Prithviraj Kapoor]],<ref>[http://www.tehelka.com/story_main42.asp?filename=hub200609a_farewell.asp A Farewell To The Bard Of Bhopal] [[Tehelka]], Vol 6, Issue 24, Dated 20 June 2009.</ref> and often he managed plays with a mammoth cast, such as ''Charandas Chor'' (Charandas the thief), which included an orchestra of 72 people on stage and ''Agra Bazaar'', with 52 people.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070522075908/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/05/05/stories/2007050501740100.htm Doyen holds forth] [[The Hindu]], 5 May 2007.</ref>

During his lifetime he won several national and international awards, including the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 1969, [[Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship]] in 1979, [[Padma Shri]]<ref name=":0" /> in 1983, [[Kalidas Samman]] 1990, [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]] in 1996, and the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2002.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=July 21, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> He had also been nominated to become a member of the Upper House of Indian Parliament, the [[Rajya Sabha]] (1972–1978). His play ''[[Charandas Chor]]'' won him the [[Edinburgh Fringe|Fringe Firsts Award]] at Edinburgh International Drama Festival in 1982,<ref>[http://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/features/naya_theatre.asp Naya Theatre and Habib Tanvir]</ref> and in 2007, it was included in the [[Hindustan Times]]' list of 'India's 60 Best works since Independence which said: "an innovative dramaturgy equally impelled by Brecht and folk idioms, Habib Tanvir seduces across language barriers in this his all-time biggest hit about a Robin Hood-style thief."<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mobile/Pages/StoryPage.aspx?ID=79c80f94-30eb-440b-bbea-04abbf526509&BC=Business-Corporate India's 60 best since Independence.He is dead]{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} 14 August 2007.</ref>

==Biography==

===Early life===
He was born in [[Raipur]], Chhattisgarh<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=स्पर्श भाग 2|publisher=NCERT|isbn=81-7450-647-0|location=New Delhi|pages=127|language=hi|chapter=कारतूस|chapter-url=http://ncertbooks.prashanthellina.com/class_10.Hindi.Sparsh/ch-17.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> (erstwhile Madhya Pradesh) to Hafiz Ahmed Khan, who hailed from [[Peshawar]].He passed his matriculation from Laurie Municipal High School, [[Raipur]],<ref name=":0" /> and later completed his B.A. from Morris College, [[Nagpur]] in 1944. Thereafter he studied M.A. for a year at [[Aligarh Muslim University]] .
Early in life, he started writing poetry using his pen name ''Takhallus''. Soon after, he assumed his name, Habib Tanvir.

===Career===
[[File:Khalid Abidi,Prof. Desnavi,Playwright Habib Tanvir.jpg|thumbnail|Khalid Abidi, Prof. Desnavi Playwright Habib Tanvir.]]
In 1945, he moved to Bombay, and joined [[All India Radio]] (AIR) Bombay as a producer. While in Bombay, he wrote songs for Urdu and Hindi films and even acted in a few of them. He also joined the [[Progressive Writers' Association]] (PWA) and became an integral part of [[Indian People's Theatre Association]] (IPTA) as an actor. Later, when most of the prominent IPTA members were imprisoned for opposing the British rule, he was asked to take over the organisation.

In 1954, he moved to New Delhi, and worked with Qudsia Zaidi's Hindustani Theatre, and also worked with Children's theatre, where he authored many plays. Later in the same year, he produced his first significant play ''Agra Bazar'' based on the works and times of the plebeian 18th-century Urdu poet, [[Nazir Akbarabadi]], an older poet in the generation of [[Mirza Ghalib]]. For this play he brought together local residents and folk artistes from [[Okhla]] village in Delhi and students of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] creating a palette never seen before in Indian theatre. Additionally, the play was not staged in a confined space, rather a bazaar, a marketplace.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Beyond The Fourth Wall |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?250267 |author=Shama Zaidi |author-link=Shama Zaidi |date=22 June 2009|magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] }}</ref> After this, he continued to work with non-trained actors and folk artistes like the folk artists of Chhattisgarh.

===Stay in Europe===
In 1955, when he was in his 30s, Habib moved to England. There, he trained in Acting at [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts]] (RADA) <ref name=":0" />(1955) and in Direction at [[Bristol Old Vic Theatre School]] (1956). For the next two years, he travelled through Europe, watching various theatre activities. One of the highlights of this period, was his eight-month stay in [[Berlin]] in 1956, during which he got to see several plays of [[Bertolt Brecht]], produced by [[Berliner Ensemble]], just a few months after Brecht's death.<ref>[http://www.samarmagazine.org/archive/article.php?id=56 Habib Tanvir:samar, 2001] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070730170634/http://www.samarmagazine.org/archive/article.php?id=56 |date=30 July 2007 }}</ref> This proved to have a lasting influence on him, as in the coming years, he started using local idioms in his plays, to express trans-cultural tales and ideologies. This, over the years, gave rise to a "theatre of roots", which was marked by an utter simplicity in style, presentation and technique, yet remaining eloquent and powerfully experiential.

===Return to India===
A deeply inspired Habib returned to India in 1958 and took to directing full-time. He produced ''Mitti ki Gaadi'' a post-London play, based on [[Śudraka|Shudraka]]'s Sanskrit work, [[Mrichakatika]]. It became his first important production in [[Chhattisgarhi]]. This was the result of the work he had been doing since his return – working with six folk actors from Chhattisgarh. He went on to found "Naya Theatre", a theatre company in 1959.

In his exploratory phase, i.e. 1970–73, he broke free from one more theatre restriction – he no longer made the folk artistes, who had been performing in all his plays, speak Hindi. Instead, the artistes switched to Chhattisgarhi, a local language they were more accustomed to. Later, he even started experimenting with "[[Pandavani]]", a folk singing style from the region and temple rituals. This made his plays stand out amidst the gamut of plays which still employed traditional theatre techniques like blocking movements or fixing lights on paper. Spontaneity and improvisation became the hallmark of his new theatre style, where the folk artistes were allowed greater freedom of expression.

His next venture with Chhattisgarhi ''Nach'' style, saw another breakthrough in 1972, with a staging of the play titled ''Gaon Ka Naam Sasural, Mor Naam Damaad''. This was based on a comic folk tale, where an old man falls in love with a young woman, who eventually elopes with another young man.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050407220639/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2005/01/02/stories/2005010200570500.htm The Hindu, 2 January 2005]</ref>

By the time he produced his seminal play, ''[[Charandas Chor]]'' in 1975, the technique became popular. This play immediately established a whole new idiom in modern India theatre; whose highlight was ''Nach'' – a chorus that provided commentary through song. He also brought in [[Govind Ram Nirmalkar]], a noted Nacha artist who would later go on to win [[Padma Shri]] and [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]s, to play the lead role.<ref name="Govind Ram Nirmalkar — Sangeet Natak Akademi profile">{{cite web|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna-awards-2012/Citation/034-GobindRamNirmalkar.htm |title=Govind Ram Nirmalkar — Sangeet Natak Akademi profile |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi |date=2016 |access-date=February 12, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305191608/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna-awards-2012/Citation/034-GobindRamNirmalkar.htm |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref> Later, he collaborated with [[Shyam Benegal]], when he adapted the play to a feature-length film, by the same name, starring Smita Patil and Lalu Ram. He was awarded the prestigious [[Jawarharlal Nehru Fellowship]] in 1979 for research on ''Relevance of Tribal Performing Arts and their Adaptability to A changing Environment''.<ref>{{cite web| title = Official list of Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows (1969-present)|work = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund]] | url = http://www.jnmf.in/flist.html }}</ref> In 1980, he directed the play ''Moti Ram ka Satyagraha'' for Janam ([[Jan Natya Manch]]) on the request of [[Safdar Hashmi]].

During his career, Habib has acted in over nine feature films, including [[Richard Attenborough]]'s film, ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'' (1982), ''Black and White'' and in a yet-to-be-released film on the Bhopal gas tragedy.

His first brush with controversy came about in the 1990s, with his production of a traditional Chhattisgarhi play about religious hypocrisy, ''Ponga Pandit''. The play was based on a folk tale and had been created by Chhattisgarhi theatre artists in the 1930s. Though he had been producing it since the sixties, in the changed social climate after the [[Babri Masjid]] demolition, the play caused quite an uproar amongst Hindu fundamentalists, especially the Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh (RSS), whose supporters disrupted many of its shows, and even emptied the auditoriums, yet he continued to show it all over.<ref>[http://www.countercurrents.org/comm-hariharan031103.htm Ponga Pandit controversy]</ref>

His Chhattisgarhi folk troupe, surprised again, with his rendition of [[Asghar Wajahat]]'s ''Jisne Lahore Nahin Dekhya'' in 1992. Then in 1993 came ''Kamdeo Ka Apna Basant Ritu Ka Sapna'', Tanvir's Hindi adaptation of Shakespeare's ''A Midsummer Night's Dream''.<ref>[http://sia.stanford.edu/india/tanvir.doc Traveling Shakespeares in India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626114155/http://sia.stanford.edu/india/tanvir.doc |date=26 June 2007 }}</ref> In 1995, he was invited to the United States by the Chicago Actors Ensemble, where he wrote his only English language play, ''The Broken Bridge''. In 2002, he directed ''Zahareeli Hawa'', a translation of ''[[Bhopal (play)|Bhopal]]'' by the Canadian-Indian playwright Rahul Varma, based on the [[Bhopal disaster|Bhopal Gas Tragedy]]. During his illustrious career he brought works from all genres to stage, from ancient Sanskrit works by Shudraka, Bhasa, Vishakhadatta and Bhavabhuti; to European classics by Shakespeare, Molière and Goldoni; modern masters Brecht, Garcia, Lorca, Gorky, and Oscar Wilde; Tagore, Asghar Wajahat, Shankar Shesh, Safdar Hashmi, Rahul Varma, stories by Premchand, Stefan Zweig and Vijaydan Detha, apart from an array of Chhattisgarhi folk tales.

==Legacy==
In 2010, at the 12th [[Bharat Rang Mahotsav]], the annual theatre festival of [[National School of Drama]], Delhi, a tribute exhibition dedicated to life, works and theatre of Habib Tanvir and [[B.V. Karanth]] was displayed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/article87544.ece|title=Saluting stalwarts|date=21 January 2010 |newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2 April 2010}}</ref> The 13th [[Bharat Rang Mahotsav]] opened with an Assamese adaptation of his classic play ''[[Charandas Chor]]'', directed by Anup Hazarika, a NSD graduate.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chor dons a new colour |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/theatre/article1089827.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=13 January 2011 }}</ref>

== Awards ==
He was the recipient of

# [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award|Sangeet Natak Akademy Award]](1969),
# [[Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship]](1979),
# [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (1980–1989)|Padma Shri]] (1983),
# [[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1960–1969)|Padma Bhushan]](2002),

among other national and international awards during his lifetime.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hawk|first=Indian|title=Habib tanvir-mpositive.com|date=10 June 2020 |url=https://www.mpositive.in/tag/habib-tanvir-padma-shri-1983/}}</ref>

==Plays==
* ''Agra Bazar'' (1954)<ref name=":0" />
* ''Shatranj Ke Mohrey'' (1954)
* ''Lala Shoharat Rai'' (1954)
* ''Mitti Ki Gaadi'' (1958)
* ''Gaon Ke Naon Sasural, Mor Naon Damand'' (1973)
* ''Charandas Chor'' (1975)<ref name=":0" />
* ''Uttar Ram Charitra'' (1977)
* ''Bahadur Kalarin'' (1978)
* ''Ponga Pandit'' (1960s)<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/nilanjana-s-roy-habib-tanvirs-%3Ci%3Eaadmi-nama%3Ci%3E/360436/ Habib Tanvir's Aadmi Nama] [[Business Standard]], 9 June 2009.</ref>
* ''Ek Aurat Hypathia Bhi Thee'' (1980s)
* ''Jis Lahore Nai Dekhya'' (1990)
* ''Kamdeo ka Apna Basant Ritu ka Sapna'' (1993)
* ''The Broken Bridge'' (1995)
* ''Zahreeli Hawa'' (2002)
* ''Raj Rakt'' (2006)
* ''Kartoos'' (?)<ref name=":0" />
* ''Dekh Rahe Hai Nyan''<ref name=":0" />
* ''Hirma Ki Amar Kahani''<ref name=":0" />
* He also came up with his own versions of ''Basant Retu ka Sapna'', ''Shajapur ki Shanti Bai'', ''Mitti ki Gari'' and ''Mudrarakhsas''.<ref name=":0" />

==Filmography==

* ''[[Rahi (film)|Rahi]]'' (1952) - Ramu
* ''Foot Path'' (1953)
* ''[[Charandas Chor]]'' (1975) (lyrics and script)
* ''Staying On'' (1980) (TV) - Dr. Mitra
* ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'' (1982) - Indian barrister
* ''Man-Eaters of Kumaon'' (1986) (TV) - Bahadur
* ''[[Yeh Woh Manzil To Nahin]]'' (1987) - Akhtar Baig
* ''[[Hero Hiralal]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Prahaar: The Final Attack]]'' (1991) - Joe D'Souza, father of Peter D'Souza
* ''The Burning Season'' (1993) - Raja Sahib
* ''Sardar'' (1993)
* ''[[Mangal Pandey: The Rising]]'' (2005) - Bahadur Shah Zafar
* ''[[Black & White (2008 Hindi film)|Black & White]]'' (2008)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090615021209/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/1222891/Habib-Tanveer Habib Tanveer] ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref> - Quazi Saab (final film role)

==Bibliography==
* Rang Habib – Critical Appreciation of Habib Tanveer's Works, Written by Shri B. R. Bhargava, Published by National School of Drama, 2006{{ISBN|81-8197-012-8}}
* ''Charandas Chor''. Tr. by Anjum Katyal. Seagull Books, 1996. {{ISBN|81-7046-108-1}}
* Use of Music and Dance in Contemporary Dramatic Performances
* The Buddhist Theatre of Tibet
* The Living Tale of Hirma: Hirma Ki Amar Kahani. ''Calcutta, Seagull Books, 2005''. {{ISBN|81-7046-277-0}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=-acDoLv-sigC&dq=Habib+Tanvir&pg=RA1-PA63 Janam comes of Age by Habib Tanvir, 1988] ''Theatre of the streets: the Jana Natya Manch experience'', by Arjun Ghosh, Jana Naṭya Mancha, edited by Sudhanva Deshpande. Published by Jana Natya Manch, 2007
* Gaon ke Naon Theatre, Mor Naon Habib (documentary film), dirs. Sanjay Maharishi and Sudhanva Deshpande, 2005
* One Day in the Life of Ponga Pandit (documentary film), dirs. Sanjay Maharishi and Sudhanva Deshpande, 2005
* Tanvir ka safarnama (documentary film), dir. Ranjan Kamath. 2008

==Further reading==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=BoB6jbZqbhgC&dq=Habib+Tanvir&pg=PA221 On the Theatre of Habib Tanvir] ''The Dramatic touch of difference: theatre, own and foreign'', by Erika Fischer-Lichte, Josephine Riley, Michael Gissenwehrer. Published by Gunter Narr Verlag, 1990 {{ISBN|3-8233-4023-9}}''Page 221-233''

==Notable Disciple==
* [[Omkar Das Manikpuri]]

==See also==
* [[Theatre in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070730170634/http://www.samarmagazine.org/archive/article.php?id=56 Habib Tanvir: Making of a Legend, Samar, 2001]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090704213146/http://harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPageView.jsp?page_id=2474 Super trouper : Habib Tanvir]
* {{iMDb name|0849872}}
* [http://www.anindianmuslim.com/2009/06/remembering-habib-tanvir-agra-bazar-and.html Remembering Habib Tanvir and his play Agra Bazar]
* [http://www.teesriduniya.com/tanvir.html]{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Rahul Varma's Tribute to Habib Tanvir
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080615135901/http://teesriduniya.com/productions.html] Rahul Varma's newest play mentored by Habib Tanvir
* [http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/search/habib%20tanvir Habib Tanvir materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tanvir, Habib}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:People from Raipur, Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]]
[[Category:Alumni of Bristol Old Vic Theatre School]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Hindi theatre]]
[[Category:Hindi dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Poets from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chhattisgarh]]

2022 Durand Cup final

2026-03-24T13:04:07Z

EthanMarko2: Adding Some Page Basic Info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 2022 Durand Cup final
| image =
| image_size = 275px
| caption =
| event = [[2022 Durand Cup]]
| team1 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| team1score = 1
| team2 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| team2score = 2
| details =
| date = {{start date|2022|09|18|df=y}}
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| city = [[Kolkata]]
| man_of_the_match1a = {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Bruno Ramires]] ([[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]])
| referee = [[C. R. Srikrishna]] ([[All India Football Federation|India]])
| attendance = ''Unavailable''
| weather = Partly clear evening {{convert|28|°C|°F|abbr=on}} 94% [[humidity]]
| previous = [[2021 Durand Cup final|2021]]
| next = [[2023 Durand Cup final|2023]]
}}

The '''2022 Durand Cup final''', also called '''IndianOil Durand Cup Final''' due to sponsorship ties with [[Indian Oil Corporation]], was the final match of the [[2022 Durand Cup]], the 131st edition of Asia's oldest football tournament, jointly organised by the [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]] and the [[Government of West Bengal]], in cooperation with the [[Government of Assam]] and the [[Government of Manipur]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-12 |title=Durand Cup Brings Something 'New', Along with AFC Cup Slot in 131st Edition |url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/durand-cup-brings-something-new-along-with-afc-cup-slot-in-131st-edition-5741257.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812193514/https://www.news18.com/news/football/durand-cup-brings-something-new-along-with-afc-cup-slot-in-131st-edition-5741257.html |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> It was played at [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]] in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] on 18 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-18 |title=Durand Cup 2022 Final Highlights: Bengaluru beat Mumbai City 2-1 to become Champions |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/durand-cup-2022-final-mumbai-vs-bengaluru-live-score-goals-8158352/ |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Route to the final ==
{{Further|2022 Durand Cup}}

''Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first.''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
!Round
! colspan="2" |[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|- style="background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
| colspan="1" |Result
|[[2022 Durand Cup group stage|Group stage]]
|Opponent
| colspan="1" |Result
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Indian Navy (football team)|Indian Navy]]
| colspan="1" style="background:#BBF3BB" |4–1
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |Matchday 1
| style="text-align:left" |[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| colspan="1" style="background:#BBF3BB" |2–1
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
| colspan="1" style="background:#FFFFBB" |1–1
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |Matchday 2
| style="text-align:left" |[[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force]]
| colspan="1" style="background:#BBF3BB" |4–0
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| colspan="1" style="background:#BBF3BB" |5–1
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |Matchday 3
| style="text-align:left" |[[FC Goa|Goa]]
| colspan="1" style="background:#FFFFBB" |2–2
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| colspan="1" style="background:#FFBBBB" |3–4
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |Matchday 4
| style="text-align:left" |[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| colspan="1" style="background:#FFFFBB" |1–1
|-
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top" |'''[[2022 Durand Cup group stage#Group B|Group B]] winner'''{{center|{{trim|{{:2022 Durand Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group B|only_pld_pts=yes|showteam=MCI|show_matches=no}}}}}}
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |Final standings
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top" |'''[[2022 Durand Cup group stage#Group A|Group A]] runner-up'''{{center|{{trim|{{:2022 Durand Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group A|only_pld_pts=yes|showteam=BEN|show_matches=no}}}}}}
|- style="background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|Result
|[[2022 Durand Cup knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
|Opponent
|Result
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|5–3 {{aet}}
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |Quarter-finals
| style="text-align:left" |[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|2–1 {{aet}}
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|1–0
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |Semi-finals
| style="text-align:left" |[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|1–0
|-
|}

== Pre-match ==

=== Ticketing ===
The tickets for the final were made available both [[Online and offline|online]] as well as [[Online and offline|offline]]. The online tickets were released on BookMyShow.com on 10 September and was open until the day before the final.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Online tickets available on @bookmyshow🎟️🎫 |url=https://twitter.com/thedurandcup/status/1568519406208319488 |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> The offline tickets were made available from a day prior to the matchday at the [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan|VYBK]] [[box office]]s and the [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] club tent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The online & offline tickets 🎫 are now available for the knock-out stage! Go, buy your tickets 🎟️ and enjoy the mouthwatering footballing action of the 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐎𝐢𝐥 𝐃𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐂𝐮𝐩. |url=https://twitter.com/thedurandcup/status/1567509861566480385 |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> [[Metro Railway, Kolkata|Metro Railway Kolkata]] also collaborated with the tournament organisers to sell tickets at the ticket counters of the [[Park Street metro station (Kolkata)|Park Street metro station]] and the [[Salt Lake Stadium metro station]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hossain |first=Shaheryar |date=2022-09-10 |title=Kolkata Metro to sell tickets for Durand Cup: Check details here |url=https://www.news9live.com/utility/kolkata-metro-offers-for-sale-of-durand-cup-tickets-check-details-here-195028 |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=NEWS9LIVE |language=en}}</ref> Complimentary tickets were distributed among the fans by two [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]] clubs—[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]] and Mohammedan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=📢 𝐀𝐧𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 📢 |url=https://twitter.com/mohun_bagan/status/1570686898343129088 |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-18 |title='Quality of Football in Durand Cup Has Improved with Inclusion of ISL Teams, Looking to Increase Number of Teams' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/quality-of-football-in-durand-cup-has-improved-with-inclusion-of-isl-teams-looking-to-increase-number-of-teams-5974951.html |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

===Final ceremony===
The closing ceremony on the final day of the tournament involved performances by [[Indian military bands]] playing patriotic songs including the National song– [[Vande Mataram]].<ref name=":0" /> Other acts consisted of performances by [[Air Warrior Drill Team]], various [[List of Indian folk dances|folk dance]] performances and [[Kalaripayattu]] acts.<ref name=":0" />

=== Guests ===
The guest of honour for the final was the [[List of governors of Manipur|Governor of Manipur]] and [[List of governors of West Bengal|West Bengal]]– [[La. Ganesan|La. Ganesan Iyer]], who was accompanied by other eminent figures like the Cabinet Minister for Sports and Youth Affairs ([[Government of West Bengal]])– [[Aroop Biswas]], the Minister of State for Sports and Youth Affairs (Government of West Bengal)– [[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]], the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff–]] Gen. [[Manoj Pande (general)|Manoj Pande]], the [[Chief of staff|Chief of Staff]] ([[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]])– Lt. Gen. Kamal Kumar Repswal and the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief ([[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]])– Lt. Gen. [[Rana Pratap Kalita]].<ref name=":0" /> The match was also attended by various key representatives of the tournament sponsors and partners.

== Match ==

=== Summary ===
[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] took an early lead through the fifth tournament goal from [[Sivasakthi Narayanan]] in the 10th minute that was converted from a long ball delivered from the deep by [[Aleksandar Jovanovic (footballer, born 1989)|Aleksandar Jovanovic]], which put the Mumbai City's captain [[Mourtada Fall]] under pressure with Narayanan on his shoulder. After [[Lallianzuala Chhangte]] had the first chance for [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] in the 17th minute, they got the equalizer at the half-hour mark when [[Sandesh Jhingan]] gave away a free kick and [[Ahmed Jahouh]] played on [[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Greg Stewart]], who went on one of his runs and took a left-footed grounder towards goal which [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]] fended off, but Apuia tapped home the rebound with ease. The Blues almost went ahead in the 38th minute, when, off [[Naorem Roshan Singh|Roshan Singh]]'s corner, a rebound fell for [[Roy Krishna]] and he shot towards goal, but Chhangte brought off a stunning goal-line save. The Islanders' next closest chance for a lead came from [[Vinit Rai]] after being played on by Stewart but shot over from close. The only other notable incident of the first half was the match's first yellow card that turned up for Fall in the 44th minute after he elbowed down Krishna near the penalty box.

The game resumed for the second half with a similar intensity and only five minutes after resumption, Jahouh delivered a measured long ball that fell for Chhangte, who got away from Jovanovic and Jhingan, but with just the keeper to beat, the shot went wide out. At the hour mark, the Blues earned the long-awaited lead in the game, when off the captain [[Sunil Chhetri]]'s corner aimed at the far post, [[Alan Costa]] jumped and nailed a header into the back of the Islanders' net. The most notable chance for Mumbai City in the second half came through [[Alberto Noguera]] in the 77th minute when he went on a solo run from midfield and took a powerful shot which beat Gurpreet but struck the left post to deflect away. Chhetri also had a couple of scoring opportunities, including one in the 69th minute when his left-footed strike missed the target and one in the 87th minute when he was one-on-one with the keeper, but [[Phurba Lachenpa]] was up to it and brought off a brave save. With six minutes of time added on, Mumbai City made constant efforts for an equaliser and Stewart came close to score in the final seconds with a free kick which ultimately went wide, and the final culminated with Bengaluru winning their first-ever Durand Cup.

=== Details ===
<onlyinclude>
{{football box
| date = {{start date|2022|09|18|df=y}}
| time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| score = 1–2
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/13048 Report]
| team2 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| goals1 = * [[Lalengmawia Ralte|Apuia]] {{goal|30}}
| goals2 = * [[Sivasakthi Narayanan|Narayanan]] {{goal|10}}
* [[Alan Costa|Costa]] {{goal|61}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| attendance =
| result =
| motm = [[Bruno Ramires]] (Bengaluru)
| referee = [[C. R. Srikrishna|C R Srikrishna]]
}} </onlyinclude>
{| width=92%
|-
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la = _pumagoal23sb
| pattern_b = _pumagoal23sb
| pattern_ra = _pumagoal23sb
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = 81C1FF
| body = 81C1FF
| rightarm = 81C1FF
| shorts = FFFFFF
| socks = 81C1FF
| title = Mumbai City
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_b = _redsquares
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_la =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = 1726C7
| body = 1726C7
| rightarm = 1726C7
| shorts = 1726C7
| socks = 1726C7
| title = Bengaluru
}}
|}

{| width="100%"
| valign="top" width="50%" |
{| style="font-size:90%; margin:auto" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
!width=25| !!width=25|
|-
|colspan="4"|
|-
|GK || '''1''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Phurba Lachenpa]]
|-
|DF || '''15''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanjeev Stalin]]
|-
|DF || '''25''' ||{{flagicon|SEN}} [[Mourtada Fall]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]]) ||{{yel|44}}||{{suboff|66}}
|-
|DF || '''18''' ||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Rostyn Griffiths]]
|-
|DF || '''17''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mandar Rao Dessai|Mandar Rao Desai]] ||||{{suboff|88}}
|-
|MF || '''45''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalengmawia Ralte|Apuia]] ||||{{suboff|74}}
|-
|MF || '''10''' ||{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Ahmed Jahouh]] ||{{yel|87}}
|-
|MF || '''16''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vinit Rai]] ||||{{suboff|66}}
|-
|FW || '''7''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lallianzuala Chhangte]]
|-
|FW || '''24''' ||{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Greg Stewart]]
|-
|FW || '''29''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bipin Singh Thounaojam|Bipin Singh]]
|-
| colspan=3 |'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|GK || '''22''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhaskar Roy]]
|-
|DF || '''5''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab Singh]] ||||{{subon|66}}
|-
|DF || '''33''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gursimrat Singh Gill]]
|-
|DF || '''23''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vignesh Dakshinamurthy]]
|-
|MF || '''14''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rowllin Borges]]
|-
|MF || '''36''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} Mohammed Asif Khan
|-
|MF || '''8''' ||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Alberto Noguera]] ||||{{subon|66}}
|-
|FW || '''6''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vikram Partap Singh Sandhu|Vikram Partap Singh]] ||||{{subon|88}}
|-
|FW || '''9''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurkirat Singh]] ||||{{subon|74}}
|-
|FW || '''28''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} Ayush Chhikara
|-
| colspan=3 |'''Head coach:'''
|-
| colspan=4 |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Des Buckingham]]
|}
|valign="top"|[[File:2022 Durand Cup final lineup.jpg|300px]]
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size:90%; margin:auto" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
!width=25| !!width=25|
|-
|GK || '''1''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]
|-
|DF || '''33''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prabir Das]] ||||{{suboff|80}}
|-
|DF || '''5''' ||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Alan Costa]] ||||{{suboff|64}}
|-
|DF || '''3''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandesh Jhingan]] ||{{yel|57}}
|-
|DF || '''4''' ||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Aleksandar Jovanovic (footballer, born 1989)|Aleksandar Jovanovic]]
|-
|DF || '''32''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Naorem Roshan Singh|Roshan Singh]] ||||{{suboff|80}}
|-
|MF || '''6''' ||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Bruno Ramires]] ||{{yel|90+5}}
|-
|MF || '''7''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jayesh Rane]] ||||{{suboff|80}}
|-
|FW || '''11''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|FW || '''22''' ||{{flagicon|FIJ}} [[Roy Krishna]]
|-
|FW || '''39''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sivasakthi Narayanan]] ||||{{suboff|89}}
|-
| colspan=3 |'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|GK || '''30''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lara Sharma]]
|-
|DF || '''3''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Parag Shrivas]] ||||{{subon|64}}
|-
|DF || '''25''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Namgyal Bhutia]] ||||{{subon|89}}
|-
|DF || '''24''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hira Mondal]] ||||{{subon|80}}
|-
|DF || '''15''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Wungngayam Muirang]]
|-
|MF || '''12''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Danish Farooq Bhat|Danish Bhat]]
|-
|MF || '''18''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohit Kumar (footballer)|Rohit Kumar]] ||||{{subon|80}}
|-
|FW || '''21''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Udanta Singh Kumam|Udanta Singh]] ||||{{subon|80}}
|-
|FW || '''31''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Leon Augustine]]
|-
|FW || '''19''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Faisal Ali (footballer)|Faisal Ali]]
|-
| colspan=3 |'''Head coach:'''
|-
| colspan=4 |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Simon Grayson]]
|}
|}
{| width=100% style="font-size:90%"
|
'''Man of the Match:'''
 [[Bruno Ramires]] (Bengaluru)

'''[[Assistant referee (association football)|Assistant referees]]:'''
 Kennedy Sapam ([[All India Football Federation|India]])
 B Nagoorkani ([[All India Football Federation|India]])
 '''[[Assistant referee (association football)#Fourth official|Fourth official]]:'''
 Aditya Purkayastha ([[All India Football Federation|India]])
|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Match rules'''
*90 minutes.
*30 minutes of [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]] if necessary.
*[[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|Penalty shoot-out]] if scores are still level.
*Maximum of ten named substitutes.
*Maximum of five substitutions allowed.
|}

=== Statistics ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+At half time
! scope="col" style="width:100px" |Statistic
! scope="col" style="width:70px" |Mumbai City
! scope="col" style="width:70px" |Bengaluru
|-
! scope="row" |Goals scored
|1
|1
|-
! scope="row" |Total shots
|6
|7
|-
! scope="row" |Shots on target
|2
|2
|-
! scope="row" |Ball possession
|59%
|41%
|-
! scope="row" |Corner kicks
|0
|2
|-
! scope="row" |Yellow cards
|1
|0
|-
! scope="row" |Red cards
|0
|0
|}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+At full time
! scope="col" style="width:100px" |Statistic
! scope="col" style="width:70px" |Mumbai City
! scope="col" style="width:70px" |Bengaluru
|-
! scope="row" |Goals scored
|1
|2
|-
! scope="row" |Total shots
|16
|12
|-
! scope="row" |Shots on target
|3
|5
|-
! scope="row" |Ball possession
|59%
|41%
|-
! scope="row" |Corner kicks
|1
|6
|-
! scope="row" |Yellow cards
|2
|2
|-
! scope="row" |Red cards
|0
|0
|}
{{col-end}}

== Post-match ==
With their win, Bengaluru became the first [[Indian Super League|ISL]] club to win every major championship final—[[Indian Super League playoffs|ISL playoffs]], [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]] (previously [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]) and [[Durand Cup]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Souvari |date=2022-09-17 |title=Durand Cup 2022 Final Preview: Mumbai City, Bengaluru FC clash for season's first title |url=https://khelnow.com/football/durand-cup-2022-final-mumbai-city-fc-vs-bengaluru-fc-preview/ |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=Khel Now |language=en-US}}</ref> Bengaluru captain [[Sunil Chhetri]] also secured his only remaining major national title to have participated for with this victory.<ref name=":2" /> Mumbai City forward [[Lallianzuala Chhangte]] won the Golden Boot after finishing the season with 7 goals in 7 matches and Antonio Dylan of [[Odisha FC|Odisha]] bagged the Golden Glove for 2 clean sheets in 2 games.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Avignyan |date=2022-09-19 |title=Durand Cup 2022: Top Scorers, Clean Sheet, Records and Stats |website=SportzPoint |url=https://sportzpoint.com/football/durand-cup-2022-top-scorers-clean-sheet-records-and-stats/ |access-date=2022-09-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mumbai City midfielder [[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Greg Stewart]] earned the Golden Ball as the most valuable player in the tournament.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

=== Controversy involving La. Ganesan and Aroop Biswas ===
During the handing over of the Shimla Trophy by Lt. Gen. [[Rana Pratap Kalita]] and [[Aroop Biswas]] to [[Roy Krishna]] and [[Sivasakthi Narayanan]], Biswas was seen pushing away Narayanan, who might have been blocking him in the photos.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-19 |title=West Bengal Governor La. Ganesan Pushes Sunil Chhetri For Photograph After Durand Cup 2022 Final – Watch |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/west-bengal-governor-la-ganesan-pushes-sunil-chhetri-for-photograph-after-durand-cup-2022-final-watch-news-224312 |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> Later during the handing over of the President's Cup by Biswas and [[La. Ganesan]] to [[Simon Grayson]] and [[Sunil Chhetri]], Ganesan would push away Chhetri for the same reason.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Sunil Chhetri INSULTED During Presentation After Winning Durand Cup 2022 Final; Videos Goes VIRAL {{!}} WATCH |url=https://www.india.com/sports/sunil-chhetri-insulted-during-presentation-after-winning-durand-cup-2022-final-videos-goes-viral-watch-5639620/ |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref> The video of the incidents would go viral later that night after many people felt annoyed, especially with the Governor's actions towards Chhetri, who is revered by huge numbers of people across the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first=|date=2022-09-19 |title=Durand Cup 2022: Twitter reacts as video shows West Bengal Governor pushing Sunil Chhetri during ceremony |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/football/durand-cup-2022-twitter-reacts-as-video-shows-west-bengal-governor-pushing-sunil-chhetri-during-ceremony-durand-cup-final-2022-09-19-809555 |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=[[India TV News]] |language=en}}</ref> Many people [[Twitter|tweeted]] demanding for public apologies from the Governor and the Minister for their disrespectful actions towards the footballers.<ref name=":3" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://durandcup.in/ Official website]

{{Durand Cup}}
{{Bengaluru FC}}
{{Mumbai City FC}}
{{2022–23 in Indian football}}

[[Category:2022 Durand Cup]]
[[Category:Durand Cup finals]]
[[Category:2022 in domestic association football cups]]
[[Category:2022–23 in Indian football]]
[[Category:Bengaluru FC matches]]
[[Category:Mumbai City FC matches]]
[[Category:Football competitions in Kolkata]]

Ministry of Jal Shakti

2026-03-22T10:11:33Z

EthanMarko2:

{{Short description|Government ministry of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Ministry of Jal Shakti
| native_name =
| seal = Government of India logo.svg
| seal_size = 100px
| seal_caption = Branch of Government of India
| logo = Ministry of Jal Shakti.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| formed = May 2019<ref name="Jal Shakti">{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/govt-forms-jal-shakti-ministry-by-merging-water-resources-and-drinking-water-ministries-119053100711_1.html | title=Govt forms 'Jal Shakti' Ministry by merging Water Resources and Drinking Water Ministries | publisher=Business Standard | date=31 May 2019 | access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref>
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| employees =
| budget = {{INRConvert|97278|c}} (2023-24 est)
| minister1_name = [[C. R. Patil]]
| logo_caption = Ministry of Jal Shakti
| image =
| minister1_pfo = [[Cabinet Minister]]
| minister2_name = [[V. Somanna]]
| minister2_pfo = [[Minister of State]]
| minister3_name = [[Raj Bhushan Choudhary]]
| minister3_pfo = [[Minister of State]]
| chief1_name =
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| website = {{URL|https://jalshakti.gov.in/}}
}}
The '''Ministry of Jal Shakti''' ({{lit|Ministry of Water Resources}}) is a ministry under the [[Government of India]] which was formed in May 2019 under the [[second Modi ministry]]. This was formed by merging of two ministries; ''the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation'' and the ''Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation''.<ref name="Jal Shakti">{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/govt-forms-jal-shakti-ministry-by-merging-water-resources-and-drinking-water-ministries-119053100711_1.html | title=Govt forms 'Jal Shakti' Ministry by merging Water Resources and Drinking Water Ministries | publisher=Business Standard | date=31 May 2019 | access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref>

The formation of this ministry reflects India's seriousness towards the mounting water challenges the country has been facing over the past few decades.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/09/25/water-challenges-india-forms-a-new-ministry|title=Water Challenges: India Forms a New Ministry|date=25 September 2019|website=Report Syndication}}</ref> [[WAPCOS Limited|WAPCOS]] is an Indian multinational government undertaking and consultancy firm wholly owned by Ministry of Jal Shakti, Government of India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WAPCOS {{!}} International Consultants {{!}} Water Resources {{!}} Power & Infrastructure Development|url=http://www.wapcos.gov.in/|access-date=2021-12-19|website=www.wapcos.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-05|title=Nitin Gadkari dubs India as 'goldmine' for ropeways; asks Doppelmayr to tap opportunities|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-nitin-gadkari-dubs-india-as-goldmine-for-ropeways-asks-doppelmayr-to-tap-opportunities-70356|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Zee Business}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WAPCOS CMD R K Gupta to remain on turf till 2020|url=https://www.indianmandarins.com/news/wapcos-cmd-r-k-gupta-to-remain-on-turf-till-2020/16675|access-date=2021-12-19|website=IndianMandarins|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shri R.K. Gupta CMD NPCC visits WAPCOS Limited .|url=https://www.psuconnect.in/news/Shri-R.K.-Gupta-CMD-NPCC-visits-WAPCOS-Limited-./18529|access-date=2021-12-19|website=www.psuconnect.in|date=28 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Functions==

The ministry was incorporated with an aim to clean the river [[Ganges]]. They would also encompass any international or national disputes between inter-state water bodies and the rivers which are shared by India along with other neighboring countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Government forms 'Jal Shakti' Ministry by merging Water Resources and Drinking water Ministry |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/govt-forms-jal-shakti-ministry-by-merging-water-resources-and-drinking-water-ministries/article27378402.ece |website=thehindubusinessline.com |date=31 May 2019 |publisher=PTI, New Delhi}}</ref> A special project "Namami Gange" project has been launched to clean Ganga and its tributaries to provide safe drinking water to people of the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Water Resources RD & GR, Government of India |url=http://mowr.gov.in/ |publisher=Department of Water Resources, Government of India}}</ref> The ministry has also launched its special campaigns on social so that citizens of the country become aware of [[water conservation]].

== Organisation of Ministry ==
Under this ministry two departments work, these departments and their offices are as follow:

=== Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation ===

==== Wings ====
* Administration, International Cooperation & Ground Water (All matters pertaining to Administration, Establishment, Coordination, Organization & Method, IEC, e-Governance, Parliamentary Matters, International Cooperation,Ground Water and Vigilance).
* Brahmaputra & Barak
* Command Area Development and Water Management
* Economic Advisory
* Flood Management
* Finance
* Indus
* Minor Irrigation Statistics
* National Water Mission
* Penisular River
* River Development & Public Policy
* Dam Rehabilitation, Improvement Programme and State Projects.

==== Attached Subordinate offices/ Societies ====

* [[National Mission for Clean Ganga]] (NMCG) or [[Namami Gange Programme]]
* [[Central Water Commission]] (CWC)
* [[Central Ground Water Board]] (CGWB)
* [[National Water Development Agency]] (NWDA)
* [[National River Conservation Directorate]] (NRCD)
* [[Brahmaputra Board]]

==== Research/Training Institutions ====
* [[National Water Informatics Centre]] (NWIC)
* [[Central Soil And Materials Research Station]] (CSMRS)
* [[National Institute Of Hydrology]] (NIH)
* [[Central Water And Power Research Station]] (CWPRS)
* [[North Eastern Regional Institute Of Water And Land Management]] (NERIWALM)

==== PSUs ====
* [[WAPCOS Limited|Water And Power Consultancy Services Ltd]] (WAPCOS)
* [[National Projects Construction Corporation Limited]] (NPCC)

==== Water Regulatory Organisations ====
* [[Narmada Control Authority]] (NCA)
* [[Farakka Barrage Project]] (FBP)
* [[Upper Yamuna River Board]] (UYRB)
* [[Ganga Flood Control Commission]] (GFCC)
* [[Bansagar Control Board]] (BCB)
* [[Betwa River Board]] (BRB)
* [[Tungabhadra Board]] (TB)
* [[Godavari River Management Board]]
* [[Krishna River Management Board]] (KRMB)
* [[Cauvery Water Management Authority]] (CWMA)
* National Dam Safety Authority
* Mahadayi Prawah and Ken Betwa Link Project Authority.

==== Irrigation Project Funded by MoJS ====
* [[Polavaram Project Authority]]

==== Water Dispute Tribunals ====
* [[Mahadayi Water Disputes Tribunal]]
* [[Ravi And Beas Water Dispute Tribunal]]
* [[Krishna Water Dispute Tribunal]]
* [[Vansadhara Water Dispute Tribunal]]

The '''Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation''' was the apex body for formulation and administration of rules and regulations relating to the development and regulation of the water resources in [[India]]. The Ministry was formed in January 1985 following the bifurcation of the then Ministry of Irrigation and Power, when the Department of Irrigation was re-constituted as the Ministry of Water Resources. In July 2014, the Ministry was renamed to "Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation", making it the [[National Ganga River Basin Authority]] for conservation, development, management, and abatement of pollution in the river [[Ganges]] and its tributaries{{efn|Ministry of National Resources and Scientific Research (1951-52)
Ministry of Irrigation and Power (1952-74; 1985)
Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (1974-80)
Ministry of Energy and Irrigation (1980)
Ministry of Irrigation (1980-85)}}.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation |title=Organizational history of the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation |url=http://mowr.gov.in/about-us/history |website=Website of MoWRRDGR |publisher=Government of India |access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref> In May 2019, this ministry was merged with the [[Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation]] to form the [[Ministry of Jal Shakti]].

=== Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation ===
In 1999, the Department of Drinking Water Supply (DDWS) was formed under [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Ministry of Rural Development]], for focused attention on drinking water and sanitation. Later it was renamed as Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation in 2010.

The department became the '''Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation''' in 2011, keeping in view the extreme importance given to the sector by the [[United Progressive Alliance]] government.{{POV statement|date=July 2019}} From May 2019, the ministry has been merged with the Ministry of Jal Shakti.<ref name="Jal Shakti"/> The ministry was responsible for the implementation of [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]] in rural India. It got 8 million toilets constructed surpassing the target of 6 million toilets for the year 2015–16.<ref>{{cite web|title=Swachchh Mission Gallops in Villages|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/todays-newspaper/swachchh-mission-gallops-in-villages.html|access-date=2 September 2016|website=Dailypioneer.com}}</ref>

This department promotes many sanitation missions and programs for public, the main sanitation programs are:
* [[Har Ghar Jal|Jal Jeevan Mission]]
* [[Swachh Bharat Mission]]
* Swachh Survekshan Grameen<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Minister of Jal Shakti Shri C R Patil launches India's largest sanitation survey- Swachh Survekshan Grameen (SSG) 2025 in Delhi |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2132486 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531124159/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2132486 |archive-date=2025-05-31 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=www.pib.gov.in}}</ref>

====Agencies====
#Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee National Institute of Water and Sanitation

====Notable decisions====
The ministry requested various governmental departments to avoid the usage of plastic bottles to provide drinking water during governmental meetings etc., and instead, to make arrangements for providing drinking water that do not result in the generation of [[plastic waste]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://himachal.nic.in/WriteReadData/l892s/17_l892s/Circular_WATER%20BOTTLED-21798821.pdf|access-date=2 September 2016|title=Circular Waste Bottled|website=himachal.nic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbsslup.in/assets/uploads/clinks/circular160607_-2.pdf|access-date=2 September 2016|title=Plastic Bottles|website=nbsslup.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aghp.cag.gov.in/pag/sites/pag/files/Avoiding%20use%20of%20bottled%20water%20during%20meetings,%20conferences%20etc..pdf|title=Avoiding use of bottled water during meetings|access-date=2 September 2016|website=aghp.gov}}</ref>

==Cabinet Ministers==

*'''Note:''' I/C {{ndash}} Independent Charge

=== Minister of Irrigation/Water Resources (1952{{ndash}}1974; 1980{{ndash}}2019) ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em" | Ministry
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Prime Minister
|-
! style="width:9em"| From
! style="width:9em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Irrigation and Power
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Gulzarilal Nanda 1.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Gulzarilal Nanda]]''' {{small|(1898{{ndash}}1998) MP for [[Sabarkantha Lok Sabha constituency|Sabarkantha]]}}
| 6 June 1952
| 17 April 1957
| {{ayd|1952|6|6|1957|4|17}}
| rowspan="13"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Second Nehru ministry|Nehru II]]
| rowspan="6" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="6" style="width:7em"| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Miss India Indrani Rehman, S.K. Patil, and two of the sponsors of the contest (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[S. K. Patil]]''' {{small|(1898{{ndash}}1981) MP for [[Mumbai South Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South]]}}
| 17 April 1957
| 2 April 1958
| {{ayd|1957|4|17|1958|4|2}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Third Nehru ministry|Nehru III]]
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Hafiz Mohammad Ibrahim.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim]]''' {{small|(1889{{ndash}}1968) MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 2 April 1958
| 10 April 1962
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1958|4|2|1963|6|26}}
|-
| 10 April 1962
| 26 June 1963
| rowspan="3"| [[Fourth Nehru ministry|Nehru IV]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:O. V. Alagesan Lok Sabha image.gif|70px]]
| '''[[O. V. Alagesan]]''' {{small|(1911{{ndash}}1992) MP for [[Chengalpattu Lok Sabha constituency|Chengalpattu]]}} (Minister of State)
| 26 June 1963
| 19 July 1963
| {{ayd|26 Jun 1963|19 Jul 1963}}
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"|
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Kanuri Lakshmana Rao]]''' {{small|(1902{{ndash}}1986) MP for [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]}} (Minister of State)
| 19 July 1963
| 27 May 1964
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1963|7|19|1964|6|9}}
|-
| 27 May 1964
| 9 June 1964
| [[First Nanda ministry|Nanda I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Gulzarilal Nanda]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:H. C. Dasappa official portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[H. C. Dasappa]]''' {{small|(1894{{ndash}}1964) MP for Bangalore}}
| 9 June 1964
| 19 July 1964
| {{ayd|1964|6|9|1964|7|19}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Shastri ministry|Shastri]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"|
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Kanuri Lakshmana Rao]]''' {{small|(1902{{ndash}}1986) MP for [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]}} (Minister of State)
| 19 July 1964
| 11 January 1966
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1964|7|19|1966|1|24}}
|-
| 11 January 1966
| 24 January 1966
| [[Second Nanda ministry|Nanda II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Gulzarilal Nanda]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]''' {{small|(1905{{ndash}}1977) MP for [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]}}
| 24 January 1966
| 13 November 1966
| {{ayd|1966|1|24|1966|11|13}}
| rowspan="2"|[[First Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira I]]
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="5"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"|
| rowspan="3"| '''[[Kanuri Lakshmana Rao]]''' {{small|(1902{{ndash}}1986) MP for [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]}} (Minister of State)
| 13 November 1966
| 13 March 1967
| rowspan="3"| {{ayd|13 Nov 1966|9 Nov 1973}}
|-
| 13 March 1967
| 18 March 1971
| [[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| 18 March 1971
| 9 November 1973
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Shri K.C Pant (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[K. C. Pant]]''' {{small|(1931{{ndash}}2012) MP for [[Nainital Lok Sabha constituency|Nainital]]}} (Minister of State)
| 9 November 1973
| 10 October 1974
| {{ayd|1973|11|9|1974|10|10}}
|-
! colspan="10"| {{nobold|''Merged with [[Ministry of Agriculture (India)|Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation]] during this interval''}}
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Irrigation
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Indian Minister Ghani Khan.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}2006) MP for [[Malda Lok Sabha constituency|Malda]]}}
| 16 January 1980
| 8 June 1980
| {{ayd|1980|1|16|1980|6|8}}
| rowspan="8"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="6"| [[Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira IV]]
| rowspan="6" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="6"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Kedar Pandey.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Kedar Pandey]]''' {{small|(1920{{ndash}}1982) MP for [[Bettiah Lok Sabha constituency|Bettiah]]}}
| 8 June 1980
| 12 November 1980
| {{ayd|1980|6|8|1980|11|12}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Birender Singh b1921 2023 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Birender Singh (politician, born 1921)|Rao Birender Singh]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}2000) MP for [[Mahendragarh Lok Sabha constituency|Mahendragarh]]}}
| 12 November 1980
| 15 January 1982
| {{ayd|1980|11|12|1982|1|15}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Kedar Pandey.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Kedar Pandey]]''' {{small|(1920{{ndash}}1982) MP for [[Bettiah Lok Sabha constituency|Bettiah]]}}
| 15 January 1982
| 29 January 1983
| {{ayd|1982|1|15|1983|1|29}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Ram Niwas Mirdha (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ram Niwas Mirdha]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2010) MP for [[Rajasthan]] (Rajya Sabha)}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 29 January 1983
| 2 August 1984
| {{ayd|1983|1|29|1984|8|2}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Prakash Chandra Sethi Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}1996) MP for [[Indore Lok Sabha constituency|Indore]]}}
| 2 August 1984
| 31 October 1984
| {{ayd|1984|8|2|1984|10|31}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Veteran Leader Ck jaffer Sharief on a Hartal (cropped).JPG|70px]]
| '''[[C. K. Jaffer Sharief]]''' {{small|(1933{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore North]]}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 4 November 1984
| 31 December 1984
| {{ayd|1984|11|4|1984|12|31}}
| [[First Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv I]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:B. Shankaranand portrait.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[B. Shankaranand]]''' {{small|(1925{{ndash}}2009) MP for [[Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency|Chikkodi]]}}
| 31 December 1984
| 25 September 1985
| {{ayd|1984|12|31|1985|9|25}}
| [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
|-
! colspan="10" |Minister of Water Resources
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:B. Shankaranand portrait.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[B. Shankaranand]]''' {{small|(1925{{ndash}}2009) MP for [[Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency|Chikkodi]]}}
| 25 September 1985
| 22 August 1987
| {{ayd|1985|9|25|1987|8|22}}
| rowspan="6"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="6"| [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
| rowspan="6" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="6"| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:RajivGandhi.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Rajiv Gandhi]]''' {{small|(1944{{ndash}}1991) MP for [[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency|Amethi]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 22 August 1987
| 10 November 1987
| {{ayd|1987|10|22|1987|11|10}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Ram Niwas Mirdha (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ram Niwas Mirdha]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2010) MP for [[Rajasthan]] (Rajya Sabha)}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 10 November 1987
| 14 February 1988
| {{ayd|1987|11|10|1988|2|14}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Dinesh Singh Lok Sabha portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Dinesh Singh (politician, born 1925)|Dinesh Singh]]''' {{small|(1925{{ndash}}1995) MP for [[Pratapgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Pratapgarh]]}}
| 14 February 1988
| 25 June 1988
| {{ayd|1988|2|14|1988|6|25}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:B. Shankaranand portrait.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[B. Shankaranand]]''' {{small|(1925{{ndash}}2009) MP for [[Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency|Chikkodi]]}}
| 25 June 1988
| 4 July 1989
| {{ayd|1988|6|25|1989|7|4}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:M.M. Jacob photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[M. M. Jacob]]''' {{small|(1926{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Kerala]] (Rajya Sabha)}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 4 July 1989
| 2 December 1989
| {{ayd|1989|7|4|1989|12|2}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Manubhai Kotadia Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Manubhai Kotadia]]''' {{small|(1936{{ndash}}2003) MP for [[Amreli Lok Sabha constituency|Amreli]]}} (Minister of State, I/C until 5 Nov 1990)
| 6 December 1989
| 5 November 1990
| {{ayd|1989|12|6|1990|11|5}}
| [[Janata Dal]]
| [[V. P. Singh ministry|V. P. Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[V. P. Singh]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
| 21 November 1990
| 26 April 1991
| {{ayd|1990|11|21|1991|4|26}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Chandra Shekhar ministry|Chandra Shekhar]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Chandra Shekhar]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
| [[File:Chandra Shekhar Singh.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Chandra Shekhar]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}2007) MP for [[Ballia Lok Sabha constituency|Ballia]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 26 April 1991
| 21 June 1991
| {{ayd|1991|4|26|1991|6|21}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Vidya Charan Shukla (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Vidya Charan Shukla]]''' {{small|(1929{{ndash}}2013) MP for [[Raipur Lok Sabha constituency|Raipur]]}}
| 21 June 1991
| 17 January 1996
| {{ayd|1991|6|21|1996|1|17}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Rao ministry|Rao]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Visit of Narasimha Rao, Indian Minister for Foreign Affairs, to the CEC (cropped)(2).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}2004) MP for [[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 17 January 1996
| 7 February 1996
| {{ayd|1996|1|17|1996|2|7}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[A. R. Antulay]]''' {{small|(1929{{ndash}}2014) MP for [[Kolaba Lok Sabha constituency|Kolaba]]}}
| 7 February 1996
| 16 May 1996
| {{ayd|1996|2|7|1996|5|16}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee (crop 2).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 16 May 1996
| 1 June 1996
| {{ayd|1996|5|16|1996|6|1}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[First Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| [[File:H. D. Deve Gowda.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]''' {{small|(born 1933) ''Unelected''}} (Prime Minister)
| 1 June 1996
| 29 June 1996
| {{ayd|1996|6|1|1996|6|29}}
| [[Janata Dal]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Deve Gowda ministry|Deve Gowda]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Janeshwar Mishra Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Janeshwar Mishra]]''' {{small|(1933{{ndash}}2010) MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 29 June 1996
| 21 April 1997
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1996|6|29|1997|6|9}}
| rowspan="2"|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| 21 April 1997
| 9 June 1997
| rowspan="2"| [[Gujral ministry|Gujral]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Inder Kumar Gujral]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}"|
| [[File:Sis Ram Ola (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Sis Ram Ola]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}2013) MP for [[Jhunjhunu Lok Sabha constituency|Jhunjhunu]]}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 9 June 1997
| 19 March 1998
| {{ayd|1997|6|9|1998|3|19}}
| [[All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee (crop 2).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 19 March 1998
| 13 October 1999
| {{ayd|1998|3|19|1999|10|13}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Second Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee II]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="4"| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Pramod jee.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Pramod Mahajan]]''' {{small|(1949{{ndash}}2006) MP for [[Maharashtra]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 13 October 1999
| 22 November 1999
| {{ayd|1999|10|13|1999|11|22}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:C. P. Thakur PIB 2004 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[C. P. Thakur]]''' {{small|(born 1931) MP for [[Patna Lok Sabha constituency|Patna]]}}
| 22 November 1999
| 27 May 2000
| {{ayd|1999|11|22|2000|5|27}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}"|
| [[File:Arjun Charan Sethi Image.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Arjun Charan Sethi]]''' {{small|(1941{{ndash}}2020) MP for [[Bhadrak Lok Sabha constituency|Bhadrak]]}}
| 27 May 2000
| 22 May 2004
| {{ayd|2000|5|27|2004|5|22}}
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi PIB.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]''' {{small|(1945{{ndash}}2017) MP for [[Raiganj Lok Sabha constituency|Raiganj]]}}
| 23 May 2004
| 18 November 2005
| {{ayd|2004|5|23|2005|11|18}}
| rowspan="10"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3"| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan I]]
| rowspan="10" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="10"| [[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Santosh Mohan Dev addressing the press conference in New Delhi on November 20, 2008 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Santosh Mohan Dev]]''' {{small|(1934{{ndash}}2017) MP for [[Silchar Lok Sabha constituency|Silchar]]}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 18 November 2005
| 29 January 2006
| {{ayd|2005|11|18|2006|1|29}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Saifuddin Soz in September 2007 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Saifuddin Soz]]''' {{small|(born 1937) MP for [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 29 January 2006
| 22 May 2009
| {{ayd|2006|1|29|2009|5|22}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Meira Kumar in 2013.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Meira Kumar]]''' {{small|(born 1945) MP for [[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency|Sasaram]]}}
| 28 May 2009
| 31 May 2009
| {{ayd|2009|5|28|2009|5|31}}
| rowspan="7"| [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Manmohan Singh in 2009.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Manmohan Singh]]''' {{small|(1932–2024) MP for [[Assam]] (Rajya Sabha)}} (Prime Minister)
| 31 May 2009
| 14 June 2009
| {{ayd|2009|5|31|2009|6|14}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:The Union Minister for Railways, Shri Pawan Kumar Bansal inaugurating the New Block of Civil Hospital at Manimajra, in Chandigarh on April 07, 2013.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]''' {{small|(born 1948) MP for [[Chandigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chandigarh]]}}
| 14 June 2009
| 19 January 2011
| {{ayd|2009|6|14|2011|1|19}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Salman Khurshid portrait (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Salman Khurshid]]''' {{small|(born 1953) MP for [[Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency|Farrukhabad]]}}
| 19 January 2011
| 12 July 2011
| {{ayd|2011|1|19|2011|7|12}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:The Union Minister for Railways, Shri Pawan Kumar Bansal inaugurating the New Block of Civil Hospital at Manimajra, in Chandigarh on April 07, 2013.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]''' {{small|(born 1948) MP for [[Chandigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chandigarh]]}}
| 12 July 2011
| 28 October 2012
| {{ayd|2011|7|12|2012|10|28}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:HarishRawat.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Harish Rawat]]''' {{small|(born 1948) MP for [[Haridwar Lok Sabha constituency|Haridwar]]}}
| 28 October 2012
| 1 February 2014
| {{ayd|2012|10|28|2014|2|1}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Ghulam Nabi Azad at Healthcare Skill Summit 2013 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]''' {{small|(born 1949) MP for [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 1 February 2014
| 26 May 2014
| {{ayd|2014|2|1|2014|5|26}}
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Uma Bharati in 2014.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Uma Bharti]]''' {{small|(born 1959) MP for [[Jhansi Lok Sabha constituency|Jhansi]]}}
| 27 May 2014
| 3 September 2017
| {{ayd|2014|5|27|2017|9|3}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2"| [[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Narendra Modi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Shri Nitin Gadkari on March 3, 2023 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Nitin Gadkari]]''' {{small|(born 1957) MP for [[Nagpur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagpur]]}}
| 3 September 2017
| 30 May 2019
| {{ayd|2017|9|3|2019|5|30}}
|-
! colspan="10" | {{nobold|''Merged into the Ministry of Jal Shakti''}}
|-
|}

=== Minister of Drinking Water and Sanitation (2011{{ndash}}2019) ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em" | Ministry
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Prime Minister
|-
! style="width:9em"| From
! style="width:9em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Gurudas Kamat New Delhi on November 15, 2010.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Gurudas Kamat]]''' {{small|(1954{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Mumbai North West Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North West]]}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 12 July 2011
| 13 July 2011
| {{ayd|2011|7|12|2011|7|13}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan II]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3" style="width:7em"| [[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Jairam ramesh.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Jairam Ramesh]]''' {{small|(born 1954) MP for [[Andhra Pradesh]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 13 July 2011
| 28 October 2012
| {{ayd|2011|7|13|2012|10|28}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Bharatsinh Solanki assuming office as MoS, Railways in January 2011 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Bharatsinh Solanki]]''' {{small|(born 1953) MP for [[Anand Lok Sabha constituency|Anand]]}} (Minister of State, I/C)
| 28 October 2012
| 26 May 2014
| {{ayd|2012|10|28|2014|5|26}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Gopinath Munde (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Gopinath Munde]]''' {{small|(1949{{ndash}}2014) MP for [[Beed Lok Sabha constituency|Beed]]}}
| 27 May 2014
| 3 June 2014{{ref label|†|†|†}}
| {{ayd|2014|5|27|2014|6|3}}
| rowspan="5"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="5"| [[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="5"| [[Narendra Modi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Shri Nitin Gadkari on March 3, 2023 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Nitin Gadkari]]''' {{small|(born 1957) MP for [[Nagpur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagpur]]}}
| 4 June 2014
| 9 November 2014
| {{ayd|2014|6|4|2014|11|9}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Chaudhary Birender Singh with Venkaiah Naidu (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| [[Birender Singh (politician, born 1946)|'''Birender Singh''']] {{small|(born 1946) MP for [[Haryana]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 9 November 2014
| 5 July 2016
| {{ayd|2014|11|9|2016|7|5}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Narendra Singh Tomar addressing a press conference after launching the Swachh Sarvekshan (Gramin)- 2017, in New Delhi (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Narendra Singh Tomar]]''' {{small|(born 1957) MP for [[Gwalior Lok Sabha constituency|Gwalior]]}}
| 5 July 2016
| 3 September 2017
| {{ayd|2016|7|5|2017|9|3}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Uma Bharati in 2014.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Uma Bharti]]''' {{small|(born 1959) MP for [[Jhansi Lok Sabha constituency|Jhansi]]}}
| 3 September 2017
| 30 May 2019
| {{ayd|2017|9|3|2019|5|30}}
|-
! colspan="10"| {{nobold|''Merged into the Ministry of Jal Shakti''}}
|-
|}
{{Notelist}}

=== Minister of Jal Shakti (2019{{ndash}}present) ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em" | Ministry
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Prime Minister
|-
! style="width:9em"| From
! style="width:9em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|BJP}}"|
| [[File:Gajendra Singh Shekhawat in June 2019 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]]''' {{small|(born 1967) MP for [[Jodhpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jodhpur]]}}
| 31 May 2019
| 9 June 2024
| {{ayd|2019|5|31|2024|6|9}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Second Modi ministry|Modi II]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|BJP}}"|
| rowspan="2" style="width:7em"| [[Narendra Modi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|BJP}}"|
| [[File:The Union Minister for Jal Shakti, Shri C.R. Paatil addressing at the Jal Shakti Abhiyan- Catch the Rain Programme, in New Delhi on June 24, 2024 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[C. R. Patil|Chandrakant Raghunath Patil]]''' {{small|(born 1955) MP for [[Navsari Lok Sabha constituency|Navsari]]}}
| 10 June 2024
| Incumbent
| {{ayd|10 Jun 2024}}
| [[Third Modi ministry|Modi III]]
|-
|}

== Ministers of State ==

=== Minister of State for Irrigation/Water Resources (1952{{ndash}}1974; 1980{{ndash}}2019) ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em" | Ministry
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Prime Minister
|-
! style="width:9em"| From
! style="width:9em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State for Irrigation and Power
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:O. V. Alagesan Lok Sabha image.gif|70px]]
| '''[[O. V. Alagesan]]''' {{small|(1911{{ndash}}1992) MP for [[Chengalpattu Lok Sabha constituency|Chengalpattu]]}}
| 8 May 1962
| 19 July 1963
| {{ayd|1962|5|8|1963|7|19}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Fourth Nehru ministry|Nehru IV]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| style="width:7em"| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"|
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Kanuri Lakshmana Rao]]''' {{small|(1902{{ndash}}1986) MP for [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]}}
| 9 June 1964
| 19 July 1964
| {{ayd|1964|6|9|1964|7|19}}
| [[Shastri ministry|Shastri]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
|-
| 24 January 1966
| 13 November 1966
| {{ayd|1966|1|24|1966|11|13}}
| [[First Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
! colspan="10"| {{nobold|''Merged with [[Ministry of Agriculture (India)|Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation]] during this interval''}}
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State for Irrigation
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Ziaur Rahman Ansari Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ziaur Rahman Ansari]]''' {{small|(1925{{ndash}}1992) MP for [[Unnao Lok Sabha constituency|Unnao]]}}
| 19 January 1980
| 29 January 1983
| {{ayd|1980|1|19|1983|1|29}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira IV]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Harinath Mishra.jpg|70px]]
| '''Harinath Mishra''' {{small|MP for [[Darbhanga Lok Sabha constituency|Darbhanga]]}}
| 2 August 1984
| 31 October 1984
| {{ayd|1984|8|2|1984|10|31}}
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State for Water Resources
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Krishna Sahi Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Krishna Sahi]]''' {{small|(born 1931) MP for [[Begusarai Lok Sabha constituency|Begusarai]]}}
| 14 February 1988
| 4 July 1989
| {{ayd|1988|2|14|1989|7|4}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Prem Khandu Thungan.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Prem Khandu Thungan]]''' {{small|(born 1946) MP for [[Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal West]]}}
| 19 January 1993
| 10 February 1995
| {{ayd|1993|1|19|1995|2|10}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Rao ministry|Rao]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:P. V. Rangayya Naidu (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[P. V. Rangayya Naidu]]''' {{small|(born 1933) MP for [[Khammam Lok Sabha constituency|Khammam]]}}
| 10 February 1995
| 16 May 1996
| {{ayd|1995|2|10|1996|5|16}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Sompal Shastri]]''' {{small|(born 1942) MP for [[Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency|Baghpat]]}}
| 3 February 1999
| 13 October 1999
| {{ayd|1999|2|3|1999|10|13}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Second Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee II]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Bijoya Chakravarty in August 2015.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Bijoya Chakravarty]]''' {{small|(born 1939) MP for [[Gauhati Lok Sabha constituency|Gauhati]]}}
| 13 October 1999
| 22 May 2004
| {{ayd|1999|10|13|2004|5|22}}
| [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Jay Prakash Narayan Yadav (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Jay Prakash Narayan Yadav]]''' {{small|(born 1954) MP for [[Munger Lok Sabha constituency|Munger]]}}
| 23 May 2004
| 6 November 2005
| {{ayd|2004|5|23|2005|11|6}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| rowspan="2"| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan I]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[Manmohan Singh]]
|-
| 24 October 2006
| 22 May 2009
| {{ayd|2006|10|24|2009|5|22}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Vincent Pala distributing awards (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Vincent Pala]]''' {{small|(born 1968) MP for [[Shillong Lok Sabha constituency|Shillong]]}}
| 28 May 2009
| 28 October 2012
| {{ayd|2009|5|28|2012|10|28}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan II]]
|-
! colspan="10"| Minister of State for Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Santosh Kumar Gangwar (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Santosh Kumar Gangwar]]''' {{small|(born 1948) MP for [[Bareilly Lok Sabha constituency|Bareilly]]}}
| 27 May 2014
| 9 November 2014
| {{ayd|2014|5|27|2014|11|9}}
| rowspan="6"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="6"| [[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]
| rowspan="6" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="6"| [[Narendra Modi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Sanwar Lal Jat (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Sanwar Lal Jat]]''' {{small|(1955{{ndash}}2017) MP for [[Ajmer Lok Sabha constituency|Ajmer]]}}
| 9 November 2014
| 5 July 2016
| {{ayd|2014|11|9|2016|7|5}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Vijay Goel (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]]''' {{small|(born 1954) MP for [[Rajasthan]] (Rajya Sabha)}}
| 5 July 2016
| 3 September 2017
| {{ayd|2016|7|5|2017|9|3}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Sanjeev Kumar Balyan.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Sanjeev Balyan]]''' {{small|(born 1972) MP for [[Muzaffarnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Muzaffarnagar]]}}
| 5 July 2016
| 3 September 2017
| {{ayd|2016|7|5|2017|9|3}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Arjun Ram Meghwal 2017 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]''' {{small|(born 1953) MP for [[Bikaner Lok Sabha constituency|Bikaner]]}}
| 3 September 2017
| 30 May 2019
| {{ayd|2017|9|3|2019|5|30}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Satyapal Singh.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Satya Pal Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Satya Pal Singh]]''' {{small|(born 1955) MP for [[Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency|Baghpat]]}}
| 3 September 2017
| 30 May 2019
| {{ayd|2017|9|3|2019|5|30}}
|-
! colspan="10" | {{nobold|''Merged into the Ministry of Jal Shakti''}}
|-
|}

=== Minister of State for Drinking Water and Sanitation (2011{{ndash}}2019) ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em" | Ministry
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Prime Minister
|-
! style="width:9em"| From
! style="width:9em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Samta Party}}"|
| [[File:Upendra Kushwaha in 2018 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Upendra Kushwaha]]''' {{small|(born 1960) MP for [[Karakat Lok Sabha constituency|Karakat]]}}
| 26 May 2014
| 9 November 2014
| {{ayd|2014|5|26|2014|11|9}}
| [[Rashtriya Lok Samta Party]]
| rowspan="4"| [[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="4" style="width:7em"| [[Narendra Modi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Ram Kripal Yadav (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ram Kripal Yadav]]''' {{small|(born 1957) MP for [[Pataliputra Lok Sabha constituency|Pataliputra]]}}
| 9 November 2014
| 5 July 2016
| {{ayd|2014|11|9|2016|7|5}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Ramesh Chandappa Jigajinagi taking charge in his office, in the presence of the Union Minister for Chemicals & Fertilizers and Parliamentary Affairs, Shri Ananth Kumar, in New Delhi (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ramesh Jigajinagi]]''' {{small|(born 1952) MP for [[Bijapur Lok Sabha constituency|Bijapur]]}}
| 5 July 2016
| 30 May 2019
| {{ayd|2016|7|5|2019|5|30}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:SS Ahluwalia, BJP.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[S. S. Ahluwalia]]''' {{small|(born 1951) MP for [[Darjeeling Lok Sabha constituency|Darjeeling]]}}
| 3 September 2017
| 14 May 2018
| {{ayd|2017|9|3|2018|5|14}}
|-
! colspan="10"| {{nobold|''Merged into the Ministry of Jal Shakti''}}
|-
|}

=== Minister of State for Jal Shakti (2019{{ndash}}present) ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em" | Ministry
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Prime Minister
|-
! style="width:9em"| From
! style="width:9em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Shri Rattan Lal Kataria taking charge as the Minister of State for Jal Shakti, in New Delhi on May 31, 2019 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Rattan Lal Kataria]]''' {{small|(1951{{ndash}}2023) MP for [[Ambala Lok Sabha constituency|Ambala]]}}
| 31 May 2019
| 7 July 2021
| {{ayd|2019|5|31|2021|7|7}}
| rowspan="6"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="4"| [[Second Modi ministry|Modi II]]
| rowspan="6" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="6" style="width:7em"| [[Narendra Modi]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Prahlad Singh Patel.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Prahlad Singh Patel]]''' {{small|(born 1960) MP for [[Damoh Lok Sabha constituency|Damoh]]}}
| 7 July 2021
| 7 December 2023
| {{ayd|2021|7|7|2023|12|7}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Shri Bishweswar Tudu.png|70px]]
| '''[[Bishweswar Tudu]]''' {{small|(born 1965) MP for [[Mayurbhanj Lok Sabha constituency|Mayurbhanj]]}}
| 7 July 2021
| 9 June 2024
| {{ayd|2021|7|7|2024|6|9}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Rajeev Chandrasekhar with PM Modi (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]]''' {{small|(born 1964) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Karnataka]]}}
| 7 December 2023
| 9 June 2024
| {{ayd|7 Dec 2023|9 Jun 2024}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:V. Somanna in 2024.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[V. Somanna]]''' {{small|(born 1950) MP for [[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency|Tumkur]]}}
| rowspan="2"| 10 June 2024
| rowspan="2"| Incumbent
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|10 Jun 2024}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Third Modi ministry|Modi III]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Raj Bhushan Choudhary]]''' {{small|(born 1944) MP for [[Muzaffarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Muzaffarpur]]}}
|-
|}

==Deputy Ministers==
=== Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Prime Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!style="width:6em"| Period
|-
!colspan="9"| Deputy Minister of Irrigation and Power
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Jaisukh lal Hathi.png|70px]]
|rowspan="2"| '''[[Jaisukhlal Hathi]]''' {{small|(1909{{ndash}}1982) MP for [[Gujarat]] (Rajya Sabha), until 1957 MP for Halar, from 1957}}
|{{small|12 September}} 1952
|{{small|17 April}} 1957
!rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1952|9|12|1962|4|10}}
|rowspan="9"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Second Nehru ministry|Nehru II]]'''
|rowspan="2"| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
|{{small|17 April}} 1957
|{{small|10 April}} 1962
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Third Nehru ministry|Nehru III]]'''
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|rowspan="2"|
|rowspan="2"| '''[[Shyam Dhar Mishra]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}2001) MP for [[Mirzapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mirzapur]]}}
|{{small|15 June}} 1964
|{{small|11 January}} 1966
!rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1964|6|15|1966|1|24}}
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Shastri ministry|Shastri]]'''
|[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
|-
|-
|{{small|11 January}} 1966
|{{small|24 January}} 1966
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Second Nanda ministry|Nanda II]]'''
|[[Gulzarilal Nanda]] (acting)
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|rowspan="2"|
|rowspan="2"| '''[[Siddheshwar Prasad]]''' {{small|(1929{{ndash}}2023) MP for [[Nalanda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalanda]]}}
|{{small|13 November}} 1967
|{{small|18 March}} 1971
!rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1967|11|13|1971|5|2}}
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[First Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira I]]'''
|rowspan="4"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
|{{small|18 March}} 1971
|{{small|2 May}} 1971
|rowspan="4" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]'''
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Baijnath Kureel]]''' {{small|(1920{{ndash}}1984) MP for [[Ramsanehighat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramsanehighat]]}}
|{{small|2 May}} 1971
|{{small|4 February}} 1973
!{{ayd|1971|5|2|1973|2|4}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Balgovind Verma]]''' {{small|(1923{{ndash}}1980) MP for [[Kheri Lok Sabha constituency|Kheri]]}}
|{{small|5 February}} 1973
|{{small|9 November}} 1973
!{{ayd|1973|2|5|1973|11|9}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Siddheshwar Prasad Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Siddheshwar Prasad]]''' {{small|(1929{{ndash}}2023) MP for [[Nalanda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalanda]]}}
|{{small|9 November}} 1973
|{{small|10 October}} 1974
!{{ayd|1973|11|9|1974|10|10}}
|-
!colspan="9"| Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Irrigation
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Kedar Nath Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Kedar Nath Singh]]''' {{small|MP for [[Sultanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sultanpur]]}}
|{{small|10 October}} 1974
|{{small|24 March}} 1977
!{{ayd|1974|10|10|1977|3|24}}
|rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''[[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]'''
|rowspan="2"| [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Prabhudas Patel.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Prabhudas Patel]]''' {{small|(1914{{ndash}}2013) MP for [[Chhota Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Dabhoi]]}}
|{{small|23 October}} 1974
|{{small|14 March}} 1977
!{{ayd|1974|10|23|1977|3|14}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Union ministries of India}}

[[Category:Government ministries of India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Water Resources (India)]]
[[Category:Government ministries established in 2019]]

Yerukala people

2026-03-19T21:49:25Z

EthanMarko2: /* External links */Category:Social groups of Telangana Category:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{infobox ethnic group|
| group = Yerukala
| langs = [[Yerukala language|Yerukala]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| popplace = Andhra Pradesh, {{flag|India}}
| rels = [[Hinduism]]
| related = [[Telugus]], Tamils
}}

'''Yerukala''' or '''Erukala''' or '''Erukula''' is a tribal community primarily found in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] in India.<ref>{{cite book|title=Primitive tribes in contemporary India: concept, ethnography and demography|volume=2|editor-first=Sarit Kumar|editor-last=Chaudhuri|editor2-first=Sucheta Sen|editor2-last=Chaudhuri|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=2005|ISBN=81-8324-026-7|pages=263}}</ref> The population of Yerukala tribes according to 2011 census is 519,337.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} The total literacy rate among Yerukula is 48.12%. Most live in southern [[Coastal Andhra]] and [[Rayalaseema]], with a smaller minority in districts of Telangana. Their native language is [[Yerukala language|Yerukala]], but most have shifted to [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. They were vilified in British sources for being habitual criminals,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thurston|first=Edgar|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Castes_and_Tribes_of_Southern_India/Korava|title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India}}</ref> and so were placed under Criminal Tribes Act, although they were underrepresented in the population of criminals and were most likely targeted for their nomadic lifestyle.<ref>{{Cite news|last=P|first=Samuel Jonathan|date=2017-11-25|title=The agony of Stuartpuram|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/the-agony-of-stuartpuram/article20799245.ece|access-date=2020-10-05|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References and notes ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.etdes.in/index.php/ancient-history-about-ekalavya Ekalavya Tribal Development and Educational Society page on Yerukula] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830185103/http://etdes.in/index.php/ancient-history-about-ekalavya |date=30 August 2018 }}

[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Dravidian peoples]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Telangana]]
[[Category:Tribal communities of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Denotified tribes of India]]

Operation Battleaxe

2026-03-19T09:10:56Z

EthanMarko2: small refined intro for clarity and fixed typos

{{Short description|British Army offensive during the Second World War}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Operation Battleaxe
| partof = the [[Western Desert campaign]] of the [[Second World War]]
| image = File:IWM-E-003660-4700-32.jpg
| image_upright = 1.0
| caption = Soldiers of the 4th Indian Division decorate the side of their lorry "''[[Khyber Pass]] to Hell-Fire Pass''".
| date = 15–17 June 1941
| place = [[Cyrenaica]], [[Libya]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|31|30|13|N|25|06|54|E|display=inline}}
| casus =
| territory =
| result = Axis victory
| combatant1 = {{ubl|{{UK}}|{{flag|British India}}|{{flagicon|Poland|1928}} [[Polish Armed Forces in the West|Poland]]|{{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} [[Czechoslovak government-in-exile|Czechoslovakia]]}}
| combatant2 = {{ubl|{{flag|Nazi Germany|name=Germany}}|{{flag|Kingdom of Italy|name=Italy}}}}
| commander1 = {{ubl|[[Archibald Percival Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Archibald Wavell]]| [[Noel Beresford-Peirse]]}}
| commander2 = {{ubl|[[Italo Gariboldi]]|[[Erwin Rommel]]}}
| strength1 = 25,000 men<ref name="Churchill305">Churchill (1986), p. 305</ref> 90 [[Cruiser tank]]s and {{circa| 100}} [[Infantry tank]]s<ref name="Playfair171"/> 98 fighters<ref name="Playfair166">Playfair, p. 166</ref> 105 bombers<ref name="Playfair166"/>
| strength2 = 8th Panzer Regiment began with {{circa| 100}} tanks, about 50 being gun tanks; 5th Panzer Regiment had 96 tanks (57 gun tanks).<ref name= "Playfair171"/> 130 fighters<ref name="Playfair166"/> 84 bombers{{efn|59 serviceable German bombers and dive bombers and 25 serviceable Italian bombers.<ref name="Playfair166"/>}} 102nd Motorized Division ''Trento''<ref>three infantry battalions and an artillery regiment in Sollum-Mussaid-Cappuzo Area
</ref>
| casualties1 = 969 men{{efn|122 killed, 588 wounded and 259 missing<ref name="Playfair171"/>}} 91 to 98 tanks{{efn|27 Cruiser and 64 infantry tanks were lost due to breakdown or enemy action and were abandoned.<ref name="Playfair171"/> Left behind on the battlefield: 4th RTR: 30 Infantry tanks Mk II, 1 Light tank Mk VIc; 7th RTR: 35 Infantry tanks Mk II, 1 Cruiser Mk I, 2 light tanks Mk VIc; 2nd RTR: 12 cruisers; 6th RTR: 16 Cruiser Mk VI; 7th Armoured Brigade HQ: 1 Cruiser Mk II.<ref>Jentz, 186</ref>}} 36 aircraft{{efn|33 fighters, 3 bombers<ref name="Playfair171"/>}}
| casualties2 = 1,270 men{{efn|93 Germans killed, 350 wounded and 235 missing. Italian casualties: 592; the British claimed 350 Italian prisoners but had to release them during their withdrawal.<ref name="Playfair171"/>}} 12 tanks{{efn|5th Panzer Regiment lost 4 tanks destroyed (2 Panzer II and 2 Panzer III) and 8th Panzer Regiment lost 8 tanks destroyed (3 Panzer II, 4 Panzer III and 1 Panzer IV).<ref name="Playfair171"/><ref>Jentz, p. 186</ref>}} 10 aircraft<ref name="Playfair171"/>
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Western Desert}}
}}
'''Operation Battleaxe''' (15–17 June 1941) was a [[British Army]] offensive during the [[Second World War]] to raise the [[Siege of Tobruk]] and re-capture eastern [[Cyrenaica]] from [[Nazi Germany|German]] and [[Kingdom of Italy|Italian]] forces.{{efn|An earlier code-name was Operation Bruiser and it was still referred to as such in telegrams to and from London.<ref>Churchill (2001), p. 1097</ref><ref>Connell, p. 483</ref> Churchill and Rommel also called this action "The Battle of Sollum".<ref>Churchill (2001), p. 872</ref><ref>Rommel, p. 146</ref>}} It was the first time during the war that a significant German force fought on the defensive. The British lost over half of their tanks on the first day and only one of three attacks succeeded.

The British achieved mixed results on the second day, being pushed back on their western flank and repulsing a big German counter-attack in the centre. On the third day, the British narrowly avoided disaster by withdrawing just ahead of a German encircling movement. The failure of Battleaxe led to the replacement of [[General (United Kingdom)|British General]] Sir [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Archibald Wavell]], [[Commander-in-Chief]] [[Middle East Command|Middle East]], by [[Claude Auchinleck]]; Wavell took Auchinleck's position as Commander-in-Chief, India.

==Background==
==={{lang|de|Unternehmen Sonnenblume}}/Operation Sunflower===

{{Main|Operation Sonnenblume}}

In late March 1941, soon after the arrival of the {{lang|de|[[Afrika Korps]]}} in [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], [[Libya]] to reinforce the Italians, the Axis forces quickly captured the British [[front line]] position at [[El Agheila]] and by mid-April, had reached as far as [[Sallum]], [[Egypt]]. The British held the fortified port of [[Tobruk]], which was besieged by the Axis. Having been informed by General Wavell that the [[Western Desert Force]] was vastly inferior to the Axis forces now in Africa, Churchill ordered that a convoy of tanks and [[Hawker Hurricanes]], [[Malta Convoys#May – Operation Tiger|Operation Tiger]] (Convoy WS 58), be sailed through the Mediterranean instead of around the [[Cape of Good Hope]] to cut forty days off the journey.<ref>Playfair, p. 114</ref>{{efn|The convoy comprised five {{convert|15|kn|mph+km/h|abbr=on}} merchant ships, {{SS|Clan Chattan||2}}, {{SS|Clan Lamont||2}}, {{SS|Clan Campbell|1937|2}}, ''[[Empire Song]]'' and ''New Zealand Star''. The ships carried 295 tanks and 53 Hurricane fighters.<ref name="Playfair, p. 116"/>}}

===Tobruk===
{{Main|Siege of Tobruk}}

The German Armed Forces High Command (''[[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht]]'') sent General [[Friedrich Paulus]] to Africa to investigate the situation. On 12 May, Paulus, after witnessing one of Rommel's failed attempts to assault Tobruk, sent a report to OKW describing Rommel's position as weak, with critical shortages of both fuel and ammunition. With [[Operation Barbarossa]] imminent, [[Field Marshal (Germany)|Field Marshal]] [[Walther von Brauchitsch]], Commander-in-Chief of the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German Army]], ordered Rommel not to advance further or attack Tobruk again.<ref name="TSWW166">Bradley, p. 166</ref>

===Operation Brevity===
{{Main|Operation Brevity}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-443-1589-07, Nordafrika, Rommel in Befehlsfahrzeug.jpg|right|thumb|[[Erwin Rommel]] in his command halftrack, [[Sd.Kfz. 250|Sd.Kfz. 250/3]].]]
Through [[Ultra (cryptography)|Ultra]] intercepts, the British also received the report by Paulus. Churchill, believing that one strong push would dislodge German forces, began to increase the pressure on Wavell to attack.<ref name="TSWW166"/> [[Operation Brevity]] was quickly planned as a limited operation to seize Sollum, [[Halfaya Pass]] and [[Fort Capuzzo]], then advance on Sidi Aziz and Tobruk. The operation was to continue as far as supply would allow but not risk the forces committed; the objective was to destroy as much Axis equipment as possible and secure a foothold for the larger Operation Battleaxe, once the new tanks were made available.<ref name="Playfair, p. 116">Playfair, p. 116</ref><ref name ="MedII163">Playfair, p. 163</ref> Brevity began on 15 May and Fort Capuzzo and Halfaya Pass were captured but next day [[William Gott]], concerned that his [[22nd Guards Brigade]] would be destroyed if caught in the open by Germans tanks, decided to pull almost the entire force back to Halfaya Pass. The operation ended on 17 May, with only the Halfaya Pass captured. The pass was retaken by a small German force on 27 May, in [[Operation Skorpion]].<ref>Playfair, p. 162</ref><ref>Rommel, p. 137</ref>

===Greece and Crete===
By the end of May, the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Crete]] had been captured in the [[Battle of Crete]], providing the ''Luftwaffe'' with more airfields from which to attack Allied shipping and protect their supply convoys and troops in Cyrenaica; delaying Battleaxe could mean stronger Axis opposition.<ref>Hall, p. 189</ref> The British Chiefs of Staff stated that it was imperative that control be wrested in the area between Sollum and [[Derna, Libya|Derna]] and British air power be re-established there.<ref name="MedII163"/>

==Prelude==
===Tiger Convoy===
On 12 May, the Tiger convoy arrived in [[Alexandria]] with {{nowrap|238 tanks}} and {{nowrap|43 Hurricanes}} consisting of {{nowrap|21 [[Light Tank Mk VI]],}} {{nowrap|82 Cruiser}} tanks (including fifty of the new [[Crusader tank]]s) and {{nowrap|135 Matilda II [[Infantry tank]]s.}}<ref>Playfair, pp. 118–119</ref><ref>Pitt, p. 294</ref> There were delays in unloading the tanks, which also had to be adapted for desert use, so Battleaxe was postponed until 10 June.<ref name="Playfair, p. 164">Playfair, p. 164</ref> The tanks were intended for the [[7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|7th Armoured Division]], which had been out of action since February, after most of its tanks had worn out during [[Operation Compass]].<ref>Playfair, pp. 1–2, 32, 163–164</ref>

===British plan===

[[File:BattleaxeContestedArea.svg|thumb|{{center|The contested frontier area of Operation Battleaxe.}}]]
On 28 May, Wavell gave his orders for Operation Battleaxe, an operation in three stages; the Axis forces were to be defeated on the frontier and the area of Halfaya, Sollum, Capuzzo and Sidi Aziez was to be secured. In the second phase, XIII Corps was to secure the area around Tobruk and El Adem, then the areas of Derna and [[Mechili]] were to be captured.<ref name="MedII163"/> The plan was based on intelligence information, which incorrectly indicated that {{frac|2|3}} of the German tank strength was at Tobruk, which would put the British at a decisive material advantage on the frontier.<ref name="RoyalNav135">Brown, p. 135</ref> The attack was originally scheduled for 7 June, but was pushed back at the insistence of General O'Moore Creagh, whose squadrons did not receive their tanks until 9 June. The new date was 15 June, giving Creagh five days for additional training.<ref name="Crucible295">Pitt, p. 295</ref>

In the first stage, the British would advance in a three-prong assault to clear the frontier region. Along the coast was Coast Force and inland was Escarpment Force. The former was responsible for capturing Halfaya Pass, while the latter was to capture the remainder of the frontier at Fort Capuzzo, Musaid and Sollum.<ref name="messervy119">Maule (1961), p. 119</ref> The 7th Armoured Brigade Group and the [[artillery]] of the Support Group were to engage and destroy the German tanks, which were thought to be at [[Hafid Ridge]]. This would also trap Axis units on the frontier between themselves and the remainder of the British forces. After capturing the frontier, the brigades of the 7th Armoured Division would reform and continue north to relieve Tobruk. Once joined by the Tobruk garrison, the combined forces would press on to the west, driving the Germans as far back as possible.<ref name="DesertFox37">Delany, p. 37</ref>

Three days prior to the start of Battleaxe, to help soften the Axis forces, the Royal Air Force was to bomb Benghazi while all aircraft capable of ground attack were to bomb Axis movement on the frontier.<ref name="TSWW166"/> Once the battle began, fighters were to patrol defensively over Allied ground forces, while medium bombers were to stand by to engage Axis columns.<ref name="TSWW166"/> Such was the priority on Battleaxe that [[Arthur Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder|Arthur Tedder]] (Air Officer Commander-in-Chief, Middle East) was instructed by the Chiefs of Staff to accept significant risks in other theatres by diverting all possible air support for it.<ref name="TSWW166"/> Beresford-Peirse and Tedder established headquarters well to the rear, at [[Sidi Barrani]] and [[Baggush Box|Maaten Baggush]].<ref>Crucible, p. 296</ref> Beresford-Peirse chose Sidi Barrani as, even though it was more than a five-hour drive from the battlefield, it was equipped with the most advanced airfield for reconnaissance aircraft and was also the most forward position from which communications could be maintained with Maaten Baggush.<ref name="Playfair166"/>

===Axis preparations===

[[File:PanzersJune1941.jpg|thumb|German tanks advance in the desert shortly before the Battle of Sollum.]]
Though Brevity had failed to yield any territory to the British, it showed Rommel that his front line defences were quite easy to breach. Anticipating further British attacks, the Axis forces created a line of fortified positions from Halfaya to [[Sidi Aziz]], placing a number of [[anti-tank gun]]s and [[anti-tank mine]]s on the Halfaya Pass, Point 206 (south of Forth Capuzzo) and on Point 208 (west of Fort Capuzzo on the Hafid Ridge).<ref>Moorehead, p. 121</ref> The primary responsibility of the frontier defence was charged to the [[German 33rd Infantry Division|15th ''Panzer'' Division]], which had received a new commander, General [[Walter Neumann-Silkow]], on 8 June.<ref name="Playfair, p. 164"/> Poor signals security in the 7th Armoured Division gave Rommel nine hours notice of the operation.<ref>''Intelligence and Strategy: Selected Essays'', p. 222</ref> Rommel sent the [[5th Light Division]] to the south of Tobruk, ready to use it against either the Sollum area or on Tobruk and ordered a big artillery bombardment of Tobruk the night before the operation, to prevent the Allied garrison from breaking out.<ref>''Afrikakorps (Third Reich)'', p. 52</ref>

{{Blockquote|Unfortunately, our petrol stocks were badly depleted, and it was with some anxiety that we contemplated the coming British attack, for we knew that our moves would be decided more by the petrol gauge than by tactical requirements.|Rommel<ref>Rommel, p. 141</ref>}}

==Battle==


===15 June===

[[File:BattleaxeDay1.PNG|thumb|The first day of Operation Battleaxe]]
For the RAF, everything went according to plan on the first day. Axis supply columns and airfields had been hit repeatedly up to the start of the attack and once the operation began, and British columns were able to move unmolested from their starting points at [[Sofafi]] and [[Buq-Buq]] to their destinations covered by RAF fighters. Axis aircraft managed only six attacks that day.<ref>Playfair, 1960, p. 167</ref> On the eastern side, at 05:15, Coast Force—commanded by Brigadier [[Reginald Savory]] and charged with capturing Halfaya Pass, started to move on to their objective.<ref name= "valour284">''Valour Enshrined: A History of the Maratha Light Infantry'', p. 284</ref> On the [[escarpment]] was the ''Halfaya Group'', composed of the 2nd Battalion [[Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders]], the 13 tanks (twelve Matildas and one light tank) of C Squadron, 4th Royal Tank Regiment (which had captured Halfaya Pass during Operation Brevity) and an artillery battery from the 31st Field Regiment.<ref name="TheTanks84">Liddell Hart, p. 84</ref><ref name="TheTanks78">Liddell Hart, p. 78</ref> To their east and below the lip of the escarpment were the 1st Battalion 6th [[Rajputana Rifles]] and 2nd Battalion 5th [[Mahrattas|Mahratta Light Infantry]], two troops of A Squadron, 4th Royal Tank Regiment and a few [[Ordnance QF 25 pounder|25-pounder]] guns.<ref name="TheTanks83"/><ref>Playfair, 2004, p.165</ref>

At 05:40, British artillery for the Halfaya Group was scheduled to open fire on the German and Italian forces in Halfaya, to cover the tanks and infantry but the battery had become bogged down by soft sand.<ref name="TheTanks85">Liddell Hart, p. 85</ref> After waiting until 06:00, 15 minutes after the fighting began to the west below the escarpment, the commander of C Squadron ordered his tanks to attack at the top of the pass; soon after, the [[Anti-tank warfare#Anti-tank guns|anti-tank guns]] of the defenders opened fire and within a few hours all but one light tank and one of the Matildas had been destroyed, including Miles' own.<ref name="TheTanks84"/> The Cameron Highlanders were soon driven back by a detachment of German [[Armored car (military)|armoured cars]] and [[motorised infantry]].<ref name="Messervy120">Maule (1961), p. 120</ref> Below the escarpment four of the Matildas were disabled by anti-tank mines which were supposed to have been cleared; this blocked the path of the remaining two and reduced the small tank force to acting in a [[Bunker|pillbox]] capacity.<ref name="TheTanks83"/> The Rajputana Rifles and Mahrattas made several attempts to reach the pass but were repelled each time; the former lost their commanding officer in the final attack.<ref name="Messervy121">Maule, p. 121</ref>

In the centre, the 7th Royal Tank Regiment reached Fort Capuzzo by noon and scattered the defenders, who retreated north to join the 15th ''Panzer'' Division, between them and Bardia.<ref name="DesertFox39">Delany, p. 39</ref> Soon afterwards, they faced several counter-attacks by a battalion from the 8th ''Panzer'' Regiment of the 15th ''Panzer'' Division. After being joined by the 22nd Guards Brigade, they faced the final and largest counter-attack at 18:30 but managed to repulse it.<ref name="Crucible299">Pitt, p. 299</ref> These were not serious assaults, as Rommel would not commit the 15th ''Panzer'' Division to battle without more information on the situation. The 8th ''Panzer'' Regiment skirmished briefly and then feigned a disorderly retreat to lure Matilda tanks into a chase into range of concealed anti-tank guns. Neither side took much damage from these actions.<ref name="DesertFox41">Delany, p. 41</ref> In response to the British capture of Capuzzo and concerned with a possible attack on Sollum and Bardia, Rommel ordered the 5th Light Division to Sidi Azeiz ready for a possible counter-attack.<ref>''Afrikakorps (Third Reich)'', p. 56</ref>

[[File:ItaloGariboldi.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|Italo Gariboldi]]
The rest of the 4th Royal Tank Regiment had been used as a flank guard for the 7th Royal Tank Regiment. While B Squadron was kept in reserve, the three remaining troops of A Squadron (12 tanks) had initial success against Battle Position (B.P.) 38, capturing 200 Axis prisoners and eight field guns with virtually no loss. These gains were lost when A Squadron were repelled at Point 206 and German forces counter-attacked at B.P. 38. In the evening, after A Squadron was down to only one remaining tank, the sixteen tanks of B Squadron were brought into action and Point 206 was captured.<ref name= "TheTanks85"/> In capturing these objectives, the British also took over 500 German and Italian prisoners.<ref name="Moorehead127">Moorehead, p. 127</ref> That night, the [[Scots Guards|2nd Scots Guards]]—a battalion of the 22nd Guards Brigade—were able to advance further eastward and capture an outpost at Musaid.<ref>Pitt, p. 302</ref>

On the western side, the 7th Armoured Brigade had placed the 2nd Royal Tank Regiment, equipped with older cruiser tanks, in front of the 6th Royal Tank Regiment to use their new Crusader tanks as a surprise. The force reached Hafid Ridge (which actually consisted of three [[ridge]]s) by about 09:00. After 2nd Royal Tank Regiment had crossed over the first ridge, they were attacked at near point-blank range by dug in anti-tank guns, destroying two A9 cruiser tanks before the rest could retreat.<ref name="Crucible299"/> This development posed a serious problem for the brigade, as the cruiser tanks were armed with [[Ordnance QF 2 pounder|2-pounder]] anti-tank guns which lacked the High Explosive (HE) rounds needed to engage infantry and artillery. Artillery support was not available as it was attached to the Support Group in the south-west, was covering the 7th Armoured Brigade's flank.<ref>Playfair, 2004, p.167</ref>

It was decided to attempt a flanking attack while waiting for the artillery to arrive. A small force of tanks from the 2nd Royal Tank Regiment was sent to the western part of the Hafid Ridge, with orders to turn into the first valley. The attack went well at first, as the tanks caught the Axis forces unaware and were able to strafe along their trenches with their machine guns, losing only one tank in the process.<ref name= "Crucible299"/> As they approached point 208 on their way eastwards, the commander became aware of its fortifications and ordered his units to disengage; due to an equipment shortage, only one tank per [[troop]] was equipped with a radio and five of his tanks, not receiving the order, continued towards Point 208 and were destroyed by its [[8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41|88 mm]] guns.<ref>Playfair, 2004, pp.167–168</ref>

Soon, reports came in from Allied aircraft that German tanks were approaching and the order was given to clear the ridges to use the advantageous terrain for the upcoming tank battle.<ref name="DesertFox41"/> At 17:30 reports came in from forward observers that the defenders were withdrawing from Hafid Ridge.<ref name="Moorehead127"/> After clearing the first ridge, it looked as though the reports were accurate, as German trucks and towed guns were seen moving away over the second crest. Pursuit began but upon the British forces clearing the second ridge, the Axis forces sprung their trap and fired on the Crusader tanks at near point-blank range; within minutes, 11 of the Crusaders were destroyed and six more heavily damaged.<ref name="Crucible300">Pitt, p. 300</ref> The Axis infantry and anti-tank guns, bereft of entrenchments, also took significant casualties.<ref name="DesertFox41"/> Over thirty German tanks from a battalion of the 5th ''Panzer'' Regiment, part of the 5th Light Division which had earlier been stationed north at Sidi Azeiz, were seen arriving from the west.<ref name="Crucible300"/>

[[File:Defence of Fort Capuzzo by Italian anti-aircraft gunners.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.5|Defence of Fort Capuzzo by Italian anti-aircraft gunners]]
By the end of the first day, Fort Capuzzo had been captured but not Halfaya Pass and Hafid Ridge and the British had lost a significant number of tanks. In the 7th Armoured Brigade, the 2nd Royal Tank Regiment was down to 28 cruiser tanks and the 6th Royal Tank Regiment to only 20 of their 50 Crusaders; many of the tanks which had been damaged, were abandoned in the field as the 7th Armoured Brigade withdrew from Hafid Ridge, leaving them for seizure by German tank recovery teams. The 4th Armoured Brigade, from its original strength of roughly 100 Matildas, was down to 37 (though 11 more were repaired by the following morning).<ref>Pitt, pp. 300–301</ref> German ''panzer'' losses were trifling, though there had been many casualties among the garrisons at Hafid Ridge, Point 206 and Fort Capuzzo. Beresford-Peirse planned to have the 11th Infantry Brigade continue its attack next day on Halfaya Pass, the 22nd Guards Brigade to hold their position and for the 4th Armoured Brigade to reinforce the 7th Armoured Brigade for a combined attack on the outnumbered 5th Light Division.<ref>Delany, pp. 41–42</ref>

Through the wireless intelligence service, Rommel had a fairly clear picture of the British situation, including their losses, problems and the new orders issued by Beresford-Peirse.<ref>Pitt, pp. 301–302</ref> Rommel was concerned for the forces at Halfaya Pass, which were trapped by the 22nd Guards Brigade on one side and the 11th Infantry Brigade on the other and running low on supplies. His plan was to have the 5th Light Division, which by midnight had almost fully reached Sidi Azeiz, drive south towards [[Sidi Omar]] and then east towards Sidi Suleiman and then north-east to Halfaya Pass, approaching the 11th Infantry Brigade from the rear. To prevent the re-deployment of Matildas, either to reinforce the 7th Armoured Brigade as Beresford-Peirse planned or to assist the British forces at Halfaya, Neumann-Silkow was ordered to attack Capuzzo.<ref>Delany, p. 42</ref> He ordered the attacks to begin while still dark, as the British intended to start their operations shortly after dawn.<ref name="Crucible303">Pitt, p. 303</ref>

===16 June===

[[File:Bach in an Italian battery position Halfaya Pass.jpg|thumb|Bach in an Italian battery position, Halfaya Pass]]
The 11th Infantry Brigade renewed their attack on Halfaya Pass, but met with same failure as the day prior. Bach's forces—though outnumbered and running low on supplies—were now totally surrounded, and thus could not retreat even if they were inclined to do so. Messervy saw this lack of progress and disregarded Beresford-Peirse's orders to release his tanks and decided to retain the few remaining Matildas he had until some breach of the Axis defences could be made.<ref name= "FightingFox43">Delany, p. 43</ref> Neumann-Silkow began his attack on British held Fort Capuzzo at 06:00. He organised the 80 tanks under his command into two columns and attacked Capuzzo from either side.<ref name="Crucible303"/> The attack went poorly from the onset, as the 15th ''Panzer'' Division ran directly into heavy artillery from 25-pounders which had been brought up during the night and Matilda tanks in entrenched positions. By 10:00, the 15th ''Panzer'' Division had lost fifty of its tanks, and by 12:00, they were forced to withdraw.<ref name="Crucible303"/> Soon after the German forces withdrew the Scots Guards advanced further west, capturing the Sollum barracks to prevent Axis forces from either flanking on the east or linking up with the Halfaya garrison.<ref name="FightingFox43"/>

Starting at dawn, the 5th Light Division began to advance southwards past the western edge of Hafid Ridge. The 7th Armoured Brigade kept pace with them to the east, joined by the 7th Support Group as the two forces approached Sidi Omar. During the running skirmish, the British tanks had a few successful attacks against unarmoured German transport vehicles, but they found themselves at a significant disadvantage when they engaged the ''panzer''s, who utilised an extremely effective tactic against them. The [[Panzer IV|''Panzer'' IVs]], armed with high-explosive [[7.5 cm KwK 37|{{convert|75|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} gun]]s with an effective range of ~2750 m,<ref name="Crucible304">Pitt, p. 304</ref> would open fire while still well out of the roughly {{convert|460|m|yd|abbr=on}} range of the 2-pounder guns found on British tanks.<ref name="Crucible304"/> While this would do minimal damage to the British tanks, it decimated their towed 25-pounder artillery, which would be forced to withdraw. Without British artillery to concern them, the Panzer IV and [[5 cm KwK 38|{{convert|50|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} gun]] armed [[Panzer III]]s could then safely close range with their British counterparts and pick off the thinly armed cruiser tanks while still remaining beyond the range of the British tank guns.<ref name= "Crucible304"/> If the British tanks attempted to move forward to engage the panzers, the latter would quickly retreat behind a screen of anti-tank guns while lighter armoured elements would begin to move around the British flanks.<ref name="FightingFox43"/> To make matters worse for the 7th Armoured Brigade, they suffered numerous breakdowns.<ref name= "FightingFox43"/> By evening, both regiments of the 7th Armoured Brigade had retreated east of the [[Frontier Wire (Libya)|Frontier Wire]] and the 7th Support Group and withdrawn even further. At 19:00, just as [[dusk]] fell, the 5th Light Division further weakened the 7th Armoured Brigade with an attack which only ended when night fell.<ref name="Crucible306">Pitt, p. 306</ref>

Rommel—who had seen several of the engagements between the 7th Armoured Brigade and 5th Light Division—decided to attempt a full thrust against the 7th Armoured Brigade. At 16:00, he ordered the 15th ''Panzer'' Division to leave only minimal elements at its position north of Fort Capuzzo and make all haste to the northern flank of the 5th Light Division, which was pressing eastward to [[Sidi Suleiman]].<ref name="DesertFox44">Delany, p. 44</ref> He hoped to cut off the majority of the British forces, encircling and then eliminating them. During the afternoon, Wavell had flown to Beresford-Peirse, to simplify the making of decisions. When he arrived, Beresford-Peirse was away, meeting with Messervy and Creagh, where he reconfirmed his orders for the infantry to maintain its attack on Halfaya and hold Capuzzo, while the 4th Armoured Brigade was to join the 7th Armoured Brigade, to confront the 5th Light Division to the west.<ref name="Crucible306"/> That night, on learning of the 5th Light Division advance, Messervy took the initiative and ordered his forces to withdraw and ordered the remaining Matildas of the 4th Armoured Brigade to form a screen, to protect the retreating infantry from the advance of the ''panzers'' to the west.<ref name="DesertFox44"/> The 7th Armoured Brigade had lost more than half of the cruiser tanks operational in the morning and was down to 21 runners.<ref>Moorehead, p. 129</ref> The 4th Armoured Brigade had been reduced to 17 Matildas.<ref>''Afrikakorps (Third Reich)'', p. 60</ref>

===17 June===
At 04:30, Rommel's ''panzer''s began their advance.<ref name="Crucible307">Pitt, p. 307</ref> The 5th Light Division encountered the 7th Armoured Brigade at 06:00 and began pushing them back. By 08:00 that morning, they had reached Sidi Suleiman.<ref>''Ravenstein, Portrait of a German General'', p. 60</ref> At Capuzzo, the early morning movements of the 15th Panzer Division led Messervy to believe another attack was imminent, and he thus cancelled Beresford-Peirse's orders for the 4th Armoured Brigade to reinforce the 7th so that they could be retained.<ref name="TheTanks89">Liddell Hart, p. 89</ref> The combination of the two events caused serious alarm to Creagh, who then sent a message to Beresford-Peirse, requesting his presence for instruction;<ref name="TheTanks89"/> Wavell, who was with Beresford-Peirse, took command of the operation and boarded a plane to Creagh's command post at Halfway House.<ref name="Crucible307"/> This message was also intercepted by the Germans, as Rommel later wrote,

{{Blockquote|It sounded suspiciously as though the British commander no longer felt himself capable of handling the situation. It being now obvious that in their present bewildered state the British would not start anything for the time being, I decided to pull the net tight by going on to Halfaya.|Rommel<ref name="Crucible307"/>}}

The 5th Light Division and the 15th Panzer Division, attacking from the south-west and north-west respectively, were only {{convert|9|mi|km|abbr=on}} from Halfaya.<ref name="TankHistory90">Liddell Hart, p. 90</ref> At 10:00, as the ''Panzer'' divisions pushed eastward, they ran into the remaining Matildas of the 4th Armoured Brigade, joined on the flank by the remaining cruisers and artillery of the 7th Armoured Brigade and 7th Support Group. The tanks formed a screen to protect the 22nd Guards Brigade and 11th Indian Infantry Brigade as they retreated toward Halfway House.<ref name= "Crucible308">Pitt, p. 308</ref> At 10:45, Messervy contacted Creagh over the radio and, speaking [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] for security, informed him that he had ordered a retreat of his infantry from Capuzzo and Halfaya, to begin at 11:00.<ref name="TankHistory90"/> At noon, Wavell and Beresford-Peirse arrived at Halfway House and learned of the retreat, to which Wavell then gave his approval.<ref name="TankHistory90"/> The British armour stalled the panzer advance to Halfaya until 16:00, by which time the 22nd Guards had escaped.<ref name="Crucible308"/>

==Aftermath==
===Analysis===
Churchill was displeased with the results of Operation Battleaxe. He had been expecting nothing less than complete success and had instead received news that the operation had failed and the tanks sent for it had been lost. Churchill sacked Wavell but could not have it look as though he was being punished or have Wavell return to England, as embarrassing questions could be raised. Churchill had Wavell exchange duties with General [[Claude Auchinleck]], [[Commander-in-Chief, India]].<ref>Crucible, p. 309</ref> Along with Wavell went [[Michael O'Moore Creagh]], who was replaced by Gott.<ref>''Harding of Petherton: Field Marshal'', p. 73</ref>

[[Noel Beresford-Peirse|Beresford-Peirse]] was criticised for both his plan and control of the operation and on 4 October was sent to [[French Sudan|Sudan]] with the position of [[General Officer Commanding]], Sudan.<ref>''Montgomery's Desert Army'', p. 7</ref><ref>Churchill, Winston. ''The Churchill War Papers'', pg.731</ref> Beresford-Peirse took the place of [[William Platt]], who had been promoted to Commander-in-Chief of the newly created [[East Africa Command]].<ref name=LondGazAug21>{{London Gazette |issue=37695 |date=30 August 1946 |page=4220 |supp=y}}</ref> Beresford-Peirse was replaced as commander of XIII Corps by Lieutenant-General [[Alfred Reade Godwin-Austen|Reade Godwin-Austen]], who had been promoted from command of the [[2nd (African) Division|12th (African) Division]] in the [[East African Campaign (World War II)|East African Campaign]].<ref>Playfair, 1956, p. 316</ref>

===Casualties===
The Allies had 969 casualties, with 122 killed, 588 wounded and 259 missing. The Germans had 678 casualties, with 93 killed, 350 wounded and 235 missing and the Italians suffered 592 casualties.<ref name="Playfair171">Playfair, p. 171</ref><ref>Greene, p. 73</ref> The British lost 98 tanks (3 light, 30 cruisers and 65 Matildas) and the Axis had roughly 50 disabled, excluding tanks which had been knocked out and repaired during the battle. The Axis held the battlefield and recovered disabled vehicles; only 12 tanks were written off.<ref name= "Playfair171"/> The British lost 33 fighters and three bombers against 10 German aircraft.<ref name="Playfair171"/> RAF fighter losses were caused by lack of pilot training and the need for continuous air cover; standing patrols could only be maintained by a few aircraft while the bulk were in transit to the battlefield, being repaired, rearmed and refuelled.<ref name="Playfair171"/>

==Orders of battle==
{{Main|Operation Battleaxe order of battle}}

===Allied forces===
* Western Desert Force (Lieutenant-General [[Noel Beresford-Peirse]])
** [[4th Infantry Division (India)|4th Indian Infantry Division]] (Major-General [[Frank Messervy]])
*** [[British 22nd Guards Brigade|22nd Guards Brigade]]{{efn|The 4th Indian Infantry Division had the [[11th Indian Infantry Brigade]], the [[5th Indian Infantry Brigade]] and [[7th Indian Infantry Brigade]], were in [[Syria-Lebanon Campaign|Syria]] and East Africa. The 22nd Guards Brigade and [[4th Mechanised Brigade (United Kingdom)|4th Armoured Brigade]] were under command.}}
** [[7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|7th Armoured Division]] (Major-General Sir [[Michael O'Moore Creagh]]){{efn|The 7th Armoured Division had the [[7th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|7th Armoured Brigade]] and [[7th Support Group (United Kingdom)|7th Support Group]]. The 4th Armoured Brigade armoured battalions were detached to Coast Force and Escarpment Force.}}

====Coast Force====
* 7th Armoured Brigade Group
** 7th Armoured Brigade (4 × A10 Cruiser tanks with brigade HQ)
*** [[2nd Royal Tank Regiment]] (10 × A9, 11 × A10, 21 × A13 Mk II Cruiser tanks)
*** [[6th Royal Tank Regiment]] (53 × Crusader I)
*** 3rd Hussars (16 × Mk VIb light tanks)
** 7th Support Group
*** 1st [[The King's Royal Rifle Corps]]
*** 2nd [[The Rifle Brigade]]
*** [[3rd Regiment Royal Horse Artillery]]
*** [[4th Regiment Royal Horse Artillery]]
*** 1st Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery

====Escarpment Force====
** 22nd Guards Brigade
*** 2nd [[Scots Guards]]
*** 3rd [[Coldstream Guards]]
*** 1st [[Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)|The Buffs]]
** [[4th Mechanized Brigade (United Kingdom)|4th Armoured Brigade]] (2 × A10 Cruiser tanks with brigade HQ )
*** [[4th Royal Tank Regiment]] (44 × Matilda II Infantry tanks, 6 × Mk VIb light tanks)
*** [[7th Royal Tank Regiment]] (48 × Matilda II Infantry tanks, 6 × Mk VIb light tanks)

====Coast Force====
** Halfaya Group
*** 2nd [[Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders]]
*** C Squadron, 4th RTR (12 × Matilda II Infantry tanks)
** [[11th Indian Infantry Brigade|11th Indian Infantry Brigade Group]]
*** 1st/[[6th Rajputana Rifles]]
*** 2nd/[[5th Mahratta Light Infantry]]
*** Two [[troop]]s from A Squadron, 4RTR (6 × Matilda II Infantry tanks)<ref name="TheTanks83">Liddell Hart, p. 83</ref>

====RAF====
* 98 [[Fighter aircraft|fighters]] in six squadrons
* 105 [[bomber]]s in eight squadrons ([[204 Group]]).<ref name="RoyalNav135"/>

Total British strength for the operation came to 25,000 men, {{circa|220 tanks}} (28 × Light, 100 × Cruiser and 92 × Infantry).<ref name="Churchill305"/><ref name= "Playfair171"/> Of the cruiser tanks, 38 were older cruiser models ([[Cruiser Mk I|Mk I]], [[Cruiser Mk II|II]] and [[Cruiser Mk III|III]]/[[Cruiser Mk IV|IV]]) and 53 were the new Crusader.<ref name="TheTanks86">Liddell Hart, p. 86</ref> The Crusader and Matilda tanks were fitted with a Rotatrailer, an un-armoured trailer with {{convert|10|impgal|L}} of water and 12-man/days of rations, 100 rounds of 2-pounder ammunition and {{convert|12|impgal|L}} of lubricating oil, with {{convert|120|impgal|L}} of fuel carried in the wheels.

===Axis forces===
{{lang|it|Comandante Superiore:Generale d'Armata}} [[Italo Gariboldi]]

{{lang|de|Deutsches Afrika Korps}} (DAK) under {{lang|de|[[Generalleutnant]]}} [[Erwin Rommel]]
* [[21st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|5th Light Division]] ({{lang|de|[[Generalmajor]]}} [[Johann von Ravenstein]]) was in reserve with 57 × Panzer III and Panzer IV, 39 × Panzer I and Pz II. [[5th Panzer Regiment|5th ''Panzer'' Regiment]] of the 5th Light Division, which had 96 tanks of which 57 were medium tanks.
* [[15th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|15th ''Panzer'' Division]] ({{lang|de|Generalmajor}} [[Walter Neumann-Silkow]]) was on the frontier. The [[8th Panzer Regiment|8th ''Panzer'' Regiment]] of the 15th ''Panzer'' Division had 36 × Panzer II and about 62 × [[Panzer III|''Panzer'' III]] and [[Panzer IV|IV]].<ref name= "Tanks157">Jentz, p. 157</ref> Most of the remaining units of the division were dispersed to various strong points along Rommel's defensive line.
* [[62nd Infantry Regiment "Sicilia"|62nd Infantry Regiment]] of the [[102nd Motorized Division "Trento"|102nd Motorised Division "Trento"]]; Most of the division was at Bardia but three infantry battalions and an artillery regiment were in the Sollum–Musaid–Capuzzo area.<ref name="Playfair, p. 164"/>
Total Axis strength was 13,200 men (5,700 German, 7,500 Italian),{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} ~194 tanks (75 × Panzer II, 119 × Panzer III and Panzer IV), 130 × fighters (60 × German and 70 × Italian) and 84 × bombers (59 × German, 25 × Italian).<ref name="Playfair171"/><ref name="Tanks157">Jentz, p. 157</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of World War II Battles]]
* [[North African campaign timeline]]
* [[List of British military equipment of World War II]]
* [[List of German military equipment of World War II]]
* [[List of Italian military equipment in World War II]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist|1}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author= |title=Afrikakorps (Third Reich) |date=July 1990 |publisher=Time-Life Education |location=Alexandria, VA |isbn=978-0-8094-6983-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/afrikakorps00time}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=John H. |last2=Dice |first2=Jack W. |title=The Second World War: Europe and the Mediterranean |date=November 2002 |publisher=Square One |series=West Point Military History Series |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7570-0160-4}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Brown |editor-first=David |title=The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean: November 1940 – December 1941 |volume=II |date=November 2001 |publisher=Frank Cass |location=London |series=Whitehall Histories |isbn=978-0-7146-5205-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston S. |editor-last=Gilbert |editor-first=Martin |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=The Ever Widening War: 1941 |volume=III |series=The Churchill War Papers |year=2001 |publisher=W. W. Norton |location=London |isbn=0-393-01959-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston S. |title=Second World War: The Grand Alliance |volume=III |year=1986 |orig-year=1953 |publisher=Mariner Books |location=Boston |isbn=978-039541-057-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Connell |first=John [pseud. John Henry Robertson] |title=Wavell, Scholar and Soldier: To June 1941 |volume=I |year=1964 |publisher=Collins |location=London |oclc=505955217}}
* {{cite book |last=Delany |first=John |title=Fighting the Desert Fox: Rommel's Campaigns in North Africa April 1941 to August 1942 |date=September 1998 |publisher=Arms & Armour |location=London |isbn=978-1-85409-407-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Gilbert |title=The Second World War: A Complete History |year=1989 |publisher=H. Holt |location=London |isbn=978-0-8050-0534-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/secondworldwar00mart}}
* {{cite book |last1=Greene |first1=Jack |last2=Massignani |first2=Alessandro |title=Rommel's North Africa Campaign: September 1940 – November 1942 |series=Great Campaigns |date=July 1999 |publisher=Da Capo Press |location=New York |isbn=978-158097-018-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Hall |first=Timothy |title=Tobruk 1941, The Desert Siege |year=1984 |publisher=Methuen Australia |location=Sydney |isbn=0-454-00667-5}}
* {{cite book |first=Thomas L. |last=Jentz |title=Tank Combat in North Africa: The Opening Rounds, Operations Sonnenblume, Brevity, Skorpion and Battleaxe, February 1941 – June 1941 |publisher=Schiffer |year=1998 |location=New York |isbn=0-7643-0226-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Latimer |first=Jon |title=Tobruk 1941: Rommel's Opening Move |year=2004 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Santa Barbara, CA |isbn=0-275-98287-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Liddell Hart |first=Basil H. |author-link=Basil Liddell Hart |title=The Tanks: The History of the Royal Tank Regiment and its Predecessors, Heavy Branch, Machine-Gun Corps, Tank Corps, and Royal Tank Corps, 1914–1945 |year=1959 |publisher=Cassell |location=London |isbn=978-0-89201-079-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Maule |first=Henry |title=Spearhead General: The Epic Story of General Sir Frank Messervy and his Men in Eritrea, North Africa and Burma |year=1961 |publisher=Odhams |location=London |oclc=2127215}}
* {{cite book |last=Moorehead |first=Alan |author-link=Alan Moorehead |title=Desert War: The North African Campaign 1940–1943 |date=April 2001 |publisher=Penguin |location=London |isbn=978-0-14-027514-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Pitt |first=Barrie |title=Crucible of War: Western Desert 1941 |date=December 1989 |publisher=Paragon House |location=London |isbn=978-1-55778-232-8}}
* {{cite book |first1=I. S. O. |last1=Playfair |author1-link=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |first2=F. C. |last2=with Flynn |first3=C. J. C. |last3=Molony |first4=S. E. |last4=Toomer |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Germans come to the Help of their Ally (1941) |volume=II |publisher=[[HMSO]] |year=2004 |orig-year=1956 |edition=facs. repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield |isbn=1-84574-066-1 |name-list-style=amp}}
* {{cite book |last=Rommel |first=Erwin |translator-last=Findlay |translator-first=Paul |editor-last=Liddell Hart |editor-first=Basil |editor-link=Basil Liddell Hart |author-link=Erwin Rommel |title=The Rommel Papers |date=March 1982 |publisher=Da Capo Press |location=New York |orig-year=1953|isbn=978-0-306-80157-0}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Dando |first=N. |title=The Impact of Terrain on British Operations and Doctrine in North Africa 1940–1943 |type=PhD |url=https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk//handle/10026.1/3035 |year=2014 |publisher=Plymouth University |access-date=25 March 2015 |oclc=885436735 |archive-date=4 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004183311/https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk//handle/10026.1/3035 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070202/ |series=Australia in the war of 1939–45 (Series 1 Army) |title=Tobruk and El Alamein |volume=III |last=Maughan |first=Barton |publisher=Australian War Memorial |location=Canberra |year=1966 |oclc=464063856 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |access-date=26 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504102858/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070202 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |chapter=2: Lull in the Desert |chapter-url=http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Tobr-c2.html |series=The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945 |title=The Relief of Tobruk |access-date=18 March 2015 |last=Murphy |first=W. E. |editor-last=Fairbrother |editor-first=Monty C. |year=1961 |publisher=War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs |location=Wellington, NZ |oclc=846906679 |archive-date=5 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405220624/http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Tobr-c2.html |url-status=live }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Operation Battleaxe}}
* [http://www.lonesentry.com/manuals/cyrenaica/index.html Lone Sentry: The Development of German Defensive Tactics in Cyrenaica 1941, Military Intelligence Service, Special Series No. 5, 16 October 1942]
* [http://www.warlinks.com/armour/6th_royal_tank/6rtr_41.html 6th Royal Tank Regiment war diaries]
* [http://www.btinternet.com/~ian.a.paterson/battles1941.htm The History of the British 7th Armoured Division "The Desert Rats" – Engagements – 1941#Battleaxe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929135531/http://www.btinternet.com/~ian.a.paterson/battles1941.htm |date=29 September 2007 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930204510/http://www.onwar.com/chrono/1941/jun41/f15jun41.htm 15 June 1941 On War]
* [http://www.historyanimated.com/wwiianimated.com/index.php/rommels-first-offensive-and-operation-battleaxe Animated Map of Operation Battleaxe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204215426/http://www.historyanimated.com/wwiianimated.com/index.php/rommels-first-offensive-and-operation-battleaxe |date=4 December 2013 }}

{{World War II}}
{{Tobruk in the Second World War}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Battleaxe}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1941]]
[[Category:1941 in Libya]]
[[Category:Western Desert campaign]]
[[Category:Tobruk in World War II]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving India]]
[[Category:Land battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom|Battleaxe]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Germany]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Italy]]
[[Category:Tank battles of World War II]]
[[Category:Tank battles involving Germany]]
[[Category:Tank battles involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Erwin Rommel]]
[[Category:June 1941 in Africa]]
[[Category:Siege of Tobruk]]

Chennai metropolitan area

2026-03-17T17:41:04Z

EthanMarko2: Expanded content with additional details

{{hatnote|Chennai metropolitan area includes the city of [[Chennai]] and its suburbs.}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chennai metropolitan area
| settlement_type = [[Metropolitan area]]
| image_skyline = Chennai_skyline.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Chennai skyline
| etymology =
| nicknames =
| latd =
| longd =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| seat_type = [[Core city]]
| seat = [[Chennai]]
| parts_type = [[List of districts of Tamil Nadu|Districts]]
| parts = {{ubl|[[Chennai district|Chennai]], [[Kancheepuram district|Kancheepuram]], [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]], [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]], [[Ranipet district|Ranipet]]}}
| population_footnotes =
| area_metro_km2 = 5904
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Chennai vasi, Chennaiite, Chennai karan
| population_as_of = 2023
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 14510000
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_rank = [[List of metropolitan areas in India|4]]
| population_density_blank1_km2 = auto
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]]
| blank_info_sec1 = US$ 219 Billion<ref>{{cite web|title=At US$219 billion, the Chennai metropolitan area is the fourth largest city by GDP in India|url=https://urbanemissions.info/india-apna/chennai-india/|work=Urban emissions|access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|www.cmdachennai.gov.in}}
| official_name =
| other_name = Greater Chennai
| footnotes = Area note: Area of CMA was expanded from 1189 sq.km to 5904 sq.km in 2022.<ref name="cmda home">{{cite web|title=Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|url=https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/|publisher=[[Government of Tamilnadu]]|access-date=9 July 2017}}</ref>
Population note: As per the 2011 census, population corresponding to the pre-expansion limits was about 8.9 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cmavision.in/about-cma/|title=About CMA|work=[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The population estimate corresponding to the post-expansion limits was given as 11.76 million (based on census 2011) by [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]].<ref name="Pop">{{cite tweet|author=[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]|title=Population of Chennai Metropolitan Area|user=CMDA_Official|number=1762023999947558914|date=26 February 2024}}</ref> The estimated population in 2023 was given as 14.51 million by CMDA.<ref>{cite report|url=https://cumta.tn.gov.in/upload/2025/11/14/1763097757-F8F1P.pdf|title=Comprehensive Mobility Plan 2023-2048|work=Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|date=14 November 2025|access-date=18 November 2025}</ref>
| image_map = Cma-overview-map.png
| map_caption = CMA expanded boundary
}}
'''Chennai metropolitan area''' or '''Greater Chennai''' is the [[List of metropolitan areas in India|fourth-most populous]] [[metropolitan area]] in India and the 35th most populous in the world. It consists of the core city of [[Chennai]], which is coterminous with the [[Chennai district]], and its [[suburbs]] in [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]], [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]], [[Tiruvallur district|Thiruvallur]] and [[Ranipet district|Ranipet]] districts.

The [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]] is the nodal agency that handles town planning and development within the metro area. In 1974, an area encompassing {{cvt|1189|km2}} around the city was designated as the metropolitan area which was subsequently expanded to {{cvt|5904|km2}} in 2022.

== History ==
In 1974, the Madras metropolitan area comprised a total extent of {{cvt|1189|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/maps.html|title=CMDA map|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> In 2011, first plans to expand the metropolitan area were proposed by [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]] (CMDA) as several settlements on the outer vicinity had been undergoing rapid development and had to be incorporated under the CMDA planning strategy. While other metropolises in India had already redefined their respective metropolitan regions to include much larger areas, CMA had not been altered since it was first defined in 1974.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/final-call-on-greater-chennai-by-fiscal-year-end-395197.html |title = Final call on Greater Chennai by fiscal year-end|work=IBN Live|date=26 August 2011|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> In July 2012, the CMDA suggested two options to the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] for expanding the area with the first option including the whole of the [[Chennai district|Chennai]], seven taluks each from [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]] and [[Kancheepuram district]]s extending up to {{cvt|4459|km2}} and the second option including the whole of Chennai, Tiruvallur and Kancheepuram districts and Arakkonam taluk extending to a total of {{cvt|8878|km2}}.<ref>{{cite news|author=C. Shivakumar |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article586493.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024071103/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article586493.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 October 2013 |title=Push to expand Chennai metropolitan area|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=10 August 2012|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> In July 2017, the Government of Tamil Nadu announced its intention to expand the CMA to {{convert|8878|km2|abbr=on}} with the whole process expected to be completed by July 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=Metropolitan Area set to expand|url=https://www.PressReader.com/India/the-Hindu/20170704/281492161339750|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|via=[[PressReader]]|date=4 July 2017|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mariappan|first1=Julie|title=5-year wait ends, Chennai finally set for seven-fold expansion|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/5-year-wait-ends-chennai-finally-set-for-seven-fold-expansion/articleshow/59433941.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 July 2017|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

On 22 January 2018, Government of Tamil Nadu issued a Government order to declare the intention to include additional areas in the Chennai Metropolitan Planning Area under the Tamil Nadu Town and Country Planning Act, 1971.<ref>{{cite news|title=Your word matters in Chennai's expansion|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/feb/06/your-word-matters-in-chennais-expansion-1769069.html|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=6 February 2018|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Krishnan|first1=S |title=G.O. (Ms) No.13 |url=http://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/go/hud_e_13_2018_0.pdf|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=6 February 2018|date=22 January 2018}}</ref> As per the act, the government is required to allow reasonable opportunity (two months) for inhabitants, local authorities and institutions in the area to comment upon or object to such an expansion proposals and few objections were received including a [[Public interest litigation in India|public interest litigation]] filed at the [[Madras High Court]] in March 2018.<ref name="Act">{{cite act|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/tcp/acts_rules/Town_Country_Planning_Act_1971.pdf |title=The Tamil Nadu Town and Country Planning Act, 1971 (Tamil Nadu Act 35 of 1972) | year=1971 |legislature=[[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu]] |access-date=1 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kabirdoss|first1=Yogesh|title=CMDA to seek public opinion on Chennai expansion, clear doubts|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/cmda-to-seek-public-opinion-on-city-expansion-clear-doubts/articleshow/63618616.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 April 2018|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> The plan was later modified and in October 2022, the metropolitan area was expanded to {{cvt|5904|km2}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/government-issues-order-for-expanding-chennai-metropolitan-planning-area-to-5904-sq-km/article66041750.ece|title=Order issued for expansion of Chennai to 5,904 sq. Km; over 1,200 villages set to be added|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 October 2022|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

== Distribution and composition ==
The metropolitan area consists of four [[municipal corporation]]s ([[Greater Chennai Corporation|Greater Chennai]], [[Tambaram City Municipal Corporation|Tambaram]], [[Avadi Municipal Corporation|Avadi]], [[Kanchipuram Municipal Corporation|Kancheepuram]]), 12 municipalities ([[Arakkonam]], [[Mangadu]], [[Kundrathur]], [[Poonamallee]], [[Thiruverkadu]], [[Thiruninravur]], [[Tiruvallur]], [[Tiruttani]], [[Maraimalai Nagar]], [[Chengalpattu]], [[Ponneri]], [[Guduvancheri]]) and other smaller panchayats spread across the districts of Chennai, Thiruvallur, Kancheepuram, [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]] and [[Ranipet district|Ranipet]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/LocalbodyList.html|title=Local body list|publisher=[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The planning and development is overseen by the [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]] (CMDA), a [[Tamil Nadu]] State Government organisation in charge of town in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/aboutcmda.html|title=About CMDA|publisher=[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> CMA is divided into three zones {{ndash}} north, central and south.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chennai Metropolitan Area to be trifurcated, will cover 5,904 sqkm |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/sep/28/chennai-metropolitan-area-to-be-trifurcated-will-cover-5904-sqkm-2502600.html|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=25 December 2022 |date=28 September 2022}}</ref>
[[File:Chennai metropolitan area boundaries.jpg|right|303x303px]]

The State government had announced the formation of six satellite townships – [[Minjur]] covering 111 sq. kilometres, [[Thirumazhisai]] 34 sq. km., [[Chengalpattu]] 136 sq. km., [[Mamallapuram]] 123 sq. km., [[Kanchipuram|Kancheepuram]] 99 sq. km. and [[Tiruvallur]] 37 sq. km., through Government Orders (G.O.) issued in 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-08 |title=CMDA prepares blueprints for six satellite towns, consultants appointed to prepare DPR for four |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cmda-prepares-blueprints-for-six-satellite-towns-consultants-appointed-to-prepare-dpr-for-four/article68153467.ece |access-date=2024-08-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 100%"
|+Constituents of Chennai Metropolitan Area<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/pdfs/masterplan.pdf|title=Master plan|publisher=[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>
! Zone
! Area (km2)
! style="width:15em;"|District
! Taluk
|-
|rowspan="4"|Central
|rowspan="4"|{{Formatnum:1189}}
|[[Chennai district]]
|[[Alandur taluk|Alandur]], [[Ambattur taluk|Ambattur]], [[Aminjikarai taluk|Aminjikarai]], [[Ayanavaram taluk|Ayanavaram]], [[Egmore taluk|Egmore]], [[Guindy taluk|Guindy]], [[Madhavaram taluk|Madhavaram]], [[Maduravoyal taluk|Maduravoyal]], [[Mambalam taluk|Mambalam]], [[Mylapore taluk|Mylapore]], [[Perambur taluk|Perambur]], [[Purasawalkam taluk|Purasawalkam]], [[Sholinganallur taluk|Sholinganallur]], [[Thiruvottiyur taluk|Thiruvottiyur]], [[Tondiarpet taluk|Tondiarpet]], [[Velachery taluk|Velachery]]
|-
|[[Chengalpattu district]]
|[[Pallavaram taluk|Pallavaram]], [[Tambaram taluk|Tambaram]], [[Vandalur taluk|Vandalur]]
|-
|[[Kanchipuram district]]
|[[Kundrathur taluk|Kundrathur]]
|-
|[[Tiruvallur district]]
|[[Avadi taluk|Avadi]], [[Poonamallee taluk|Poonamallee]], [[Ponneri taluk|Ponneri]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|North
|rowspan="3"|{{Formatnum:2908}}
|[[Tiruvallur district]]
|[[Gummidipoondi taluk|Gummidipoondi]], [[Poonamallee taluk|Poonamallee]], [[Ponneri taluk|Ponneri]], [[Tiruvallur taluk|Tiruvallur]], [[Tiruttani taluk|Tiruttani]], [[Uthukottai taluk|Uthukottai]]
|-
|[[Kanchipuram district]]
|[[Sriperumbudur taluk|Sriperumbudur]]
|-
|[[Ranipet district]]
|[[Arakkonam taluk|Arakkonam]], [[Nemili]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|South
|rowspan="2"|{{Formatnum:1809}}
|[[Chengalpattu district]]
|[[Chengalpattu taluk|Chengalpattu]], [[Tirukalukundram taluk|Tirukalukundram]], [[Thiruporur taluk|Thiruporur]], [[Vandalur taluk|Vandalur]]
|-
|[[Kanchipuram district]]
|[[Kundrathur taluk|Kundrathur]], [[Kanchipuram taluk|Kanchipuram]], [[Walajabad taluk|Walajabad]]
|}

== Administration ==
The [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]] regulates developments in the Chennai metropolitan area through the issuance of planning permission under section 49 of the Tamil Nadu Town and Country Planning Act 1971.<ref name="Act"/><ref>{{cite news|author=Aloysius Xavier Lopez |title=Challenging times for building panel |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 November 2012|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/challenging-times-for-building-panel/article4082211.ece}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%"
|+Agencies responsible for public services<ref>{{cite web|url=https://citizenmatters.in/chennai-governance-corporation-mtc-railways-cmrl-tnpcb-tnhb/|title=Who administers and provides public services in Chennai?|date=21 August 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Citizen matters}}</ref>
|-
!Agency
!Responsibility
|-
|[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]
|Urban planning and project implementation
|-
|Local bodies ([[Municipal Corporation]]s, [[Municipalities]] and [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]s)
|Civic management
|-
|[[Chennai MetroWater Supply and Sewage Board]]
|Water Supply and sewerage
|-
|[[Chennai Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority]]
|[[Transport in Chennai|Transport and transport infrastructure]]
|-
|[[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Highways]] Tamil Nadu Road Infrastructure Development Corporation Tamil Nadu Road Development Company
|Construction and maintenance of highways and roads
|-
|Chennai-Ennore Port Road Company
|Maintenance of road connecting ports
|-
|[[Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)|Metropolitan Transport Corporation]] [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]] [[State Express Transport Corporation]]
|Public bus transport
|-
|[[Chennai Metro Rail Limited]]
|[[Chennai Metro|Metro rail transport]]
|-
|[[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]]
|Railway, [[Chennai suburban railway|Suburban railway]] and [[Chennai MRTS|MRTS]]
|-
|Regional Transport department
|Transport services (Vehicle registration and compliance, road taxes, driving license)
|-
|Commissionerate of Road Safety
|Road safety
|-
|[[Chennai Port Trust]]
|[[Chennai Port|Port]]
|-
|[[Airports Authority of India]]
|[[Chennai Airport|Airport]] and air transport
|-
|Chennai Smart City Limited
|Core infrastructure transformation and rejuvenation
|-
|[[Chennai City Traffic Police]] [[Avadi Traffic Police]] [[Tambaram Traffic Police]] Traffic police of Tiruvallur, Kanchipuram, Chengalpattu and Ranipet districts
|Traffic management
|-
|[[Greater Chennai Police]] District police of Tiruvallur, Kanchipuram, Chengalpattu and Ranipet districts
|Crime, cyber crime and law & order management
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu Electricity Board]] [[Tamil Nadu Power Distribution Corporation Limited]] [[Tamil Nadu Power Generation Corporation Limited]] [[Tamil Nadu Transmission Corporation]]
|Electricity generation and supply
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board]]
|Pollution control
|-
|[[Department of Revenue (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Revenue]]
|Revenue administration
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu Public Works Department|Public Works Department]]
|Implementation and maintenance of macro drainage system
|-
|[[Department of Commercial Taxes and Registration (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Registration]]
|Land registration, stamp duties
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu Housing Board]]
|Provision of plots and houses, sites and services
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu Urban Habitat Development Board]]
|Housing, infrastructure and livelihood in slums
|-
|[[Aavin]]
|Milk procurement and distribution
|-
|}

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Chennai}}

{{As of|2017}}, the [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] of the metropolitan is estimated at US$219 billion, ranking it amongst the [[List of cities by GDP|most productive metro areas]] of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://urbanemissions.info/india-apna/chennai-india/|title=Chennai, India|work=Urban Emissions|access-date=23 July 2024}}</ref> Chennai has a broad industrial base in the automobile, computer, technology, hardware manufacturing and healthcare sectors. {{As of|2012}}, the city is India's second-largest exporter of information technology (IT) and [[business process outsourcing]] (BPO) services.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennai activities |url=http://www.nasscom.org/chennai-activities |publisher=[[NASSCOM]] |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116141448/http://nasscom.org/chennai-activities |archive-date=16 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chennai emerging as India's Silicon Valley? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Infotech/Software/Chennai_emerging_as_Indias_Silicon_Valley/articleshow/3000410.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=1 May 2008 |access-date=28 December 2012 |first=Rajesh |last=Chandramouli |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820000027/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Infotech/Software/Chennai_emerging_as_Indias_Silicon_Valley/articleshow/3000410.cms |archive-date=20 August 2020}}</ref> A major part of India's automobile industry is located in and around the city thus earning it the nickname "[[Detroit of Asia]]".<ref>{{cite book |title=Business America |date=1997 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of Commerce]] |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Aa4AAAAIAAJ }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Chris Devonshire-Ellis |title=Doing Business in India |year=2012 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-3-642-27617-0 |page=218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIx9E5I9LB8C&pg=PA218}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=U.S. International Trade Commission |title=Competitive Conditions for Foreign Direct Investment in India, Staff Research Study #30 |year=2007 |publisher=DIANE Publishing |isbn=978-1-457-81829-5 |pages=2–10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMIo-FZXCYEC&pg=SA2-PA10}}</ref> According to [[Euromonitor]], Chennai is the third-most visited city in India by international tourists and is known as the "Gateway to South India".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/70874/things-to-do-in-chennai |title=Scorching hot during summer and unbelievably crowded, the modern city of Chennai dipped in traditions from its Madras days never fails to surprise a traveller |last=Mohan |first=Vishnu |date=5 October 2020 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=31 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Vikas |first=S. V. |title=World Tourism Day 2018: Significance, theme and why it is observed |work=[[OneIndia]] |date=27 September 2018 |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/world-tourism-day-2018-significance-theme-why-it-is-observed-2783487.html |access-date=27 September 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[List of metropolitan areas in Asia by population]]
* [[List of metropolitan areas in India]]
* [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India]]
* [[List of urban agglomerations in Tamil Nadu]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/maps.html Chennai metropolitan area map]
*[https://portfolio.cept.ac.in/2018/M/fp/metropolitan-planning-studio-4656-monsoon-2018/planning-for-chennai-metropolitan-area-monsoon-2018-pp0006717 CDMA plan]

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{World's most populous urban areas}}
{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Metropolitan areas of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Geography of Chennai]]

Kanikka Kapur

2026-03-14T20:44:55Z

EthanMarko2: created initial details and citations

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1995)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kanikka Kapur
| image =
| alt =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|03|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = New Delhi, India
| education = Journalism and public communication degree from [[Delhi University]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Model, actress
| years_active = 2008–present
| spouse =
| mother =
| father =
| relatives =
| awards =
| website =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Kanikka Kapur''' (born; 4 March 1995) is an Indian actress and model known for her work in television, films, and web series. She made a television debut as Suman Tiwari in ''[[Ek Duje Ke Vaaste 2]]''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kanikka Kapur and Mohit Kumar talk about their show Ek Duje Ke Vaaste 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/kanikka-kapur-and-mohit-kumar-talk-about-their-show-ek-duje-ke-vaaste-2/videoshow/74068124.cms |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> opposite [[Mohit Kumar (actor)|Mohit Kumar]] produced by [[Sony Entertainment Television|SonyTV]] and Bollywood debut in [[Dono (film)|Dono (2023)]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: Kanikka Kapur opens up about her journey and her debut with Sooraj Barjatya’s Dono {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/exclusive-kanikka-kapur-opens-up-about-her-journey-and-her-debut-with-sooraj-barjatyas-dono-64131.html |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> produced by [[Rajshri Productions]] and [[Jio Studios]].

She also known for ''[[ImMature]]'' and ''Tippu''. She began her career in modeling and went on to win multiple beauty pageants, including ''[[Miss Asia Pageant|Miss Asia 2015]]''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2015-08-20 |title=A Beautiful Night |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2015/Aug/20/a-beautiful-night-802151.html |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Over the years, she has worked across different entertainment platforms, including television, films, and digital content.

==Career==
Kapur passion for acting began at an early age, leading her to work in short films when she was just 13. She was also actively involved in theatre performances during her student years.

At the age of 18, she started her modeling career and quickly gained recognition, winning several pageants such as ''Miss Mood Indigo (2013)'', ''Femina Style Diva North (2014)'', and ''Manappuram Miss Queen of India (2015)''. Her biggest achievement in the pageant industry came in 2015 when she was crowned ''[[Miss Asia Pageant|Miss Asia]]''<ref name=":2" /> at Le Méridien, Kochi, winning a cash prize of ₹500,000.

Kanikka made her acting debut in 2015 with the Telugu film ''Tippu'', where she played the role of Vaishnavi. In 2018, she participated in the reality TV competition ''[[India's Next Superstars]]'', where she performed in front of renowned filmmakers [[Rohit Shetty]] and [[Karan Johar]].

She later appeared in the Hindi film ''[[A Gift of Love: Sifar]]'' (2019) and the music video for ''Noor'' (2019).

Her television debut came in 2020 when she starred opposite [[Mohit Kumar (actor)|Mohit Kumar]] in the drama series ''[[Ek Duje Ke Vaaste 2]]'', where she played the lead role of Suman Tiwari. The show earned her widespread recognition and established her presence in the television industry.

Alongside TV, she has been part of popular web series such as ''[[ImMature]]'' (2019), ''Date with Senior Office Romance'' (2022), ''The Great Indian Stud'' (2022), and ''Modern Parivaar (Diwali Special)'' (2021).

Apart from films and television, Kanikka Kapur has also appeared in several music videos, showcasing her versatility as an actress. She featured in ''Noor'', ''Aankhon Ke Darmiya'', ''Itne Tum Zaroori Ho'', ''Tujhe Dekha'', ''Khabar'', ''Krishna Sang Radha'', and ''BEGANA''.

In addition to acting, Kanikka has featured in several commercials for major brands like Samsung and Rexona.

In 2023, Kanikka made her Bollywood debut in ''[[Dono (film)|Dono]]'',<ref name=":1" /> produced by [[Rajshri Productions]] and [[Jio Studios]]. The film marked a significant step in her career, bringing her into mainstream Hindi cinema.

Most recently, she appeared opposite [[Mohit Kumar (actor)|Mohit Kumar]] in the short web series ''Wrong Number Reboot'', further expanding her presence in the digital space.

==Filmography==

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Serial
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|2018
|''[[India's Next Superstars]]''
|Contestant
|
|
|-
|2020–2021
|''[[Ek Duje Ke Vaaste 2]]''
|Major Suman Tiwari
|Debut Show
Lead Role
|<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kanikka Kapur: Preparing for my character in ‘Ek Duje Ke Vaaste 2’ wasn’t easy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kanikka-kapur-preparing-for-my-character-in-ek-duje-ke-vaaste-2-wasnt-easy/articleshow/75774954.cms |access-date=2025-01-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2026–present
|''[[Taara (TV series)|Taara]]''
|Taara
|
|
|}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Language
!Ref.
|-
|2015
|Tippu
|Vaishnavi
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
|2019
|[[A Gift of Love: Sifar]]
|Ayesha
| rowspan="3" |[[Hindi]]
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Dono (film)|Dono]]''
|Alina Jaisingh Kothari
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2025
|''[[Murderbaad]]''
|Isabelle Sharma
|
|}

=== Webseries ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Webseries
!Role
!Platform
!Ref.
|-
|2021
|When You Invite Your Girlfriend on Diwali
|Anshuka
|YouTube
|
|-
|2022
|Date with Senior
|Ruhi
|YouTube
|
|-
|2022
|When Make Out Goes Wrong
|Suhani
|YouTube
|
|-
|2023
|[[ImMature|Immature Season 2]]
|Chaaya
|[[Amazon Prime Video|Prime Video]]
|
|-
|2022
|''The Diwali Proposal''
|Shweta
|YouTube
|
|-
|2022
|''Sarkari Shaadi''
|Neha
|YouTube
|
|-
|2023
|''When English Medium & Hindi Medium Are Neighbours''
|Aadhya
|YouTube
|
|-
|2023
|[[ImMature|Immature Season 3]]
|Chaaya
|[[Amazon Prime Video|Prime Video]]
|
|-
|2024
|''When Doctor & Dentist are Neighbours''
|Riddhima
|YouTube
|
|-
|2024
|''North Indian & South Indian Are Colleagues''
|Shraddha
|YouTube
|
|-
|2024
|''When Alpha Male & Feminist Girl Are Neighbours''
|Samran
|YouTube
|
|-
|2024
|''Wrong Number Reboot''
|Adhira
|YouTube
|
|}

=== Music Videos ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Artist
!Ref.
|-
|2019
|Noor
|Ahmad Shaad Safwi
|
|-
|2020
|Aankhon Ke Darmiya
|Rishbh Tiwari
|
|-
|2021
|Itne Tum Zaroorii Ho
|Deepp C
|
|-
|2021
|Tujhe Dekha
|Nayan Shankar
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch New Hindi Hit Song Music Video – 'Tujhe Dekha' Sung By Nayan Shankar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-new-hindi-hit-song-music-video-tujhe-dekha-sung-by-nayan-shankar/videoshow/82216369.cms |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|Khabar
|Twin Strings
|
|-
|2023
|Krishna Sang Radha
|Hansika Pareek
|
|-
|2025
|BEGANA
|Raghav Chaitanya
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discover The New Hindi Music Video For 'Begana' Sung By Raghav Chaitanya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/discover-the-new-hindi-music-video-for-begana-sung-by-raghav-chaitanya/videoshow/117060910.cms |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|Fitratein
|Arijit Singh
|
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Event
!Date
|-
|''Miss Mood Indigo''
|2013
|-
|''Femina Style Diva North''
|2014
|-
|''Manappuram Miss Queen of India''
|2015
|-
|''Miss Asia''
|2015
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
* {{Instagram|id=kanikkakapur|name=Kanikka Kapur}}
* {{IMDb name|nm9669481|Kanikka Kapuri}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapur, Kanikka}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from New Delhi]]

Sukumar Mishra

2026-03-11T20:43:03Z

EthanMarko2: started new bio.

{{Short description|Indian electrical engineer and academician}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sukumar Mishra
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| fields = [[Electrical engineering]], [[Power systems]], [[Smart grid]], [[Renewable energy]]
| workplaces = {{ulist|[[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]]|[[Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines)]]}}
| alma_mater = [[National Institute of Technology, Rourkela]]
| awards = {{ulist|[[IEEE|IEEE Fellow]]|[[Odisha Bigyan Academy#Samanta Chandra Sekhar Award|Samanta Chandra Shekhar Award]]|[[National Academy of Sciences, India|NASI‑Reliance Platinum Jubilee Award]]}}
| website = [https://abudhabi.iitd.ac.in/smishra abudhabi.iitd.ac.in/smishra]
}}
'''Sukumar Mishra''' is an Indian electrical engineer and academician, currently working as the [[Director (education)|Director]] of [[Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines)]], [[Dhanbad]]. Before joining his current position, he was a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering of the [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]], where he had been a faculty member for about two decades.<ref>{{cite web |title=Faculty Home Page - Prof. Sukumar Mishra |url=https://web.iitd.ac.in/~sukumar/ |website=iitd.ac.in |publisher=[[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]] |access-date=7 August 2025}}</ref>

==Education and career==
He completed his M.Tech and Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the [[National Institute of Technology Rourkela]] (''formerly Regional Engineering College''), in 1992 and 2000, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |title=IIT ISM Dhanbad Director selected for Distinguished Alumnus Award |url=https://thejharkhandstory.co.in/iit-ism-dhanbad-director-selected-for-distinguished-alumnus-award/ |work=The Jharkhand Story |date=19 March 2025}}</ref>

He was at [[IIT Delhi]] where he was [[Associate Dean]] ([[R&D]]) from March 2020 and also took care of administrative assignments such as Dean of Research & External Engagement at the IIT Delhi Abu Dhabi campus.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sukumar Mishra is new IIT-ISM dir |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/sukumar-mishra-is-new-iit-ism-director/articleshow/110160312.cms |work=The Times of India |date=16 May 2024}}</ref>

==Research contributions==
Prof. Mishra’s research specializes in [[power systems]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Garg |first1=Shivam |last2=Mishra |first2=Sukumar |last3=Bansal |first3=Yashasvi |title=Control influenced hydrogen cost optimization for on-grid solar-based electrolyzer system |journal=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy |date=March 2025 |volume=106 |pages=553–564 |doi=10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.01.287}}</ref> [[power quality]], [[smart grid]], [[renewable energy]], and [[electric vehicle charging]] infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news |title=IIT-D develops smart charging station for EVs with built-in solar capability |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2021/Mar/20/iit-d-develops-smart-charging-station-for-evs-with-built-in-solar-capability-2279110.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=20 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
*Fellow, [[IEEE]] (2025)<ref>{{cite web |title=IEEE Fellow Class of 2025 |url=https://www.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/about/fellows/2025-fellows-class-announcement.pdf |website=www.ieee.org |publisher=[[IEEE]] |access-date=7 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="a1">{{cite news |title=IIT-ISM director achieves IEEE fellow status |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/iit-ism-director-sukumar-mishra-named-ieee-fellow-for-innovations-in-microgrid-and-smart-charging-technologies/articleshow/116018332.cms |work=The Times of India |date=5 December 2024}}</ref>
*Hingorani Award for Excellence in Solar Photovoltaic Systems (2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=Hingorani Awards 2024 Announcement – IEEE Power and Energy |url=https://r10.ieee.org/bangalore-pes/hingorani-awards-2024-announcement/ |publisher=[[IEEE]] |access-date=7 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="a1"/>
*[[National Academy of Sciences, India|NASI‑Reliance Platinum Jubilee Award]] (2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=NASI-Reliance Industries Platinum Jubilee Awards (2019) – The National Academy of Sciences, India |url=https://nasi.org.in/nasi-reliance-industries-platinum-jubilee-awards-2019/ |access-date=7 August 2025 |work=nasi.org.in}}</ref>
*[[Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers|IETE]] - Bimal Bose Award (2019)<ref>{{cite web |title=BROCHURE DETAILS OF IETE AWARDS – 2025 (see Annex I) |url=https://www.iete.org/files/CFN-MainAwards2025.pdf |website=www.iete.org |publisher=[[Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers]] |access-date=7 August 2025}}</ref>
*[[Odisha Bigyan Academy#Samanta Chandra Sekhar Award|Samanta Chandra Shekhar Award]] (2016)<ref>{{cite news |title=Prof. Sukumar Mishra: New Beginnings for IIT (ISM) Dhanbad |url=https://www.ismaana.org/prof-sukumar-mishra-new-beginnings-for-iit-ism-dhanbad/ |work=www.ismaana.org |publisher=ISM Alumni Association, North America Chapter |date=15 September 2024}}</ref>
*[[Indian National Academy of Engineering|INAE Silver Jubilee Young Engineer Award]] (2012)<ref name="a2">{{cite web |title=Sukumar Mishra - IEEE Xplore Author details |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37288508900 |website=ieeexplore.ieee.org |publisher=[[IEEE]] |access-date=7 August 2025}}</ref>
*[[Indian National Science Academy|INSA Medal for Young Scientist]] (2002)<ref name="a2"/>

==Selected Bibliography==
===Articles===
*{{cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=S. |last2=Bhende |first2=C. N. |last3=Panigrahi |first3=B. K. |title=Detection and Classification of Power Quality Disturbances Using S-Transform and Probabilistic Neural Network |journal=IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery |date=January 2008 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=280–287 |doi=10.1109/TPWRD.2007.911125}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Jindal |first1=Anish |last2=Dua |first2=Amit |last3=Kaur |first3=Kuljeet |last4=Singh |first4=Mukesh |last5=Kumar |first5=Neeraj |last6=Mishra |first6=S. |title=Decision Tree and SVM-Based Data Analytics for Theft Detection in Smart Grid |journal=IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics |date=June 2016 |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=1005–1016 |doi=10.1109/TII.2016.2543145}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=S. |title=A Hybrid Least Square-Fuzzy Bacterial Foraging Strategy for Harmonic Estimation |journal=IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation |date=February 2005 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=61–73 |doi=10.1109/TEVC.2004.840144}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Saikia |first1=Lalit Chandra |last2=Nanda |first2=J. |last3=Mishra |first3=S. |title=Performance comparison of several classical controllers in AGC for multi-area interconnected thermal system |journal=International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems |date=March 2011 |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=394–401 |doi=10.1016/j.ijepes.2010.08.036}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Bhende |first1=C. N. |last2=Mishra |first2=S. |last3=Malla |first3=Siva Ganesh |title=Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator-Based Standalone Wind Energy Supply System |journal=IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy |date=October 2011 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=361–373 |doi=10.1109/TSTE.2011.2159253}}

===Books===
*{{cite book |last1=Panda |first1=Gayadhar |last2=Naayagi |first2=R. T. |last3=Mishra |first3=Sukumar |title=Sustainable Energy and Technological Advancements: Proceedings of ISSETA 2021 |date=24 March 2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-16-9033-4 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Sustainable_Energy_and_Technological_Adv/K99mEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Google Scholar id |ZvR-T1kAAAAJ}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Sukumar}}
[[Category:National Institutes of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Delhi]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the IEEE]]

Crocodilia

2026-03-06T09:16:35Z

EthanMarko2: added info

{{Short description|Order of reptiles}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2013}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Late Cretaceous | Present}}
| image = Crocodilia montage.jpg
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: [[saltwater crocodile]] (''Crocodylus porosus''), [[American alligator]] (''Alligator mississippiensis''), and [[gharial]] (''Gavialis gangeticus'')
| image_upright = 1.2
| taxon = Crocodilia
| authority = [[Richard Owen|Owen]], 1842
| range_map = World.distribution.crocodilia.1.png
| range_map_caption = Crocodylia distribution on land (green) and at sea (blue)
| range_map_upright = 1.2
| subdivision_ranks = Subgroups
| subdivision =
* {{Extinct}}''[[Asiatosuchus]]''
* {{Extinct}}''[[Brachyuranochampsa]]''
* {{Extinct}}''[["Crocodylus" acer]]''
* {{Extinct}}''[["Crocodylus" affinis]]''
* {{Extinct}}''[[Pristichampsus]]''
* {{Extinct}}''[[Prodiplocynodon]]''
* {{Extinct}}[[Mekosuchinae]]
* {{Extinct}}[[Planocraniidae]]?
* [[Alligatoroidea]]
** [[Alligatoridae]]
* [[Longirostres]]
** [[Gavialoidea]]
*** [[Gavialidae]]
** [[Crocodyloidea]]
*** [[Crocodylidae]]
}}
'''Crocodilia''' ({{IPAc-en|k|r|Q|k|@|'|d|I|l|i|@}}) is an [[Order (biology)|order]] of [[semiaquatic]], predatory [[reptile]]s that are known as '''crocodilians'''. They appeared 83.5 million years ago in the Late [[Cretaceous]] period ([[Campanian]] stage) and are the closest living relatives of [[birds]], as the two groups are the only known survivors of the [[Archosaur]]ia. Members of the crocodilian [[Crown group#Pan-group|total group]], the [[clade]] [[Pseudosuchia]], appeared about 250 million years ago in the [[Early Triassic]] period, and diversified during the [[Mesozoic]] era. The order includes the [[crocodile|true crocodiles]] ([[Family (biology)|family]] [[Crocodylidae]]), the [[alligator]]s and [[caiman]]s (family [[Alligatoridae]]), and the [[gharial]] and [[false gharial]] (family [[Gavialidae]]). Although the term "crocodiles" is sometimes used to refer to all of these families, the term "crocodilians" is less ambiguous.

Extant crocodilians have flat heads with long snouts and tails that are compressed on the sides, with their eyes, ears, and nostrils at the top of the head. Alligators and caimans tend to have broader U-shaped jaws that, when closed, show only the upper teeth, whereas crocodiles usually have narrower V-shaped jaws with both rows of teeth visible when closed. Gharials have extremely slender, elongated jaws. The teeth are conical and peg-like, and the bite is powerful. All crocodilians are good swimmers and can move on land in a "high walk" position, traveling with their legs erect rather than sprawling. Crocodilians have thick skin covered in non-overlapping scales and, like birds, have a four-chambered [[heart]] and [[lung]]s with unidirectional airflow.

Like other (non-avian) reptiles, crocodilians are [[ectotherm]]s or 'cold-blooded'. They are found mainly in the warm and tropical areas of the [[Americas]], [[Africa]], [[Asia]], and [[Oceania]], usually occupying [[freshwater habitat]]s, though some can live in saline environments and even swim out to sea. Crocodilians have a largely [[carnivorous]] diet; some species like the gharial are specialized feeders while others, like the [[saltwater crocodile]], have generalized diets. They are generally solitary and [[territory (animal)|territorial]], though they sometimes hunt in groups. During the breeding season, [[Dominance hierarchy|dominant]] males try to monopolize available females, who lay their eggs in holes or mounds and, like many birds, they care for their hatched young.

Some species of crocodilians, particularly the [[Nile crocodile]], are known to have [[Crocodile attack|attacked humans]], which through activities that include hunting, poaching, and [[habitat destruction]] are the greatest threat to crocodilian populations. Farming of crocodilians has greatly reduced unlawful trading in skins of wild-caught animals. Artistic and literary representations of crocodilians have appeared in human cultures around the world since at least [[Ancient Egypt]].

==Spelling and etymology==

"Crocodilia" and "Crocodylia" have been used interchangeably for decades, starting with [[Karl Patterson Schmidt]]'s re-description of the group from the formerly defunct term [[Loricata]].<ref name="schmidt1953">Schmidt, K. P. 1953. A Checklist of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Sixth edition. Amer. Soc. Ichthy. Herp. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.</ref> Schmidt used the older term "Crocodilia", based on [[Richard Owen]]'s original name for the group.<ref name="owen1842">Owen, R. 1842. Report on British Fossil Reptiles. Part II. Report British Association Adv. Sci. Plymouth Meeting. 1841:60–240.</ref> Heinz Wermuth chose "Crocodylia" as the proper name,<ref name="wermuth1953">Wermuth, H. 1953. Systematik der Rezenten Krokodile. Mitt. Mus. Berlin. Vol. 29(2):275–514.</ref> basing it on the type genus ''[[Crocodylus]]'' ([[Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti|Laurenti]], 1768).<ref name="laurenti1768">Laurenti, J. N. 1768. Specimen Medicum, Exhibens Synopsin Reptilium Emendatum cum Experimentis Circa Venena et Antidota Reptilium Austriacorum. Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattern, Vienna.</ref> Dundee, in a revision of many reptilian and amphibian names, argued strongly for "Crocodylia".<ref name="dundee1989">Dundee, H. A. 1989. Higher Category Name Usage for Amphibians and Reptiles. Syst. Zool. Vol. 38(4):398–406, DOI 10.2307/2992405.</ref> Following the advent of [[cladistics]] and [[phylogenetic nomenclature]], a more-solid justification for one spelling over the other was proposed.<ref name="Brochu20033">{{cite journal |last=Brochu |first=C. A. |year=2003 |title=Phylogenetic approaches toward crocodylian history |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=31 |issue=31 |pages=357–397 |bibcode=2003AREPS..31..357B |doi=10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141308 |s2cid=86624124}}</ref>

Prior to 1988, Crocodilia was a group that encompassed the modern-day animals, as well as their more-distant relatives that are now classified in the larger groups [[Crocodylomorpha]] and [[Pseudosuchia]].<ref name="Brochu20033"/> Under its current definition as a [[crown group]], rather than a [[stem-based taxon|stem-based group]], Crocodylia is now restricted to the [[last common ancestor]] of today's crocodilians and all of its descendants, living or extinct.<ref name="Brochu20033"/>

Crocodilia<ref name="owen1842" /> appears to be a [[Latinism]] of the [[Greek language|Greek]] word {{lang|grc|κροκόδειλος}} (''{{transliteration|grc|krokódeilos}}''), which means both [[lizard]] and [[Nile crocodile]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Liddell, Henry George |author2=Scott, Robert |year=1901 |title=An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aentry%3Dkroko%2Fdeilos |access-date=22 October 2013 |publisher=Tufts University}}</ref> Crocodylia, as coined by Wermuth<ref name="wermuth1953" /> in regards to the genus ''Crocodylus'', appears to be derived from the [[Ancient Greek]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=1986 |title=Crocodile |encyclopedia=Webster's Third New International Dictionary |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |editor=Gove, Philip B.}}</ref> {{lang|grc|κρόκη}} ({{transliteration|grc|kroke}})—meaning shingle or pebble—and {{lang|grc|δρîλος}} or {{lang|grc|δρεîλος}} ({{transliteration|grc|dr(e)ilos}}), meaning ''worm''. The name may refer to the animal's habit of resting on the pebbled shores of the [[Nile]].<ref>Kelly, 2006. p. xiii.</ref>

==Phylogeny and evolution==
=== Origins from pseudosuchians ===
[[File:Litargosuchus leptorhynchus.jpg|thumb|Reconstruction of ''[[Litargosuchus]]'', a [[sphenosuchia]]n]]

Crocodilians and birds are members of the clade [[Archosaur|Archosauria]]. Archosaurs are distinguished from other reptiles particularly by two sets of extra openings in the skull; the [[antorbital fenestra]] located in front of the animal's eye socket and the [[mandibular fenestra]] on the jaw. Archosauria has two main groups: the [[Pseudosuchia]] (crocodilians and their relatives) and the [[Avemetatarsalia]] ([[dinosaur]]s, [[pterosaur]]s, and their relatives).<ref>{{cite web |author1=Hutchinson, John R. |author2=Speer, Brian R. |author3=Wedel, Matt |year=2007 |title=Archosauria |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/verts/archosaurs/archosauria.php |access-date=24 October 2013 |publisher=University of California Museum of Paleontology}}</ref> The split between these two groups is assumed to have happened close to the [[Permian–Triassic extinction event]], which is informally known as the Great Dying.<ref>{{Cite web |last=St. Fleur |first=Nicholas |date=16 February 2017 |title=After Earth's worst mass extinction, life rebounded rapidly, fossils suggest |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/16/science/great-dying-permian-extinction-fossils.html |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

[[Crocodylomorpha]], the group that later gave rise to modern crocodilians, emerged in the [[Late Triassic]]. The most-basal crocodylomorphs were large, whereas the ones that gave rise to crocodilians were small, slender, and leggy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Irmis |first1=Randall B. |last2=Nesbitt |first2=Sterling J. |last3=Sues |first3=Hans-Dieter |date=January 2013 |title=Early Crocodylomorpha |url=https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/SP379.24 |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |language=en |volume=379 |issue=1 |pages=275–302 |bibcode=2013GSLSP.379..275I |doi=10.1144/SP379.24 |issn=0305-8719|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This evolutionary grade, the "[[sphenosuchia]]ns", first appeared around [[Carnian]] of the [[Late Triassic]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Colbert |first=Edwin Harris |author2=Barnum |author3=Price |year=1952 |title=A pseudosuchian reptile from Arizona |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletin-american-museum-natural-history-99-565-592 |access-date=7 July 2024 |website=Archive.org |publisher=Bulletin of The American Museum of Natural History}}</ref> They ate small, fast prey and survived into the [[Late Jurassic]].<ref name="Irmis20132">{{Cite journal |last1=Irmis |first1=R. B. |last2=Nesbitt |first2=S. J. |last3=Sues |first3=H.-D. |year=2013 |title=Early Crocodylomorpha |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |volume=379 |issue=1 |pages=275–302 |bibcode=2013GSLSP.379..275I |doi=10.1144/SP379.24 |s2cid=219190410}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Leardi |first1=Juan Martín |last2=Pol |first2=Diego |last3=Clark |first3=James Matthew |date=2020 |title=Braincase anatomy of Almadasuchus figarii (Archosauria, Crocodylomorpha) and a review of the cranial pneumaticity in the origins of Crocodylomorpha |journal=Journal of Anatomy |language=en |volume=237 |issue=1 |pages=48–73 |doi=10.1111/joa.13171 |issn=0021-8782 |pmc=7309285 |pmid=32227598}}</ref> As the Triassic ended, crocodylomorphs became the only surviving pseudosuchians.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last1=Ruebenstahl |first1=Alexander A. |last2=Klein |first2=Michael D. |last3=Yi |first3=Hongyu |last4=Xu |first4=Xing |last5=Clark |first5=James M. |date=2022-06-14 |title=Anatomy and relationships of the early diverging Crocodylomorphs Junggarsuchus sloani and Dibothrosuchus elaphros |journal=The Anatomical Record |language=en |volume=305 |issue=10 |pages=2463–2556 |doi=10.1002/ar.24949 |issn=1932-8486 |pmc=9541040 |pmid=35699105}}</ref>

=== Early crocodyliform diversity ===
[[File:Pakasuchus.jpg|thumb|Life restoration of ''[[Pakasuchus]]'']]

During the early [[Jurassic]] period, dinosaurs became dominant on land and the crocodylomorphs underwent major [[Adaptive radiation|adaptive diversifications]] to fill [[ecological niche]]s vacated by recently extinguished groups. [[Mesozoic]] crocodylomorphs had a much greater diversity of forms than modern crocodilians; they became small, fast-moving [[insectivore]]s, specialist [[Piscivore|fish-eaters]], marine and terrestrial [[carnivore]]s, and [[herbivore]]s.<ref name="Stubbs20133">{{cite journal |author1=Stubbs, Thomas L. |author2=Pierce, Stephanie E. |author3=Rayfield, Emily J. |author4=Anderson, Philip S. L. |year=2013 |title=Morphological and biomechanical disparity of crocodile-line archosaurs following the end-Triassic extinction |url=http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk/files/16977877/Stubbs_et_al_2013_early_view_online.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |volume=280 |article-number=20131940 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.1940 |pmc=3779340 |pmid=24026826}}</ref> The earliest stage of crocodilian evolution was the [[protosuchia]]ns in the late Triassic and early Jurassic, which were followed by the [[mesosuchia]]ns that diversified widely during the Jurassic and the Tertiary. The [[eusuchia]]ns first appeared during the [[Early Cretaceous]]; this clade includes modern crocodilians.<ref name="Martin22"/>

[[File:Suchodus durobrivense.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Suchodus]]'', a [[thalattosuchia]]n highly adapted to a marine lifestyle]]

Protosuchians were small, mostly terrestrial animals with short snouts and long limbs. They had bony armor in the form of two rows of plates extending from head to tail; this armor would still be found in later species. Their vertebrae were convex on the two main articulating surfaces. The [[secondary palate]] was little developed; it consisted only of a [[maxilla]]. The mesosuchians underwent a fusion of the [[palatine bone]]s to the secondary palate, and a great extension of the nasal passages behind the palatine and in front of the [[pterygoid bone]]s. This adaptation allowed the animal to breathe through its nostrils while its mouth was open underwater. The eusuchians continued this process; the interior nostrils now opened through an aperture in the pterygoid bones. The vertebrae of eusuchians had one convex and one concave [[articulating surface]].<ref name="Ross28">Buffetaut, pp. 28–29.</ref> The oldest-known eusuchian is ''[[Hylaeochampsa vectiana]]'' from the [[Early Cretaceous]] whose remains occur on the [[Isle of Wight]] in the United Kingdom.<ref name="Martin22">{{cite journal |author1=Martin, Jeremy E. |author2=Benton, Michael J. |year=2008 |title=Crown Clades in Vertebrate Nomenclature: Correcting the Definition of Crocodylia |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=173–181 |doi=10.1080/10635150801910469 |pmid=18300130 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It was followed by crocodilians such as the [[Planocraniidae]], the ''hoofed crocodiles'', in the [[Palaeogene]].<ref name="BrochuPristi22">{{cite journal |author=Brochu, C. A. |year=2007 |title=Systematics and phylogenetic relationships of hoofed crocodiles (Pristichampsinae) |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=27 |issue=3, Suppl |page=53A |doi=10.1080/02724634.2007.10010458 |s2cid=220411226}}</ref> Spanning the Cretaceous and Palaeogene periods is the genus ''[[Borealosuchus]]'' of North America, with six species, though its phylogenetic position is not settled.<ref name="BrochuBorealo22">{{cite journal |author=Brochu, C. A. |author2=Parris, D. C. |author3=Grandstaff, B. S. |author4=Denton, R. K. Jr |author5=Gallagher, W. B. |year=2012 |title=A new species of ''Borealosuchus'' (Crocodyliformes, Eusuchia) from the Late Cretaceous–early Paleogene of New Jersey |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=105–116 |bibcode=2012JVPal..32..105B |doi=10.1080/02724634.2012.633585 |s2cid=83931184}}</ref>

=== Diversification of modern crocodilians ===
The three primary branches of Crocodilia had diverged by the [[Late Cretaceous]]. The possible earliest-known members of the group may be ''[[Portugalosuchus]]'' and ''[[Zholsuchus]]'' from the [[Cenomanian]]-[[Turonian]] stages.<ref name="Mateus20183">{{cite journal |last1=Mateus |first1=Octávio |last2=Puértolas-Pascual |first2=Eduardo |last3=Callapez |first3=Pedro M. |date=2018 |title=A new eusuchian crocodylomorph from the Cenomanian (Late Cretaceous) of Portugal reveals novel implications on the origin of Crocodylia |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |language=en |volume=186 |issue=2 |pages=501–528 |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zly064 |hdl=10362/67793}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author=Kuzmin|first= I. T. |year=2022 |title=Crocodyliform remains from the Upper Cretaceous of Central Asia – evidence for one of the oldest Crocodylia? |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=138 |article-number=105266 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105266 |s2cid=249355618 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2022CrRes.13805266K }}</ref> Some researchers have disputed the classification of ''Portugalosuchus'', claiming it may be outside the crown-group crocodilians.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rio |first1=Jonathan P. |last2=Mannion |first2=Philip D. |date=6 September 2021 |title=Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem |journal=[[PeerJ]] |volume=9 |article-number=e12094 |doi=10.7717/peerj.12094 |pmc=8428266 |pmid=34567843 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Darlim |first1=G. |last2=Lee |first2=M. S. Y. |last3=Walter |first3=J. |last4=Rabi |first4=M. |date=2022 |title=The impact of molecular data on the phylogenetic position of the putative oldest crown crocodilian and the age of the clade |journal=Biology Letters |volume=18 |issue=2 |article-number=20210603 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2021.0603 |pmc=8825999 |pmid=35135314}}</ref> The morphology-based phylogenetic analyses, which are based on new neuroanatomical data obtained from its skull using [[micro-CT]] scans, suggest this taxon is a crown-group crocodilian and a member of the 'thoracosaurs' that was recovered as a sister taxon of ''[[Thoracosaurus]]'' within Gavialoidea,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Puértolas-Pascual |first1=Eduardo |last2=Kuzmin |first2=Ivan T. |last3=Serrano-Martínez |first3=Alejandro |last4=Mateus |first4=Octávio |date=2023-02-02 |title=Neuroanatomy of the crocodylomorph ''Portugalosuchus azenhae'' from the late cretaceous of Portugal |journal=Journal of Anatomy |volume=242 |issue=6 |language=en |pages=1146–1171 |doi=10.1111/joa.13836 |issn=0021-8782 |doi-access=free|pmid=36732084 |pmc=10184551 }}</ref> though it is uncertain whether 'thoracosaurs' were true gavialoids.<ref name="Hekkala2021"/>

Definitive alligatoroids first appeared during the [[Santonian]]-[[Campanian]] stages,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mohler |first1=B. F. |last2=McDonald |first2=A. T. |last3=Wolfe |first3=D. G. |date=2021 |title=First remains of the enormous alligatoroid ''Deinosuchus'' from the Upper Cretaceous Menefee Formation, New Mexico |journal=PeerJ |volume=9 |article-number=e11302 |doi=10.7717/peerj.11302 |pmc=8080887 |pmid=33981505 |doi-access=free}}</ref> while definitive [[longirostres]] first appeared during the [[Maastrichtian]] stage.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Iijima M, Qiao Y, Lin W, Peng Y, Yoneda M, Liu J |year=2022 |title=An intermediate crocodylian linking two extant gharials from the Bronze Age of China and its human-induced extinction |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=289 |issue=1970 |article-number=20220085 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2022.0085 |pmid=35259993 |pmc=8905159}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Jouve |first=Stéphane |author2=Bardet, Nathalie |author3=Jalil, Nour-Eddine |author4=Suberbiola, Xabier Pereda |author5=Bouya |author6=Baâda |author7=Amaghzaz, Mbarek |year=2008 |title=The oldest African crocodylian: phylogeny, paleobiogeography, and differential survivorship of marine reptiles through the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/16384/files/PAL_E3543.pdf |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=409–421 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[409:TOACPP]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> The earliest-known alligatoroids and gavialoids include highly derived forms, which indicates the time of the divergence into the three lineages must have been a pre-Campanian event.<ref name="Brochu20033"/> Additionally, scientists conclude environmental factors played a major role in the evolution of crocodilians and their ancestors; warmer climate is associated with high evolutionary rates and large body sizes.<ref name="10.1038/s42003-020-01561-53">{{cite journal |last1=Stockdale |first1=Maximilian T. |last2=Benton |first2=Michael J. |date=7 January 2021 |title=Environmental drivers of body size evolution in crocodile-line archosaurs |journal=Communications Biology |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=38 |doi=10.1038/s42003-020-01561-5 |issn=2399-3642 |pmc=7790829 |pmid=33414557 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Relationships===
{{further|List of crocodilians}}

Crocodylia is [[Cladistics|cladistically]] defined as the [[last common ancestor]] of ''Gavialis gangeticus'' ([[gharial]]), ''Alligator mississippiensis'' ([[American alligator]]), and ''Crocodylus rhombifer'' (the [[Cuban crocodile]]) and all of its descendants.<ref name="Brochu20033"/><ref name="Gatesy2003">{{cite journal |last=Gatesy |first=Jorge |author2=Amato, G. |author3=Norell, M. |author4=DeSalle, R. |author5=Hayashi, C. |year=2003 |title=Combined support for wholesale taxic atavism in gavialine crocodylians |url=http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~mmaduro/seminarpdf/GatesyetalSystBiol2003.pdf |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=403–422 |doi=10.1080/10635150309329 |pmid=12775528 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[phylogenetic]] relationships between crocodilians has been the subject of debate and conflicting results. Many studies and their resulting [[cladogram]]s ("family trees") of crocodilians have found the "short-snouted" families of Crocodylidae and Alligatoridae to be close relatives, and the long-snouted Gavialidae is a divergent branch of the tree. The resulting group of short-snouted species, named [[Brevirostres]], was mainly supported by [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] studies that analyzed only skeletal features.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Holliday, Casey M. |author2=Gardner, Nicholas M. |year=2012 |editor1-last=Farke |editor1-first=Andrew A |title=A new eusuchian crocodyliform with novel cranial integument and its significance for the origin and evolution of Crocodylia |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=1 |article-number=e30471 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...730471H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030471 |pmc=3269432 |pmid=22303441 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[File:Crocodile skull shape comparison Walmsley et al 2013.png|thumb|upright=0.7|Range of skull shape in extant crocodilians, from narrow to broad-snouted]]

Recent molecular studies using [[DNA sequencing]] of living crocodilians have rejected the distinct group Brevirostres; the long-snouted gavialids are more closely related to crocodiles than to alligators, and the new grouping of gavialids and crocodiles is named [[Longirostres]].<ref name="Harshman2003">{{cite journal |last1=Harshman |first1=J. |last2=Huddleston |first2=C. J. |last3=Bollback |first3=J. P. |last4=Parsons |first4=T. J. |last5=Braun |first5=M. J. |year=2003 |title=True and false gharials: A nuclear gene phylogeny of crocodylia |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=386–402 |doi=10.1080/10635150309323 |pmid=12775527 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Gatesy2008">{{cite journal |last1=Gatesy |first1=J. |last2=Amato |first2=G. |year=2008 |title=The rapid accumulation of consistent molecular support for intergeneric crocodylian relationships |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=1232–1237 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.009 |pmid=18372192|bibcode=2008MolPE..48.1232G }}</ref><ref name="bite" /><ref name="LeeYates2018">{{cite journal |author=Michael S. Y. Lee |author2=Adam M. Yates |date=27 June 2018 |title=Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society B]] |volume=285 |issue=1881 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2018.1071 |pmc=6030529 |pmid=30051855 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Hekkala2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Hekkala |first1=E. |last2=Gatesy |first2=J. |last3=Narechania |first3=A. |last4=Meredith |first4=R. |last5=Russello |first5=M. |last6=Aardema |first6=M. L. |last7=Jensen |first7=E. |last8=Montanari |first8=S. |last9=Brochu |first9=C. |last10=Norell |first10=M. |last11=Amato |first11=G. |date=2021-04-27 |title=Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene "horned" crocodile of Madagascar, Voay robustus |journal=Communications Biology |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=505 |doi=10.1038/s42003-021-02017-0 |issn=2399-3642 |pmc=8079395 |pmid=33907305 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Below is a cladogram from 2021 showing the relationships of the major [[extant taxon|extant]] crocodilian groups. This analysis was based on [[mitochondrial DNA]], including that of the recently extinct ''[[Voay robustus]]'':<ref name="Hekkala2021"/>
{{clade
|style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
|label1='''Crocodilia'''
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Alligatoridae]]
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Alligatorinae]]
|1=''[[Alligator]]'' [[File:Alligator white background.jpg|100 px]]
|label2=[[Caimaninae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Paleosuchus]]'' [[File:Dwarf Caiman white background.jpg|90 px]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Caiman (genus)|Caiman]]'' [[File:Caiman crocodilus llanos white background.JPG|90 px]]
|2=''[[Melanosuchus]]'' [[File:Melanosuchus niger white background.jpg|120 px]]
}}
}}
}}
|label2=[[Longirostres]]
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Gavialidae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Gavialis]]'' [[File:Gavialis gangeticus (Gharial, Gavial) white background.jpg|110 px]]
|2=''[[Tomistoma]]'' [[File:Tomistoma schlegelii. white background.JPG|90 px]]
}}
|label2=[[Crocodylidae]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Crocodylus]]'' [[File:Siamese Crocodile white background.jpg|90 px]]
|2={{extinct}}''[[Voay]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Mecistops]]'' [[File:Crocodylus cataphractus faux-gavial d'Afrique2 white background.JPG|90 px]]
|2=''[[Osteolaemus]]'' [[File:Bristol.zoo.westafrican.dwarf.croc.arp. white background.jpg|90 px]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

==Anatomy and physiology==
[[File:Nile crocodile skeleton.jpg|thumb|Mounted skeleton and taxidermy of Nile crocodile]]

Though there is diversity in snout and tooth shape, all crocodilian species have essentially the same body morphology.<ref name="bite" /> They have solidly built, lizard-like bodies with wide, cylindrical torsos, flat heads, long snouts, short necks, and tails that are compressed from side to side.<ref name="Grigg326" /><ref>Grigg and Kirshner, pp. 81–82.</ref> Their limbs are reduced in size; the front feet have five mostly non-webbed digits, and the hind feet have four webbed digits and an extra fifth.<ref name="Kelly70">Kelly, pp. 70–75.</ref> The pelvis and ribs of crocodilians are modified; the [[Uncinate processes of ribs|cartilaginous processes]] of the ribs allow the [[thorax]] to collapse when submerging and the structure of the pelvis can accommodate large amounts of food,<ref name="biology" /> or more air in the lungs.<ref name="Carrier" /> Both sexes have a [[cloaca]], a single chamber and outlet near the tail into which the [[Gut (anatomy)|intestinal]], [[Urinary system|urinary]] and [[Reproductive system|genital]] tracts open.<ref name="Grigg326" /> It houses the [[penis]] in males and the [[clitoris]] in females.<ref>Grigg and Gans, p. 336.</ref> The crocodilian penis is permanently erect; it relies on cloacal muscles to protrude it, and elastic ligaments and a tendon to retract it.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kelly |first=D. A. |year=2013 |title=Penile anatomy and hypotheses of erectile function in the American Alligator (''Alligator mississippiensis''): muscular eversion and elastic retraction |journal=Anatomical Record |volume=296 |issue=3 |pages=488–494 |doi=10.1002/ar.22644 |pmid=23408539 |s2cid=33816502 }}</ref> The [[gonad]]s are located near the [[kidney]]s.<ref>Huchzermeyer, pp. 18–19.</ref>

Crocodilians range in size from the [[Paleosuchus|dwarf caimans]] and [[Osteolaemus|African dwarf crocodiles]], which reach {{convert|1|–|1.5|m|abbr=on}}, to the [[saltwater crocodile]] and Nile crocodile, which reach {{convert|6|m|abbr=on}} and weigh up to {{convert|1000|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Grigg326"/><ref>Grigg and Kirshner, pp. 10, 24.</ref> Some prehistoric species such as the [[Miocene]] [[caiman]] ''[[Purussaurus]]'' were even larger, with some estimates putting it over {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Moreno-Bernal>{{cite journal|author=Jorge Moreno-Bernal|title=Size and Palaeoecology of Giant Miocene South American Crocodiles (Archosauria: Crocodylia)|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|year=2007|volume=27|issue=3 [suppl.]|pages=A120|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326354723 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2007.10010458}}</ref> Crocodilians tend to be [[Sexual dimorphism|sexually dimorphic]]; males are much larger than females.<ref name="Grigg326">Grigg and Gans, pp. 326–327.</ref>

===Locomotion===
[[File:CrocoLoco-swimming-01-LtoR.jpg |thumb |[[Nile crocodile]] swimming.]]

Crocodilians are excellent swimmers. During [[aquatic locomotion]], the muscular tail undulates from side to side to drive the animal through the water while the limbs are held close to the body to reduce [[Drag (physics)|drag]].<ref name="Firefly" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Fish |first=F. E. |year=1984 |title=Kinematics of undulatory swimming in the American alligator |journal=Copeia |pages=839–843 |url=http://darwin.wcupa.edu/~biology/fish/pubs/pdf/1984CopeiaKinematics.pdf |doi=10.2307/1445326 |volume=1984 |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021220152/http://darwin.wcupa.edu/~biology/fish/pubs/pdf/1984CopeiaKinematics.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2013 |jstor=1445326 }}</ref> When the animal needs to stop or change direction, the limbs are splayed out.<ref name="Firefly" /> Swimming is normally achieved with gentle sinuous movements of the tail, but the animals can move more quickly when pursuing or being pursued.<ref name="Ross46">Mazzotti, pp. 43–46.</ref> Crocodilians are less well-adapted for moving on land, and are unusual among vertebrates in having two means of terrestrial locomotion: the "high walk" and the "low walk".<ref name="Kelly70" /> The ankle joints flex in a different way from those of other reptiles, a feature crocodilians share with some early archosaurs. One of the upper row of ankle bones, the [[talus bone]], moves with the [[tibia]] and [[fibula]], while the [[heel bone]] moves with the foot and is where the ankle joint is located. The result is the legs can be held almost vertically beneath the body when on land, and the foot swings during locomotion as the ankle rotates.<ref name="Ross21">Sues, p. 21.</ref>

[[File:Alligator02 Asit.jpg|thumb|left|[[American alligator]] showing the crocodilian "high walk", with lower limb portions held almost vertically, unlike other reptiles.]]

The limbs move much the same as those of other [[quadruped]]s; the left forelimb moves first, followed by the right hindlimb, then right forelimb, and finally left hindlimb. The high walk of crocodilians, with the belly and most of the tail held off the ground and the limbs held directly under the bodies, resembles that of mammals and birds.<ref name="Ross46" /> The low walk is similar to the high walk, but the body is not raised, and is quite different from the sprawling walk of [[salamander]]s and lizards. Crocodilians can instantly change from one walk to the other; the high walk is the usual means of locomotion on land. The animal may immediately push up its body up use this form, or it may take one or two strides of low walk before raising the body. Unlike most other land vertebrates, when crocodilians increase their pace of travel, they increase the speed at which the lower half of each limb (rather than the whole leg) swings forward, so stride length increases while stride duration decreases.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Reilly, S. M. |author2=Elias, J. A. |year=1998 |title=Locomotion in ''Alligator mississippiensis'': kinematic effects of speed and posture and their relevance to the sprawling-to-erect paradigm |journal=The Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=201 |pages=2559–2574 |pmid=9716509 |url=http://jeb.biologists.org/content/201/18/2559.full.pdf |issue=18 |doi=10.1242/jeb.201.18.2559 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Though they are typically slow on land, crocodilians can produce brief bursts of speed; some can run at {{convert|12|to|14|km/h|abbr=on}} for short distances.<ref>Kelly, pp. 81–82.</ref> In some small species, such as the [[freshwater crocodile]], running can progress to galloping, which involves the hind limbs launching the body forward and the fore limbs subsequently taking the weight. Next, the hind limbs swing forward as the spine flexes [[Dorsoventral|dorso-ventrally]], and this sequence of movements is repeated.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Renous, S. |author2=Gasc, J.-P. |author3=Bels, V. L. |author4=Wicker, R. |year=2002 | title=Asymmetrical gaits of juvenile ''Crocodylus johnstoni'', galloping Australian crocodiles |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=256 |issue=3 |pages=311–325 |doi=10.1017/S0952836902000353 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23189825}}</ref> During terrestrial locomotion, a crocodilian can keep its back and tail straight because muscles attach the scales to the vertebrae.<ref name="biology" /> Whether on land or in water, crocodilians can jump or leap by pressing their tails and hind limbs against the substrate and launching themselves into the air.<ref name="Firefly" /><ref>Grigg and Gans, p. 329.</ref> A fast entry into water from a muddy bank can be effected by plunging to the ground, twisting the body from side to side and splaying out the limbs.<ref name="Ross46" />

=== Jaws and teeth ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Alligator Crâne et Mandibule.jpg
| caption1 = Skull of [[American alligator]]
| image2 = Gavialis gangeticus, ZOO Praha 045.jpg
| caption2 = Female gharial head
}}

The snout shape of crocodilians varies between species. Alligators and caimans generally have wide, U-shaped snouts while those of crocodiles are typically narrower and V-shaped. The snouts of the gharials are extremely elongated.<ref name="Grigg326" /><ref>Grigg and Kirshner, p. 3.</ref> The muscles that close the jaws are larger and more powerful than the ones that open them,<ref name="Grigg326" /> and a human can quite easily hold shut a crocodilian's jaws, but prying open the jaws is extremely difficult.<ref name="Kelly, p. 68">Kelly, p. 68.</ref> The powerful closing muscles attach at the middle of the lower jaw. The jaw hinge attaches behind the [[atlanto-occipital joint]], giving the animal a wide gape.<ref name="biology">Huchzermeyer, pp. 7–10.</ref> A folded membrane holds the tongue stationary.<ref>Huchzermeyer, p. 13</ref>

Crocodilians have some of the strongest [[bite force]]s in the animal kingdom. In a study published in 2003, an American alligator's bite force was measured at up to {{convert |2,125 |lbf |kN |abbr=on}};<ref name="gator">{{cite journal |title=The ontogeny of bite-force performance in American alligator (''Alligator mississippiensis'') |journal=[[Journal of Zoology]] |volume=260 |issue=3 |pages=317–327 |url=http://www.alligatorfarm.us/images/Research/Erickson%20et%20al.%202003.pdf |doi=10.1017/S0952836903003819 |year=2003 |last1=Erickson |first1=Gregory M. |last2=Lappin |first2=A. Kristopher |last3=Vliet |first3=Kent A.}}</ref> and in a 2012 study, a saltwater crocodile's bite force was measured at {{convert |3700 |lbf |kN |abbr=on}}. This study found no correlation between bite force and snout shape, though the gharial's extremely slender jaws are relatively weak and are built for quick jaw closure.<ref name="bite">{{cite journal |author=Erickson, G. M. |author2=Gignac, P. M. |author3=Steppan, S. J. |author4=Lappin, A. K. |author5=Vliet, K. A. |author6=Brueggen, J. A. |author7=Inouye, B. D. |author8=Kledzik, D. |author9=Webb, G. J. W. |year=2012 |title=Insights into the ecology and evolutionary success of crocodilians revealed through bite-force and tooth-pressure experimentation |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=3 |article-number=e31781 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0031781 |editor1-last=Claessens |editor1-first=Leon |bibcode=2012PLoSO...731781E |pmid=22431965 |pmc=3303775 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Crocodilian teeth vary from dull and rounded to sharp and pointed.<ref name="bite" /> Broad-snouted species have teeth that vary in size, while those of slender-snouted species are more consistent. In general, in crocodiles and gharials, both rows of teeth are visible when the jaws are closed because their teeth fit into grooves along the outside lining of the upper jaw. By contrast, the lower teeth of alligators and caimans normally fit into holes along the inside lining of the upper jaw, so they are hidden when the jaws are closed.<ref name="Grigg227">Grigg and Gans, pp. 227–228.</ref><ref>Grigg and Kirshner, p. 4.</ref> Crocodilians are [[homodont]]s, meaning each of their teeth are of the same type; they do not have different tooth types, such as canines and molars. Crocodilians are [[polyphyodont]]s; they are able to replace each of their approximately 80 teeth up to 50 times in their 35-to-75-year lifespan.<ref name="teeth">{{cite news |title=Solving an alligator mystery may help humans regrow lost teeth |author=Nuwer, Rachel |author-link=Rachel Nuwer |url=http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/science/2013/05/solving-an-alligator-mystery-may-help-humans-regrow-lost-teeth/#ixzz2jeiA3qon |newspaper=Smithsonian.com |date=13 May 2013 |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-date=25 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625153648/http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/science/2013/05/solving-an-alligator-mystery-may-help-humans-regrow-lost-teeth/#ixzz2jeiA3qon }}</ref> Crocodilians are the only non-mammalian vertebrates with [[tooth socket]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author=LeBlanc, A. R. H. |author2=Reisz, R. R. |year=2013 |title=Periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone in the oldest herbivorous tetrapods, and their evolutionary significance |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=9 |article-number=e74697 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0074697 |editor1-last=Viriot |editor1-first=Laurent |bibcode=2013PLoSO...874697L |pmid=24023957 |pmc=3762739 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Next to each full-grown tooth is a small replacement tooth and an [[Animal tooth development|odontogenic]] [[stem cell]] in the [[dental lamina]] that can be activated when required.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Wu, Ping |author2=Wu, Xiaoshan |author3=Jiang, Ting-Xin |author4=Elsey, Ruth M. |author5=Temple, Bradley L. |author6=Divers, Stephen J. |author7=Glenn, Travis C. |author8=Yuan, Kuo |author9=Chen, Min-Huey |author10=Widelitz, Randall B. |author11=Chuon, Cheng-Ming |year=2013 |title=Specialized stem cell niche enables repetitive renewal of alligator teeth |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=110 |issue=22 |pages=E2009–E2018 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1213202110 |pmid=23671090 |pmc=3670376 |bibcode=2013PNAS..110E2009W |doi-access=free }}</ref> Tooth replacement slows and eventually stops as the animal ages.<ref name="Grigg227" />

===Sense organs===
[[File:Parque Natural Municipal Chico Mendes Danilo Gomes (07).jpg|thumb|Overhead view of [[broad-snouted caiman]] with eyes, ears and nostrils above water]]

The eyes, ears and nostrils of crocodilians are at the top of the head; this placement allows them to stalk their prey with most of their bodies underwater.<ref name="Firefly">{{cite book |last=Lang |first=J. W. |year=2002 |contribution=Crocodilians |title=The Firefly Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians |editor=Halliday, T. |editor2=Adler, K. |publisher=Firefly Books |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fireflyencyclope0000unse_p6l7/page/212 212–221] |isbn=978-1-55297-613-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/fireflyencyclope0000unse_p6l7/page/212 }}</ref> When in bright light, the pupils of a crocodilian contract into narrow slits, whereas in darkness they become large circles, as is typical for animals that hunt at night. Crocodilians' eyes have a ''[[tapetum lucidum]]'' that enhances vision in low light. When the animal completely submerges, the [[nictitating membrane]]s cover its eyes. Glands on the nictitating membrane secrete a salty lubricant that keeps the eye clean. When a crocodilian leaves the water and dries off, this substance is visible as "tears".<ref name="Kelly70" /> While eyesight in air is fairly good, it is significantly weakened underwater.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fleishman |first1=L. J. |author2=Howland, H. C. |author3=Howland, M. J. |author4=Rand, A. S. |author5=Davenport, M. L. |year=1988 |title=Crocodiles don't focus underwater |journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology A |volume=163 |issue=4 |pages=441–443 |doi=10.1007/BF00604898 |pmid=3184006 | s2cid=7222603 }}</ref> Crocodilians appear to have undergone a "nocturnal bottleneck" early in their history, during which their eyes lost traits like [[scleral ring]]s, an annular pad of the lens and coloured cone [[oil droplet]]s, giving them [[Dichromacy|dichromatic]] vision (red-green colourblindness). Since then, some crocodilians appear to have re-evolved [[trichromatic|full-colour vision]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Emerling |first=C. A. |year=2017 |title=Archelosaurian color vision, parietal eye loss, and the crocodylian nocturnal bottleneck |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=666–676 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msw265 |pmid=27940498 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Caspermeyer |first=J |year=2017 |title=How turtles and crocodiles lost the parietal "third" eye and their differing color vision adaptations |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=776–777 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msw290 |pmid=28201776}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guo |first1=J |last2=Chi |first2=H |last3=Zhang |first3=L |last4=Song |first4=S |last5=Rossiter |first5=S. J. |last6=Liu |first6=Y |year=2023 |title=Convergent evolutionary shifts in rhodopsin retinal release explain shared opsin repertoires in monotremes and crocodilians |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=290 |issue=1996 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2023.0530 |pmid=37040807 |pmc=10089720}}</ref>

The ears are adapted for hearing both in air and underwater, and the [[eardrum]]s are protected by flaps that can be opened or closed by muscles.<ref name="Grigg335">Grigg and Gans, p. 335.</ref> Crocodilians have a wide [[hearing range]], with sensitivity comparable to most birds and many mammals.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Wever |first=E. G. |year=1971 |title=Hearing in the Crocodilia |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=68 |issue=7 |pages=1498–1500 |pmid=5283940 |jstor=60727 |bibcode=1971PNAS...68.1498W |doi=10.1073/pnas.68.7.1498 |pmc=389226 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Hearing in crocodilians does not degrade as the animal ages because they can regrow and replace [[hair cell]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=H |last2=Staxäng |first2=K |last3=Hodik |first3=M |last4=Melkersson |first4=K-G |last5=Rask-Andersen |first5=M |last6=Rask-Andersen |first6=H |year=2022 |title=Regeneration in the auditory organ in Cuban and African dwarf crocodiles (''Crocodylus rhombifer'' and ''Osteolaemus tetraspis'') can we learn from the crocodile how to restore our hearing? |journal=Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology |volume=12 |doi=10.3389/fcell.2022.934571 |doi-access=free |pmid=35859896 |pmc=9289536}}</ref> The well-developed [[trigeminal nerve]] allows them to detect vibrations in water, such as those made by potential prey.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=George, I. D. |author2=Holliday, C. M. |year=2013 |title=Trigeminal nerve morphology in ''Alligator mississippiensis'' and its significance for crocodyliform facial sensation and evolution |journal=The Anatomical Record |volume=296 |issue=4 |pages=670–680 |doi=10.1002/ar.22666 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2606780 |pmid=23408584 |s2cid=2858794 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Crocodilians have a single [[Olfactory system|olfactory chamber]] and the [[vomeronasal organ]] disappears when they reach adulthood.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hansen |first1=A |year=2007 |title=Olfactory and solitary chemosensory cells: two different chemosensory systems in the nasal cavity of the American alligator, ''Alligator mississippiensis'' |journal=BMC Neuroscience |volume=8 |article-number=64 |doi=10.1186/1471-2202-8-64 |pmid=17683564 |pmc=1950884 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Behavioural and olfactometer experiments indicate crocodiles detect both air-borne and water-soluble chemicals, and use their olfactory system for hunting. When above water, crocodiles enhance their ability to detect volatile odorants by gular pumping, a rhythmic movement of the floor of the [[pharynx]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gans |first1=C. |last2=Clark |first2=B. |year=1976 |title=Studies on ventilation of ''Caiman crocodilus'' (Crocodilia: Reptilia) |url =https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/21779/1/0000173.pdf |journal=Respir. Physiol |volume=26 |issue=3 | pages=285–301 |doi=10.1016/0034-5687(76)90001-3 |pmid=951534 |hdl=2027.42/21779 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Putterill |first1=J. F. |last2=Soley |first2=J. T. |year=2006 |title=Morphology of the gular valve of the Nile crocodile, ''Crocodylus niloticus'' (Laurenti, 1768) |journal=J. Morphol. |volume=267 |issue=8 | pages=924–939 |doi=10.1002/jmor.10448 | pmid=16634086 |s2cid=21995436 }}</ref> Crocodiles appear to have lost their [[pineal organ]] but still show signs of [[melatonin]] rhythms.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Firth, B. T. |author2=Christian, K. A. |author3=Belan, I. |author4=Kennaway, D. J. |year=2009 |title=Melatonin rhythms in the Australian freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus johnstoni): a reptile lacking a pineal complex? |journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology B |volume=180 |issue=1 |pages=67–72 |doi=10.1007/s00360-009-0387-8 |pmid=19585125 |s2cid=25882439 }}</ref>

===Skin and scales===
{{Main|Crocodilian armor}}
[[File:Marsh Mugger Close-ups (21274413728).jpg|thumb|Skin of a [[mugger crocodile]]]]

The skin of crocodilians is clad in non-overlapping scales known as [[scute]]s that are covered by [[beta-keratin]].<ref>Grigg and Kirshner, pp. 83.</ref> Many of the scutes are strengthened by bony plates known as [[osteoderm]]s. Scutes are most numerous on the back and neck of the animal. The belly and underside of the tail have rows of broad, flat, square-shaped scales.<ref name="Grigg326" /> Between crocodilian scales are hinge areas that consist mainly of [[alpha-keratin]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alibardi |first1=L |last2=Toni |first2=M |year=2006 |title=Cytochemical, biochemical and molecular aspects of the process of keratinization in the epidermis of reptilian scales |journal=Progress in Histochemistry and Cytochemistry |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=73–134 |doi=10.1016/j.proghi.2006.01.001 |pmid=16584938}}</ref> Underneath the surface, the [[dermis]] is thick with [[collagen]].<ref>Grigg and Kirshner, pp. 85.</ref> Both the head and jaws lack scales and are instead covered in tight, keratinised skin that is fused directly to the bones of the skull and which, over time, develop a pattern of cracks as the skull develops.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Milinkovitch, M. C. |author2=Manukyan, L. |author3=Debry, A. |author4=Di-Poï, N. |author5=Martin, S. |author6=Singh, D. |author7=Lambert, D. |author8=Zwicker, M. |year=2013 |title=Crocodile head scales are not developmental units but emerge from physical cracking |journal=Science |volume=339 |issue=6115 |pages=78–81 |doi=10.1126/science.1226265 |pmid=23196908 |bibcode=2013Sci...339...78M |s2cid=6859452 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The skin on the neck and sides is loose.<ref name="Grigg326" /><ref>{{cite book | author=Scott, C. | year=2004 | title=Endangered and Threatened Animals of Florida and Their Habitats |publisher=University of Texas Press |page=213 |isbn=978-0-292-70529-6}}</ref> The scutes contain blood vessels and may act to absorb or release heat during [[thermoregulation]].<ref name="Grigg326" /> Research also suggests alkaline [[ion]]s released into the blood from the calcium and magnesium in the dermal bones act as a [[Buffer solution |buffer]] during prolonged submersion when increasing levels of carbon dioxide would otherwise cause [[acidosis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Janis |first1=C. M. |last2=Devlin |first2=K |last3=Warren |first3=D. E. |last4=Witzmann |first4=F |year=2012 |title=Dermal bone in early tetrapods: a palaeophysiological hypothesis of adaptation for terrestrial acidosis |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=279 |issue=1740 |pages=3035–3040 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2012.0558 |pmid=22535781 |pmc=3385491}}</ref>

Some scutes contain a single pore known as an integumentary sense organ. Crocodiles and gharials have these on large parts of their bodies, while alligators and caimans only have them on the head. Their exact function is not fully understood, but it has been suggested they may be [[Active sensory systems#Mechanosensory|mechanosensory]] organs.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Jackson, K. |author2=Butler, D. G. |author3=Youson, J. H. |year=1996 |title=Morphology and ultrastructure of possible integumentary sense organs in the estuarine crocodile (''Crocodylus porosus'') |journal=Journal of Morphology |volume=229 |issue=3 |pages=315–324 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(199609)229:3<315::AID-JMOR6>3.0.CO;2-X |pmid=29852587 |s2cid=43827650 |url=http://www.web.pdx.edu/~zelickr/sensory-physiology/articles/2013-articles/for-2013-04-24/jackson-et-al-iso-morphology.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021235000/http://www.web.pdx.edu/~zelickr/sensory-physiology/articles/2013-articles/for-2013-04-24/jackson-et-al-iso-morphology.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2013 }}</ref> There are prominent, paired integumentary glands in skin folds on the throat, and others in the side walls of the cloaca. Various functions for these have been suggested; they may play a part in communication—indirect evidence suggests they secrete [[pheromone]]s used in courtship or nesting.<ref name="Grigg326" /> The skin of crocodilians is tough and can withstand damage from [[Conspecificity|conspecifics]], and the immune system is effective enough to heal wounds within a few days.<ref>Kelly, pp. 84–85.</ref> In the genus ''Crocodylus'', the skin contains [[chromatophore]]s, allowing animals to change colour from dark to light and ''vice versa''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Merchant |first1=Mark |last2=Hale |first2=Amber |last3=Brueggen |first3=Jen |last4=Harbsmeier |first4=Curt |last5=Adams |first5=Colette |date=2018 |title=Crocodiles Alter Skin Color in Response to Environmental Color Conditions |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=6174 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-24579-6 |pmid=29670146 |pmc=5906620 |bibcode=2018NatSR...8.6174M |issn=2045-2322}}</ref>

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===Circulation===
[[File:CrocHeart.jpg|thumb|Diagram of crocodilian heart and circulation]]{{Easy CSS image crop|Image=Wetland alligator heart.jpg|desired_width=250|crop_top_perc=30|crop_bottom_perc=35|crop_right_perc=20|crop_left_perc=15|caption=[[Yacare caiman]] heart, in [[formalin]]|align=right}}
Crocodilians may have the most-complex vertebrate [[circulatory system]] with a four-chambered [[heart]] and two [[Ventricle (heart) |ventricles]], an unusual trait among extant reptiles.<ref name="Grigg331">Grigg and Gans, pp. 331–332.</ref> Both have left and right [[aorta]] are connected by a hole called the [[Foramen of Panizza]].<ref name=Axelsson1996/> Like birds and mammals, crocodilians have vessels that separately direct blood flow to the lungs and the rest of the body. They also have unique, cog-teeth-like valves that when interlocked direct blood to the left aorta and away from the lungs, and then around the body.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Franklin, C. E. |author2=Axelsson, M. |year=2000 |title=Physiology: An actively controlled heart valve |journal=Nature |volume=406 |pages=847–848 |doi=10.1038/35022652 |issue=6798 |pmid=10972278 |bibcode=2000Natur.406..847F |s2cid=4374046 }}</ref> This system may allow the animals to remain submerged for a lengthy period,<ref name=Axelsson1996>{{cite journal |author1=Axelsson, M. |author2=Franklin, C. E. |author3=Löfman, C. O. |author4=Nilsson, S. |author5=Grigg G. C. |year=1996 |title=Dynamic anatomical study of cardiac shunting in crocodiles using high-resolution angioscopy |journal=The Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=199 |pages=359–365 |pmid=9317958 |issue=Pt 2 |doi=10.1242/jeb.199.2.359 |url=http://jeb.biologists.org/content/199/2/359.full.pdf |doi-access=free }}</ref> but this explanation has been questioned.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Milius, S. |year=2000 |title=Toothy valves control crocodile hearts |journal=Science News |volume=158 |issue=9 |page=133 |doi=10.2307/3981407 |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Toothy+valves+control+crocodile+hearts.-a065368549 |jstor=3981407 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Other possible reasons for the peculiar circulatory system include assistance with thermoregulatory needs, prevention of [[pulmonary edema|pulmonary oedema]], and quick recovery from [[metabolic acidosis]]. Retention of carbon dioxide within the body permits an increase in the rate of gastric acid secretion and thus the efficiency of digestion, and other gastrointestinal organs such as the [[pancreas]], [[spleen]], [[small intestine]], and [[liver]] also function more efficiently.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Farmer, C. G. |author2=Uriona, T. J. |author3=Olsen, D. B. |author4=Steenblik, M. |author5=Sanders, K. |year=2008 |title=The right-to-left shunt of crocodilians serves digestion |journal=Physiological and Biochemical Zoology |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=125–137 |doi=10.1086/524150 |pmid=18194087 |s2cid=15080923 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5657652}}</ref>

When submerged, a crocodilian's heart may beat at only once or twice a minute, with little blood flow to the muscle. When it rises and takes a breath, its heart rate almost immediately increases and the muscles receive newly oxygenated blood.<ref>Kelly, p. 78.</ref> Unlike many [[marine mammal]]s, crocodilians have little [[myoglobin]] to store oxygen in their muscles. While diving, an increasing concentration of [[bicarbonate]] ions causes [[haemoglobin]] in the blood to release oxygen for the muscles.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Komiyama, N. H. |author2=Miyazaki, G. |author3=Tame, J. |author4=Nagai, K. |year=1995 |title=Transplanting a unique allosteric effect from crocodile into human haemoglobin |journal=Nature |volume=373 |pages=244–246 |doi=10.1038/373244a0 |issue=6511 |pmid=7816138 |bibcode = 1995Natur.373..244K |s2cid=4234858 |doi-access= }}</ref>

===Respiration===
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| image1 = X-ray video of a female American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) while breathing (dorsoventral view) - pone.0004497.s010.ogv
| image2 = X-ray video of a female American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) while breathing - pone.0004497.s009.ogv
| caption2 = X-ray [[fluoroscopy]] videos of a female American alligator showing contraction of the lungs while breathing (dorsoventral view above and lateral view below)
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Crocodilians were traditionally thought to breathe like mammals, with airflow tidally moving in and out, but studies published in 2010 and 2013 conclude respiration in crocodilians is more [[Lung#Birds|bird-like]], with airflow moving in a unidirectional loop within the lungs. During inhalation, air flows through the trachea and into two primary [[Bronchus|bronchi]] (airways) that divide into narrower secondary passageways. The air continues to move through these, then into even narrower tertiary airways, and then into other secondary airways that were bypassed the first time. The air then flows back into the primary airways and is exhaled.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Farmer, C. G. |author2=Sanders, K. |year=2010 |title=Unidirectional airflow in the lungs of alligators |journal=Science |volume=327 |issue=5963 |pages=338–340 |doi=10.1126/science.1180219 |pmid=20075253 |url=http://faculty.bennington.edu/~sherman/comp.%20anim.%20physiol./Unidirectional%20Airflow%20in%20the%20Lungs%20of%20Alligators.pdf |bibcode=2010Sci...327..338F |s2cid=206522844 |access-date=21 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624213901/http://faculty.bennington.edu/~sherman/comp.%20anim.%20physiol./Unidirectional%20Airflow%20in%20the%20Lungs%20of%20Alligators.pdf |archive-date=24 June 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Schachner, E. R. |author2=Hutchinson, J. R. |author3=Farmer, C. |year=2013 |title=Pulmonary anatomy in the Nile crocodile and the evolution of unidirectional airflow in Archosauria |journal=PeerJ |volume=1 |article-number=e60 |doi=10.7717/peerj.60 |pmid=23638399 |pmc=3628916 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In crocodilians, the [[diaphragmaticus]] muscle, which is [[analogous structure|analogous]] to the [[Thoracic diaphragm |diaphragm]] in mammals, attaches the lungs to the liver and pelvis. During inhalation, the [[external intercostal muscles]] expand the ribs, allowing the animal to take in more air, while the [[ischiopubic ramus |ischiopubis]] muscle causes the hips to swing downwards and push the belly outward, while the diaphragmaticus pulls the liver back. When exhaling, the [[internal intercostal muscles]] push the ribs inwards while the [[rectus abdominis]] pulls the hips and liver forwards and the belly inward.<ref name="Carrier">{{cite journal|author1=Farmer, C. G. |author2=Carrier D. R. |year=2000 |title=Pelvic aspiration in the American alligator (''Alligator mississippiensis'') |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=203 |issue=11 |pages=1679–1687 |doi=10.1242/jeb.203.11.1679 |pmid=10804158}}</ref><ref name="Grigg331" /><ref name="Uriona2008" /><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Munns, S. L. |author2=Owerkowicz, T. |author3=Andrewartha, S. J. |author4=Frappell, P. B. |year=2012 | title=The accessory role of the diaphragmaticus muscle in lung ventilation in the estuarine crocodile ''Crocodylus porosus'' | journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=215 |pages=845–852 |doi=10.1242/jeb.061952 |issue=5 |pmid=22323207 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Crocodilians can also use these muscles to adjust the position of their lungs, controlling their buoyancy in the water. An animal sinks when the lungs are pulled towards the tail and floats when they move back towards the head. This allows them to move through the water without creating disturbances that could alert potential prey. They can also spin and twist by moving their lungs laterally.<ref name="Uriona2008">{{cite journal|author1=Uriona, T. J. |author2=Farmer, C. G. |year=2008 |title=Recruitment of the diaphragmaticus, ischiopubis and other respiratory muscles to control pitch and roll in the American alligator (''Alligator mississippiensis'') |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=211 |issue=7 |pages=1141–1147 |doi=10.1242/jeb.015339 |pmid=18344489 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

{{Multiple image
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| footer = American alligators showing closed (top) and open (bottom) palatal valves
}}

When swimming and diving, crocodilians appear to rely on [[lung volume]] for buoyancy more than for oxygen storage.<ref name="Grigg331" /> Just before diving, the animal exhales to reduce its lung volume and reach negative buoyancy.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Wright, J. C. |author2=Kirshner, D. S. |year=1987 |title=Allometry of lung volume during voluntary submergence in the saltwater crocodile ''Crocodylus porosus'' |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=130 |issue=1 |pages=433–436 |doi=10.1242/jeb.130.1.433 |url=http://jeb.biologists.org/content/130/1/433.full.pdf |doi-access=free }}</ref> When diving, the nostrils of a crocodilian shut tight.<ref name="Grigg326" /> All species have a palatal valve, a membranous flap of skin at the back of the oral cavity (mouth) that protects the [[oesophagus]] and [[Vertebrate trachea|trachea]] when the animal is underwater.<ref name="Grigg326" /><ref name="Kelly70" /> This enables them to open their mouths underwater without drowning.<ref name="Kelly70" /> Crocodilians typically remain underwater for up to fifteen minutes, but under ideal conditions, some can hold their breath for up to two hours.<ref>{{cite web |title=AquaFacts: Crocodilians |publisher=Vancouver Aquarium |access-date=16 February 2018 |url=https://www.vanaqua.org/learn/aquafacts/reptiles/crocodilians |archive-date=16 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216205604/https://www.vanaqua.org/learn/aquafacts/reptiles/crocodilians }}</ref> The depth to which crocodilians can dive is unknown, but crocodiles can dive to at least {{convert|20 |m|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.newholland.com.au/products/docs/9781741108484.pdf |title=Green Guide to Crocodiles of Australia |last1=Webb |first1=Grahame |last2=Manolis |first2=Charlie |publisher=New Holland |year=2009 |page=45 |isbn=978-1-74110-848-4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004002656/http://www.newholland.com.au/products/docs/9781741108484.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2009 }}</ref>

Crocodilians vocalize by vibrating [[vocal fold]]s in the larynx.<ref name="Russell2020" /><ref>{{cite book |author1=Capshaw, Grace |author2=Willis, Katie L. |author3=Han, Dawei |author4=Bierman, Hilary S. |year=2020 |section=Reptile sound production and perception |pages=101–118 |editor1=Rosenfeld, Cheryl S. |editor2=Hoffmann, Frauke |title=Neuroendocrine Regulation of Animal Vocalization |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-815160-0}}</ref> The folds of the American alligator have a complex morphology consisting of [[epithelium]], [[lamina propria]] and muscle, and according to Riede et al. (2015): "it is reasonable to expect species-specific morphologies in vocal folds/analogues as far back as basal reptiles".<ref name="Reide2015" /> Although crocodilian vocal folds lack the elasticity of mammalian ones, the larynx is still capable of complex motor control similar to that in birds and mammals, and can adequately control its [[fundamental frequency]].<ref name="Reide2015">{{cite journal |author=Riede, T. |author2=Zhiheng, L. |author3=Tokuda, I. T. |author4=Farmer, C. G. |year=2015 |title=Functional morphology of the ''Alligator mississippiensis'' larynx with implications for vocal production |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=218 |issue=7 |pages=991–998 |doi=10.1242/jeb.117101 |pmid=25657203 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Subglottal pressure and fundamental frequency control in contact calls of juvenile Alligator mississippiensis |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=214 |issue=Pt 18 |pages=3082–95 |pmid=21865521 |pmc=3160820 |year=2011 |last1=Riede |first1=T |last2=Tokuda |first2=I. T. |last3=Farmer |first3=C. G. |doi=10.1242/jeb.051110 |url=http://epubs.utah.edu/index.php/open/article/download/775/580}}</ref>

===Digestion===
Crocodilian teeth can only hold onto prey, and food is swallowed unchewed. The stomach consists of a grinding [[gizzard]] and a digestive chamber.<ref name="Ross54">Mazzotti, p. 54.</ref> Indigestible items are regurgitated as pellets.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Min |last2=Zhou |first2=Zhonghe |last3=Sullivan |first3=Corwin |date=May 2016 |title=A Fish-Eating Enantiornithine Bird from the Early Cretaceous of China Provides Evidence of Modern Avian Digestive Features |journal=Current Biology |language=en |volume=26 |issue=9 |pages=1170–1176 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.02.055|pmid=27133872 |bibcode=2016CBio...26.1170W |doi-access=free }}</ref> The stomach is more acidic than that of any other vertebrate and contains ridges for [[gastrolith]]s, which play a role in the crushing of food. Digestion takes place more quickly at higher temperatures.<ref name="Firefly" /> When digesting a meal, CO2-rich blood near the lungs is redirected to the stomach, supplying more acid for the [[gastric glands|oxyntic glands]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Farmer |first1=C. G. |last2=Uriona |first2=T. J. |last3=Olsen |first3=D. B. |last4=Steenblik |first4=M. |last5=Sanders |first5=K. |date=2008 |title=The Right-to-Left Shunt of Crocodilians Serves Digestion |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/524150 |journal=Physiological and Biochemical Zoology |language=en |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=125–137 |doi=10.1086/524150 |pmid=18194087 |issn=1522-2152|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Compared to crocodiles, alligators digest more [[carbohydrate]]s relative to [[protein]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tracy |first1=C. R. |last2=McWhorter |first2=T. J. |last3=Gienger |first3=C. M. |last4=Starck |first4=J. M. |last5=Medley |first5=P. |last6=Manolis |first6=S. C. |last7=Webb |first7=G. J. W. |last8=Christian |first8=K. A. |date=December 2015 |title=Alligators and Crocodiles Have High Paracellular Absorption of Nutrients, But Differ in Digestive Morphology and Physiology |url=https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/icb/icv060 |journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology |language=en |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=986–1004 |doi=10.1093/icb/icv060 |pmid=26060211 |issn=1540-7063|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Crocodilians have a very low metabolic rate and thus low energy requirements. They can withstand extended fasting by living on [[Adipose tissue|stored fat]]. Even recently hatched crocodiles are able to survive 58 days without food, losing 23% of their bodyweight during this time.<ref name="Garnett">{{cite journal| author=Garnett, S. T.| year=1986| title=Metabolism and survival of fasting estuarine crocodiles| journal=Journal of Zoology| volume=208|issue=4| pages=493–502 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1986.tb01518.x}}</ref>

===Thermoregulation===
[[File:Yacare caiman (Caiman yacare) 2.jpg|thumb|[[Yacare caiman]] basking and gaping]]

Crocodilians are [[ectotherm]]s ('cold-blooded'), relying mostly on their environment to control their body temperature. The main means of warming is sun's heat, while immersion in water may either raise its temperature via [[thermal conduction]] or cool the animal in hot weather. The main method for regulating its temperature is behavioural; temperate-living alligators may start the day by basking in the sun on land and move into water for the afternoon, with parts of the back breaking the surface so it can still be warmed by the sun. At night, it remains submerged and its temperature slowly falls. The basking period is longer in winter. Tropical crocodiles bask briefly in the morning and move into water for rest of the day. They may return to land at nightfall when the air cools. Animals also cool themselves by gaping the mouth, which cools by [[evaporation]] from the mouth lining.<ref name="Ross51">Mazzotti, pp. 48–51.</ref> By these means, the temperature range of crocodilians is usually maintained between {{convert|25|and|35|°C}}, and mainly stays in the range {{convert|30|to|33|°C}}.<ref>Grigg and Gans, p. 330.</ref>

Both the [[American alligator|American]] and [[Chinese alligator]] can be found in areas that sometimes experience periods of frost in winter. In cold weather, alligators remain submerged with their tails in deeper, less-cold water and their nostrils projecting just above the surface. If ice forms on the water, they maintain ice-free breathing holes, and there have been occasions when their snouts have become frozen into ice. Temperature-sensing probes implanted in wild American alligators have found their core body temperatures can fall to around {{convert|5|°C}}, but as long as they remain able to breathe, they show no ill effects when the weather warms.<ref name="Ross51" />

===Osmoregulation===
[[File:Saltwater crocodile on a beach in Darwin, NT.jpg|thumb|left|[[Saltwater crocodile]] resting on beach]]
All crocodilians need to maintain a suitable concentration of salt in body fluids. [[Osmoregulation]] is related to the quantity of salts and water that are exchanged with the environment. Intake of water and salts occurs across the lining of the mouth, when water is drunk, incidentally while feeding, and when present in foods.<ref name="Mazzotti and Dunson">{{cite journal |title=Osmoregulation in Crocodilians |author1=Mazzotti, Frank J |author2=Dunson, William A. |journal=American Zoologist |year=1989 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=903–920 |jstor=3883493 |doi=10.1093/icb/29.3.903 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Water is lost during breathing, and salts and water are lost in the urine and faeces, through the skin, and in crocodiles and gharials via [[Salt gland |salt-excreting glands]] on the tongue.<ref name="Ross55">Mazzotti, pp. 52–55.</ref><ref name="Kelly, p. 68"/> The skin is a largely effective barrier for water and ions. Gaping causes water loss by evaporation.<ref name="Ross55" /> Large animals are better able than small ones to maintain [[homeostasis]] at times of osmotic stress.<ref name="Grigg333" /> Newly hatched crocodilians are much less tolerant of exposure to salt water than are older juveniles, presumably because they have a higher [[surface-area-to-volume ratio]].<ref name="Ross55" />

The kidneys and excretory system are much the same as those in other reptiles, but crocodilians do not have a [[Bladder#Reptiles |bladder]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmc=7152205 |date=2009 |last1=Nevarez |first1=J. |title=Crocodilians |journal=Manual of Exotic Pet Practice |pages=112–135 |doi=10.1016/B978-141600119-5.50009-3 |isbn=978-1-4160-0119-5 }}</ref> In fresh water, the [[osmolality]] (the concentration of solutes that contribute to a solution's [[osmotic pressure]]) in the [[Blood plasma|plasma]] is much higher than that of the surrounding water. The animals are well-hydrated, the urine in the cloaca is abundant and dilute, and nitrogen is excreted as [[ammonium bicarbonate]].<ref name="Grigg333">Grigg and Gans, pp. 333–334.</ref> Sodium loss is low and mainly occurs through the skin in freshwater conditions. In seawater, the opposite is true; the osmolality in the plasma is lower than that of the surrounding water, causing the animal to dehydrate. The cloacal urine is much more concentrated, white, and opaque, and nitrogenous waste is mostly excreted as insoluble [[uric acid]].<ref name="Ross55" /><ref name="Grigg333" />

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Caiman crocodilus Costa Rica 2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Spectacled caiman]] immersed in vegetation covered water]]

Crocodilians are [[wikt:amphibious|amphibious]], living both in water and on land.<ref name="Ross139" /> The last-surviving, fully terrestrial genus ''[[Mekosuchus]]'' became extinct about 3,000 years ago after humans had arrived on the Pacific islands it inhabited, making the extinction possibly [[Human impact on the environment|anthropogenic]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Mead, Jim I. |author2=Steadman, David W. |author3=Bedford, Stuart H. |author4=Bell, Christopher J. Bell |author5=Spriggs, Matthew |title=New Extinct Mekosuchine Crocodile from Vanuatu, South Pacific |journal=Copeia |date=2002 |volume=2002 |issue=3 |pages=632–641 |doi=10.1643/0045-8511(2002)002[0632:nemcfv]2.0.co;2 |jstor=1448145 |s2cid=86065169 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/16396/files/PAL_E3562.pdf }}</ref> Crocodilians are typically creatures of the [[tropics]]; the main exceptions are the American and Chinese alligators, whose ranges are the [[southeastern United States]] and the [[Yangtze River]], respectively. [[Florida]], United States, is the only place where the ranges of crocodiles and alligators coincide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alligator Habitat {{!}} Where Do Alligators Live? |url=http://tracker.cci.fsu.edu/alligator/about/where/ |website=tracker.cci.fsu.edu |access-date=2015-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725112427/http://tracker.cci.fsu.edu/alligator/about/where/ |archive-date=25 July 2017 }}</ref> Crocodilians live almost exclusively in lowland habitiat, and do not appear to live above {{convert |1000 |m}}.<ref name="Ross139">Alcala and Dy-Liacco, pp. 136–139.</ref> With a range extending from eastern India to New Guinea and northern Australia, the saltwater crocodile is the widest-spread species.<ref name="Ross68">Ross, p. 68.</ref>

Crocodilians use various types of aquatic habitats. Due to their diet, gharials are found in pools and backwaters of rapidly flowing rivers. Caimans prefer warm, [[Turbidity|turbid]] lakes and ponds, and slow-moving parts of rivers, although the [[dwarf caiman]] inhabits cool, relatively clear, fast-flowing waterways, often near waterfalls. The Chinese alligator is found in slow-moving, turbid rivers that flow across China's [[floodplain]]s. The highly adaptable American alligator is found in swamps, rivers and lakes with clear or turbid water. Crocodiles live in marshes, lakes and rivers, and can live in saline environments including [[Estuary |estuaries]] and [[mangrove]] swamps.<ref name="Ross139" /> American and saltwater crocodiles swim out to sea.<ref name="Ross65">Ross, p. 65.</ref><ref name="Ross68"/> Several extinct species, including the recently extinct ''[[Ikanogavialis |Ikanogavialis papuensis]]'', which occurred in coastlines of the [[Solomon Islands]], had marine habitats.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rauhe |first1=M. |last2=Frey |first2=E. |last3=Pemberton |first3=D. S. |last4=Rossmann |first4=T. |year=1999 |chapter=Fossil crocodilians from the Late Miocene Baynunah Formation of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates: osteology and palaeoecology |editor-last=Whybrow |editor-first=P. J. |editor2-last=Hill |editor2-first=A. |title=Fossil vertebrates of Arabia |url=https://archive.org/details/fossilvertebrate00alba |url-access=limited |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fossilvertebrate00alba/page/n182 163]–185 |isbn=978-0-300-07183-2 }}</ref> Climatic factors locally affect crocodilians' distribution. During the dry season, caimans can be restricted for several months to deep pools in rivers; in the rainy season, much of the savanna in the [[Llanos|Orinoco Llanos]] is flooded, and they disperse widely across the plain.<ref name="Ross141">Alcala and Dy-Liacco, p. 141.</ref> [[West African crocodile]]s in the deserts of [[Mauritania]] mainly live in [[guelta]]s and [[floodplain]]s but they retreat underground and to rocky shelters, and enter [[aestivation]] during the driest periods.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brito |first1=J. C. |last2=Martínez-Freiría |first2=F |last3=Sierra |first3=P |last4=Sillero |first4=N |last5=Tarroso |first5=P |year=2011 |title=Crocodiles in the Sahara desert: an update of distribution, habitats and population status for conservation planning in Mauritania |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=2 |article-number=e14734 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0014734 |doi-access=free |pmid=21364897 |pmc=3045445 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...614734B }}</ref>

[[File:Underwater Gharial (20841208363).jpg|right|thumb|[[Gharial]] underwater]]

Crocodilians also use terrestrial habitats such as forests, savannas, grasslands and deserts.<ref name="Ross139" /> Dry land is used for basking, nesting and escaping from temperature extremes. Several species make use of shallow burrows on land to keep cool or warm, depending on the environment.<ref name="Ross146">Alcala and Dy-Liacco, pp. 144–146.</ref> Four species of crocodilians climb trees to bask in areas lacking a shoreline.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.herpetologynotes.seh-herpetology.org/Volume7_PDFs/Dinets_HerpetologyNotes_volume7_pages3-7.pdf |title=Climbing behaviour in extant crocodilians |author1=Dinets, Vladimir |author2=Britton, Adam |author3=Shirley, Matthew |journal=Herpetology Notes |year=2013 |volume=7 |pages=3–7}}</ref> Tropical rainforests bordering rivers and lakes inhabited by crocodilians are of great importance to them, creating microhabitats where they can flourish. The roots of the trees absorb rainwater and slowly release it back into the environment. This keeps crocodilian habitat moist during the dry season while preventing flooding during the wet season.<ref name="Ross148">Alcala and Dy-Liacco, p. 148.</ref>

==Behaviour and life history==

Adult crocodilians are typically [[Territory (animal)|territorial]] and solitary. Individuals may guard basking spots, nesting sites, feeding areas, nurseries, and overwintering sites. Male saltwater crocodiles defend areas with several female nesting sites year-round. Some species are occasionally [[Gregarious behaviour|gregarious]], particularly during droughts, when several individuals gather at remaining water sites. Individuals of some species may share basking sites at certain times of the day.<ref name="Firefly" />

===Feeding===
[[File:Crocodile attack during Mara River crossing - frame 1 - Flickr - Lip Kee.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nile crocodile]] ambushing migrating [[wildebeest]] crossing the [[Mara River]]]]

Crocodilians are largely [[carnivorous]]. The diets of species varies with snout shape and tooth sharpness. Species with sharp teeth and long, slender snouts, like the Indian gharial and Australian freshwater crocodile, are specialized for snapping fish, insects, and crustaceans. Extremely broad-snouted species with blunt teeth, like the Chinese alligator and the broad-snouted caiman, are equipped for crushing hard-shelled molluscs. Species whose snouts and teeth are intermediate between these two forms, such as the saltwater crocodile and American alligator, have generalized diets and opportunistically feed on invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.<ref name="bite" /><ref name="Ross80">Pooley, pp. 76–80.</ref> Though mostly carnivorous, several species of crocodilian have been observed consuming fruit, and this may play a role in [[seed dispersal]].<ref name="Platt2013">{{cite journal|author1=Platt, S. G. |author2=Elsey, R. M. |author3=Liu, H. |author4=Rainwater, T. R. |author5=Nifong, J. C. |author6=Rosenblatt, A. E. |author7=Heithaus, M. R. |author8=Mazzotti, F. J. | title=Frugivory and seed dispersal by crocodilians: an overlooked form of saurochory?| year=2013 | journal=Journal of Zoology | volume=291 |issue=2 | pages=87–99 |doi=10.1111/jzo.12052|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In general, crocodilians are stalk-and-ambush predators,<ref name="bite" /> though hunting strategies vary between species an their prey.<ref name="Firefly" /> Terrestrial prey is stalked from the water's edge, and grabbed and drowned.<ref name="Firefly" /><ref name="Grigg229">Grigg and Gans, pp. 229–330.</ref> Gharials and other fish-eating species sweep their jaws from side-to-side to snatch prey; these animals can leap out of water to catch birds, bats and leaping fish.<ref name="Ross80" /> A small prey animal can be killed by [[Whiplash (medicine)|whiplash]] as the predator shakes its head.<ref name="Grigg229" /> When foraging for fish in shallow water, caiman use their tails and bodies to herd fish<ref name="Firefly" /> and may dig for bottom-dwelling invertebrates.<ref name="Kelly70" /> The [[smooth-fronted caiman]] will leave water to hunt terrestrial prey.<ref name="bite" />

[[File:Gavialis gangeticus -Indira Gandhi Zoological Park, Visakhapatnam, India-8.jpg|thumb|A [[gharial]] eating a fish]]

Crocodilians are unable to chew and need to swallow food whole, so prey that is too large to swallow is torn into pieces. Crocodilians may be unable to deal with a large animal with a thick hide, and may wait until it becomes putrid and comes apart more easily.<ref name="Ross91"/> To tear a chunk of tissue from a large carcass, a crocodilian continuously spins its body while holding prey with its jaws, a manoeuvre that is known as the ''death roll''.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Fish, F. E. |author2=Bostic, S. A. |author3=Nicastro, A. J. |author4=Beneski, J. T. |year=2007 |title=Death roll of the alligator: mechanics of twist feeding in water |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=210 |pages=2811–2818 |doi=10.1242/jeb.004267 |issue=16 |pmid=17690228 |s2cid=8402869 |doi-access=free }}</ref> During cooperative feeding, some individuals may hold onto prey while others perform the roll. The animals do not fight, and each retires with a piece of flesh and awaits its next feeding turn.<ref name="Ross91">Pooley, pp. 88–91.</ref> After feeding together, individuals may depart alone.<ref name="Dinet2014" /> Crocodilians typically consume prey with their heads above water. The food is held with the tips of the jaws, tossed towards the back of the mouth by an upward jerk of the head and then gulped down.<ref name="Grigg229" /> There is no hard evidence crocodilians [[Hoarding (animal behavior)|cache]] kills for later consumption.<ref>Grigg and Kirshner, p. 220.</ref>

===Reproduction and parenting===
[[File:Nile crocodile eggs.jpg|thumb|left|Nile crocodile eggs]]

Crocodilians are generally [[Polygyny in nature|polygynous]], and individual males try to mate with as many females as they can.<ref name="Kelly86" /> [[Monogamous pairing in animals|Monogamous pairings]] of American alligators have been recorded.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lance, S. L. |author2=Tuberville, T. D. |author3=Dueck, L. |author4=Holz-schietinger, C. |author5=Trosclair III, P. L. |author6=Elsey, R. M. |author7=Glenn, T. C. | year=2009 | title=Multi-year multiple paternity and mate fidelity in the American alligator, ''Alligator mississippiensis'' | journal=Molecular Ecology | volume=18 |issue=21 | pages=4508–4520 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04373.x |pmid=19804377|bibcode=2009MolEc..18.4508L |s2cid=36102698 }}</ref> [[Dominance (ethology)|Dominant]] male crocodilians patrol and defend territories, which contain several females. Males of some species, like the American alligator, try to attract females with elaborate [[courtship display]]s. During courtship, crocodilian males and females may rub against each other, circle around, and perform swimming displays. Copulation typically occurs in water. When a female is ready to mate, she arches her back while her head and tail dip underwater. The male rubs across the female's neck and grasps her with his hindlimbs, and places his tail underneath hers so their cloacas align and his penis can be inserted. Intermission can last up to 15 minutes, during which time the pair continuously submerge and surface.<ref name="Kelly86">Kelly, pp. 86–88.</ref> While dominant males usually monopolise females, single American alligator [[Clutch (eggs)|clutch]]es can be sired by three different males.<ref name="Firefly" />

[[File:Crocnest.JPG|thumb|Mother [[American alligator]] with nest and young]]

Depending on the species, female crocodilians may construct either holes or mounds as nests,<ref name="Firefly" /> the latter made from vegetation, litter, sand or soil.<ref name="Grigg333" /> Nests are typically found near dens or caves. Those made by different females are sometimes close to each other, particularly in hole-nesting species. Clutches may contain between ten and fifty eggs. Crocodilian eggs are protected by hard shells made of [[calcium carbonate]]. The [[Egg incubation|incubation period]] is two to three months.<ref name="Firefly" /> The sex of the developing, incubating young is [[Temperature-dependent sex determination|temperature dependant]]; constant nest temperatures above {{convert|32|C|F|abbr=on}} produce more males, while those below {{convert|31|C|F|abbr=on}} produce more females. Sex in crocodilians may be established in a short period of time, and nests are subject to changes in temperature. Most natural nests produce hatchlings of both sexes, though single-sex clutches occur.<ref name="Grigg333" />

All of the hatchlings in a clutch may leave the nest on the same night.<ref name="Ross109" /> Crocodilians are unusual among reptiles in the amount of [[parental care]] provided after the young hatch.<ref name="Gans1996" /><ref name="Firefly" /> The mother helps excavate hatchlings from the nest and carries them to water in her mouth. Newly hatched crocodilians gather together and follow their mother.<ref>Kelly, pp. 89–91.</ref> Both male and female adult crocodilians will respond to vocalizations by hatchlings.<ref name="Gans1996">{{cite journal |last1=Gans |first1=Carl |title=An Overview of Parental Care among the Reptilia |journal=Advances in the Study of Behavior |date=1996 |volume=25 |page=153 |doi=10.1016/s0065-3454(08)60332-0|isbn=978-0-12-004525-9 }}</ref> Female [[spectacled caiman]]s in the [[Venezuelan Llanos]] are known to leave their young in nurseries or [[Crèche (zoology)|crèches]], and one female guards them.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Thorbjarnarson, J. B. | year=1994 | title=Reproductive ecology of the spectacled caiman (''Caiman crocodilus'') in the Venezuelan Llanos | journal=Copeia | volume=1994 | pages=907–919 |jstor=1446713 |doi=10.2307/1446713 |issue=4}}</ref> Hatchlings of some species tend to bask in a group during the day and start to forage separately in the evening.<ref name="Ross109" /> The time it takes young crocodilians to reach independence can vary. For American alligators, groups of young associate with adults for one-to-two years while juvenile saltwater and Nile crocodiles become independent in a few months.<ref name="Firefly" />

===Communication===
{{listen
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| title = Alligator bellow
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| format = [[Vorbis]]
| filename2 = 27alligator2bellow.ogg
| title2 = Another alligator bellow
| description2 = Alligator bellow, [[ogg]]/[[Vorbis]] format.
| format2 = [[Vorbis]]
| filename3 = alligatorhiss.ogg
| title3 = Alligator hiss
| description3 = Alligator hiss [[ogg]]/[[Vorbis]] format.
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Crocodilians are the most vocal of the non-avian reptiles.<ref name="Ross109" /> They can communicate with sounds, including barks, bellows, chirps, coughs, growls, grunts, hisses, moos, roars, toots and whines.<ref name="Russell2020">{{cite journal |author=Russell, Anthony P. |author2=Bauer, Aaron M. |year=2020 |title=Vocalization by extant nonavian reptiles: A synthetic overview of phonation and the vocal apparatus |journal=The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology |volume=304 |issue=7 |pages=1478–1528 |doi=10.1002/ar.24553 |pmid=33099849 |s2cid=225069598 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Young start communicating with each other before they are hatched. It has been shown the young will repeat, one after another, a light tapping noise near the nest. This early communication may help young to hatch simultaneously. After breaking out of the egg, a juvenile produces yelps and grunts, either spontaneously or as a result of external stimuli. Even unrelated adults respond quickly to juvenile distress calls.<ref name="Ross109">Lang, pp. 104–109.</ref>
[[File:Yacare Caiman, Pantanal - Poconé, State of Mato Grosso, 78175-000, Brazil imported from iNaturalist photo 595526385.jpg|thumb|[[Yacare caiman]] bellowing]]
Juveniles are highly vocal, both when scattering in the evening and congregating in the morning. Nearby adults, presumably the parents, may warn young of predators or alert them to the presence of food. The range and quantity of vocalisations vary between species. Alligators and caimans are the noisiest while some crocodile species are almost completely silent. In some crocodile species, individuals "roar" at others when they get too close. The American alligator is exceptionally noisy; it emits a series of up to seven throaty bellows, each a couple of seconds long, at ten-second intervals. It also makes various grunts, growls and hisses.<ref name="Ross109" /> Males create vibrations in water to send out [[infrasonic]] signals that attract females and intimidate rivals.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Vliet, K. A. |year=1989 |title=Social displays of the American alligator (''Alligator mississippiensis'') |journal=American Zoologist |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=1019–1031 |doi=10.1093/icb/29.3.1019 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The enlarged boss of the male gharial may serve as a [[Vocal resonation|sound resonator]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Martin, B. G. H. |author2=Bellairs, A. D'A. |year=1977 |title=The narial excresence and pterygoid bulla of the gharial, ''Gavialis gangeticus'' (Crocodilia) |journal= Journal of Zoology |volume= 182 |issue=4 |pages=541–558 |doi= 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1977.tb04169.x}}</ref>

The head slap is another form of acoustic communication. This typically starts when an animal in water elevates its snout and remaining stationary. After some time, the jaws are sharply opened then clamped shut with a biting motion that makes a loud, slapping sound that is immediately followed by a loud splash, after which the head may immerse below the surface and blow bubbles from the throat or nostrils. Some species then roar while others slap water with their tails. Episodes of head slapping spread through the group. The purpose varies and it seems have a social function, and is also used in courtship.<ref name="Ross109" /> Dominant individuals intimidate rivals by swimming at the surface and displaying their large body size, and subordinates submit by holding their head forward above water with the jaws open and then flee below.<ref name="Firefly" />

===Growth and mortality===
[[File:Young saltwater crocodiles at Crocosaurus Cove, Darwin, Australia, 02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Young saltwater crocodiles in captivity]]

Eggs and hatchlings have a high death rate, and nests face threats from floods, drying, overheating, and predators.<ref name="Firefly" /> [[Flood|Flooding]] is a major cause of failure of crocodilians to successfully breed; nests are submerged, developing embryos are deprived of oxygen and juveniles are swept away.<ref name="Ross148"/> Despite the maternal care they receive, eggs and hatchlings are commonly lost to predation.<ref name="Firefly" /> Predators, both mammalian and reptilian, may raid nests and eat crocodilian eggs.<ref name="Ross97">Pooley and Ross, pp. 94–101.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Hunt, R. Howard |author2=Ogden, Jacqueline J. |year=1991 |title=Selected aspects of the nesting ecology of American alligators in the Okefenokee Swamp |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=448–453 |jstor=1564768 |doi=10.2307/1564768 }}</ref> After hatching and reaching water, young are still under threat.<ref name="Kelly91">Kelly, p. 91.</ref>

In addition to terrestrial predators, young are subject to aquatic attacks by fish. Birds take their toll, and malformed individuals are unlikely to survive. In northern Australia, the survival rate for saltwater crocodile hatchlings is 25 percent but this improves with each year of life, reaching up to 60 percent by year five.<ref name="Firefly" /> Mortality rates among subadults and adults are low, though they are occasionally preyed upon by [[Felidae|large cats]] and [[Snake|snakes]].<ref name="Ross97" /><ref name="Firefly" /> [[Elephant]]s and [[hippopotamus]]es may defensively kill crocodiles.<ref name="Firefly" /> Authorities are uncertain how much [[Cannibalism (zoology)|cannibalism]] occurs among crocodilians. Adults do not normally eat their own offspring but there is some evidence of subadults feeding on juveniles, while subadults may be preyed on by adults. Adults appear more likely to protect juveniles and may chase away subadults from nurseries. Rival male Nile crocodiles sometimes kill each other during the breeding season.<ref name="Ross97" />

Growth in hatchlings and young crocodilians depends on the food supply. Animals reach sexual maturity at a certain length, regardless of age. Saltwater crocodiles reach maturity at {{convert |2.2|–|2.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} for females and {{convert|3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} for males. Australian freshwater crocodiles take ten years to reach maturity at {{convert|1.4|m|abbr=on}}. The spectacled caiman matures earlier, reaching its mature length of {{convert|1.2|m|ft|0 |abbr=on}} in four to seven years.<ref name="Kelly86" /> Crocodilians continue to grow throughout their lives; males in particular continue to gain weight as they age, but this is mostly in the form of extra girth rather than length.<ref name="H31">Huchzermeyer, p. 31.</ref> Crocodilians can live for 35–75 years;<ref name="teeth" /> their age can be determined by growth rings in their bones.<ref name="Kelly86" /><ref name="H31" />

=== Cognition ===
Crocodilians are among the most cognitively complex non-avian reptiles. Embryological studies of developing amniotes have shown similar brain structures in the [[telencephalon]] between crocodilians, mammals and birds.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pritz |first=M. B. |date=2015-12-01 |title=Crocodilian Forebrain: Evolution and Development |journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology |language=en |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=949–961 |doi=10.1093/icb/icv003 |issn=1540-7063 |pmc=4652036 |pmid=25829019}}</ref> Accordingly, several behaviours that were once thought to be unique to mammals and birds have been recently discovered in crocodilians. Some crocodilian species have been observed using sticks and branches to lure nest-building birds, though other authors have argued the purpose, if any, of stick-displaying is at best ambiguous.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dinets |first1=V |last2=Brueggen |first2=JC |last3=Brueggen |first3=J. D. |year=2013 |title=Crocodilians use tools for hunting |journal=Ethology, Ecology and Evolution |volume=27 |pages=74–78 |doi=10.1080/03949370.2013.858276 |s2cid=84655220}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rosenblatt |first1=Adam E. |last2=Johnson |first2=Alyssa |date=2019-11-26 |title=An experimental test of crocodilian stick-displaying behavior |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03949370.2019.1691057 |journal=Ethology Ecology & Evolution |language=en |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=218–226 |doi=10.1080/03949370.2019.1691057 |issn=0394-9370|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Several species have been observed to [[cooperative hunting|hunt cooperatively]], herding and chasing prey.<ref name="Dinet2014">{{cite journal |last1=Dinets |first1=V |year=2014 |title=Apparent coordination and collaboration in cooperatively hunting crocodilians |journal=Ethology Ecology and Evolution |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=244–250 |doi=10.1080/03949370.2014.915432 |s2cid=84672219}}</ref> [[Play (activity)|Play]], or the free, intrinsically motivated activity of young individuals, has been observed on numerous occasions in crocodilians in captive and wild settings; young alligators and crocodiles regularly engage in object play and social play.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dinets |first=Vladimir |date=December 2023 |title=Play behavior in ectothermic vertebrates |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0149763423003974 |journal=Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews |language=en |volume=155 |article-number=105428 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105428|pmid=37863279 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Not all higher social behaviours are endemic across these clades; a 2023 study of a [[tinamou]] bird and American alligator test subjects found alligators do not appear to engage in visual [[perspective-taking]] like the birds.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zeiträg |first1=Claudia |last2=Reber |first2=Stephan A. |last3=Osvath |first3=Mathias |date=2023-05-19 |title=Gaze following in Archosauria—Alligators and palaeognath birds suggest dinosaur origin of visual perspective taking |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=9 |issue=20 |article-number=eadf0405 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.adf0405 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=10198628 |pmid=37205749|bibcode=2023SciA....9F.405Z }}</ref> Some researchers have proposed an increase in the use of crocodilians as test animals in comparative cognition studies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Doody |first1=J. Sean |last2=Burghardt |first2=Gordon M. |last3=Dinets |first3=Vladimir |date=February 2013 |editor-last=Hauber |editor-first=M. |title=Breaking the Social-Non-social Dichotomy: A Role for Reptiles in Vertebrate Social Behavior Research? |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eth.12047 |journal=Ethology |language=en |volume=119 |issue=2 |pages=95–103 |doi=10.1111/eth.12047|bibcode=2013Ethol.119...95D |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Interactions with humans==
===Attacks===
{{main|Crocodile attack}}

{{see also|Alligator wrestling}}

Crocodilians are opportunistic predators that are at their most dangerous in water and on shorelines. Several species are known to attack humans and may do so to defend their territories, nests or young; these attacks occur either unintentionally while the animal is attacking domestic animals such as dogs, or deliberately for food. Large crocodilians can take prey as big as or bigger than humans. Most of the data about such attacks involve the [[saltwater crocodile]], the [[Nile crocodile]], the [[mugger crocodile]], the [[American crocodile]], the [[American alligator]] and the [[black caiman]]. Other species that often attack humans are [[Morelet's crocodile]] and the [[spectacled caiman]].<ref name=IUCN-CSG>{{cite web |title=Crocodilian Attacks |url=http://www.iucncsg.org/pages/Crocodilian-Attacks.html |publisher=IUCN Crocodile Specialist Group |access-date=3 February 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Alligator warning.jpg|thumb|Sign in Florida warning of alligators]]

It is estimated over 1,000 attacks by the Nile crocodile occurred between 2010 and 2020, almost 70% of which were fatal.<ref name=IUCN-CSG/> The species is considered to be the most-dangerous large predator in Africa, particularly because it is both widespread and numerous. It can easily sneak up on people or domestic animals at the edge of water. Fishers, bathers, waders and those washing clothes are particularly vulnerable. Once grabbed and dragged into water, it is unlikely the victim will escape. Analysis of attacks show most-such attacks take place when crocodiles are guarding nests or newly hatched young.<ref name=Ross177>Pooley, Hines and Shield, pp. 174–177.</ref>

Saltwater crocodiles have been implicated in over 1,300 attacks on humans between 2010 and 2020, almost half of which were fatal.<ref name=IUCN-CSG/> Animals of various sizes may attack humans but large males are generally responsible for fatalities. Large animals require large prey, and humans are the correct size. Most victims of attacks by saltwater crocodile attacks have been in water but they occasionally occur on land. Saltwater crocodiles sometimes attack boats but do not usually appear to be targeting the occupants. Attacks occur when a human encroaches on the crocodile's territory.<ref name=AusCrocAttack>{{cite journal |author1=Caldicott, David G. E. |author2=Croser, David |author3=Manolis, Charlie |author4=Webb, Grahame |author5=Britton, Adam |title=Crocodile attack in Australia: an analysis of its incidence and review of the pathology and management of crocodilian attacks in general |journal=Wilderness and Environmental Medicine |year=2005 |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=143–159 |doi=10.1580/1080-6032(2005)16[143:CAIAAA]2.0.CO;2 |pmid=16209470 |doi-access=free }}</ref> American alligators were responsible for 127 recorded attacks between 2010 and 2020, only six of which were fatal.<ref name=IUCN-CSG/> Alligators are considered to be less aggressive than Nile and saltwater crocodiles,<ref name=Kelly61>Kelly, pp. 61–62.</ref> but the increase in density of the human population in the [[Everglades]] has brought people and alligators into proximity, increasing the risk of alligator attacks.<ref name=IUCN-CSG/><ref name=Kelly61/>

===Uses===
[[File:Handbag of West African Dwarf Crocodile.JPG |thumb|right|Handbag made from skin of [[dwarf crocodile]] at the Natural History Museum, London.]]
Crocodilians have been hunted for their skin, meat and bones. Their tough skin has been used to make handbags, coats, footwear, wallets and other items. The meat has been compared to that of [[Chicken as food|chicken]] and may be used as an [[aphrodisiac]]. The bones, teeth and [[Pickling|pickled]] heads of crocodilians are used as souvenirs, while other tissues and fluids are ingredients in [[traditional medicine]]. [[Crocodile farm]]s have been established to meet the demand for crocodilian products; species bred on these farms are listed under Appendix II of [[CITES]], which allows regulated trade.<ref>Grigg and Kirshner, p. 591.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Understanding CITES: CITES Appendix II Supports Sustainable Use |publisher=US Fish & Wildlife Service |url=https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2024-03/factsheet-cites-appendix-ii-2024_0.pdf |access-date=9 October 2024}}</ref> A study examining alligator farms in the United States showed they have generated significant conservation gains and poaching of wild alligators has greatly diminished.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Moyle, Brendan |year=2013 |title=Conservation that's more than skin-deep: alligator farming |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |volume=22 |issue=8 |pages=1663–1677 |doi=10.1007/s10531-013-0501-9 |bibcode=2013BiCon..22.1663M |s2cid=13857179 }}</ref>

Several species of crocodilian are traded as [[exotic pet]]s. They are appealing when young but crocodilians do not make good pets; they grow large, and are dangerous and expensive to keep. As they grow older, pet crocodilians are often abandoned by their owners, and feral populations of spectacled caimans exist in the United States and Cuba. Most countries have strict regulations for keeping these reptiles.<ref>Kelly, pp. 208–211.</ref>

The blood of alligators and crocodiles contains [[peptide]]s with [[antibiotic]] properties that may contribute to future antibacterial drugs.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Avasthi |first1=Amitabh |title=Alligator Blood May Lead to Powerful New Antibiotics |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/04/080407-alligator-blood.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141120145343/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/04/080407-alligator-blood.html |archive-date=20 November 2014 |magazine=National Geographic |date=7 April 2008 |access-date=20 November 2014}}</ref> [[Cartilage]] from farm-raised crocodiles is used in research aiming to 3D-print new cartilage for humans by mixing human [[stem cell]]s with liquefied crocodile cartilage after proteins that may trigger the human [[immune system]] have been removed.<ref>{{cite news |author=Hendry, M |date=6 August 2018 |title=Crocodile cartilage holds key to future of human joint repair, researchers say |newspaper=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-06/croc-cartilage-key-to-repairing-human-joint-injuries/10073644 |access-date=9 October 2024}}</ref>

==Conservation==
The [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] recognises 26 species of crocodilian and classes 11 of them as threatened including:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iucncsg.org/pages/Conservation-Status.html |title=Conservation Status |publisher=Crocodile Specialist Group |access-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>

* [[Critically Endangered]]: Chinese alligator, Philippine Crocodile, Orinoco crocodile, Siamese crocodile, Cuban Crocodile, African Slender-snouted crocodile and gharial.
* [[Endangered species |Endangered]]: [[False gharial]]
* [[Vulnerable species |Vulnerable]]: American crocodile, mugger crocodile, and dwarf crocodile.

The main threat to crocodilians worldwide is human activity, including hunting and habitat destruction. Early in the 1970s, more than 2 million wild crocodilian skins had been traded, depleting the majority of crocodilian populations, in some cases almost to extinction. Starting in 1973, [[CITES]] attempted to prevent trade in body parts of endangered animals, such as crocodile skins. This proved to be problematic in the 1980s because in some parts of Africa, crocodiles were abundant and dangerous to humans, and hunting them was legal. At the Conference of the Parties in Botswana in 1983, it was argued on behalf of aggrieved local people the selling of lawfully hunted skins was reasonable. In the late 1970s, crocodile farming began in different countries, starting from eggs taken from the wild. By the 1980s, farmed crocodile skins were produced in sufficient numbers to greatly diminish the unlawful trade in wild crocodilians. By 2000, skins from twelve crocodilian species, whether harvested lawfully in the wild or farmed, were traded by thirty countries and the unlawful trade had almost vanished.<ref name=Adams>{{cite book |title=Against Extinction: The Story of Conservation |url=https://archive.org/details/againstextinctio00adam |url-access=limited |publisher=Earthscan |author=Adams, William M. |year=2004 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/againstextinctio00adam/page/n212 197]–201 |isbn=978-1-84407-056-5}}</ref>

[[File:Baby Gharial.jpg |thumb |Young gharial in Kukrail Reserve Forest]]

The gharial was historically widespread in the major river systems of India but has undergone a chronic decline since 1943. Major threats have included prolific hunting, [[bycatch|accidental catching]] and water blockage from dams.<ref name=IUCN>{{Cite iucn |author=Lang, J. |author2=Chowfin, S. |author3=Ross, J. P. |title=''Gavialis gangeticus'' |volume=2019 |article-number=e.T8966A149227430 |date=2019 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T8966A149227430.en }}</ref> The gharial population continues to be threatened by environmental hazards such as [[heavy metals]] and [[protozoa]]n parasites.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Whitaker, R. |author2=Basu, D. |author3=Huchzermeyer, F. |year=2008 |title=Update on gharial mass mortality in National Chambal Sanctuary |url =http://www.iucncsg.org/365_docs/attachments/protarea/CSG%20-8d303c03.pdf |journal=Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter |volume=27 |issue=1 | pages=4–8}}</ref> Protection of nests against egg predators has been shown to increase population numbers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Ghariyal-population-rising-in-Chambal/articleshow/20518559.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140207082038/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-10/flora-fauna/39872119_1_illegal-sand-mining-ghariyals-chambal-river |url-status=live |archive-date=7 February 2014 |title=Ghariyal population rising in Chambal |date=10 June 2013 |access-date=7 February 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |author=Shukla, Neha}}</ref> The Chinese alligator was historically widespread in the eastern [[Yangtze River]] system but is currently restricted to some areas in south-eastern [[Anhui]] due to [[habitat fragmentation]] and degradation. The wild population is believed to exist only in small, fragmented ponds. In 1972, the Chinese government declared the species a Class I endangered species and it received the maximum amount of legal protection. Since 1979, captive breeding programmes were established in China and North America, creating a healthy captive population.<ref name=iucncsg>{{cite web |author=Hong Xing, Jiang |title=Chinese Alligator ''Alligator sinensis'' |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |access-date=29 November 2013 |url=http://www.iucncsg.org/365_docs/attachments/protarea/02_A-aae9ca58.pdf}}</ref> In 2008, alligators bred in the [[Bronx Zoo]] were successfully reintroduced to [[Chongming Island]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Sautner, Stephen |author2=Delaney, John |date=18 July 2009 |title=Critically Endangered Alligators, Born and Raised at WCS's Bronx Zoo, Now Multiplying in China's Wild |publisher=Wildlife Conservation Society |url=http://newsroom.wcs.org/News-Releases/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/4924/Critically-Endangered-Alligators-Born-and-Raised-at-WCSs-Bronx-Zoo-Now-Multiplying-in-Chinas-Wild.aspx |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref> The [[Philippine crocodile]] may be the most-threatened crocodilian; hunting and destructive fishing habits have reduced its numbers to around 100 individuals by 2009. In the same year, 50 captive-bred crocodiles were released into the wild to help boost the population. Support from local people is crucial for the species' survival.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Merlijn van Weerd|van Weerd, Merlijn]] |date=22 December 2009 |title=Local pride offers a boost to endangered crocodile |publisher=IUCN news |access-date=29 November 2013 |url=http://www.iucn.org/iyb/resources/news/?4445/Local-pride-offers-a-boost-to-endangered-crocodile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002349/http://www.iucn.org/iyb/resources/news/?4445%2FLocal-pride-offers-a-boost-to-endangered-crocodile |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref>

The American alligator has also undergone serious declines from hunting and habitat loss throughout its range, threatening it with extinction. In 1967, it was listed as an endangered species but the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] and state wildlife agencies in the southern United States stepped in and worked towards its recovery. Protection allowed the species to recuperate and in 1987 it was removed from the endangered species list.<ref name=ufws>{{cite web |title=American Alligator ''Alligator mississippiensis'' |publisher=United States Fish and Wildlife Service |date=1 February 2008 |access-date=3 September 2012 |url=http://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/alligator.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429215953/https://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/alligator.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2017}}</ref> In Australia, the saltwater crocodile was heavily hunted and was reduced to five percent of its historical numbers in the [[Northern Territory]] by 1971. Since then, the species was given legal protections and its numbers had greatly increased by 2001.<ref name="Firefly" />

==Cultural depictions==
{{see also|List of fictional crocodiles and alligators}}

===In mythology and folklore===
[[File:Kom Ombo, Sobek 0350.JPG|thumb|upright|Relief of Egyptian god [[Sobek]]]]

Crocodilians have prominent roles in the narratives of various cultures around the world and may have inspired stories of [[dragon]]s.<ref>Kelly, p. 41.</ref> In [[ancient Egyptian religion]], both [[Ammit]] the devourer of unworthy souls and [[Sobek]] the god of power, protection and fertility are represented as having crocodile heads. This reflects the ancient Egyptians' view of the crocodile as both a terrifying predator and an important part of the Nile ecosystem. The crocodile was one of several [[Animal mummy|animals the Egyptians mummified]].<ref>Kelly, pp. 49–50.</ref> West African peoples also associated crocodiles with [[water deities]]. During the [[Benin Empire]], crocodiles symbolised the power of the ''[[Oba (ruler)|oba]]'' (king) and linked him to the life-giving rivers.<ref>Wylie, pp. 46, 51.</ref> The [[Leviathan]] described in the [[Book of Job]] may have been based on a crocodile.<ref>Wylie, p. 28.</ref> In [[Mesoamerica]], the [[Aztec]]s had a crocodilian god of fertility named [[Cipactli]] who protected crops. In [[Aztec mythology]], the earth deity [[Tlaltecuhtli]] is said to bond with a "great caiman". The [[Maya civilization|Maya]] also worshipped crocodilian gods and believed the world is supported on the back of a swimming crocodile.<ref>Kelly, pp. 58–59.</ref>

The gharial features in the folk tales of India. In one story, a gharial and a monkey become friends when the monkey gives the gharial fruit but the friendship ends after the gharial confesses it tried to lure the monkey into a house to eat it.<ref>Kelly, pp. 45–46.</ref> [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] and [[African American]] folk tales often pair an alligator with a [[trickster]] rabbit, [[Br'er Rabbit]] in the African American stories.<ref>Kelly, p. 62.</ref> An Australian [[Dreamtime]] story tells of a crocodile ancestor who had fire all to himself until a rainbow bird stole fire-sticks for man, hence the crocodile lives in water.<ref>Wylie, pp. 120–121.</ref>

===In literature and media===
[[File:Crocodile - British Library Royal 12 F xiii f24r (detail).jpg |thumb |left |Crocodile in the medieval [[Rochester Bestiary]], late 13th century]]

Ancient historians have described crocodilians from the earliest written records, though often their descriptions contain as much assumption as observation. The Ancient Greek historian [[Herodotus]] (c. 440 BC) described the crocodile in detail, though much of his description is fanciful; [[Cleaning symbiosis#History|he claimed]] the crocodile would lie with its mouth open to permit a "trochilus" bird, possibly an [[Egyptian plover]], to remove [[leech]]es.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2707/2707-h/2707-h.htm#link22H_4_0001 |title=Histories |author=Herodotus |author-link=Herodotus |edition= Book II, chapter 68}}</ref> The crocodile was described in the late-13th century [[Rochester Bestiary]], which is based on classical sources, including [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]]'s [[Natural History (Pliny) |''Historia naturalis'']] (c. 79 AD)<ref>{{cite book |title=Natural History |author=Pliny the Elder |author-link=Pliny the Elder |pages=37–38 |chapter=8}}</ref> and [[Isidore of Seville]]'s [[Etymologiae |''Etymologies'']].<ref>{{cite book |title=Etymologies |author=Isidore of Seville |pages=19–20 |chapter=12.6}}</ref><ref name=McCulloch>{{cite book |last=McCulloch |first=Florence |title=Mediaeval Latin and French Bestiaries |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |location=Chapel Hill |year=1960 |pages=22, 28–29}}</ref> Isidore said the crocodile is named for its [[Saffron (color)|saffron colour]] (Latin croceus, 'saffron') and may be killed by fish with serrated crests sawing into its soft underbelly.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville |url=https://archive.org/details/etymologiesisido00barn |url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press |author1=Barney, Stephen A. |author2=Lewis, W. J. |author3=Beach, J. A. |author4=Berghof, Oliver |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/etymologiesisido00barn/page/n273 260] (XII.vi.19 in original Latin) |isbn=978-0-521-83749-1}}</ref>

Since the ninth-century text ''[[Bibliotheca (Photius)|Bibliotheca]]'' by [[Photios I of Constantinople]], crocodiles have been [[crocodile tears|reputed to weep]] for their victims.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bibliothèque. Tome VIII: Codices 257–280. |last=Photius |others=Texte établi et traduit par R. Henry. |year=1977 |publisher=Les Belles Lettres |location=Paris |language=fr, grc |isbn=978-2-251-32227-8 |page=93}}</ref> The story became widely known in 1400 when the English traveller [[John Mandeville]] wrote his description of "cockodrills":<ref name=Mandeville>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/782 |title=The Travels of Sir John Mandeville |author=Mandeville, John |year=1400 |chapter=31. Of the Devil's Head in the Valley Perilous. And of the Customs of Folk in diverse Isles that be about in the Lordship of Prester John}}</ref>

<blockquote>In that country [of [[Prester John]]] and by all Ind [India] be great plenty of cockodrills, that is a manner of a long serpent, as I have said before. And in the night they dwell in the water, and on the day upon the land, in rocks and in caves. And they eat no meat in all the winter, but they lie as in a dream, as do the serpents. These serpents slay men, and they eat them weeping; and when they eat they move the over jaw, and not the nether jaw, and they have no tongue.<ref name=Mandeville/></blockquote>

[[File:Illustration at p. 73 in Just So Stories (c1912).png|thumb|The Crocodile stretching the nose of the Elephant's Child in one of [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s ''[[Just So Stories]]'']]

Crocodilians have been recurring characters in stories for children, such as [[Roald Dahl]]'s ''[[The Enormous Crocodile]]'' (1978) and [[Emily Gravett]]'s ''[[The Odd Egg]]'' (2008).<ref>Wyle p. 181</ref> [[Lewis Carroll]]'s ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]'' (1865) contains the poem ''[[How Doth the Little Crocodile]]''. In [[J. M. Barrie]]'s novel ''[[Peter and Wendy]]'' (1911), [[Captain Hook]] losses his hand to a crocodile.<ref>Wylie pp. 171–172</ref> In [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s ''[[Just So Stories]]'' (1902), the Elephant's Child acquires his trunk by having his nose pulled very hard by a crocodile.<ref>Wylie pp. 72–73</ref>

In movies and shows, crocodilians are often represented as dangerous water obstacles<ref name="Kelly228"/> or as monstrous [[Man-eating animal|man-eater]]s, as in the horror films ''[[Eaten Alive]]'' (1977), ''[[Alligator (film) |Alligator]]'' (1980), ''[[Lake Placid (film) |Lake Placid]]'' (1999), ''[[Crocodile (2000 film) |Crocodile]]'' (2000), ''[[Primeval (film) |Primeval]]'' (2007) and ''[[Black Water (2007 film) |Black Water]]'' (2007).<ref>Wylie p. 183.</ref> In the film ''[[Crocodile Dundee]]'' (1986), the title character [[Mick Dundee]]'s nickname comes from an incident involving a crocodile attack.<ref>Kelly. pp. 234–235.</ref> Some media texts, such as [[Steve Irwin]]'s [[Nature documentary |wildlife documentary]] series ''[[The Crocodile Hunter]]'', have attempted to portray crocodilians in a more positive or educational tone.<ref name="Kelly228">Kelly. p. 228.</ref>
{{-}}

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|26em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |author1=Grigg, Gordon |author2=Gans, Carl | year=1993 |chapter=Morphology and physiology of the Crocodylia | title=Fauna of Australia|volume= 2A, Amphibia and Reptilia | editor=Glasby, Christopher J. | editor2=Ross, Graham J. B. | editor3=Beesley, Pamela L. | pages=326–343 | publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service |isbn=978-0-644-32429-8 | chapter-url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/37617529|url=https://www.dcceew.gov.au/science-research/abrs/publications/fauna-of-australia/fauna-2a}}
*{{cite book |title=Biology and Evolution of Crocodylians |url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/7185.htm |author1=Grigg, Gordon |author2=Kirshner, David |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4863-0066-2}}
* {{cite book | title=Crocodiles: Biology, Husbandry and Diseases | author=Huchzermeyer, F. W. | year=2003 | publisher=CABI | isbn=978-0-85199-656-1}}
* {{cite book | title=Crocodile: Evolution's greatest survivor | author=Kelly, Lynne | publisher=Orion | year=2007 |isbn=978-1-74114-498-7}}
* {{cite book | title=Crocodiles and Alligators | editor=Ross, Charles A. | year=1992 | publisher=Blitz | isbn=978-1-85391-092-0}}
** Sues, Hans-Dieter. "The Place of Crocodilians in the Living World". pp. 14–25.
** Buffetaut, Eric. "Evolution". pp. 26–41.
** Mazzotti, Frank J. "Structure and Function". pp. 42–57.
** Ross, Charles A.; Magnusson, William Ernest. "Living Crocodilians". pp. 58–73.
** Pooley, A. C. "Food and Feeding Habits". pp. 76–91.
** Pooley, A. C.; Ross, Charles A. "Mortality and Predators". pp. 92–101.
** Lang, Jeffrey W. "Social Behaviour". pp. 102–117.
** Alcala, Angel C.; Dy-Liacco, Maria Teresa S. "Habitats". pp. 136–153.
** Pooley, A. C.; Hines, Tommy C.; Shield, John. "Attacks on Humans". pp. 172–187.
* {{Cite book | author=Wylie, Dan | year=2013 | title=Crocodile | publisher=Reaktion Books | isbn=978-1-78023-087-0}}

==External links==
{{Wikiversity|Crocodile}}
* [http://www.crocodilian.com/ Florida's Museum of Natural History: Crocodilians]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708204615/http://www.crocodilian.com/ |date=8 July 2011 }}
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/zachievenor/galleries/72157664627538832/ Crocodylians] (photos with information), [[Flickr]]

{{Crocodilia}}
{{Extinct Crocodilia}}
{{Navboxes|title=Articles Related to Crocodiles
|list=
{{Reptiles}}
{{Pseudosuchia|L.|state=collapsed}}
{{Neosuchia|E.}}
{{Crocs}}
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q25363}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Crocodilia| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Extant Campanian first appearances]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Richard Owen]]

Atu America Itu India

2026-03-03T18:02:30Z

EthanMarko2: Adding Some Post Basic Info

{{Short description|2001 Indian film}}
{{More plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Atu America Itu India.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Gummaluri Sastry
| writer = Chilumula Shanthi Kumar
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Amit Limaye Chilumula Shanthi Kumar
| starring = [[Akshay Kapoor|Sunny]] Vannessa Santhi Kumar Christina Vijay Nainan Pranathi
| narrator =
| cinematography = Tom Agnello P. Diwakar
| editing = V. Nagireddy
| music = [[Madhavapeddi Suresh]]
| studio = DotCom Art Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2001|5|25|New Jersey, USA|2001|10|12|India|ref2=<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news159.html|title=Tax Holiday for Atu America ...|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=20 September 2001|access-date=6 February 2025|archive-date=31 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031152931/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news159.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Atu America Itu India''''' ({{Translation|That is America, this is India}}) is a 2001 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama film]] directed by Gummaluri Sastry and starring [[Akshay Kapoor|Sunny]], Vannessa, Santhi Kumar, Christina, Vijay Naynala and Pranathi. The film won the [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film#Third Best Feature Film – Bronze|Nandi Award for Third Best Feature Film]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2002 |title=Nandi Awards 2001–2002 |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2001.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221012631/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2001.html |archive-date=21 December 2024 |access-date=6 February 2025 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news287.html|title=Gummuluri Sastri is no more|date=27 November 2008|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=6 February 2025|archive-date=13 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113204922/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news287.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film is about the confused lifestyle faced by Indian expatriates in America during the 2000s.<ref name="I" />

== Cast ==
*[[Akshay Kapoor|Sunny]] as Vikas
*Vannessa
*Santhi Kumar
*Christina as krishnaveni
*Vijay Nainan as Mohan
*Pranathi
*Appaajosyula Satyanarayana as the house owner

== Production ==
This film marked the debut of ChristinaJ, who later became known as the author of the children's book ''Royal Planet''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stevens.edu/news/success-knows-no-boundaries-for-christinaj-m-eng-06|title=Success Knows No Boundaries for ChristinaJ M.Eng. '06|date=28 February 2023|work=[[Stevens Institute of Technology]]|access-date=6 February 2025|archive-date=17 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917220018/https://www.stevens.edu/news/success-knows-no-boundaries-for-christinaj-m-eng-06|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was shot in the [[Tri-state area#Northeast|tri-state area]]. A song was partially filmed in [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]].<ref name="T" /> The film was shot at New Jersey, Philadelphia, Manhattan, Atlantic City and Cherry Hills. Most of the cast and crew were non-resident Indians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/news/onset.html|title=NRI film Atu America Itu India|website=Telugu Cinema|access-date=17 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001202000800/http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/news/onset.html|archive-date=2 December 2000}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film premiered in New Jersey at the former Strand Theatre in [[Plainfield, New Jersey|Plainfield]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://groups.google.com/g/telugu-unicode/c/BiSwAoeMoqM|title=Re: [racchabanda] "Atu America – Itu India" – Telugu movie premier in NJ!|last=Chodavarapu|first=Prasad A.|date=19 May 2001|work=[[Google Groups]]|access-date=6 February 2025}}</ref> After a 24% tax was imposed on the film for being shot outside of [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] (including present day Telangana), the release of the film in India was delayed for some time until the film was exempt from taxes by the state government.<ref name="I" />

== Reception ==
Sri of ''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' concluded that the film was a "[g]ood [t]ry by the producers".<ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/aaii.html|title=Atu America – Itu India|last=Sri|work=[[Telugucinema.com]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011109202935/http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/aaii.html|archive-date=9 November 2001|access-date=6 February 2025}}</ref> E M Bhargava of ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote, "It's perhaps easier to get to America than to sit through this".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/atu-america-itu-india/telugu/atu-america-itu-india-movie-reviews-521-2.html|title=Atu America Itu India Review|first=E. M.|last=Bhargava|work=Full Hyderabad|access-date=6 February 2025|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005141719/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/atu-america-itu-india/telugu/atu-america-itu-india-movie-reviews-521-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2001 Indian films]]
[[Category:2001 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2001 drama films]]
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Atlantic City, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Films shot in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Films shot in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Veera Chandrahasa

2026-03-03T12:14:23Z

EthanMarko2: started post

{{Short description|2025 Indian film by Ravi Basrur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Veera Chandrahasa
| image = Veera Chandrahasa.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ravi Basrur]]
| producer = [[N. S. Rajkumar]]
| writer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Shithil Shetty
* Nagashree G. S.
* Prasanna Shettigar Mandarti
* Uday Kadabaal
* Ravindra Devadiga
* Nagaraj Servegar
* Gunashree M. Nayak
* Shridhar Kasarkodu
* Shwetha Arehole
* Prajwal Kinnal
}}
| music = Ravi Basrur
| cinematography = Kirankumar R.
| editing = {{Ubl| Karthik Valagerehalli
| Mahesh S Reddy
| Ravi Basrur}}
| studio = {{Ubl| Omkar Movies
| Ravi Basrur Movies}}
| distributor = [[Hombale Films]]
| released = {{film date|2025|4|18|df=yes}}
| runtime = 154 minutes<ref name=":BMR" />
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Veera Chandrahasa''''' ({{translation|The Brave [[Chandrahasa]]}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[Ravi Basrur]]. The film stars Shithil Shetty, Nagashree G. S., Prasanna Shettigar Mandarti, Uday Kadabaal, Ravindra Devadiga, Nagaraj Servegar, Gunashree M. Nayak, Shridhar Kasarkodu, Shwetha Arehole, and Prajwal Kinnal.

== Plot ==
Veera Chandrahasa follows the life of Chandrahasa, an orphan discovered in the forest and raised by Kulinda, a noble of Kuntala. As he grows up, his virtues and noble character earn him respect.

However, Dushtabuddhi, a minister in the kingdom, learns of a prophecy that Chandrahasa could be a threat to the royal family. Fearing this, he makes several attempts to kill him. Each attempt fails, as Chandrahasa survives through his honesty, courage, and divine grace.

In time, Chandrahasa unknowingly returns to the very kingdom that once rejected him, leading to a dramatic clash between fate, loyalty, and power. The film draws heavily from Kannada folklore and the Yakshagana tradition.<ref>{{cite web|title=Veera Chandrahasa OTT release: When and where to watch Ravi Basrur's Kannada film online|publisher=Pinkvilla|date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Veera Chandrahasa Movie Review: Ravi Basrur triumphs daring to blend cinema and Yakshagana|publisher=Cinema Express|date=18 April 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==
''Source''<ref>{{cite news |title=Ravi Basrur to take Yakshagana to the silver screen with 'Veera Chandrahasa' |url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/ravi-basrur-to-take-yakshagana-to-the-silver-screen-with-veera-chandrahasa |work=[[Udayavani]] |date=19 August 2024 |language=kn}}</ref>
* Shithil Shetty as Chandrahasa
* Nagashree G. S. as Vishaye
* Prasanna Shettigar Mandarti as Dustabudhhi
* Uday Kadabaal as Madana
* Ravindra Devadiga as Brahmana
* Nagaraj Servegar
* Gunashree M. Nayak
* Shridhar Kasarkodu Doota
* Shwetha Arehole
* Prajwal Kinnal
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Shiva Puttaswamy (Special appearance)

== Production ==
Prior to commencing the project, [[Ravi Basrur]] researched [[Yakshagana]] for two to three years.<ref>{{cite news |title=I want to introduce Yakshagana to the world: Ravi Basrur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-want-to-introduce-yakshagana-to-the-world-ravi-basrur/articleshow/113126999.cms |work=The Times of India |date=7 September 2024}}</ref> Reportedly, the film was shot using torches and flame lamps rather than set lights.<ref>{{cite news |last1=A. |first1=Sharadhaa |title=A 12-year dream has come true with 'Veera Chandrahasa': Ravi Basrur |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Aug/20/a-12-year-dream-has-come-true-with-veera-chandrahasa-ravi-basrur |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=A. |first1=Sharadhaa |title=Ravi Basrur's Veera Chandrahasa shaping up as a cultural movement |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Apr/09/ravi-basrurs-veera-chandrahasa-shaping-up-as-a-cultural-movement |work=The New Indian Express |date=10 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref> In recording the tracks, Ravi Basrur limited himself to using only two instruments, [[Madal|Maddale]] and [[Chenda|Chende]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=M. V. |first1=Vivek |title=Ravi Basrur interview: Sounds of 'KGF' and 'Salaar' have become world famous |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ravi-basrur-kgf-salaar-veera-chandrahasa-yash-prabhas-shivarajkumar/article69455871.ece |work=The Hindu |date=16 April 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Thirty-two ragas, from [[Mohanam]] to [[Vasantha (raga)|Vasantha]], were used to compose the music.<ref>{{cite news |last1=A. |first1=Sharadhaa |title=Ravi Basrur: The art of Yakshagana needs to be studied |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2025/Apr/17/ravi-basrur-the-art-of-yakshagana-needs-to-be-studied |work=Cinema Express |date=10 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Despite undergoing treatment for cancer, [[Shiva Rajkumar]] committed to the project and shot for a few days.<ref>{{cite news |last1=A. |first1=Sharadhaa |title=Shivarajkumar is Nadaprabhu Puttaswamy in Ravi Basrur's Veera Chandrahasa |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Jan/15/shivarajkumar-is-nadaprabhu-puttaswamy-in-ravi-basrurs-veera-chandrahasa |work=Cinema Express |date=9 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The film crew used four hundred and fifty Yakshagana performers for the film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shivanna Wanted To Do Yakshagana Dance, But...: Ravi Basrur On Shivarajkumar As Shiva Puttaswamy In 'Veera Chandrahasa' {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/shivanna-wanted-to-do-yakshagana-dance-but-ravi-basrur-on-shivarajkumar-as-shiva-puttaswamy-in-veera-chandrahasa-exclusive-article-117263179/ |work=Times Now |date=15 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ravi Basrur]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Veera Rasa Title Track (From "Veera Chandrahasa") - Single by Prasad Mogebettu, Ravi Basrur & Jansale Raghavendra Acharya on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/veera-rasa-title-track-from-veera-chandrahasa-single/1808678837 |website=[[Apple Music]] |date=15 April 2025}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Veera Rasa
| note1 = Title track
| length1 = 2:44
| lyrics1 = Prasad Mogebettu
| extra1 = Acharya Raghavendra Jhansale
| total_length =
}}

== Release ==
''Veera Chandrahasa'' was released theatrically on 18 April 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=A. |first1=Sharadhaa |title=Hombale Films to distribute Ravi Basrur's Veera Chandrahasa; release date revealed |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Apr/03/hombale-films-to-distribute-ravi-basrurs-veera-chandrahasa-release-date-revealed |work=The New Indian Express |date=11 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Bharath Anjanappa of ''[[The Hans India]]'' rated the film three and three-fourths out of five stars, stating, "A visually rich, sonically mesmerizing, and culturally bold film that challenges the boundaries of Kannada cinema. Veera Chandrahasa may not be for everyone—but for those open to experiencing something wildly different and deeply rooted, it’s a must-watch."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anjanappa |first1=Bharath |title=Veera Chandrahasa Movie Review: Ravi Basrur's Daring Yakshagana-Infused Epic Redefines Kannada Cinema |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/veera-chandrahasa-movie-review-ravi-basrurs-daring-yakshagana-infused-epic-redefines-kannada-cinema-963939 |work=[[The Hans India]] |date=18 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Y. Maheswara Reddy of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' gave the film three out of five stars and wrote, "Background music and Yakshagana add value to the movie. The director’s specialty is his innovative narrative skills. Dr Shivarajkumar’s brief appearance has elevated the movie."<ref name=":BMR">{{cite news |title=Kannada Movie Review–Veera Chandrahasa: A unique world - Bangalore Mirror |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-reviewveera-chandrahasa-a-unique-world/articleshow/120415009.cms |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=19 April 2025}}</ref>

A. Sharadhaa of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' wrote, "The idea that cinema can be a stage for heritage — this is a rare offering. It’s a celebration of the coastal Karnataka — the kind that demands we not just watch, but listen".<ref>{{cite news |last1=A. |first1=Sharadhaa |title=Veera Chandrahasa Movie Review: Ravi Basrur triumphs daring to blend cinema and Yakshagana |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2025/Apr/18/veera-chandrahasa-movie-review-ravi-basrur-triumphs-daring-to-blend-cinema-and-yakshagana |work=Cinema Express |date=10 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref> S. Viswanath of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave it two out of five stars and wrote, "Basrur’s ear-drum-splitting epic historical tale of palace intrigue, shot as a traditional Yakshagana dance drama, is torturous at a film theatre."<ref>{{cite news |title='Veera Chandrahasa' movie review: Deafening tribute to Yakshagana |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/veera-chandrahasa-movie-review-deafening-tribute-to-yakshagana-3500392 |work=Deccan Herald |date=19 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Vivek M. V. of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Directed by music composer Ravi Basrur, ‘Veera Chandrahasa’ has the novelty of a mythological tale narrated in the form of Yakshagana, but the film required a bigger canvas and cinematic elements".<ref>{{cite news |last1=M.V |first1=Vivek |title='Veera Chandrahasa' movie review: Ravi Basrur's film is a sincere ode to Yakshagana, but lacks cinematic zing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/veera-chandrahasa-movie-review-ravi-basrur-yakshagana-shivarajkumar/article69468148.ece/ |work=The Hindu |date=19 April 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Udayavani]]'' wrote, "''Veera Chandrahasa'' may be an ideal choice for audiences looking to explore a different experience beyond routine commercial cinema."<ref>{{cite news |title=Veera Chandrahasa Review: Ravi Basrur's Yakshagana experiment stands out |url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/veera-chandrahasa-review-ravi-basrurs-yakshagana-experiment-stands-out |work=Udayavani |date=19 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
*{{URL|https://www.veerachandrahasa.com|''Veera Chandrahasa'' - Official Website}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2025 drama films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]

Maya Petika

2026-03-03T09:20:47Z

EthanMarko2: created basic details v1 - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film | name = Maya Petika | image = Maya Petika.jpg | alt = | caption = Promotional poster | native_name =  | director = Ramesh Raparthi | writer = | screenplay = | story = | based_on =  | producer = Magunta Sarath Chandra Reddy Tharaknath Bommi Reddy | starring = [[Payal Rajput]] [[Viraj Ashwin]] [[Simrat Kaur]] Rajath Raghav [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] [[Prudhvi Raj]] [[Srinivasa Reddy]] [[Himaja]] Syamala| narrator = | cinematography = Suresh Ragutu | editing = D. Venkata Prabhu Nav Cuts | music = Guna Balasubramanian | studio = Just Ordinary Entertainment | distributor = | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|6|30}} | runtime = | country = India| language = Telugu | budget = | gross = }}
'''''Maya Petika''''' ({{translation|Magic box}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[anthology film]] directed by Ramesh Raparthi and starring [[Payal Rajput]], [[Viraj Ashwin]], [[Simrat Kaur]], Rajath Raghav, [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Prudhvi Raj]], [[Srinivasa Reddy]], [[Himaja]], and Syamala.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-smartphone-thriller-maya-petika-trailer-is-unique-and-entertaining/articleshow/101043998.cms |title=The Smartphone thriller "Maya Petika" trailer is unique and entertaining! |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 June 2023}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film narrates six short stories that are connected via a smartphone.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Payal Rajput]] as Payal
*[[Viraj Ashwin]] as Ali
*[[Simrat Kaur]]
*Rajath Raghav
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
*[[Prudhvi Raj]] as Corporator
*[[Srinivasa Reddy]]
*[[Himaja]]
*Syamala
*Rajiv Kumar Aneja
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by Guna Balasubramanian.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mayapetika - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/mayapetika/jsfDaQzC1-w_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=10 January 2024 |date=7 July 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204090130/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/mayapetika/jsfDaQzC1-w_ |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Shanna Shanna
| length1 = 4:08
| lyrics1 = Srimani
| extra1 = Yasaswi Kondepudi, Pragna Nayini
| title2 = Sayonara
| length2 = 2:42
| lyrics2 = Srimani
| extra2 = Harika Narayan
| title3 = O Manishi
| length3 = 4:28
| lyrics3 = Lakshmi Priyanka
| extra3 = [[Kaala Bhairava]]
| title4 = Mayapetika Theme
| length4 = 4:29
| lyrics4 = Srimani
| extra4 = [[M. M. Manasi]]
| title5 = Jyothi Rap
| length5 = 1:50
| lyrics5 = Lilgunda, Shubodh
| extra5 = Lilgunda, Shubodh
| title6 = Shanna Shanna Reprise
| length6 = 3:39
| lyrics6 = Srimani
| extra6 = Guna Balasubramanian
| total_length = 21:16
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote that "On the whole, ''Maya Petika'' has an interesting concept but the lack of seriousness in the narration spoils the movie-watching experience for the audience".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/maya-petika-movie-review-the-payal-rajput-sunil-viraj-ashwin-starrer-has-an-interesting-concept-but-is-lost-in-translation/02905bb0d8991 |title=Maya Petika Movie Review: The Payal Rajput, Sunil, Viraj Ashwin starrer has an interesting concept but is lost in translation |date=30 June 2023 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |last=Mohammad |first=Avad |access-date=10 January 2024 |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107043325/https://www.ottplay.com/review/maya-petika-movie-review-the-payal-rajput-sunil-viraj-ashwin-starrer-has-an-interesting-concept-but-is-lost-in-translation/02905bb0d8991 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Home media ==
The film was released on 6 September 2023 on [[aha (streaming service)|aha]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/sep/13/mayapetika-gets-ott-release-date-47593.amp |title=Mayapetika gets OTT release date |date=13 September 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]] |access-date=10 January 2024 |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204090131/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/sep/13/mayapetika-gets-ott-release-date-47593.amp |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title |28023652}}

[[Category:Indian anthology films]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]

InCar

2026-03-02T04:43:18Z

EthanMarko2: created the article and citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = InCar
| image =
| caption =
| director = Harsh Warrdhan
| producer =Anjum Qureshi Sajid Qureshi
| screenplay = Harsh Warrdhan
| story = Harsh Warrdhan
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = Sudhir Kumar Harsh Warrdhan
}}
| starring = [[Ritika Singh]] Manish Jhanjholia Sandeep Goyat
| music = [[Mathias Duplessy]]
| cinematography = Mithun Gangopadhyay
| editing = Manik Dawar
| distributor =INBOX pictures
| released = {{Film date|2023|03|03|df=yes}}
| runtime = 106 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
}}
'''''InCar''''' ({{Translation|''Dissent''}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[road movie|road]] [[crime film]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/incar-movie-review-ritika-singhs-survival-drama-will-give-you-the-chills-2342001-2023-03-03|title=InCar Movie Review: Ritika Singh's survival drama will give you the chills|website=India Today|date=3 March 2023 }}</ref> written and directed by Harsh Warrdhan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/incar/movieshow/97974439.cms|title=In CarA|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> Inspired by true events, it stars [[Ritika Singh]], Manish Jhanjholia and Richie Sandeep Goyat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1044928/incar-review-an-exploitative-nightmare-on-wheels|title='InCar' review: An exploitative nightmare on wheels|first=Nandini|last=Ramnath|website=Scroll.in|date=3 March 2023 }}</ref> Upon release ''InCar'' received positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filminformation.com/featured/incar-review-3-march-2023/|title='INCAR' REVIEW | 3 March, 2023 – Film Information|first=Film|last=Information|date=3 March 2023 }}</ref>

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=March 2023}}
The film deals with three remorseless kidnappers who sprung out of prison: Richie, his elder brother Yash, and their uncle, who hijack a car and its driver on a busy [[Delhi]] highway. The trio kidnap a college student, Sakshi, waiting near a bus station. The group threatens, blackmails, molests, and gang-rapes Sakshi in the moving car and take her to a remote hideout where they attempt to kill her. Sakshi retaliates and kills the trio with the help of the driver. The film depicts the lack of road safety to women in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-15 |title=Minor girl gang-raped inside car in Delhi's Vasant Vihar; three held |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/minor-girl-gangraped-inside-car-in-delhis-vasant-vihar-three-held/articleshow/92895829.cms |access-date=2023-04-26 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Ritika Singh]] as Sakshi Gulati<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/incar/critic-review/incar-movie-review/|title=InCar Movie Review: Inspired by true events, the story of InCar holds a spine-chilling narrative of a woman who tries to survive.|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=3 March 2023 }}</ref>
*Manish Jhanjholia as Richie
*Sandeep Goyat as Yash
*Sunil Soni as Mama
*Gyan Prakash as car owner / driver
*Samsher Singh Sam as guy at petrol pump

== Critical reception ==
''[[Punjab Kesari]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 ratings,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-03 |title=REVIEW: InCar में रोंगटे खड़े कर देगी रितिका सिंह की जबरदस्त एक्टिंग |url=https://www.punjabkesari.in/entertainment/news/ritika-singh-starrrer-incar-hindi-review-in-hindi-1781677 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=punjabkesari}}</ref> ''[[ABP News]]'' gave 1.5 out of 5 ratings<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desam |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-03-03 |title='ఇన్ కార్' రివ్యూ : అమ్మాయిని కిడ్నాప్ చేసి కారులో తీసుకెళ్ళి రేప్ చేయబోతే? |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-in-car-movie-review-cast-ritika-singh-survival-kidnap-drama-pan-india-film-rating-in-telugu-80778 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te}}</ref> and Grace Cyril of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3 out of 5 ratings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=InCar Movie Review: Ritika Singh's survival drama will give you the chills |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/incar-movie-review-ritika-singhs-survival-drama-will-give-you-the-chills-2342001-2023-03-03 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=India Today |date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' wrote it as "An exploitative nightmare on wheels".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title='InCar' review: An exploitative nightmare on wheels |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1044928/incar-review-an-exploitative-nightmare-on-wheels |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=Scroll.in |date=3 March 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=tt26744173}}

[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian road movies]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:Indian survival films]]
[[Category:2020s road movies]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Films about social issues]]
[[Category:Films about kidnapping]]
[[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Indian independent films]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Indian drama road movies]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]
[[Category:Indian crime films]]
[[Category:2023 thriller films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language thriller films]]

Government Science College, Bengaluru

2026-02-26T08:05:55Z

EthanMarko2: added initial post from scratch

{{Notability|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox University
| name = Nrupathunga University
| image =
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| established = 1921
| principal =
| city = [[Bengaluru]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = Urban
| colors =
| affiliations = [[Bengaluru City University]]
| website = {{Official website|https://nublr.karnataka.gov.in/en}}
| mapframe = Default: yes|
}}
'''Nrupathunga University''' (NU), formerly known as '''Government Science College''' (GSC), is a [[Public university|Public]] [[State university (India)|State University]] for pursuing Bachelor's and Master's degree in [[Science]] of various [[Outline of physical science|physical science]] and [[List of life sciences|life science]] courses. Located at [https://www.openstreetmap.org/?#map=19/12.972740/77.585699 Nrupathunga Road, Ambedkar Veedhi] in [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=View |first=My Careers |title=Nrupathunga University - NU |url=https://mycareersview.com/page-details.php?datatype=C&id=4010 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=My Careers View |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, the Government Science College, which was bifurcated in 1971 alongside the [[Government Arts College, Ambedkar Veedhi|Government Arts College]], was upgraded to a unitary university, and named '''Nrupathunga University''', after the approval of Governor Vajubhai Vala through the Karnataka State Universities and Certain Other Law (Second Amendment) Act, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bills States |url=https://prsindia.org/bills/states/the-karnataka-state-universities-and-certain-other-law-amendment-ordinance-2020?hl=en-CA |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref>

It was given the university status after the state government recognised its contribution to society for 99 years, institutional values, academic excellence, research publications, [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC (National Assessment and Accreditation Council)]] accreditation and students' performance among other criteria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explained: Why is Nrupathunga University in Bengaluru in thick of controversy? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-bengaluru-nrupathunga-university-in-thick-of-controversy-7911764/lite/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514171959/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-bengaluru-nrupathunga-university-in-thick-of-controversy-7911764/lite/ |archive-date=2022-05-14 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Accreditation==
The college is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC) and has been awarded College with Potential for Excellence - CPE status for the second time. During the third cycle of NAAC accreditation, the college has been awarded A++ with a CGPA of 3.54.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to UGC, New Delhi, India |url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/universitydetails/university?type=LZ1FUMk6U2JWGNLvhWfVSA== |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725163610/https://www.ugc.gov.in/universitydetails/university?type=LZ1FUMk6U2JWGNLvhWfVSA== |archive-date=2025-07-25 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=www.ugc.gov.in}}</ref>

The college is recognised by DST - FIST (Department of Science & Technology - Fund for Improvement of S&T Institutions).<ref>{{Cite web |title={{!}} |url=https://dst.gov.in/scientific-programmes/scientific-engineering-research/fund-improvement-st-infrastructure-higher-educational-institutions-fist |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250711021408/https://dst.gov.in/scientific-programmes/scientific-engineering-research/fund-improvement-st-infrastructure-higher-educational-institutions-fist |archive-date=2025-07-11 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=dst.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*https://nublr.karnataka.gov.in/en{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1921]]
[[Category:1921 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Bangalore University]]
[[Category:Colleges in Bengaluru]]

{{Karnataka-university-stub}}

History of Aurangabad

2026-02-24T07:50:44Z

EthanMarko2: adjusted information and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|History of a medieval Indian town}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2017}} '''[[Aurangabad]]''' is a [[medieval India]]n town named after [[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]], who established this town during his tenure as the [[Viceroy of the Deccan]] (''Dakhin''), a geographical region comprising parts of modern-day [[Maharashtra]], [[Telangana]] and [[Karnataka]].

==History==
[[Malik Ambar]] made it his capital and the men of his army raised their dwellings around it. Within a decade, Kharki became a populous and imposing city. Malik Ambar cherished strong love and ability for architecture. Aurangabad was Ambar's architectural achievement and creation. However, 1621, it was ravaged and burnt down by the imperial troops under [[Jahangir]]. Ambar the founder of the city was always referred to by harsh names by Emperor Jahangir. In his memoirs, he never mentions his name without prefixing epithets like wretch, cursed fellow, Habshi, Ambar Siyari, black Ambar, and Ambar Badakhtur. Malik Ambar died in 1626.<ref>Qureshi Dulari, "Tourism Potential in Aurangabad," p.6</ref> He was succeeded by his son [[Fath Khan|Fateh Khan]], who changed the name of Kharki to Fatehnagar. In the same year, the Moghal viceroy [[Khan Jahan Lodi]], advanced on the city, but retired to [[Burhanpur]] on being bribed by the [[Deccan sultanates|Nizam Shahi]] Commander, Hamid Khan. With the [[Siege of Daulatabad (1633)|capture of Daulatabad Fort]] by the imperial troops in 1633, the Nizam Shahi dominions, including Fatehnagar, came under the possession of the Moghals. In 1653 when Prince [[Aurangzeb]] was appointed the viceroy of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] for the second time, he made Fatehnagar his capital and called it Aurangabad. Aurangabad is sometimes referred to as Khujista Bunyad by the Chroniclers of Aurangzeb's reign.
[[File:Zaibunissa palace.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Zeb-un-Nisa]]'s palace, Aurangabad 1880s]]
[[File:Panchakki.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Panchakki]], Baba Shah Mosafar Dargah 1880s]]
In March 1666, accompanied by a body of 1,000 select troops, [[Shivaji]] arrived at Aurangabad on his way to [[Agra]]. Safshikan Khan, the governor of Aurangabad, treated him with scant respect. For this act, he was severely reprimanded by Jai Singh and made to pay a courtesy call on [[Chatrapati Shivaji]]. In 1668, the city nearly became a scene of a conflict between the imperial troops under Diler Khan, and those commanded by [[Bahadur Shah I|Prince Muazzam]], the viceroy. In 1681, after plundering Burhanpur, the [[Marathas]] assembled in the neighbourhood of the Satara hills in order to attack Aurangabad. The plan was, however, abandoned on hearing of the arrival of the viceroy, Khan Jahan Bahadur. In the same year, Khan Jahan Bahadur erected a wall around Aurangabad to protect it against surprise attacks of the Marathas. It was done at the order of the Emperor, and cost rupees three lakhs. Two years later, the Emperor himself arrived at Aurangabad.
[[File:Bibi ka Makbara.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Bibi Ka Maqbara]] 1880s]]
[[Bibi Ka Maqbara]] is a monument built in 1660 by Aurangzeb's son [[Muhammad Azam Shah|Azam Shah]] to his mother, Dilras Bano Begam.
In 1692, he ordered a magnificent palace to be erected near the great reservoir to the north of the city - the ruins of which are now to be seen in the Killa Ark. A fortified wall was thrown round the suburb of Begampura in 1696 AD. Shortly after the death of Aurangzeb, the city of Aurangabad slipped from the hands of the Moghals. In 1720, [[Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asaf Jah I|Nizam-ul-Mulk]] [[Asaf Jah]], a distinguished General of Aurangzeb with the intention of founding his own dynasty in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], arrived at Aurangabad. He paid a visit to Delhi in 1723, but returned in 1724 {{Clarify|date=August 2009}}, defying the orders of Emperor [[Muhammad Shah]]. [[Ali Khan Asaf Jah II|Nizam Ali Khan Asaf Jah II]] transferred his capital from Aurangabad to [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] in 1763.
[[File:Aurangabad Street View.jpg|thumb|200px|Street View Aurangabad 1868]]
The Emperor ordered [[Mubariz Khan]], the Subhedar of the Deccan to oppose the [[Nizam]]. A battle was fought near [[Sakharkherda]], subsequently called Fatehkherda, in which Murbariz Khan was defeated and killed. Raghoji, a young scion of the house of the Jadhavs of Sindkhed who fought on the side of the Moghals was also killed. Incensed at the support lent by the Jadhavs to Mubariz Khan, the Nizam despatched a posse of troops to Deulgaon to capture the Jadhav family. But being informed of the design the family escaped to Satara and sought asylum with Chhatrapati Shahu. At the intervention of Shahu the Jagir was restored back to the Jadhavs.

In 1853, Aurangabad was the scene of a conflict between the contingent troops and a body of Arab mercenaries ([[Chaush]]) belonging to Mansing Rav, the Raja of Devalgaon. The Arabs placed the Raja under restraint, and threatened his life because their pay was in arrears. Brigadier Mayne, commanding the station, being apprised of the situation, marched out in the first week of October, with the 5th regiment cavalry, 6th regiment infantry, and a battery of artillery to Jasvantpura, just outside the Roshangate, where the Arabs had posted themselves. After a stiff resistance, the Arabs were defeated and dispersed and the Raja was released. In the action that was fought the Contingent lost 15 killed and 40 were wounded. Among those killed was Lieut. Boswell, and among those wounded Lieut. [[Vaughan]], and Captain Parker. Both of them succumbed to their wounds later.

==During 1857 rebellion==
[[File:General Woodburn's Moveable Brigade.jpg|thumb|200px|left|The Indian Mutiny: General Woodburn's Moveable Brigade Aurungabad 1857]]
The year 1857 was eventful in the history of Aurangabad with the rest of the country. The British moved the first cavalry from Mominabad ([[Ambejogai]]) to Aurangabad, in order to relieve 3rd cavalry which had marched to [[Malegaon]], and was the first regiment to show signs of disaffection. The 2nd Infantry also came under suspicion. It was also feared that the people of the city might join hands with the troops. In order to prevent this, all the precautionary measures were taken and two companies of infantry were ordered to guard the bridge which spans the river Kham and separates the cantonment area from the spot where the cavalry was encamped. This precautionary measure on the part of the British alarmed the cavalry, and the men turning out without orders threw pickets in the direction of the cantonment. The authorities at Hyderabad were kept informed of the course of events by express. Upon this, a column of troops was ordered to march from Pune to Aurangabad. In the meanwhile, the artillery was also showing signs of rebellion, but the rumour of [[Bombay]] troops marching towards Aurangabad had a quieting effect. The men of the cavalry also returned to their posts.

The [[Pune]] force was under the command of General Woodburn, and consisted of three troops of, the 14th Hussars under Captain Gall, Captain Woodcombe's battery of European artillery, and the 24th Bombay infantry under [[Colonel]] Folliot. Upon his arrival, General Woodburn marched straight to the encampment of the 3rd Cavalry, and the disaffected regiment was ordered out to a dismounted parade. The rissaldar of the first troop was directed to call out the names of the revolutionaries, and commenced by giving the name of the senior jamadar, who ordered his men to load their carbines. By this time the General with his staff and the English officers were mixed up with the disaffected troops, and hence the guns could not be used to put down the latter. In the confusion that followed, some of the troopers broke away, ran to their horses and fled away. The guns were fired upon them and the Hussars were sent in pursuit; but several of them managed to escape. A dafadar of the cavalry, Mir Fida Ali by name, fired a shot at his commanding officer, Captain Abbott. For this act of his, he was tried by a drum-head court-martial and hanged. The court-martial continued its sittings, and 24 men were condemned, of whom 21 were shot and 3 blown away from guns. About two-thirds of the regiment which had remained quiet was marched to Edalabad and recruited to its full strength by men from the other three regiments of the cavalry. Subsequently, the third cavalry served throughout the campaign under Sir Hugh Rose.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}

==Gallery==
Photographs taken by [[Lala Deen Dayal]] & others in the 19th century, sourced from the [[British Library]], ''Views of HH the Nizam's Dominions, Hyderabad, Deccan''.
<gallery>
Image:Alamgir mosque.jpg|Alamgir mosque at Kila-e-Ark 1880s
Image:Aurangzebs palace.jpg|View of Begumpura from Aurangzeb's palace 1830s
Image:Aurangabad city.jpg|Kham river & city walls of Aurangabad 1860s
Image:Mecca gate aurangabad.jpg|Mecca gate Aurangabad 1880s
</gallery>

==Travellers' accounts==
Indeed, when Monsieur Thevenot visited Aurangabad it was not walled. Aurangzeb caused a wall to be built round the city in 1682, during the second viceroyalty of Khan Jahan, in order to protect it from the sporadic attacks of the [[Marathas]]. Begampura was similarly fortified in 1696. The city wall is terraced, and is of solid masonry. It is of no great height, at places not more than fourteen feet. The battlements are loopholed for musketry, and the merlins over the gateways and at certain places along the wall, are machicolated. [[Semicircular]] bastions surmounted by [[towers]], occur at each flanking angle, and at regular intervals along the works. The total length of the wall is a little over six miles. The wall has not been able to survive the ravages of time and lies practically in rains. It was pierced with thirteen gateways, exclusive of a small postern wicket. The four principal gates faced the cardinal points and consisted of the Delhi gate on the north, the Jalna gate on the east, the Paithan gate on the south, and the Mecca gate on the west. Besides these, there were the Jaffar, [[Khirki]], Barapul, Mahmud, Roshan, Khizi, Khadgar, Mada and Kumhar gates. The Barapul had also been walled up for some time; and at a distance of three-fourths of a mile from it, the city road runs through a large square [[Rock (geology)|stone]] gateway, called Barkul, ascribed to Malik Ambar. The town has spilt much beyond the fortifications.

Dr. Bradley in his 'Statistics of the City of Aurangabad' gives a picturesque description of the city and its environs as he viewed it from the tower upon the corner bastion at the north-east angle of the city wall: "Below is seen the town partly lying in the hollow and partly covering the high grounds rising all round, except towards the north-east and south-west, which is the direction of a valley where a perennial stream meanders. The buildings are neatly concealed in thick foliage, and were it not for a dome or minaret peering out here and there, the observer might imagine that he was gazing upon a forest. Beautiful clumps of mango and [[tamarind]] trees, upon the outskirts increase the illusion. Seldom is a more varied and beautiful landscape than is here presented; and the palms and minarets scattered about the town, confer a character peculiarly eastern upon the scenery. Looking westward beyond the city walls, the... [[cantonment]] is seen occupying a large space of ground. Further in the distance two or three isolated bills observed cutting the horizon. On the summit of one of them stands the remarkable fortress of [[Daulatabad Fort|Daulatabad]]; and behind it the bluff headland of the northern range fades way into misty indistinctness".

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/gazFileShow.php?filePath=/data/gazetteer/2002/04/25/20020425102943_file35.htm&level=1&gazetteerSqlId=20020425102943&distId=19&gazId=20020422121541 Govt of Maharashtra - Aurangabad Gazetteer.]

==External links==
* [http://aurangabad.nic.in Aurangabad District website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Aurangabad}}
[[Category:History of Aurangabad]]
[[Category:Marathwada]]

Jayant Pandurang Naik

2026-02-13T13:57:22Z

EthanMarko2: small changes

{{Short description|Educator}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jayant Pandurang Naik
| birth_date = 5 September 1907
| birth_place = Bahirewadi, Taluka- Ajara, District- Kolhapur
| death_date = 30 August 1981
| spouse = [[Chitra Naik]]
}}
[[File:Manmohan Singh releasing a commemorative postage stamp in honour of Dr. J.P. Naik, on the occasion of 'Teachers Day', in New Delhi. The Union Minister for Communications and Information Technology.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Manmohan Singh releasing a commemorative postage stamp in honour of Dr. J.P. Naik, on the occasion of 'Teachers Day', in New Delhi in 2007]]
'''Jayant Pandurang Naik''', also known as '''J. P. Naik''' (5 September 1907 – 30 August 1981) was an Indian educator.

A great humanist, freedom fighter, polymath, encyclopedic thinker and socialist educationist. Recognized by the UNESCO alongside Rabindranath Tagore and Mahatma Gandhi as three pioneering educationists, J.P. Naik is also known as an institution maker. Born at very small town in Kolhapur district Bahirewadi, Taluka-Ajara{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}.

He founded the [[Indian Institute of Education]] in 1948{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}.

He served as Member Secretary of the Indian Education Commission from 1964 to 1966{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}.

He also was Educational Adviser to the Government of India{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}.

== Awards and contribution ==
* He joined Civil Disobedience Movement(1932), was arrested and interned in Bellari Jail for about a year and half, studied medicine in the jail and practiced it by nursing prisoners-patients.[1932]{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}
* A secretary of the regency council and Development and Revenue Ministry Kolhapur State [1942]{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}
* UNESCO consultant for the development plan for the provision of universal elementary education in Asia.[1960]{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}
* Chief architect of the comprehensive report of the Indian Education Commission [1964-66]{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}
* [[Padma Bhushan]] in [[Padma Bhushan Awards (1970–1979)#1974|1974]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954-2009) |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510095705/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2013 }}</ref>
* A commemorative stamp priced at Rs.5/- was issued on 5 September 2007{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}
* Included in the [[UNESCO]] Roll of Honour of 100 Educational thinkers of the last 25 centuries.<ref name="Remembering a legend">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Remembering-a-legend/articleshow/3446819.cms | title=Remembering a legend | publisher=Times of India | date=5 September 2008 | access-date=20 July 2015}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{OL author}}
* [http://www.ibe.unesco.org/publications/ThinkersPdf/naike.PDF Biography]
* [http://www.iiepune.org/html/jpnaik.htm Indian Institute of Education] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831111536/http://www.iiepune.org/html/jpnaik.htm |date=31 August 2010 }}
* [http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=30929 About the release of a postage stamp with his picture]

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, J. P.}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:People from Kolhapur district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]

{{India-bio-stub}}
{{Edu-bio-stub}}

Pramod Payyannur

2026-02-09T06:14:32Z

EthanMarko2: Starting a data w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian theater director}}
{{Resume-like|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pramod Payyannur
| image = Pramod payyanur.jpg
| image_size = 225px
| alt =
| caption = Pramod Payyannur
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1971|05|17}}
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]]
| other_names =
| occupation = Playwright, Theatre Director, Movie Director, Lyricist
| known_for =
}}

'''Pramod Payyannur''' is an Indian director and writer who works in [[Malayalam literature|Malayalam theater]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Vayala-Award-for-Pramod-Payyannur/2014/10/14/article2476558.ece | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141208063900/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Vayala-Award-for-Pramod-Payyannur/2014/10/14/article2476558.ece | url-status = dead | archive-date = 8 December 2014 | title = Vayala Award for Pramod Payyannur | publisher = [[The New Indian Express]] | date = 14 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-18|title=Biopic to be made on legendary Malayalam writer Vayalar Rama Varma|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/biopic-be-made-legendary-malayalam-writer-vayalar-rama-varma-131035|access-date=2021-02-07|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> He has directed the film [[Balyakalasakhi (2014 film)|Balayakala Sakhi]] based on [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer|Vaikom Mohammad Basheer's]] novel [[Balyakalasakhi]], which acted by [[Mammootty]], [[Isha Talwar]],[[Seema Biswas]], [[Meena]], [[KPAC Lalitha]] and [[Mamukkoya]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ode-to-basheer/article5534665.ece |title=Ode to Basheer |newspaper= The Hindu |date=3 January 2014 |author=Saraswathy Nagarajan | accessdate=2022-09-16}}</ref> Pramod was the writer of [[Vishwaguru]], the film was recorded in [[Guinness World Records]] as the fastest film produced. The film was scripted, created, and released in 51 hours and two minutes.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fastest film produced (script to screen)|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/fastest-film-produced-(script-to-screen)|accessdate=16 September 2022|publisher=Guinness World Records}}</ref> He is currently working as the Member Secretary of Bharat Bhavan Kerala, an official cultural exchange centre for Kerala Government, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.<ref>{{cite news|title=G Shankar, Madhupal among new faces at the helm of govt-run cultural bodies |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/01/14/g-shankar-madhupal-among-new-faces-at-the-helm-of-govt-run-cultu.html|accessdate=16 September 2022|publisher=onmanorama.com}}</ref>

== Education ==
Pramod Payyannur has a Bachelor's degree with the First Rank in Direction from the [[School of Drama and Fine Arts]] and a Masters in Professional Arts from [[Pondicherry University]].

== Filmography ==
*''[[Balyakalasakhi (2014 film)|Balyakalasakhi]]'' (2014)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Payya, Pramod}}
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1971 births]]

B. V. Sreekantan

2026-02-06T05:53:07Z

EthanMarko2: Adding Initial Stub W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian astrophysicist (1925–2019)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = B. V. Sreekantan
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1925|6|30}}
| birth_place = [[Nanjangud]], [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2019|10|27|1925|6|30}}
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka, India
| fields = {{ublist | [[Astrophysics]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Mysore University]] | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] | [[University of Mumbai]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[proton decay]]
| awards = {{ubl|1977 [[C. V. Raman]] Award|1978 [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Homi Bhabha Medal|1982 R. D. Birla Memorial Award|1987 [[Indian Institute of Science|IISc]] Distinguished Alumni Award|1988 [[Padma Bhushan]]|1989 [[Indian Science Congress|ISC]] Ramanujan Award|Jawaharlal Nehru Award|1998 [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]]|2003 [[Yodh Prize]]|2004 [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya]] Senior Scientist State Award}}
}}

'''Badanaval Venkatasubba Sreekantan''' (30 June 1925- 27 October 2019) was an Indian high-energy astrophysicist and a former associate of [[Homi J. Bhabha]] at the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR). He was also a Dr. S. Radhakrishnan Visiting Professor at the [[National Institute of Advanced Studies]], [[Bangalore]].

Known for his studies in the fields of cosmic rays, elementary particles, and high-energy X-ray astronomics, Sreekantan was an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies namely, the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], the [[Indian National Science Academy]] and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] as well as the [[Maharashtra Academy of Sciences]]. He was also an associate of [[Bruno Rossi]] at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. The Government of India awarded him the [[Padma Bhushan]], India's third highest civilian honour, in 1988.

== Biography ==
[[File:Crawford Hall, University of Mysore.jpg|thumb|left|[[University of Mysore]].]]
Sreekantan hailed from a family of temple priests; he was born to Laxmi Devi and Badanaval Venkata Pandit on 30 June 1925, in the small hamlet of [[Nanjangud]], located in the erstwhile Mysore state (present day [[Karnataka]]).<ref name="A versatile and humane scientist -1">{{Cite journal |last=P. C. Agarwal |date=May 2015 |title=A versatile and humane scientist |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/108/09/1731.pdf |journal=Current Science |volume=108 |issue=9 |pages=1731}}</ref> He was the fifth of eight sons and three daughters born to the Pandit couple, whose Telugu speaking ancestors had migrated from [[Andhra Pradesh]] to Karnataka. B. V. Pandit, an [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] physician by profession and the formulator of ''Nanjagud Ayurvedic Dental Powder'', was scholastically inclined and maintained a home library that helped Sreekantan develop a reading habit from an early age. Sreekantan attended the local high school in Nanjangud and completed his intermediate degree course at Mysore. He secured his graduate degree in physics, with [[honours degree|honours]], in 1946 and completed his master's degree the following year, specializing in [[Wireless communication]], from [[Mysore University]].<ref name="Profile of a Scientist">{{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/252335709 | title=Profile of a Scientist | date=2015 | access-date=12 July 2015}}</ref> He continued his studies as a research scholar at the [[Indian Institute of Science]], Bangalore, but moved to Mumbai in 1948 to the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR)<ref name="Indian Astronomical Union profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.iau.org/administration/membership/individual/4287/ | title=Indian Astronomical Union profile | publisher=Indian Astronomical Union | date=2015 | access-date=12 July 2015}}</ref> when [[Homi J. Bhabha]] invited him for advanced research in cosmic ray physics.<ref name="Brief Resume - B V Sreekantan">{{cite web | url=http://www.nias.res.in/docs/CV-BVSreekantan.pdf | title=Brief Resume – B V Sreekantan | publisher=National Institute of Advanced Studies | date=2015 | access-date=13 July 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713230112/http://www.nias.res.in/docs/CV-BVSreekantan.pdf | archive-date=13 July 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> His research at TIFR earned him a PhD from the [[University of Mumbai]] in 1954.<ref name="Indian Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N76-0793 | title=Indian Fellow | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2015 | access-date=12 July 2015 | archive-date=23 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023202210/http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N76-0793 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Sreekantan resided in [[Malleswaram]], a suburb of the south Indian city of [[Bengaluru]].<ref name="NASI Fellows">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S |title=NASI Fellows |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |date=2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316043224/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S |archive-date=16 March 2016 }}</ref> He married Ratna, a classical musician, in 1953; she died in 2006.<ref name="A versatile and humane scientist -1" /><ref name="Profile of a Scientist" />

Sreekantan died 27 October 2019 at his home in Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cerncourier.com/a/remembering-a-cosmic-ray-pioneer-b-v-sreekantan-1925-2019/|title=B V Sreekantan 1925–2019|date=10 January 2020}}</ref>

== Career and legacy ==
[[File:Tifr main.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], Mumbai]]
Sreekantan stayed at TIFR for 39 years, and before his retirement from TIFR service in 1987, he served as the director of the institute from 1975.<ref name="Faculty">{{cite web | url=http://www.nias.res.in/aboutnias-people-faculty-bvsreekantan.php | title=Faculty | publisher=National Institute of Advanced Studies | date=2015 | access-date=12 July 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204085702/http://www.nias.res.in/aboutnias-people-faculty-bvsreekantan.php | archive-date=4 February 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Prof. B.V. Sreekantan">{{cite web | url=http://www.cortona-india.org/Contributors.aspx | title=Prof. B.V. Sreekantan | publisher=Cortona India | date=2015 | access-date=12 July 2015 | archive-date=13 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713221316/http://www.cortona-india.org/Contributors.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref> At TIFR, he initiated many research streams in cosmic ray physics and [[astrophysics]] and the research team he established for studies in high energy cosmic rays is still active. One of his early assignments at TIFR was the study of cosmic-ray-produced [[muons]] detected deep underground and Sreekantan conducted [[Particle experiments at Kolar Gold Fields|experiments]] at [[Kolar Gold Fields|Kolar Gold Mines]] in Karnataka, for the detection of the elementary particles at 2760 m deep. Though his experiments failed to find cosmic ray produced muons, he continued his search, which resulted in the detection of cosmic ray produced [[neutrino]]s, reportedly the first detection of the subatomic particles at such depth.<ref name="Profile of a Scientist" /> His experiments served as the base of his doctoral thesis on the intensity and angular distribution of muons at different depths, prepared under the guidance of [[Homi J. Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]].<ref name="Homi Bhabha’s Legacy">{{cite web | url=http://www.tifr.res.in/~aset/Bhabha/talk011510.html | title=Homi Bhabha's Legacy | publisher=Tata Institute of Fundamental Research | date=15 January 2010 | access-date=13 July 2015}}</ref> A noted Italian experimental physicist, [[Bruno Rossi]] of [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], examined the thesis and [[Mumbai University]] awarded him PhD in 1954.<ref name="A versatile and humane scientist -1" />

Sreekantan's first stint at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in 1954 was when he worked with [[Bruno Rossi|Rossi]] on [[cloud chamber]]s and [[K-meson]]s.<ref name="Profile of a Scientist" /> During that trip, he visited several laboratories in the UK and France to familiarize himself with the advances in high energy physics.<ref name="A versatile and humane scientist -1" /> He also visited [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]] and conducted experiments on K-meson decay which resulted in the publication of three scientific papers, jointly written with [[Herbert S. Bridge]] and others. Once back at TIFR, he started a new series of balloon-borne experiments for studying cosmic X-ray sources above 20 keV which helped in the future development of X-ray detectors for X-ray astronomy missions. Three X-ray instruments developed by his group were carried on the [[Astrosat]], the first Indian multiwavelength astronomy observatory, which was launched in October 2015.<ref name="astro15">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/isro-to-launch-astrosat-in-2015/article5723333.ece | title=ISRO to launch Astrosat in 2015 | journal=The Hindu | access-date=27 February 2014| date=24 February 2014 }}</ref>

Sreekantan was known to have furthered the studies of [[Homi J. Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]] and [[Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi]] on the lifespan and decay spectrum of muons. He set up his laboratory using war-surplus goods from [[World War II]] procured by TIFR as well as from other sources and with the assistance of H. L. N. Murthy, an expert in glass work, who helped him in the development of [[Geiger counter]]s, he measured the lifespan of the positive muons as 2.24±0.15 microseconds. His findings were published in the Indian journal, ''Proceedings of Indian Academy of Sciences'' in 1951.<ref name="A versatile and humane scientist -1" />

[[File:Protonshower.jpg|thumb|Cosmic ray air shower created by a 1TeV proton hitting the atmosphere 20 km above the Earth (simulation)]]
When a joint team of [[Durham University|Durham University, UK]], [[Osaka City University]], and TIFR started experiments for studying neutrinos at a depth of 2.3 km, Sreekantan was a part of the team which recorded 18 events of neutrino interactions in [[Rock (geology)|rock]].<ref name="A versatile and humane scientist -2">{{Cite journal |last=P. C. Agarwal |date=May 2015 |title=A versatile and humane scientist 2|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/108/09/1731.pdf |journal=Current Science |volume=108 |issue=9 |pages=1733}}</ref> He was also a member of the team that worked on the [[Grand Unification Theory]], to detect the decay of protons in subterranean environment, in the 1970s, the other members of the team included [[M. G. K. Menon]]. He assisted Homi Bhabha in the installation of two cloud chambers, ''Rani'' and ''Maharani'' at the cosmic ray laboratory in Ooty in 1954. Later, a larger cloud chamber, the largest one in India till then, and an [[Air shower (physics)|air shower]] array were also set up there, with his assistance.<ref name="Counting muons amid the 'shola' forests">{{Cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/9hFt3c5Fq6JLCSvk766FbN/Counting-muons-amid-the-shola-forests.html |title=Counting muons amid the 'shola' forests |last=Markandeya |first=Virat |date=14 April 2017 |website=Mint|language=en |access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref> He also designed, together with Subramanian and Ramamurthy, a [[Total absorption spectroscopy|total absorption spectrometer]] and an [[Cherenkov detector|air Cherenkov counter]], and the experiments revealed to Sreekantan and his associate, S. C. Tonwar, that increase in energy was an influential factor in the increase of nucleon-anti nucleon production cross section. Their findings have been published in Palau International Coral Reef Center (PICRC) journal in 1979.<ref name="Extensive Air Showers: High Energy Phenomena and Astrophysical Aspects">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YnsSoQke5qMC&q=s+c+tonwar&pg=PA739 | title=Extensive Air Showers: High Energy Phenomena and Astrophysical Aspects | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media | author=Peter K. F. Grieder | year=2010 | pages=1118 | isbn=9783540769415}}</ref> Along with R. H. Vatcha, he measured ''charged to neutral (C/N) ratio for high energy hadrons in showers of 1014–1016 eV energy range''{{Refn|group=note|Directly quoted from source}} and arrived at the conclusion that ''copious production of [[baryon]]s in high energy interactions is inevitable''{{Refn|group=note|Directly quoted from source}}.<ref name="Evidence for change in the characteristics of strong interactions at ultra-high energies">{{cite journal | title=Evidence for change in the characteristics of strong interactions at ultra-high energies |author1=R H Vatcha |author2=B V Sreekantan |name-list-style=amp | journal=J. Phys. A: Math. Nucl. Gen. | year=1973 | volume=6 | issue=7 | pages=1067 | doi=10.1088/0305-4470/6/7/027|bibcode=1973JPhA....6.1067V}}</ref> These experiments confirmed baryon production in hadron-air nucleus collisions at 1015 eV.<ref name="Profile of a Scientist" />

As the director of the TIFR, he was instrumental in the establishment of several research centres such as [[Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education]] Mumbai, [[National Centre for Biological Sciences]] Bengaluru, [[National Centre for Radio Astrophysics]] Pune and TIFR Centre for Applicable Mathematics, Bengaluru.<ref name="A versatile and humane scientist -1" /> His contributions are also reported in the expansion of the TIFR Balloon Facility at Hyderabad. It was during his tenure that the ''Pelletron Accelerator'', a joint project of the TIFR and the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] was approved.<ref name="A versatile and humane scientist -1" /> He inspired [[Govind Swarup]] to prepare the proposal for the establishment of the [[Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope]] (GMRT) at [[Khodad]], Pune.<ref name="A versatile and humane scientist -1" /> It was under his directorship, TIFR staff was included in the BARC contributory health service scheme. He also initiated a staff pension scheme, the proposal for company quarters for TIFR employees, subsidised housing loans and welfare schemes for lower grade staff.<ref name="A versatile and humane scientist -1" />

After his retirement from TIFR, Sreekantan was offered the [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]] chair which he held till 1992,<ref name="Indian Fellow" /> when he moved to the [[National Institute of Advanced Studies]] (NIAS) in Bengaluru, accepting the Radhakrishnan Visiting Professor chair.<ref name="Prof. B.V. Sreekantan" /> At NIAS, he was involved in the studies related to the application of physics and mathematical tools in processing biological systems, along with R. L. Kapur, a notable psychiatrist, and continued with the studies after the death of Kapur in 2006.<ref name="Past Faculty">{{cite web | url=http://www.nias.res.in/aboutnias-people-faculty-past-rlk.php | title=Past Faculty | publisher=NIAS | date=2015 | access-date=13 July 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105084448/http://www.nias.res.in/aboutnias-people-faculty-past-rlk.php | archive-date=5 January 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Sreekantan was associated with several notable scientific personalities such as [[Homi J. Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]], [[M. G. K. Menon]], [[Raja Ramanna]], S. Naranan, R. L. Kapur, [[Ramanath Cowsik]], V. S. Narasimham, S. V. Damle and G. S. Gokhale.<ref name="A versatile and humane scientist -1" /> He delivered many keynote addresses at national and international conferences,<ref name="Is Vacuum Biology the future of Life Sciences?">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFaTglUvvsI | title=Is Vacuum Biology the future of Life Sciences? | publisher=YouTube | date=1 March 2012 | access-date=13 July 2015}}</ref> mentored many scientists in their doctoral research and was the author of over 300 scientific papers.<ref name="Profile of a Scientist" /><ref name="Trends in the energy dependence of strong interaction characteristics at ultra-high energies">{{cite journal | title=Trends in the energy dependence of strong interaction characteristics at ultra-high energies |author1=R H Vatcha |author2=B V Sreekantan |name-list-style=amp | journal=J. Phys. A: Math. Nucl. Gen. | year=1973 | volume=6 | issue=12 | pages=1990 | doi=10.1088/0305-4470/6/12/524|bibcode=1973JPhA....6.1990V| doi-access=free }}</ref> He was also credited with the publication of five books, either as the author or editor.<ref name="A versatile and humane scientist -1" /><ref name="Remembering Einstein: Lectures on Physics and Astrophysics">{{cite book | title=Remembering Einstein: Lectures on Physics and Astrophysics | publisher=Oxford University Press | editor=B. V. Sreekantan | date=May 2010 | pages=224 | isbn=978-0198064497}}</ref><ref name="Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Consciousness and the Self">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pg-7BAAAQBAJ&q=%22Interdisciplinary+Perspectives+on+Consciousness+and+the+Self%22 | title=Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Consciousness and the Self | publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |author1=Sangeetha Menon |author2=Anindya Sinha |author3=B. V. Sreekantan | year=2013 | pages=345 | isbn=9788132215875}}</ref><ref name="Nature's Longest Threads : New Frontiers in the Mathematics and Physics of Information in Biology">{{Cite book | title=Nature's Longest Threads : New Frontiers in the Mathematics and Physics of Information in Biology |publisher = Nature's Longest Threads: New Frontiers in the Mathematics and Physics of Information in Biology. Edited by Balakrishnan Janaki & Sreekantan B V. Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd| author=Janaki Balakrishnan (Author, Editor), B V Sreekantan (Author, Editor) | date=September 2014 | pages=208 | isbn=978-9814612463|bibcode = 2014nltn.book.....B|doi = 10.1142/9204}}</ref><ref name="Science Technology and Society">{{Cite book |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/31986780?q&versionId=45346359 |title=Science Technology and Society |last=B.V. Sreekantan |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-7986-074-8}}</ref>

His studies have been documented by way of one book, ''Extensive Air Showers''<ref name="Extensive air showers">{{Cite book |author1=Sreekantan, B. V. |author2=Rao, M. V. S. |date=1998 |title=Extensive air showers |location=Singapore |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=9789810228880 |oclc=40516567}}</ref> and a number of articles.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/2081799101_B_V_Sreekantan |title=On ResearchGate |date=23 November 2017 |access-date=23 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Sreekantan=3ABadanaval_Venkata=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=6 December 2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=6 December 2017}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography – Scientific publications'' section}} He wrote a monograph on ''Cosmic Rays : Current Status and Future Directions'' for Homi Bhabha Fellowships Council (unknown if finished before his death).<ref name="Prof. B.V. Sreekantan" /> He also wrote three books namely, ''Remembering Einstein: Lectures on Physics and Astrophysics'',<ref name="Remembering Einstein : lectures on physics and astrophysics">{{Cite book |last=Sreekantan |first=B. V. |date=2010 |title=Remembering Einstein : lectures on physics and astrophysics |location=New Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198064497 |oclc=501394980}}</ref> '' Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Consciousness and the Self''<ref name="Interdisciplinary perspectives on consciousness and the self">{{Cite book |last1=Sreekantan |first1=B. V. |last2=Menon |first2=Sangeetha |last3=Sinha |first3=Anindya |title=Interdisciplinary perspectives on consciousness and the self |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788132215875 |oclc=866635850|date=12 December 2013 }}</ref> and ''Nature’s Longest Threads: New Frontiers in Mathematics and Physics of Information in Biology''<ref name="Nature's longest threads : new frontiers in the mathematics and physics of information in biology">{{Cite book |last1=Balakrishnan |first1=Janaki |last2=Sreekantan |first2=B. V. |title=Nature's longest threads : new frontiers in the mathematics and physics of information in biology |publisher=Nature's Longest Threads: New Frontiers in the Mathematics and Physics of Information in Biology. Edited by Balakrishnan Janaki & Sreekantan B V. Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd |isbn=9789814612463 |oclc=886539946|bibcode=2014nltn.book.....B |year=2014 |doi=10.1142/9204 }}</ref> as well as several articles on general science topics for the propagation of science.{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography - General publications'' section}}

== Positions ==
The [[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]] (IIA), established in 1786 by [[William Petrie]],<ref name="Indian Institute of Astrophysics - A Brief History">{{cite web | url=http://www.iiap.res.in/History | title=Indian Institute of Astrophysics – A Brief History | publisher=Indian Institute of Astrophysics | date=2015 | access-date=13 July 2015}}</ref> was modernised in 1960 by [[Vainu Bappu]], the renowned Indian astronomer, and Sreekantan became associated with the institute during this time.<ref name="M. K. Vainu Bappu">{{cite web | url=http://www.iiap.res.in/vbappu | title=M. K. Vainu Bappu | publisher=IIA | date=2015 | access-date=13 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701235039/http://www.iiap.res.in/vbappu | archive-date=1 July 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The institute, functioning under the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]], was brought under the jurisdiction of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] in 1985 with the efforts of [[Raja Ramanna]] and Sreekantan, when it was made an autonomous institution.<ref name="A versatile and humane scientist -1" /> He was a member of the governing council of the institute from 1988 till 2007, a total of 19 years, of which 15 years from 1992, he served as the chairman of the council.<ref name="A versatile and humane scientist -1" /> It was during his tenancy as the chairman, the institute set up the [[Indian Astronomical Observatory|Himalayan Chandra Telescope]] (HCT) at Hanle, [[Ladakh]] at an altitude of 14000 ft.<ref name="Overview">{{cite web | url=http://www.iiap.res.in/about/overview | title=Overview | publisher=IIA | date=2015 | access-date=13 July 2015}}</ref> He is also credited with assisting [[Ramanath Cowsik]] with the establishment of a new campus for IIA at [[Hoskote]] in Karnataka and in the construction of housing for the staff of the institute.<ref name="A versatile and humane scientist -1" />

Sreekantan served as the visiting professor at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] for two terms, the first from 1954 to 1955 and subsequently from 1965 to 1967.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} He was associated with the [[University of Tokyo]] as their JSPS visiting professor in 1977 and taught at the [[University of California, Irvine]] and the [[University of California, San Diego]] during 1993–94.<ref name="Prof. B.V. Sreekantan" /> He served as the president of the Indian Physics Association (1976–78) and the physics section of the Indian Science Congress (1981). He held the post of the vice chairman of the IUPAP Cosmic Ray Commission from 1987 to 1993, sat as a member of the [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]] during 1985–86 and held the chair of the Research Council of [[National Physical Laboratory of India|National Physical Laboratory]], New Delhi.<ref name="A versatile and humane scientist -1" /> During 1986–88, he served as the vice president of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Present Fellows - IAS">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/listing/fellows/A |title=Present Fellows – IAS |date=10 December 2017 |website=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=10 December 2017}}</ref> He was an editorial fellow of the [[Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy and Culture]] and chaired the ''Gandhi Centre for Science and Human Values'' of [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]].<ref name="Brief Resume - B V Sreekantan" /> He also serves as the chairman of the board of directors of ''Sadvaidyasala'', an [[Ayurvedic medicine]] company<ref name="Nanjangud tooth powder usage on decline, toothpaste in the offing">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/Nanjangud-tooth-powder-usage-on-decline-toothpaste-in-the-offing/articleshow/27862257.cms | title=Nanjangud tooth powder usage on decline, toothpaste in the offing | work=Times of India| date=24 December 2013 | access-date=13 July 2015}}</ref> founded by his father.<ref name="Sadvaidyasala">{{cite web | url=http://sadvaidyasala.com/about.html | title=Sadvaidyasala | publisher=Sadvaidyasala | date=2015 | access-date=13 July 2015 | archive-date=30 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430122845/http://sadvaidyasala.com/about.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Much of his later scientific work involved the study of the phenomenon of [[consciousness]] and its relationship with the physical sciences.<ref name="Physics and Consciousness">{{cite web | url=http://niasconsciousnesscentre.com/BV-Sreekantan/Physics-Module.html | title=Physics and Consciousness | publisher=NIAS | date=2015 | access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="Prof. B. V. Sreekantan, Governing Council - TERI Prakriti School">{{Cite web |url=http://www.teriprakritischool.org/b-v-sreekantan.php |title=Prof. B. V. Sreekantan, Governing Council – TERI Prakriti School |date=21 May 2018 |website=teriprakritischool.org |access-date=21 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528173846/http://www.teriprakritischool.org/b-v-sreekantan.php |archive-date=28 May 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
Sreekantan was an elected fellow of four major science academies in India; the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (1965),<ref name="IAS Fellows">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/listing/fellows/S |title=IAS Fellows |date=19 May 2018 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=19 May 2018}}</ref> the [[Indian National Science Academy]] (1976),<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=9 December 2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=9 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001952/http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (1989)<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=24 November 2017 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=24 November 2017 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[Maharashtra Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Profile of a Scientist" /> He is an honorary fellow of the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] and the [[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]], Bengaluru.<ref name="IIA Fellows">{{cite web | url=http://www.iiap.res.in/people/personnel_honfel.htm | title=IIA Fellows | publisher=Indian Institute of Astrophysics | date=2015 | access-date=13 July 2015}}</ref> The [[University Grants Commission of India]] awarded him the [[C. V. Raman]] Award in 1977 and selected him as the [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] National Lecturer in 1978, the same year as he delivered the PMS Blackett Memorial Award Lecture of INSA–[[Royal Society of London]].<ref name="Brief Resume - B V Sreekantan" /> One more award reached him in 1978, the Homi Bhabha Medal from the [[Indian National Science Academy]].<ref name="Indian Fellow" />

Four years later, the Indian Physics Association awarded Sreekantan the [[R. D. Birla]] Memorial Award.<ref name="Brief Resume - B V Sreekantan" /> He received four awards from various governments, starting with the third highest civilian honour of [[Padma Bhushan]] from the [[Government of India]] in 1988.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |date=19 May 2018 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 |url-status=dead |access-date=19 May 2018 }} [https://padmaawards.gov.in/ Alt URL]</ref> The [[Indian Institute of Science]] Distinguished Alumni Award<ref name="Prof. B.V. Sreekantan" /> and the [[Ramanujan]] Award of the [[Indian Science Congress]] were awarded to him in 1987 and 1989 respectively and the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] awarded him the Jawaharlal Nehru Award in 1991.<ref name="A versatile and humane scientist -1" /> He was awarded the [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]] by the [[Government of Karnataka]] in 1998<ref name="Karnataka Rajyothsava 1998">{{Cite web |url=http://oldsite.nal.res.in/pdf/krarchives.pdf |title=Karnataka Rajyothsava 1998 |date=19 May 2018 |publisher=Government of Karnataka |access-date=19 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520123912/http://oldsite.nal.res.in/pdf/krarchives.pdf |archive-date=20 May 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and six years later, the government followed it up with the [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya]] Senior Scientist State Award in 2004.<ref name="A versatile and humane scientist -1" />

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Scientific publications ===
==== Books ====
* {{Cite book |title=Extensive air showers |last1=S. |first1=Rao, M. V. |last2=Sreekantan |first2=B. V. |date=1998 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=9789810228880 |location=Singapore |oclc=40516567}}

==== Articles ====
* {{Cite journal |last1=Vatcha |first1=R. H. |last2=Sreekantan |first2=B. V. |date=1973 |title=Evidence for change in the characteristics of strong interactions at ultra-high energies |journal=Journal of Physics A: Mathematical, Nuclear and General |language=en |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=1067 |doi=10.1088/0305-4470/6/7/027 |issn=0301-0015|bibcode=1973JPhA....6.1067V }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Vatcha |first1=R. H. |last2=Sreekantan |first2=B. V. |date=1973 |title=Trends in the energy dependence of strong interaction characteristics at ultra-high energies |journal=Journal of Physics A: Mathematical, Nuclear and General |language=en |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=1990 |doi=10.1088/0305-4470/6/12/524 |issn=0301-0015|bibcode=1973JPhA....6.1990V |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | title=Cosmic pathways : contemporary perspectives in physics and astrophysics |author1=Sreekantan, B. V. |author2=Cowsik, R. | journal=Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Co | year=1986 | oclc=610404778}}<ref name="Cosmic pathways : contemporary perspectives in physics and astrophysics">{{cite journal | title=Cosmic pathways : contemporary perspectives in physics and astrophysics |author1=B V Sreekantan |author2=R Cowsik | journal=Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Co | year=1986 | oclc=610404778| publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Co. }}</ref>

=== General publications ===
==== Books ====
* {{Cite book |title=Science, technology, and society |last=Sreekantan |first=B.V. |date=2009 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |isbn=978-8179860748 |location=Shimla |oclc=373562272}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sreekantan |first=B. V. |date=2010 |title=Remembering Einstein : lectures on physics and astrophysics |location=New Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198064497 |oclc=501394980}}
* {{Cite book |title=Interdisciplinary perspectives on consciousness and the self |last1=Sreekantan |first1=B. V. |last2=Menon |first2=Sangeetha |last3=Sinha |first3=Anindya |year=2014 |isbn=9788132215875 |location=New Delhi |oclc=866635850}}
* {{Cite book |title=Nature's longest threads : new frontiers in the mathematics and physics of information in biology |publisher=Nature's Longest Threads: New Frontiers in the Mathematics and Physics of Information in Biology. Edited by Balakrishnan Janaki & Sreekantan B V. Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd |last1=Balakrihnan |first1=Janaki |last2=Sreekantan |first2=B. V. |isbn=9789814612463 |publication-date=2014 |oclc=886539946|bibcode=2014nltn.book.....B |year=2014 |doi=10.1142/9204 }}

==== Articles ====
* {{Cite journal |last=Sreekantan |first=B. V. |date=1 July 1998 |title=Homi Bhabha and cosmic ray research in India |journal=Resonance |language=en |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages=18–27 |doi=10.1007/bf02837309 |s2cid=120940624 |issn=0971-8044}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sreekantan |first=B. V. |date=2009 |title=Science, technology, and society |location=Shimla |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |isbn=978-8179860748 |oclc=373562272}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/016/06/0599-0600 |title=Prof DD Kosambi- some reminiscences |date=June 2011 |publisher=Resonance |access-date=10 December 2017}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sreekantan |first=B. V. (Badanaval Venkata) |date=2007 |title=Dr. Raja Ramanna, his life and work |location=Bangalore |publisher=Bhavan's Gandhi Centre of Science and Human Values |isbn=9788189220174 |oclc=295034766}}

==See also==
{{portal|India|Science|Physics}}
{{Div col}}
* [[Astrophysics|Observational astrophysics]]
* [[Radio astronomy]]
* [[Neutrino astronomy]]
* [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.rrcat.gov.in/happenings/fday09CGuest.pdf | title=Dr. Homi Bhabha and the Dr. Homi Bhabha and the Nuclear, Elementary Particle Era Particle Era | publisher=Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Study, Government of India | website=Memorial Lecture | date=20 February 2009 | access-date=14 July 2015 | author=Sreekantan, B. V.}}
* {{Cite journal |url=http://www.frontline.in/science-and-technology/the-quest-for-ultimate-reality/article7550102.ece |title=The quest for ultimate reality |journal=Physics World |volume=28 |issue=7 |pages=50–51 |last=Ramachandran |first=R. |date=19 August 2015 |language=en |access-date=21 May 2018|bibcode=2015PhyW...28g..50W |doi=10.1088/2058-7058/28/7/47 |url-access=subscription }}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFaTglUvvsI | title=Is Vacuum Biology the future of Life Sciences? | publisher=[[YouTube]] | website=Key Note Address | date=1 March 2012 | access-date=10 December 2015 | author=Sreekantan, B. V.}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/asset-viewer/b-v-sreekantan/GAFd98KoA2XcdQ?hl=en | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520065910/https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/asset-viewer/b-v-sreekantan/GAFd98KoA2XcdQ?hl=en | url-status=dead | archive-date=20 May 2016 | title=Sreekantan, B. V. – Photograph | publisher=Cultural Institute | date=2015 | access-date=10 December 2015}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-s1iB43xV4 |title=Science at the edge and on the edge |last=B.V. Sreekantan |date=27 March 2016 |website=YouTube |publisher=National Institute of Advanced Studies |access-date=25 December 2018}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–89}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sreekantan, B. V.}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Scientists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Mysore district]]
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[[Category:Indian technology writers]]
[[Category:Tata Institute of Fundamental Research alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]
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[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Tokyo]]
[[Category:University of California, Irvine faculty]]
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[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Indian social sciences writers]]
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[[Category:Writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Yodh Prize]]
[[Category:People associated with the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics]]

Roy Pomeroy

2026-01-29T19:25:14Z

EthanMarko2: Starting the stub w/ refs

{{short description|Special effects designer}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
|image =
| name = Roy Pomeroy
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1892|4|10}}
| birth_place = [[Darjeeling]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1947|9|3|1892|4|10}}
| death_place = [[Los Angeles, California]], United States
| occupation = Special effects artist
| yearsactive = 1923-1934
}}

'''Roy Pomeroy''' (April 20, 1892 – September 3, 1947) was an American [[special effect]]s artist and [[film director]]. One of the only three technicians that founded the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]], he was awarded the [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] for [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects|Engineering Effects]] for the film ''[[Wings (1927 film)|Wings]]'' at the [[1st Academy Awards]].<ref name="Oscars1929">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1929 |title=The 1st Academy Awards (1929) Nominees and Winners |accessdate=June 16, 2013|work=oscars.org}}</ref>

==Biography==
Pomeroy's career began during the silent era, when he worked as a special effects engineer for [[Famous Players–Lasky]] and its successor studio [[Paramount Pictures]]. For 1923's ''[[The Ten Commandments (1923 film)|The Ten Commandments]],'' Pomeroy designed the [[crossing of the Red Sea|parting of the Red Sea]] sequence and an effect in which the commandments appeared in letters of flame.<ref name=Walker>Walker, Alexander. ''The Shattered Silents: How the Talkies Came to Stay.'' 1978. Morrow, 1979.</ref>{{rp|104}} He worked on ''[[Peter Pan (1924 film)|Peter Pan]], [[Old Ironsides (film)|Old Ironsides]],'' and ''[[The Rough Riders (film)|The Rough Riders]],'' all for Famous Players or Paramount. His work on the groundbreaking aviation film ''[[Wings (1927 film)|Wings]],'' released in 1927, earned him the [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] for [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects|Engineering Effects]] at the [[1st Academy Awards|first-ever Academy Awards ceremony]].

Pomeroy was head of research at Paramount, and experimented on an ultimately unsuccessful device to add [[sound film|sound]] to the studio's large-format [[List of motion picture film formats|Magnascope process]].<ref name=Walker />{{rp|43}} He was sent to visit the [[RCA Corporation|RCA]] and [[Western Electric]] sound laboratories to study [[Vitaphone]] sound technology, and upon his return was treated by studio workers and executives as an expert.<ref name=Walker />{{rp|64}} Jesse Lasky said, "We couldn't have treated him with more awe and homage if he had been Edison himself." Propman Joe Youngerman said, "He threw his weight around. He claimed he knew all about it."<ref name=Eyman>Eyman, Scott. ''The Speed of Sound: Hollywood and the Talkie Revolution 1926-1930.'' Simon and Schuster, New York: 1997.</ref>

In 1928, Paramount decided it was ready to release an "all-talkie", a film with synchronized dialogue throughout rather than in select scenes. They chose ''[[Interference (film)|Interference]],'' a [[silent film]] directed by [[Lothar Mendes]] that had been completed but not yet released. Pomeroy was assigned to reshoot the film with sound. He demanded—and received—a pay raise from $250 per week to $2,500. The silent and sound versions were released simultaneously; the sound version was better regarded by critics, but still detracted for stilted dialogue. However, the sound techniques were praised for their relative sophistication (the critic [[Mordaunt Hall]] noted that the audience "even heard a pen scratching its way over the paper as Evelyn Brent wrote a message"), anticipating many elements commonplace today; in particular, a scene in which one character is crying shows not the character crying but a [[reaction shot]] of her lover, placing the attention on his emotional reaction rather than insistently displaying the source of the sound.<ref name=Walker />{{rp|104–105}}

After being tapped for his next directing assignment, Pomeroy asked for another raise to $3,500 a week. The studio balked and reassigned the project to William DeMille instead, and Pomeroy resigned from the studio.<ref name=Eyman /><ref name=Walker />{{rp|104}} He directed two more sound films: ''[[Inside the Lines (1930 film)|Inside the Lines]]'' for [[RKO Pictures|RKO]] in 1930, and ''[[Shock (1934 film)|Shock]]'' for [[W.T. Lackey Productions]] in 1934. Pomeroy was passionate about archery and kept a collection of bows in his studio office.<ref name=Eyman />

==Filmography==
* ''[[Peter Pan (1924 film)|Peter Pan]]'' (1924)
* ''[[Wings (1927 film)|Wings]]'' (1927)
* ''[[Interference (film)|Interference]]'' (1928)
* ''[[Inside the Lines (1930 film)|Inside the Lines]]'' (1930)
* ''[[Shock (1934 film)|Shock]]'' (1934)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0690120|name=Roy Pomeroy}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pomeroy, Roy}}
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:American special effects people]]
[[Category:People from Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Best Visual Effects Academy Award winners]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:British emigrants to the United States]]

Shettihalli, Belagavi

2026-01-27T03:58:13Z

EthanMarko2: started a stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shettihalli
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belgaum district|Belagavi]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
}}

'''Shettihalli''' is a village in [[Belgaum district|Belagavi district]] in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web
|title=Primary Census Abstract (PCA), Census of India 2011 – Karnataka
|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/41231
|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
|access-date=27 January 2026
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Settlements in Belagavi district}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]

{{Belgaum-geo-stub}}

The Indian English Novel: Nation, History and Narration

2026-01-16T16:43:12Z

EthanMarko2: started new info.

{{Short description|2019 book by Priyamvada Gopal}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox book
| name = The Indian English Novel: Nation, History and Narration
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = File:The_Indian_English_Novel,_Nation,_History_and_Narration.jpeg
| caption =
| author = [[Priyamvada Gopal]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| subjects = [[Indian literature]], [[post-colonialism]]
| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]
| series = Oxford Studies in Postcolonial Literatures
| release_date = 2009
| media_type = Print
| pages = xx + 209
| isbn = 978 9 0420 2493 9
| oclc =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
'''''The Indian English Novel: Nation, History and Narration''''' is a 2009 book by [[Priyamvada Gopal]].

A work of [[literary history]], the study traces the interrelationships between India's nationhood and its fiction from the mid-nineteenth century through the twentieth.<ref name=":11" /> Gopal argues that nineteenth-century Indian writers were influenced by British imperial claims that India lacked not only culture but specifically history, and that Anglophone Indian novels were strongly influenced by an impulse to resist this.<ref name=":13">Philippa St George, "Priyamvada Gopal, ''The Indian English Novel: Nation, History and Narration'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 209 pp., £40.00 (hbk), £14.99 (pbk)", ''Textual Practice'', 23 (2009), 883-86.</ref> Thus, notwithstanding the heterogeneity of Anglophone Indian novels, Gopal argues that they are connected by their concern to comment on and shape ideas of Indianness and of India.<ref name=":12" /> The book draws on novels that have been translated from Indian languages into English (prominently [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee|Bankimchandra Chatterjee]]'s ''[[Anandamath]]'' and [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s ''[[The Home and the World]]''),<ref name=":13" /> but focuses on works composed originally in English, whose status in India Gopal characterises as "rootless" yet also India's pan-national tongue.<ref name=":12" />

==Contents==
After presenting a detailed timeline including both literary and political events,<ref name=":11" /> the book includes the following chapters:
* Introduction: Ideas of India
* 1. Making English India
* 2. Ethnography, Gender, and Nation
* 3. Mahatma-Magic': Gandhi and Literary India
* 4. Writing Partition
* 5. Midnight's Legacies: Two Epic Novels of Nation
* 6. Bombay and the Novel
* 7. Family Matters: Domesticity and Gender
* 8. Imagining 'Origins': The Literature of Migration
* Conclusion: The Contemporary Scene

According to Sharon Pillai, "in format, each chapter of ''The Indian English Novel'' couples synoptic theme-centric surveys with more focused (though brief) analysis of a clutch of selected texts, rounded off by a short, supplementary list of works for further perusal."<ref name=":12" /> The earlier part of the book is largely chronological, whereas after the 1980s, Gopal's attempt to cover a large amount of writing leads to more cursory coverage, and she organises the book more by literary form, theme, and place.<ref name=":11">Dieter Riemenschneider, "The Indian English novel: nation, history, and narration, by Priyamvada Gopal, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009, 209 pp., £14.99, ISBN 978 0 1995 4437 0; Genres of modernity: contemporary Indian novels in English, by Dirk Wiemann, Amsterdam and New York, Rodopi, 2008, 334 pp., €69.00, ISBN 978 9 0420 2493 9", ''Journal of Postcolonial Writing Volume'', 46 (2010), 428–30; {{doi|10.1080/17449855.2010.482761}}.</ref>

The book discusses around forty novels. Most were written in what after 1948 became India, but some were composed in what became Pakistan and Bangladesh, and chapter 8 especially focuses on writing by the Indian diaspora, including [[Bharati Mukherjee]], [[M. G. Vassanji]], [[V. S. Naipaul]] and [[Hanif Kureishi]]'s ''[[The Buddha of Suburbia (novel)|The Buddha of Suburbia]]''.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> Other works and writers that get particular attention include [[Khushwant Singh]]'s ''[[Train to Pakistan|Train To Pakistan]]'', [[Salman Rushdie]]'s [[Midnight's Children|''Midnight’s Children'']], [[Shama Futehally]]'s ''Tara Lane'', [[Rohinton Mistry]]'s ''[[Such a Long Journey (novel)|Such a Long Journey]]'', [[Mumtaz Shah Nawaz]]'s ''The Heart Divided'', [[Amitav Ghosh]]'s ''[[The Hungry Tide]]'', [[Lal Behari Dey]]'s ''Govinda Samanta'', [[Anita Desai]]'s ''Baumgartner's Bombay'', [[Mukul Kesavan]]'s ''Looking Through Glass'', [[Vikram Seth]]'s ''[[A Suitable Boy]]'', [[Kiran Nagarkar]]''<nowiki/>'s Ravan and Eddie'', [[Attia Hosain]]'s ''[[Sunlight on a Broken Column]]'', and [[Githa Hariharan]]'s ''In Times of Siege''.<ref name=":12" />

==Reception==
In the view of Dieter Riemenschneider, the book "serves well its purported aim to introduce a 'regional' literature by offering a broad survey combined with close analyses of a large number of texts".<ref name=":11" /> He also noted that "the author’s familiarity with the 19th- and early 20th-century novel is particularly informative since past critics frequently merely quoted from [[K. R. S. Iyengar]]'s pioneering literary history ''Indian Writing in English''".<ref name=":11" />

Reviewers praised Gopal's inclusion of writers and texts little known outside India, such as [[Bhabani Bhattacharya]]'s ''He Who Rides a Tiger'', [[Nayantara Sahgal]], [[Shashi Tharoor]], and [[Mukul Kesavan]].<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" />

Sharon Pillai argued that<blockquote>Gopal is at her best when reading novels for the many ways in which they counter or consolidate the national hegemonic. [...] There are, however, a few caveats to go with the recommendations for ''The Indian English Novel''. [...] Nationalist and majoritarian identity-politics is excoriated and deconstructed in sensitive and sophisticated terms in Gopal’s book. Yet, the moment the positions are reversed and the usual victims become victimizers, as in [[Siddhartha Deb|Siddharth Deb]]’s ''Point of Return'', there are appeals made to history as extenuating circumstance [...] Such moves are seldom anything but disingenuous and unconvincing.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Pillai |first=S. |date=2011-09-01 |title=PRIYAMVADA GOPAL, The Indian English Novel: Nation, History and Narration. |url=https://academic.oup.com/nq/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/notesj/gjr080 |journal=Notes and Queries |language=en |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=467–468 |doi=10.1093/notesj/gjr080 |issn=0029-3970|url-access=subscription }}</ref></blockquote>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian English Novel Nation History And Narration}}
[[Category:2009 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:English non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Oxford University Press books]]

Ambalavayal

2026-01-13T03:10:14Z

EthanMarko2:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ambalavayal
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Phantom Rock, Ambalayavayal (4650457407).jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = A view of Phantom Rock, Ambalayavayal
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.6190100|N|76.210170|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Wayanad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 16988
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 673593
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04936
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in Kerala#Sub Regional Transport Offices|KL-73]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Wayanad]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Sulthan Bathery]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| footnotes =
}}

''' Ambalavayal '''is a town in [[Wayanad district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |author=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=8 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Wayanad Heritage Museum]] is located in the village.<ref name="Ltd2018">{{cite book|author=Infokerala Communications Pvt Ltd|title=Kerala Tradition & Fascinating Destinations 2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fCWmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA368|date=31 August 2018|publisher=Info Kerala Communications Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-81-934567-4-3|pages=368–}}</ref>

The village is home to St. George Orthodox Church, part of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]].<ref>{{cite web |title=St. George Orthodox Church - Ambalayavayal |url=https://directory.mosc.in/parishes/st-george-orthodox-church-130/ |website=directory.mosc.in |publisher=MOSC Publications |access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of the [[2011 Census of India]], Ambalavayal had a population of 16,988 with 8,290 males and 8,698 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambalavayal Village Population - Sulthanbathery - Wayanad, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627322-ambalavayal-kerala.html |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia" /> The famous [[Edakkal Caves]] is in this panchayat area at a distance of 6 km.<ref name="mathrubhumiarticle">{{cite web | url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/travel/article/district_focus/wayanad/wayanad_edakkal_caves/110390/ | title=Article in Mathrubhumi | publisher=Mathrubhumi News Paper | access-date=16 September 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221041947/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/travel/article/district_focus/wayanad/wayanad_edakkal_caves/110390 | archive-date=21 February 2013 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Tourism==
Ambalavayal is a tourist place located in Wayanad district and is 10 km away from SulthanBathery. This location in Wayanad is situated above sea level and has a subtropical climate. This area is important for horticulture activities.

==Heritage Museum==
A special attraction for tourist at Ambalavayal Wayanad is Ambalavayal Heritage Museum. This is an archaeological museum and displays huge collections of vestige and antiques of 2nd Century AD. This is divided into four blocks named Gothrasmruthi, Devasmruthi, Jeevanasmruthi and Veerasmruthi. As the name indicates each block displays the related artefacts. These displays are of great interests to common people, archaeologists and historians. These displays include ancient hunting instruments like bows and arrows, stone weapons, clay sculptors and various other items like tribal pottery, rock engravings. Ambalavayal Heritage Museum is one of the best-maintained museums in Malabar region and is always an attraction for tourists. This museum will shed lights towards the history of Malabar area. This museum opens our eyes to the advanced civilization led by the tribes. Ambalavayal heritage museum provides a rare chance to view the items that are prepared by tribes getting inspired by nature and is used in their daily life. Visiting time to this museum is between 9 AM to 6 PM.

==Regional Agricultural Research Station==
Earlier this campus was a small Central Horticultural Research Station and later was upgraded to Regional Agricultural Research Station.
At Regional Agricultural Research Station, there grows a variety of crops like coffee, pepper, rice, spices like ginger, turmeric, clove, cinnamon, tropical and subtropical fruits, summer and cool season vegetables. This Research station at Ambalavayal is an ideal tourist place to gain more knowledge about variety of crops and its development and cultivation.

==Tropical Gene Garden==
The Tropical Gene Pool at Nadugani junction has 2424 acres area. 47,000 plants. second best of its kind in the world. Museum of butterflies. Accommodation, food and trekking facility.

==Villages and Suburbs==
* Chulliyod
* Thekkankolly
* Nenmeni
* Malika

==Transportation==
Ambalavayal can be accessed from [[Mananthavady]] or [[Kalpetta]]. The Periya ghat road connects Mananthavady to [[Kannur]] and [[Thalassery]]. The Thamarassery mountain road connects [[Calicut]] with Kalpetta. The [[Kuttiady]] mountain road connects [[Vatakara]] with Kalpetta and Mananthavady. The [[Palchuram]] mountain road connects Kannur and [[Iritty]] with Mananthavady. The road from [[Nilambur]] to [[Ooty]] is also connected to Wayanad through the village of Meppadi.

The nearest railway station is at Mysore and the nearest airports are [[Kannur International Airport]], 105 km, [[Kozhikode International Airport]]-120 km, and [[Bengaluru International Airport]]-290 km.

==Image Gallery==
<gallery>
Karapuzha dam area, wayanad 9735.JPG|Welcome board
Lake of Karapuzha Dam.jpeg|A view of Karapuzha Dam
Karapuzha Dam7.JPG|A view of Karapuzha Dam
Karapuzha DamA1.JPG|A view of Karapuzha Dam
Ambalavayal Dam (4650479987).jpg|Karappuzha Dam
</gallery>

==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Wayanad district}}
{{Wayanad}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Villages in Wayanad district]]
[[Category:Sultan Bathery area]]

Maharakshak: Devi

2025-12-27T07:30:19Z

EthanMarko2: expand content for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Maharakshak Devi.jpg
| caption = Show logo
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| creator = [[Essel Vision Productions]]
| runtime = 50 minutes
| genre = [[Children's television series]] [[Action (genre)|Action]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] [[Fantasy (genre)|Fantasy]]
| director = Vaibhav Mutha
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2015|3|14}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2015|6|7}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 26
| producer = [[Essel Vision Productions]]
}}

'''''Maharakshak: Devi''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Superhero fiction#Live-action television series|superhero]] [[fantasy television]] [[children's television series]] about [[Devi#Durga and Kali|Devi]]/[[Durga]] reincarnated as a teenage girl in modern [[Mumbai]].

==Plot==
The series follows the story of Gauri, who is an incarnation of the [[Hindu deities|Hindu Goddess]] [[Devi#Durga and Kali|Devi]]/[[Durga]]. During the first 17 years of her life, Gauri is raised and trained by her [[Guru#In Hinduism|Guru]], [[Bṛhaspati#Sage|Brihaspati]], who found her floating in the river when she was an infant. She eventually battles various [[asura]]s that exist in the contemporary world ([[Bhasmasura]], [[Kumbhakarna#Origin|Kumbhakarna]], [[Mahishasura]], [[Jalandhara]], [[Raktabīja]] and [[Sumbha and Nisumbha]]) under the service of their Guru, [[Shukra#Hinduism|Shukracharya]]. Her companions and advisors are Brihaspati, [[Vahana#List of Vahanas|Tiger]], Parijaat, Inspector Narayan, and [[Krishna]].

==Cast==
* [[Umang Jain]] as Gauri/[[Devi#Durga and Kali|Devi]]/[[Durga]]<ref name="tvguide">{{cite web|url=https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/maharakshak-devi/cast/785066/|title=Maharakshak Devi: Cast|accessdate=21 September 2019|last=|first=|date=|publisher=[[TV Guide]]}}</ref>
* [[Rohit Bakshi (actor)|Rohit Bakshi]] as [[Bṛhaspati#Sage|Brihaspati]]/Professor Jayant<ref name="tvguide"/>
* [[Indraneil Sengupta]] as [[Shukra#Hinduism|Shukracharya]]/Virat Mittal<ref name=interview>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21HXiu-6avA&list=PL5x9PStbfiC3qUygG4p3CoK9lhd0aWYwY&index=11&t=0s|title=Watch: The superheroine show 'Devi'|accessdate=21 September 2019|last=|first=|date=11 March 2019|publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] (IANS TV)}}</ref><ref name="tvguide"/>
* [[Karan Suchak]] as Inspector Narayan/[[Narada]]<ref name="tvguide"/>
* [[Shresth Kumar]] as [[Krishna]]<ref name="tvguide"/>
*[[Sahil Uppal]] as [[Vahana#List of Vahanas|Tiger]]<ref name="tvguide"/>
* [[Ankit Gera]] as Bhasma/[[Bhasmasura]]<ref name=career>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ankit-Gera-I-would-never-put-an-ongoing-TV-show-on-stake-to-pursue-a-career-in-films/articleshow/46432189.cms|title=Ankit Gera: I would never put an ongoing TV show on stake to pursue a career in films|accessdate=21 September 2019|last=Patel
|first=Ano|date=9 April 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="tvguide"/>
* [[Varun Kapoor]] as Mahish/[[Mahishasura]]<ref name="tvguide"/>
* [[Rushiraj Pawar]] as Parijaat<ref name="tvguide"/>
* [[Nikita Sharma]] as Vedika<ref name="tvguide"/>
*[[Kamalika Guha Thakurta]] as Meena<ref name="tvguide"/>
* Ujjwal Gauraha as Jalandhar<ref name="tvguide"/>
*[[Tarun Khanna (actor)|Tarun Khanna]] as Raktabija

==Development==
In response to a perceived lack of superheroes in Indian films, [[Zee TV]] launched its Maharakshak superhero franchise in 2014 with the three-month serial, ''[[Maharakshak: Aryan]]''.<ref name=homegrown>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/a-homegrown-superhero-series/|title=A homegrown superhero series
|accessdate=21 September 2019|last=Bhadani|first=Priyanka|date=24 October 2014|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name=returns>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeetvusa.com/zeetv/news/indias-original-super-heroine-returns-as-maharakshak-devi.html|title=India's Original Super 'Heroine' returns as 'Maharakshak Devi'|accessdate=21 September 2019|last=|first=|date=12 March 2015|publisher=[[Zee TV]]}}</ref> It was followed in 2015 with the second instalment, the three month series, ''Maharakshak: Devi'' (while the network originally planned for the franchise to consist of three series, only two have been released to date).<ref name=strength>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeetvusa.com/zeetv/news/zee-tv-presents-indias-first-female-superhero-devi-the-epitome-of-strength.html|title=ZEE TV presents India's First Female Superhero 'DEVI' - The Epitome of Strength|accessdate=21 September 2019|last=|first=|date=9 March 2015|publisher=[[Zee TV]]|archive-date=21 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921215424/http://www.zeetvusa.com/zeetv/news/zee-tv-presents-indias-first-female-superhero-devi-the-epitome-of-strength.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=trailer>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_VSkjOsdK7w|title=Maharakshak Devi Trailer |accessdate=21 September 2019|last=|first=|date=1 April 2019|publisher=[[Zee TV]]}}</ref> ''Maharakshak: Devi'' was conceived of as a vehicle to highlight female empowerment.<ref name=lands>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/maharakshak-devi-superheroine-lands-on-indian-tv/
|title='Maharakshak Devi' – superheroine lands on Indian TV|accessdate=21 September 2019|last=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|date=11 March 2019|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]
}}</ref> Umang Jain was cast in the dual roles of Gauri/Devi, partly due to her background as a dancer and a brown belt in the martial arts.<ref name=strength/> Jain states that she was drawn to the role because it was a challenging one.<ref name=undergone>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/tv-has-undergone-a-major-change-actress-umang-jain/|title=TV has undergone a major change: Actress Umang Jain|accessdate=21 September 2019|last=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|date=13 March 2019|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]
}}</ref><ref name=lands/>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|6921490}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a6wuK-KHBnQ&list=PLbZxdQd9WcS3TiqsCn5C_m8dEneVR96d6&index=1&t=157s Maharakshak Devi] at [[Zee TV|Zee TV Official Channel]]
*[https://www.animationxpress.com/latest-news/vertex-volt-continues-to-partner-with-zee-tv-for-2nd-story-of-maharakshak-series-devi/ Vertex Volt continues to partner with Zee TV for 2nd story of Maharakshak series – ‘Devi’]

[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Durga]]
[[Category:Female superheroes]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Hindu mythology in popular culture]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Indian superhero television shows]]
[[Category:Teenage superheroes]]
[[Category:Teen superhero television series]]
[[Category:Television superheroes]]
[[Category:Television shows about reincarnation]]
[[Category:Science fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]

Pahari painting

2025-12-21T16:59:05Z

EthanMarko2: fixed intro for consistency for consistency

{{short description|Indian pictorial art form related to the Himalayan foothills of northwestern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}

[[File:Krishna and Radha looking into a mirror. - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|[[Radha]]-[[Krishna]] theme, from the [[Gita Govinda]] in Pahari style, [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]] sub-school]]
'''Pahari painting''' ({{lit|a painting from the mountainous regions, ''pahar'' meaning a mountain in [[Hindi]]}}) is an umbrella term used for a form of [[Indian painting]], done mostly in miniature forms, originating from the lower Himalayan hill kingdoms of [[North India]], during the early 17th to mid 19th century, notably [[Basohli]], Mankot, [[Nurpur State|Nurpur]], [[Chamba State|Chamba]], [[Kangra State|Kangra]], [[Guler State|Guler]], [[Mandi State|Mandi]] and [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]].<ref>[http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/asia/asia_features/sikhism/art/hindu/index.html Hindu Hill Kingdoms] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330034200/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/asia/asia_features/sikhism/art/hindu/index.html |date=30 March 2010 }} ''[[V&A Museum]]''.</ref><ref>[http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/art/pahari.htm Pahari] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623095021/http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/art/pahari.htm |date=23 June 2017 }} ''Kamat''.</ref> [[Nainsukh]] was a famous master of the mid-18th century, followed by his family workshop for another two generations. The central theme of Pahari painting is depiction of eternal love of the [[Hindu deities]] [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=et5IAQAAIAAJ |title=Arts of Asia |publisher=Arts of Asia Publications |year=1984 |volume=14 |page=57 |language=en |access-date=12 August 2024 |archive-date=12 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812202953/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Arts_of_Asia/et5IAQAAIAAJ?hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=R. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VoPu1scXkXYC |title=Punjab Painting |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1983 |isbn=978-81-7017-174-4 |location=New Delhi |pages=30–32 |language=en |access-date=12 August 2024 |archive-date=12 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812202945/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Punjab_Painting/VoPu1scXkXYC?hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> A distinct lyricism, spontaneous rhythm, softness, minute intricate details of composition, and intense perception and portrayal of human emotions and physical features distinguish the Pahari miniatures from the other miniature schools like Deccan, Mughal and Rajasthani-Rajput.<ref>{{Cite book |title=On the origins of Pahari painting: some notes and a discussion |date=1991 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study in association with Indus Pub. Co., New Delhi |isbn=978-81-85182-53-7 |editor-last=Ohri |editor-first=Vishwa Chander |edition=1. publ |location=Shimla |editor-last2=Indian Institute of Advanced Study}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=National Museum, New Delhi |url=http://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/en/collections/index/13 |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=nationalmuseumindia.gov.in}}</ref>

==Origin and area==
The Pahari school developed and flourished during the 17th and 19th centuries, in the sub-[[Himalayas|Himalayan]] northern [[India]], stretching from [[Jammu region|Jammu]] to [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]], through [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Randhawa |first=M.S. |date=2013 |title=Basohli Painting |url=https://ia803103.us.archive.org/2/items/basohlipainting00rand/basohlipainting00rand.pdf |access-date=12 August 2024 |publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting |pages=1–3 |publication-place=New Delhi |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Each created stark variations within the genre, ranging from bold intense [[Basohli Painting]], originating from [[Basohli]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], to the delicate and lyrical [[Kangra paintings]], which became synonymous to the style before other schools of paintings developed, and finally to the poetic and cinematic representations in [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwali]] [[Paintings]] by [[Mola Ram]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Randhawa |first=M.S. |date=2013 |title=Basohli Painting |url=https://ia803103.us.archive.org/2/items/basohlipainting00rand/basohlipainting00rand.pdf |access-date=12 August 2024 |publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting |pages=7–15 |publication-place=New Delhi |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> The [[Kangra painting|Kangra]] style reached its pinnacle with paintings of [[Works of Jayadeva#Pahari paintings|Radha and Krishna]], inspired by [[Jayadeva]]'s [[Gita Govinda]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8EGUpX1O0hoC&dq=Kangra+painting&pg=RA2-PA62 Pahari centres] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522213307/https://books.google.com/books?id=8EGUpX1O0hoC&dq=Kangra+painting&pg=RA2-PA62 |date=22 May 2023 }} ''Arts of India: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, Music, Dance and Handicraft'', by Krishna Chaitanya. Published by Abhinav Publications, 1987. {{ISBN|81-7017-209-8}}. ''Page 62''.</ref>

Pahari painting grew out of the [[Mughal painting]], though this was patronized mostly by the Rajput kings who ruled many parts of the region, and gave birth to a new idiom in Indian painting.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.culturopedia.com/Painting/pahari.html |title=Pahari |access-date=28 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091211185646/http://www.culturopedia.com/Painting/pahari.html |archive-date=11 December 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some local antecedents have also been suggested, as a vivid [[Culture of Kashmir|Kashmir]]i tradition of mural paintings flourished between the 9th and 17th centuries, as seen in the murals of [[Alchi Monastery]] or [[Tsaparang]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaitanya |first1=Krishna |title=A History of Indian Painting |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |pages=6–7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDo6x0OAdqAC&pg=PA7 |language=en}}</ref>

No Dogra artwork from before the Mughal-era has been found or come down to us.<ref name=":7">{{cite book |last1=Seth |first1=Mira |title=Dogra Wall Paintings in Jammu and Kashmir |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195615494 |edition=illustrated |page= |pages=1–4 |chapter=1: Background}}</ref> At the height of the reign of the Dogras, artists were patronized and temples and fortresses were decorated with mural paintings, such as the temples of Krimchi, Babbor, and in the fort at Bahu.<ref name=":7" /> Artwork flourished under the Dogras due to two main reasons: contact with the Mughals and the ascendance of the Jammu State.<ref name=":7" /> Exchanges between the Dogras and the Mughals led to the transmission of Mughal manners, methods, and tastes regarding artwork, to the Dogras.<ref name=":7" /> The first Pahari ruler to directly interact with the Mughals was Raja Bhupat Pal of Basohli State (r. 1598–1635), who was imprisoned by Jahangir from 1613–1627, during which he likely witnessed Mughal artwork.<ref name=":7" /> This led to the [[Basohli (town)#Basohli painting|art of painting to arise first in Basohli State]], with the successors Raja Sangram Pal (r. 1635–73) and Raja Kirpan Pal (r. 1678–93) further developing Basohli as a centre of painting.<ref name=":7" /> The tradition of painting later developed in the hill states of Jasrota, Mankot, Lakhanpur, Samba, Bhoti, Bandralta, Bhadrawaha, Poonch, and Rajauri.<ref name=":7" />

As for Jammu State, the first paintings seem to date to the reign of Raja Hari Dev (r. 1660–90).<ref name=":7" /> As Jammu became a powerful and hegemonic entity within the region above the rest, this brought upon peace, prosperity, and stability, which attracted painters to the Jammuite court, leading to the developing of Jammu State as a painting centre in the hills region.<ref name=":7" /> Raja Dhruv Dev's four sons were all patrons of painting, especially Raja Balwant Singh of Jasrota State.<ref name=":7" />

==Schools of Pahari painting==
The earliest examples discovered of the original Pahari style of paintings are a series of illustrations from 1690, the "Rasamañjarī".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Basohli painting |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Basohli-painting |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Over the following two centuries, this style was perfected in various major and minor centres of Pahari Art.<ref name=":2" /> The major centres consist of the Guler, Chamba, Mandi and Kangra schools, while the minor ones include: Garwhal, Hindur, Jammu, Kullu, Bilaspur, Srinagar, and a few other schools located in the Punjab plains.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Chandramani |title=Centres of Pahari painting |date=1982 |publisher=Abhinav Publ |isbn=978-0-391-02412-0 |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The Basohli school is further sub-divided into the Nurpur and Mankot sub-schools, while Kangra school also constitutes the [[Sikh art|Sikh]], and the Nalagarh or Hindur branches, and Mandi branch falls under the Kullu branch.<ref name=":2" />

The various schools are characterised by diversities of style, theme and content, yet there is a common Himalayan softness and perspective that weaves them together.<ref name=":2" /> The human figures represented are moderately statured. Both male and female figures are exquisitely drawn, and made alluring, as are the representations of deities, which are given an anthropomorphic appeal, particularly visible in the portraits of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khandalavala |first=Karl |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.26567 |title=Pahari miniature painting |publisher=The New Book Company |year=1958 |location=Bombay |pages=26–30}}</ref> The figures have round faces, semicircular foreheads above small, deep set eyes that distinctly define this school of miniature art.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
===Major Pahari schools of painting===
* '''Basohli School''': Basohli is credited with the initiation of the Pahari school in the mid-17th Century.<ref name=":3" /> As the first school of Pahari miniatures, Basohli can be differentiated by its double storey building structures in a square-format background, lotus flowers and use of elaborate shikharas, and other decorative elements.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Randhawa |first=M.S. |date=2013 |title=Basohli Painting |url=https://ia803103.us.archive.org/2/items/basohlipainting00rand/basohlipainting00rand.pdf |access-date=12 August 2024 |publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting |pages=19–26 |publication-place=New Delhi |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Literary classics like the Rasa-Manjari, Ramayana, themes from the Ragamala, and Gita Govinda were drawn at Basohli that defined the beginnings and the thematic-base of the entire Pahari form of art which next flourished at Guler.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
* [[Haripur Guler#Guler Paintings|'''Guler School''']]: The Guler paintings are delicate, similar to the Mughal form of miniatures, but different in terms of the feelings and emotions they evoke.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Madanjeet |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3400 |title=Himalayan Art |publisher=The Macmillan Company, published in agreement with UNESCO |year=1971 |location=New York |pages=151–155}}</ref> Artworks from this school have refined lines and delicate shades of colours.<ref name=":4" /> The school is noted for its wondrous portraiture of the feminine world, and space. Landscapes here are presented with marked sensitivity.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
* '''Chamba School''':<ref>[http://www.culturenorthindia.com/hp/fine_arts.htm Pahari Paintings] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022043908/http://culturenorthindia.com/hp/fine_arts.htm|date=22 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dalhousie.net/paharipaintings.htm |title=Pahari paintings |access-date=28 May 2008 |archive-date=1 August 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120801160330/http://www.dalhousie.net/paharipaintings.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The typical female figures in paintings of the Chamba school exude warm, sensual and charming beauty. Noted for its deft handling and mixing of colours, the canvas space of Chamba paintings is dominated by red and blue colours.<ref name=":0" />
* '''Mandi''': Art from this school is noted for its depictions of the [[Tantra]] cult associated with the worship of the [[Devi]] or the Goddess. The ferocious and wrathful forms of the Devi are given a larger-than-life finish, and crude mystified look with deep tones of red, black and blue shades.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
* '''[[Kangra paintings|Kangra School]]''': It is at Kangra, that the Pahari miniature form reaches its finest and creative best. The Kangra paintings are closer to the soil given their degree of realism; soft, almost musical effect of the colour textures, and interplay of the primary palette. Red, yellow, and blue dominate the Kangra canvas framed inside fine borders, either plain, or richly embellished. Jewellery with fine brushstrokes, neat buildings and arrangement of the background space, contrasting colours differentiating the relieved landscapes carefully painted with intricately delicate trees, leaves, flowers, birds, etc. - reveal the school's artistic splendour and maturity.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Śarmā |first=Oṅkāracandra |title=Kangra school of pahari painting |date=2018 |publisher=National Publishing House |isbn=978-81-214-0653-6 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi |language=en}}</ref>

===Other Pahari schools of painting===

* '''[[Garhwal Division|Garhwal]] School''': It shares an affinity with the Guler School and its sensitive portrayals of landscape. A Garwhal miniature often has an overcast sky with clouds, foggy landscapes, etc.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
* '''Hindur or Nalagarh School''': This school of Pahari miniatures can be distinguished by their evolved symbolism, narrative details, realist depictions of human figure with sharp features, rich costumes, each figure busy in his/her own lifestyle.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
* '''Jammu School''': The human figures strewn across the Jammu School's canvas are tall, slim with marked well-defined physical characteristics. Hills and strained nature depictions, with light colours employed in bright shades, are other stylised features of this school.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
* '''Patiala School''': An integral part of the [[Sikh art|Sikh School]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kamboj |first=B. P. |title=Early Wall Painting of Garhwal |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=9788173871399 |pages=107}}</ref> this style developed in the Punjab plains and was characterised by Sikh images, and stereotypical costumes, and emphasis on features like beards and moustaches. <ref name=":0" />
* '''Kashmir, Lahore, Mankot and other schools''': The surrounding minor centres where Pahari art developed following the conventions of the major art centres. There exists little difference in between these schools.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==Famous examples==
* [[Krishna and Radha in a Pavilion]]

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Radha celebrating Holi, c1788.jpg|[[Radha]] celebrating ''[[Holi]]'', ca.1788
File:Sudama bows at the glimpse of Krishna's golden palace in Dwarka. ca 1775-1790 painting.jpg|[[Sudama]] bows at the glimpse of Krishna's golden palace in [[Dwarka]]. ca.1775–1790
File:Kali Attacking Nisumbha, c. 1740.jpg|''[[Kali]] Attacking Nisumbha''; {{circa|1740}}, colour on paper, 22 × 33 cm, [[Cleveland Museum of Art]]
File:A Lady Gazing at Doves.jpg|''A Lady Gazing at Doves.'' Punjab Hills, Mandi School
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Sikh painting]]

==Further reading==
* ''Pahari Masters: Court Painters of Northern India'' by B. N. Goswamy and Eberhard Fischer Artibus Asiae. Supplementum, Vol. 38, Pahari Masters: Court Painters of Northern India (1992), pp. 3–391.
* ''Wall Paintings of The Western Himalayas'', by Mira Seth. Publications Division. 1976.
* ''Garhwal Paintings'', by Mukandi Lal. Publications Division. 1982.
* ''Punjab Painting - Study in Art and Culture'', by R P Srivastava. Abhinav Publications. 1983. {{ISBN|0-391-02560-0}}.
* ''Centres of Pahari Painting'', by Chandramani Singh. Published by Abhinav Publications, 1982. {{ISBN|0-391-02412-4}}.
* ''Portfolio - The Bhagavata Paintings from Mankot'', by Karl Khandalavala. [[Lalit Kala Akademi]]. 1981.
* ''On the origins of Pahari Painting'', by Vishwa Chander Ohri, Joseph Jacobs. Indian Institute of Advanced Study. 1991. {{ISBN|81-85182-53-1}}.
* ''Nainsukh of Guler: A Great Indian Painter from a Small Hill-state by B.N. Goswamy.'' Niyogi Books. 2011.
* ''Nala and Damayanti: A Great Series of Paintings of an Old Indian Romance''. Niyogi Books. 1st Edition. 2015.

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Kossak, Steven. (1997). [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/12335/rec/74 ''Indian court painting, 16th-19th century.''] Metropolitan Museum of Art. {{ISBN|0-87099-783-1}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/12335/rec/74 ''Indian Court Painting, 16th-19th Century''] from the Metropolitan Museum of Art

[[Category:Himalayan art]]
[[Category:Schools of Indian painting]]
[[Category:Culture of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Culture of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Culture of Jammu and Kashmir]]

Raghubar Das ministry

2025-12-15T16:40:18Z

EthanMarko2:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number =
| jurisdiction = [[Jharkhand]]
| flag =
| flag_border = true
| incumbent =
| image = Raghubar Das with Jual Oram (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = [[Raghubar Das]] [[Chief Minister of Jharkhand|Hon'ble Chief Minister of Jharkhand]]
| date_formed = 28 December 2014
| date_dissolved = 29 December 2019
| government_head = [[Raghubar Das]]
| government_head_history =
| state_head = [[Syed Ahmed (politician)|Syed Ahmed]] [[Draupadi Murmu]]
| members_number =
| former_members_number =
| total_number =
| political_parties = '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''
| legislature_status = [[Majority government|Majority]] {{Composition bar|47|81|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party = '''[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]'''
| opposition_leader = [[Hemant Soren]]
| election = [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| last_election =
| legislature_term = 5 years
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =

| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| previous = [[First Hemant Soren ministry]]
| successor = [[Second Hemant Soren ministry]]
}}
This is a list of minister from [[Raghubar Das]] cabinets starting from 28 December 2014. Raghubar Das is a politician belonging to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], and was sworn in as the [[Chief Ministers of Jharkhand|Chief Minister of Jharkhand]] on 28 December 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/bjps-raghubar-das-to-be-jharkhands-first-non-tribal-cm/20141226.htm|title=BJP's Raghubar Das to be Jharkhand's first non-tribal CM|date=26 December 2014|work=Rediff|access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/jhar/20030318.htm|title=BJP's Raghubar Das to be Jharkhand's first non-tribal CM|work=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2003/03/18/stories/2003031806280100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030503004142/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/2003/03/18/stories/2003031806280100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2003-05-03|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2003-03-18|title=Munda stakes claim}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/bjp-leader-raghubar-das-sworn-in-as-cm-of-jharkhand/20141228.htm|title=BJP leader Raghubar Das sworn-in as CM of Jharkhand|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.rediff.com/commentary/2014/dec/26/will-jharkhand-get-its-first-nontribal-cm-today/39c2352d8b4c815752d171e6af9414a7|title=Will Jharkhand get its first non-tribal CM today?|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

On 28 December 2014, [[Nilkanth Singh Munda]], [[Chandreshwar Prasad Singh]], Dr. [[Louis Marandi]] of BJP and [[Chandra Prakash Choudhary]] of All Jharkhand Students Union were sworn in as cabinet ministers along with Raghubar Das as Chief Ministers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/jharkhand-cabinet/article6734237.ece|title=JHARKHAND CABINET|work=The Hindu|date=29 December 2014}}</ref> Das became the 10th and first non-tribal [[Chief Ministers of Jharkhand]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/bjp-slams-nitish-for-raking-up-tribal-cm-issue-in-jharkhand/article6731810.ece|title=BJP slams Nitish for raking up tribal CM issue in Jharkhand|work=The Hindu|date=28 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/its-raghuvar-in-jharkhand/article6729640.ece|title=It's Raghuvar in Jharkhand|work=The Hindu|date=27 December 2014|last1=Tewary|first1=Amarnath}}</ref>

== Council of Ministers ==
Sources:<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/portfolios-allocated-to-four-ministers-in-jharkhand/articleshow/45707472.cms|title=Portfolios allocated to four ministers in Jharkhand|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/resentment-in-bjp-over-cabinet-choices/cid/1382864|title = Resentment in BJP over cabinet choices}}</ref>
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[List of chief ministers of Jharkhand|'''Chief Minister''']] Home Affairs Finance Planning & Development '''Departments not allotted to any Minister'''
| minister1 = [[Raghubar Das]]
| minister1_termstart = 28 December 2014
| minister1_termend = 29 December 2019
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Rural Development & Panchayat Raj
| minister1 = [[Nilkanth Singh Munda]]
| minister1_termstart = 28 December 2014
| minister1_termend = 29 December 2019
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Urban Development & Housing
| minister1 = [[C.P.Singh|Chandreshwar Prasad Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 28 December 2014
| minister1_termend = 29 December 2019
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Parliamentary Affairs
| minister1 = [[C.P.Singh|Chandreshwar Prasad Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 28 December 2014
| minister1_termend = 20 February 2015
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister2 = [[Saryu Roy]]
| minister2_termstart = 20 February 2015
| minister2_termend = 13 December 2019
| minister2_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Women & Child Development Minister of Social Welfare & Minority Welfare
| minister1 = [[Louis Marandi]]
| minister1_termstart = 28 December 2014
| minister1_termend = 29 December 2019
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Water Resources Minister of Drinking Water & Sanitation
| minister1 = [[Chandra Prakash Choudhary]]
| minister1_termstart = 28 December 2014
| minister1_termend = 4 June 2019
| minister1_party = All Jharkhand Students Union
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Disaster Management
| minister1 = [[Chandra Prakash Choudhary]]
| minister1_termstart = 28 December 2014
| minister1_termend = 20 February 2015
| minister1_party = All Jharkhand Students Union
| minister2 = [[C.P.Singh|Chandreshwar Prasad Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 20 February 2015
| minister2_termend = 29 December 2019
| minister2_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution
| minister1 = [[Saryu Roy]]
| minister1_termstart = 19 February 2015
| minister1_termend = 13 December 2019
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Labour, Employment & Training
| minister1 = [[Raj Paliwar]]
| minister1_termstart = 19 February 2015
| minister1_termend = 29 December 2019
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Health, Medical Education & Family Welfare
| minister1 = [[Ramchandra Chandravanshi]]
| minister1_termstart = 19 February 2015
| minister1_termend = 29 December 2019
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Education
| minister1 = [[Neera Yadav (politician)|Neera Yadav]]
| minister1_termstart = 19 February 2015
| minister1_termend = 29 December 2019
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Revenue & Land Reforms Minister of Art & Culture Minister of Sports & Youth Affairs
| minister1 = [[Amar Kumar Bauri]]
| minister1_termstart = 19 February 2015
| minister1_termend = 29 December 2019
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Agriculture & Sugarcane Development Minister of Animal Husbandry & Fisheries
| minister1 = [[Randhir Kumar Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 19 February 2015
| minister1_termend = 29 December 2019
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{cabinet table end}}

== Ministers by Party ==
{{Pie chart|value1=93|value2=7|color1={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party }}|color2={{party color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}|caption=Representation of cabinet ministers by party|label1=Bharatiya Janata Party|label2=All Jharkhand Students Union}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Party
!Cabinet Ministers
!Total Ministers
|-
|width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|13
|13
|-
|width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}"|
|[[All Jharkhand Students Union]]
|1
|1
|}

==See also==
* [[Government of Jharkhand]]
* [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Second Munda ministry|Arjun Munda second ministry]]
* [[Arjun Munda third ministry]]
* [[First Hemant Soren ministry]]
* [[Second Hemant Soren ministry]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghubar Das ministry}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party state ministries of Jharkhand|Das]]
[[Category:All Jharkhand Students Union]]
[[Category:2014 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Jharkhand ministries]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Jharkhand|*]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:2019 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2014|Das]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2019|Das]]

Chole bhature

2025-11-25T17:52:25Z

EthanMarko2: fixed layout also and improved wording for consistency

{{short description|North Indian dish pairing flatbread and curry}}
{{good article}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Chole bhature
| image = Chole Bhature from Nagpur.JPG
| image_size = 300px
| image_alt = A bowl of chickpea curry on a plate with two large, puffy flatbreads.
| caption =
| place_of_origin = [[Punjab]] or eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| associated_cuisine = [[North Indian cuisine]], [[Punjabi cuisine]]
| region = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| course = Primarily [[breakfast]]
| type = [[Street food]], [[fast food]]
| served = Hot
| main_ingredient = [[Chana masala]], [[bhature]]
| similar_dish = [[Doubles (food)|Doubles]] (disputed)
}}
'''Chole bhature''' ({{IPA|hi|t͡ʃʰoː.leː bʱə.ʈuː.ɾeː}}; also known as '''channa bhatura'''<ref name="Vijayakar" />) is a [[North Indian cuisine|North Indian]] dish pairing [[Chana masala|chickpea curry]] with [[bhatura]], a deep-fried flatbread. A common [[street food]], chole bhature is often eaten as a breakfast dish. It is associated with [[Punjabi cuisine]], though various views exist on the dish's origin. It is also popular in Delhi, where it was introduced after the [[partition of India]]. By the 2010s, it had become a popular [[Indian fast food|fast food]] across India. The [[Indo-Trinidadian]] dish [[doubles (food)|doubles]] is controversially said to be an adaptation of chole bhature.

== Preparation and serving ==
Chole bhature is a combination of {{lang|hi-Latn|chole}} ([[chana masala]], or chickpea [[curry]]) and [[bhatura]], a deep-fried bread made from [[Maida (flour)|maida]] (refined wheat flour).<ref name="Rowlatt" />{{sfn|Galanakis|2020|p=214}} The {{lang|hi-Latn|chole}} is made by soaking [[Chickpea#Varieties|white chickpeas]] before [[pressure cooking]] them in a gravy of tomatoes, onions, and spices, with a thick consistency.{{sfn|Ananthanarayan|Dubey|Muley|Singhal|2019|pp=131, 157}} ''Chole'' differs from typical chana masala as it does not use tomatoes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Falkowitz |first=Max |date=April 4, 2018 |title=Naan, dosa and beyond: A beginner's guide to Indian breads |url=https://www.mic.com/articles/188735/everything-you-need-to-know-about-indian-breads-a-beginners-guide-naan-dosa-paratha-roti-appam-puri-pav-idli-uttapam-vada-pesarattu |access-date=October 31, 2025 |work=[[Mic (media company)|Mic]]}}</ref> Styles of ''chole'' include {{lang|pa-Latn|pindi chole}}, whose dark color results from ingredients such as [[Phyllanthus emblica|amla]] or tea,<ref name="Vijayakar" /> and the {{lang|pa-Latn|pahadi}} style, which is red.<ref name="Patnaik & Singh" /> Bhature is made of dough that is [[fermented]]{{sfn|Ananthanarayan|Dubey|Muley|Singhal|2019|pp=131, 157}} before being rolled and fried, which causes it to quickly puff up before turning crispy and golden brown. The dish is served hot.<ref name="Rowlatt" />

Chole bhature is primarily a breakfast dish,{{sfn|Galanakis|2020|p=214}} sometimes accompanied with [[lassi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tan |first=Alethea |date=August 21, 2019 |title=Beginner's Guide to Indian Breads: 9 Types to Start With |url=https://guide.michelin.com/tw/en/article/dining-out/guide-to-indian-breads-2019 |access-date=October 31, 2025 |work=[[Michelin Guide]]}}</ref> It may also be served at all times of day.<ref name="Rowlatt" /> It is commonly served as a [[street food]]{{sfn|Galanakis|2020|p=214}} and may be accompanied by onions, [[chutney]], [[Indian pickle|achaar]], or lemon slices.{{sfnm|1a1=Galanakis|1y=2020|1p=214|2a1=Ananthanarayan|2a2=Dubey|2a3=Muley|2a4=Singhal|2y=2019|2p=131}}<ref name="Statesman" />

== History ==
Chickpea curry dates back to the [[Mughlai cuisine|cuisine of the Mughal Empire]], possibly having spread along the empire's trade routes.<ref name="Statesman">{{Cite news |last= |date=6 June 2022 |title=Chole bhature! |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/notebook/chole-bhature-1503078678.html |access-date=21 September 2025 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref><ref name="Panwar">{{Cite news |last=Panwar |first=Himakshi |date=23 August 2023 |title=The Many Legends Behind The Origin Of Chole Bhature |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/experiences/food-and-drink/the-many-legends-behind-the-origin-of-chole-bhature |access-date=21 September 2025 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook Traveller]]}}</ref> Chole bhature's place of origin is debated. According to [[BBC News]]'s [[Justin Rowlatt]], the dish originated in [[Punjabi cuisine]], despite claims from other regions such as [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name="Rowlatt">{{Cite news |last=Rowlatt |first=Justin |author-link=Justin Rowlatt |date=2 July 2016 |title=The Indian street food bringing theatre to your plate |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36659401 |access-date=20 September 2025 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Food writer [[Kunal Vijaykar]] believes it originated in [[Partition of Punjab|pre-partition]] Punjab and was based on the dish {{lang|pa-Latn|pindi chole}}, which is named for the city of [[Rawalpindi]], Pakistani Punjab.<ref name="Vijayakar">{{Cite news |last=Vijayakar |first=Kunal |author-link=Kunal Vijaykar |date=16 November 2018 |title=I would pick a well-made Chole Bhature over filet mignon, says Kunal Vijayakar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/i-would-pick-a-well-made-chole-bhature-over-filet-mignon-says-kunal-vijayakar/story-qdcVplOHVDEe7zCXP8CJGM.html |access-date=20 September 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> However, according to food scholar [[Charis Galanakis]], it originated in eastern Uttar Pradesh.{{sfn|Galanakis|2020|p=214}}

[[File:Kwality on Park Street (14839540155).jpg|thumb|[[Kwality Restaurant]] was one of the first establishments in Delhi to serve chole bhature. ''(Pictured: franchise location in [[Kolkata]])'']]
Chole bhature spread to Delhi in the 1940s,<ref name="Statesman" /> with differing claims over who introduced it. Peshori Lal Lamba, a native of [[Lahore]], moved to Delhi after the 1947 [[partition of India]] and opened [[Kwality Restaurant]] in the [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] neighbourhood.<ref name="Panwar" /> A fine-dining establishment that also sold [[Anglo-Indian cuisine]], it became primarily known for its chole bhature.<ref name="Awal">{{Cite news |last=Awal |first=Vernika |date=3 April 2025 |title=Bengaluru to Delhi, a Culinary Odyssey |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2025/Apr/03/bengaluru-to-delhi-a-culinary-odyssey-2 |access-date=21 September 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Some consider Lamba to be the first to have paired {{lang|hi-Latn|chole}} with bhature. It is also widely believed that the dish was introduced to the city by Sita Ram,<ref name="Panwar" /> who also migrated from Lahore around this time. He migrated to Delhi with his son, Diwan Chand, and began selling chole bhature, a dish that had been popular in his hometown, from a [[food cart]]. This later became the establishment [[Sita Ram Diwan Chand]] in the [[Paharganj]] neighbourhood.<ref name="Awal" /><ref name="Manmohan">{{Cite news |last=Manmohan |first=Nutan |date=24 June 2023 |title=Sita Ram Diwan Chand, Paharganj's one-dish restaurant selling Lahori chole bhature since 1947 |url=https://theprint.in/feature/sita-ram-diwan-chand-paharganjs-one-dish-restaurant-selling-lahori-chole-bhature-since-1947/1640162/ |access-date=20 September 2025 |work=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref>

Beginning around the 1990s, the dish spread beyond North India to the rest of the country, becoming a typical dish at vegetarian establishments by the 2010s.<ref name="Sreedharan">{{Cite web|last=Sreedharan|first=Das|title=Chole Bhature Sprinkled with Nostalgia|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/food/2016/jan/30/chole-bhature-sprinkled-with-nostalgia-875493.html|access-date=2021-04-27|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=30 January 2016}}</ref> It and other Punjabi dishes—such as {{lang|pa-Latn|[[tikki]]}} and {{lang|pa-Latn|[[dahi bhalla]]}}—became popular in [[Indian fast food]], alongside the more popular [[South Indian cuisine]].{{sfn|Nandy|2004|p=13}} As the dish gained popularity outside of India,<ref name="Statesman" /> International Chole Bhature Day was created in 2012 by Delhi-based [[Facebook]] user Shashank Aggarwal, along with Anuradha Gupta. They chose the date of 2 October as it coincided with an existing public holiday, [[Gandhi Jayanti]].<ref name="Garg">{{Cite news |last=Garg |first=Ruchika |date=3 October 2016 |title=Int'l Chhole Bhature Day: Divided by cultures, united by love for 'C Bats' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/international-chhole-bhature-day-divided-by-cultures-yet-united-by-the-love-for-c-bats/story-6ucmuB0ReNFe4xImUP0elL.html |access-date=21 September 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Chole bhature is often said to be the origin of the [[Indo-Trinidadian]] dish [[doubles (food)|doubles]], especially in the view of Indians, though this is disputed.{{sfn|Jayaram|2022|p=274}} This hypothesis notes the similarity between chole bhature, when served as a [[wrap (food)|wrap]], and doubles. However, many people consider doubles to have uniquely originated in Trinidad and Tobago.{{sfn|Nacchia|2022|p=227}} Badru Deen, a member of the family credited with the invention of doubles, wrote that the two dishes are very different; sociologist N. Jayaram supports this opinion.{{sfn|Jayaram|2022|p=274}}

== Popularity ==
Chole bhature is a popular [[fast food]]{{sfn|Kaushik|Narang|Parakh|2011|p=98}} and breakfast food in [[North India]].{{sfn|Kundu|Dutta|2020|p=45}} Chole bhature is a popular dish for celebrations.<ref name="Statesman" /> It is eaten during the Punjabi festival of [[Vaisakhi]]{{sfn|Priya|Saxena|Tiwari|2024|p=1104}} and other [[List of Sikh festivals|Sikh festivals]].{{sfn|Bladholm|2000|p=58}}

In Delhi, chole bhature is a traditional street food{{sfn|Kundu|Dutta|2020|p=48, 51}} that is recognised by tourists.{{sfn|Gupta|Roy|Promsivapallop|2021|pp=491, 493}} The city has many establishments known for the dish, and residents widely debate which is best.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Verma |first=Rahul |date=22 June 2019 |title=Mission Chholey Bhaturey! |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/mission-chholey-bhaturey/article18400380.ece |access-date=21 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Basu |first=Aalokitaa |date=11 June 2025 |title=Chole bhature ranks among 'best breakfasts' in the world: Top Delhi-NCR reccos for a quick feast! |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/htcity-delhi-junction/chole-bhature-ranked-among-best-breakfasts-in-the-world-by-taste-atlas-top-delhi-ncr-spots-for-a-quick-feast-101749631493086.html |access-date=20 September 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> In addition to Kwality Restaurant and Sita Ram Diwan Chand,<ref name="Awal" /> these include Chache Di Hatti in [[Kamla Nagar]], which receives very long lines during its short opening hours.<ref name="Patnaik & Singh">{{Cite news |last1=Patnaik |first1=Amit |last2=Singh |first2=Chowder |date=3 May 2019 |title=Fried and tested |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/fried-and-tested/article27023007.ece |access-date=20 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Sinha|2015|p=41}} Chole bhature is the only dish served at Sita Ram Diwan Chand, which uses [[paneer]] in its bhature.<ref name="Manmohan" /> Among students of [[Delhi University]], chole bhature has been known as ''C bats'' since around the 1970s.<ref name="Statesman" /><ref name="Garg" /> Mumbai also has many chole bhature establishments, especially around the [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]] neighbourhood.<ref name="Vijayakar" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}
=== Works cited ===
* {{Cite book |date=2019 |last1=Ananthanarayan |first1=Lakshmi |last2=Dubey |first2=Kriti Kumari |last3=Muley |first3=Abhijeet B. |last4=Singhal |first4=Rekha S. |editor-last=Al-Khusaibi |editor-first=Mohammed |editor2-last=Al-Habsi |editor2-first=Nasser |editor3-last=Shafiur Rahman |editor3-first=Mohammad |title=Traditional Foods |chapter=Indian Traditional Foods: Preparation, Processing and Nutrition |series=Food Engineering Series |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-24620-4 |isbn=978-3-030-24619-8 |issn=1571-0297}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bladholm |first=Linda |title=The Indian Grocery Store Demystified |date=12 August 2000 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]] |url=https://archive.org/details/indiangrocerysto00blad/page/58/mode/2up?q=bhature |url-access=registration |via=[[Internet Archive]] |isbn=1580631436}}
* {{Cite book|last=Galanakis |first=Charis M. |author-link=Charis Galanakis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bvbDwAAQBAJ|title=Gastronomy and Food Science|date=2020-09-22|publisher=[[Academic Press]]|isbn=978-0-12-820438-2}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Vikas |last2=Roy |first2=Hiran |last3=Promsivapallop |first3=Pornpisanu |date=2021-10-02 |title=Local cuisine image dimensions and its impact on foreign tourist's perceived food contentment in Delhi |journal=Tourism Recreation Research |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=487–499 |doi=10.1080/02508281.2020.1816762 |issn=0250-8281}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jayaram |first=N. |chapter=Culture and the Community: Language and Foodways |date=2022 |title=From Indians in Trinidad to Indo-Trinidadians |series=GeoJournal Library |pages=253–281 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-19-3367-7_11 |access-date=2025-09-20 |place=Singapore |publisher=[[Springer Nature|Springer Nature Singapore]] |doi=10.1007/978-981-19-3367-7_11 |isbn=978-981-19-3366-0}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Kaushik |first1=Jaya Shankar |last2=Narang |first2=Manish |last3=Parakh |first3=Ankit |date=1 February 2011 |title=Fast food consumption in children |journal=Indian Pediatrics |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=97–101 |doi=10.1007/s13312-011-0035-8 |pmid=21378418 |issn=0019-6061}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Kundu |first1=Aditi |chapter=Migration and Entry to Urban Street Food Market: A Study of Selected Street Food Vendors in Delhi |date=2020 |title=Urbanization and Regional Sustainability in South Asia |pages=39–54 |editor-last=Bandyopadhyay |editor-first=Sumana |place=Cham |publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]] |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-23796-7_4 |isbn=978-3-030-23795-0 |last2=Dutta |first2=Sayak |editor2-last=Pathak |editor2-first=Chitta Ranjan |editor3-last=Dentinho |editor3-first=Tomaz Ponce}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Nacchia |first=Francesco |date=2022-12-23 |title=Hybrid Indo-Trinidadian identities and tasty food: a multimodal critical discourse analysis of 'Doubles with Slight Pepper' |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/mc-2022-0003/html |journal=Multimodal Communication |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.1515/mc-2022-0003 |issn=2230-6587|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Nandy |first=Ashis |date=May 2004 |title=The Changing Popular Culture of Indian Food: Preliminary Notes |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0262728004042760 |journal=[[South Asia Research]] |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=9–19 |doi=10.1177/0262728004042760 |issn=0262-7280|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Priya |first1=Nishi |chapter=A Study on the Influence of Ethnic Foods on Culture, Post-COVID-19 |date=2024 |title=International Handbook of Skill, Education, Learning, and Research Development in Tourism and Hospitality |pages=1097–1108 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Anukrati |place=Singapore |publisher=[[Springer Nature|Springer Nature Singapore]] |doi=10.1007/978-981-97-4318-6_71 |isbn=978-981-97-4317-9 |last2=Saxena |first2=Rajat |last3=Tiwari |first3=Kapil Shanker}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Dheeraj |chapter=Safe Choices: Why Do Indians Like Standing in the Longest Queues? |date=2015 |title=India Reloaded |pages=40–55 |place=London |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan UK]] |doi=10.1057/9781137367105_4 |isbn=978-1-349-67640-8}}

{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Pakistani dishes}}

[[Category:Food combinations]]
[[Category:North Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian fast food]]
[[Category:Street food in India]]
[[Category:Indian wheat dishes]]
[[Category:Chickpea dishes]]
[[Category:Pakistani cuisine]]
[[Category:Punjabi cuisine]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradeshi cuisine]]

Preeti Simoes

2025-11-18T02:31:05Z

EthanMarko2: Starting some pg w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian television producer (born 1988)}}
{{Update|part=Career and Filmography|date=September 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Preeti Simoes
| image =
| caption = Simoes at the premier of [[Aakhri Sach]] in 2023
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|07|31}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/preeti-simoes-birthday-wishes-sunil-grover-ali-asgar-kapil-sharma-lifetv-332409-2016-07-31|title=This is how friends from the industry wished Preeti Simoes a very happy birthday|website=India Today}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Bombay]] (present-day Mumbai), [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = [[Television producer]]
| years_active = 2007–present
| partner = [[Kapil Sharma]] (2010–2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/when-comedian-kapil-sharma-broke-up-with-his-school-girlfriend-over-rs-80-7048375.html|title=When Comedian Kapil Sharma Broke Up With His School Girlfriend Over Rs 80|date=10 February 2023|website=News18}}</ref>
}}

'''Preeti Simoes''' (born 31 July 1990) is an Indian [[television producer]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Preeti Simoes behind Kapil Sharma & Krushna Abhishek's fallout? - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/preeti-simoes-behind-kapil-sharma-krushna-abhisheks-fallout/articleshow/51224366.cms |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

She has produced ''[[Aakhri Sach]]'' on [[JioHotstar]], ''Dil Diyan Gallan With Sonam Bajwa'', ''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]'', ''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]'', ''[[Kanpur Wale Khuranas|Kanpurwale Khuranas]]'', ''[[Gangs of Filmistaan]]'' and Sunita Ahuja's show on [[YouTube]].<ref name="DNA">{{cite web |title=Ali Asgar makes a shocking revelation, Kapil Sharma has written ex Preeti Simoes' name on his hand |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-ali-asgar-makes-shocking-revelation-kapil-sharma-has-written-ex-preeti-simoes-name-on-his-hand-2605595 |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Exclusive - Producers Preeti Simoes and Neeti Simoes to come up with a new show with Rajiv Adatia as the host - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-producers-preeti-simoes-and-neeti-simoes-to-come-up-with-a-new-show-with-rajiv-adatia-as-the-host/articleshow/93143100.cms |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Simoes is well known for her romantic relationship with Indian [[Stand-up comedy|stand-up]] comedian [[Kapil Sharma]].<ref name="Amarujala" />

==Early and personal life==
Preeti Simoes was born on 31 July 1990 in [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai). She has a sister, Neeti Simoes, who works alongside her in television show productions. Together, Preeti and Neeti have produced several popular Hindi TV comedy shows.<ref>{{cite web |title=Exclusive - Producers Preeti Simoes and Neeti Simoes to come up with a new show with Rajiv Adatia as the host |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-producers-preeti-simoes-and-neeti-simoes-to-come-up-with-a-new-show-with-rajiv-adatia-as-the-host/articleshow/93143100.cms |website=Times of india}}</ref><ref name="Amarujala">{{cite web |title=कपिल ने एक्स गर्लफ्रेंड पर लगाए बेहद गंभीर आरोप, कहा- 'शो पर इस काम के लेती थी पैसे' |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/television/kapil-sharma-police-statement-against-preeti-simoes |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kapil Sharma affair with Preeti Simoes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/kapil-sharma-dating-comedy-nights-creative-director-preeti-simoes-219547-2013-12-02 |url-status= |website=India Today}}</ref>

==Career==
Simoes worked with Kapil Sharma on his show ''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]'' for [[Colors TV]] as a creative director.<ref name=Q>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/preeti-simoes-wishes-former-indian-captain-ms-dhoni-on-his-birthday-with-a-lovely-note-on-their-14-years-of-friendship/articleshow/76831448.cms|title=Preeti Simoes wishes former Indian captain MS Dhoni on his birthday with a lovely note on their 14 years of friendship - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref>

Later, Preeti started her own show ''[[The Drama Company]]'' on Sony TV with [[Krushna Abhishek]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sharma on ex girlfriend Preeti Simoes |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-finally-kapil-sharma-breaks-silence-on-his-fall-out-with-ex-preeti-simoes-2543660 |url-status=|website=DNA India}}</ref>

On 24 July 2017, Preeti Simoes started her own production house, named it as The Little Frodo. Preeti-Nreeti produce shows together and have made multiple show with [[Sunil Grover]], [[Manish Paul]] and others. In 2018, Preeti-Neeti produced the show, ''Dan Dana Dan'' starring Sunil Grover and [[Shilpa Shinde]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dan dana dan show |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/first-pics-from-sunil-grover-shilpa-shinde-show-dan-dana-dan-out-there-s-ms-dhoni-too/story-ImHpCn48dsi1PTuv5gfGUI_amp.html&ved=2ahUKEwjV98K1stf7AhUGSGwGHYiJC24QFnoECCAQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3cwlFYzKjUevhbcRpQYLL3 |url-status= |website=Hindustan Times| date=4 April 2018 }}</ref>

In August 2022, Simoes Sisters started filming their upcoming [[Disney+ Hotstar]] webseries in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |date=8 August 2022 |title=Preeti And Neeti Simoes Cast Tamannaah Bhatia And Sunil Grover For Their OTT Debut Series |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/producers-preeti-and-neeti-simoes-cast-tamannaah-bhatia-and-sunil-grover-for-their-ott-debut-series-1547086 |access-date=30 November 2022 |website=[[ABP News|ABP]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/abhishek-banerjee-to-play-the-negative-lead-in-preeti-neeti-simoes-upcoming-next-11080681.html|title=Abhishek Banerjee to play the negative lead in Preeti-Neeti Simoes' upcoming next|date=19 August 2022|website=Firstpost|access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref> The series, ''[[Aakhri Sach]]'', premiered on 25 August 2023, with [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] in the lead role along with [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]], [[Shivin Narang]], [[Gehna Seth]], Nikhil Nanda and Rahul Bagga.

==Controversy==
Sharma filed a police complaint Vicky Lalwani, Preeti Simoes and Neeti Simoes, for trying to extort INR 25 lakhs from him as well as alleging in a police complaint that both sisters used to take money from the people who arrived in [[Film City, Mumbai]] to see his show and orchestrated misunderstandings between him and fellow comedians of his show and arriving guests.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Kapil Sharma police statement against Preeti Simoes. |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/television/kapil-sharma-police-statement-against-preeti-simoes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130111635/https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/television/kapil-sharma-police-statement-against-preeti-simoes |archive-date=30 November 2022 |access-date=30 November 2022 |website=Amar ujala}}</ref> Simoes condemned all of these allegations and brushed them off as false and made-up stories. She also claimed she had been Sharma's girlfriend for 8 years until his engagement.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=12 April 2018 |title=Was the failure of Kapil Sharma's Firangi responsible for his downfall? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/kapil-sharma-firangi-failure-depression-1210643-2018-04-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127124133/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/kapil-sharma-firangi-failure-depression-1210643-2018-04-12 |archive-date=27 November 2022 |access-date=27 November 2022 |website=www.indiatoday.in}}</ref><ref name="Preeti">{{Cite web |date=20 April 2018 |title=Kapil's ex-girlfriend Preeti Simoes reacted to the police complaint filed by him. |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/kapil-s-ex-girlfriend-preeti-simoes-reacts-to-police-complaint-filed-by-the-comedian-1216599-2018-04-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130105457/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/kapil-s-ex-girlfriend-preeti-simoes-reacts-to-police-complaint-filed-by-the-comedian-1216599-2018-04-20 |archive-date=30 November 2022 |access-date=30 November 2022 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> She and her sister Neeti Simoes worked in Kapil Sharma's production since eight years until 2017.<ref name=":1" /> She claimed that trouble erupted between Preeti and Kapil after he announced his engagement with Ginni Chatrath in March 2017. After the controversial fight between Kapil Sharma and his team on a flight from Australia, Simoes left the show.

==Filmography==
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Title
!TV channel
! Role
|-
|''[[Comedy Circus]]''
|[[Sony TV]]
|Creative director
|-
|''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]''
|[[Colors TV]]
|creative director <ref>{{cite web |date=2016-02-02 |title=Comedy Nights With Kapil creative director Preeti Simoes: Krushna Abhishek is making immature statements |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/krushna-is-making-immature-statements-kapils-talent-has-made-him-what-he-is-today-preeti-simoes/ |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kanpur Wale Khuranas]]''
|[[Star Plus]]
|producer
|-
|''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]''
|Sony TV
|celebrity co-ordinator, executive producer
|-
|''Jio Dhan Dhana Dan''
|[[Jio TV]]
|producer
|-
|''[[The Drama Company]]''
|[[SonyTV]]
|producer
|-
|''Gangs of Filmistan''
|[[Star Bharat]]
|producer
|-
|''Movie Masti with Manish Paul''
|[[Zee TV]]
|producer
|-
|''Aakhri Sach''
|Disney+Hotstar
|producer
|}
She has also produced and directed YouTube shows with Sunita Ahuja, wife of actor [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] and actress [[Sonam Bajwa]]'s show ''Dil Diyan Gallan With Sonam Bajwa.''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Comedy|Television}}
*{{IMDb name}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Simoes, Preeti}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women television producers]]
[[Category:Mass media people from Mumbai]]

Rao Chunda

2025-11-13T21:39:13Z

EthanMarko2: Starting first bio more to come

{{Short description|Rao of Marwar from 1384 to 1428}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rao Chunda Rathore
| title = [[Rai (title)|Rao]]
| image =
| caption = Rao Chunda Rathore
| succession = [[Kingdom of Marwar|Rao of Marwar]]
| reign = 1384–1428
| predecessor = Rao Viram Dev
| successor = Rao Kanha
| death_date = 1428
| father = Viramdev
| mother =
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|Pratihar Rajput princess|Rani Suram Sankhali|Rani Sona Mohil}}
| issue = {{unbulleted list|Kanha|[[Ranmal]]|[[Hansa Bai]]}}
}}

'''Rao Chunda Rathore''' (died 1428) was the 12th [[Rai (title)|Rao]] of [[Kingdom of Marwar|Marwar]] from 1384 until his death in 1428. His reign saw the consolidation of Rathore rule in Marwar, through his diplomatic and military prowess.

==Early life==
Chunda's father Viramdev died in a battle against the [[Johiya]]s, resulting in the annexation of his inheritance. Chunda was given refuge by a [[Charan]] named [[Alhaji Barhath]] who raised him at his home in Kalau village. As Chunda grew older, Alhaji equipped him with a horse and weapons and presented him to his uncle [[Rawal Mallinath]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Yashaswini|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VawSEAAAQBAJ|title=The Tale of the Horse: A History of India on Horseback|date=2021-01-22|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-93-89109-92-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Sabita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bSmDwAAQBAJ|title=The Politics of Marriage in India: Gender and Alliance in Rajasthan|date=2019-05-27|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-909828-6|language=en}}</ref> His uncle granted him a small outpost of Salavari which was given to him for his maintenance. Chunda was a skilled warrior and leader and he soon started expanding his holdings.<ref name=CD>{{Cite book|first=Rima|last=Hooja|title=A History of Rajasthan|publisher=Rupa and co.|year=2006|pages=379–380|isbn=9788129115010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ&q=rajasthan%20rima%20hooja}}</ref>

==Reign==
In 1395 the [[Pratihar]]s of [[Mandore]] approached Chunda and proposed an alliance against the [[Tughlaq Empire]]. Chunda agreed and was married to a Pratihar princess, he was further given the fortified city of Mandore and a thousand villages in dowry.<ref name=CD/><ref name=DQ>{{Cite book|first=Melia|last=Belli|title=Royal Umbrellas of Stone: Memory, Politics, and Public Identity in Rajput funerary arts|publisher=Brill|year=2005|pages=142|isbn=9789004300569|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6dR0CgAAQBAJ&dq=rao+chunda+of+mandore&pg=PA142}}</ref> This incident was recorded in an old Rajasthani([[Dingal]]) couplet:<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ujwal |first=Kailash Dan S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pkkqAAAAYAAJ |title=Bhagwati Shri Karniji Maharaj: A Biography |date=1985 |publisher=<nowiki>[s.n.]]</nowiki> |language=en}}</ref><blockquote>''"ईदौं रो उपकार, कमधज कदे न बीसरे,''

''चूँडै चंवरी चाड़, दी मंडोवर दायजै।"'' </blockquote>which translates as:<blockquote>"The [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]] shall always remember the obligation of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Indas]] who gave a daughter in marriage and ''[[Mandore|Mandowar]]'' in [[Dowry system in India|dowry]] to Rao Chunda."</blockquote>

The Tughlaq Empire soon reacted by sending an army under Zafar Khan, the governor of [[Gujarat]]. Chunda was able to successfully defend Mandore against this army, [[Timur]]'s invasion further forced Zafar to start negotiations with Chunda. Chunda had agreed to pay tribute to the Tughlaqs after this battle, but he later reneged and invaded Tughlaq territory, capturing [[Sambhar Lake Town|Sambhar]], [[Didwana]], [[Khatu]] and [[Ajmer]]. He continued his expansion and defeated the Chauhans of [[Nadol]] and captured their lands. Chunda also attacked his brother Jai Singh for not helping him against the Tughlaqs and captured [[Phalodi]].<ref name=KA>{{Cite book|first=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami|last=Mohammad Habib|title=A COMPREHENSIVE HISTORY OF INDIA VOL.5|publisher=PEOPLE’S PUBLISHING HOUSE,NEW DELHI|year=1970|pages=811|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzARcgAACAAJ&q=A+COMPREHENSIVE++HISTORY+OF+INDIA+VOL.5|quote=Rao Chunda, son of Rao Biram, who rose to prominence by establishing hinself at Mandor....He successfully resisted the attack of Zafar Khan of Gujarat on Mandor in 1396. Taking advantage of the confusion and disorder due to the weak rule of the Tughlaqs of Delhi, he conducted continuous operations against the imperial officers and occupied Khatu, Didwana, Sambhar, Nagaur and Ajmer. By defeating the Chauhans he also captured Nadol....captured Phalodi in 1411, because Jai Singh did not co-operate with him in his expeditions against the inperial territories... treacherously murdered Chunda in 1423. Nevertheless during Chunda's reign Marwar rose to a position of eminence.}}</ref><ref name="CD" /><ref name="JP">{{Cite book|first=Satish|last=Chandra|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526)|publisher=Har Anand|year=2006|pages=222–223|isbn=9788124110645|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC}}</ref> Chunda captured and occupied [[Nagaur]] in 1408 AD and decided to stay there leaving Mandore under the charge of one of his sons.<ref name=":0" /> Chunda secured an alliance with [[Rana Lakha]] during this time through his daughter [[Hansa Bai|Hansa]].

==Death==
Chunda's aggressive expansion intimidated the surrounding chieftains, who made an alliance against him. This alliance included the Rao of [[Pugal]], Sankhlas of [[Jangladesh|Janglu]] and Khidar Khan of [[Multan]]. They attacked Chunda and surrounded him at [[Nagaur]]. There was treachery in Chunda's army<ref name=KA/> and therefore, Chunda did not anticipate the attack and was not able to make preparations to give battle. Finding no way out of the situation, he charged his enemies and was killed in action. Chunda's wife Sona urged him to appoint their son Kanha, as his successor. [[Ranmal]] was Chunda's eldest son however Chunda declared his younger son Kanha as his heir to appease Sona. Ranmal therefore left Marwar and went to the neighbouring kingdom of Mewar.<ref name=CD/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Monarchs of Marwar]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:1428 deaths]]

Jyoti Ratre

2025-10-29T19:53:48Z

EthanMarko2: created basic page basic info

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur and mountaineer}}
{{Infobox climber
| name= Jyoti Ratre
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1969}}
| birth_place = [[Bhopal]], Madhya Pradesh, India
| knownfor= Mount Everest Summit
| education = [[Bachelor of Science]], [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] (Economics)
| occupation= [[Mountaineer]]
| nationality={{IND}}
}}

'''Jyoti Ratre''' (born 1969) is an Indian mountaineer from [[Bhopal]], Madhya Pradesh. On 29 May 2024, she became the oldest Indian woman to reach the summit of [[Mount Everest]], the highest peak in the world, at the age of 55, breaking the previous national record of 53 years.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sameeksha |date=2024-05-29 |title=Bhopal-Based Jyoti Ratre Becomes Oldest Indian Woman To Climb Everest At 55 |url=https://news.abplive.com/lifestyle/travel/bhopal-based-jyoti-ratre-becomes-oldest-indian-woman-to-conquer-everest-1690285 |access-date= |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=Priya |title=Meet Jyoti Ratre, Oldest Indian Woman To Conquer Mt. Everest At 55 |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/womens-firsts/jyoti-ratre-oldest-indian-woman-to-conquer-mount-everest-4595183 |access-date= |website=www.shethepeople.tv |language=bn}}</ref>

She climbed [[Mount Elbrus]] (5,642 m) in 2021, [[Mount Kilimanjaro]] (5,895 m) in 2021, and [[Mount Kosciuszko]] (2,228 m) in 2023,<ref>{{Cite news |title=सबसे अधिक उम्र की महिला पर्वतारोही हैं ज्योति:54 साल की उम्र, आस्ट्रेलिया में 2 घंटे में पूरी की 2228 मीटर की चढ़ाई |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/bhopal/news/mountaineer-mountaineering-old-age-mountaineer-joyti-ratre-132037558.html |work=Bhaskar}}</ref> among other notable peaks.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=May 7, 2025 |title=Jyoti Ratre: Bhopal Entrepreneur-Turned-Mountaineer Closes In On Seven Summits Goal |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/jyoti-ratre-bhopal-entrepreneur-turned-mountaineer-closes-in-on-seven-summits-goal |access-date= |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-12-12 |title=55 साल की महिला को अंटार्कटिका चढ़ने चाहिए 15 लाख का लोन, कैसे होगा जुगाड़ |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/bhopal-55-year-old-mountaineer-jyoti-ratre-take-15-lakh-loan-for-antarctica-mount-vinson-climb-madhya-pradesh-news-mps24121205474 |access-date= |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Jyoti Ratre was born in Madhya Pradesh, India.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-12-08 |title=55 साल की ज्योति रात्रे के बुलंद हौसले, अंटार्कटिका का माउंट विंसन फतह करने की तैयारी |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/bhopal-55-year-old-mountaineer-jyoti-ratre-will-climb-mount-vinson-in-antarctica-madhya-pradesh-news-mps24120800506 |access-date= |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref> She completed her education in central India, earning degrees in science and economics.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=2025-04-25 |title=Meet Jyoti Ratre: Indian entrepreneur who becomes oldest woman from the country to summit Everest |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-meet-jyoti-ratre-indian-entrepreneur-who-becomes-oldest-woman-from-the-country-to-summit-everest-3822499/ |access-date= |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Mountaineering career ==
Ratre developed an interest in mountaineering after a trip to Manali and began training in 2018 at the age of 49.<ref>{{Cite web |last=मिश्रा |first=जूही |date=2022-10-05 |title=Jyoti Ratre: 52 साल की उम्र में वो कर दिखाया जो युवा भी महज सोचते हैं, फतह किया 'माउंट एलब्रुस' |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/hindi/women/jyoti-ratre-the-woman-who-proves-that-there-is-no-age-to-climb-mountains-581109.html |access-date= |website=Indiatimes |language=hi-IN}}</ref> As some mountaineering institutes have age limits, she undertook self-directed training.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-04-25 |title=Meet Jyoti Ratre: Indian entrepreneur who becomes oldest woman from the country to summit Everest |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-meet-jyoti-ratre-indian-entrepreneur-who-becomes-oldest-woman-from-the-country-to-summit-everest-3822499/ |access-date= |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> Her early expeditions included the Sour Tal Trek (3,770 meters) in 2017, the Pin Parvati Pass (5,319 meters) in 2018, and Mahagunas Top (4,276 meters) during the [[Amarnath Temple|Amarnath Yatra]] in 2019.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-12-30 |title=For Bhopal's Jyoti Ratre, Age Is Just A Number, And So Was The Height of Mount Vinson |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/bhopal-jyoti-ratre-hoisted-tricolor-on-mount-vinson-highest-peak-of-antarctica-became-oldest-woman-in-country-to-do-so-enn24123004042 |access-date= |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, Jyoti Ratre climbed [[Mount Elbrus]] (5,642 meters) in Europe<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deewan |first=Deepak |date=2021-08-17 |title=अफ्रीका की सबसे ऊंची चोटी पर चढ़ीं MP की ज्योति, लहराया तिरंगा {{!}} Jyoti Ratre Harda Mount Kilimanjaro Africa Mount Elbrus |url=https://www.patrika.com/harda-news/jyoti-ratre-harda-mount-kilimanjaro-africa-mount-elbrus-7013342 |access-date= |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref> and [[Mount Kilimanjaro]] (5,895 meters) in Africa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-20 |title=52-year-old Jyoti Ratre from Bhopal scales Mt Kilimanjaro |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/52-year-old-jyoti-ratre-from-bhopal-scales-mt-kilimanjaro/articleshow/85477029.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She later climbed [[Mount Kosciuszko]] (2,228 meters) in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=अवस्थी |first=शिवानी |date=21 April 2023 |title=Jyoti Ratre: सबसे अधिक उम्र की भारतीय महिला पर्वतारोही ज्योति रात्रे की कहानी है बहुत रोचक |url=https://www.amarujala.com/shakti/oldest-indian-female-mountaineer-jyoti-ratre-climbed-mount-elbrus-story-in-hindi |access-date= |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-07 |title=ऑस्ट्रेलिया की सबसे ऊंची चोटी पर चढ़ेंगी ज्योति रात्रे: भोपाल की पर्वातारोही 6 साल में कर चुकी 14 पर्वत फतह - Bhopal News |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/bhopal/news/jyoti-ratre-will-climb-australias-highest-peak-131953555.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223022942/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/bhopal/news/jyoti-ratre-will-climb-australias-highest-peak-131953555.html |archive-date=2024-02-23 |access-date= |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |url-status=live }}</ref> She climbed [[Imja Tse|Island Peak]] (Imja Tse) in Nepal’s [[Sagarmatha National Park]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sameeksha |date=2024-05-29 |title=Bhopal-Based Jyoti Ratre Becomes Oldest Indian Woman To Climb Everest At 55 |url=https://news.abplive.com/lifestyle/travel/bhopal-based-jyoti-ratre-becomes-oldest-indian-woman-to-conquer-everest-1690285 |access-date= |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Ramendra |title=Good News: उम्र हार गई और जीत गया जज्बा भोपाल के 3 पर्वतारोही बने मिसाल |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/good-news/good-news-bhopal-jyoti-ratre-bhagwan-singh-and-sunita-singh-redefining-age-and-concurred-mountains-like-everest/articleshow/123698254.cms |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

Her first attempt to summit [[Mount Everest]] was in May 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-06-05 |title=MP: 54 साल की ज्योति रात्रे ने की 'एवरेस्ट' पर चढ़ाई, ऐसा करने वाली देश की सबसे उम्रदराज महिला |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/delhi/bharat/mp-54-year-old-female-mountaineer-jyoti-ratre-made-record-by-climbed-mount-everest-hoisted-tricolor/na20230605130950987987129 |access-date= |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref> reaching 8,200 meters before turning back due to weather and a teammate's illness.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-10 |title=Jyoti Ratre: 48 की उम्र में सीखा पहाड़ चढ़ना, अब बनाया ये बड़ा रिकॉर्ड, जानें कौन हैं ज्योति रात्रे? |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-53-year-old-jyoti-ratre-scales-mountain-aconcagua-5196175.html |access-date= |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> She made a second attempt in May 2024 as part of a 15-member international team led by Bolivian climber David Hugo Ayaviri Quispe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 8, 2024 |title=Jyoti Ratre Summits Mount Everest At 55, Shattering Records! |url=https://www.femina.in/trending/jyoti-ratre-summits-mount-everest-at-55-shattering-records-284323.html |access-date= |website=www.femina.in |language=en}}</ref> On 19 May 2024, she reached the summit of [[Mount Everest]] (8,848.86 meters), becoming the oldest Indian woman to summit the mountain.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhadoria |first=Sharmila |date=2024-05-25 |title=Conquering Everest at 55: Entrepreneur Jyoti Ratre shares her gritty experience {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/conquering-everest-at-55-entrepreneur-jyoti-ratre-shares-her-gritty-experience-11716569790637.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422170712/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/conquering-everest-at-55-entrepreneur-jyoti-ratre-shares-her-gritty-experience-11716569790637.html |archive-date=2025-04-22 |access-date= |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=कुमार |first=मुनेश्वर |date=20 May 2024 |title=भोपाल की ज्योति रात्रे का कमाल, 55 की उम्र में एवरेस्ट पर पहुंचने वालीं सबसे उम्रदराज महिला बनीं |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/madhya-pradesh/bhopal/bhopal-news-mountaineer-jyoti-ratre-hoisted-flag-at-age-of-55-oldest-woman-in-country-to-hoist-tricolor-on-everest/articleshow/110272588.cms |access-date= |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

== Summits ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Peak
!Elevation (m)
!Continent
!Date of Summit
|-
|Sour Tal Trek
|3770
|Asia (India)
|8 May 2017
|-
|Pin Parvati Pass
|5319
|Asia (India)
|30 June 2018
|-
|Mahagunas Top (Amarnath)
|4276
|Asia (India)
|10 July 2019
|-
|Deo Tibba
|5226
|Asia (India)
|20 October 2020
|-
|Norbu Peak
|5226
|Asia (India)
|22 October 2020
|-
|Mount Elbrus
|5642
|Europe (Russia)
|8 July 2021
|-
|Mount Kilimanjaro
|5895
|Africa (Tanzania)
|15 August 2021
|-
|Everest Base Camp
|5364
|Asia (Nepal)
|26 January 2022
|-
|Satopanth Glacier
|5800
|Asia (India)
|16 August 2022
|-
|Bermejo Pass
|3937
|South America
|25 December 2022
|-
|Mount Aconcagua (attempted)
|6960
|South America
|3 January 2023
|-
|Nagarjuna Hill
|5100
|Asia (Nepal)
|12 April 2023
|-
|Island Peak (Imja Tse)
|6100
|Asia (Nepal)
|17 April 2023
|-
|Mount Everest (aborted)
|8200 (attempted)
|Asia (Nepal)
|23 May 2023
|-
|Mount Kosciuszko
|2228
|Australia
|19 October 2023
|-
|Mount Everest
|8849
|Asia (Nepal)
|19 May 2024
|-
|Mount Vinson (High Camp)
|3780
|Antarctica
|29 December 2024
|}

== Awards and recognition ==
In 2021, Ratre received the Indian Inspirational Women Award (IIWA) in recognition of her mountaineering achievements.<ref name=":1" /> She was also honored with the Madhya Pradesh Ratn Alankaran award by Governor [[Mangubhai C. Patel]].<ref name=":2" /> In May 2025, the Bhopal Postal Department issued a commemorative My Stamp in her name, recognizing her contributions to mountaineering, environmental awareness, and tourism.<ref>{{Cite news |title=पर्वतारोही ज्योति रात्रे को मिला विशेष सम्मान:भोपाल डाक विभाग ने जारी किया 'माई स्टैम्प'; हर चोटी पर दिया पृथ्वी बचाने का संदेश |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/bhopal/news/mountaineer-jyoti-ratre-received-special-honor-135099991.html |work=Bhaskar}}</ref> On 11 June 2025, Ratre received the Patrika Tejaswini Award 2025 for her contributions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2025 |title=पत्रिका तेजस्विनी सम्मान पाकर खिले चेहरे |url=https://epaper.patrika.com/harda |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Rajasthan Patrika}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian summiters of Mount Everest]]
* [[List of Mount Everest records of India]]
* [[List of Mount Everest records]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian mountaineers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ratre, Jyoti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Mountain climbers from Madhya Pradesh]]

Tor kulkarnii

2025-10-06T06:01:05Z

EthanMarko2: started new article

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name = iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Dahanukar, N. |author2=Katwate, U. |author3=Pinder, A. |name-list-style=& |author4=Harrison, A. |year=2018 |title=''Tor kulkarnii'' |article-number=e.T172355A60609857 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T172355A60609857.en |access-date=18 January 2025}}</ref>
| taxon = Tor kulkarnii
| authority = [[Ambat Gopalan Kutty Menon|Menon]], 1992
| synonyms = {{Species list | Tor kulkarni | Menon, 1992}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="fb">{{FishBase |genus=Tor |species=kulkarnii |id=60191 |month=January |year=2025 }}</ref>
}}

'''''Tor kulkarnii''''' (common name: '''dwarf mahseer''') is a species of [[cyprinid]] of the genus ''[[Tor (fish)|Tor]]''.<ref name="fb"/> It inhabits mountain streams in [[India]]<ref name="fb" /> and has a maximum length among unsexed males of {{convert|20.8|cm|in}}.<ref name="fb" /> It is classified as "data deficient" on the [[IUCN Red List]] and is considered harmless to humans.<ref name="fb" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5715288}}

[[Category:Tor (fish)|kulkarnii]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Cyprinid fish of Asia]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of India]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1992]]
[[Category:IUCN Red List data deficient species]]

{{Cyprinidae-stub}}

Jalpura Tapa

2025-08-09T02:12:51Z

EthanMarko2: created initial data w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian village in Bhojpur district, Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{refimprove|date=October 2022}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jalpura Tapa
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Jalpura house (2021).jpg
| image_caption = Ramjivan Garh house at Jalpura Tapa (built in 1971)
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|29|21|N|84|44|25|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of Bihar|Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Community development block|Block]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Patna division|Patna]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhojpur district, Bihar|Bhojpur]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Koilwar]]
| established_title =
| government_type = [[Gram panchayat]]
| governing_body = Jalpura Panchayat
| leader_title1 = [[Sandesh Assembly constituency|MLA]]
| leader_name1 = [[Kiran Devi Yadav]]
| population_as_of = [[2011 Census of India|2011]]
| population_footnotes =
| population_note =
| population_total = 12,168
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN Code]]
| postal_code = 802352 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://pincode.net.in/802352 |title=PIN Code 802352, List of Post Offices in Bhojpur district |work=pincode.net |access-date=31 October 2022 }}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-6182
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India|BR-03]]
}}

'''Jalpura Tapa''' ([[Hindi]]: जलपुरा तापा) is a village and [[gram panchayat]] in [[Koilwar]] block, [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]] district in the [[India]]n state of [[Bihar]]. Situated close to the [[Sone River]], it is a large village with more than 12,000 residents. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://bhojpur.nic.in/document/block-koilwar-panchayat-jalpura-tapa/ |title=Block- Koilwar, Panchayat- Jalpura Tapa |work=Bhojpur district |access-date=31 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/bihar/bhojpur/jalpura-pincode-802352.html |title=Jalpura Tapa PIN 802352, Arrah |work=ABP News |access-date=31 October 2022 }}</ref> Population-wise it is the largest village and area-wise, it is the 2nd-largest village of [[Koilwar]] block.

The [[Varanasi-Howrah high-speed rail corridor]] (HSR) is proposed to pass through Bhojpur district with a Bullet train station at [[Udwantnagar|Udwant Nagar]]. The alignment of [[High-speed rail in India|Bullet train]] will cross the [[Sone River]] near Jalpura Tapa and enter [[Patna district]].<ref>{{cite news |last=कश्यप |first=देवेन्द्र |date=19 January 2025 |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/bullet-train-in-bihar-passing-through-38-villages-of-bhojpur-big-update-on-compensation/articleshow/117368244.cms |title=बिहार के लिए बुलेट ट्रेन का रूट जारी, भोजपुर के इन 38 गांवों से गुजरेगी, मुआवजे को लेकर आया बड़ा अपडेट |work=Navbharat Times |lang=hi |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kishire |first1=Kanchan |last2=Agnihotri |first2=Divya |date=19 January 2025 |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhojpur-bihar-bullet-train-will-pass-through-bhojpur-38-villages-know-about-compensation-process-23869272.html |title=Bihar Bullet Train: भोजपुर वालों की बल्ले-बल्ले, इन 38 गांवों से गुजरेगी बुलेट ट्रेन; मुआवजे को लेकर भी आया बड़ा अपडेट |work=Dainik Jagran |lang=hi |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>

==About==

Twelve villages fall in the Tapa region on the banks of the [[Sone River]] in [[Bihar]]. This includes 9 villages of the Bhojpur district which are located on the west side of river and 3 villages of the Patna district which are located on the east side of the river.

The list of ''Tapa'' villages is as follows: Jalpura Tapa, Bhgwatpur, Bishunpur, Akhgaon, Pandura, Nasratpur, Narainpur and Sarimpur Bachri in [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]]; and Bindaul, Ghoratap and Bishunpura in [[Patna district]].

==Geography==
Jalpura Tapa village is in [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]] of Bihar and is situated near Akhgaon village on [[Sakaddi]]-[[Nasriganj]] highway ([[State Highway 81 (Bihar)|SH-81]]). It falls under the Chandi [[police station]] limits of [[Bihar Police|Bhojpur Police]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bhojpur.nic.in/police/ |title=Police administration in Bhojpur district, Bihar |work=Bhojpur district |access-date=31 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/bhojpur/arrah/news/firing-in-bhojpur-children-dispute-the-miscreants-entered-the-house-and-shot-the-young-man-three-times-condition-critical-130225296.html |title=बदमाशों ने पहले फोन पर धमकी दी, फिर युवक को घर में घुसकर मारी तीन गोली; हालत गंभीर |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi| date=23 August 2022 }}</ref> Jalpura Tapa village is 12 [[km]] from [[Arrah]] and around 42 [[km]] from state capital [[Patna]].

It is located between ''[[Kulharia]]'' and ''[[Sandesh, Bihar|Sandesh]]'' on [[State Highway 81 (Bihar)|SH-81]] highway. Jalpura Tapa is adjacent to ''Akhgaon'' village, which is on the banks of the [[Sone River]]. In this region, Sone river flows from south to north, separating the Bhojpur district in the west and [[Patna district]] in the east side.

==Demographics==
The total population of village in [[2011 census of India|2011 Census]] was 12,168 out of which 6,432 were males while 5,736 were females. The Jalpura Tapa village has a higher [[Literacy in India|Literacy rate]] than [[Bihar]]'s average. In the 2011 Census, the literacy rate of the village was 64.40 % compared to 61.80 % of Bihar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder |title=Population finder 2022: Jalpura village |work=Census India |access-date=15 November 2022 }}</ref>

==Transport==

Jalpura Tapa is well connected by roads to [[Patna]], [[Arrah]], [[Bihta]], [[Koilwar]], [[Sandesh, Bihar|Sandesh]] and [[Sahar, Bihar|Sahar]].

===Highway===
* [[Sakaddi]]–Sahar–[[Nasriganj]] ([[State Highway 81 (Bihar)|SH-81]]) <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhojpur-six-overloaded-trucks-seized-at-check-post-of-sakaddinasriganj-road-19980634.html |title=सकड्डी-नासरीगंज पथ (SH-81) के चेक पोस्ट पर छह ओवर लोडेड ट्रक जब्त |work=Dainik Jagran |date=29 January 2020}}</ref>
* [[Patna]]–Arrah–[[Sasaram]] ([[National Highway 119A (India)|NH-119A]]) <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/amp/story/state/bihar/arrah/bharatmala-road-project-from-ara-to-sitamarhi-nh-119a-is-cleared-ans |title=भारतमाला सड़क परियोजना के तहत NH-119A बनने का रास्ता हुआ साफ, आरा से सीतामढ़ी की दूरी होगी कम |work=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi|date=18 October 2022 }}</ref>

===Railway===
[[File:Kulharia railway station.jpg|thumb|right|Kulharia railway station (KUA) in Bihar]]
The nearest railway station is Kulharia railway station (KUA) on the [[Patna-Mughalsarai section]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://soki.in/jalpura-tapa-koilwar-bhojpur |title=Jalpura Tapa, Koilwar Village information |work=Soki.in |date=29 January 2020}}</ref>

* [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna Junction]] (49 km)
* [[Ara Junction railway station|Arrah Junction]] (12 km)
* [[Bihta railway station]] (25 km)
* [[Kulharia|Kulharia railway station]] (9 km)

===Airway===
* [[Jay Prakash Narayan Airport|Patna Airport]] (48 km)
* [[Bihta Air Force Station|Bihta Airport]] (25 km)

==Politics==
[[File:Amit Shah Jalpura 800 kb.jpg|thumb|right|Amit Shah at Jalpura Tapa (Bihar) in 2015]]

The Jalpura Tapa village is a part of [[Sandesh Assembly constituency|Sandesh]] assembly constituency under the [[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency|Arrah]] Lok Sabha since 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/sandesh-election-result-2020-live-updates-sandesh-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3061718.html |title=Sandesh Election Result 2020 Live Updates: Kiran Devi of RJD Wins |work=News18 |date=10 November 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the ECI |work=Election Commission of India (ECI) |access-date=31 October 2022 }}</ref> On 19 October 2015, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s then President [[Amit Shah]] had come here to attend a public rally.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bjp.org/photo-gallery/bjp-national-president-shri-amit-shah-addressing-public-meeting-tapa-jalpura-sports |title=Shri Amit Shah addressing public meeting at Tapa Jalpura Sports Stadium (Sandesh) |work=Bharatiya Janata Party |date=19 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tYHQJDYB7TA |title=Shri Amit Shah speech at Public Meeting in Jalpura, Bihar: 19.10.2015 |work=Bharatiya Janata Party |date=30 October 2022 }}</ref>

===Gram Panchayat===
The Jalpura Tapa [[Gram panchayat]] is headed by a [[Sarpanch]] and comprises five villages: Jalpura Tapa, Rampur, Ratanpur, Mathiyapur and Salempur. All villages of the Bhojpur district fall under the Bhojpur [[District council (India)|Zila Panchayat]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.biharpanchayat.gov.in/web/94858_jalpura-tapa-village-panchayat |title=Jalpura Tapa - Village panchayat, Bihar |work=Bihar Panchayat |access-date=15 November 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Education==
There are five schools run by the [[Government of Bihar]] in this village.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://src.udiseplus.gov.in/locateSchool/schoolSearch |title=Know your School: Department of School Education and Literacy |work=Ministry of Education |access-date=9 November 2022 }}</ref> Only two schools provide education to students till [[Matriculation]] (10th).
* M.S. Jalpura Tapa (class 10)
* U.H.S. Jalpura Tapa (class 10)
* P.S. Jalpura Tapa (class 5)
* N.P.S. Mathiapur (class 5)
* N.P.S. Salempur West Tola

==See also==
* [[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Koilwar]]
* [[List of villages in Bhojpur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Bhojpur district, India]]

6th King Edward's Own Cavalry

2025-05-08T02:18:38Z

EthanMarko2: refined citations after review and improved wording for clarity

{{Use British English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 6th King Edward's Own Cavalry
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| dates = 31 January 1842 – 1921
| country = {{flag|British India|23px}}
| allegiance = [[British Crown]]
| branch = {{army|British India|23px}}
| type = [[Cavalry]]
| role =
| size = [[Regiment]]
| command_structure =
| garrison =
| garrison_label =
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto =
| march =
| mascot =
| anniversaries =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles = [[Gwalior campaign]] [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] [[Anglo-Egyptian War]] [[First World War]]
:[[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]
:[[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]]
| decorations =
| battle_honours = See [[#Battle honours|below]]
| battle_honours_label =
| disbanded =
| notable_commanders =
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label =
}}
The '''6th King Edward's Own Cavalry''' was a [[cavalry]] [[regiment]] in the [[Bengal Army]] (1842–1895) and the [[British Indian Army]] (1895–1921) until it was amalgamated with the [[7th Hariana Lancers]] to form the [[18th King Edward's Own Cavalry]].

==History==
[[Image:Shri Sir Nripendra Narayan, Maharaja of Cooch Behar.jpg|thumb|300px|Shri Sir Nripendra Narayan, Maharaja of Cooch Behar (1862-1911); seen here in 1896 in the dismounted review order uniform of a [[Major (rank)|Major]] of the 6th (Prince of Wales's) Bengal Cavalry]]
The 6th King Edward's Own Cavalry was raised at [[Fatehgarh]] in 1842 by Lt W H Ryves as the 8th Regiment of Bengal Irregular Cavalry.<ref>Chris. Kempton: ''A Register of Titles of the Units of the H.E.I.C. & Indian Armies 1666-1947''</ref><ref>John Gaylor: ''Sons of John Company: The Indian and Pakistan Armies 1903- 1991.''</ref>

Their first action was in 1843 during the [[Gwalior campaign]] in central India for which they earned the battle honour ''[[Punniar]]''.

In 1845 they were involved in the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] and participated in the ''[[Battle of Mudki|Battle of Moodkee]]'', the ''[[Battle of Ferozeshah]]'' and the ''[[Battle of Sobraon]]''.

They were next in action in [[Egypt]] during the [[1882 Anglo-Egyptian War]] where they were awarded the battle honours ''[[Egypt 1882]]'' as a theatre honour and for the ''[[Battle of Tel-El-Kebir]]''. It was while on service in Egypt that [[khaki]] was worn by all ranks for the first time.<ref>Bengal Cavalry Regiments 1857–1914 By R. G. Harris, Christopher Warner</ref>

During [[World War I]] they were part of the [[2nd (Sialkot) Cavalry Brigade]], [[1st Indian Cavalry Division]] which arrived in France in November 1914. They were involved in the [[First Battle of Ypres]] and other actions on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] but notably in the German [[Retreat to the Hindenburg Line]] and the [[Battle of Cambrai (1917)|Battle of Cambrai]].<ref>{{cite web | title=The 1st Indian Cavalry Division in 1914-1918 | url=http://www.1914-1918.net/1cavdiv_indian.htm | last=Baker | first=Chris | publisher=The Long, Long Trail | access-date=6 July 2008 }}</ref>

The brigade formation was:
* [[17th (Duke of Cambridge's Own) Lancers]]
* 6th King Edward's Own Cavalry
* [[19th Lancers (Fane's Horse)]]
* Brigade Signal Troop

They moved to Egypt in March 1918 and were transferred to [[22nd Mounted Brigade]]. They took part in [[Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby|Allenby]]'s campaign in Palestine.

The regiment then spent the period 1919–20 in West Asia on occupation duties. It returned to India in October 1920, landing at [[Bombay]] from where it took a train to [[Ferozepore]] which it reached on 15 October 1920.

In 1921, the regiment was amalgamated with the [[7th Hariana Lancers]] to form the '''6th/7th Cavalry'''. This was quickly changed in 1922 to '''[[18th King Edward's Own Cavalry]]'''.<ref name=Mills18KEOC>{{cite web|url=http://regiments.org/regiments/southasia/cav/1921-18.htm |title=18th King Edward VII's Own Cavalry at regiments.org by T.F.Mills |access-date=2015-07-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070420083053/http://regiments.org/regiments/southasia/cav/1921-18.htm |archive-date=20 April 2007 |df=dmy }}</ref>

==Regimental titles==
The regiment underwent a number of changed in title until amalgamation in 1921:<ref name=Mills6KEOC>{{cite web|url=http://regiments.org/regiments/southasia/cav/1903-06.htm |title=6th King Edward's Own Cavalry at regiments.org by T.F.Mills |access-date=2015-07-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816203300/http://regiments.org/regiments/southasia/cav/1903-06.htm |archive-date=16 August 2007 |df=dmy }}</ref>
* 1842{{snd}}8th Irregular Cavalry
* 1861{{snd}}6th Regiment of Bengal Cavalry
* 1883{{snd}}6th (The [[Prince of Wales]]'s) Bengal Cavalry
* 1901{{snd}}6th (Prince of Wales's) Bengal Cavalry
* 1903{{snd}}6th Prince of Wales's Cavalry
* 1906{{snd}}6th [[King Edward VII|King Edward]]'s Own Cavalry

==Battle honours==
The regiment was awarded the following [[battle honours]]:<ref name=Mills6KEOC/>
:[[Punniar]], [[Battle of Mudki|Moodkee]], [[Battle of Ferozeshah|Ferozeshah]], [[Battle of Sobraon|Sobraon]], [[Egypt 1882]], [[Battle of Tel el-Kebir|Tel-el-Kebir]], Punjab Frontier
Battle honours for the [[First World War]] were awarded in 1926 to the successor regiment. These included:
:[[Somme 1916]], [[Battle of Morval|Morval]], [[Cambrai 1917]], [[France and Flanders 1914–18]], [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Megiddo]], [[Battle of Sharon|Sharon]], [[Capture of Damascus (1918)|Damascus]], [[Palestine 1918]]
for the service of the 6th Cavalry.<ref name=Mills18KEOC/>

==See also==

*[[7th Hariana Lancers]]
*[[18th King Edward's Own Cavalry]]{{snd}}successor regiment
*[[Bengal Army]]
*[[The Great Game]]

==References==
{{reflist|2|refs=}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book
| last = Becke | first = Major A.F.
| year = 1936
| title = Order of Battle of Divisions Part 2A. The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42-56)
| publisher = His Majesty's Stationery Office
| location = London
| isbn = 1-871167-12-4
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Gaylor | first = John
| year = 1996
| edition = 2nd
| title = Sons of John Company: The Indian and Pakistan Armies 1903–1991
| publisher = Parapress
| location = Tunbridge Wells
| isbn = 1-898594-41-4
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Perry | first = F.W.
| year = 1993
| title = Order of Battle of Divisions Part 5B. Indian Army Divisions
| publisher = Ray Westlake Military Books
| location = Newport
| isbn = 1-871167-23-X
}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://regiments.org/regiments/southasia/cav/1903-06.htm |title=6th King Edward's Own Cavalry at regiments.org by T.F.Mills |access-date=2015-07-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816203300/http://regiments.org/regiments/southasia/cav/1903-06.htm |archive-date=16 August 2007 |df=dmy }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.warpath.orbat.com/indian_cav/1_ind_cav_div.htm |title=1st Indian Cavalry Division on ''The Regimental Warpath 1914 - 1918'' by PB Chappell |access-date=2008-05-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517085204/http://www.warpath.orbat.com/indian_cav/1_ind_cav_div.htm |archive-date=17 May 2008 |df=dmy }}

{{British Indian Army Cavalry Regiments 1903 - 1946}}

[[Category:British Indian Army cavalry regiments]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1842]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1921]]
[[Category:Honourable East India Company regiments]]
[[Category:1842 establishments in British India]]

Rajesh Ganapathy

2025-05-02T15:03:36Z

EthanMarko2:

{{Short description|Indian physicist}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Rajesh Ganapathy
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fields = [[Soft condensed matter physics]]
| workplaces = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]] (JNCASR), Bengaluru
| alma_mater = [[IIT Madras]] (M.Sc.) [[Indian Institute of Science]] (Ph.D.)
| known_for = Experimental soft matter physics
| awards = [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] (2020) Asian Scientist 100 (2021)
}}
'''Rajesh Ganapathy''' is a physicist at the International Centre for Materials Science in [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]] (JNCASR), [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Prof. Rajesh Ganapathy |url=https://www.jncasr.ac.in/faculty/rajeshg |publisher=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]] |access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref> He specialises in experimental soft condensed matter physics.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ganapathy Group, JNCASR |url=http://old.jncasr.ac.in/sml/SoftMatterLab_Home.html |publisher=Jawarlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific research |access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref> He was awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology for his contributions to physical sciences in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile of Awardee |url=https://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=571 |website=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology |access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
Rajesh Ganapathy secured his M Sc degree from Indian Institute of Technology Madras in 1999 and Ph D degree from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore in 2006. He was a post doctoral fellow in [[Cornell University]] during 2007–09 and he joined JNCASR in 2009.

==Awards==
In 2021, Ganapathy became a laureate of the [[Asian Scientist 100]] by the ''[[Asian Scientist]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/as100/ |title=The Asian Scientist 100 |author=  |date= |website= |publisher= [[Asian Scientist]] |access-date= 13 March 2025 |quote= |language= }}</ref>

==Publications==
*{{cite web |title=Rajesh Ganapathy |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=sDPHUg4AAAAJ&hl=en |website=Google Scholar |access-date=17 August 2021}}
*{{cite web |title=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar awardee's demystification of transformation of glass to crystal can help dispose liquid nuclear waste safely |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1665417 |publisher=Ministry of Science & Technology, Govt of India |access-date=17 August 2021}}
*{{cite web |title=Devitrification Demystified |url=https://iisc.ac.in/events/devitrification-demystified/ |publisher=Indinan Institute of Science, Bangalore |access-date=17 August 2021}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Physical Science |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian physicists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Physical Science]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

M. Manikandan (politician)

2025-04-19T10:02:18Z

EthanMarko2:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M.Manikandan
| image =
| office = [[Department of Information Technology (Tamil Nadu)|Minister of Information Technology]] in [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start = 23 May 2016
| term_end = 7 August 2019
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[J. Jayalalithaa]], [[O. Panneerselvam]], [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| constituency = [[Ramanathapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Ramanathapuram]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| Spouse =
}}

'''Dr M. Manikandan''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Fifteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu|15th Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He was elected from [[Ramanathapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Ramanathapuram constituency]] as a candidate of the AIADMK.

[[Jayalalithaa]] appointed Manikandan as Minister for Information Technology in May 2016. This was his first cabinet post in the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Jayalalithaa and her 28-member Cabinet to be sworn in on May 23 |date=21 May 2016 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/list-of-ministers-in-jayalalithaa-cabinet/article8630370.ece |accessdate=2017-05-04}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manikandan, M.}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Annamalai University alumni]]

West Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 1999–2000

2025-04-08T09:20:38Z

EthanMarko2: Starting Some Page Basic Info.

{{Use British English|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{One source|date=October 2021}}
The [[West Indies cricket team]] toured Bangladesh in October 1999 and played a single [[first-class cricket|first-class]] against the [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh national team]]. This was the year before Bangladesh was elevated to [[Test cricket|Test status]] as a full member of the [[International Cricket Conference]] (the ICC). The match was drawn. In addition, the teams played a two-match series of [[Limited Overs International]]s (LOI) which West Indies won 2–0. The captains were [[Brian Lara]] of West Indies and [[Aminul Islam (cricketer, born 1968)|Aminul Islam]] of Bangladesh.<ref name="CATI">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/0/West_Indies_in_Bangladesh_1999-00.html |publisher=CricketArchive |title=West Indies in Bangladesh 1999 |access-date=10 June 2014}}</ref>

==ODI series==

West Indies won the Biman Millennium Cup 2–0.

===1st ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 8 October 1999
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| score1 = 292/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 219/5 (50 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|BAN}}
| runs1 = [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul|S Chanderpaul]] 92[[not out|*]] (110)
| wickets1 = [[Manjural Islam (cricketer)|Manjural Islam]] 2/63 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Al Sahariar]] 62[[not out|*]] (103)
| wickets2 = [[Jimmy Adams|JC Adams]] 3/24 (7 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 73 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/west-indies-tour-of-bangladesh-1999-00-61950/bangladesh-vs-west-indies-1st-odi-64625/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bangabandhu National Stadium]], Dhaka
| umpires = [[B. C. Cooray|BC Cooray]] (SL) and [[Riazuddin (umpire)|Riazuddin]] (PAK)
| motm = [[Jimmy Adams|JC Adams]] (WI)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 9 October 1999
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| score1 = 314/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 205 (49.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|BAN}}
| runs1 = [[Brian Lara|BC Lara]] 117 (62)
| wickets1 = [[Enamul Haque (cricketer, born 1966)|Enamul Haque]] 2/45 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aminul Islam (cricketer, born 1968)|Aminul Islam]] 66 (89)
| wickets2 = [[Sherwin Campbell|SL Campbell]] 4/30 (10 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 109 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/west-indies-tour-of-bangladesh-1999-00-61950/bangladesh-vs-west-indies-2nd-odi-64626/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bangabandhu National Stadium]], Dhaka
| umpires = [[B. C. Cooray|BC Cooray]] (SL) and [[Riazuddin (umpire)|Riazuddin]] (PAK)
| motm = [[Brian Lara|BC Lara]] (WI)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Ahmed Kamal (cricketer)|Ahmed Kamal]] (BAN) made his ODI debut.
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{International cricket tours of Bangladesh}}
{{International cricket in 1999–2000}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:West Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 1999-2000}}
[[Category:1999 in West Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1999 in Bangladeshi cricket]]
[[Category:West Indian cricket tours of Bangladesh|1999-2000]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions from 1997–98 to 2000]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi cricket seasons from 1971–72 to 2000]]

{{Bangladesh-cricket-tour-stub}}

Bias Brahmin

2025-04-07T05:54:25Z

EthanMarko2: fixed citations per sources and improved wording

#REDIRECT[[Brahmin]]

Ameli village

2024-08-25T15:25:55Z

EthanMarko2: Adding Some Location With Sources!

{{Orphan|date=August 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ameli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.706901|N|77.016387|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dewas district|Dewas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party = BJP
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = Ashish Sharma
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 455336
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07274
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MP.E2.80.94Madhya Pradesh|MP]]-41
| blank_name_sec1 =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ameli''' is a village and a [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] in [[Dewas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Ameli Village is a major agricultural production area in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Earlier, Harngaon was called Harigarh.<ref>{{cite news | url =http://atithi.mppolice.gov.in/index.php?c=police-stations&page=25| title = harangaov police station phone number| date = 10 November 2019 | newspaper = madhya pradesh Police }}</ref>{{As of|2001}} India census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= village name and Language |website=Linguistic Survey of India|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2138/1/38109_2001_DEW.pdf|accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Dewas district]]

{{Dewas-geo-stub}}