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T. K. Amulkandasami

2026-05-02T22:58:33Z

Estella97P: added new post w/ refs...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = T. K. Amulkandasami
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end = 21 June 2025
| constituency = [[Valparai Assembly constituency|Valparai]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = V. Kasthuri Vasu
| successor =
| death_date = 21 June 2025
| death_place = [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
}}

'''T. K. Amulkandasami''' was an Indian politician who was a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Valparai Assembly constituency|Valparai]] as an [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222055817/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC124.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC124.pdf|access-date= 1 May 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Valparai Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a124|access-date= 1 May 2022}}</ref> He died on 20 June 2025.<ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-news/valparai-mla-passes-away/3961890 |title=வால்பாறை எம்.எல்.ஏ., காலமானார்! }}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Valparai Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Valparai Assembly constituency|2021}}}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amulkandasami, T. K}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

1976–77 Ranji Trophy

2026-05-01T11:26:44Z

Estella97P: started new article

{{Use British English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1976–77 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 285px
| fromdate =
| todate =
| caption = The Ranji Trophy, which the winners get.
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = League and [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host =
| champions = [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]
| count = 27
| participants = 24
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Ashok Mankad]] (Bombay) (827)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1976/77 / Records / Most runs |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1976-77/Batting_by_Runs.html|access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Karsan Ghavri]] (Bombay) (40)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1976/77 / Records / Most wickets |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1976-77/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 1975–76
| previous_tournament = 1975–76 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 1977–78
| next_tournament = 1977–78 Ranji Trophy
}}

The '''1976–77 Ranji Trophy''' was the 43rd season of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay's]] won their third consecutive title defeating Delhi. This was their 18th win in 19 years.

==Group stage==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}

===North Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| 4 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''29''' || 4.003
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| 4 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''24''' || 1.445
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| 4 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''19''' || 1.071
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Services cricket team|Services]]
| 4 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''8''' || 0.531
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| 4 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || 0.425
|}

===South Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''25''' || 1.635
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''22''' || 1.463
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''21''' || 1.150
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''13''' || 0.886
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| 4 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''3''' || 0.461
|}

===West Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''24''' || 1.892
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''16''' || 1.095
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''16''' || 0.849
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''16''' || 0.848
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''9''' || 0.713
|}
{{col-2}}

===Central Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''23''' || 1.715
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''18''' || 1.154
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''16''' || 1.046
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''13''' || 0.808
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| 4 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''6''' || 0.570
|}

===East Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| 3 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''22''' || 3.258
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| 3 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''20''' || 3.248
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| 3 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''2''' || 0.426
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]
| 3 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''2''' || 0.198
|}
{{col-end}}

== Knockout stage ==
{{Round16|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 150px
| score-width = 100px

|||||
|||||
|25 Feb 1977 — Ghaziabad|'''[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]'''|'''327 & 121/7d'''|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]|212 & 53/3
|||||
|||||
|25 Feb 1977 — Sonipat|'''[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]'''|'''237 & 139'''|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]|135 & 58
|||||
|||||

|11 Mar 1977 — Bangalore|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]|393 & 118/6|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''440 & 284/6d'''
|11 Mar 1977 — Ghaziabad|'''[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]'''|'''389 & 300/5d'''|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]|235 & 126/7
|11 Mar 1977 — Bombay|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''513/3d'''|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]|183 & 225
|11 Mar 1977 — Delhi|[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]|276 & 114|'''[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]'''|'''191 & 248'''

|26 Mar 1977 — Delhi|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''360 & 25/1'''|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]|118 & 396/8d
|26 Mar 1977 — Bombay|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''352 & 4/0'''|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]|197 & 156

|8 Apr 1977 — Delhi|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]|291 & 121|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''317 & 224'''

|skipmatch01=yes|skipmatch02=yes|skipmatch03=no|skipmatch04=yes|skipmatch05=yes|skipmatch06=no|skipmatch07=yes|skipmatch08=yes
|RD1 = Pre-Quarter-finals|RD2 = Quarter-finals|RD3 = Semi-finals|RD4 = Finals
|3rdplace=no}}

===Final===
{{Test match
| date = 8–13 April 1977
| team2 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] (H)
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]
| score-team1-inns1 = '''317 (123.4 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Ashok Mankad]] 73
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Bishan Bedi]] 4/98
| score-team2-inns1 = '''291 (114.1 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Surinder Amarnath]] 81
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Karsan Ghavri]] 6/105
| score-team1-inns2 = '''224 (82.3 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Karsan Ghavri]] 70*
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Bishan Bedi]] 5/90
| score-team2-inns2 = '''121 (50 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Surinder Amarnath]] 52
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Padmakar Shivalkar]] 6/55
| result = Bombay won by 129 runs
| venue = [[Feroz Shah Kotla]] Ground, [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[S. N. Hanumantha Rao]] and [[Kasturi Ramaswami|K. B. Ramaswami]]
| motm =
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/36/36910.html Scorecard]
| toss = Delhi won the toss and decided to field
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Scorecards and averages==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1976-77.html CricketArchive]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1976-77 Ranji Trophy}}
[[Category:1976 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1977 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1976–77]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Nambiyaar

2026-04-30T12:55:13Z

Estella97P:

{{Short description|2016 Indian film by Ganeshaa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nambiyaar
| image = Nambiar 2016 poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Poster
| director = Ganeshaa
| producer = Haresh Vikram Vijayakumar S. Vandana S. Shaalini
| writer = Ganeshaa
| starring = [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]] [[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]] [[Sunaina]]
| music = [[Vijay Antony]]
| cinematography = [[M. S. Prabhu]]
| editing = [[Vivek Harshan]]
| studio = Golden Friday Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2016|08|19}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Nambiyaar''''' is a 2016 [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] [[comedy film]] written and directed by Ganeshaa in his directorial debut.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2013 |title=Srikanth is Nambiar |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/srikanth-is-nambiar-news-tamil-nfrixxchfhe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627193604/http://www.sify.com/movies/srikanth-is-nambiar-news-tamil-nfrixxchfhe.html |archive-date=27 June 2013 |access-date=29 May 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It stars [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], [[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]] (as the title character) and [[Sunaina]] in the lead roles. Produced by Srikanth's production company, Golden Friday Films, and independent producer, Haresh Vikram Vijayakumar (Malaysia), the film is named after the veteran actor [[M. N. Nambiar]], who was famous for his villainous roles in yesteryear Tamil cinema.

[[Vijay Antony]] composed the soundtrack and original songs for the film,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srikanth's next with debutant S Ganesh titled Nambiar |url=http://reviews.in.88db.com/index.php/movie/movie-news/18238-srikanth-signs-his-next-film-nambiar-with-s-ganesh |access-date=29 May 2013 |archive-date=28 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828182738/http://reviews.in.88db.com/index.php/movie/movie-news/18238-srikanth-signs-his-next-film-nambiar-with-s-ganesh |url-status=dead }}</ref> while [[M. S. Prabhu]] handled the cinematography and [[Vivek Harshan]] did the editing. Production in early 2013, but the film went through delays before its eventual release in August 2016. This is the last film of Santhanam acting as comedian.

== Plot ==
Ramachandran, an IAS aspirant, keeps getting into difficult situations because of his id, Nambiyaar, who ends up creating havoc in his relationship with his parents and Saroja, the woman he loves .

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]] as Ramachandran
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Nambiyaar
* [[Sunaina]] as Saroja Devi
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Saroja Devi's father
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Ramachandran's father
* [[Vanitha Krishnachandran]] as Ramachandran's mother
* [[John Vijay]] as Inspector Pandian
* [[Subbu Panchu]] as Ramachandran's elder brother
* [[Devadarshini]] as Ramachandran's sister-in-law
* [[Arjunan (actor)|Arjunan]] as Arjun
* [[Nakshathra Nagesh]] as Confused Girl
* [[Cool Suresh]]
* [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] as [[Boss Engira Bhaskaran|Baskar]] (Special appearance)
* [[Parvathy Omanakuttan]] as Dharani (Special appearance)
* [[Vijay Antony]] (Special appearance)
}}

==Production==
Ganesh, a former assistant to directors [[S. S. Rajamouli]] and [[Vikraman]], announced plans in February 2013 that he would be making a film named ''Nambiar'' and had approached actor-music composer [[Vijay Antony]] to play the title role. However, due to his prior commitments, he turned down the lead role and agreed to compose music for the film. Subsequently, [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]] signed the film and agreed to make it his maiden production venture. Comedy actor [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] was approached to play another role sharing the same screen length with the lead actor. Actress [[Sunaina]] was signed in to play the female lead role. Srikanth's wife Vandana made her entry as the costume designer of the film.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130627114913/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-23/news-interviews/40146274_1_vandana-sunaina-first-schedule Srikanth's wife Vandana enters films - The Times of India]</ref> [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] was asked to play an important guest role and shot for the film without demanding a remuneration.<ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite news |title=Arya shoots for a guest role in Srikanth's Nambiar - The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Arya-shoots-for-a-guest-role-in-Srikanths-Nambiar/articleshow/38373066.cms? |access-date=20 July 2014 |work=The Times of India |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

Ganesh called this as his "dream project" and also approached Mohan Nambiar, son of veteran villain actor Nambiar and got formal permission from him before naming the film after the actor.<ref>[http://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/srikanth-and-sunaina-pair-up-in-ganeshas-nambiar-95227.html Srikanth and Sunaina pair up in Ganesha's Nambiar - KOLLY TALK]</ref> The shoot of the first schedule of the film was happening in Chennai in June 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Srikanth's wife Vandana enters films |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Srikanths-wife-Vandana-enters-films/articleshow/20725137.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film's release was delayed for two years, before the makers readied the project for release in August 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasudevan |first=K. V. |date=13 August 2016 |title=A tribute to a beloved villain |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/A-tribute-to-a-beloved-villain/article14568188.ece |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
Music was composed by Vijay Antony composing for a Srikanth film for the second time after ''[[Rasikkum Seemane]]''. Actor [[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]] made his debut as singer with this film.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131007151531/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-04/news-interviews/42716461_1_records-song-srikanth-vijay-antony Santhanam turns singer, records song in 15 mins! - The Times of India]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nambiyaar - Making of Aara Amara song video | Movifreakz |url=http://www.movifreakz.com/nambiyaar-making-aara-amara-song-video/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006155427/http://www.movifreakz.com/nambiyaar-making-aara-amara-song-video/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=4 October 2014}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Nambiyaar
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vijay Antony]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2 August 2016
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Pichaikkaran]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Asthitva]]
| next_year = 2016
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| 1 || "Aara Amara" I || [[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]] || rowspan=2|[[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
|-
| 2 || "Aara Amara" II || Santhanam
|-
| 3 || "Idhuvarai Yaarum" || [[Rahul Nambiar]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] || [[Madhan Karky]]
|-
| 4 || "Kaima Kaisa" || [[Naresh Iyer]] || Viveka
|-
| 5 || "Nambiyaar" (Theme) || Instrumental ||
|-
| 6 || "Saroja Devi" || [[Aalap Raju]] || rowspan=2|Madhan Karky
|-
| 7 || "Thoongum Penne" || [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3557978}}

[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijay Antony]]
[[Category:2016 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Durga Puja in Kolkata

2026-04-30T03:03:18Z

Estella97P:

{{Short description|Hindu festival}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox intangible heritage
| Image = বাগবাজার সার্বজনীন দুর্গোৎসব ২০১৮.jpg
| Caption = Durga Puja being celebrated in [[Bagbazar]], [[Kolkata]]
| ICH = Durga Puja in Kolkata
| State Party = India
| ID = 00703
| Region = APA
| Year = 2021
| Session = 16th
| Below = [[File:Unesco Cultural Heritage logo.svg|100px]]
| Note = '''Certificate''' : [https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRfgkKW1unvT68OavZeDRzmImm966MSu6NDeA&usqp=CAU direct link]
| List = Representative
}}

'''Durga Puja in Kolkata''' ({{langx|bn|কলকাতার দুর্গাপূজা}}; {{langx|hi|कोलकाता की दुर्गा पूजा}}) is an annual [[Bengalis|Bengali]] festival celebrated magnificently marking the worship of the [[Hindu]] [[mother goddess]] [[Durga]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Goddess Durga: The Mother of the Hindu Universe |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/goddess-durga-1770363 |website=www.learnreligions.com |publisher=Learn Religions |access-date=9 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Devi |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Devi/ |website=www.worldhistory.org |publisher=World History |access-date=9 October 2022}}</ref> This festival is the biggest festival in [[Kolkata]], the capital of the [[Indian state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolkata's biggest religious festival Durga Puja reframed as international art experience |url=https://theworld.org/media/2022-09-29/kolkata-s-biggest-religious-festival-durga-puja-reframed-international-art |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=The World from PRX |language=en}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite news |title=Durga Puja 2022: City of Joy Kolkata gears up for biggest festival |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/news/durga-puja-2022-city-of-joy-kolkata-gears-up-for-biggest-festival-101662375005823-1.html |access-date=9 October 2022 |agency=Hindustan Times |publisher=www.hindustantimes.com |date=5 September 2022 |location=Kolkata |language=en}}</ref>

There were about 3,000 [[Barowari]] [[Puja (Hinduism)|pujas]] in [[Kolkata]] in 2022. More than 200 pujas were organized in the city with a budget of over one crore [[Indian rupee|rupees]].<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news |author1=Shiv Sahay Singh |title=I-T notices to Durga Pujas even as festival seeks UNESCO status |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/i-t-notices-to-durga-pujas-even-as-festival-seeks-unesco-status/article25980616.ece |access-date=9 October 2022 |agency=The Hindu |publisher=www.thehindu.com |location=Kolkata |language=en}}</ref>

Durga Puja in Kolkata has been inscribed on the list of [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]] in December 2021.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title= UNESCO – Durga Puja in Kolkata |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/durga-puja-in-kolkata-00703 |website=ich.unesco.org |access-date=9 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
===Beginning===
[[File:William Prinsep, Europeans being entertained by dancers and musicians in a splendid Indian house in Calcutta during Durga puja (1830s–1840s).jpg|250px|thumb|left|Durga Puja festivities by 19th-century Kolkata dancers and musicians]]
Since 1610, the [[Sabarna Roy Choudhury|Sabarna Roy Choudhury family]] has been organizing [[Durga Puja]] at their original residence in Barisha, [[Kolkata]].<ref name="eisamay"/> This is probably the oldest Durga Puja festival in Kolkata. Nabakrishna Dev started Durga Puja at [[Shobhabazar Rajbari]] in 1757.<ref>''Bangiya Sabarna Katha Kalishetra Kalikatah'' by Bhabani Roy Choudhury, ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]), Manna Publication. {{ISBN|81-87648-36-8}}</ref><ref>[http://www.devarshi.faithweb.com Sabarna Prithivi - website of the Sabarna Roy Choudhury family]</ref>
[[File:Durga idol as Migrant mother DSCN7247 1.jpg|thumb|Durga idol in a theme puja pandal in Barisha, Kolkata]]
[[Barowari]] Durga Puja began in Kolkata in the early part of the twentieth century. Barwari Durga Puja quickly became a common people's festival in Kolkata. Earlier, Durga Puja in Kolkata was confined to wealthy families. In 1910, the first Barowari Durga Puja in Kolkata was organized by "Bhowanipore Sanatan Dharmatsahini Sabha" at Balram Basu Ghat Road, [[Bhowanipore]].<ref name="eisamay">{{cite news |title=বাড়ি থেকে বারোয়ারি সফর |url=https://eisamay.com/special-coverage/durga-puja-2015/exclusives-news/the-transition-from-bonedi-pujo-to-baroari-pujo/articleshow/49288324.cms |access-date=9 October 2022 |agency=Eisamay |publisher=www.eisamay.com |date=19 October 2015 |location=Kolkata |language=bn}}</ref>

Since 1985, the [[Asian Paints]] Authority has introduced the practice of awarding the Durga Puja Committees of Kolkata. This award is called the [[Asian Paints Sharad Shamman]]. Later many other commercial organizations introduced "Sharad Samman" or Durga Puja awards for Durga Puja in Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Asian Paints Sharad Shamman |url=http://classified.rediff.com/search/detail/Khidderpore_/2202106_2194515?srch_key=kolkata&srch_loc=india&srch_area=&camp_crid=2197101&srch_campowner=&srch_city=Kolkata&srch_state=West%20Bengal&srch_country=India |access-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010155248/http://classified.rediff.com/search/detail/Khidderpore_/2202106_2194515?srch_key=kolkata&srch_loc=india&srch_area=&camp_crid=2197101&srch_campowner=&srch_city=Kolkata&srch_state=West%20Bengal&srch_country=India|archive-date=10 October 2008}}</ref><ref>[http://www.india-seminar.com/2006/559/559%20anjan%20ghosh.htm Commercialization of Durga Puja awards]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/catalyst/2002/10/17/stories/2002101700100300.htm Success for Asian Paints after the Sharad Shamman]</ref>

The [[Government of West Bengal]] introduced ''Biswa Bangla Sharad Samman'' in 2013.<ref name="telegraphindia1"/>

===Expansion===
Reports in the ''Yugantar'' and ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' provide a rough estimate of ''Sarbojanin'' (public) puja expenditure since the 1950s. In 1957, each community spent an average of ₹8,000 to ₹12,000 rupees at that time, the combined cost of the pujas was about ₹25 lakhs were; in 1984, that total increased to approximately ₹2 crores.<ref name="ING">{{cite book |first=Tapati |last= Guha-Thakurta |title=In the Name of the Goddess |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oi0jswEACAAJ&q=In+the+Name+of+the+Goddess+Tapati+Guha-Thakurta|date=2015 |publisher=Primus Books |location=Delhi |isbn=978-93-84082-46-8 |page=32 |edition=First |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref>

A ''Times of India'' report of 2012 provided a statistic on the expenditure on Durga puja in Kolkata during that season. According to the report, a total of ₹123.05 crores was spent on 3,577 pujas in [[Kolkata]].<ref name="timesofindia1">{{cite news |author1=Subhro Niyogi |title=At Rs 123cr, puja spend touches new high this year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/at-rs-123cr-puja-spend-touches-new-high-this-year/articleshow/16975776.cms |access-date=11 October 2022 |agency=Times of India |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=27 October 2022 |location=Kolkata |language=en}}</ref>

===Durga puja carnival===
{{main|Durga Puja Carnival}}
[[Durga Puja Carnival]] started in [[Kolkata]] in 2016.<ref name="indianexpress2">{{cite news |title=Durga Puja 2016: Kolkata ends the mega bonanza with carnival road-show |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle-gallery/durga-puja-2016-kolkata-post-pujo-carnival-road-show-red-road-tableaux-3083113/ |access-date=11 October 2022 |agency=The Indian Express |publisher=www.indianexpress.com |date=15 October 2016 |location=Kolkata |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=রাজ্য অভিনবত্বে-চমকে ঠাসা মুখ্যমন্ত্রীর পুজো শেষে ঠাকুর দেখা |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/durga-puja-carnival-in-red-road/ |access-date=11 October 2022 |agency=Sangbad Pratidin |publisher=www.sangbadpratidin.in |date=14 October 2016}}</ref> The carnival was not organized in 2020 and 2021 due to [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] pandemic.<ref name="indianexpress1">{{cite news |title=Red Road hosts grand Durga Puja carnival after two years, top artworks showcased |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/red-road-hosts-grand-durga-puja-carnival-after-two-years-top-artworks-showcased-8198187/ |access-date=11 October 2022 |agency=The Indian Express |publisher=www.indianexpress.com |date=9 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> It was again organized from 2022.<ref name="telegraphindia1">{{cite news |author1=Kinsuk Basu |title=99 pujas to join Red Road carnival on October 8 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/99-pujas-to-join-red-road-carnival/cid/1890165 |access-date=11 October 2022 |agency=The Telegraph India |publisher=www.telegraphindia.com |date=4 October 2022 |location=Kolkata |language=en}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress1"/>

===Recognition of UNESCO ===
In 2019, [[Tapati Guha-Thakurta]] was entrusted with the task of preparing a dossier by the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Indian Ministry of Culture]]. The dossier was submitted to [[UNESCO]] for the inclusion of [[Durga Puja]] in the [[UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]]. Representatives from various countries around the world evaluated the dossier at the 16th session, which began in [[Paris]] on 13 December 2021. "Durga Puja in Kolkata" got the Intangible Cultural Heritage status on 15 December 2021.<ref name="thehindu"/><ref name="thehindu1"/>

==Puja: The Festival==
[[File:Dignitaries of Kolkata enjoying dance performance at Red road carnival IMG 0695 1.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Dignitaries of Kolkata enjoying dance performance at Red road carnival]]
[[Durga Puja]] is mainly celebrated for 5 days - [[Shashthi (day)|Shashti]], [[Saptami]], [[Ashtami]], [[Navami]] and [[Vijayadashami|Vijaya Dashami]]. But the festive mood around Durga Puja in Kolkata starts before [[Shashthi (day)|Shashti]], mainly from [[Mahalaya (Matripaksha)|Mahalaya]]. Durga Puja [[pandal]]s are opened to the public from the day of [[Mahalaya]]. The main attractions of Durga Puja in Kolkata are the decorations, sculptures, [[Pandal|pandals]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Durga Puja 2022: Kolkata turns pandal hoppers' paradise post pandemic |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2022/oct/04/durga-puja-2022-kolkata-turns-pandal-hoppersparadise-post-pandemic-103363.html |access-date=11 October 2022 |agency=New indian Express |publisher=www.newindianexpress.com |date=4 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> lights and illuminations, and carnival.<ref name="indianexpress1"/>

== Evolution of The Puja ==
In the 17th century, from Pujas being organised by the ''[[zamindars]]'' in their ''rajbaris'', today the festival has become an emblem of joy and unbounded enjoyment. Always considered as a symbol of homecoming, centered around the deity herself, in the present day the Puja has become synonymous with extravagant pandals, pandal hopping, incorporation of various themes and also witnessing a huge array of lights. It has become a way of seeing and situating ourselves in the world.<ref>{{cite news |title=How our consumption of Durga Puja has changed over the years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/consumption-of-durga-puja-changed-over-years-pandals-8183314/}}</ref>

Even till the 20th century also Kolkata's Durga Puja was primarily a religious and familial event, where different communities came together to worship her and partake in the age-old traditions associated with the festival. While the emotions, essence of devotion and community spirit still thrives, Durga Puja has undergone remarkable changes in terms of scale, style and cultural significance.<ref>{{cite news |title=''The Evolution of Durga Pujo: From Tradition to Trend in Kolkata'' |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/evolution-durga-pujo-from-tradition-trend-kolkata-madhuparna-dey-wciee}}</ref>

The most remarkable changes in the recent times include the exponential proliferation in the number of pujas across the city, an emphasis on creative art and a overwhelming crowd of people visiting the pandals every year. The city has witnessed a surge in the number of theme-based pujas over the years. The themes range from various artistic ideas, cultural traditions, famous monuments around the world and even biographies of famous persons.<ref>{{cite news |title=Durga Puja 2023 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/web-stories/durga-puja-2023-best-pandals-and-their-themes/slideshow/104152614.cms}}</ref>

While the centuries-old ''rajbari pujas'' with their ''Sabeki Protima'' and traditions are still popular, theme based pujas have risen in the present scenario and have become extremely popular, recording huge number of footfalls every year. Due to ginormous number of people visiting pandals every year and overcrowding on the main five days, pandals are inaugurated from [[Mahalaya]], much before Shashti. The magnification in the cost of expenditure has also lead the budget to be shifted from only ''chandas'' to advertisements and certain extent of government funding. Despite this changes, people have whole heartedly welcomed the new pinch to their age-old tradition and this festival has also turned out to be a melting pot of people from different religions, who enjoy the festivities.<ref>{{cite news |title=From Barir Pujo To Modern Pandals, This Is How West Bengal’s Durga Puja Has Changed Over Years |url=https://curlytales.com/from-barir-pujo-to-modern-pandals-this-is-how-west-bengals-durga-puja-has-changed-over-years/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Explore Durga Puja pandals in Kolkata that have transitioned from traditional to high-tech art installations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/explore-durga-puja-pandals-in-kolkata-that-have-transitioned-from-traditional-to-high-tech-art-installations/article67402690.ece}}</ref>

==Government Assistance==
In 2018, [[Chief Minister of West Bengal|CM]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] announced that every year {{INR|10000}} ({{USD|137.91}}) will be given to 3000 puja committees in Kolkata and 25000 puja committees in the districts all over Bengal. The decision was opposed by the opposition parties. In response to a petition filed, the [[Calcutta High Court]] refused to interfere with the decision.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Debjani |title=Give Puja Grant But Explain Why, Supreme Court Tells Bengal Government |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/supreme-court-refuses-to-stop-bengal-government-grant-to-durga-puja-organisers-seeks-its-response-to-1930919 |access-date=19 September 2024 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=12 October 2018 |language=en |quote=West Bengal government can give ₹ 10,000 to Durga Puja organizers in the state, said the Supreme Court}}</ref> Later, the [[Supreme Court of India]] refused to put a stay order on the incentives but asked the government to keep a record of the grants given.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mathur |first1=Aneesha |title=SC refuses to stay WB govt's order to grant Rs 10,000 to Durga puja committees |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sc-refuses-to-stay-wb-govt-s-order-to-grant-rs-10-000-to-durga-puja-committees-1367123-2018-10-13 |access-date=19 September 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |date=13 October 2018 |location=New Delhi |language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, the amount was increased to {{INR|25000}} for each puja committee.<ref>{{cite news |title=WB govt to give Rs 25,000 to every community Durga Puja |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/wb-govt-to-give-rs-25-000-to-every-community-durga-puja-119083001608_1.html |access-date=19 September 2024 |work=Business Standard |date=30 August 2019 |location=Kolkata |language=en}}</ref> Over the years, the amount has been increased to {{INR|50000}} in 2020 and {{INR|60000-70000}} in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Grant to Durga Puja committees in Bengal increased to ₹70,000: Mamata Banerjee |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/grant-to-durga-puja-committees-in-bengal-increased-to-rs-70-000-mamata-banerjee-101692719064817.html |access-date=19 September 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=22 August 2023 |language=en|quote=The West Bengal government started with a ₹10,000 assistance to 28,000 puja committees in 2018, which was increased to ₹25,000 per committee in 2019. In 2020, the grant was doubled to ₹50,000 and increased by ₹10,000 in 2022 to ₹60,000.}}</ref> In 2022, the total amount granted to all the pujas in that year alone stood at {{INR|258}} crore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sankar Chattopadhyay |first1=Suhrid |title=Mamata Banerjee announces Rs.258 crore grant to clubs for Durga Puja celebrations |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/news/mamata-banerjee-announces-a-grant-of-rs-258-crore-to-clubs-to-celebrate-durga-puja/article65801180.ece |access-date=19 September 2024 |work=Frontline Magazine |date=23 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, the government increased the amount to {{INR|85000}} for each puja committee.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Suryagni |title=Mamata Banerjee hikes allowance for Durga Puja committees to Rs 85,000 each |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/west-bengal-cm-mamata-banerjee-durga-puja-committees-allowances-hike-bjp-tmc-2571417-2024-07-24 |access-date=19 September 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |date=24 July 2024 |location=Kolkata |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=চক্রবর্তী |first1=দেবদীপ |title=ক্লাবের পুজোর অনুদান ৮৫ হাজার, আগামী বছর ১ লাখ, ঘোষণা মমতার |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/cm-mamata-banerjee-announced-85-thousand-financial-help-to-all-committee-of-durga-puja-2024/articleshow/111961620.cms |access-date=19 September 2024 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=23 July 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> The total amount was more than {{INR|365}} crore for all the puja committees.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Sayanta |title=Durga Puja 2024: এই বছরের দুর্গাপুজোয় রাজ্য সরকারের আনুমানিক কত খরচ হচ্ছে জানেন? |url=https://tv9bangla.com/kolkata/do-you-know-how-much-the-state-government-is-spending-on-durga-puja-on-2024-1098763.html |access-date=19 September 2024 |work=TV9 Bangla |date=23 July 2024 |location=Kolkata |language=bn}}</ref> The costs would include a 75% concession in the electricity bill for the committees.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Atri |title=Bengal government to spend more than Rs 350 crores as it hikes allowance to Durga Puja committees from Rs 70,000 to Rs 85,000 each. |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/west-bengal-govt-raises-allowance-durga-puja-committees-9471475/ |access-date=19 September 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=25 July 2024 |location=Kolkata |language=en}}</ref> In 2025, the Government of West Bengal increased the assistance to ₹1,10,000 (US$1252.42) for each puja committee.

==Economy==
A study - Mapping the Creative Economy around the Durga Puja - has been commissioned by the [[British Council, India|British Council]] on behalf of the [[Department of Tourism (West Bengal)|Department of Tourism]], [[Government of West Bengal]]. In 2021, the British Council in India mapped the creative economy of Durga Puja at ₹32,000 crores for the year 2019 and added that the festival contributed 2.58% of the [[Economy of West Bengal|GDP of West Bengal]] in financial year 2019–2020.<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news |author1=Shiv Sahay Singh |title=Durga Puja in Kolkata is now UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/durga-puja-in-kolkata-is-now-unesco-intangible-cultural-heritage/article37964078.ece |access-date=9 October 2022 |agency=The Hindu |publisher=www.thehindu.com |date=15 December 2021 |location=Kolkata |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mapping the Creative Economy around the Durga Puja |url=https://www.britishcouncil.in/programmes/arts/Mapping-Creative-Economy-around-DurgaPuja |website=www.britishcouncil.in |access-date=9 October 2022}}</ref> "Durga Puja in Kolkata" contributes to a large part of this creative economy.<ref name="thehindu1"/>

The economy of Durga Puja in Kolkata is divided into various sectors. Major among the various economic sectors are installation, art and decoration, Idol making, lighting and illumination, literature and publishing, sponsorship, advertising, retail, crafts and design (Puja Utensils), film and entertainment, and food and beverage.<ref name="thehindu1"/> In 2019, Kolkata accounts for 15% share of pandal-making (installation, art and decoration) industry of West Bengal, worth ₹129 crores.<ref name="thehindu1"/> Both the idol making industry and the lighting and lighting industry contributed ₹120 crores to Durga puja in Kolkata.<ref name="thehindu1"/> In 2022, the collective economy of Durga Puja was around {{INR|40000}} crore and it created employment opportunities for three lakh people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Durga Puja 2025 Preview: Kolkata’s Top Pandals, Budgets, and What to Expect |url=https://events247.in/durga-puja-2025/ |website=Events 24/7 |date=2 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=₹40,000 crore Durga Puja in West Bengal creates 3 lakh jobs, says Stakeholders |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/40000-crore-durga-puja-in-west-bengal-creates-3-lakh-jobs-says-stakeholders/article65965626.ece |access-date=19 September 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 October 2022 |location=Kolkata |language=en |quote=With more than 40,000 community pujas across the state, the festival creates a scurry of economic activities for three-four months every year}}</ref> By 2024, the economy stood around {{INR|50000}} crores.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Writankar |title=Dark clouds over Bengal's Durga Puja economy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/dark-clouds-over-bengals-durga-puja-economy/articleshow/113436768.cms?from=mdr |access-date=19 September 2024 |work=[[Times of India|Economic Times]] |date=18 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Rimjhim |title=Durga Puja celebrations at risk amid Kolkata protests and sponsorship cuts |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/durga-puja-celebrations-at-risk-amid-kolkata-protests-and-sponsorship-cuts-124091800553_1.html |access-date=19 September 2024 |work=Business Standard |date=18 September 2024 |location=New Delhi |language=en|quote=he ongoing protests in Kolkata, sparked by the tragic rape and murder of a trainee doctor at RG Kar Hospital, are posing a threat to the city’s Durga Puja celebrations, which are integral to West Bengal’s Rs 50,000 crore festive economy.}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity/APA}}

[[Category:Durga Puja]]
[[Category:Bengali festivals]]
[[Category:Festivals in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Culture of Kolkata]]
[[Category:Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]]
[[Category:Intangible Cultural Heritage of India]]

Amader Dadamoni

2026-04-28T04:26:57Z

Estella97P:

{{Short description|2025 Indian Bengali language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=July 2025}}
{{One source|date=July 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox television
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Family drama]]
| based_on = ''[[Anna (Tamil TV series)|Anna]]''
| screenplay = Sounav Basu
| story = [[Nilanjana Sharma]], Shubhajyoti Bhadra
| director = Gopal Chakraborty
| starring = [[Pratik Sen]] Anushkaa Chakraborty [[Debesh Chattopadhyay]]
| music = Shovan Ganguly
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| executive_producer = Rana Mukherjee Somnath Das Rezan Khan (Nini Chini's Mamma's Production House) Shreyasi Chakraborty Ahona Chakraborty (Zee Bangla)
| producer = [[Nilanjana Sharma]]
| location = Kolkata
| cinematography = Kiranjoy Bhuiyan
| editor = Swapan, Tanmay, Sarthak and Debasish
| camera = [[Multi-Camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Nini Chini's Mamma's Production House
| network = [[Zee Bangla]]
| num_episodes = 247
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|07|07|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2026|04|17|df=yes}}
}}

'''Amader Dadamoni''' is an Indian [[Bengali language]] television drama series that premiered from 7 July 2025 on [[Zee Bangla]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2025 |title=দাদা-বোনের গল্পে প্রেমের পরশ, শুরু হচ্ছে নতুন মেগা 'দাদামণি', কোথায় কখন দেখবেন? |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/new-bengali-serial-dadamoni-will-telecast-from-7-july-monday-at-830-pm-9468027 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=bn}}</ref> It is produced by [[Nilanjana Sharma]]'s Nini Chini's Mamma's Production House.<ref>{{cite web|date=6 June 2025|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bangla/entertainment/is-anushka-chakraborty-the-new-heroine-of-pratik-sen-s-new-serial-in-dadamoni-who-is-her-real-boyfriend-31749220708675.html|title='দাদামণি' প্রতীকের নায়িকা হচ্ছেন 'হীরালাল'-এর অনুষ্কা? তাঁর আসল প্রেমিকের নাম জানেন?|access-date=19 August 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=bn}}</ref> It is the official remake of Tamil TV series ''[[Anna (Tamil TV series)|Anna]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2025 |title='আমাদের দাদামণি' ধারাবাহিকে রাখী উৎসব, আসন্ন মহাপর্বে থাকছে নয়া চমক |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/pratik-sen-starrer-amader-dadamoni-rakhi-utsab-special-episode-west-bengal-news-wbs25080804074 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=ETV Bharat |language=bn}}</ref> The serial stars [[Pratik Sen]] in the titular role of Dadamoni with Anushkaa Chakraborty in the female lead.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2025 |title=৭ জুলাই থেকে আসছে দাদামণি! প্রতীকের আগমনে ফুরাচ্ছে কার সফর? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dadamoni-serial-starring-pratik-sen-anushka-chakraborty-will-start-from-7-july-31751126788503.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823004821/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dadamoni-serial-starring-pratik-sen-anushka-chakraborty-will-start-from-7-july-31751126788503.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 August 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=bn}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Set against the backdrop of suburban [[Bengal]], ''Amader Dadamoni'' centers around Someshwar Dutta, respectfully called Dadamoni, a principled and compassionate elder brother who has dedicated his entire life to raising his four younger siblings and his drunkard father. He embodies both the stern protector and affectionate caregiver—respected not just within his household but also in the wider community.

Dadamoni while serving as emotional pillar and moral guide for his family, is also a person who is over-protective. His primary goal is to get his sisters married into caring families, not realising that the girls have their own dreams and aspirations in life. Despite personal setbacks, Dadamoni chooses to prioritize the well-being and dreams of his sisters above all else. His quiet sacrifices go unnoticed until the very foundation of the family is tested by external challenges, misunderstandings, and societal pressures. As the story unfolds, Dadamoni's unwavering values and silent strength become both his greatest asset and most painful burden.

On the other hand, you have Parbati, who has become a doctor, but still shackled by the iron hand of her father, who believes that women do not have any other duty, but to serve their husband. The serial narrative navigates through these moral dilemmas, sibling conflicts, emotional moments, and heartfelt reconciliations—highlighting how love, forms the bedrock of every resilient family.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2025 |title=‘উড়ান’ শেষ হতে না হতেই নতুন রূপে ফিরলেন প্রতীক! ‘দাদামণি’র আগমনে কপাল পুড়ল কার? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dadamoni-promo-out-starring-pratik-sen-31748014243127.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621182010/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dadamoni-promo-out-starring-pratik-sen-31748014243127.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 June 2025 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=bn}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Pratik Sen]] as Someshwar "Som" Dutta; Grocery store owner; Ratna, Rani, Reshmi, and Rimli's elder brother "Dadamoni"; Shibeshward Dutta's eldest child, Parvati (Paro)'s Husband
** Jishnu Bhattacharya as Child Som
* Anushkaa Chakraborty as Parvati "Paro" Ray - A doctor; Parthasarathi Ray and Baroma's daughter, Som's Wife, Ratna, Rani, Reshmi, and Rimli's Sister-in-law, Pratap Ray's younger sister, Palash Ray's younger sister.
** Priyankshita Samanta as Child Parvati

=== Recurring ===
;Dutta family
* Subhadra Mukherjee as Saudamini Dutta; Shibeshwar Dutta's wife, Som, Ratna, Reshmi, Rani and Rimli's mother
* Sumit Datta as Shibeshwar Dutta, Som, Ratna, Reshmi, Rani and Rimli's father.
* Ujani Dasgupta as Ratna; a school teacher; Someshwar's first younger sister; Rani, Reshmi and Rimli's elder sister
* Subhanshee Dutta as Reshmi: Someshwar's second younger sister; Ratna's younger sister; Rani and Rimli's elder sister
* Suchandra Bhattacharya as Rani: Someshwar's third younger sister, Ratna and Reshmi's younger sister; Rimli's elder sister; very good in managing finances, considered the Finance Minister of the house, Pratap's Wife .
* Kritika Chakraborty as Rimli: Someshwar, Ratna, Reshmi and Rani's youngest sister; she was adopted by Som as a very young child.

;Ray family
* [[Debesh Chattopadhyay]] as Partha Sarathi Ray aka Ray Shaheb- Pratap, Parbati and Palash's father, Baroma's husband.
* Pritha Bandopadhyay as Subhalaxmi Ray aka Laxmi/Baroma/Laxmi Maa - Partha Sarathi Ray's first wife, Pratap Ray, Parbati and Palash's mother.
* Moushumi Chakraborty as Sulakshana Ray/Chotoma - Partha Sarathi Ray's second wife.
* Gambhira Bhattacharya: as Pratap Narayan Ray; Parthasarathi Ray and Baroma's elder son; Parbati and Palash's elder brother, Rani's Husband.
* Shovan Chakraborty as Palash Ray; Parthasarathi Ray and Baroma's youngest son; Pratap and Parbati's younger brother, Rani's Brother-in-law.
* Rumpa Chatterjee as Apaprabha aka Prabha - Parthasarathi Ray's younger sister; Pratap, Parbati and Palash's paternal aunt

=== Others ===
*[[Soma Banerjee]] as Kalyani Sen
*Atri Bhattacharya as Dilip Sen
*Anirban Paitandi as Pradip Sen
*Rusha Mukherjee as Moyna
*Ritwick Purakait as Ankur; Ratna's husband
*Kunal Banerjee as Kaju
*Prannoy Chandra as Dr. Siddharth; Parvati's former love interest and ex fianceé
*Sulagna Mukhopadhyay as Dr. Siddharth wife
*Kaustav Chaudhari as Amlan; Ratna's love interest and ex-husband
*Unknown as Barnali, Pratap's ex-fiancé and Shom's namesake sister
*Palash Adhikary as Auto Rickshaw driver

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Language
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Title
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Original release
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Notes
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''[[Anna (Tamil TV series)|Anna]]'' அண்ணா
|22 May 2023
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|18 January 2026
|Original
|-
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|''[[Maa Annayya]]'' మా అన్నయ్యా
|25 March 2024
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|7 June 2025
| rowspan="5" |Remake
|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|''[[Lakhat Ek Aamcha Dada]]'' लाखात एक आमचा दादा
|8 July 2024
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|4 October 2025
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''[[Annayya]]'' ಅಣ್ಣಯ್ಯ
|12 August 2024
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|Ongoing
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''Amader Dadamoni'' আমাদের দাদামনি
|7 July 2025
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|17 April 2026
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|''[[Valyettan]]'' വല്യേട്ടൻ
|20 April 2026
|[[Zee Keralam]]
|Ongoing
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/amader-dadamoni/0-6-4z5782274 ''Amader Dadamoni''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television series based on Tamil-language television series]]

Nagaram, Mamidikuduru mandal

2026-04-22T11:31:58Z

Estella97P: Starting The Entry Initial Version

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nagaram
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt = The location of the village of Nagaram as shown within the map of Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|16.501106|81.910726|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konaseema district|Konaseema]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 30
| population_total = 6,524
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Telugu
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 533247
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name = Nagaram
}}

'''Nagaram''' is a coastal village in the [[Konaseema district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[South India]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> It is 13 km away from district headquarters [[Amalapuram]], 78 km from [[Kakinada]] and 230 km from [[Visakhapatnam]]. It falls on [[National Highway 216]] which connects [[Ongole]] to [[Kathipudi]] in Andhra Pradesh.

==Geography and climate==
Nagaram is located at {{coord|16.501106|81.910726|region:IN-AP_type:city_scale:5000|display=inline}} at an average altitude of {{convert|100|m|ft}}.

==Muharram==
Every year, Many [[Shia Muslims]] gather here from neighbouring towns and villages namely [[Amalapuram]], [[Mummidivaram]], [[Draksharamam]] and [[Rajamahendravaram]] to take part in Muharram processions. The processions start in Nagaram immediately after viewing the Moon which marks the beginning of Muharram Month. People mostly gather in Nagaram from 7th Muharram. People who follow Hindu religion also worship. [[Muharram]] holds a lot of prominence in Nagaram.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Konaseema district}}

[[Category:Villages in Konaseema district]]

{{Konaseema-geo-stub}}

Sarukhetri Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:47:29Z

Estella97P: added some details from scratch...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sarukhetri
| constituency_no = 46
| type = SLA
| map_image = Sarukhetri Assembly constituency map.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]
| established = 1967
| district = [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| electors =
| abolished = 2023
}}
'''Sarukhetri Assembly constituency''' was one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/2_PC%20wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |title=List of Assembly constituencies showing their Parliamentary constituences wise break-up |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/3_Assembly_HPC_wise_MapA1.pdf |title=Map of Assam showing District-wise assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> Sarukhetri formed part of the [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref> This constituency was abolished in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
* 1967: M. Nayak, [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
* 1972: Kandarpa Kumar Das, [[Indian National Congress]]
* 1978: Sirajul Haque, [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
* 1983: Amir Hamcha Talukdar, [[Indian National Congress]]
* 1985: Dinabandhu Choudhary, [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
* 1991: Nizamuddin Khan, [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
* 1996: Nizamuddin Khan, [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
* 2001: Dr. Tara Prasad Das, [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
* 2006: Dr. Tara Prasad Das, [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
* 2011: [[Ali Hossain (politician)|Ali Hossain]], [[All India United Democratic Front]]
* 2016: [[Jakir Hussain Sikdar]], [[Indian National Congress]]
* 2021: [[Jakir Hussain Sikdar]], [[Indian National Congress]]

== Election results ==
===2016===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarukhetri<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Jakir Hussain Sikdar|votes=77,045|percentage=43.07|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Asom Gana Parishad|candidate=[[Kalpana Patowary]]|votes=47,504|percentage=26.55|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India United Democratic Front|candidate=Minakshi Rahman|votes=44,805|percentage=25.04|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Assam Jatiya Parishad|candidate=Manik Chandra Baro|votes=3,093|percentage=1.72|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,265|percentage=0.70|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=29,541|percentage=16.52|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,78,880|percentage=86.67|change=}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 2,06,383
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Asom Gana Parishad
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarukhetri<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jakir Hussain Sikdar
|votes = 70062
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Chittaranjan Barman
|votes = 45,815
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Ali Hossain
|votes = 21,460
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Tara Prasad Das
|votes = 9,623
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Pearul Islam Ahmed
|votes = 3,626
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Hareswar Deka
|votes = 1,308
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = TNRMPI
|candidate = Matiar Rahman
|votes = 836
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = BGP
|candidate = Hemanta Kalita
|votes = 523
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = RJP
|candidate = Md. Anowar Islam Akand
|votes = 516
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Republican Party of India
|candidate = Jabidur Rahman Khan
|votes = 505
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Arun Das
|votes = 442
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 776
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 24,247
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,55,492
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,75,014
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = All India United Democratic Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}
{{coord|26.36|91.22|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Barpeta district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Assam]]

Walter Birmingham

2026-04-16T09:09:26Z

Estella97P: added basic post first draft...

{{Short description|Educationist and economist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Walter Birmingham
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| caption =
| office3 = Warden of [[Toynbee Hall]]
| term_start3 = 1964
| term_end3 = 1972
| predecessor3 = [[Jack Catchpool]]
| successor3 = [[Donald Piers Chesworth]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1913|1|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Firozpur]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2004|8|16|1913|1|4}}
| death_place =
| party =
| other_party =
| alma_mater = [[London School of Economics]]
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| website =
}}
'''Walter Birmingham''' (January 4, 1913 – August 16, 2004) was an educationist and economist who served as the warden of Toynbee Hall.<ref name="guardian">{{Cite web|title = Walter Birmingham|author = Eric Moonman|url = https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/sep/06/guardianobituaries.socialexclusion|newspaper = [[The Guardian]]|date = 6 September 2004|accessdate = 21 February 2022}}</ref> He also worked on economic planning for West Africa in the post-colonial era.<ref name="times">{{Cite web|title = Walter Birmingham|author = |url = https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/uk-travel/england/birmingham/walter-birmingham-5pjqdbnxwn8|newspaper = [[The Times]]|date = 13 September 2004|access-date = 21 February 2022}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Birmingham was born in Firozpur, India, in 1913.

He took night classes at the London School of Economics, obtaining a degree in economics.<ref name="guardian"/>

== Career ==
Birmingham taught at several British, African, and American universities and was involved in economic development planning for West Africa.<ref name="times"/>

He was professor of economics at the [[University of Lesotho]].<ref name="guardian"/>

=== Toynbee Hall ===
In 1964, Birmingham was appointed warden of the Victorian charity [[Toynbee Hall]], which had fallen on hard times.<ref name="times"/>

Soon after taking post, he took on the disgraced former government minister [[John Profumo]] as a volunteer.<ref name="guardian2">{{Cite web|title = The warden of Toynbee Hall|author = Ian Jack|url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/mar/18/featuresreviews.guardianreview10|newspaper = [[The Guardian]]|date = 18 March 2006|accessdate = 21 February 2022}}</ref> Profumo would continue to support Toynbee Hall for decades, eventually becoming chairman of the charity.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite web|title = Profumo's charity work remembered|author = |url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4793130.stm|newspaper = [[BBC News]]|date = 10 March 2006|access-date = 21 February 2022}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He married twice with a son and a daughter from his first marriage and two sons and one daughter from the second.<ref name="guardian"/>

A sculpture of Birmingham by [[Betty Jukes]] is housed at Toynbee Hall.<ref name="art">{{Cite web|title = Walter Birmingham (1913–2004), Warden of Toynbee Hall (1968–1972)|author = |url = https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/walter-birmingham-19132004-warden-of-toynbee-hall-19681972-261954|website = [[Art UK]]|date = |accessdate = 21 February 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Birmingham, Walter}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century economists]]

R. S. Ramakrishna Ranga Rao

2026-04-11T20:12:03Z

Estella97P: bio...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Raja Sri Ravu Svetachalapati Sir
| name = Ramakrishna Ranga Rao
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]], [[Raja]] of [[Bobbili]]
| image = Raja of Bobbilli.jpg
| image_size = 100px
| order1 = 5th [[List of Prime Ministers of Madras Presidency#Madras Presidency|First Minister of the Madras Presidency]]
| term_start1 = 24 August 1936
| term_end1 = 1 April 1937
| governor1 = [[Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu]] (acting), [[John Erskine, Lord Erskine]] (2nd term)
| monarch1 =
| prime_minister1 =
| predecessor1 = [[P. T. Rajan]]
| successor1 = [[Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu]]
| term_start2 = 5 November 1932
| term_end2 = 4 April 1936
| governor2 = [[John Erskine, Lord Erskine]]
| monarch2 =
| prime_minister2 =
| predecessor2 = [[B. Munuswamy Naidu]]
| successor2 = [[P. T. Rajan]]
| order3 = Member of the Legislative Assembly of [[Andhra Pradesh]] for Bobbili
| term_start3 = 1967
| term_end3 = 1972
| premier3 = [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]]
| predecessor3 = L. Thentu
| successor3 = Venkata Krishna Rao
| order4 = Member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]]
| term_start4 = 1946
| term_end4 = 1951
| order5 = Member of the Council of State ([[Imperial Legislative Council (India)|Imperial Legislative Council of India]])
| term_start5 = 1927
| term_end5 = 1927
| order6 = Raja of Bobbili
| term_start6 = 1921
| term_end6 = 1978 (titular from 1948)
| predecessor6 = Venkata Kumara Krishna
| successor6 = Venkata Gopala Krishna Ranga Rao
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1901|2|20}}
| birth_place = [[Bobbili]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj]] (Present day [[Andhra Pradesh]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1978|03|10|1901|02|20}}
| death_place = [[Bobbili]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| party = [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = [[Lawyer]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| spouse = Lakshmi Subadrayamma
}}

'''[[Raja]] [[Sri]] Ravu Svetachalapati''' '''[[Sir]] Ramakrishna Ranga Rao''' [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]] (20 February 1901 – 10 March 1978) was an Indian [[politician]] and ''[[zamindar]]'' who served as the [[List of Prime Ministers of Madras Presidency|First Minister of Madras Presidency]] from 5 November 1932 to 4 April 1936 and 24 August 1936 to 1 April 1937.

Ramakrishna Ranga Rao was born in the royal family of [[Bobbili]] ''zamindari'' in 1901. He succeeded his father Venkata Kumar Krishna to the throne of Bobbili and ruled as zamindar from 1921 to 1948 and as the titular "Raja of Bobbili" from 1948 to 1978. He set up trusts and patronized sports and education.

Ramakrishna Ranga Rao joined the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] in 1930 and was elected to the [[Madras Legislative Assembly]]. He served as the First Minister of [[Madras Presidency]] from 1932 to 1936 and 1937. He resigned as First Minister in 1937 when the Justice Party lost the elections. From 1946 to 1951, he served as a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] which framed [[Constitution of India|India's Constitution]]. In his later years, he also served a term as a member of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly for the Bobbili assembly constituency.

Ramakrishna Ranga Rao married Lakshmi Subhadrayamma in 1921. He had a son Venkata Gopala Krishna Rao who succeeded him as Raja in 1978. Ramakrishna Ranga Rao is mostly remembered for his contribution towards framing India's constitution and for his service to society in establishing colleges. He is also held responsible by analysts for the defeat of the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] in the 1937 assembly elections which is blamed upon his despotism and anti-people measures.

== Early life ==

Ramakrishna Ranga Rao was born in [[Bobbili]] in [[Madras Presidency]] (now a part of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]) in the Bobbili royal family.<ref name="encyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp150">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 150</ref>{{full citation needed|date=April 2017}} He was the son of the [[heir-apparent]], Venkata Kumar Krishna Ranga Rao of the Bobbili zamindari. He had an elder sister Victoria Venkata Ramanamma, born on 10 October 1899.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

In his childhood, he was tutored by H.C. Leclare, D. Gordon, F.H.J. Wilkinson and Ramalingaswamy. He used to play badminton and billiards in the palace.<ref name="peoplesking">{{cite news|title=A people's king|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/07/stories/2002100701390200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030212214718/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/07/stories/2002100701390200.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=12 February 2003|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 October 2002|last=B. M. G.}}</ref>

Ramakrishna married Lakshmi Subhadrayamma, a princess of the Tallaprole Zamindari in 1921. He succeeded to the throne as the 13th Raja of [[Bobbili]].<ref name="peoplesking" />

== Early political career ==

Ramakrishna Ranga Rao made his entry into politics when he was nominated a member of the [[Council of State (India)|Council of State]], the upper house of the [[Imperial Legislative Assembly of India]] in 1925. He served as a member of the assembly till 1927.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

Ramakrishna Ranga Rao contested the Madras general elections of 1930 from the Vizagapatam constituency as a [[Justice Party (India)]] candidate against the Nationalist Party nominee, C.V.S. Narasimha Raju, and polled 28,000 more votes than his opponent.<ref name="peoplesking" />

He also attended the second [[Round Table Conference]] held in London in 1931 as a representative of the Indian landholders.<ref name="peoplesking" />

== Rise to leadership ==

Bobbili rapidly rose in power and position during the tenure of [[B. Munuswamy Naidu]]. As Naidu began to alienate the zamindars by omitting eminent and powerful people like [[Rajah Muthiah Chettiar]] from his cabinet, these disgruntled zamindars favoured the Raja of Bobbili as an acceptable alternative.<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp197">[[#Encycylopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 197</ref>{{full citation needed|date=April 2017}} Gradually, the leadership of the party passed on from Naidu to Bobbili.<ref name="encyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp250">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 250</ref>{{full citation needed|date=April 2017}} When both his ministers in the cabinet resigned, Naidu was forced to step down as First minister.<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp197" />{{full citation needed|date=April 2017}} Subsequently, the Raja of Bobbili took oath as First Minister on 5 November 1932.

During this period, the Raja's personal secretary was [[C. N. Annadurai]] who later served as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu from 1967 to 1969.<ref name="decenteringp123">{{cite book|title=Decentring the Indian Nation|pages=123|first=Andrew|last=Wyatt|author2=John Zavos |publisher=Routledge|year=2003|isbn=071465387X|id=}}</ref>

== Tenure as First Minister ==

{| class="wikitable" align="right"
! colspan="2"| Ramakrishna Ranga Rao's Cabinet
|-
! Portfolio
! Minister
|-
| Local Self-Government
| Raja of Bobbili '''(Also First Minister)'''
|-
| Development, Public Works and Registration
| [[P. T. Rajan]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|Education, excise
| [[S. Kumaraswami Reddiar]] (1934–1936)
|-
| [[Rajah Muthiah Chettiar]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|Home
| [[Mohammad Usman of Madras|Mohammad Usman]] (1932–1934)
|-
| [[A. T. Panneerselvam]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="left"|''Source: Encyclopaedia of Political Parties''
|}

The Raja of Bobbili became the First Minister on 5 November 1932 at the age of 31 and except for a short span of 4 months when he was on a trip to England, served as First Minister until 1 April 1937.<ref name="listofchiefministers2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/tnassembly/cmlist-1920.htm|title=List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu|access-date=2008-10-20|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref> During his tenure, Madras was in the grips of the Great Depression. The Raja did introduce some measures in order to relieve the burden on the poor peasant. But by and large, the rapid depreciation of the economy remained unchecked and the government showed little concern towards the plight of the poor peasant. The Justice Party lost badly in the 1937 elections. The Raja's policies are believed to be the main reason.

=== Revival of the mayoralty ===

The [[Mayoralty]] of Madras came into existence when the Corporation of Madras was established in 1688. The first [[mayor]] was [[Nathaniel Higginson]], who resigned after a period of six months to take over as [[Governor of Madras]]. The post of mayor was abolished in 1801.<ref name="showingtheway">{{cite news|title=Showing the way|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/10/stories/2002071000070300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522233544/http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/10/stories/2002071000070300.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=22 May 2011|first=S.|last=Muthiah|author-link=S. Muthiah|date=10 July 2007}}</ref>

The post of mayor was revived by the Raja of Bobbili government on 17 January 1933, by the City Municipal Act. The first mayor after its revival was the prominent Justice Party Leader, [[K. Sriramulu Naidu]] who was followed by [[Annamalai Chettiar|Raja Sir Annamalai Chettiar]].<ref name="showingtheway" />

=== Estates Land Act of 1933 ===

In August 1933, despite the vehement opposition of [[zamindar]]s in the Madras Presidency, the Raja of Bobbili passed an amendment to the Estates Land Act of 1908 which safeguarded the rights of the cultivators and freed them from the bondage of middlemen or ''inamdars''.<ref name="peoplesking" /> However, despite this legislation and a few others benefitting the cultivator, his regime was regarded as one which largely supported the interests of ''zamindars''.

=== 1934 Assembly elections ===

The term of the legislature expired on 5 November 1933. However, the elections to the [[Madras Legislative Council]] were delayed by a year. Meanwhile, the [[Indian National Congress]] had decided to participate in the elections at a meeting in [[Patna]] in May 1934 and hence, when the elections took place in November 1934, the Justice Party lost miserably.<ref name="encyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp198">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 198</ref>{{full citation needed|date=April 2017}} However, the Raja of Bobbili adopted contingency measures by immediately convening a meeting and conducting negotiations between the different factions of the party. The [[Swarajya Party]] which won a majority in the Assembly once again refused to form the government in accordance with its policy of wrecking the dyarchy. So, the Raja of Bobbili was elected First Minister for a second term though he did not command the majority of the house.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

Justice Party stalwarts [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty]] and [[Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar]] had lost their seats as the chief whip of the party, [[Rajah Muthiah Chettiar]] withdrew his support for their candidature. Ramakrishna Ranga Rao responded by dismissing [[Rajah Muthiah Chettiar]] as the leader of the party in the Assembly. Muthiah moved a no-confidence motion against the ministry but the motion was defeated. However, the differences between the Raja of Bobbili and Muthiah Chettiar was soon patched up and the Raja made the latter a minister in the cabinet.<ref name="nattukottai">Rudner, David West. Caste and Capitalism in Colonial India: The Nattukottai Chettiars. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2017}}

=== Changes in the ministry ===

[[S. Kumaraswami Reddiar]] resigned his ministry post due to ill-health in 1936 and he was replaced with [[Rajah Muthiah Chettiar]] in a move to wipe out differences in the party.<ref name="encyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp198" /> With the permission of the Governor, the Raja also created a new Ministry of Home in order to accommodate disgruntled factions in the party.<ref name="manikumarp184">[[#Manikumar|Manikumar]], Pg 184</ref> [[Mohammad Usman of Madras|Mohammad Usman]] served as the first Minister of Home followed by Sir [[A. T. Pannirselvam]].

=== Separation of Ganjam district ===

On 1 April 1936, the [[Ganjam district]] was separated from Madras Presidency and constituted in the newly created province of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]].

=== Policy during the Great Depression ===

The [[Great Depression]] struck the province at the fag end of [[P. Subbarayan]]'s tenure and lasted the whole span of the [[B. Munuswamy Naidu|Munuswamy Naidu]] and Bobbili governments. The policy of the Raja of Bobbili during the Depression was alleged to be one of the indifference to plight of the peasants and the poor. The government expressed its complete solidarity with the Governor and his executive council. As a result, while the Government endorsed the measures taken by the governor it did not criticize those that were detrimental to the common man. The ministry is alleged to have done little for the financial relief of the common man apart from making recommendations or expressing sympathy and grief. Moreover, the affluent lifestyle led by the ministers at the height of the Great Depression were sharply criticized. Madras ministers drew a salary of Rs.433 per month as opposed to Rs.225 per month that ministers in the [[Central Provinces]] received as salary.<ref name="manikumarp185">[[#Manikumar|Manikumar]], Pg 185</ref> This invoked the ire of the Madras press. The newspaper ''India'' wrote:

{{blockquote|Is not Rs.225 enough for Madras ministers, who were only second-rate ''vakils'' in the ''mufassal'' (rural areas)? When the poor are suffering for want of money, they are drawing fat salaries? What an injustice?<ref name="manikumarp185" />}}

In 1933, the Indian National Congress, represented by the [[Swarajya Party]], brought forth a resolution demanding a decrease of 12.5% in land revenue in non-Zamindari areas. The Justice Party voted against the resolution. Angered by the stand of the Justice Party, the Congress declared that 26 November 1933 be observed as Land Revenue Reduction Day. Protests were organized all over the province. At a meeting organized on the Madras beach, Congress leader [[Sathyamurthy]] demanded that the land tax be reduced by 33.3 percent. These demands were backed by the peasants in the province.<ref name="manikumarp189">[[#Manikumar|Manikumar]], Pg 189</ref> However, these demands went unheeded. On the eve of the 1937 elections, the South Indian Federation of Peasants passed a resolution

{{blockquote|This federation resolves that in the coming Assembly elections the proper and class-wise course for peasants to follow is to vote for the Congress candidates in general and to utilize all their organizational and other resources to strengthen those Congress candidates who give their unequivocal assurance of support for implementing of the peasant's charter of minimum demands through their work both within and without the Legislatures.<ref name="manikumarp189" />}}

Individual Congressmen launched agitations for the abolition of ''zamindaris''. The Raja of Bobbili was against the movement as being a ''zamindar'' himself, he had pro-zamindar sympathies. He, therefore, considered it to be a law and order issue and order a crackdown leading to police firing in some areas.<ref name="manikumarp191">[[#Manikumar|Manikumar]], Pg 191</ref>

[[John Erskine, Lord Erskine|Lord Erskine]], the [[Governor of Madras]] wrote to the [[Secretary of State for India]], [[Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland|Lord Zetland]] in February 1937 that the peasants in [[South India]] were fed up with the Justice Party.<ref name="manikumarp187">[[#Manikumar|Manikumar]], Pg 187</ref>

=== Alleged abuse of authority ===

Bobbili's rule was autocratic and he was highly inaccessible to party members.<ref name="encyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp151">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 151</ref> The success of every previous government in the Presidency had been due to the support of the district boards. However, the Raja of Bobbili, instead of appeasing the district-level politicians tried to destroy their power and influence.<ref name="localityp205">{{cite book|title=Locality, Province and Nation: Essays on Indian Politics 1870 to 1940|pages=205|first=John|last=Gallagher|author2=Gordon Johnson |author3=Anil Seal |publisher=CUP Archive|year=1973|isbn=0521098114|id=}}</ref>

The ''Suthanthira Sangu'', in its issue dated 26 February 1935:

{{blockquote|The Local Boards Act has been recently amended, taluk boards have been abolished, a district board has been bifurcated and attempts have been made to bifurcate other boards, which are hostile to him... He is superseding municipalities, which do not bow to his authority, removing chairmen not liked by him and trying to forfeit the liberty of these bodies by the appointment of Commissioners.<ref name="manikumarp187" />}}

The ''[[The Madras Mail|Madras Mail]]'' noted in its editorial dated 1 June 1935:

{{blockquote|if the Justice Party is really determined upon reorganisation, it should be one of its first proclamations that, so far as it is concerned the spoils system must go<ref name="manikumarp187" />}}

This, along with Bobbili's autocratic rule and factionalism within the party, had disastrous effects for the fortunes of the Justice party.<ref name="encyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp151" />

== 1937 elections ==

The Justice Party contested the 1937 provincial assembly elections, the first according to the [[Government of India Act 1935]], under the Raja's leadership and lost badly, winning just 18 out of 215 assembly seats and 7 out of 46 council seats. The Raja, himself, lost his seat to [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[V. V. Giri]] (a future [[President of India]]) by over 6,000 votes, almost triggering the end of his political career. Other prominent losers in the election were [[P. T. Rajan]], Kumarraja of Venkatagiri and [[A. P. Patro]].<ref name="manikumarp197">[[#Manikumar|Manikumar]], Pg 197</ref> The Justice Party ceased to be a major force and remained so until it was revived by [[E. V. Ramasami]] during the 1938 Madras Anti-Hindi agitations. The Raja led a much-weakened Justice Party until 1938, when he bowed out of politics.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

Meanwhile, the Justice Party's opponents the [[Indian National Congress]] had decided to contest the elections at a rally in 1935. It was at this rally that the [[Swarajya Party]] formally merged with the Indian National Congress when Congress resolved to participate in the elections. The united Indian National Congress led by [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]] captured power in the province and ruled until the [[declaration of war]] in 1939.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

P. Rajaraman sums up the factors as follows "internal dissension, ineffective organization, inertia and lack of proper leadership led to the Justice Party along the path of decline".<ref name="manikumarp180">[[#Manikumar|Manikumar]], Pg 180</ref>

== Retirement from politics ==

Following the defeat of the Justice Party in the 1937 elections, the Raja's participation in politics drastically decreased until the anti-Hindi agitations, when [[E. V. Ramasami]] was elected President of the Justice Party. The Raja temporarily bowed out of politics and devoted himself to social service and other public activities.

In 1946, the Raja was elected to the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] and was part of the team which wrote [[India's Constitution]].<ref name="constituentassembly">{{cite web|title=Members of the Constituent Assembly of India|publisher=Parliament of India|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/members.htm#MADRAS}}</ref> In 1948, following India's independence from British rule, Ramakrishna Ranga Rao lost his administrative rights over Bobbili and was reduced to the status of a titular "Raja" with some exclusive privileges.

== Other activities ==

The Raja was a great sportsman and his main interests were horse racing and polo. He had imported many fine breeds of horses from the United Kingdom, France and Pakistan. He had won a number of cups in horse racing. He was an expert polo player and often played in the Dasara sports at Mysore and Jeypore besides Bobbili.<ref name="peoplesking" />

He also contributed to [[Andhra University]] and [[Shantiniketan]].<ref name="peoplesking" /> The Raja served as the Chancellor of [[Andhra University]] in 1930.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} The [[Rajah R.S.R.K. Ranga Rao College]] was inaugurated at Bobbili on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday in 1961.<ref name="rsrkcollege">{{cite web|title=About R. S. R. K. Ranga Rao College|url=http://rajahscollegebobbili.com/about.html|publisher=Rajah R.S.R.K. Ranga Rao College website}}</ref>

== Later years and death ==

[[File:RSRK Ranga Rao 01.jpg|thumb|Statue of Ramakrishna Ranga Rao ( Rajah of Bobbili)]]

The Raja briefly returned to politics in his later years and contested as an independent from Bobbili assembly constituency in the 1967 elections to the [[Andhra Pradesh]] Legislative Assembly at the age of 66. He was subsequently elected by a margin of 28,561 votes over his nearest rival, L. Thentu of the Indian National Congress.<ref name="1967assemblyelections">{{cite web|title=1967 Andhra Pradesh Assembly elections - A statistical report|url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930081247/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=30 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Raja served as a member of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly from 1967 to 1972. He did not stand for re-election when his term came to an end in 1972.<ref name="1972assemblyelections">{{cite web|title=1972 Andhra Pradesh Assembly elections - A statistical report|url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/Statittical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201972.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Ramakrishna Ranga Rao died on 10 March 1978 at the age of 77.<ref name="eminentindiansp50">{{cite book|title=Eminent Indians who was Who, 1900-1980, Also Annual Diary of Events|pages=50|publisher=Durga Das Pvt. Ltd. |year=1985}}</ref> Ramakrishna Ranga Rao was succeeded as the titular Raja of Bobbili by his son Venkata Gopala Krishna Ranga Rao.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

== Successors ==

The incumbent [[Raja of Bobbili]] is R. V. Gopala Krishna Ranga Rao,<ref>[http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/1614.htm Biodata of Shri R. V. G. K. Ranga Rao at Lok Sabha website.]</ref> son of Ramakrishna Ranga Rao. He was elected to the [[3rd Lok Sabha]] from [[Bobbili (Lok Sabha constituency)]] in 1962. Ramakrishna Ranga Rao's grandson [[R. V. Sujay Krishna Ranga Rao]] is the heir-apparent to the title. Sujay Krishna Ranga Rao also stood in the 2004 Andhra Pradesh Assembly elections as a candidate of the Indian National Congress and was elected to the Andhra Pradesh Assembly from Bobbili 3 times. Sujay Krishna Ranga Rao's brothers are Rama Krishna Ranga Rao and RVSKK Rangarao (Baby Nayana).<ref name="vizianagaram">{{cite web|title=District Administration|url=http://vizianagaram.ap.nic.in/DistrictAdministration.htm|publisher=Vizianagaram district administration}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== References ==

* {{cite book | title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties| last=Ralhan| first=O. P. | year=2002| publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD| isbn=978-81-7488-865-5|ref=Encyclopedia of Political Parties}}
* Bobbili: Being a biography of Sri Varu Sir Ramakrishna Swatchelapathi Ranga Rao, the 13th Raja of Bobbili, who was Chief Minister of Madras (1932–36), Nilkan Perumal, The Topical Book Co: 1960.
* {{cite book|title=A Colonial Economy in the Great Depression, Madras (1929–1937)|first=K. A. |last=Manikumar|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2003|isbn=8125024565 |id=|ref=Manikumar}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before= Venkata Kumar Krishna | title=[[Raja of Bobbili]] | after= Venkata Gopala krishna Ranga Rao | years=1921 – 1978 (from 1948, [[titular ruler]])}}
{{succession box | before= [[B. Munuswamy Naidu]] | title=President of the [[South Indian Liberal Federation]] | after= [[E. V. Ramasami]] | years=1932 – 1938}}
{{succession box | before= [[B. Munuswamy Naidu]] | title=[[List of Prime Ministers of Madras Presidency#Madras Presidency|First Minister of Madras Presidency]] | after= [[P. T. Rajan]] | years=4 November 1932 – 4 April 1936}}
{{succession box | before= [[P. T. Rajan]] | title=[[List of Prime Ministers of Madras Presidency#Madras Presidency|First Minister of Madras Presidency]] | after= [[Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu]] | years=24 August 1936 – 1 April 1937}}
{{succession box | before= L. Thentu | title=Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh]] Legislative Assembly for [[Bobbili]] | after= Venkata Krishna Rao | years=1967 – 1972}}
{{s-end}}

{{Dravidian politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramakrishna Ranga Rao}}
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Members of the Imperial Legislative Council of India]]
[[Category:Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Justice Party (India) politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:People from Uttarandhra]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of State (India)]]

Satyam Shivam Sundaram

2026-04-08T01:19:56Z

Estella97P: added initial stub initial version

{{Short description|1978 Indian Hindi-language film by Raj Kapoor}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Satyam Shivam Sundaram
| image = Satyam Shivam Sundaram.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Raj Kapoor]]
| producer = Raj Kapoor
| writer = [[Jainendra Jain (screenwriter)|Jainendra Jain]]
| narrator = Raj Kapoor
| starring = [[Shashi Kapoor]] [[Zeenat Aman]]
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = [[Radhu Karmakar]]
| editing = Raj Kapoor
| studio = [[R. K. Studio]]
| distributor = [[Shemaroo Video Pvt. Ltd.]]
| released = {{Film date|1978|03|24|df=yes}}
| runtime = 172 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Satyam Shivam Sundaram''''' ({{Translation|''The Truth, the God, the Beauty''}}){{Efn|name=mean}} is a 1978 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic drama]] film produced and directed by [[Raj Kapoor]] and written by [[Jainendra Jain (screenwriter)|Jainendra Jain]], starring [[Shashi Kapoor]] and [[Zeenat Aman]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/satyam-shivam-sundaram-love-sublime|title=Satyam Shivam Sundaram (1978)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}</ref> It talks about the differences between physical and spiritual love. The film was released on 24 March 1978 on the day of [[Holi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/zeenat-aman-unveils-the-bts-drama-of-satyam-shivam-sundaram-song-chanchal-sheetal-nirmal-komal-4382256|title=Why Zeenat Aman Burst Into Tears During Satyam Shivam Sundaram Song - Read About The "Drama"|work=NDTV |date=12 September 2023}}</ref> Heavily publicized before release, ''Satyam Shivam Sundaram'' ran for 29 weeks in [[Kolkata]]'s [[Metro Cinema (Kolkata)|Metro Cinema]] thus emerging a blockbuster in [[West Bengal]] and a hit elsewhere.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6042|title=All Time Longest Runners In Kolkata: Sholay 2nd - HAHK 4th}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Film-Inf-1978-Classification.jpg|title=Film Information Classification (1978)|access-date=14 December 2024|archive-date=30 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830074833/https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Film-Inf-1978-Classification.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=July 2020}}
The story is set in a village where Roopa lives with her father, the village priest. As a child, the right side of Roopa's face and neck were burned by a pot of boiling oil, leaving part of her face disfigured. Henceforth, Roopa keeps her right cheek hidden under the veil of her sari. Despite the terrible accident, Roopa remains religious and goes to the village temple daily, singing hymns and devotional songs.

Rajeev is a dashing [[engineer]] who arrives in the village to oversee the operation of a major dam. He abhors anything ugly. He hears Roopa's lovely singing and meets her, but does not see her disfigured side, and falls in love with her. He then asks her father's permission to marry her. Rupa does not want to cheat Rajeev because she loves him deeply and first request his father to reject the marriage proposal. But everyone from the village requests her to change her mind and thereby she agrees to marry Rajeev thinking he may accept her with her condition as he claimed to love her truly.

After the wedding, Rajeev discovers the truth and thinks that he was cheated and forced to marry someone else, at that point he disowns Roopa and drives her out of the house. Rajeev roams around the village on the wedding night in search of another Roopa, as he thinks there is another girl with the same name, waiting for him. On the other side, after being rejected by Rajeev on their wedding night, Roopa decided to commit suicide but was rescued by Rajeev, when he thought he found the girl he falls in love with, not his wife. After being rescued, Roopa decides to meet him at night, using a veil to hide the scarred side of her face. Rajeev spends his days ignoring his wife, and his nights loving his mistress, not knowing they are both the same woman.

During one of their nights together, they make love and Roopa gets pregnant. When Rajeev finds out that his wife is pregnant, he accuses her of infidelity and refuses to believe that his "mistress" and wife are the same. He publicly shames her and sends her back to her home. Seeing it, Roopa's father dies out of agony. Roopa vows that she will never ever return to Rajeev as his mistress.

A terrible storm ravages the village, breaking open the dam which Rajeev had come to repair. The village is being evacuated as the dam's shutters are opening. While moving from the village with her uncle, Roopa (without veil on her face) sings the bhajan and Rajeev, who comes in search of his mistress recognizes her voice and realizes that his wife and mistress is one. In the swirling waters of the flood, Rajeev sees how shallow he has been, and saves Roopa from drowning. He, asks for Roopa's forgiveness and accepts Roopa as his wife.

== Cast ==
{{div col}}
* [[Shashi Kapoor]] as Rajeev, a civil engineer
* [[Zeenat Aman]] as Roopa, a village girl
* [[Padmini Kolhapure]] as Young Roopa
* [[Kanhaiyalal (actor)|Kanhaiyalal]] as Pandit Shyam Sunder, village priest
* [[A. K. Hangal]] as Bansi, Roopa's uncle
* [[Hari Shivdasani]] as Chief Engineer
* [[David Abraham Cheulkar]] as Bade Babu
* [[Leela Chitnis]] as Bade Babu's wife
* Vishwa Mehra as Jai Singh
* Sheetal as Champa
* Monika as Roopa's friend
* Subroto Mahapatra as Shastry, Roopa's prospective father-in-law
* [[Javed Khan Amrohi|Javed Khan]] as Shastry's son
* [[Tun Tun]] as Fat Lady
{{div col end}}

== Production ==
In her book ''Raj Kapoor Speaks'', Ritu Nanda reveals that [[Lata Mangeshkar]] was the inspiration behind the film and that he wanted to cast her in the movie; "I visualised the story of a man falling for a woman with an ordinary face but a golden voice and wanted to cast Lata Mangeshkar in the role, the book quotes Raj Kapoor as saying."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120126060223/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Books/Raj-Kapoor-The-face-behind-the-star/Article1-254712.aspx Hindustan Times]</ref> Before [[Zeenat Aman]] was cast in the role, [[Hema Malini]], [[Dimple Kapadia]], [[Vidya Sinha]] were offered the role, but they refused because of sensual content and body exposure in the film.<ref>{{cite news|title=Blast from the Past-Satyam Shivam Sundarma (1978)|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-the-past-satyam-shivam-sundaram-1977/article6445425.ece|access-date=20 October 2014|agency=Hindu|work=The Hindu|date=25 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/i-still-regret-saying-no-to-raj-kapoor-for-satyam-shivam-sundaram/20150113.htm|title='I still regret saying no to Raj Kapoor for Satyam Shivam Sundaram'|website=Rediff}}</ref> [[Rajesh Khanna]] was almost offered the male lead role in the film, but [[Raj Kapoor]] was later convinced to cast [[Shashi Kapoor]] instead.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rajesh Khanna was originally supposed to star opposite Zeenat Aman in 'Satyam Shivam Sundaram' and not Shashi Kapoor – Exclusive! |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 December 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rajesh-khanna-was-originally-supposed-to-star-opposite-zeenat-aman-in-satyam-shivam-sundaram-and-not-shashi-kapoor-exclusive/articleshow/88573940.cms}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Satyam Shivam Sundaram
| type = [[Album]]
| artist = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1978
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Saregama
| producer = Laxmikant–Pyarelal
| prev_title = [[Badalte Rishtey]]
| prev_year = 1978
| next_title = [[Phool Khile Hain Gulshan Gulshan (film)|Phool Khile Hain Gulshan Gulshan]]
| next_year = 1978
}}

[[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]'s music won the [[Filmfare Best Music Director Award]]. [[Lata Mangeshkar]] lends her voice to the main theme song "Satyam Shivam Sundaram", which was among the chart-toppers of the year, and remains a chartbuster. Various recent music groups from both India and the United States, such as [[Thievery Corporation]] and [[Sheila Chandra]], have re-done the theme song from the movie. Also, many variations of the song have been made (e.g. the original version is considered, in Indian music, a [[Bhajan]], but Lata Mangeshkar has also made a [[bhangra (music)|bhangra]]-like version, a different style). The song "Chanchal Sheetal Nirmal Komal" was the last song of the popular singer [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]], who died soon after recording the song. Raj Kapoor dedicated the film to him.

[[Mangeshkar]] at the time of recording the main theme song was in dispute that the initial selected Music Director was her brother [[Hridaynath Mangeshkar]] but he was replaced with [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]] overnight. She has conveyed that she came for the recording, practiced the song for a short while, sang the song in anger in one take, and left. This was her one of the song recorded in not more than 30 minutes.

* "Satyam Shivam Sundaram" was listed at #6 on [[Binaca Geetmala annual list 1977]]
* "Yashomati Maiya Se" was listed at #7 on [[Binaca Geetmala annual list 1978]]
* "Chanchal Sheetal Nirmal Komal" was listed at #24 on [[Binaca Geetmala annual list 1978]]

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Song !!Singers
!Raga!!Lyricist !!Time
|-
|"Satyam Shivam Sundaram"
|Lata Mangeshkar & Chorus
|[[Darbari Kanada]]
|[[Pandit Narendra Sharma]]
|5:05
|-
|"Bhor Bhaye Panghat Pe"
|Lata Mangeshkar
|[[Bhairavi (Hindustani)]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Anand Bakshi]]
|5:30
|-
|"Woh Aurat Hai Too Mehbooba"
|Lata Mangeshkar, [[Nitin Mukesh]]
|
|5:00
|-
|"Chanchal Sheetal Nirmal Komal"
|[[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] & Chorus
|
|5:50
|-
|"Saiyan Nikas Gaye"
|Lata Mangeshkar, [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)|Bhupinder Singh]]
|[[Shivaranjani]]
|[[Vitthalbhai Patel]]
|4:45
|-
|"Suni Jo Unke Aane Ki Aahat"
| rowspan="2" |Lata Mangeshkar
|[[Yaman (raga)]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Pandit Narendra Sharma]]
|3:20
|-
|"Satyam Shivam Sundaram"
|
|6:15
|-
|"Yashomati Maiya Se Bole Nandlala"
|Lata Mangeshkar, [[Manna Dey]]
|[[Bilaval]]
|3:45
|-
|"Yashomati Maiya Se Bole Nandlala"
|Lata Mangeshkar
|[[Bhairavi (Hindustani)]]
|3:10
|-
|"Shree Radha Mohan Shyam Shobhan"
|Lata Mangeshkar, Manna Dey & chorus
|
|2:50
|-
|"Shri Radhamohan"
|[[Manna Dey]]
|
|2:55
|}

== Accolades ==
;[[26th Filmfare Awards]]<nowiki>:</nowiki><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf|title=Filmfare Award Nominees and Winner 1953–2005}}</ref>
;Won
* [[Filmfare Best Music Director Award|Best Music Director]] – [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] – [[Radhu Karmakar]]

;Nominated
* [[Filmfare Best Director Award|Best Director]] – [[Raj Kapoor]]
* [[Filmfare Best Actress Award|Best Actress]] – [[Zeenat Aman]]
* [[Filmfare Best Lyricist Award|Best Lyricist]] – [[Pandit Narendra Sharma]] for "Satyam Shivam Sundaram"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] – [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] for "Chanchal Sheetal" (posthumous)

== Controversy ==

The film's exhibition, which [[Nudity in film|contains nudity]], was challenged at the time of its release by a man named Laxman from [[Himachal Pradesh]] on obscenity grounds and for also for juxtaposing a religious title with such content.{{Efn|Satyam Shivam Sundaram ("सत्यं शिवं सुन्दरम्") means the realization of truth and beauty through [[Shiva]] (cf. "Truth, Goodness, and Beauty" in [[Transcendentals]]).|name=mean}} A prosecution under section 292 of the [[Indian Penal Code]] was lodged against director [[Raj Kapoor]] for promoting "obscenity" through the film. The local magistrate court took [[Judicial notice|cognisance]] and summons/notice was issued to Kapoor. The notice was challenged by Kapoor before the [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]] but the High Court did not interfere, Kapoor then approached the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] which found merit in Kapoor's contention and quashed the prosecution at the threshold. It noted that once a certificate under section 5(a) of the ''Cinematograph Act'' has been granted, the filmmaker is covered by protection under section 79 of the Indian Penal Code which states, "Nothing is an offence which is done by any person who is justified by law, or who because of a mistake of fact and not because of a mistake of law in good faith, believes himself to be justified by law, in doing it." Justice Iyer in the concluding paragraph has made following observation highlighting the responsibility of the [[Censor Board of India|Censor Board]], "And the Board, alive to its public duty, shall not play to the gallery; nor shall it restrain aesthetic expression and progressive art through obsolete norms and grandma inhibition when the world is wheeling forward to glimpse the beauty of creation in its myriad manifestations and liberal horizons, A happy balance is to maintained."<ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Anuja Chauhan |date=18 June 2022 |title=Shivling is omnipresent |url=https://www.theweek.in/columns/anuja-chauhan/2022/06/18/shivling-is-omnipresent.html |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=[[The Week India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite LIIofIndia|litigants=Raj Kapoor VS Laxman|link=https://supremetoday.ai/doc/judgement/00100018584|court=INSC|year=1979|date=14 December 1979|parallelcite=1980 0 AIR(SC) 605|courtname=auto|num=773}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0078204|Satyam Shivam Sundaram}}

{{Raj Kapoor}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Raj Kapoor]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Indian erotic drama films]]
[[Category:R. K. Films films]]
[[Category:1970s erotic drama films]]
[[Category:1978 drama films]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in film]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Films subject to a lawsuit]]
[[Category:Censored films]]

5 naye paise

2026-04-01T07:51:40Z

Estella97P: started new data...

{{Short description|Indian unit of currency}}
{{distinguish|5 paise (Indian coin)}}
{{Infobox coin
| Denomination = Five naye paise पाँच नए पैसे
| Country = {{flag|India}}
| Value = {{frac|1|20}} of [[Indian rupee]]
| Unit =
| Mass_g = 4.0
| Mass_troy_oz =
| Mass_grain = 62.5
| Mass_ounce =
| Mass_special = 
| Gold_troy_oz =
| Silver_troy_oz =
| Diameter_mm = 22
| Diameter_inch = 0.87
| Diameter_special = 
| Thickness_mm = 1.67
| Thickness_inch = 0.066
| Thickness_special = 
| Edge = Smooth
| Composition = [[Cupronickel]]
| Years of Minting = 1957–1963
| Mintage = 4,294,967,295
| Mint marks = ⧫ = [[India Government Mint, Mumbai|Mumbai]] B = Mumbai proof issue * = [[India Government Mint, Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] ⟐ = [[India Government Mint, Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] No mark = [[India Government Mint, Kolkata|Kolkata]]
| Circulation = [[Legal tender#Demonetization|Demonetized]]
| Catalog Number = [[Standard Catalog of World Coins|KM#]] 16
| Obverse =
| Obverse Design = [[State Emblem of India]] with country name.
| Obverse Designer =
| Obverse Design Date =
| Obverse Discontinued =
| Obverse2 =
| Obverse2 Design =
| Obverse2 Designer =
| Obverse2 Design Date =
| Obverse2 Discontinued =
| Obverse3 =
| Obverse3 Design =
| Obverse3 Designer =
| Obverse3 Design Date =
| Obverse3 Discontinued =
| Obverse4 =
| Obverse4 Design =
| Obverse4 Designer =
| Obverse4 Design Date =
| Obverse4 Discontinued =
| Reverse =
| Reverse Design = Face value, year and value in Hindi (रूपये का बीसवाँ भाग; Eng: Twentieth of a rupee)
| Reverse Designer =
| Reverse Design Date =
| Reverse Discontinued =
| Reverse2 =
| Reverse2 Design =
| Reverse2 Designer =
| Reverse2 Design Date =
| Reverse2 Discontinued =
| Reverse3 =
| Reverse3 Design =
| Reverse3 Designer =
| Reverse3 Design Date =
| Reverse3 Discontinued =
| Reverse4 =
| Reverse4 Design =
| Reverse4 Designer =
| Reverse4 Design Date =
| Reverse4 Discontinued =
}}
The Indian '''five naye paise''' ({{langx|hi|पाँच नए पैसे}}) (singular: ''Paisa''), was a unit of [[currency]] equaling {{frac|1|20}} of the [[Indian rupee]]. The symbol for paisa is '''p'''.

==History==
Prior to 1957, the [[Indian rupee]] was not [[Decimalisation|decimalised]] and the rupee from 1835 to 1957 [[Anno Domini|AD]] was further divided into 16 [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]]. Each anna was further divided to four [[Pie (monetary subunit)|pices]] and each pice into three [[Pie (monetary subunit)|pies]] till 1947 when the pie was demonetized. In 1955, India amended the "[[The Indian Coinage Act, 1906|Indian Coinage Act]]" to adopt the metric system for coinage. Paisa coins were introduced in 1957, but from 1957 to 1964 the coin was called "Naya Paisa" (English: ''New Paisa''. Plural: ''Naye paise''). On 1 June 1964, the term "Naya" was dropped and the denomination was simply called "One paisa" (or paise for denomination greater than one). Paisa coins were issued as a part of "The Decimal Series".<ref name="Coin details">{{cite news|title=Coin details|publisher=India Numismatics|access-date=28 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces1624.html}}</ref><ref name="Republic India Coinage">{{cite news|title=Republic India Coinage|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=28 August 2017|url=https://rbi.org.in/SCRIPTs/mc_republic.aspx}}</ref><ref name="History of Indian coins">{{cite news|title=History of Indian coins|publisher=India Numismatics|access-date=28 August 2017|url=https://indianumismatics.wordpress.com/category/history-of-indian-coins/}}</ref>

==Mintage==
Five naye paise coins were minted from 1957 to 1963 at the [[India Government Mint, Mumbai|India Government mint]] in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] (present day Mumbai) and borne ⧫ (small dot/diamond) symbol mint mark. Five naye paise coins have been [[Withdrawal of low-denomination coins|demonetized]].<ref name="History of Indian coins"/><ref name="5 naye paise">{{cite news|title=5 naye paise|publisher=colnect.com|access-date=28 August 2017|url=https://colnect.com/en/coins/coin/2105-5_Naye_Paise_new-1957~Today_-_Circulation-India_Republic}}</ref>

===Total mintage===
Total 4,294,967,295 coins were minted from 1957 to 1963.<ref name="5 naye paise"/>

===Composition===
Five naye paise coins were minted from [[cupronickel]] alloy in [[Coin orientation|medallic alignment]]. Coins weighed 4.0 grams, had a diameter of {{convert|22|mm|in}} and thickness of {{convert|1.67|mm|in}}. Five naye paise coins were quadrangular shaped and had smooth edge.<ref name="Coin details"/>

==Variants==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! colspan="13"|Variants (1957-1963).
|-
! colspan="2"| Image !! rowspan="2"| Value !! colspan="4"| Technical parameters !! colspan="3"| Description !! colspan="2"| Year of minting !! rowspan="2"| Monetary status
|-
! Obverse !! Reverse !! Weight !! Diameter !! Thickness !! Metal !! Edge !! Obverse !! Reverse !! First !! Last
|-
| [[File:5 Naye Paise (Obverse).jpg|75px]] || [[File:5 Naye Paise (Reverse).jpg|75px]] || 5 naye paise || 4.0 g || 22 mm || 1.67 mm || [[Cupronickel]] || Smooth || [[State Emblem of India]] & country name in Hindi and English. || Face-value and year. || 1957 || 1963 || [[Legal tender#Demonetization|Demonetized]].<ref name="Coin details"/>
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Indian paisa]]

{{Portal bar|India|Numismatics|Money}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=50em}}

{{Indian currency}}

[[Category:Historical currencies of India]]
[[Category:Coins of India]]
[[Category:Five-cent coins]]

{{Authority control}}

Budhakhol

2026-03-30T20:51:33Z

Estella97P: Started a stub

{{Infobox settlement
|name = Budhakhol
|official_name = Budhakhol
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = or
|settlement_type = Town
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[:India]]
|subdivision_type1 = State
|subdivision_name1 = [[:Odisha]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Odisha|Division]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Odisha|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
|image_skyline =
|image_caption =
|pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
|pushpin_map_caption = Location of Buguda in Odisha
|coordinates = {{coord|19.820230|N|84.823503|E|region:IN-OD|format=dec|display=inline,title}}
|pushpin_label_position = left
|unit_pref = Metric
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +05:30
|blank2_name = [[Languages of India|Official language]]
|blank2_info = [[Odia language|Odia]]
|blank3_name = [[Languages of India|Spoken languages]]
|blank3_info = [[Odia language|Odia]]
}}
'''Budhakhol''' is a heritage site of [[Odisha]] located in [[Buguda]] block of [[Ganjam]] District in [[Odisha]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=Budhakhol|title=Indian Tourist place|url=http://ganjam.nic.in/tourism/budhakhol.htm|website=ganjam.nic.in|access-date=2015-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012624/http://ganjam.nic.in/tourism/budhakhol.htm|archive-date=2016-03-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is located about 92 km away from the district headquarters. The town is known for its five temples: Sri Sri Makareswar Swami, Sri Sri Gangadhareswar Swami, Sri Sri Jagadieshwar Swami, Sri Sri Siddheswar Swami, and Sri Sri Budheswar Swami, which is popularly known as Panchu Mahadeva Temple.

==History==
''Budhakhol'' is derived from Badhesvara, which means Buddha in meditating position. It is strongly believed that Buddha visited the place. [[Xuanzang|Huentsang]] also visited the place and witnessed the learning and teaching of Buddhists and believed that it was one of the best place to learn Buddhism. The Panchumahadeva temples are believed to be built in the era of Jagadguru AdiShankaracharya. Hence the place is a mix of both Buddhism and Hinduism.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Budhakhol|first1=History of|title=History of Budhakhol|url=http://www.indiamapped.com/waterfalls-in-india/orissa-budhakholo-falls/|website=www.indiamapped.com}}</ref>

==Tourism==
Budhakhol is widely known for its Buddhist culture. A number of Buddhist remains found at the place which gives the impression about Buddhist settlement at the place. The main attraction point of this place is the combination of caves, jungles and water falls, along with it the combination of bunch of five temples makes the place a must visit for pilgrims too.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nuaodisha.com/Odisha-Tourism/Tourist-Places-in-Ganjam.htm |title=Tourist Places In Ganjam |url-status=live |accessdate=19 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602033308/http://www.nuaodisha.com:80/Odisha-Tourism/Tourist-Places-in-Ganjam.htm |archive-date=2014-06-02 }}</ref>

Forty Two Feet Long Statues of Lord Shiva and Parvati donated by Indian Princess and Bollywood Actress [[Ipsita Pati]] at Budhakhol, Buguda, Odisha.<ref>
http://www.dharitri.com/e-Paper/Berhampur/220716/p9.htm |archive-date= 22 July 2016</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Odisha]]
[[Category:Buddhist holy sites in Odisha]]
[[Category:Ganjam district]]

Snooker

2026-03-29T20:16:46Z

Estella97P: correct information also and improved wording per sources

{{Short description|Cue sport}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox sport
| image = Snooker table selby.JPG
| imagesize = 300px
| alt = A player taking a shot at a practice snooker table, photographed from the opposite end of the table using a low camera angle to give forced perspective
| caption = Four-time world champion [[Mark Selby]] playing at a practice table during the [[2012 Masters (snooker)|2012 Masters]] tournament
| union = [[WPBSA]] [[International Billiards and Snooker Federation|IBSF]]
| first = {{Start date and age|1875}} in the [[British Raj]]
| contact = [[Contact sport#Noncontact|No]]
| category = [[Cue sport]]
| equipment = [[Snooker table]], [[snooker balls]], [[snooker cue]], {{cuegloss|triangle}}, {{cuegloss|chalk}}, {{cuegloss|rests}}, {{cuegloss|scoreboard}}
| olympic = [[IOC]] recognition
| IWGA = 2001–present
}}

'''Snooker''' (pronounced {{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|s|n|uː|k|ər}} {{respell|SNOO|kər}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|s|n|ʊ|k|ər}} {{respell|SNUUK|ər}})<ref name="Macmillan British" /><ref name="Macmillan American" /> is a [[cue sport]] played on a rectangular [[Billiard table#Snooker and English billiards tables|billiards table]] covered with a green cloth called [[baize]], with six [[Billiard table#Pockets 2|pockets]]: one at each corner and one in the middle of each long side. First played by [[British Army]] officers [[British Raj|stationed in India]] in the second half of the 19th century, the game is played with 22 balls, comprising a white {{cuegloss|cue ball}}, 15 red balls and six other balls—a yellow, green, brown, blue, pink and black—collectively called '{{cuegloss|colour ball|the colours}}'. Using a [[snooker cue]], the individual players or teams take turns to strike the cue ball to {{cuegloss|pot}} other balls in a predefined sequence, accumulating points for each successful pot and for each {{cuegloss|foul}} committed by the opposing player or team. An individual {{cuegloss|frame}} of snooker is won by the player who has scored the most points, and a snooker {{cuegloss|match}} ends when a player wins a predetermined number of frames.

In 1875, army officer [[Neville Chamberlain (police officer)|Neville Chamberlain]], stationed in India, devised a set of rules that combined [[black pool]] and [[pyramid pool|pyramids]]. The word ''snooker'' was a {{nowrap|well-established}} derogatory term used to describe inexperienced or {{nowrap|first-year}} military personnel. In the early 20th century, snooker was predominantly played in the United Kingdom, where it was considered a "gentleman's sport" until the early 1960s before growing in popularity as a national pastime and eventually spreading overseas. The standard rules of the game were first established in 1919 when the [[Billiards Association and Control Club]] was formed. As a professional sport, snooker is now governed by the [[World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]].

The [[World Snooker Championship]] first took place in [[1927 World Snooker Championship|1927]], and [[Joe Davis]], a key figure and pioneer in the early growth of the sport, won fifteen successive world championships between 1927 and 1946. The "modern era" of snooker began in 1969 after the broadcaster [[BBC]] commissioned the television series ''[[Pot Black]]'', later airing daily coverage of the World Championship which was first televised in [[1978 World Snooker Championship|1978]]. The most prominent players of the modern era are [[Ray Reardon]] (1970s), [[Steve Davis]] (1980s) and [[Stephen Hendry]] (1990s), each winning at least six world titles. Since 2000, [[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] has won the World Championship seven times, most recently in 2022.

Top professional players compete in regular tournaments around the world, earning millions of pounds on the [[World Snooker Tour]]—a circuit of international events featuring competitors of many nationalities. The World Championship, the [[UK Championship]] and the [[Masters (snooker)|Masters]] together make up the [[Triple Crown (snooker)|Triple Crown Series]] and are considered by many players to be the most highly valued titles. The main professional tour is [[Open (sport)|open]] to both male and female players, and there is a separate women's tour organised by [[World Women's Snooker]]. Competitive snooker is also available to {{nowrap|non-professional}} players, including seniors and people with disabilities. The popularity of snooker has led to the creation of many variations based on the standard game but with different rules or equipment, including [[Six-red snooker|{{nowrap|six-red}} snooker]], the {{nowrap|short-lived}} "[[snooker plus]]" and the more recent [[Snooker Shoot Out]] version.

==History==

Snooker originated in the second half of the 19th century in India during the [[British Raj]].<ref name="origins" /> In the 1870s, [[English billiards|billiards]] was popular among [[British Army]] officers stationed in [[Jabalpur|Jubbulpore]] (now Jabalpur), India, and several variations of the game were devised during this time.<ref name="origins" />{{sfn|Boru|2010|pages=3–4}} A similar game, which originated at the [[Mess|Officers' Mess]] of the 11th [[Devonshire Regiment]] in 1875,<ref name="heritage2008" /><ref name="WST History of Snooker" /> combined the rules of two [[Pool (cue sports)|pool]] games: [[pyramid pool|pyramids]], played with 15 red balls positioned in a triangle,{{efn|A game called pyramid pool, like pyramids, was also played on a billiard table in England prior to 1850. The rules of these two games were very similar. However, that game of pyramid pool was played at this time in England with 14 reds instead of 15. In both games, each player shared the same cue ball.<ref name="Kentfield_book" />}}{{sfn|Kentfield|1850|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gp8NAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA48 48]}}<ref name="LWC1881" /><ref name="Snooker-Forum.com" /> and [[black pool]], which involved potting designated balls.<ref name="FullHistory" /><ref name="Neville Chamberlain disambiguation" /><ref name="Shamos 1994" /> Snooker was further developed in 1882 when its first set of rules was finalised by British Army officer [[Neville Chamberlain (police officer)|Neville Chamberlain]],{{efn|This is not the former [[Neville Chamberlain|British Prime Minister]] of the same name.<ref name="WST History of Snooker" />}}<ref name="heritage2008" />{{sfn|Boru|2010|p=3}} who helped devise and popularise the game at [[Stone House, Ooty|Stone House]] in [[Ootacamund]] on a table built by [[Burroughes & Watts]] that had been sent to India by sea.<ref name="telegraph2014" /><ref name="AZ Billiards" /> At the time, the word ''snooker'' was a slang term used in the British Army to describe new recruits and inexperienced military personnel; Chamberlain used the word to deride the inferior performance of a young fellow officer at the table.{{sfn|Boru|2010|p=3}}{{sfn|Everton|1986|page=48}}{{sfn|McCann|2013|page=1}}

Chamberlain was revealed to be the inventor, 63 years after the fact, in a letter to ''[[The Field (magazine)|The Field]]'' magazine published on 19 March 1938.<ref name="heritage2008" /> Snooker became increasingly popular across the Indian colonies of the British Raj and in the United Kingdom, but it remained a game played mostly by military officers and the [[gentry]].{{sfn|Boru|2010|p=vii}} Many [[gentlemen's club]]s with a snooker table would refuse entry to {{nowrap|non-members}} who wished to go in and play snooker;<ref name="heritage2008" />{{efn|Reflecting the game's aristocratic origins, the majority of tournaments on the professional circuit still require players to wear [[waistcoat]]s and [[bow tie]]s, although the necessity for this attire has been questioned.<ref name="MEN waistcoats" /><ref name="Eurosport waistcoats" />}} to cater for the growing interest, smaller and more open snooker clubs were formed.<ref name="heritage2008" /> The Billiards Association (formed in 1885) and the Billiards Control Club (formed in 1908) merged to form the [[Billiards Association and Control Club]] (BA&CC) and a new, standardised set of rules for snooker was first established in 1919.{{sfn|Everton|1986|page=49}}{{sfn|Gadsby|Williams|2005|p=8}} The possibility of a drawn game was abolished by the use of a {{cuegloss|re-spotted black|{{nowrap|re-spotted}} black}} as a tiebreaker.{{sfn|Everton|1986|page=49}} These early rules are similar to those used in the modern game, although rules for a minimal point penalty were imposed later.{{sfn|Everton|1986|pages=49–50}}
[[File:Billiards_(24148162622).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=A full-size snooker table in a brightly lit room with bookcases and a boardroom table in the background, all cordoned off at the right-hand side as part of an English country house display|A full-size snooker table set up for a game]]
Played in 1926 and 1927, the [[1927 World Snooker Championship|first World Snooker Championship]]—then known as the [[1927 World Snooker Championship|Professional Championship of Snooker]]—was won by [[Joe Davis]].<ref name="origins" />{{sfn|Boru|2010|page=4}}<ref name="ProfessionalChampionship" /> The [[Women's Professional Snooker Championship]] (now the [[World Women's Snooker Championship]]) was created in 1934 for top female players.<ref name="EVERTONWTC" /><ref name="wome_Worl" /> Davis, himself a professional English billiards and snooker player, raised the game from a recreational pastime to a professional sporting activity.{{sfn|Shamos|2002|pp=228–229}}{{sfn|Everton|2012|page=2}} He retired from the world championships in 1946, having won all fifteen tournaments held up to that date.<ref name="5J29x" />{{sfn|Everton|2012|pages=3–4}} Snooker declined in popularity in the {{nowrap|post-war}} era; the [[1952 World Snooker Championship]] was contested by only two players and was replaced by the [[World Professional Match-play Championship|World Professional {{nowrap|Match-play}} Championship]], which was also discontinued in 1957.{{sfn|Boru|2010|page=4}}<ref name="WST History of Snooker" /> In an effort to boost the game's popularity, Davis introduced a variation known as "[[1959 News of the World Snooker Plus Tournament#Snooker plus|snooker plus]]" in 1959, with the addition of two extra colours, but this version of the game was {{nowrap|short-lived}}.{{sfn|Fotherington|2006|page=106}} A world championship for top amateur players, now known as the [[IBSF World Snooker Championship]], was founded in 1963,<ref name="f9rUu" /> and the official world championship was revived on a challenge basis in 1964.{{sfn|Morrison|1989|p=8}}

At the end of 1968, the [[World Snooker Championship]] reverted to a [[knockout tournament]] format, with eight competitors; the tournament concluded in [[1969 World Snooker Championship|1969]] with [[John Spencer (snooker player)|John Spencer]] winning the title.{{sfn|Everton|1986|pages=72–73}}{{sfn|Everton|2012|pages=36–37}} The BBC had first launched its [[colour television]] service in July 1967;<ref name="BBC Pot Black" /> in 1969, [[David Attenborough]], then the controller of [[BBC2]], commissioned the snooker tournament television series ''[[Pot Black]]'' primarily to showcase the potential of the [[BBC]]'s new colour television service—the green table and {{nowrap|multi-coloured}} balls provided an ideal opportunity to demonstrate the advantages of the new broadcasting technology.<ref name="WST History of Snooker" /><ref name="news_BBCS" /><ref name="Cue China" /> The series became a ratings success and was, for a time, the second most popular show on BBC2 after [[Morecambe and Wise]].<ref name="thet_Whit" /> Due to these developments, the year 1969 is taken to mark the beginning of snooker's modern era.<ref name="telegraph_JHeyes" /> The World Snooker Championship moved in [[1977 World Snooker Championship|1977]] to the [[Crucible Theatre]] in [[Sheffield]], where it has been staged ever since,<ref name=wst_crucible /> and the [[1978 World Snooker Championship]] was the first to receive daily television coverage.<ref name="commonwealth" /> Snooker quickly became a mainstream sport in the United Kingdom,<ref name="theg_Hearn" /><ref name="GuardianThatch" /> Ireland, and much of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], and has remained consistently popular since the late 1970s, with most of the major tournaments being televised.<ref name="FullHistory" /> In [[1985 World Snooker Championship|1985]], an estimated 18.5 million viewers stayed up until the early hours of the morning to watch the conclusion of the [[1985 World Snooker Championship final|World Championship final]] between [[Dennis Taylor]] and [[Steve Davis]], a record viewership in the UK for any broadcast on BBC Two and for any broadcast after midnight.<ref name="dsoH1" /><ref name="inde_Grea" />

As professional snooker grew as a mainstream sport, it became heavily dependent on [[tobacco advertising]]. Cigarette brand [[Embassy (cigarette)|Embassy]] sponsored the World Snooker Championship for thirty consecutive years from 1976 to 2005, one of the longest running deals in British sports sponsorship.<ref name="Marketing Week" /> In the early 2000s, a ban on tobacco advertising led to a reduction in the number of professional tournaments,<ref name="GuardianSponsor" /><ref name="sponsor" /> which decreased from 22 events in 1999 to 15 in 2003.<ref name="snoo_WWWS" /><ref name="snoo_WWWS_GThzD" /> The sport had become more popular in Asia with the emergence of players such as [[Ding Junhui]] and [[Marco Fu]],<ref name="BeebDing2" /><ref name="BeebDing1" /> and still received significant television coverage in the UK—the BBC dedicated 400 hours to snooker in 2007, compared to just 14 minutes 40 years earlier.<ref name="gE3Ec" /> However, the British public's interest in snooker had waned significantly by the late 2000s. Warning that the sport was "lurching into terminal crisis", ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper predicted in 2010 that snooker would cease to exist as a professional sport within ten years.<ref name="Guardian neg" /> In the same year, promoter [[Barry Hearn]] gained a controlling interest in the [[World Snooker Tour]], pledging to revitalise the "moribund" professional game.<ref name="fUEoB" /><ref name="peHgu" /><ref name="GuardianHearn" />

Over the following decade, the number of professional tournaments increased, with 44 events held in the [[2019–20 snooker season|2019{{nbnd}}20 season]].<ref name="snoo_Cale" /> Snooker tournaments were adapted to make them more suitable for television audiences, with some tournaments being played over a shortened duration,<ref name="bbc._Holt" /> or the [[Snooker Shoot Out]], which is a timed, one {{cuegloss|frame}} competition.<ref name="worl_2019" /> The prize money for professional events increased, with the top players earning several million pounds over the course of their careers.<ref name="IFuYf" /> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic|{{nowrap|COVID-19}} pandemic]], the professional tour was confined to events played within the United Kingdom and Ireland. In the [[2022–23 snooker season|2022{{nbnd}}23 season]], only two professional ranking tournaments were played outside the UK, the [[European Masters (snooker)|European Masters]] in Fürth and the [[German Masters]] in Berlin, while lucrative Chinese events remained off the calendar.<ref name="SnookerHQ" />

Snooker referees are an integral part of the sport, and some have become {{nowrap|well-known}} personalities in their own right. [[Len Ganley]], [[John Street (snooker referee)|John Street]] and [[John Williams (snooker referee)|John Williams]] officiated at seventeen of the first twenty World Snooker finals held at the Crucible Theatre.<ref name="wst_refs" /> Since 2000, {{nowrap|non-British}} and female referees have become more prominent in the sport; Dutch referee [[Jan Verhaas]] became the first {{nowrap|non-Briton}} to referee a World Championship final in [[2003 World Snooker Championship|2003]],<ref name="wst_Verhaas" /> while [[Michaela Tabb]] became the first woman to do so in [[2009 World Snooker Championship|2009]].<ref name="wst_Tabb" /> Tabb was the only woman refereeing on the professional tour when she joined it in 2002,<ref name="sg_Tabb" /><ref name="bbc_Tabb" /> but tournaments now routinely feature female referees such as [[Desislava Bozhilova]],<ref name="wst_Bozhilova" /> [[Maike Kesseler]],<ref name="wst_Kesseler" /> and [[Tatiana Woollaston]].<ref name="wst_Woollaston" />

==Gameplay==
===Equipment===
[[File:Set_of_Snookerballs.png|thumb|alt=Close-up view of an open snooker ball box with three rows of five red balls to the rear, one row of colour balls towards the front, a white ball to front left corner, a black ball to front right corner, and two chalk cubes at the front between the white and black balls|A complete set of snooker balls]]
[[File:London - Royal Automobile Club - 3024.jpg|thumb|alt=Close-up view of a horizontal scoring band showing the numerals 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, with a ceramic pointer resting above the 10, two cue tips resting against the 12, and a box of chalk sitting on a shelf beneath|A sliding scoreboard, some blocks of cue-tip chalk, white chalk-board chalk and two cues]]
[[File:Snooker player with rest.jpg|thumb|alt=A man playing snooker on a baize-covered table, preparing to strike the white ball using a cue stick that he is holding with his right hand; the end of the cue stick is resting on the cross-shaped head of a long stick which he is holding with his left hand|A shot using a {{cuegloss|rest}}, allowing the player to reach farther down the table]]
A standard full-size [[snooker table]] measures {{convert|12|×|6|ft|cm|abbr=on|1}}, with a rectangular {{cuegloss|playing surface}} measuring {{convert|356.9|×|177.8|cm|ftin|abbr=on|1|order=flip}}.{{sfn|Shamos|2002|pp=227–228}} The playing surface is surrounded by small {{cuegloss|cushions}} along each side of the table. The height of the table from the floor to the top of the cushions is {{convert|86.4|cm|ftin|abbr=on|1|order=flip}}.<ref name="WPBSA_Official_Rules" />{{rp|7}} The table has six {{cuegloss|pockets}}: one at each corner and one at the centre of each of the two longer side cushions.<ref name="WPBSA_Official_Rules" /> One drawback of using a {{nowrap|full-size}} table is the amount of space required to accommodate it, which limits the locations where the game can easily be played. The minimum room size that allows space on all sides for comfortable cueing is {{convert|22|x|16|ft|m|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name="roomsize" /> While [[pool tables]] are common to many [[pub]]s, snooker tends to be played either in private settings or in public [[snooker hall]]s.<ref name="BBC get inspired" /> The game can also be played on smaller tables,{{sfn|Shamos|2002|pp=227–228}} with variant table sizes including {{convert|10|×|5|ft|cm|abbr=on|0}}, {{convert|9|×|4.5|ft|cm|abbr=on|0}}, {{convert|8|×|4|ft|cm|abbr=on|0}}, and {{convert|6|×|3|ft|cm|abbr=on|0}}.<ref name="snoo_Pool" />

The [[Billiard table#Cloth|cloth]] on a snooker table is usually a form of tightly woven woollen green [[baize]],{{sfn|Shamos|2002|page=14}} with a directional [[Nap (fabric)|nap]] that runs lengthwise from the {{cuegloss|baulk end}} of the table to the far end near the {{cuegloss|black spot|black ball spot}}.{{sfn|Shamos|2002|page=160}} The nap affects the speed and trajectory of the balls, depending on the direction of the shot and whether any {{cuegloss|side spin}} is placed on the ball.{{sfn|Shamos|2002|page=160}}{{sfn|Peall|2017|pages=1,5}} Even if the {{cuegloss|cue ball}} is struck in precisely the same manner, the effect of the nap will differ according to whether the ball is directed towards the {{cuegloss|baulk line}} or towards the opposite end of the table.<ref name="heritage2008"/>{{sfn|Shamos|2002|page=160}}{{sfn|Peall|2017|pages=1,5}}

A [[snooker ball]] set consists of 22 unmarked balls: 15 {{cuegloss|reds}}, six {{cuegloss|coloured balls}}, and one white cue ball. The colours are one each of yellow, green, brown, blue, pink and black,{{sfn|Shamos|2002|pp=227–228}} although the brown and blue balls were not a part of the original rules.{{sfn|Everton|1986|page=48}} Each ball has a diameter of {{convert|52.5|mm|in|1|order=flip|frac=16}}.<ref name="WPBSA_Official_Rules" />{{rp|8}} At the start of the game, the red balls are {{cuegloss|racked}} into a tightly packed [[equilateral triangle]], and the colours are positioned at designated {{cuegloss|spot (noun)|spots}} on the table. The cue ball is placed inside {{cuegloss|the D|the "D"}} ready for the {{cuegloss|break|{{nowrap|break-off}}}} shot.<ref name="WPBSA_Official_Rules" />{{rp|17}}

Each player has a [[snooker cue]] (or simply a "cue"), not less than {{convert|91.4|cm|ft|abbr=on|0|order=flip}} in length, which is used to strike the cue ball. The {{cuegloss|tip}} of the cue must only make contact with the cue ball and is never used for striking any of the reds or colours directly.<ref name="WPBSA_Official_Rules" />{{rp|9}}

Snooker accessories include: {{cuegloss|chalk}} for the tip of the cue, to help apply {{cuegloss|spin}} on the cue ball; various {{cuegloss|rests}} such as the {{cuegloss|swan}} or {{cuegloss|spider}}, for playing shots that are difficult to play by hand; {{cuegloss|extension|extensions}} for lengthening the cue; a {{cuegloss|triangle}} for racking the reds; and a {{cuegloss|scoreboard}}, typically attached to a wall near the snooker table.{{sfn|Boru|2010|loc=Ch. "You can chalk that one up to..."}} A traditional snooker scoreboard resembles an [[abacus]] and records the {{cuegloss|points}} scored by each player for the current frame in units and twenties, as well as the frame scores. A simple scoring bead is sometimes used, called a "scoring string" or "scoring wire".<ref name="Scorboard" /> Each segment of the string (bead) represents one point as the players can move one or several beads along the string.<ref name="Scorboard" />

Additional accessories include cue tips of varying hardness to suit player preferences, {{nowrap|anti-slip}} cue grips for better control, and specialized table brushes and cloths to maintain optimal table conditions.

===Rules===
{{Main|Rules of snooker}}

[[File:Snooker table drawing 2.svg|thumb|alt=A computer-generated picture of a snooker table viewed from above, drawn exactly to scale, with the snooker balls shown in their starting positions|Illustration A: Aerial view of a [[snooker table]] with the 22 balls in their starting positions. The cue ball (white) may be placed anywhere in the [[semicircle]] (known as the "D") at the start of the game.]]

====Objective====
A player wins a frame by scoring more points than their opponent. At the start of a frame, the {{cuegloss|object balls}} are positioned on the table as shown in illustration A. Starting with the cue ball in the "D", the first player executes a {{nowrap|break-off}} shot by striking the cue ball with the tip of their cue, aiming to hit any of the red balls in the triangular {{cuegloss|pack}}. The players then take alternating {{cuegloss|turn|turns}} at playing shots,{{efn|Snooker is played either by two independent players or by more than two players taking "sides", e.g. four players constituting two sides of two players.<ref name="WPBSA_Official_Rules" />{{rp|16, 33}}}} with the aim of {{cuegloss|potting}} a red ball into a pocket and thereby scoring one point. Failure to make contact with a red ball constitutes a {{cuegloss|foul}}, which results in penalty points being awarded to the opponent.<ref name="WPBSA_Official_Rules" /> At the end of each shot, the cue ball remains in the position where it has come to rest, unless it has entered a pocket (from where it is returned to the "D"), ready for the next shot.<ref name="WPBSA_Official_Rules" />{{rp|25}} If the cue ball finishes in contact with an object ball, a {{cuegloss|touching ball}} is called;{{efn|The touching ball rule was first introduced in 1927.{{sfn|Everton|1986|page=49}}}} the player must then play away from that ball without moving it, otherwise the player will concede penalty points.<ref name="WPBSA_Official_Rules" />{{rp|23}}

When a red ball has entered a pocket, the striker{{efn|The ''striker'' is the person whose ''turn'' it is at the table, either currently in play or about to play.<ref name="WPBSA_Official_Rules" />{{rp|11}}}} must then choose a coloured ball (or "colour") and attempt to pot it.{{efn|The term ''colour'' is understood to mean one of the six remaining object balls other than red, i.e. yellow, green, brown, blue, pink and black.<ref name="WPBSA_Official_Rules" />{{rp|16}}}} If successful, the value of the potted colour is added to the player's score, and the colour is returned to its designated spot on the table.{{efn|If the colour's designated spot is obstructed by another ball and therefore not available, the colour is placed on the highest available colour spot; if no spots are available, the colour is respotted as close as possible to its own spot without touching the obstructing ball and in the direction of the top cushion.<ref name="WPBSA_Official_Rules" />{{rp|22}}}} The player must then pot another red ball followed by another colour. The process of alternately potting reds and colours continues until the striker fails to pot the desired object ball or commits a foul—at which point the opponent comes to the table to start the next turn—or when there are no red balls remaining in play.<ref name="WPBSA_Official_Rules" /> Points accumulated by potting successive object balls are called a "{{cuegloss|break}}" (see [[#Scoring|Scoring]] below).<ref name="WPBSA_Official_Rules" /> At the start of each player's turn, the objective is to first pot a red ball, unless all reds are off the table or the player has been awarded a {{cuegloss|free ball}}, which allows them to nominate another object ball in place of a red.<ref name="rule_Snoo" /> The cue ball can contact an object ball directly or it may be made to bounce off one or more cushions before hitting the required object ball.<ref name="WPBSA_Official_Rules" />{{rp|12}}

The game continues until all 15 red balls have been potted and only the six colours and the cue ball are left on the table.<ref name="WPBSA_Official_Rules" /> The colours must next be potted in the ascending order of their values, from lowest to highest, i.e. {{cuegloss|yellow}} first (worth two points), then {{cuegloss|green}} (three points), {{cuegloss|brown}} (four points), {{cuegloss|blue}} (five points), {{cuegloss|pink}} (six points), and finally {{cuegloss|black}} (seven points); at this stage of the game, each colour remains in the pocket after being potted.<ref name="WPBSA_Official_Rules" /> When the final ball is potted, the player who has accumulated the most points wins the frame.<ref name="WPBSA_Official_Rules" />{{efn|When black is the only object ball remaining on the table, the striker can claim the frame if more than seven points ahead of the opponent.<ref name="WPBSA_Official_Rules" />{{rp|10}}}} If there are not enough points remaining on the table for a player to potentially win the frame, that player may offer to concede the frame while at the table (but not while their opponent is still at the table); a frame {{cuegloss|concession}} is a common occurrence in professional snooker.<ref name="WPBSA_Official_Rules" /><ref name="rule_Snoo" /> However, players will often play on even when there are not enough points available for them to win, in the hope of laying one or more "{{cuegloss|snooker|snookers}}" to force their opponent into playing foul shots.<ref name="WPBSA_Official_Rules" /><ref name="rule_Snoo" /> Snookers are shots designed to make it difficult for the opponent to play a {{cuegloss|legal}} shot on their next turn, such as leaving another ball between the cue ball and the object ball.{{sfn|Shamos|2002|page=57}}

[[File:Snooker break.ogv|thumb|alt=|[[Computer simulation]] of a snooker {{nowrap|break-off}} shot at the start of a frame]]
If the scores are equal when all object balls have been potted, the black is used as a [[tiebreaker]] in a situation called a "{{cuegloss|re-spotted black|{{nowrap|re-spotted}} black}}". The black ball is returned to its designated spot and the cue ball is played {{cuegloss|in-hand|{{nowrap|in-hand}}}}, meaning that it may be placed anywhere on or within the lines of the "D" to start the tiebreak. The player to take the first strike in the tiebreak is chosen at random, and the game continues until one of the players either wins the frame by potting the black ball or loses the frame by committing a foul.<ref name="WPBSA_Official_Rules" />{{rp|20}}

Professional and competitive amateur matches are officiated by a referee who is charged with ensuring the proper conduct of players and making decisions "in the interests of fair play". The responsibilities of the referee include announcing the points scored during a break, determining when a foul has been committed and awarding penalty points and free balls accordingly, replacing colours onto their designated spots after being potted, restoring the balls to their previous positions after the "{{cuegloss|miss}}" rule has been invoked (see [[#Scoring|Scoring]] below), and cleaning the cue ball or any object ball upon request by the striker.<ref name="WPBSA_Official_Rules" />{{rp|40}} Another duty of the referee is to recognise and declare a stalemate when neither player is able to make any progress in the frame. If both players agree, the balls are returned to their starting positions (known as a "{{cuegloss|re-rack|{{nowrap|re-rack}}}}") and the frame is restarted, with the same player taking the {{nowrap|break-off}} shot as in the abandoned frame.<ref name="WPBSA_Official_Rules" />{{rp|33}} Professional players usually play the game in a sporting manner, declaring fouls they have committed that the referee has not noticed,<ref name="belf_Mark" /> acknowledging good shots from their opponent, and holding up a hand to apologise for a fortunate shot (known as a "{{cuegloss|fluke}}").<ref name="belf_Mark" />{{sfn|Peall|2017|p=64}}

====Scoring====
{| class="wikitable floatright plainrowheaders"
! scope=col | Colour
! scope=col | Value
|-
! scope=row | [[File:Snooker_ball_red.png|14px|alt=Red snooker ball|link=]] {{Cuegloss|Red}}
| 1 point
|-
! scope=row | [[File:Snooker_ball_yellow.png|14px|alt=Yellow snooker ball|link=]] {{Cuegloss|Yellow}}
| 2 points
|-
! scope=row | [[File:Snooker_ball_green.png|14px|alt=Green snooker ball|link=]] {{Cuegloss|Green}}
| 3 points
|-
! scope=row | [[File:Snooker_ball_brown.png|14px|alt=Brown snooker ball|link=]] {{Cuegloss|Brown}}
| 4 points
|-
! scope=row | [[File:Snooker_ball_blue.png|14px|alt=Blue snooker ball|link=]] {{Cuegloss|Blue}}
| 5 points
|-
! scope=row | [[File:Snooker_ball_pink.png|14px|alt=Pink snooker ball|link=]] {{Cuegloss|Pink}}
| 6 points
|-
! scope=row | [[File:Snooker_ball_black.png|14px|alt=Black snooker ball|link=]] {{Cuegloss|Black}}
| 7 points
|}

Points in snooker are gained from potting the object balls in the correct sequence. The total number of consecutive points (excluding fouls) that a player amasses during one {{Cuegloss|visit}} to the table is known as a "break".{{sfn|Shamos|2002|pp=227–228}} For example, a player could achieve a break of 15 by first potting a red followed by a black, then another red followed by a pink, before failing to pot the next red. A break of 100 points or more is referred to as a [[century break]]; these are recorded over the career of a professional player.<ref name="rise of century" /> A [[maximum break]] in snooker (often known as a "147" or a "maximum") is achieved by potting all reds with blacks, then potting all six colours in sequence, yielding 147 points.<ref name="Max 210" /> {{As of|2026|03|22}}, there have been 240 officially confirmed maximum breaks achieved in professional competition.<ref name="Official 147s" />

Penalty points are awarded to a player when their opponent commits a foul. This can occur for various reasons, such as sending the cue ball into a pocket or failing to hit the object ball. The latter is a common foul committed when a player fails to escape from a "snooker", where the previous player has left the cue ball positioned such that no legal ball can be struck directly in a straight line without being wholly or partially obstructed by an illegal ball. Fouls incur a minimum of four penalty points unless a higher value object ball is involved in the foul,{{efn|An object ball is involved in a foul if it is either the nominated {{cuegloss|ball on}}, or the highest-value ball unintentionally contacted or pocketed as a result of the foul.<ref name="WPBSA_Official_Rules" />{{rp|26–29}}}} up to a maximum of seven penalty points where the black ball is concerned.<ref name="WPBSA_Official_Rules" />{{rp|26–29}}{{efn|Until the 1920s, there was no minimum penalty, and a foul on a red ball was worth one point in penalties.{{sfn|Everton|1986|pages=49–50}}}} When a foul is committed, the offending player's turn ends and the referee announces the penalty. All points scored in the break before the foul occurred are awarded to the striker, but no points are scored for any ball pocketed during the foul shot.<ref name="WPBSA_Official_Rules" />{{rp|25}}

If dissatisfied with the position left after a foul, the next player may nominate the opponent who committed the foul to continue playing from where the balls have come to rest. If the referee has also called a "miss"—meaning that the offending player is deemed not to have made their best possible attempt to hit the object ball—the next player has the option of having the balls replaced to their original positions and forcing their opponent to replay the intended shot. If, after a foul, it is not possible to cleanly strike both sides of the object ball directly, the referee may call a free ball, allowing the next player to nominate any other ball in place of the object ball they might normally have played.<ref name="WPBSA_Official_Rules" />{{rp|13, 28}} If a player is awarded a free ball with all fifteen reds still in play, they can potentially make [[Maximum break#Breaks exceeding 147|a break exceeding 147]], with the highest possible being a 155 break, achieved by nominating the free ball as an extra red, then potting the black as the additional colour after potting the {{nowrap|free-ball}} red, followed by the fifteen reds with blacks, and finally the colours.{{sfn|Morrison|1987|p=79}} [[Jamie Cope]] was the first player to achieve a verified 155 break during a practice frame in 2005.<ref name="guardian_murphy" />
[[File:To pot the red.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A close-up view of a pockmarked white ball to the front and left of a red snooker ball which is itself next to a corner pocket in top right-hand corner of the image. The tip of a cue stick is visible in bottom right-hand corner of the image, about to strike the white ball.|A close-up view of a cue tip about to strike the cue ball, the aim being to pot the red ball into a corner pocket]]
One {{Cuegloss|game}} of snooker is called a "frame", and a snooker {{Cuegloss|match}} generally consists of a predetermined number of frames. Most matches in current professional tournaments are played as the best of 7, 9, or 11 frames, with finals usually the best of 17 or 19 frames. The World Championship uses a longer format, with matches ranging from the best of 19 frames in the first round to best of 35 for the final, which is played over four {{cuegloss|session|sessions}} of play held over two days.<ref name="BBCWSN1" /> Some early world finals had much longer matches, such as the [[1947 World Snooker Championship]], which was played over the best of 145 frames.<ref name="Snooker Scene" />{{sfn|Hayton|Dee|2004|page=144}}

==Governance and tournaments==
===Professional===
====World Snooker Tour====
{{Main|World Snooker Tour}}

Professional snooker players compete on the World Snooker Tour, which is a circuit of [[Snooker world rankings|world ranking]] tournaments and invitational events held throughout the snooker season. All competitions are [[Open (sport)|open]] to professional players who have qualified for the tour, and selected amateur players, but most events include a separate qualification stage. Players can qualify for the tour by virtue of their position in the world rankings from prior seasons, by winning continental championships, or through the [[Challenge Tour (snooker)|Challenge Tour]] or [[Q School (snooker)|Q School]] events.<ref name="qualifortour" /> Players on the World Snooker Tour generally gain a {{nowrap|two-year}} "tour card" for participation in the events.<ref name="qualifortour" /> Beginning in the [[2014–15 snooker season|2014{{nbnd}}15 season]], some players have also received invitational tour cards in recognition of their outstanding contributions to the sport; these cards are issued at the discretion of the World Snooker Board, and have been awarded to players including [[Steve Davis]], [[James Wattana]], [[Jimmy White]], and [[Stephen Hendry]].<ref name="wpbsa_TourCards" /> Some additional secondary tours have been contested over the years. A {{nowrap|two-tier}} structure was adopted for the [[1997–98 snooker season|1997{{nbnd}}98 season]]; comprising six tournaments known as the WPBSA Minor Tour was open to all professionals, but only ran for one season.{{sfn|Hayton|Dee|2004|pp=166–167}}<ref name="cajt secondary" /> A similar secondary UK Tour was first played from the 1997{{nbnd}}98 season, which was renamed the Challenge Tour in 2000, Players Tour Championship in 2010 and returned as the Challenge Tour in 2018.{{sfn|Hayton|Dee|2004|pp=171–174}}<ref name="cajt secondary"/><ref name="wst._Worl" />

The global governing body for professional snooker is the [[World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association]] (WPBSA),<ref name="wpbsa_gov.body" /><ref name="wst_wpbsa" /> founded in 1968 as the Professional Billiards Players' Association.<ref name="wpbsafounding" /><ref name="uia_wpbsa" /> The WPBSA owns and publishes the official rules of snooker,<ref name="wst_wpbsa" /><ref name="BusinessLive" /> and has overall responsibility for policy making in the professional sport of snooker.<ref name="wpbsafounding" /> World Snooker Ltd is responsible for the professional tour which is owned by both the WPBSA and [[Matchroom Sport]].<ref name="QbFUx" />

====World rankings====
{{Main|Snooker world rankings}}

Every player on the World Snooker Tour is assigned a position on the WPBSA's official world ranking list, which is used to determine the [[seed (sports)|seedings]] and the level of qualification each player requires for the tournaments on the professional circuit.<ref name="WPBSA Rankings FAQ" /> The current world rankings are determined using a {{nowrap|two-year}} rolling points system, where points are allocated to the players according to the prize money earned at designated tournaments.<ref name="RankingPointsSchedule" /> This "rolling" list is maintained and updated throughout the season, with points from tournaments played in the current season replacing points earned from the corresponding tournaments of two seasons ago. Additionally, "{{nowrap|one-year}}" and "{{nowrap|two-year}}" ranking lists are compiled at the end of every season, after the World Championship; these {{nowrap|year-end}} lists are used for {{nowrap|pre-qualification}} at certain tournaments and for {{nowrap|tour-card}} guarantees.<ref name="WPBSA Rankings FAQ" />

The top 16 players in the world ranking list, generally regarded as the "elite" of the professional snooker circuit,<ref name="top16-1" /> are not required to {{nowrap|pre-qualify}} for some of the tournaments, such as the [[Shanghai Masters (snooker)|Shanghai Masters]], the [[Masters (snooker)|Masters]] and the World Snooker Championship.<ref name="top16-2" /> Certain other events, such as those in the [[Players Series]], use the {{nowrap|one-year}} ranking list to qualify; these use the results of the current season to denote participants.<ref name="news_Cora" /> There are approximately 128 places available on the World Snooker Tour each season.<ref name="WPBSA tour1" /> As of the [[2024–25 snooker season|2024{{nbnd}}25 season]], players in the top 64 on the official ranking list are guaranteed a tour place for the next season, as well as a maximum of 31 players who are currently on the first year of a {{nowrap|two-year}} tour card, and the top four prize money earners during the most recent season who are not already qualified; this being assessed after the World Championship.<ref name="WPBSA tour2" />
[[File:World Snooker Championship Trophy edited.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|alt=A silver cup-shaped trophy with a trumpet base, a Greek shepherdess finial on top, and two deco square-section handles at the sides with green sponsor ribbons tied to them; the trophy is sitting on a green cylindrical plinth|The World Snooker Championship trophy]]

====Tournaments====
{{See also|List of snooker tournaments}}
The oldest current professional snooker tournament is the [[World Snooker Championship]],<ref name="BBCWSN1" /> which has taken place as an annual event most years since 1927.<ref name="World Snooker list" /><ref name="vDR55" /> Hosted at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield since 1977,<ref name="World Snooker list" /> the championship was sponsored by tobacco company Embassy from 1976 to 2005<ref name="GuardianSponsor" /> and has since been sponsored by various betting companies after the introduction of an {{nowrap|EU-wide}} ban on the advertising of tobacco products.<ref name="BBC 4732047" /><ref name="Np1Uq" /><ref name="sbcn_Betf" /> The World Championship is the most highly valued title in professional snooker,<ref name="wcvalue" /> in terms of financial reward (the tournament has carried a £500,000 winner's prize since 2019), ranking points and prestige.<ref name="wcprizemoney" /><ref name="earnings_and_era_dominance" />

The [[UK Championship]], held annually since 1977, is considered to be the second most important ranking tournament after the World Championship.<ref name="WST_UKchamp" /> These two events, and the annual {{nowrap|non-ranking}} [[Masters (snooker)|Masters]] tournament, make up snooker's [[Triple Crown (snooker)|Triple Crown]] Series;<ref name="dottmasters" /><ref name="TC winners" /> among the oldest competitions on the professional circuit, the Triple Crown events are valued by many players as the most prestigious.<ref name="TC winners" /> {{As of|2025|01}}, only eleven players have won all three events,<ref name="SN Triple Crown" /> the most recent being [[Judd Trump]] who completed the Triple Crown in May 2019.<ref name="BBC20190506" /> The Triple Crown events are televised in the UK by the BBC,<ref name="bbc_deal2022" /><ref name="bbc_deal2024" /><ref name="bbc_deal2027" /> while most other tournaments are broadcast across Europe on the [[Eurosport]] network,<ref name="eurosport_deal2016" /> or [[ITV Sport]],<ref name="SportsPro Media" /> as well as numerous other broadcasters internationally.<ref name=wst_broadcasters22 /><ref name="wst_WatchLive" />

After facing some criticism for matches taking too long,<ref name="GuardianDull" /> Matchroom Sport chairman Barry Hearn introduced a series of timed tournaments: the {{nowrap|shot-timed}} [[Premier League Snooker]], held between 1987 and 2012, featured seven players invited to compete at regular United Kingdom venues and was televised on [[Sky Sports]].<ref name="earnings_and_era_dominance" /> The players had 25 seconds to take each shot, with each player allowed five {{nowrap|time-outs}} per match. The format did achieve some success but was not afforded the same amount of press attention or status as the regular ranking tournaments.<ref name="GuardianDull" /> The event was removed from the professional tour after the 2012{{nbnd}}13 season, when the [[Champion of Champions (snooker)|Champion of Champions]] was {{nowrap|re-established}};<ref name="en.e_O'Su" /> players qualify for this tournament by virtue of winning other events in the season, with sixteen champions competing.<ref name="cham_Cham" />{{efn|Under certain circumstances, some runners-up participate at the Champion of Champions.<ref name="cham_Cham" />}}

Classified as a "precision sport" by the [[International Olympic Committee]], snooker has never been contested at the [[Summer Olympics]].<ref name="telegraph_olympics" /><ref name="sky.history" />{{efn|Snooker was contested at the [[Paralympic Games]] from 1960 until 1988.<ref name="wdbs_Olympics" />}} In 2015, the WPBSA submitted a bid for snooker to be included at the [[2020 Tokyo Olympics]],<ref name="Snookerolympic" /> but without success.<ref name="eN1gH" /> Since its launch in October 2017, the [[World Snooker Federation]] (WSF) has been advocating for snooker to be added to the Olympic and Paralympic programme.<ref name="itg_wsf" /><ref name="wsf" /> Their initial bid for the [[2024 Paris Olympics]] was unsuccessful,<ref name="KpBpW" /><ref name="T9wCo" /> but the WSF is campaigning for snooker to be included at the [[2032 Brisbane Olympics]].<ref name="telegraph_olympics" /> Olympic status would create a significant public funding opportunity for the sport and boost its global exposure.<ref name="telegraph_olympics" /> A trial of the format for [[cue sports]] to be played at the 2024 Games was conducted at the [[2019 World Team Trophy (cue sports)|2019 World Team Trophy]], which also featured [[Nine-ball|{{nowrap|nine-ball}}]] and [[carom billiards]].<ref name="azbi_Inau" /> Snooker has been contested at the [[World Games]] since [[Cue sports at the 2001 World Games|2001]] and was included as an event at the [[Snooker at the 2019 African Games|2019 African Games]].<ref name="jtHKc" /><ref name="eN7hQ" /><ref name="pHlSh" />

====Criticism====
Several players, including [[Ronnie O'Sullivan]], [[Mark Allen (snooker player)|Mark Allen]] and Steve Davis, have claimed that there are too many tournaments in the season, causing [[occupational burnout|burnout]] of players.<ref name="JrHL1" /> O'Sullivan played only a subset of tournaments in 2012, so he could spend more time with his children; as a result he ended the 2012{{nbnd}}13 season ranked 19th in the world despite being the world champion. O'Sullivan played only one tournament in 2013, the [[2013 World Snooker Championship|World Championship]], which he won.<ref name="theg_Ronn" /> He suggested that a "breakaway tour" with fewer events would be beneficial to the sport, but none was organised.<ref name="bbc._Ronn" /> 

Some players, including 2005 world champion [[Shaun Murphy]], have asserted that a 128 player professional tour is financially unsustainable.<ref name="Eurosport bread" /><ref name="Eurosport JT" /> {{nowrap|Lower-ranked}} professional players can struggle to make a living from the sport, especially after paying tournament entry fees, travel costs and other expenses.<ref name="Metro_Haigh_2022" /> In 2023, [[Stephen Maguire]] criticised the World Snooker Tour and WPBSA, claiming that "the game is dying right in front of our eyes",<ref name="Express_2023_01_27" /> and stating that some players ranked within the world's top 30 were seeking jobs outside the sport due to lack of earning potential from tournaments.<ref name="Mirror_2023_01_27" />

===Amateur===
Non-professional snooker (including youth competition) is governed by the [[International Billiards and Snooker Federation]] (IBSF).<ref name="ibsf" /> The highest level competition in the amateur sport is the IBSF World Snooker Championship.<ref name="trib_Muha" /> Events held specifically for seniors are handled by the WPBSA under the [[World Seniors Tour]],<ref name="LANCS" /><ref name="J3Vse" /><ref name="worl_WPBS" /> the highest level of the senior sport being the [[World Seniors Championship]].<ref name="worl_WPBS" /> World Disability Billiards and Snooker (WDBS) is a WPBSA subsidiary that organises events and playing aids in snooker and other cue sports for people with disabilities.<ref name="BBC get inspired" /> The most prestigious amateur event in England is the [[English Amateur Championship]]; first held in 1916, this is the oldest snooker competition still being played in the world.<ref name="wst._Hanc" />

Snooker is a mixed gender sport that affords men and women the same opportunities to progress at all levels of the game. While the main professional tour is open to male and female players alike, there is also a separate women's tour organised by [[World Women's Snooker]] (formerly the World Ladies Billiards and Snooker Association) which encourages female players to participate in the sport and take part in high level amateur competitions.<ref name="BBC get inspired" /><ref name="wws_about" /> The leading tournament on the women's tour is the [[World Women's Snooker Championship]], the winner of which receives a {{nowrap|two-year}} tour card to the main professional tour.<ref name="wst_wwsc" />

[[Reanne Evans]] won the women's world title a record twelve times, including ten consecutive victories from [[2005 World Women's Snooker Championship|2005]] to [[2014 Women's World Snooker Championship|2014]].<ref name="bbc_evans12th" /><ref name="WWSC" /> She has also participated on the World Snooker Tour and has taken part in the qualifying rounds of the main World Snooker Championship on five occasions, reaching the second round in 2017.<ref name="bbc._Wome" /> Evans holds the record for the highest break made in WWS competition, having achieved a 140 break twice (in 2008 and 2010).<ref name="wome_Worl" /> Other successful female players are [[Kelly Fisher]] (with five women's world titles), [[Ng On-yee]] (with three), and most recently [[Nutcharut Wongharuthai]], [[Siripaporn Nuanthakhamjan]] and [[Bai Yulu]], who won the World Women's Snooker Championship in 2022, 2023 and 2024 respectively.<ref name="WWSC"/>

Some leagues have allowed clubs to exclude female players from tournaments.<ref name="BBC_Leeds_2019_03_26" /><ref name="bIhfn" /> A committee member of the Keighley league defended allowing such teams in the league as necessity: "If we lose two of these clubs [with the {{nowrap|men-only}} policies] we would lose four teams and we can't afford to lose four teams otherwise we would have no league."<ref name="BBC_Leeds_2019_03_26" /> A World Women's Snooker spokesperson commented, "It is disappointing and unacceptable that in 2019 that {{Sic|}} players such as [[Rebecca Kenna]] have been the victim of antiquated discriminatory practices."<ref name="BBC_Leeds_2019_03_27" /> The [[All-Party Parliamentary Group|{{nowrap|all-party}} parliamentary group]] for snooker said, "The group believes that being prevented from playing in a club because of gender is archaic."<ref name="BBC_Leeds_2019_03_27" />

==Important players==
{{See also|List of World Snooker Championship winners|List of world number one snooker players|List of snooker players by number of ranking titles}}

[[File:Joe Davis.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.65|alt=Photo of Joe Davis|[[Joe Davis]], founder of the [[World Snooker Championship]], won 15 consecutive world titles from 1927 to 1946.<ref name="Joe Davis" />]]

After the creation of the World Snooker Championship, snooker overtook billiards as the most popular cue sport in the United Kingdom.<ref name="hist_Hist" /> [[Joe Davis]] was the World Champion for twenty years, retiring unbeaten in the event after claiming his fifteenth world title in 1946 when the tournament was reinstated after the Second World War.<ref name="Joe Davis" /> During his entire professional career, Davis remained undefeated when playing on equal terms, although he did lose some matches in [[Handicapping|handicapped]] tournaments.<ref name="Joe Davis" /><ref name="2QWfZ" />{{sfn|Gadsby|Williams|2005|page=17}} He was only ever beaten on level terms by his younger brother [[Fred Davis (snooker player)|Fred Davis]], but not until after he had retired from professional play.<ref name="Joe Davis" />

By 1947, Fred Davis was deemed by his older brother ready to become World Champion,<ref name="Joe Davis" /> but he lost that year's world final to [[Walter Donaldson (snooker player)|Walter Donaldson]].<ref name="Western Daily Press" /><ref name="Mercury" /> Davis and Donaldson contested the next four world finals, with Davis winning three of the four.{{sfn|Morrison|1989|p=19}} With the abandonment of the World Championship in 1953 (after the boycott of the 1952 event by British professionals), the World Professional {{nowrap|Match-play}} Championship became the unofficial world championship.{{sfn|Gadsby|Williams|2005|page=47}} Fred Davis won the tournament every year from 1952 to 1956 but did not enter the 1957 event.<ref name="cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk" /> [[John Pulman]] won in 1957 and was the most successful player of the 1960s, winning the world title seven times [[1964–68 World Snooker Championships|between April 1964 and March 1968]] while the World Championship was being contested at irregular intervals on a challenge basis.{{sfn|Hayton|Dee|2004|page=144}}<ref name="cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk"/> Pulman's winning streak ended when the tournament reverted to a knockout format in 1968.<ref name="TIMES23NOV" /><ref name="SjlVi" /> [[Ray Reardon]] was the dominant force of the 1970s, winning six world titles (in 1970, 1973–1976, and 1978), and [[John Spencer (snooker player)|John Spencer]] won the world title three times (in 1969, 1971 and 1977).<ref name="Inside Snooker" /><ref name="Times_24Apr1976" />

{{multiple image |total_width=410
|image1=Wiki_stevedavis_upload.jpg
|alt1=Photo of Steve Davis
|caption1=[[Steve Davis]] won six world titles during the 1980s.<ref name="Davis6" />
|image2=Stephen Hendry PHC 2011.png
|alt2=Photo of Stephen Hendry
|caption2=[[Stephen Hendry]] won seven world titles during the 1990s.<ref name="cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk" />
|image3=Stephen Maguire, Ronnie O’Sullivan, and Michaela Tabb at German Masters Snooker Final (DerHexer) 2012-02-05 05 cropped.jpg
|alt3=Photo of Ronnie O'Sullivan
|caption3=[[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] has won seven world titles in the 21st century.<ref name="BBC RO worlds" />}}

[[Steve Davis]] (no relation to Joe or Fred) won his first World Championship in 1981, becoming the 11th World Snooker Champion since 1927.<ref name="Times_21Apr1981" /><ref name="Times_07Apr1981" /> He won six world titles altogether (in 1981, 1983, 1984 and 1987–1989) and competed in the {{nowrap|most-watched}} snooker match, the 1985 World Snooker Championship final, which he lost to Dennis Taylor.<ref name="dsoH1" /> [[Stephen Hendry]] became the 14th World Snooker Champion in 1990, aged 21 years and 106 days, the youngest player ever to have lifted the world title.<ref name="WST History of Snooker" /> He dominated the sport through the 1990s,{{sfn|McCann|2013|page=3}} winning the World Championship seven times (in 1990, 1992–1996, and 1999).<ref name="cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk" /><ref name="Global Snooker" />

[[Ronnie O'Sullivan]] has claimed the most world titles since 2000, having won the World Championship seven times (in 2001, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2013, 2020 and 2022).<ref name="BBC RO worlds" /> [[John Higgins]] and [[Mark Selby]] have both won four world titles (Higgins in 1998, 2007, 2009 and 2011; Selby in 2014, 2016, 2017 and 2021),<ref name="BBC JH worlds" /><ref name="BBC MS worlds" /> and [[Mark Williams (snooker player)|Mark Williams]] three (in 2000, 2003 and 2018).<ref name="BBC MW worlds" /><ref name="SN most worlds" /> O'Sullivan, Higgins, [[Judd Trump]] and [[Neil Robertson]] are the only players to have made over [[Century break#Players with 500 or more|1,000 career century breaks]].<ref name="SnookerInfo_CenturyBreaks" /> O'Sullivan holds the record for the most maximum breaks compiled in professional competition, having achieved his 16th and 17th in August 2025.<ref name="wst.Ronnie_16&17max" /> O'Sullivan also holds the record for the most ranking titles (41) and most Triple Crown titles (23) achieved in the sport.<ref name="wst.ros" />

==Variants==
Some versions of snooker, such as [[six-red]] or [[ten-red snooker]], are played with almost identical rules to the standard game but with fewer object balls, reducing the time taken to play each frame.<ref name="BBC Super 6" /><ref name="WPBSA_Official_Rules" />{{rp|34}} The [[Six-red World Championship|{{nowrap|Six-red}} World Championship]], contested annually in [[Bangkok]], Thailand, was a regular fixture on the World Snooker Tour between [[2012 Six-red World Championship|2012]] and [[2023 Six-red World Championship|2023]].<ref name="WST Six Red History" /> A World Women's {{nowrap|10-Red}} Championship was held annually in Leeds, England, from 2017 to 2019.<ref name="S1tVF" /><ref name="NOKNf" /><ref name="c4a7C" />

Geographic variations exist in the United States and Brazil, while speed versions of the standard game have been developed in the United Kingdom. [[American snooker]] is an amateur version of the game played almost exclusively in the United States.{{sfn|Collender|1925|pages=40–48}} With simplified rules and generally played on smaller tables, this variant dates back to 1925.{{efn|Despite its name, American snooker is not governed or recognised by the [[United States Snooker Association]], but by the [[Billiard Congress of America]].<ref name="BCA 2008" />}}{{sfn|Collender|1925|pages=40–48}} ''[[Sinuca brasileira]]'' (or "Brazilian snooker") is a variant of snooker played exclusively in Brazil, with fully divergent rules from the standard game and using only one red ball instead of fifteen. At the start of the game, the single red is positioned halfway between the pink ball and the side cushion, and the {{nowrap|break-off}} shot cannot be used to pot the red or place the opponent in a snooker.<ref name="sinu_Hist" /> The [[Snooker Shoot Out]] is a variant snooker tournament consisting of single frame matches for an accelerated format. First staged in [[1990 Shoot-Out|1990]], the idea was resurrected in [[2011 Snooker Shoot-Out|2011]] with a modified version that was added to the professional tour in the [[2010–11 snooker season|2010{{nbnd}}11 season]] and upgraded to a ranking event in [[2017 Snooker Shoot Out|2017]].<ref name="Eurosport shoot out" /><ref name="7DxzR" /> "Snooker 900" is a newer variant similar to the Shoot Out first introduced in 2022 in non-professional events. Each match consists of a single frame of at most 900 seconds, i.e. 15 minutes, with differing additional variant rules depending on the competition intended to reduce prolonged safety exchanges.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 900: snooker draw, format, where to watch |url=https://snookerhq.com/2022/09/20/the-900-snooker-draw-format-where-watch/ |last=Caulfield |first=David |date=20 September 2022 |website=SnookerHQ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Snooker 900 Explained: Format, Rules, and How it Works |url=https://snookerhq.com/explainers/snooker-900-format-rules/ |website=SnookerHQ |access-date=27 February 2026}}</ref>

Other games have been designed with an increased number of object balls in play. One example is "snooker plus", which included two additional colours: an orange ball worth eight points positioned between pink and blue, and a purple ball worth ten points positioned between brown and blue, increasing the maximum possible break to 210.<ref name="8NWyU" /> Introduced at the [[1959 News of the World Snooker Plus Tournament]], this variant failed to gain popularity and is no longer played.{{sfn|Shamos|2002|pp=140–150}} [[Power Snooker]] was a {{nowrap|short-lived}} cue sport based on aspects of snooker and pool; this was first played competitively in [[2010 Power Snooker Masters Trophy|2010]] and again in [[2011 Power Snooker Masters Trophy|2011]], but the format was discontinued after it failed to gain widespread appeal.<ref name="Eurosport shoot out" /> Using nine red balls racked in a diamond shaped pack at the start of the game, the matches were limited to a fixed {{nowrap|game-play}} period of 30 minutes.<ref name="GuardianPower" /> [[Tenball]] was a snooker variant designed specifically for the television show of the same name, an [[LWT]] production that was broadcast for one series in 1995. An extra ball worth ten points (the yellow and black "tenball") was added between the blue and pink, and the game had a slightly revised set of rules compared to the standard game.<ref name="ukgameshow" />

==See also==
{{portal|Cue sports}}
* [[Comparison of cue sports]]
* [[Glossary of cue sports terms]]
* [[Timeline of snooker on UK television]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="Snookerolympic">{{Cite news |title=Snooker bids to be included in 2020 Olympics in Tokyo |work=BBC Sport |date=22 January 2015 |access-date=16 September 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/snooker/30942350 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808061802/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/snooker/30942350 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Macmillan British">{{cite web |title=Pronunciation of snooker |work=Macmillan Dictionary |url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/snooker |publisher=Macmillan Publishers |location=London, UK |access-date=19 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415162427/http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/snooker |archive-date=15 April 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="Macmillan American">{{cite web |title=American pronunciation of snooker |work=Macmillan Dictionary |url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/american/snooker |publisher=op. cit. |access-date=19 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512225433/http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/american/snooker |archive-date=12 May 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="Neville Chamberlain disambiguation">{{cite ODNB |last1=Moreman |first1=T. R. |title=Chamberlain, Sir Neville Francis Fitzgerald (1856–1944), army officer and inventor of snooker |date=25 May 2006 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/73766}}</ref>
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<ref name="Eurosport waistcoats">{{cite web|last=Snowball |first=Ben |title=World Snooker Championship 2021 – 'No one enjoys playing in a bow tie and waistcoat' – Mark Allen |url=https://www.eurosport.com/snooker/world-championship/2020-2021/world-snooker-championship-2021-no-one-enjoys-playing-in-a-bow-tie-and-waistcoat-mark-allen_sto8284489/story.shtml |date=22 April 2021 |access-date=2 May 2024 |work=Eurosport |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001114053/https://www.eurosport.com/snooker/world-championship/2020-2021/world-snooker-championship-2021-no-one-enjoys-playing-in-a-bow-tie-and-waistcoat-mark-allen_sto8284489/story.shtml}}</ref>
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<ref name=wst_crucible>{{cite web|url=https://www.wst.tv/cazooworldchampionship/ |title=Cazoo World Championship |access-date=8 August 2024 |work=World Snooker |url-status=live |archive-date=14 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514021849/https://www.wst.tv/cazooworldchampionship/}}</ref>
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<ref name="WPBSA_Official_Rules">{{cite web |title=Official Rules of the Games of Snooker and English Billiards |url=https://wpbsa.com/wp-content/uploads/2198_WPBSA-Rulebook-2024-25.pdf |website=[[World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association|WPBSA]] |date=September 2024 |access-date=12 March 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128111034/https://wpbsa.com/wp-content/uploads/2198_WPBSA-Rulebook-2024-25.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2025}}</ref>
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<ref name="sbcn_Betf">{{Cite web |title=Betfred extends World Snooker Championship sponsorship |last=Menmuir |first=Ted |publisher=SBC News |date=2 May 2019 |access-date=19 August 2021 |url=https://sbcnews.co.uk/europe/uk/2019/05/02/betfred-extends-world-snooker-championship-sponsorship/ |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726175910/https://sbcnews.co.uk/europe/uk/2019/05/02/betfred-extends-world-snooker-championship-sponsorship/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="TIMES23NOV">{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=23 November 1968 |page=5 |title=Spencer beats Pulman}}</ref>
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<ref name="wst.ros">{{Cite web |title=Ronnie O'Sullivan |url=https://www.wst.tv/players/226c7294-655e-4925-bcde-17330ddfc438 |website=World Snooker |access-date=2 August 2024 |url-status=live |archive-date=7 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807073339/https://www.wst.tv/players/226c7294-655e-4925-bcde-17330ddfc438}}</ref>
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<ref name="BCA 2008">{{Cite book |author= |chapter=Snooker Games |title=Billiards: The Official Rules and Records Book |date=2008 |publisher=Billiard Congress of America |location=Colorado Springs, Colorado |isbn=978-1-87849-318-7 |at="American Snooker" entry, pp. 118–121 |ref=Reference-BCA-2008}}</ref>
<ref name="sinu_Hist">{{Cite web |title=História da Sinuca – Conheça as Origens do Jogo de Bilhar e da Sinuca no Brasil |trans-title=History of Snooker – Discover the Origins of the Game of Billiards and Snooker in Brazil |website=sinucasinuca.com.br |access-date=19 August 2021 |url=http://www.sinucasinuca.com.br/historia/ |language=pt |archive-date=30 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630033732/http://www.sinucasinuca.com.br/historia/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Eurosport shoot out">{{cite web |url=https://www.eurosport.co.uk/snooker/shoot-out/2020-2021/snooker-shoot-out-what-is-it-why-are-ronnie-o-sullivan-judd-trump-and-neil-robertson-missing_sto8095085/story.shtml |title=Snooker Shoot Out 2021: What is it? Why are Ronnie O'Sullivan and Judd Trump missing? |work=Eurosport |date=2 February 2021 |last=Kane |first=Desmond |access-date=14 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718162455/https://www.eurosport.co.uk/snooker/shoot-out/2020-2021/snooker-shoot-out-what-is-it-why-are-ronnie-o-sullivan-judd-trump-and-neil-robertson-missing_sto8095085/story.shtml |archive-date=18 July 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="ukgameshow">{{Cite web |title=Tenball |website=ukgameshows.com |access-date=21 May 2018 |url=http://www.ukgameshows.com/ukgs/Tenball |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702044844/http://ukgameshows.com/ukgs/Tenball |archive-date=2 July 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="f9rUu">{{cite web |last=Turner |first=Chris |title=Major Amateur Championships |url=http://www.cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Amateur.html |year=2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512004350/http://www.cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Amateur.html |archive-date=12 May 2012 |website=Chris Turner's Snooker Archive |access-date=5 December 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="wpbsa_gov.body">{{cite web|url=https://wpbsa.com/snookers-world-governing-body/ |title=Snooker's World Governing Body |website=WPBSA |date=24 April 2023 |access-date=14 August 2024 |url-status=live |archive-date=19 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519133225/https://wpbsa.com/snookers-world-governing-body/}}</ref>
<ref name="wst_wpbsa">{{cite web|url=https://www.wst.tv/wpbsa/about-wpbsa/ |title=About WPBSA |website=World Snooker |access-date=14 August 2024 |url-status=live |archive-date=14 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814123241/https://www.wst.tv/wpbsa/about-wpbsa/}}</ref>
<ref name="uia_wpbsa">{{cite web|url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100045886 |title=World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA) |website=Global Civil Society Database |publisher=[[Union of International Associations|UIA]] |access-date=14 August 2024 |url-status=live |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210091336/https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100045886}}</ref>

<ref name="QbFUx">{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://wst.tv/corporate/about-us/ |access-date=25 January 2021 |work=World Snooker |language=en-US |archive-date=10 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510044539/https://wst.tv/corporate/about-us/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>



<ref name="pHlSh">{{cite web |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1074080/snooker-to-feature-as-medal-event-at-2019-african-games-in-morocco |title=Snooker to feature as medal event at 2019 African Games in Morocco |date=11 January 2019 |website=[[Inside The Games]] |access-date=8 December 2019 |archive-date=2 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802213523/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1074080/snooker-to-feature-as-medal-event-at-2019-african-games-in-morocco |url-status=live |first=Michael |last=Pavitt}}</ref>
<ref name="SjlVi">{{cite news |last=Baxter |first=Trevor |title=Obituary: John Pulman |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-john-pulman-1076338.html |work=The Independent |access-date=31 August 2012 |location=London |date=26 January 1999 |archive-date=27 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127230011/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-john-pulman-1076338.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="S1tVF">{{Cite web |website=snookerscores.net |publisher=WPBSA |title=WPBSA SnookerScores – 2017 LITEtask World Women's 10-Red Championship |url=https://snookerscores.net/tournament-manager/2017-litetask-world-womens-10-red-championship/ |access-date=27 March 2021 |language=en |archive-date=19 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019081001/https://snookerscores.net/tournament-manager/2017-litetask-world-womens-10-red-championship |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="NOKNf">{{Cite web |website=snookerscores.net |publisher=WPBSA |title=WPBSA SnookerScores – 2018 World Women's 10-Red Championship |url=https://snookerscores.net/tournament-manager/2018-world-womens-10-red-championship |access-date=27 March 2021 |language=en |archive-date=23 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123100300/https://snookerscores.net/tournament-manager/2018-world-womens-10-red-championship |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="c4a7C">{{Cite web |website=snookerscores.net |publisher=WPBSA |title=WPBSA SnookerScores – 2019 World Women's 10-Red Championship |url=https://snookerscores.net/tournament-manager/2019-world-womens-10-red-championship |access-date=27 March 2021 |language=en |archive-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228180734/https://snookerscores.net/tournament-manager/2019-world-womens-10-red-championship |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="7DxzR">{{cite web |url=https://www.livesnooker.com/major-ranking-events/snooker-shoot-out/ |title=Snooker Shoot-Out |website=livesnooker.com |access-date=14 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810203109/https://www.livesnooker.com/major-ranking-events/snooker-shoot-out/ |archive-date=10 August 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Kentfield_book">{{cite book |last=Kentfield |first=Edwin |author-link=Edwin Kentfield |date=1850 |title=The Game of Billiards |publisher=Smith, Elder & Co |location=London |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gp8NAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA49 49–50] |edition=5th |via=Google Books}}</ref>
<ref name="wdbs_Olympics">{{cite web|url=https://www.wdbs.info/about/paralympic-games/ |title=Paralympic Games {{!}} WDBS {{!}} Disability Snooker |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=World Disability Billiards and Snooker |url-status=live |archive-date=4 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804170942/https://www.wdbs.info/about/paralympic-games/}}</ref>
<ref name="Express_2023_01_27">{{Cite web |last=Watson |first=Fraser |date=27 January 2023 |title=Maguire launches blistering attack on snooker bosses in angry rant |url=https://www.express.co.uk/sport/othersport/1727223/Stephen-Maguire-snooker-news |access-date=29 January 2023 |website=Daily Express |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="Mirror_2023_01_27">{{Cite web |last=Parsons |first=Ben |date=27 January 2023 |title=Snooker 'dying in front of our eyes' as Maguire slams sport's under-fire 'suits' |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/other-sports/snooker/snooker-stephen-maguire-match-fixing-29072032 |access-date=29 January 2023 |website=mirror |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="SnookerInfo_CenturyBreaks">{{cite web |title=100+ Centuries |url=https://snookerinfo.co.uk/ |website=snookerinfo.co.uk |access-date=9 January 2025 |archive-date=9 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109121804/https://snookerinfo.co.uk/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|title=The Little Book of Snooker |last=Boru |first=Sean |author-link=Sean Boru |others=Foreword by Jimmy White MBE |year=2010 |publisher=[[The History Press]] |location=Stroud |isbn=978-0-7524-5561-7}}
* {{Cite book |title=Rules Governing the Royal Game of Billiards |author= |location=Chicago |publisher=[[Brunswick-Balke-Collender]] |date=1925 |oclc=20873549|ref = {{SfnRef|Collender|1925}}}}
* {{Cite book|last=Everton |first=Clive |author-link=Clive Everton |title=The History of Snooker and Billiards |year=1986 |edition=1st |publisher=[[Partridge Press]] |location=Haywards Heath |isbn=1-85225-013-5}}
* {{Cite book|first=Clive |last=Everton |author-link=Clive Everton |title=Black Farce and Cue Ball Wizards: The Inside Story of the Snooker World |publisher=[[Mainstream Publishing]] |location=Edinburgh |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-78057-568-1}}
* {{Cite book |title=Fotheringham's Extraordinary Sporting Pastimes |last=Fotherington |first=William |date=2006|publisher=[[Robson Books]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-86105-953-6}}
* {{Cite book |first1=Paul |last1=Gadsby |first2=Luke |last2=Williams |title=Masters of the Baize: Cue Legends, Bad Boys and Forgotten Men in Search of Snooker's Ultimate Prize |year=2005 |publisher=Mainstream Publishing |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-1-84018-872-1}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hayton |first1=Eric N. |last2=Dee |first2=John |title=The CueSport Book of Professional Snooker: The Complete Record & History |year=2004 |publisher=Rose Villa Publications |location=Lowestoft |isbn=978-0-9548549-0-4}}
* {{cite book |first=Liam |last=McCann |title=Snooker: Player by Player |year=2013 |publisher=[[Demand Media]] |location=Woking |isbn=978-1-90921-745-4}}
*{{cite book |last=Morrison |first=Ian |date=1987 |title=The Hamlyn Encyclopedia of Snooker |edition=Revised |location=Twickenham |publisher=[[Hamlyn (publisher)|Hamlyn]] |isbn=978-0-600-55604-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Morrison|first=Ian |date=1989 |title=Snooker: Records, Facts and Champions |publisher=Guinness Superlatives |location=Enfield |isbn=978-0-85112-364-6}}
* {{Cite book|last=Peall |first=Arthur F. |title=Billiards and Snooker |year=2017 |orig-year=1928 |edition=Reprint |publisher=Barzun Press |isbn=978-1-44552515-0}}
* {{Cite book|last=Shamos |first=Michael I. |author-link=Michael Ian Shamos |title=The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Billiards |publisher=[[Lyons Press]]|location=New York |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-58574-685-9}}

==External links==
{{Commons and category}}
{{Wiktionary}}
* [https://www.wst.tv/ World Snooker Tour]
* [https://wpbsa.com/ World Professional Billiards & Snooker Association]
* [https://www.womenssnooker.com/ World Women's Snooker]
* [https://www.wdbs.info/ World Disability Billiards and Snooker]
* [https://seniorssnooker.com/ World Seniors Snooker]
* [https://www.ibsf.info/ International Billiards & Snooker Federation]

{{Clear}}
{{Cue sports nav}}
{{Snooker lists}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Snooker| ]]
[[Category:Individual sports]]
[[Category:Cue sports disciplines]]
[[Category:Indoor sports]]
[[Category:Precision sports]]
[[Category:Pub games]]
[[Category:Sports originating in India]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Uttarakhand Lokayukta

2026-03-27T08:31:16Z

Estella97P: added new article from scratch...

{{use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Short description|Parliamentary Ombudsman for the state of Sikkim}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Uttarakhand Lokayukta
| nativename =
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| formed = 2012
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| country = India
| federal = No
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| headquarters = Uttarakhand Lokayukta, [[Dehradun]]
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| chief1name = Justice A P Subba
| chief1position = Lokayukta Chairperson.
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'''Uttarakhand Lokayukta'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Announcement 175 |url=https://uk.gov.in/upload/announcements/Announcement-175.pdf}}</ref> is the [[Parliamentary Ombudsman]] for the state of [[Uttarakhand]] in India. It is a high level statutory functionary, created to address grievances of the public against [[Uttarakhand Council of Ministers|ministers]], [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|legislators]], [[Government of Uttarakhand|administration]] and [[Uttarakhand Public Service Commission|public servants]] of the state, in issues related to misuse of power, mal-administration and corruption. It was first formed under the Uttarakhand Lokayukta Act, 2014 and approved by the [[Governor of Uttarakhand]]. With [[The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013]] adopted by the [[Parliament of India]] coming into force on 16 January 2014, each state in India was required to appoint its [[Lokayukta]] within a year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-there-is-no-lokpal-at-centre-and-lokayukta-in-many-states/articleshow/66570168.cms|title=Delay in appointment of Lokpal & Lokayukta: Who will bell the graft?|first=G.|last=Seetharaman|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/lok-sabha-passes-landmark-lokpal-bill/article20701403.ece1|title=Lok Sabha passes landmark Lokpal Bill|first=Rajalakshmi|last=S&|website=www.thehindubusinessline.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/only-four-states-have-appointed-judicial-non-judicial-members-of-lokayukta-says-report/articleshow/79627314.cms|title=Only four states have appointed judicial, non-judicial members of Lokayukta, says report|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> An Upa-Lokayukta is a deputy to the Lokayukta and assists in her or his work and acts as the in-charge Lokayukta in case the position falls vacant prematurely.

== Powers ==

Uttarakhand Lokayukta has complete and exclusive authority for enquiring into allegations or complaints against the [[Chief Minister of Uttarakhand]], Deputy Chief Minister of Uttarakhand, [[Uttarakhand Council of Ministers|Uttarakhand ministers]], [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Uttarakhand Leader of the Opposition]] and [[Government of Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand government officials]]. Lokayukta Act of the state which serves as its tool against corruption covers Chief Ministers, ex-Chief Ministers, State government officials, State ministers, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officers]] and, all public servants. Uttarakhand Lokayukta has powers to enquire into corruption allegations and related matters against State government officials, State public servants and elected officials in the state government.

==List of Uttarakhand Lokayuktas==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!{{small|S. No.}}
!Name
!Portrait
!Tenure
!Appointed by ([[Governor of Uttarakhand|Governor]])
!{{small|Ref.}}
|-
|1
![[S. H. A. Raza]]
|
|2002–2008
|[[Surjit Singh Barnala]]
|<ref name=appoint>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/uttarakhand-drags-its-feet-on-appointing-lokayukta/article7608750.ece| title = Uttarakhand drags its feet on appointing Lokayukta - The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 3 September 2015| last1 = Upadhyay| first1 = Kavita}}</ref>
|-
|2
![[M. M. Ghildiyal]]
|
|2008–2013
|[[Banwari Lal Joshi]]
|<ref name=appoint />
|}

==See also==
* [[Lokayukta]]
* [[Lokpal]]
* [[The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013]]
* [[Uttarakhand Lok Adalat]]
* [[Uttarakhand High Court]]
* [[Chief Justice of Uttarakhand]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Lokayukta}}
{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Lokayuktas]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]

Varuna

2026-03-24T05:43:48Z

Estella97P: updated details

{{short description|Hindu deity associated with water}}
{{for-multi|the possible dwarf planet|20000 Varuna|other uses}}
{{AI-generated|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = File:Rajarani Temple 03 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Sculpture of Varuna at the 11th-century Rajarani [[Hindu temple]].<ref name="Michell1977p45">{{cite book |author=George Michell |title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC |year=1977 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53230-1 |pages=4, 44–45 with Figure 15}}</ref>
| name = Varuna
| god_of = '''[[Vedic mythology|Vedic]]:''' God of Sky, [[Ṛta|Order]], [[Satya|Truth]], [[Ap (water)|Water]] and [[Māyā|Magic]]
----
'''[[Itihasa-Purana|Itihasa-Puranic]]:''' God of Water, Lakes, Streams, Rivers and Oceans
| member_of = [[Adityas]] and [[Dikpala]]
| affiliation = '''Vedic:''' [[Asuras]], [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]], [[Adityas]]
----
'''Itihasa-Puranic:''' [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]], [[Adityas]], [[Dikpala]]s
| abode = Ocean
| mantra = ''Oṃ jala bimbāya vidmahe nīla puruṣāya dhīmahi tanno varuṇaḥ pracodayāt Oṃ Varunāya Namaḥ''
| weapon = [[Noose]], [[Varunastra]], [[Gandiva]]
| mount = [[Makara (Hindu mythology)|Makara]]
| father = [[Kashyapa]]
| mother = [[Aditi]]
| planet = [[Neptune]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-12-17 |title=Planetary Linguistics |url=http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/days.html |access-date=2025-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217070734/http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/days.html |archive-date=17 December 2007 }}</ref>
| spouse = '''Itihasa-Puranic:''' {{hlist|[[Varunani]]|Gauri|Charshani|Jyeshtha<ref name=":2" />}}
| children = '''Itihasa-Puranic:'''
* Bala (son)
* [[Varuni#Varuna's daughter|Varuni or Sura]] (daughter)<ref name=":2" />
* Pushkara (son)
* [[Vasishtha]] and [[Agastya]] (twin-sons)
* Go (son)
* Vandi (son)
* Sushena (son, a [[vanara]])
* [[Shrutayudha]] (son)
* [[Adharma|Andharmaka]] (son)
* Kali (son, [[Jaya-Vijaya|Jaya and Vijaya]]'s father)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/BrahmandaPuranaG.V.TagarePart3|title=Brahmanda Purana – English Translation – Part 3 of 5|last=G.V.Tagare|date=1958|pages=[https://archive.org/details/BrahmandaPuranaG.V.TagarePart3/page/n77 794]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/stuta|title=Stuta, Stutā: 5 definitions|last=www.wisdomlib.org|date=2017-10-09|website=www.wisdomlib.org|access-date=2020-01-15}}</ref>
* [[Manu (Hinduism)|Dakshasavarni Manu]] (son)
| greek_equivalent = [[Poseidon]]
| roman_equivalent = [[Neptune (mythology)|Neptune]]
| norse_equivalent = [[Njörðr]]
| other_names = {{hlist|Sindhu|Samudra|Ratnākara}}
}}
{{Hinduism |deities}}

'''Varuna''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|ɜr|ʊ|n|ə|,_|ˈ|v|ɑː|r|ə|-}};<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/varuna "Varuna"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{langx|sa|वरुण}}, {{IAST3|Varuṇa}}) is a [[Deva (Hinduism)|Hindu god]]. He is one of the earliest deities in the pantheon, whose role underwent a significant transformation from the [[Vedic period|Vedic]] to the [[Puranic Hinduism|Puranic]] periods. In the early [[Vedism|Vedic]] era, Varuna is seen as the god-sovereign, ruling the sky and embodying divine authority. He is also mentioned as the king of [[asuras]], who gained the status of a [[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]], serving as the chief of the [[Adityas]], a group of celestial deities. He maintains truth and ''[[ṛta]]'', the cosmic and moral order, and was invoked as an omniscient ethical judge, with the stars symbolizing his watchful eyes or spies. Frequently paired with [[Mitra (Hindu god)|Mitra]], Varuna represents the magical and speculative aspects of sovereignty, overseeing the relationship between gods and humans.<ref name="Williams2003p294" /><ref name="Lochtefeld2002p741">{{cite book |author=James G. Lochtefeld |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |url-access=registration |year=2002 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/741 741]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&q=Kashyapa+Varuna&pg=PA274|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|isbn=9780143414216|last1=Dalal|first1=Roshen|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bauer |first=Susan Wise |title=The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome |publisher=[[W. W. Norton]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-393-05974-8 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=265 |author-link=Susan Wise Bauer}}</ref>

The transition from the Vedic to later periods saw Varuna's domain begin to shift from the firmament to waters. He became associated with celestial waters, marking the initial phase of his transformation. By the time of the ''[[Itihasa-Purana]]'', Varuna had transformed into the lord of all waters, ruling over oceans, rivers, streams, and lakes. Depicted as residing in a magnificent underwater palace, akin to [[Poseidon]] in [[Greek mythology]], he is attended by river goddesses like [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] and [[Yami|Yamuna]]. Varuna’s earlier supremacy diminished, and he was relegated to a lesser role as a [[dikpala]], or guardian of the western direction. He is depicted as a youthful man, mounted on [[Makara (Hindu mythology)|Makara]] (crocodile-like creature) and holding a [[Pasha (Hinduism)|Pasha]] (noose, rope loop) and a pitcher in his hands.<ref name="Williams2003p294" /><ref name="Snodgrass1992p121" /><ref name="Lochtefeld2002p741" /> He is depicted as having multiple wives and children, the most notable of the latter being the sages [[Vasishtha]] and [[Agastya]].<ref name="Williams2003p294">{{cite book |author=George Mason Williams |title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9791576071068 |url-access=registration |year=2003 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-106-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9791576071068/page/294 294]}}</ref>

Varuna is also mentioned in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] grammar work ''[[Tolkāppiyam]]'', as '''Kadalon''' ({{langx|ta|கடலோன்|Kaṭalōṉ}}), the god of sea and rain,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjoRAAAAYAAJ|title=Journal of Tamil Studies|date=1969|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies|pages=131|language=en}}</ref> and is furthermore present as a deity in [[Jainism]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Sehdev Kumar |title=A Thousand Petalled Lotus: Jain Temples of Rajasthan : Architecture & Iconography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSDACkmA_ukC&pg=PA18 |year=2001 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-348-9 |page=18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Kristi L. Wiley |title=The A to Z of Jainism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUz9o-EKTpwC&pg=PA248 |year=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow |isbn=978-0-8108-6821-2 |page=248}}</ref> In [[Buddhism in Japan|Japanese Buddhist myth]], Varuna is known as {{Nihongo|'''Suiten'''|水天||{{lit}} "Water [[Deva (Buddhism)|Deva]]"}} and ranks among the [[Twelve Devas]] (''Jūniten'').<ref name="Snodgrass1992p121">{{cite book |author=Adrian Snodgrass |title=The Symbolism of the Stupa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzqK8dDCM0UC |year=1992 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0781-5 |pages=120–122 with footnotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyoto National Museum |url=https://www.kyohaku.go.jp/eng/collection/meihin/butsuga/item05/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Kyoto National Museum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JAANUS / juuniten 十二天 |url=https://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/j/juuniten.htm |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=www.aisf.or.jp |publisher=Atsumi International Scholarship Foundation}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
In Hindu tradition, the theonym ''Váruṇa'' ([[Devanagari]]: [[wikt:वरुण#Sanskrit|वरुण]]) is described as a derivation from the verbal root ''vṛ'' ("to surround, to cover" or "to restrain, bind") by means of a suffixal ''-uṇa-'', for an interpretation of the name as "he who covers or binds", in reference to the cosmological [[Oceanus|ocean or river]] encircling the world, but also in reference to the "binding" by universal law or ''[[Ṛta]]''.<ref name="Snodgrass1992p121" />

[[Georges Dumézil]] (1934) made a cautious case for the identity of Varuna and the Greek god ''[[Uranus (mythology)|Ouranos]]'' at the earliest [[Indo-European mythology|Indo-European]] cultural level.<ref>Dumézil, ''Ouranós-Váruna: Étude de mythologie comparée indo-européenne'' (Paris:Maisonneuve 1932).</ref><ref name="Dumézil">Georges Dumézil, ''Ouranos-Varuna – Essai de mythologie comparée indo-européenne'' (Paris: G.-P. Maisonneuve, 1934).</ref>
The etymological identification of the name ''Ouranos'' with the Sanskrit ''Varuṇa'' is based in the derivation of both names from the [[PIE root]] ''*ŭer'' with a sense of "binding" – the Indic king-god ''Varuṇa'' binds the wicked, the Greek king-god ''Ouranos'' binds the Cyclopes. This derivation of the Greek name is now widely rejected in favour of derivation from the root *''wers-'' "to moisten, drip" (Sanskrit vṛṣ "to rain, pour").<ref>[[Manfred Mayrhofer]], ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen'', vol. 2, s.v. "Vsáruṇa" (Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1996), 515–6.
[[Edgar Charles Polomé|Edgar C. Polomé]], "Binder-god", in ''[[Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture]]'' (London–Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997), 65.</ref>

== In Vedas ==
=== Samhita ===
====Rigveda====
In the oldest Hindu scripture, ''[[Rigveda]]'' (<abbr>c.</abbr> 1900–1200 BCE), Varuṇa is among the most prominent deities, appearing in numerous hymns, including 1.25, 2.27–30, 7.86–88, 8.8, and 9.73.<ref name="dhavamony167">{{cite book |author=Mariasusai Dhavamony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DD0w_IMFA8gC |title=Classical Hinduism |publisher=Gregorian |year=1982 |isbn=978-88-7652-482-0 |pages=167–168 with footnotes}}</ref><ref name="Snodgrass1992p121" /> Despite this frequent mention, he is the central focus of only ten hymns. Varuṇa is portrayed in four principal aspects: as a universal monarch and sovereign of the sky, the upholder of ''[[ṛta]]'' (cosmic order), a deity associated with water (''[[Ap (water)|āpah]]''), and a wielder of ''[[māyā]]'' (cosmic illusion or creative power).<ref name=":Rig">{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Dr Usha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HODWjwEACAAJ |title=Indra And Varuna In Indian Mythology |publisher=Nag Publishers |year=1978 |isbn=978-81-7081-034-6 |pages=33–49 |language=en |chapter=Varuṇa in the Ṛgveda}}</ref>

The ''Rigveda'' features Varuna as the [[Sky deity|god-king of the sky]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bauer |first=Susan Wise |author-link=Susan Wise Bauer |title=The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome |publisher=[[W. W. Norton]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-393-05974-8 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=265}}</ref> He is described as a divine king (''[[Maharaja|samraj]]'') with pure strength, abiding in the celestial firmament, where he sustains a radiant mass of light. He is credited with creating the sun’s path and is invoked to dispel suffering, liberate from sin, and shield from evil (''[[nirṛti]]''). His realm includes the movement of constellations and the moon, which obey his divine ordinances. His omniscience is central to his identity: he observes all actions through celestial spies, residing in a thousand-gated palace upon a golden throne—symbols of his pervasive awareness and authority.<ref name=":Rig" />

In ''Rigveda'' 1.25, Varuṇa is praised for his understanding of the paths of birds, the movement of ships and winds, and the secrets of time and space. Hymns characterize him as a sovereign deity, intimately acquainted with both the sacred and the profane.<ref name=":Rig" /> According to ''Rigveda'' 10.123, Varuṇa's messenger is described as the ''Hiraṇyapakṣa'' (golden-winged bird), interpreted by some as a reference to flamingos, based on their colorful plumage and proximity to aquatic habitats. The vulture is likewise mentioned as a messenger of Yama, suggesting symbolic parallels between the two birds.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1897 |title=The Hymns of the Rigveda |url=https://archive.org/details/hymnsrigveda00unkngoog/page/n574/mode/2up |publisher=E.J. Lazarus & co.}}</ref><ref name="Oldenberg1988p104">{{cite book |author=Hermann Oldenberg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKeubCiBOPQC |title=The Religion of the Veda |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1988 |isbn=978-81-208-0392-3 |page=104}}</ref><ref name=":Rig2">{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Dr Usha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HODWjwEACAAJ |title=Indra And Varuna In Indian Mythology |publisher=Nag Publishers |year=1978 |isbn=978-81-7081-034-6 |pages=33–49 |language=en |chapter=Varuṇa in the Ṛgveda}}</ref>

Varuṇa's foremost role is as the enforcer of ''[[ṛta]]'', the cosmic and moral order that governs both the natural world and human conduct. Hymns such as ''Rigveda'' VII.11.1 and II.29.8 present him as a vigilant upholder of truth, who punishes transgressors while showing mercy to the penitent. Ethical instructions against killing, deceit, and gambling are linked with his domain. His ordinances are described as unshakable, akin to a mountain.<ref name="dhavamony167" /><ref name="Griffiths1991p132">{{cite book |author=John Gwyn Griffiths |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDbjjKglE1kC&pg=PA132 |title=The Divine Verdict: A Study of Divine Judgement in the Ancient Religions |publisher=BRILL |year=1991 |isbn=90-04-09231-5 |pages=132–133}}</ref> Concepts closely tied to ''ṛta''—such as ''[[vrata]]'' (sacred vow) and ''[[Dharma|dharman]]'' (duty, law)—are frequently associated with Varuṇa. In this context, ''vrata'' implies both divine commands and ethical imperatives, while ''dharman'' denotes sacrificial law or moral conduct. Varuṇa is accordingly called ''Rivan'' ("guide of moral order") and ''Pūtadakṣa'' ("possessor of pure will").<ref name=":Rig" />

Sin (''ṛṇa'') is conceptualized as a breach of Varuṇa’s order, often attributed to human frailty. Hymns express remorse not only for individual wrongdoing but also for ancestral transgressions, suggesting a nascent idea of inherited guilt. Despite his role as punisher, Varuṇa is often invoked for forgiveness, protection from evil, and relief from fear and dreams. He is described as both a judge and a healer, bearing “a thousand remedies” alongside weapons to punish sin.<ref name=":Rig" />

Varuṇa’s association with water is both cosmological and symbolic. He presides over ''Apah'', the primeval waters representing the matrix of creation. Hymns such as ''Rigveda'' VII.49.4 describe these waters as celestial and purifying. Varuṇa is also called ''Sindhu-pati'' ("lord of the ocean"), sharing this title with [[Mitra (Hindu god)|Mitra]]. These waters are the source of the universe, acting as both creative womb and sacred energy. In later Vedic texts, the waters called Viraj are described as Varuṇa’s consorts, representing ''[[prakṛti]]'' (primordial matter), and Varuṇa himself is termed an ''[[Asura]]'', denoting "possessor of ''māyā''" or vital force, without the later demonic connotation.<ref name=":Rig" />

Varuṇa’s use of ''māyā''—his divine creative power—is a recurring theme in the ''Rigveda''. It refers to his capacity to shape the cosmos and enforce ''ṛta''. Hymns in Mandala VIII describe him as embracing night and measuring the earth with the sun. Through ''māyā'', Varuṇa becomes not only the enforcer of law but also a cosmic architect.<ref name=":Rig" />

===== Combined descriptions: ''Mitra–Varuṇa'' =====
Varuṇa is frequently paired with [[Mitra (Hindu god)|Mitra]] in the compound ''[[Mitra–Varuna|Mitra–Varuṇa]]'', appearing prominently in the ''Rigveda''. Together, they preside over moral and cosmic law, and are associated with ritual, rain, and natural cycles.<ref name=":Rig" /> Both deities are referred to as ''[[Asura|Asuras]]'' (e.g., RV 5.63.3), though also addressed as ''[[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]]'' (e.g., RV 7.60.12), reflecting fluid theological roles.<ref name="Oldenberg1988p95">{{cite book |author=Hermann Oldenberg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKeubCiBOPQC&pg=PA95 |title=The Religion of the Veda |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1988 |isbn=978-81-208-0392-3 |pages=95–98}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=David Leeming |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000leem |title=The Oxford Companion to World Mythology |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-028888-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000leem/page/200 200] |url-access=registration}}</ref> According to myths, Varuna, being the king of the Asuras, was adopted or made the change to a Deva after the structuring of the primordial cosmos, imposed by Indra after he defeats [[Vritra]].<ref>F. B. J. Kuiper (1975), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1061926 The Basic Concept of Vedic Religion], History of Religions, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Nov., 1975), pp. 107–120</ref>

Mitra–Varuṇa are described as youthful monarchs clad in glistening garments, residing in a golden palace with a thousand pillars and gates. They are lords of rivers, rain, and heavenly order, sending dew and bountiful waters, and punishing falsehood with disease.<ref name="VR">{{cite book |last=MacDonell |first=Arthur Anthony |title=A Vedic Reader |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1917 |pages=78–83, 118–119, 134}}</ref> Their sun is described as their "eye", and their cosmic chariot moves across the sky via solar rays. Possessing divine spies and secret knowledge (''māyā́''), they maintain ''ṛta'' and oversee oaths and societal order.<ref name="VR" /> According to myth, the sages [[Vasishtha|Vashistha]] and [[Agastya]] were born from their shared semen, which they deposited into a pitcher after seeing the celestial nymph [[Urvashi]].<ref name="G">{{cite book |last=Goodman |first=Hananya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XF_a3cfrcLQC&q=agastya+vasistha+urvasi+rgveda&pg=PA218 |title=Between Jerusalem and Benares: Comparative studies in Judaism and Hinduism |date=2012-02-01 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-0437-0 |lang=en}}</ref>

Scholar [[Doris Meth Srinivasan|Doris Srinivasan]] highlights the ambiguous and dualistic nature of Mitra–Varuṇa, comparing it to the [[Rudra]]-[[Shiva]] pairing.<ref name="Macey2010p2">{{cite book |author=Samuel L. Macey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_z_R89DaPkC&pg=PA2 |title=Patriarchs of Time |publisher=University of Georgia Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8203-3797-5 |pages=2–3, 165}}</ref> Both Varuṇa and Rudra are described as omniscient guardians, capable of both wrath and grace. In ''Rigveda'' 5.70, the Mitra–Varuṇa pair is even called ''Rudra''.<ref name="Srinivasan1997p48">{{cite book |author=Doris Srinivasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA48 |title=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art |publisher=BRILL Academic |year=1997 |isbn=90-04-10758-4 |pages=48–49}}</ref> According to Samuel Macey and other scholars, Varuna had been the more ancient Indo-Aryan deity in 2nd millennium BCE, who gave way to Rudra in the Hindu pantheon, and Rudra-Shiva became both "timeless and the god of time".<ref name="Macey2010p2" /><ref>{{cite book |author1=J. P. Mallory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iNUSDAAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World |author2=D. Q. Adams |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-928791-8 |pages=430–432}}</ref>

====Yajuraveda====
In the ''[[Yajurveda]]'' (c. 1200 and before 800 BCE), Varuṇa maintains his exalted status as guardian of ''[[ṛta]]'' and sovereign of the waters. He is portrayed as a moral overseer who casts his noose (''[[pāśa]]'') upon transgressors and is invoked as both judge and healer. His role expands to include health and medicine, and he is referred to as the “patron deity of physicians.” In the ''Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā'' (21.40), he is described as possessing “a hundred, a thousand remedies,” echoing earlier ''Ṛgvedic'' hymns linking him to herbs and healing.<ref name="Srinivasan1997p48" /> His capacity and association with "all comprehensive knowledge" is also found in the ''[[Atharvaveda]]'' (~1000 BCE).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Srinivasan |first=Doris |year=1978 |title=The Religious Significance of Divine Multiple Body Parts in the Atharva Veda |journal=Numen |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=198–200, context: 193–225 |doi=10.1163/156852778x00245}}</ref>

Varuṇa resides in celestial waters described as pure, nourishing, and maternal. These waters are identified with ''Mahatsalilam'' (the great waters), linked to [[Aditi]]—the cosmic mother and creative force. As lord of these waters, Varuṇa becomes a symbol of cosmic law, creation, and protection. The waters not only represent physical phenomena but also the metaphysical substratum of reality.<ref name=":Sam Yaj">{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Dr Usha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HODWjwEACAAJ |title=Indra And Varuna In Indian Mythology |publisher=Nag Publishers |year=1978 |isbn=978-81-7081-034-6 |pages=49–52, 52 |language=en |chapter=Varuṇa in the Yajuraveda, Samadeva}}</ref>

His association with law and conscience continues through imagery such as the “three bonds” that bind the sinner—interpreted as natural forces like cloud, lightning, and thunder—symbolizing physical and moral consequences. Worshippers pray for release from these bonds and seek reconciliation with ''ṛta''. As in earlier texts, Varuṇa is revered with a mixture of fear and devotion, embodying both justice and mercy.<ref name=":Sam Yaj" />

In ''Yajurveda'' 8.59, it is stated: “In fact, Varuṇa is [[Vishnu|Viṣṇu]] and Viṣṇu is Varuṇa, and hence the auspicious offering is to be made to these deities.” This reflects theological fluidity in the identification of divine roles and emphasizes Varuṇa’s integration into broader Vedic pantheon.<ref name="Pandey">{{cite book |last=Pandey |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UmhpCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 |title=Yajurveda |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Limited |year=2020 |isbn=978-81-288-2284-1 |page=48 |access-date=6 December 2018}}</ref>

Ritually, Varuṇa is associated with the west and is offered a black ram with a white foot during sacrifices, symbolizing concealment and dominion over night.<ref name=":Rig" />

====Samaveda====
Though no original verses directly address Varuna in the ''[[Samaveda]]'' (c. 1200 to 1000 BCE), ''Rigvedic'' hymns to him are adapted into Saman melodies, indicating his continued reverence in ritual worship.<ref name=":Sam Yaj" />

====Atharvaveda====
In the ''[[Atharvaveda]]'' (<abbr>c.</abbr> 1200–900 BCE), Varuṇa’s portrayal evolves while retaining continuity with earlier depictions. Although scholars such as [[Arthur Anthony Macdonell|A.A. Macdonell]] have suggested that Varuṇa appears here "divested of his powers as a universal ruler," other interpretations challenge this view. Rather than a decline, Varuṇa’s role shifts toward a more metaphysical and moral presence, with water remaining a central element of his identity.<ref name=":Ath">{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Dr Usha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HODWjwEACAAJ |title=Indra And Varuna In Indian Mythology |publisher=Nag Publishers |year=1978 |isbn=978-81-7081-034-6 |pages=52–54 |language=en |chapter=Varuṇa in the Atharvaveda}}</ref>

The ''Atharvavedic'' waters (''[[Ap (water)|āpah]]'') are described as golden-hued, pure, and sacred. They function not only as physical substances but also as the womb of creation, giving rise to deities such as [[Savitr|Savitṛ]] and [[Agni]]. These waters embody the principle of becoming, and Varuṇa, as their lord, governs the cosmic processes emerging from them.<ref name=":Ath" />

One of the most prominent hymns dedicated to Varuṇa is Book IV, Hymn 16, which emphasizes his omniscience and moral surveillance. He is said to possess “spies with a thousand eyes” who descend to observe all human actions. His oversight extends beyond earth and heaven to regions beyond the visible cosmos. The metaphor of Varuṇa controlling the world like a gamester casting dice illustrates his dominion over fate and law.<ref name=":Ath" />

This hymn also introduces magical and imprecatory themes, consistent with the ''Atharvaveda’s'' ritualistic focus. Still, the theological depth remains intact: Varuṇa punishes immorality not out of wrath, but in fulfillment of his cosmic duty to uphold ''ṛta''. His moral authority is depicted as omnipresent and inescapable. Here, Varuṇa's moral authority is reinforced by his role as enforcer of law through spiritual nooses ([[pāśa]]) cast upon the wicked.<ref name=":Ath" />

A notable development in the ''Atharvaveda'' is the explicit articulation of Varuṇa’s dual nature as both punisher and forgiver. In Book I, Hymn 10, a priest pleads for the release of a sinner, reflecting the idea that sin can result from ignorance or falsehood and can be absolved through penance. This reveals a sophisticated moral theology, wherein divine grace is attainable through sincere repentance.<ref name=":Ath" />

[[Max Müller]] praised this dualism, viewing Varuṇa as one of the most theologically advanced constructs in early Indo-Aryan religion. Rooted in sky imagery yet imbued with ethical and cosmic dimensions, Varuṇa is both transcendent and intimately connected with human conscience.<ref name=":Ath" />

Varuṇa is again identified as ''Māyin''—master of ''[[māyā]]'', or divine creative power—and called ''[[Asura]]'' in its original sense of “lord” or “mighty one.” This emphasizes his possession of ''asu'' (vital power) and his role as an invisible force guiding the visible world. Yet, his identity as ''Apām Adhipati''—the Lord of Waters—remains constant. The waters, symbolic of purity, healing, and cosmic potential, reinforce his status as a protector of life and order in the ''Atharvaveda''.<ref name=":Ath" />

=== Brahmanas ===
In the [[Brahmana]] texts, Varuna retains his Vedic stature as the sovereign of ''[[ṛta]]'' (cosmic order) and is especially associated with the moral and ritual law. The ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'' frequently describes Varuna as the deity who punishes violations of ritual precision through his noose (''[[Pasha (Hinduism)|pāśa]]'') and cords, symbolic of cosmic and ethical consequences.<ref name=":Brahm">{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Dr Usha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HODWjwEACAAJ |title=Indra And Varuna In Indian Mythology |publisher=Nag Publishers |year=1978 |isbn=978-81-7081-034-6 |pages=82–96 |language=en |chapter=Varuṇa in the Brahmanas}}</ref>

A significant ceremony called the ''Varunapraghasa'' is detailed. The ''Varunapraghasa'' sacrifice, performed during the rainy season, underscores Varuna’s association with cosmic law, where violations are metaphorically described as "eating Varuna’s barley," leading to divine punishment but also offering a path to redemption through ritual. Varuna’s dual nature is reflected in offerings of white barley (symbolizing light and unity) and black rice (representing the punitive aspect of law), illustrating his role as both a unifier and a judge. As such, Varuna's function is twofold: he enforces cosmic and social law, and he grants atonement through sacrifice.<ref name=":Brahm" />

The ''[[Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa]]'' highlights Varuna’s vigilance over truth (''[[satya]]'') and falsehood (''[[anṛta]]''), emphasizing his immediate retribution against deceit. He is identified with the cosmic waters (''[[Ap (water)|āpah]]''), truth (''satya''), and darkness, all of which reflect dual aspects of creation and morality (pp. 88–90). Varuna is further described as ''[[Samvatsara]]''—the cosmic year—and is associated with [[prana]] (life breath), [[Agni]] (fire), and as the holder of royal authority in the ''[[Rajasuya]]'' consecration rite.<ref name=":Brahm" />

Philosophical passages depict Varuna as enveloping the universe, akin to the cosmic waters that cover and permeate creation. This enveloping aspect (''var'') forms the etymological basis for his name, portraying him as both metaphysical principle and divine legislator.<ref name=":Brahm" />

=== Aranyakas ===
References to Varuna in the ''[[Aranyaka|Aranyakas]]'' are limited but conceptually profound. The ''[[Aitareya Aranyaka]]'' describes the creation of Varuna and the cosmic waters through the mind (''manas'') of the Supreme Being. The waters and Varuna are said to serve their progenitor by yielding faith and preserving offspring through the law (''[[dharma]]'').<ref name=":Ary">{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Dr Usha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HODWjwEACAAJ |title=Indra And Varuna In Indian Mythology |publisher=Nag Publishers |year=1978 |isbn=978-81-7081-034-6 |pages=102 |language=en |chapter=Varuṇa in the Aranyakas}}</ref>

This philosophical depiction aligns Varuna with ''[[Prakṛti|prakriti]]'', the primordial substance of the universe, and suggests that he, like the waters, is an agent of Becoming—emerging at the moment of the Supreme’s creative desire. Thus, the ''Aranyakas'' treat Varuna not merely as a deity but as a metaphysical symbol representing the order and potential of existence.<ref name=":Ary" />

=== Upanishads ===
In the ''[[Upanishads]]'', the metaphysical emphasis shifts toward monism, and Varuna is often absorbed into the concept of the ''[[brahman]]'', the Supreme Reality. While individual deities lose their independent theological status in favor of the unified Self (''[[Ātman (Hinduism)|ātman]]''), Varuna is still employed as a symbolic and pedagogical figure.<ref name=":Up">{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Dr Usha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HODWjwEACAAJ |title=Indra And Varuna In Indian Mythology |publisher=Nag Publishers |year=1978 |isbn=978-81-7081-034-6 |pages=114–119 |language=en |chapter=Varuṇa in the Upanishads}}</ref>

Varuna also finds a mention in the early [[Upanishad]]s, where his role evolves. In verse 3.9.26 of the ''[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]]'' (~800 BCE), for example, he is stated to be the god of the western quarter, but one whose abode is water, whose world is the heart, soul is the fire and whose illumination is the mind. This establishes him as an intermediary symbol for the Self and its realization through inward knowledge. The cosmological hierarchy that begins with water and culminates in the heart is used to indicate that all arises from desire (''[[Kama|kāma]]'') in the Supreme’s mind.<ref name=":Up" /><ref>{{cite book |title=The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text and Translation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lsp18ZvstrcC |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535242-9 |pages=98–101}}</ref> In the ''[[Katha Upanishad]]'', [[Aditi]] is identified to be same as the goddess earth and the mother of Varuna and [[Mitra (Vedic)|Mitra]] along with other Vedic gods.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text and Translation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lsp18ZvstrcC |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535242-9 |page=478}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Arthur Anthony Macdonell |title=Vedic Mythology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC |year=1898 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1113-3 |pages=120–124, 30–34, 45–46}}</ref>

The ''[[Chandogya Upanishad]]'' includes Varuna in ritual prayers and refers to him as the source of sustenance and purity. The ''Maitri Upanishad'' portrays him as one of many manifestations of the inner Self (''ātman''), acknowledging his place in the idealist ontology of the Upanishadic worldview.<ref name=":Up" />

Varuna, addressed as Varuni explained ''Brahman'' in ''[[Taittiriya]] Upanishad'' to sage [[Bhrigu]]. First six anuvakas of Bhrigu Valli are called ''Bhargavi Varuni Vidya'', which means "the knowledge Bhrigu got from (his father) Varuni". It is in these anuvakas that sage Varuni advises Bhrigu with one of the oft-cited definition of Brahman, as "that from which beings originate, through which they live, and in which they re-enter after death, explore that because that is Brahman".<ref name="pauldeussen311">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 241-246</ref> This thematic, all encompassing, eternal nature of reality and existence develops as the basis for Bhrigu's emphasis on introspection, to help peel off the outer husks of knowledge, in order to reach and realize the innermost kernel of spiritual Self-knowledge.<ref name="pauldeussen311" />

==In Itihasa-Puranas==
=== Mahabharata ===
[[File:Varuna with Varunani.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Varuna with his queen. Statue carved out of [[basalt]], dates back to 8th century CE, discovered in Karnataka. On display at the [[Prince of Wales museum]], Mumbai.]]
In the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' (c. 400 BCE - 400 CE), Varuna undergoes a notable transformation from his earlier Vedic portrayal. He is no longer depicted as the supreme sky god or an omnipotent sovereign administering cosmic order and morality, though his pairing with [[Mitra (Hindu god)|Mitra]] remains. The epic forgets his earlier associations with ''[[ṛta]]'' (cosmic order) and ethical oversight, emphasizing instead his role within a new mythological framework.<ref name=":Mbh">{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Dr Usha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HODWjwEACAAJ |title=Indra And Varuna In Indian Mythology |publisher=Nag Publishers |year=1978 |isbn=978-81-7081-034-6 |pages=153–163 |language=en |chapter=Varuṇa in the Mahābhārata}}</ref>

Varuna is still identified as the son of [[Aditi]] and fifth of the twelve [[Adityas]], but his status is reduced as one of the [[Lokapala|Lokapalas]], or guardians of the directions, specifically presiding over the western quarter—a symbolic alignment with the setting sun and perhaps with darkness and night. In this context, [[Kashyapa]], Varuna's father, installed Varuna as ''Salileśvara,'' the sovereign of all forms of water, including rivers, lakes, and oceans.<ref name=":Mbh" />

As a water-god, Varuna is described being handsome, having the splendor of [[Lapis lazuli|Lapis Lazuli]]. Unlike earlier texts where the waters (''[[Ap (water)|āpaḥ]]'') held deep philosophical and metaphysical significance, the ''Mahabharata'' presents them in a more literal sense. Varuna resides beneath the waters, in a grand palace of pure white colour situated in ''[[Nagaloka]]'', the oceanic realm (''[[samudra]]''), described vividly in the ''[[Udyoga Parva]]''. There, adorned in radiant attire and gleaming jewels, he sits enthroned beside his queen, surrounded by aquatic beings, including [[Nāga|nāgas]], [[Daitya|daityas]], [[Sadhyas|sādhyas]], and [[Rivers in Hinduism|river goddesses]] including [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] and [[Yamuna in Hinduism|Yamuna]]. According to the ''[[Sabha Parva]]'', Varuna also attends celestial assembly of the creator god, [[Brahma]].<ref name=":Mbh" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Mani|first=Vettam|url=https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/832/mode/2up?view=theater|title=Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature|date=1975|publisher=Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass|others=Robarts – University of Toronto|isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0 }}</ref>

The ''Mahabharata'' expands Varuna's personal life. His chief-queen is most commonly identified as [[Varuni]], who is depicted alongside him in his underwater palace. The ''Udyoga Parva'' refers to his beloved-wife as Gauri, while the ''Adi Parva'' names his spouse as Jyeshtha or Devi, the eldest daughter of [[Shukra]]. With Jyeshtha, Varuna is said to have fathered a son, Bala, and a daughter [[Varuni|Sura]], the wine goddess. The ''[[Vana Parva|Vanaparva]]'' further mentions Vandin as another of Varuna’s sons. The ''Udyoga Parva'' adds another son, Pushkara, who married the daughter of the [[Chandra|Moon god]]. In the ''Udyoga Parva'', Varuna is also stated to have fathered the [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga]] king—[[Shrutayudha]]—from the river goddess Parnasha. Varuna also granted Shrutayudha a divine mace in response to prayers by Parnasha.<ref name=":Mbh" /><ref name=":2" />

The ''Mahabharata'' also references Varuna’s iconic weapon, the ''[[Pasha (Hinduism)|pāśa]]'' (noose), though without the symbolic judicial weight it carried in the Vedic tradition. He is briefly mentioned as ''Pāśabhṛt'', ''Ugrapāśa'', ''Pāśin'', and ''Pāśavān'', with the noose appearing merely as one of his divine attributes.<ref name=":Mbh" />

Varuna appears in several narrative episodes throughout the epic. The ''[[Adi Parva]]'' recounts that during the burning of the [[Khandava Forest|Khandava forest]], Varuna gifted Arjuna the celestial bow [[Gandiva]], an inexhaustible quiver, and a monkey-bannered chariot, as well as the mace [[Kaumodaki]] to [[Krishna]]. Later, in the ''[[Mahaprasthanika Parva]]'', Arjuna returned the Gandiva by casting it into the sea, effectively returning it to Varuna.<ref name=":Mbh" /><ref name=":2" />

Another episode in the ''Adi Parva'' tells how Varuna abducted [[Bhadra]], the wife of the sage Utathya. In response, Utathya dried up the ocean until Varuna returned her. The same text also narrates that when Kashyapa took Varuna’s sacred cow (''homadhenu'') for a sacrifice, Varuna and [[Brahma]] cursed him to be reborn as a [[Vasudeva|cowherd]]. The ''[[Shalya Parva]]'' states that Varuna performed a [[rajasuya]] sacrifice at Yamunatirtha and later provided the war god [[Kartikeya|Skanda]] with an elephant and two followers named Yama and Atiyama.<ref name=":Mbh" /><ref name=":2" />

Other episodes include Varuna giving the sage Richika a thousand black-eared horses, testing King [[Nala]] alongside other deities, and granting Nala a boon that allowed him to assume any form, along with a garland of fragrant flowers.<ref name=":2" /> The ''[[Drona Parva]]'' also records that Varuna was once defeated in battle by Krishna, indicating the evolving hierarchy among deities in the epic tradition.<ref name=":Mbh" />

=== Ramayana ===
[[File:Rama-Varuna.jpg|thumb|''Rama vanquishing the pride of the ocean'' by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]. Varuna is depicted arising from the depth of the ocean and begging Rama for forgiveness.]]
As in the ''Mahabharata'', in the other major epic, the ''[[Ramayana]]'' (300 BCE - 300 CE), Varuna is depicted primarily as a [[Dikpala]] and as a water deity appointed by chief-god [[Brahma]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-09-27 |title=Vishravas becomes the Protector of Wealth [Chapter 3] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-ramayana-of-valmiki/d/doc424764.html |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Varuna appears weaker than in his earlier portrayals, being overpowered or sidelined by both the protagonist [[Rama]]—an avatar of [[Vishnu]]—and the antagonist [[Ravana]], the demon king.

One of the most well-known episodes involving Varuna occurs in the ''[[Ramayana|Yuddha Kanda]]'' when Rama, preparing to invade the island [[Lanka]] to rescue his abducted wife [[Sita]], seeks passage across the ocean. Rama performs a three-day penance to Varuna, the lord of oceans, but receives no reply. When Varuna initially remains silent, Rama, enraged, threatens to unleash his divine weapons, including the ''[[Brahmastra]]'', to evaporate the sea. Varuna then appears, recognizing Rama’s authority and righteousness. He explains that his role as a guardian of natural order prevents him from parting the ocean, as it would disrupt natural balance. Instead, Varuna suggests constructing a bridge and pledges to stabilize the waters to aid the effort. Following this counsel, Rama entrusts the [[vanara]] architect [[Nala (Ramayana)|Nala]] with building the bridge, known as ''[[Rama Setu (Ramayana)|Rama Setu]]''.<ref name="Menon2004p376">{{cite book |author=Ramesh Menon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kEEXjAagUzsC |title=The Ramayana: A Modern Retelling of the Great Indian Epic |publisher=Macmillan |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-4668-2625-0 |pages=376–379}}</ref> Many sources claim it was [[Samudra]], the personification of the oceans, who met Rama not the water god Varuna.<ref name="Menon2004p376" />

In the ''[[Uttara Kanda]]'', in an event taking place much before Rama's interaction, when Ravana’s conquests spread across the realms, several deities assume animal forms to escape detection—Varuna takes the form of a swan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-09-27 |title=The Gods assume a thousand Forms in fear of Ravana [Chapter 18] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-ramayana-of-valmiki/d/doc424779.html |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

The ''Uttara Kanda'' ''also'' preserves the Vedic pairing of Varuna and [[Mitra (Hindu god)|Mitra]] in a myth recounting the birth of the sages [[Agastya]] and [[Vasishtha]], though Vasishtha’s role here is framed as a rebirth. After losing his original body, Vasishtha enters the vital essence of Mitra and Varuna. At that time, the celestial nymph [[Urvashi]] arrives in Varuna’s realm, where Mitra holds temporary sway. Varuna desires her, and Urvashi reciprocates but remains bound by her prior promise to Mitra. Respecting this, Varuna releases his seed into a vessel fashioned by Brahma, which sanctifies the act as a symbolic consummation. Later, due to Urvashi’s divided fidelity, Mitra’s seed falls from her womb into the same vessel. From this vessel, containing the combined seed of Mitra and Varuna, Agastya and Vasishtha emerge, restoring the latter's body.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-09-28 |title=The Cursing of the Nymph Urvashi [Chapter 56] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-ramayana-of-valmiki/d/doc424827.html |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

It also records that once during Varuna's absence in his realm, attending a musical event in [[Brahmaloka]], Ravana confronts Varuna’s sons and grandsons, including Go and Pushkara, defeats them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-09-28 |title=Ravana's Struggle with the Sons of Varuna [Chapter 23] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-ramayana-of-valmiki/d/doc424784.html |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> Other children of Varuna mentioned in the ''Ramayana'' include the vanara Sushena, who was conceived with the purpose of aiding Rama in future,<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-11-12 |title=Ramayana: Chapter XVII |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-ramayana/d/doc365885.html |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> and the goddess of wine, referred to here as [[Varuni]] instead of Sura; she emerged during the [[Samudra Manthana|churning of the ocean]] and chose the companionship of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]], as narrated in the ''[[Balakanda|Bala Kanda]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-11-23 |title=Ramayana: Chapter XLV |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-ramayana/d/doc365913.html |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

=== Puranas ===
[[File:Varuna_makara.jpg|thumb|Varuna on a [[Makara]] with attendants, gouache on paper, c. 1820]]
By the time of the ''[[Puranas]]'' (mostly composed between 300 CE and 1000 CE), ancient Vedic deities such as [[Indra]] and Varuna are often portrayed as having diminished in power and esteem. They are frequently shown as subordinate to other gods, particularly [[Vishnu]], [[Krishna]] and [[Shiva]], and are sometimes humiliated by the increasingly dominant and aggressive [[Asura|Asuras]], the term which, unlike in the ''Vedas'', now only denotes to malevolent beings. In the ''[[Puranas]]'' (mostly composed between 300 CE and 1000 CE), the portrayal of Varuna remains broadly consistent with his depiction in the epics, but his divine attributes and roles are further elaborated, sometimes alluding to his Vedic associations. He continues to be described as the regent of the western direction and the guardian of the water element.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Dr Usha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HODWjwEACAAJ |title=Indra And Varuna In Indian Mythology |publisher=Nag Publishers |year=1978 |isbn=978-81-7081-034-6 |pages=195–204 |language=en |chapter=Varuṇa in the Purāṇas}}</ref>

Despite his decline in stature in later mythology, Varuna retains considerable moral authority in the ''Puranas'', punishing transgressors and upholding truth and cosmic law. In one narrative, King [[Harishchandra]], having failed to fulfill a vow to Varuna after receiving a boon for a son, is afflicted with ''Mahodara'' (abdominal swelling) until the debt is resolved through a substitute offering. Similarly, Varuna punishes [[Nanda (Hinduism)|Nanda]] for entering sacred waters at an inauspicious time, but releases him upon Krishna’s intervention, acknowledging Krishna’s superior authority. The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' further portrays Varuna as a warrior subordinate to Krishna, participating in divine battles alongside Indra, equipped with nooses and a mace. In one episode, Varuna confronts Krishna after the latter retrieves the [[Parijata]] tree from Indra’s palace, only to retreat when defeated by Krishna’s mount, [[Garuda]]. Elsewhere, in battles against demons like [[Kalanemi]], Varuna is rendered motionless, likened to a drained ocean, while against Kujambha, he binds the demon’s arms with his noose and subdues him with his mace. He is also credited with binding the asura king [[Mahabali|Bali]].<ref name=":1" />

Iconographically, Varuna is depicted as riding the mythical sea creature ''[[Makara]]'' and holding a noose (''pasha'') in his hand. He often appears adorned with a white umbrella—said to have emerged during the churning of the ocean—and is described as having a conch-like or crystalline complexion, wearing garlands and bracelets. The ''[[Matsya Purana]]'' devotes considerable detail to Varuna’s iconography. His idol is to be worshipped in rites such as ''Vastupasamanam'' before the construction of palaces, and he is invoked in the ''Graha Shanti'' rite through offerings of pearls, lotus flowers, and [[kusha grass]]. He is said to be propitiated with ''avabhritha'' baths and other ceremonial acts. In the ''Hayasirsha Pancharatra'', Varuna is described as seated on a swan, with two arms—one offering protection and the other holding a serpent-noose—surrounded by aquatic beings. Varuna is revered as a deity responsible for ensuring good and timely rainfall. Varuna's abode is described as being situated in the western direction on the summit of Mount Manasa, near the divine lake of Sukhi (according to the ''[[Vayu Purana]]'') or Sushila (in the ''[[Matsya Purana]]''). This location lies on the Puskara island, beneath which the sun’s chariot rotates around Mount Meru. At midnight in Samyamani, the sun is said to set in Varuna’s city. The ''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]'' attests his capital city as ''Śraddhāvatī''.<ref name=":2" /> Varuna's celestial garden, Ritumat, is described in the ''Puranas'' as a place of great beauty located on the Trikuta mountain. The garden is adorned with flowering trees and also features a resplendent lake filled with golden lotuses, lilies, and other aquatic flowers.<ref name=":1" />

Regarding his family, the ''Bhagavata Purana'' names Charsani as Varuna’s beloved-wife and the mother of the sage [[Bhrigu]]. Other sources continue to name Varunani, Gauri or Jyeshtha as his consorts. Varuna's other children include Sushena, Vandi, [[Varuni]], Bala, Sura, Adharmaka, [[Daksa Savarni Manu|Dakshasavarni]] (the ninth Manu), Pushkara, and [[Valmiki]], the latter born from Varuna’s semen on a termite mound.<ref name=":2" /> Although much reduced, Varuna's Vedic pairing with [[Mitra (Hindu god)|Mitra]] persists, notably in the vivid depiction of their shared infatuation with the celestial apsara [[Urvashi]], portraying sages [[Agastya]] and [[Vasistha]] here as their reborn sons, either similar to the Vedic or the ''Ramayana'' version. Varuna’s link to progeny is further emphasized in narratives like [[Vaivasvata Manu]]’s sacrifice invoking Mitra and Varuna for [[Ila (Hinduism)|offspring]], and Harishchandra’s prayer to Varuna for a son, which leads to the aforementioned vow and punishment.<ref name=":1" />

Varuna’s broader mythological roles encompass divine benefaction and protection. He is associated with hidden treasures and performed a [[rajasuya]] sacrifice, a standard for [[Yudhishthira]]’s own in the ''Mahabharata''. His gifts include a water-sprinkling white umbrella for King [[Prithu]]’s coronation, a thousand white horses with black ears for Sage Richika to wed Satyavati, Varuni wine for [[Balarama]], and ''nagapasha'' for Shiva’s marriage to [[Parvati]], where Varuna appears as a divine dignitary. During the [[Samudra Manthana|churning of the ocean]], Varuna continues to play a significant role, aligning with his aquatic dominion. The ''Bhagavata Purana'' credits him with protecting Kraumcha-dvipa, beyond Kusha-dvipa, surrounded by an ocean of milk. Its central mountain, Kraumcha, remains unscathed by Kartikeya’s weapons due to Varuna’s guardianship and the washing of its slopes by sacred waters.<ref name=":1" />

== Other accounts ==

=== In Tolkappiyam ===
The [[Tolkāppiyam]], a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] grammar work from the 3rd century BCE divides the people of ancient [[Tamilakam]] into five [[Sangam landscape]] divisions: ''kurinji, mullai, paalai, marutham'' and ''neithal''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8uP7LHS3cDMC&q=sangam+landscape&pg=PT124 |title=Tamil Oratory and the Dravidian Aesthetic: Democratic Practice in South India |last=Bate |first=Bernard |date=2010-06-01 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-51940-3 |pages=100 |language=en}}</ref> Each landscape is designated with different gods. ''Neithal'' is described as a seashore landscape occupied by fishermen and seatraders, with the god of sea and rain, ''Varunan'' or ''Kadalōn''.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Trade, ideology, and urbanization: South India 300 BC to AD 1300|last=Champakalakshmi|first=Radha|date=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=78|language=en}}</ref> "Varuna" means water which denotes the ocean in the Tamil language.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bIQOAAAAYAAJ|title=A glimpse of Tamilology|last1=Manickam|first1=Valliappa Subramaniam|last2=Nadu|first2=Academy of Tamil Scholars of Tamil|date=1968|publisher=Academy of Tamil Scholars of Tamil Nadu|pages=174|language=en}}</ref>

=== Sri Lankan Tamils (Karaiyar caste) ===

[[Karaiyar]] is a Sri Lankan [[Tamils]] caste found mainly on the northern and eastern coastal areas of Sri Lanka, and globally among the Tamil diaspora.
They are traditionally a seafaring community that is engaged in fishing, shipment and seaborne trade. They fish mostly in deep seas, and employ gillnet and seine fishing methods. The Karaiyars were the major maritime traders and boat owners who among other things, traded with pearls, chanks, tobacco, and shipped goods overseas to countries such as India, Myanmar and Indonesia. The community known for their maritime history, are also reputed as a warrior caste who contributed as army and navy soldiers of Tamil kings. They were noted as the army generals and navy captains of the Aryacakravarti dynasty. The Karaiyars emerged in the 1990s as strong representatives of Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism. The nuclear leadership of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam have background in the wealthier enterprising section of the Karaiyars.

The word "Karaiyar" is derived from the [[Tamil language]] words ''karai'' ("coast" or "shore") and ''yar'' ("people").<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dravidian Linguistics Association |title=International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics |date=1990 |publisher=Department of Linguistics, University of Kerala. |pages=110 |language=en}}</ref> The term ''Kareoi'' mentioned by 2nd century CE writer [[Ptolemy]], is identified with the Tamil word "Karaiyar".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vhIAAAAIAAJ |title=The History of the Pearl Fishery of the Tamil Coast |date=1952 |publisher=Ananamalai University |pages=34 |language=en}}</ref> The Portuguese and Dutch sources mentions them under the term ''Careas'', ''Careaz'', or ''Carias,'' which are terms denoting "Karaiyar".<ref name=":0" />

''Kurukulam'', ''Varunakulam'' and ''Arasakulam'' were historically one of the significant clans of the Karaiyars.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Raghavan |first=M. D. |title=The Karāva of Ceylon: Society and Culture |date=1961 |publisher=K.V.G. De Sīlva |pages=5, 13, 195 |language=en}}</ref> Kurukulam, meaning "clan of the ''Kuru''", may be a reference to their origin from [[Coromandel Coast|Kurumandalam]] (meaning "realm of Kuru's") of [[Southern India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raghavan |first=M. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb4LAAAAIAAJ |title=Tamil culture in Ceylon: a general introduction |date=1971 |publisher=Kalai Nilayam |pages=194 |language=en}}</ref> They attribute their origin myth from the [[Kuru Kingdom]], mentioned in the Hindu epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kemper |first=Steven E. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pGUEAAAAYAAJ |title=The Social Order of the Sinhalese Buddhist Sangha |date=1973 |publisher=University of Chicago. |pages=215 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NA5uAAAAMAAJ |title=Nēthrā: A Non-specialist Journal for Lively Minds |date=2000 |publisher=International Centre for Ethnic Studies |pages=47 |language=en}}</ref> Some scholars derived ''Kurukulam'' from Kuru, the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] name for [[Jupiter]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Perinbanayagam |first=R. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzPXAAAAMAAJ |title=The karmic theater: self, society, and astrology in Jaffna |date=1982 |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |isbn=9780870233746 |pages=30 |language=en}}</ref> Varunakulam, meaning "clan of ''Varuna''", is a reference to their maritime origin.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Vriddhagirisan |first=V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GD_6ka-aYuQC |title=Nayaks of Tanjore |date=1995 |publisher=University of Annamalai |isbn=9788120609969 |pages=91 |language=en}}</ref> Varuna is the god of sea and rain, mentioned in [[Vedic Literature]], but also in [[Sangam literature]] as the principal deity of the ''Neithal [[Sangam landscape]]'' (i.e. [[Littoral zone|littoral]] landscape).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Xavier Thaninayagam |author-link=Xavier Thaninayagam |title=Tamil Culture: Its Past, Its Present and Its Future With Special Reference to Ceylon |date=1966 |publisher=Academy of Tamil Culture |language=en}}</ref> Arasakulam means "clan of kings".<ref name=":13" /> They used the [[Makara (Hindu mythology)|Makara]] as emblem, the mount of their clan deity, the sea god Varuna, which was also seen on their flags.

=== Sindhi Hindus ===
[[File:Jhulelal hindu deity.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Jhulelal (Hinduism)|Jhulelal]] is considered an incarnation of Varuna by [[Sindhi people|Sindhi Hindus]].]]
Jhulelal is believed by Sindhi Hindus to be an [[incarnation]] of Varuna.<ref name="Dalal2010p178">{{cite book |author=Roshen Dalal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |page=178}}</ref> They celebrate the festival of [[Cheti Chand]] in his honor. The festival marks the arrival of spring and harvest, but in Sindhi community it also marks the birth of Uderolal in year 1007, after they prayed to Hindu god Varuna to save them from the persecution by tyrannical Muslim ruler named Mirkhshah.<ref name="falzon159" /><ref name="kumar120" /><ref name="Ramey2008p8" /> Uderolal morphed into a warrior and old man who preached and reprimanded Mirkhshah that Muslims and Hindus deserve the same religious freedoms. He, as Jhulelal,<ref name="Ramey2008p8" /> became the champion of the people in Sindh, from both religions. Among his [[Sufi]] Muslim followers, Jhulelal is known as "Khwaja Khizir" or "Sheikh Tahit". The Hindu Sindhi, according to this legend, celebrate the new year as Uderolal's birthday.<ref name="Ramey2008p8" /><ref name="falzon159" />

==Festivals==
{{main|Cheti Chand|Chalio}}

===Cheti Chand===
The [[Cheti Chand]] festival in the Hindu month of [[Chaitra]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-09|title=Jhulelal Jayanti 2021 (Cheti Chand) [Hindi]: जानिए झूलेलाल जी को विस्तार से|url=https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/cheti-chand-jhulelal-jayanti/|access-date=2021-04-14|website=S A NEWS|language=en-US}}</ref> marks the arrival of spring and harvest, but in Sindhi Hindu community, it also marks the mythical birth of Uderolal in the year 1007.<ref name=falzon159/><ref name=kumar120>{{cite book|author=P. Pratap Kumar|title=Contemporary Hinduism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7Wd_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA120|year= 2014|publisher= Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-54636-8|pages= 120–124}}</ref><ref name="Ramey2008p8">{{cite book|author=S. Ramey|title=Hindu, Sufi, or Sikh: Contested Practices and Identifications of Sindhi Hindus in India and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bv2ADAAAQBAJ|year=2008|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-61622-6|pages=8, 36}}</ref> Uderolal morphed into a warrior and old man who preached and reprimanded Mirkhshah that Muslims and Hindus deserve the same religious freedoms. He, as Jhulelal,<ref name="Ramey2008p8"/> became the saviour of the Sindhi Hindus, who according to this legend, celebrate the new year as Uderolal's birthday.<ref name="Ramey2008p8"/><ref name=falzon159>{{cite book|author=Mark-Anthony Falzon|title=Cosmopolitan Connections: The Sindhi Diaspora, 1860–2000|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ljbS-I5Y8WMC&pg=PA59|year=2004|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-14008-5|pages=58–60}}</ref>

===Chaliya saheb===
[[Chalio]] or Chaliho, also called Chaliho Sahib, is a forty-day-long festival celebrated by Sindhi Hindus<ref name=a>[http://www.festivalsofindia.in/Chaliho/ Chaliho festival] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916224736/http://www.festivalsofindia.in/Chaliho/ |date=September 16, 2011 }}</ref><ref name=b>[https://archive.today/20130117200657/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/MAH-PUN-sindhis-celebrate-chalio-festival-2272672.html Sindhis celebrate Chalio festival]</ref><ref name=d>[http://www.thesindhuworld.com/chaliho.html Sindhi Festivals > Chaliho] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425020539/http://www.thesindhuworld.com/chaliho.html |date=April 25, 2012 }}</ref> to express their gratitude to Jhulelal for saving them from their impending conversion to Islam. The festival is observed every year in the months of July to August; dates vary according to the [[Hindu calendar]].<ref name=a/><ref name=b/> It is a thanksgiving celebration in honor of Varuna Deva for listening to their prayers.<ref name=a/><ref name=b/>

===Narali Poornima===
{{Main article|Narali Poornima}}
Nārali Poornima is a ceremonial day observed by Hindu fishing communities in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] particularly around [[Mumbai]] and the [[Konkan coast]]. It is held on the full-moon day of the Hindu month of [[Shravan month|Shravan]] which falls around July or August. On this day offerings such as rice, flowers and coconuts are offered to Lord Varuna, the god of ocean and waters.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Narali Purnima 2021: All hail Varuna Dev, the lord of oceans |language=en |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/spirituality/narali-purnima-2021-all-hail-varuna-dev-the-lord-of-oceans |access-date=2021-08-24}}</ref>

== Beyond Hinduism ==

===Buddhism ===

====Theravada====

The [[Pali Canon]] of the [[Theravada]] school recognizes Varuṇa (Sanskrit; Pali: Varuna) as a king of the devas and companion of [[Śakra (Buddhism)|Sakka]], [[Prajapati|Pajāpati]] and [[Ishana|Isāna]]. In the battle against the [[Asura (Buddhism)|Asuras]], the devas of [[Trāyastriṃśa|Tāvatiṃsa]] were asked to look upon the banner of Varuna in order to have all their fears dispelled (S.i.219).

The [[Tevijja Sutta]] mentions him among [[Indra]], [[Soma (deity)|Soma]], [[Ishana|Isāna]], [[Prajapati|Pajāpati]], [[Yama]] and [[Mahiddhi]] as gods that are invoked by the [[brahmins]].

The [[Atanatiya Sutta|Ātānātiya Sutta]] lists him among the [[Yaksha|Yakkha]] chiefs.

Buddhaghosa states (SA.i.262) that Varuna is equal in age and glory (vanna) with Sakka and takes the third seat in the assembly of devas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Varuna |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/varuna#buddhism |website=Wisdom Library |date=June 2008 |access-date=2019-01-26}}</ref>

====Mahayana====

[[File:Sui Ten Varna TOJI12TEN.JPG|thumb|Painting of Varuna ([[Kyoto]], [[Japan]])]]

In [[East Asian Buddhism]], Varuna is a [[dharmapāla]] and often classed as one of the [[Twelve Devas]] (Japanese: [[:ja:十二天|Jūniten]], 十二天). He presides over the western direction.<ref>[http://www.emuseum.jp/detail/100031/000/000?mode=detail&d_lang=en Twelve Heavenly Deities (Devas)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201634/http://www.emuseum.jp/detail/100031/000/000?mode=detail&d_lang=en |date=2016-03-04 }} Nara National Museum, Japan</ref>

In Japan, he is called "Suiten" (水天 lit. "water [[Deva (Buddhism)|deva]]"). He is included with the other eleven devas, which include Taishakuten ([[Śakra (Buddhism)|Śakra/Indra]]), Fūten ([[Vāyu]]), Emmaten ([[Yama]]), Rasetsuten ([[Nirṛti (god)|Nirṛti]]/[[Rakshasa|Rākṣasa]]), Ishanaten ([[Ishana|Īśāna]]), Bishamonten ([[Vaiśravaṇa|Vaiśravaṇa/Kubera]]), Katen ([[Agni]]), Bonten ([[Brahmā]]), Jiten ([[Pṛthivī]]), Nitten ([[Sūrya|Sūrya/Āditya]]), and Gatten ([[Chandra]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=juuniten 十二天 |url=http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/j/juuniten.htm |website=JAANUS |access-date=23 January 2019}}</ref>

=== Shinto ===

[[File:Tokyo Suitengu 201604a.jpg|thumb|left|[[Suitengū (Tokyo)]] is a [[Shinto shrine]] to Varuna.]]

Varuna is also worshipped in Japan's [[Shinto]] religion. One of the Shinto shrines dedicated to him is the [[Suitengū (Tokyo)|''Suitengū'']] ("Palace of Suiten") in [[Tokyo]]. After the Japanese emperor issued the ''[[Shinbutsu bunri]]'', the separation of Shinto and Buddhist practices as part of the [[Meiji Restoration]], Varuna/Suiten was identified with the Japanese supreme God, [[Amenominakanushi]].<ref>"Tokyo Suitengu monogatari" 1985 Kodansha, {{ISBN|406202117X}}</ref>

== See also ==

{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM 'Een priester biedt de zeegod Baruna een offer aan tijdens het reinigingsfeest 'Melis' op Bali.' TMnr 10001219.jpg
| width1 = 170
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Parshuramsaraswats.jpg
| width2 = 226
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Left: A [[Balinese Hinduism|Balinese Hindu]] offering prayers to Varuna on Indonesian beach; Right: Vishnu avatar [[Parashurama|Parasurama]], asking Varuna to create new land known as [[Tulunad|Parashuram Sristi]].
}}

* [[Ādityas]]
* [[Apam Napat]]
* [[Asura (Buddhism)|Asura]]
* [[Guardians of the directions]]
* [[Hindu deities]]
* [[Mitra (Vedic)]]
* [[Mitra–Varuna]]
* [[Rigvedic deities]]
* [[Shukra]]
* ''[[The king and the god]]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{commons category-inline}}
*{{wikiquote-inline}}
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41688830 Asura Varuna], R. N. Dandekar (1939)
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24048422 Great Vayu and Greater Varuna], Mary Boyce (1993)

{{Hindudharma}}{{Hindu deities and texts}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Varuna| ]]
[[Category:Underworld gods]]
[[Category:Justice gods]]
[[Category:Asura]]
[[Category:Lokapala]]
[[Category:Water and Hinduism]]
[[Category:Water gods]]

Kuda, Dimapur

2026-03-16T11:04:51Z

Estella97P: Done

{{Short description|Village in Dimapur District, Nagaland}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kuda
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Village]] and [[Metropolitan area]]
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
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| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Kuda
| coordinates = {{coord|25.895534|N|93.734319|E|type:shape|display=it}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of India#Regions|Region]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Northeast India]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Dimapur district|Dimapur District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1941
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type = [[Gram panchayat|Village Council]]
| governing_body = Kuda Village Council
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch|Chairman]]
| leader_name = Vikie Nagi
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| total_type = 
| area_footnotes =
| area_magnitude = 
| area_total_km2 = 
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| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m =
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| unit_pref = Metric
| area_rank =
| population_total = 16,108
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban =
| population_density_urban_km2 =
| population_metro =
| population_density_metro_km2 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Major languages
| demographics1_info2 = {{Flatlist|
* [[Angami language|Angami]]
* [[Nagamese Creole|Nagamese]]
* [[Naga languages|other Naga languages]]
}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 797112
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website = {{URL|nagaland.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kuda''', formerly '''Nagarjan''', is an [[Angami Naga]] village, located in the [[Dimapur district|Dimapur District]] of the Indian state of [[Nagaland]], [[India]]. Founded in 1941, Kuda is the oldest recognised [[Naga people|Naga]] village in [[Dimapur]] area and one of the biggest in Nagaland. As of [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Kuda had a total population of 16,108 inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/nagaland/dimapur/dimapur-sadar/kuda-ct-population.html|title=Census of India 2011 – Kuda|website=2012 Census of India|access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref>

Being located on banks of the fertile [[Dhansiri]], the village has been the main producer and supplier of fresh vegetables and fruits to Dimapur markets. The village post-statehood, had won many awards from the State's Agriculture Department for its hard work and productivity such as "Best Farmer", "Biggest Vegetable", etc during the Annual Agri Exhibitions, when often a single [[Pumpkin]] would yield a record 10 kg, [[Gourd|Gourds]] 8 kg, [[Cabbage]] 5 kg, [[Papaya]] 5 kg, etc.

== History ==
Kuda village was established in 1941. It was previously known as 'Nagarjan' but a resolution on 14 May 1999 by the Kuda Village Council officially changed the name to its present name.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/kuda-village-and-not-full-nagarjan-kuda-b-youth-org/|date=1 November 2020|title=Kuda village and not 'Full Nagarjan': Kuda 'B' youth org|website=[[Nagaland Post]]|access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Kuda is bounded by [[Dimapur]] to the north, Thahekhü and Signal Angami village to the west, [[Dhansiri]] River to the east and [[Toulazouma]] to the south.

== Notable people ==
* [[Thepfülo-u Nakhro]], [[Chief Minister of Nagaland]] from 1966 to 1969
* [[Kiyanilie Peseyie]], Speaker of the [[Government of Nagaland]] from 2003 to 2013

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Dimapur district]]
[[Category:Villages in Nagaland]]

{{Nagaland-geo-stub}}

V. K. Krishna Menon

2026-03-15T06:22:30Z

Estella97P: Content improved for clarity and flow

{{short description|Former Indian Defence Minister}}
{{redirect|Krishna Menon|the guru|Atmananda Krishna Menon}}
{{Indian patronymic|Krishna Menon|Vengalil Krishnan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. K. Krishna Menon
| caption = Menon, {{circa|1950s}}
| blank1 = Source
| data1 = [http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/1262.htm Parliament of India]
| office = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Union Minister for Defence]]
| term_start = 17 April 1957
| term_end = 31 October 1962
| primeminister = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| predecessor = [[Kailash Nath Katju]]
| successor = [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| president1 =
| primeminister1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency2 = [[Mumbai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North]]
| term_start2 = 1957
| term_end2 = 1967
| predecessor2 = [[Vithal Balkrishna Gandhi]]
| successor2 = ''Constituency Abolished''
| constituency3 = [[Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Midnapore]] (1969{{endash}}71) [[Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Trivandrum]] (1971{{emdash}}74)
| term_start3 = 1969
| term_end3 = 1974
| predecessor3 = Sachindra Nath Maity
| successor3 = [[M. N. Govindan Nair]]
| office6 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency6 = [[Madras State]] (1953{{endash}}56) [[Kerala]] (1956{{emdash}}57)
| term_start6 = 1953
| term_end6 = 1957
| predecessor6 =
| successor6 =
| office8 = [[India House, London|Indian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom]]
| primeminister8 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| term_start8 = 1947
| term_end8 = 1952
| predecessor8 = Position established
| successor8 =
| birth_name = Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon
| birth_date = {{birth date|1896|5|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Thalassery]], [[Kannur district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Kerala]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1974|10|6|1896|5|3}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| otherparty = [[India League]] and the Indian Independence Movement
| alma_mater = [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Madras Law College]] [[London School of Economics]] ([[BSc]], [[MSc]]) [[University College London]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]]) [[Middle Temple]] ([[Barrister-at-Law]])
| awards = [[#Awards and honours|See below]]
| image = V. K. Krishna Menon (cropped).jpg
| parents = Komath Krishna Kurup (father) 
Lakshmi Kutty Amma (mother)
}}
'''Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon''' ({{ipa|ml|ʋeŋːaːlil krʂɳɐn krʂɳɐ menoːn|lang}}) (3 May 1896&nbsp;– 6 October 1974) was an Indian academic, independence activist, politician, lawyer, and statesman.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cs.nyu.edu/~kandathi/vkkm1962.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318032815/http://www.cs.nyu.edu/~kandathi/vkkm1962.pdf|url-status=dead|title=The 1962 Election in North Bombay|archivedate=18 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQM4AAAAIAAJ&q=vengalil&pg=PR6 |title=The Nayars today&nbsp;– Christopher John Fuller&nbsp;– Google Books |date=30 December 1976 |access-date=11 July 2012|isbn=9780521290913|last1=Fuller |first1=C. J. |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref> Menon contributed to the [[Indian independence movement]] and India's foreign relations. He was among the major architects of Indian foreign policy, was India's first High Commissioner to United Kingdom and later India's Defence Minister.

In 1928, Menon founded the [[India League]] in London to demand total independence from the British rule in the Indian subcontinent. Whilst in Britain he worked as an editor and helped found [[Pelican Books]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bowman |first1=Jack |title=The Early Political Thought and Publishing Career of V. K. Krishna Menon, 1928–1938 |journal=The Historical Journal |date=June 2023 |volume=66 |issue=3 |page=641-665 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X23000031 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Towards the end of the 1940s, he presided Indo-British matters and caused the selection of the last British Viceroy of India, [[Louis Mountbatten]].<ref>Ramesh, J. (2019). Chequered Brilliance. India: Penguin Books India PVT, Limited.</ref> He worked with Nehru, Mountbatten, [[Sardar Patel]], and [[V.P. Menon]] to work out the mechanics of Indian independence.

After the independence of India, he facilitated international diplomacy and resolutions in situations such as the [[Suez Crisis]], [[Korean War]], [[Russian invasion of Hungary|invasion of Hungary]], [[Cyprus]], [[Indochina]], [[Taiwan]], and the Chinese capture of American airmen, while supporting the anti-colonial ethos of what he would eventually name the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].<ref name="VKKM NAM">{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/why-ditch-the-non-aligned-movement/article21687929.ece1|title=Why ditch the non-aligned movement?|date=16 September 2016 |publisher=[[Business Line]]}}</ref><ref name="VKKM NAM2">{{cite web |url=https://www.theprint.in/india/governance/v-k-krishna-menon-the-evil-genius-behind-the-non-aligned-movement/130391/|title=V.K. Krishna Menon, the 'evil genius' behind the non-aligned movement|date=6 October 2018 |publisher=The Print}}</ref> Since the independence of India, he served as High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, [[Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations|Ambassador to the United Nations]], and Defence minister. As a Defence minister, he played a role in military conflicts such as [[Congo Crisis]], [[Annexation of Goa]], and [[Sino-Indian War]].<ref name="United States. Department of State 1994">{{cite book | author=United States. Department of State | title=Congo Crisis | publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office | series=Department of State publication | year=1994 | isbn=978-0-16-041905-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d94tAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA739 | page=739}}</ref> During his tenure as defence minister, India saw establishment of domestic military-industrial complex and educational systems, the [[Sainik Schools]], the [[Defence Research and Development Organization]] (DRDO), and other defence and military institutions, while professionalizing the [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] and similar entities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Krishna Rao |first1=K. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7xPaJomYsEC&q=krishna+menon+ordnance&pg=PA424 |title=Prepare or perish: a study of ...&nbsp;– K. V. Krishna Rao&nbsp;– Google Books |date=1 March 1991 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=9788172120016 |access-date=11 July 2012}}</ref>

He was elected to both houses of the Indian parliament from constituencies such as [[Mumbai]], [[Bengal]], and [[Trivandrum]] in his native state of [[Kerala]]. He remained a member of the [[Lok Sabha]] until his death.

==Early life ==

=== Family ===
Menon was born into an aristocratic Komath Menon family at Thiruvangad, [[Thalassery]], later moving to [[Panniyankara]] in [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], where the Vengalil family too had their Tharavadu. His father Adv [Vakkeel] Vengalil Krishna Kurup was one of the leading criminal advocates of Thalassery and a member of Calicut Bar association, only son of reigning Porlathiri Udaya Varma Raja of Kadathanad kingdom. His mother was Smt. Komath Sreedevi Menon, one of the wealthiest women of Kerala at that time who maintained Komath Nalukettu, Sree Thazhe Komath Bhagavathi Temple in Ayanchery, and also maintained vast estates in Ayanchery and Kuttiyadi regions of Vatakara<ref>{{Cite web |title=V K Krishna Menon Biography - Birth date, Achievements, Career, Family, Awards |url=https://www.samanyagyan.com/eng/biography-v-k-krishna-menon |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=SamanyaGyan |language=en-IN}}</ref>

=== Education ===
Menon had his early education in Ayanchery and Thalassery and later pursued his higher education at the [[Zamorin's Guruvayurappan College|Zamorin's College]], [[Kozhikode]]. In 1918, he graduated from [[Presidency College, Chennai]], with a B.A. in History and Economics.<ref name="open.ac.uk">{{cite web |date=11 July 2017 |title=Krishna Menon |url=http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/krishna-menon |website=open.ac.uk |publisher=[[Open University]] |access-date=5 January 2020 |archive-date=26 February 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140226162358/http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/krishna-menon |url-status=dead }}</ref> While studying in the [[Madras Law College]], he was involved in [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|Theosophy]] and was associated with [[Annie Besant]] and the [[Home Rule Movement]]. He was a member of the "Brothers of Service", founded by [[Annie Besant]] who helped him travel to England in 1924.<ref name="open.ac.uk" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bowman |first1=Jack |title=The Early Political Thought and Publishing Career of V. K. Krishna Menon, 1928–1938 |journal=The Historical Journal |date=June 2023 |volume=66 |issue=3 |page=646 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X23000031 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Life and activities in England===
Menon studied at [[London School of Economics]], securing [[Bachelor of Science]] in economics and [[Master of Science]] in economics from [[University of London]]. Whilst there he studied under [[Harold Laski]] who, according to historian Jack Bowman, became a great personal and political inspiration for Menon.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bowman |first1=Jack |title=The Early Political Thought and Publishing Career of V. K. Krishna Menon, 1928–1938 |journal=The Historical Journal |date=June 2023 |volume=66 |issue=3 |page=646-649 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X23000031 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Later, he studied at [[University College London]] and in 1930, he was awarded an M.A. in Industrial Psychology with first class honours from [[University of London]], for a thesis entitled ''An Experimental Study of the Mental Processes Involved in Reasoning.'' In 1934, he secured a MSc in Political Science with first class honours from the London School of Economics, for a thesis titled ''English Political Thought in the Seventeenth Century''.

In 1934, he continued to study law and was called to the bar at [[Middle Temple]], marking the end of his formal education at the age of 37.<ref name="open.ac.uk" /> As a barrister, Menon represented poor lascas pro bono, and, [[Udham Singh]], in his trial for the killing of [[Michael O'Dwyer]] in vengeance for the [[Amritsar Massacre]].

During the 1930s, Menon worked as an editor for [[The Bodley Head]] and its ''Twentieth Century Library'' (1932-1935),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bowman |first1=Jack |title=The Early Political Thought and Publishing Career of V. K. Krishna Menon, 1928–1938 |journal=The Historical Journal |date=June 2023 |volume=66 |issue=3 |page=652-656 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X23000031 |doi-access=free }}</ref> for Selwyn & Blount and its ''Topical Books'' series,<ref>[https://www.publishinghistory.com/topical-books-selwyn-and-blount.html Topical Books (Selwyn & Blount)], publishinghistory.com. Retrieved 25 March 2025.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bowman |first1=Jack |title=The Early Political Thought and Publishing Career of V. K. Krishna Menon, 1928–1938 |journal=The Historical Journal |date=June 2023 |volume=66 |issue=3 |page=649-652 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X23000031 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and then, from 1937, for [[Penguin Books]] and its founder [[Sir Allen Lane]].<ref name="Hartley2003">{{cite book|last=Hartley|first=John|title=A Short History of Cultural Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uvzOEFPekY8C&pg=PA22|access-date=18 September 2012|year=2003|publisher=SAGE|isbn=9780761950288|pages=22–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Penguin Special: The Life and Times of Allen Lane|last=Lewis|first=Jeremy|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2006|isbn=0141015969|location=London|pages=Multiple}}</ref><ref>Sairam Krishnan, [https://scroll.in/article/770738/how-a-young-man-from-calicut-became-the-publisher-who-helped-change-british-thinking How a young man from Calicut became the publisher who helped change British thinking], scroll.in. Retrieved 14 July 2023.</ref><ref>[https://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/bodley-head Bodley Head], Making Britain: Discover how South Asians shaped the nation, 1870–1950, open.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 July 2023.</ref> Menon was the editor of the educational series [[Pelican Books]] since its inception.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bowman |first1=Jack |title=The Early Political Thought and Publishing Career of V. K. Krishna Menon, 1928–1938 |journal=The Historical Journal |date=June 2023 |volume=66 |issue=3 |page=656-657 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X23000031 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Penguin Books {{!}} Making Britain |url=https://www5.open.ac.uk/research-projects/making-britain/content/penguin-books |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=www5.open.ac.uk}}</ref>

====Political life in the UK====
After joining the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] he was elected borough councillor of [[St Pancras, London]], in which context he befriended [[Edwina Mountbatten]], wife of [[Lord Mountbatten]]. Due to the patronage of the [[Mountbattens]], in the pre-war British society,<ref>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03086534.2010.503397 'A Serious Menace to Security’: British Intelligence, V. K. Krishna Menon and the Indian High Commission in London, 1947–52 Paul M. McGarr]</ref> Menon was able to consolidate political alliances with Labour potentates like [[Clement Attlee]] (future prime minister), [[Sir Stafford Cripps]] (future chancellor) and [[Aneurin Bevan]], while gaining entry to the social circles of [[George VI]] and the then-Queen Elizabeth. Additional intimates included, political and intellectual figures such as [[Bertrand Russell]], [[J.B.S. Haldane]], [[Michael Foot]], [[E.M. Forster]], and [[Queen Frederica of Greece]]. St. Pancras, later gave him the "Freedom of the Borough", the other person having received this, was [[George Bernard Shaw]]. In 1939, the Labour Party began preparations to nominate him as its candidate for the [[Dundee (UK Parliament constituency)|Dundee Parliamentary constituency]] but that fell through because of his perceived connections with the Communist Party.<ref name=archives>{{cite web|title=Communists and suspected communists|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/releases/2007/march/communists.htm|publisher=The National Archives, UK|access-date=1 November 2012}}</ref> He resigned (or was expelled, according to other sources) from the Labour Party in protest but rejoined in 1944.<ref name=archives /><ref name=OU>{{cite web|title=Krishna Menon|url=http://www8.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/krishna-menon|work=The Open University-Making Britain Database|access-date=18 September 2012}}</ref>

====India League and the independence movement====
{{See also|India League}}

In 1928, Menon founded the [[India League]] to demand total independence of India from British rule.<ref name="Indian Society of International">{{cite book | title=V.K. Krishna Menon Remembered | publisher=Indian Society of International Law | year=2005 | isbn=978-81-7827-133-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2iFuAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2024-03-20 | page=4}}</ref> He worked as a journalist and as president of the India League from 1928 to 1947. In 1930s, Menon along with other contributors had created a 554-page report on the situation in India.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bowman |first1=Jack |title=The Early Political Thought and Publishing Career of V. K. Krishna Menon, 1928–1938 |journal=The Historical Journal |date=June 2023 |volume=66 |issue=3 |page=641-665 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X23000031 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The report was banned in India.<ref name="Rana 2022">{{cite book | last=Rana | first=K.S. | title=Churchill and India: Manipulation or Betrayal? | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2022 |page=65| isbn=978-1-000-72827-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGWFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT65}}</ref> Menon worked to help Nehru succeed [[Mahatma Gandhi]] as the moral leader and executive of the [[Indian independence movement]], and to support Nehru's accession as the first [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] of an independent India. As Secretary, he built the India League into the Indian lobby in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]], and turned British sentiment towards the cause of Indian independence.<ref name="India Today">Chakravarty, Suhash. "[http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/menon.html 100 People Who Shaped India: V K Krishna Menon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042436/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/menon.html |date=24 September 2015 }}". ''[[India Today]]''. 2000. Retrieved 23 March 2012.</ref> In 1931, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] praised the efforts of the Indian League for its "hurricane propaganda on the danger to world peace of a rebellious India in bondage".<ref name="Kiran Mahadevan 2000 p. ">{{cite book | last1=Kiran | first1=R.N. | last2=Mahadevan | first2=K. | title=V.K. Krishna Menon, Man of the Century | publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation | year=2000 | isbn=978-81-7646-145-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSJuAAAAMAAJ| pages=5–6}}</ref>

He also took interest in the Colonial Seamen's Association from which he met [[Chris Braithwaite]] and [[Surat Alley]]. During the first years of World War II, Menon joined British communists in condemning both the [[Allies of World War II|Western Allies]] and [[Nazi Germany]], though he also took part in several anti-Nazi demonstrations in Britain. Once, when asked whether the Indian public would prefer British or German rule, Menon replied that "[one] might as well ask a fish if it prefers to be fried in butter or margarine".<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,936506,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930083615/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,936506,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=30 September 2007 | magazine=Time | title=Foreign News: The Great I Am | date=18 October 1954}}</ref>

==Roles in post-independence India==
[[File:Prince Norodom Sihanouk, V.K. Krishna Menon and Andrei Gromyako.jpg|thumb|250px|right|V.K. Krishna Menon (age 62) giving a luncheon in 1958 in honour of His Royal Highness Prince [[Norodom Sihanouk]] and [[Andrei Gromyko]], Foreign Minister of the Soviet Union.]]

===High Commissioner to the United Kingdom===
After India gained independence in 1947, Menon was appointed [[List of High Commissioners of India to the United Kingdom|High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom]], a post in which he remained until 1952. Menon's distrust of the West extended to the United Kingdom, and his opposition to British political manoeuvres led [[MI5]] to deem him a "serious menace to security". From 1929 onwards, Menon had been kept under surveillance, with a warrant to intercept his correspondence being issued in December 1933, identifying him as an "important worker in the Indian revolutionary movement".<ref>[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/releases/2007/march/communists.htm Communists and suspected communists]. The National Archives.</ref> Clandestine surveillance intensified following Menon's 1946 meeting in Paris with [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] Foreign Minister [[Vyacheslav Molotov]], and Indian independence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indrus.in/articles/2011/04/21/saga_of_india-russia_diplomatic_ties_12430.html |title=Saga of India-Russia diplomatic ties &#124; Russia & India Report |publisher=Indrus.in |access-date=11 July 2012}}</ref> In 2007, hundreds of pages of MI5 files documenting their coverage of Menon were released, including transcripts of phone conversations and intercepted correspondences with other statesmen and Nehru himself.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/Krishna-Menon-a-sick-man-say-MI5-documents/articleshow/1716301.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517110647/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-03/rest-of-world/27888109_1_krishna-menon-indian-high-commissioner-documents | url-status=live | archive-date=17 May 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Krishna Menon a sick man, say MI5 documents | date=3 March 2007}}</ref>

In 1949, Menon was one of the drafters of the [[London Declaration]], along with Sir [[Norman Brook]], the British [[Cabinet Secretary (United Kingdom)|Cabinet Secretary]].<ref>Michael Brecher, ''India and World Politics: Krishna Menon's View of the World'' (London: Oxford University Press, 1968), p. 23.</ref> The declaration recognised that India could remain in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], despite becoming a republic. The declaration is considered the foundation of the modern Commonwealth.

During his tenure as the high commissioner, Menon was accused of being involved in the ''[[jeep scandal case]]'', the first alleged case of corruption in independent India. In 1948, Menon had ignored protocols and signed a Rs 8&nbsp;million contract for the purchase of army jeeps with a foreign firm for the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?263904 |title=On Your Marks |publisher=Outlookindia.com |access-date=11 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515162644/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?263904 |archive-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/18/stories/2011041851921100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423021518/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/18/stories/2011041851921100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 April 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Opinion / Readers' Editor : Online : Media support crusade against corruption |access-date=11 July 2012}}</ref> The deal was later rescinded by the Indian deputy High Commissioner in London due to the failure of the completion of the order.<ref name="Ray 2013 p. 63">{{cite book | last=Ray | first=J.K. | title=India's Foreign Relations, 1947-2007 | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=South Asian History and Culture | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-136-19714-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJYCgVkIwAwC&pg=PT63 | pages=63–64}}</ref> The investigation into the matter was closed in 1955 after nothing was found against anybody including Menon.<ref name="Kutty 1988 p. ">{{cite book | last=Kutty | first=V.K.M. | title=V.K. Krishna Menon | publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India | series=Builders of modern India | year=1988 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=giFuAAAAMAAJ| page=93}}</ref><ref name="Kapoor 2000 p. ">{{cite book | last=Kapoor | first=R.S. | title=More Equal Than Others: A Study of the Indian Left | publisher=Vision Books | year=2000 | isbn=978-81-7094-381-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJUFAQAAIAAJ | page=155}}</ref>

===India's representative to the United Nations===
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru and V.K. Krishna Menon at the United Nations, New York.jpg|thumb|250px|right| [[List of Prime Ministers of India|1st]] [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] with V. K. Krishna Menon (age 60) in United Nations in December 1956.]]
In 1949, Menon accepted the command of the Indian delegation to the United Nations, a position he held until 1962. He headed India's diplomatic missions to the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United Nations]], and established himself in diplomatic matters including the [[Suez Crisis]]. He engineered solutions to complex international political issues, including a peace plan for Korea, a ceasefire in [[Indo-China]], the deadlocked disarmament talks, and the French withdrawal from the UN over [[Algeria]].<ref name="India Today"/>

Earlier, he led the overseas wing of the Indian independence movement, launching the [[India League (1928 Institute)|India League]] in London in 1928, rallying within the United Kingdom to win public support for Indian independence, and of world powers such as the Soviet Union.

====Diplomacy and non-alignment====
During this period, Menon was a spokesman for Nehru's foreign policy, dubbed [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-alignment]] in 1952,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2pFvh9crtEC&q=krishna+menon+coined+non+alignment&pg=PA75 |title=Afghanistan in world politics: (a ...&nbsp;– Mohammad Khalid Ma'aroof&nbsp;– Google Books |date= 1 January 1987|access-date=11 July 2012|isbn=9788121200974|last1=Ma'Aroof |first1=Mohammad Khalid |publisher=Gian Publishing House }}</ref> charting a third course between the US and the [[Soviet Union]]. Menon was critical of the United States, and expressed sympathies with Soviet policies, earning the ire of many Indians by voting against a UN resolution calling for the USSR to withdraw troops from Hungary,<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite magazine|date=29 April 1957|title=India: The Favourite|magazine=Time|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,821101,00.html}}</ref> although he reversed his stance three weeks later under pressure from New Delhi.<ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,808644,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214113342/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,808644,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=14 December 2008 | magazine=Time | title=United Nations: Who Must Obey? | date=3 December 1956}}</ref>

In 1966, Indira Gandhi had consulted Menon for drafting a Vietnam plan which called for international efforts to rehabilitate [[Vietnam]], [[Laos]] and [[Cambodia]] and criticised the [[United States]] for their role in the [[Vietnam War]].<ref name="Gupte 2011">{{cite book | last=Gupte | first=P. | title=Mother India: A Political Biography of Indira Gandhi | publisher=Penguin Group | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-14-306826-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OOmK1lPWq80C&pg=PA292 | page=292}}</ref>

====China and the United Nations====
Menon also supported the admission of the People's Republic of China to the United Nations, which earned him the enmity of many American statesmen, including Senator [[William F. Knowland]]. In 1955, Menon intervened in the case of several American airmen who had been held by China, meeting with Chinese premier [[Zhou Enlai]] before flying to Washington to confer with and counsel American President [[Dwight Eisenhower]] and Secretary of State [[John Foster Dulles]], at the request of British Prime Minister [[Anthony Eden]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T1NTOMsMx74C&q=menon+eisenhower+krishna&pg=PA89 |title=The Eden-Eisenhower correspondence ...&nbsp;– Anthony Eden (Earl of Avon), Dwight David Eisenhower, Peter G. Boyle&nbsp;– Google Books |access-date=11 July 2012|isbn=9780807829356|year=2005|last1=Boyle |first1=Peter G. |publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1893&dat=19550611&id=YndFAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NccMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1519,916076|title=The Southeast Missourian – Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com}}</ref>

====Nuclear disarmament====
Menon was an opponent of nuclear weapons, and partnered with many in his quest against their proliferation.

====Suez Crisis====
During the [[Suez Crisis]], Menon attempted to persuade [[Gamal Nasser]] to compromise with the West, and facilitated moving Western powers towards an awareness that Nasser might prove willing to compromise.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qcPU0u3iC88C&q=krishna+menon+suez&pg=PA280 |title=Suez: Britain's End of Empire in the ...&nbsp;– Keith Kyle&nbsp;– Google Books |date= 15 February 2011|access-date=11 July 2012|isbn=9781848855335|last1=Kyle |first1=Keith |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref> During the emergency conference on Suez convened in London, Menon, invited by British Prime Minister [[Anthony Eden]], offered a counterproposal to [[John Foster Dulles]]' plan for resolution, in which Egypt would be allowed to retain control of the Suez Canal.

While known for his alignment with the British [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour party]] and its [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] analogues, by the 1950s, world diplomats referred to Menon's allies, comprising [[Anthony Eden|Eden]], British foreign minister [[Selwyn Lloyd]], Canadian foreign minister and future premier [[Lester Pearson]], Australian foreign minister and future governor-general [[Richard Casey, Baron Casey|Richard Casey]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=OirSz3Wtaa0C&dq=selwyn+lloyd+menon+cabal&pg=PA700 particularly to the fury of US Secretary of State Dean Acheson.] Menon's proposal was estimated by US diplomats to have more support than the Dulles plan, and was viewed as an attempt to hybridise the Dulles plan with Egypt's claims. The Dulles plan passed, with Menon voting against, alongside Russia, [[Indonesia]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. Menon, however, softened his opposition in the final hours, leaving Soviet Foreign Minister [[Dmitri Shepilov]] in contraposition.<ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,824331,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214123910/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,824331,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=14 December 2008 | magazine=Time | title=SUEZ: Putting the Question | date=3 September 1956}}</ref>

====Speech on Kashmir====
{{Quote box
|quote = Why is that we have never heard voices in connection with the freedom of people under the suppression and tyranny of Pakistani authorities on the other side of the cease-fire line? Why is it that we have not heard here that in ten years these people have not seen a ballot paper? With what voice can either the Security Council or anyone coming before it demand a plebiscite for a people on our side who exercise franchise, who have freedom of speech, who function under a hundred local bodies?
|source =-- Excerpt from Menon's marathon 1957 address to the [[United Nations Security Council]], [[The Hindu]].<ref>Excerpt from Menon's marathon 1957 address to the [[United Nations Security Council]], [[The Hindu]].</ref>
|width = 35%
|align = right
}}

On 23 January 1957 Menon delivered an eight-hour speech defending India's stand on [[Kashmir]]. To date, the speech is the longest delivered in the [[United Nations]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/longest-un-speech|title=Longest UN speech|website=Guinness World Records}}</ref> covering five hours of the 762nd meeting on 23 January, and two hours and forty-eight minutes on the 24th,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ier.ro/documente/rjea_vol7_no3/RJEA_Vol7_No3_Can_Self_Determination_Solve_the_Kashmir_Dispute.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-02-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316211935/http://www.ier.ro/documente/rjea_vol7_no3/RJEA_Vol7_No3_Can_Self_Determination_Solve_the_Kashmir_Dispute.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> concluding with Menon's collapse on the Security Council floor.<ref name=autogenerated2 /> Between the two parts, Menon collapsed from exhaustion and had to be hospitalized.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/09/25/the-top-10-craziest-things-ever-said-during-a-u-n-speech/|title=The Top 10 Craziest Things Ever Said During a U.N. Speech|first=Joshua|last=Keating|date=25 September 2009 }}</ref>

During the filibuster, Nehru went onto consolidate Indian power in Kashmir. Menon's defence of Indian sovereignty in Kashmir enlarged his base of support in India, and led to the Indian press dubbing him the "Hero of Kashmir".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bhandari|first=Romesh|title=Krishna Menon&nbsp;– His Contributions and Vision|journal=Think India Quarterly|date=April 2002|volume=5|issue=2|url=http://www.thinkindiaquarterly.org/ArticleDetails.aspx?ArticleId=307&Id=36|access-date=24 September 2012}}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

===Minister of Defence===
Krishna Menon became a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] in 1953 from Madras. In 1956, he joined the Union Cabinet as Minister without Portfolio and was made [[Minister of Defence]] in April 1957, after winning the North [[Mumbai]] seat to the [[Lok Sabha]].

Menon developed India's domestic military-industrial complex and educational systems.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7xPaJomYsEC&q=krishna+menon+ordnance&pg=PA424 |title=Prepare or perish: a study of ...&nbsp;– K. V. Krishna Rao&nbsp;– Google Books |date= 1 March 1991|access-date=11 July 2012|isbn=9788172120016|last1=Krishna Rao |first1=K. V. |publisher=Lancer Publishers }}</ref> During his reign as defence minister, India saw establishment of the [[Sainik Schools]], the [[Defence Research and Development Organization]] (DRDO), and other defence and military institutions, while professionalizing the [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] and similar entities.

Menon brought with him a degree of governmental, public, and international attention that India's military had not previously known. He suspended the seniority system within the army, replacing it with a merit-based method of promotion, and restructured much of India's military command system, eventually leading to the resignation of the Chief of the Army Staff, General [[K.S. Thimayya]].<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/2643745 | last1 = Thomas | first1 = Raju G. C. | year = 1980 | title = The Armed Services and the Indian Defense Budget | journal = Asian Survey | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 280–297 | publisher = University of California Press | jstor = 2643745}}</ref>

====Congo Crisis====

In 1960, Menon remarked on Congo crisis that freedom for African countries meant not only political independence but also the right to be able to develop economically and defend themselves from subversion from both inside and outside the country. Menon criticized the [[Belgians]] for not providing military training to the Congolese before leaving the country.<ref name="Information Service, Embassy of India ">{{cite book | title=India News | date=31 March 2024 | publisher=Information Service, Embassy of India | issue=v. 2-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1EEqAQAAMAAJ| page=345}}</ref> In 1961, Nehru sent an [[Indian Army]] brigade of about 4,700 troops for the [[United Nations Operation in the Congo]].<ref name="Hingorani 1989 p. ">{{cite book | last=Hingorani | first=R.C. | title=Nehru's Foreign Policy | publisher=Oxford & IBH Publishing Company | year=1989 | isbn=978-81-204-0431-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FFluAAAAMAAJ | page=77}}</ref>

====Annexation of Portuguese India====
The [[annexation of Goa]] was linked with the 1961 elections to the Lok Sabha. Menon addressed the issue of Indian sovereignty over the Portuguese colony of [[Goa]], in a partial reprise of his earlier defence of [[Kashmir]]. In New York, Menon met US Ambassador and two-time presidential candidate [[Adlai Stevenson II|Adlai Stevenson]] behind closed doors,<ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,827194,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713185231/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,827194,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=13 July 2010 | magazine=Time | title=World: MENON'S WAR | date=29 December 1961}}</ref> before meeting with President [[John F. Kennedy]], who had expressed his reservations about Menon's anti-imperialism during the state visit of Nehru. Menon lectured Kennedy on the importance of US-Soviet compromise, before returning to India. On 17 December 1961, Menon and the Indian Army overran Goa, leading to Western condemnation. Menon dismissed the admonishments of Kennedy and Stevenson as "vestige(s) of Western imperialism". Indian annexation of Goa had subtle ramifications throughout Asia, as in the case of Indonesian president [[Sukarno]], who refrained from invading the Portuguese colony of [[East Timor]] partially from fear of being compared to Menon.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Il5Tx5tKPM0C&q=krishna+menon+time+arrogant&pg=PA146 |title=Southeast Asia: a testament|author= George McTurnan Kahin|publisher=Routledge |page=146 |access-date=11 July 2012|isbn=9780415299763|year=2003}}</ref> The invasion also spawned a complex mass of legal issues relating to differences between eastern and western interpretations of United Nations law and jurisdiction.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Oliver|first=Covey|title=56 Am. J. Int'l L. 540 (1962) Judicial Decisions Involving Questions of International Law|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ajil56&div=38&g_sent=1&collection=journals|website=heinonline.org}}</ref>

====The Sino-Indian War====
In 1962 China attacked India, leading to the [[Sino-Indian War]], and a temporary reversal in India's non-aligned foreign policy. On 14 October, about 6 days before the war, Menon gave a speech in [[Bangalore]] where he announced that India would fight "to the last man, to the last gun". Menon was criticised both inside and outside parliament for his handling of the conflict. The Indian government's analysis, the [[Henderson Brooks–Bhagat Report]] remains classified. Menon believed that Pakistan – not China – is the real threat on the border.<ref name="Hoffmann 2018">{{cite book | last=Hoffmann | first=S.A. | title=India and the China Crisis | publisher=University of California Press | series=International Crisis Behavior | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-520-30172-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bjADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125 | access-date=2024-03-18 | page=125}}</ref> Menon was held responsible for India's lack of military preparation to repel China in the full-scale war to the extent that Indian politicians invested more effort in getting Menon removed than in actually waging war.<ref name="The Indian Express 2008 q276">{{cite web | title=Ghosts of black November | website=The Indian Express | date=2008-12-05 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/ghosts-of-black-november/|first=Inder|last=Malhotra}}</ref> Menon had resigned on 31 October 1962 as Minister of Defence.<ref>{{cite web|last=Verghese|first=B.G.|title=50 YEARS AFTER 1962|url=http://southasiamonitor.org/detail.php?type=yearsafter&nid=3844|publisher=Subbu Forum|access-date=24 September 2012|archive-date=15 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115024830/http://southasiamonitor.org/detail.php?type=yearsafter&nid=3844|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India's Krishna Menon Resigns From Cabinet After Border attack|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19621108&id=roVWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7185,2115936|access-date=24 September 2012|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=7 November 1962}}</ref> Nevertheless, Menon remained a counselor to Nehru and continued to assist the Indian government with foreign policy.<ref>Brecher, and Stein, eds., '' India and world politics: Krishna Menon's view of the world'' (1968).</ref><ref name="Gupte 2011"/>

===As a Supreme Court advocate===

Following his resignation from the cabinet ministry, Menon practiced as a Senior Advocate in the Supreme Court with a group of lawyers. He specifically focused on the Labour matters and he took them up without taking any fees. Former Supreme Court Judge [[V. R. Krishna Iyer]] remarked Menon's legal career as: "Great human causes, not petty problems, find the jurist in him. He is halting in humdrum areas but heroic in the higher values of our legalpolitical system."<ref name="Menon 1991 p. ">{{cite book | last=Menon | first=V.K.K. | title=V.K. Krishna Menon | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat | series=Eminent parliamentarians monograph series | year=1991 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0c-PAhsJgf0C | page=13}}</ref><ref name="Kutty p. 143"/>

==Elections==
===Rajya Sabha===
Menon was elected to the Rajya Sabha in 1953 from Madras.<ref name="Ram 1997 p. ">{{cite book | last=Ram | first=Janaki | title=V.K. Krishna Menon: A Personal Memoir | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1997 | isbn=978-0-19-564228-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSFuAAAAMAAJ | page=106}}</ref><ref name="Varkey 2002 p. ">{{cite book | last=Varkey | first=K.T. | title=V.K. Krishna Menon and India's Foreign Policy | publisher=Indian Publishers Distributors | year=2002 | isbn=978-81-7341-253-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=21tuAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2024-03-21 | page=4}}</ref>

===1957===
In 1957, Menon sought a seat in the [[Lok Sabha]], contesting a constituency from [[Mumbai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Mumbai]]. Admired for his defence of India's sovereignty in Kashmir on the world stage, Menon was met with rapturous receptions on the campaign trail, and won in a contest against PSP candidate Alvares Peter Augustus by 47,741 votes (171,708 to 123,967).{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}

{{Quote box
| quote = We visited many villages. Huge crowds surged forward, blocking the streets, while Menon was drowned by the surrounding uproar, his umbrella knocked away by the bombardment of flowers and bouquets. He insisted, in spite of the heat of the day, the dust and the exhaustion, on fulfilling his programme.
| source = -- Eyewitness account of Menon's 1957 campaign, [[The Hindu]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Lewis|first=Charles|title=Krishna Menon's campaign in Mumbai|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/03/11/stories/2007031100060100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314220818/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/03/11/stories/2007031100060100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 March 2007|access-date=24 September 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 March 2007}}</ref>
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===1961===
[[File:Krishna Menon Time Magazine cover (1962).jpg|thumb|300px|right|Menon was frequently vilified in the Western press, which described or depicted him as a "snake-charmer", as in ''[[TIME (magazine)|TIME]]'' magazine's 1962 cover portrait.<ref name="hindu.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070501095833/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/04/29/stories/2007042900100300.htm Magazine / Columns : An unusual life]. ''The Hindu'' (29 April 2007).</ref>]]
In October 1961, Menon, the sitting Defence Minister, was challenged by the 74-year-old [[Acharya Kripalani]], a previous president of the [[Indian National Congress]]. The race, which witnessed the direct intervention of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], was viewed as of importance due to the personas and influence of the two candidates.<ref name=autogenerated3 /> Having previously endorsed Menon's foreign policies, Kripalani attacked Menon's persona, seeking to avoid confrontation with the prestige of Nehru and the Congress Party. Menon won nearly doubling the vote total of Kripalani, and winning majorities in all six of North Mumbai's districts. The electoral results established Menon as second to Nehru in Indian politics.<ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,939948-2,00.html | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204111307/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,939948-2,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 February 2013 | magazine=Time | title=India: Mandate for Menonism | date=9 March 1962}}</ref>

===1967===
In 1967, Menon was denied a seat from Mumbai by the Congress on the grounds that he was a non-Maharashtrian after Congress leadership in Delhi had succumbed to the demands of the Bombay Provincial Congress Committee.<ref name="Kutty p. 143">{{cite book | last=Kutty | first=V.K.M. | title=V. K. Krishna Menon | publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting | series=Builders of Modern India | isbn=978-81-230-2361-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efcADgAAQBAJ&pg=PT143| pages=143–144}}</ref> This move by the committee had appalled Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] who remarked that: "Here is a question of whom the party wants and whom the people want. My position among people is uncontested."<ref name="Gupte 2011 p. 376">{{cite book | last=Gupte | first=P. | title=Mother India: A Political Biography of Indira Gandhi | publisher=Penguin Books Limited | year=2011 | isbn=978-81-8475-548-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLrgzlclZKoC&pg=PT376 | access-date=2024-03-20 | page=376}}</ref><ref name="Krishna 2011 p. 73">{{cite book | last=Krishna | first=A.V. | title=India Since Independence: Making Sense Of Indian Politics | publisher=Pearson Education | year=2011 | isbn=978-81-317-3465-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8v7Vr2iQUHkC&pg=PA73| page=73}}</ref> Menon resigned from the Congress and stood for elections as an independent candidate from the [[Mumbai North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|North East Mumbai]] constituency, of which he was the sitting member of parliament. He lost to the Congress candidate, Mr. S.G. Barve, a retired [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] officer, by a margin of 13,169 votes. Mr. Barve died later that year, and his sister, Mrs. Tara Sapre, contested the by-election which ensued as the Congress candidate. Menon again stood as an independent, and lost to Mrs. Tara Sapre by a wider margin than had been the case with her brother. In both, 1967 and 1969 elections, [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] had campaigned for both of the Congress candidates.<ref>{{cite web|title=1967 electionsresults|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=24 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Morkhandiker|first=R S|title=The Shiv Sena- An Eruption of Nationalism|url=http://www.epw.in/ejournal/show/1/_/59|access-date=24 September 2012|newspaper=Economic and Political weekly|date=21 October 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518003352/http://www.epw.in/ejournal/show/1/_/59|archive-date=18 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Shiv Lal 1972 p. ">{{cite book | title=The Election Archives | publisher=Shiv Lal | issue=10 | year=1972 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSAvAAAAYAAJ | page=106}}</ref>

===1969===
In 1969, Menon contested a seat in the Lok Sabha from the [[Bengal]] constituency of [[Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Midnapore]], running as an independent in a by-election, and defeating his Congress rival by a margin of 106,767 votes in May of that year.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/2642243 | last1 = Narain | first1 = Iqbal | year = 1970 | title = Democratic Politics and Political Development in India | journal = Asian Survey | volume = 10 | issue = 2 | pages = 88–89 | publisher = University of California Press | jstor = 2642243}}</ref>

===1971===
[[File:KrishnaMenon Museum.JPG|thumb|300px|right|Krishna Menon Museum, [[Kozhikode]], where original oil portraits of Menon, as well as personal belongings, letters, news clips, and other materials related to Menon, are kept for public display.]]
In 1971, Menon contested as an independent candidate and was elected to the Lok Sabha from [[Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Trivandrum]], in his home state of [[Kerala]].

==Legacy==
===Evaluations===
Menon was a significant figure of the Indian politics during his life, and has remained so even well after his death. In response to US Secretary of State [[John Foster Dulles]]' assertion that US weapons supplied to Pakistan were intended for defence against a Soviet invasion, Menon stated that "the world has yet to see an American gun that can only shoot in one direction", and that "I am yet to come across a vegetarian tiger". In London, Menon responded to novelist [[Brigid Brophy]]: "my English is better than yours. You merely picked it up: I learnt it." When criticised for the [[List of Rolls-Royce motor cars|Rolls-Royces]] he kept as official vehicles, he replied, "I can scarcely hire a bullock-cart to call on 10 Downing Street".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140504210016/http://www.hindu.com/2001/07/22/stories/13220466.htm "Humour in politics"]. ''The Hindu'' (22 July 2001).</ref>
[[File:London - Kensington Palace Gardens - View ENE II.jpg|thumb|No. 9 Kensington Palace Gardens - the townhouse Menon purchased for the formal residence of the Indian High Commissioner, though he declined live there.]]
Indian President [[R. Venkataraman]] described him as "the epitome of a representative of the Indian State, personally abstemious but at the same time uncompromising in maintaining the prestige of his high office."<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Reddy |editor1-first=E.S. |editor2-last=Damodaran |editor2-first=A.K. |title=Krishna Menon at the United Nations: India and the World |date=1990 |publisher=Krishna Menon National Memorial Committee |location=New Delhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AkqPAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

His meteoric rise was resented by many senior Congress leaders. At one time some used to believe that he would become successor to Nehru.<ref name="Rao 1991 p. 167">{{cite book | last=Rao | first=P.R. | title=The Great Indian Patriots | publisher=Mittal Publications | issue=v. 2 | year=1991 | isbn=978-81-7099-288-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04tDyxmNOhsC&pg=PA167| page=167}}</ref> Some of his Indian colleagues had a mixed view. Foreign Secretary [[Subimal Dutt]] commented that Menon, "did not always measure his words", while statesman [[K. R. Narayanan]] said, "India has been fortunate to have had not only a glorious heritage of culture and civilisation but a succession of great men from the Buddha to Gandhi, from Ashoka to Nehru, from Kautilya to Krishna Menon."<ref name="Kutty p. 148">{{cite book | last=Kutty | first=V.K.M. | title=V. K. Krishna Menon | publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting | series=Builders of Modern India | isbn=978-81-230-2361-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efcADgAAQBAJ&pg=PT148| page=148}}</ref>

Menon was reviled by Western statesmen who loathed his arrogance and anti-Western stances. American President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] considered Menon a "menace", governed by ambition to prove himself the international manipulator and politician of the age". Western publications referred to him as "India's [[Rasputin]]" or "Nehru's Evil Genius".<ref>{{cite book|author=Brands|title=The Specter of Neutralism: The United States and the Emergence of the Third World, 1947–1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tEy9EeDHcOcC&pg=PA101|year=1989|page=101|publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231071680}}</ref><ref>Paul M. McGarr, "'India's Rasputin'?: V.K. Krishna Menon and Anglo–American Misperceptions of Indian Foreign Policymaking, 1947–1964." ''Diplomacy & Statecraft'' 22.2 (2011): 239-260.</ref>

Menon's role in the development of India's military infrastructure has attracted attention of analysts and scholars with regards to the importance of Menon's vision and foresight in military development. Political figures as varied as [[President of India|President]] and Minister of Defence [[R. Venkataraman]] and [[Chief Justice of India|Justice]] [[V.R. Krishna Iyer]] of the [[Supreme Court of India]] have analysed and defended Menon's role in India's rise as a military power.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wood|first=Glyn|author2=Daniel Vaagenes |title=Indian Defense Policy: A New Phase?|journal=Asian Survey|date=July 1984|volume= 24|issue= 7|pages=721–735|jstor=2644185|doi=10.2307/2644185}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/05/12/stories/2002051200270500.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030703112223/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/05/12/stories/2002051200270500.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 July 2003 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=A political paradigm | date=12 May 2002}}</ref> Menon is often noted as the architect of self-sufficiency in India's defence production.<ref name="Mrs. Susheela Subrahmanya 1974 p. ">{{cite book | title=Southern Economist | publisher=Mrs. Susheela Subrahmanya | issue=v. 13 | year=1974 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9onAAAAMAAJ | page=7}}</ref>

=== Intellectual reputation ===
Whether by his supporters or critics, Menon inspired adulation as well as detraction in both India and the West. To his supporters, he was an advocate of India in the face of Western imperialism, who "taught the white man his place".<ref>[http://www.colaco.net/1/NevrekarMenon.htm Vasant Nevrekar: Krishna Menon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903135905/http://www.colaco.net/1/NevrekarMenon.htm|date=3 September 2014}}. Colaco.net.</ref> According to ''[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]'', "Few Indians have dominated global politics or aroused as much awe and antagonism as V. K. Krishna Menon, one of the prominent personalities of the 20th century.

As a student, his tutor, [[Harold Laski]], described him as the "best" and "brilliant" student he had, and the only one from whom he had learnt anything. While his thesis supervisor, [[Charles Spearman]], in reviewing his work with [[C.E. Beeby]], judged that "by virtue of intense intellectual study, together with natural capacity, he appears to have acquired mastery of psychological science. Furthermore he has shown capacities for both original investigation and also for exposition. He has, I believe, a distinguished career before him."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MfrO3EvD6tsC&dq=fullest+extent+power+beeby&pg=PA98 Alcorn, N. (1999). To the Fullest Extent of His Powers: C.E. Beeby's Life in Education. New Zealand: Victoria University Press].</ref>

Another supervisor, [[John Flugel]], predicted that when published Menon's dissertation "would (render him) one of the young and brilliant psychologists of this century."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GSJuAAAAMAAJ&q=krishna+menon+brilliant V.K. Krishna Menon, Man of the Century. (2000). India: B.R. Publishing Corporation].</ref> [[Bertrand Russell]] remarked that Menon was a "particularly brilliant young man" and "an exceptionally gifted and experienced speaker and typically representative of the advanced thought of modern young India".<ref name="Varkey 2002">{{cite book | last=Varkey | first=K.T. | title=V.K. Krishna Menon and India's Foreign Policy | publisher=Indian Publishers Distributors | year=2002 | isbn=978-81-7341-253-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=21tuAAAAMAAJ | page=57}}</ref>

[[P.N. Haksar]] attested to the "vastness of his intellectual perception". “From a intellectual point of view, I cannot remember having met any person with a keener intellect”, commented Nehru in 1951. [[Shashi Tharoor]], while noting his intolerance of those intellectually inferior to him and habitual rudeness, nonetheless highlighted his "brilliance and intellectual stamina' and mastery "of the extensive discourse on world affairs, human history and international politics that Menon so magisterially managed." [[Sweden|Swedish]] Ambassador [[Alva Myrdal]] attributed Menon's hold over [[Nehru]] to Menon's brilliance and for being the "only genuinely intellectual foil Nehru had in his government, with whom he could discuss [[Marx]] and [[James Mill|Mill]], [[Dickens]] and [[Dostoevsky]].
{{multiple image
| width = 150
| image1 = V.K. KRISHNA MENON 1896-1974 Campaigner for Indian Independence lived here.jpg
| alt1 = Blue plaque erected in 2013 by English Heritage at 30 Langdon Park Road, Highgate, London N6 5QG, London Borough of Haringey
| image2 = V.K. KRISHNA MENON - 30 Langdon Park Road Highgate London N6 5QG.jpg
| alt2 = V.K. KRISHNA MENON 1896–1974 Campaigner for Indian Independence lived here
| footer = Blue plaque erected in 2013 by English Heritage at 30 Langdon Park Road, Highgate, London N6 5QG, London Borough of Haringey.
}}

==Death==

Menon fell ill about three months before his death when he was in [[London]] to attend a musical event, organised for raising donations for Nehru memorial fund. He was hospitalised on 4 October following exhaustion. He died at the age of 78 due to heart attack on 6 October 1974.<ref name="Publications Division of the Ministry 1974 p. ">{{cite book | title=Indian and Foreign Review | publisher=Publications Division of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India | issue=v. 12 | year=1974 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mi1nAAAAMAAJ | page=10}}</ref><ref name="Kutty p. 143"/>

Indian President [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] said on his death that the country has lost an "eminent statesman and great leader". He added that:

<blockquote>"Menon was an intrepid fighter for the freedom of the country and carried on the struggle from England. He served free India with remarkable distinction and played a crucial role in the international forum. His mastery of the world, legal acumen and oratorical skill were always used to serve great causes."<ref name="India. Ministry of Defence 1974 p. ">{{cite book | author=India. Ministry of Defence | title=Sainik Samachar: The Pictorial Weekly of the Armed Forces | publisher=Director of Public Relations, Ministry of Defence | issue=v. 21 | year=1974 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2ffAAAAMAAJ |page=4}}</ref></blockquote>

Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] described Menon as "unusually forceful contemporary who has left a distinctive mark on our political life". She added that:

<blockquote>"A volcano is extinct. Krishna Menon was a person of deep conviction, great intellectual power and passionate dedication to the country's cause. His pioneering work as spokesman of our freedom movement in Europe and as a link with radical movements of other countries is part of our nation's history. After independence he was one of the most eloquent exponents in the United Nations and other world forums, of policy of non-alignment and peaceful co-existence and our opposition to all forms of colonialism and racialism."<ref name="Publications Division of the Ministry 1974 p. "/></blockquote>

[[James Callaghan]], [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs]] and later PM of the United Kingdom, said:

<blockquote>"Krishna Menon was a man of remarkable talents and personality would have shone in any circumstances and at any time but for us he was also the embodiment of the movement within Britain for India's freedom."<ref name="Kiran Mahadevan 2000 p. "/></blockquote>

An all-party meeting of the members of parliament was held in Central Hall of Parliament to mourn Menon's death.<ref name="Indian National Congress 1974 p. ">{{cite book | author=Indian National Congress | title=Socialist India | publisher=Indian National Congress. All India Congress Committee. | issue=v. 10 | year=1974 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlOP5tT2CPMC | page=16}}</ref> On his funeral, wreaths were placed by president Ahmed, vice-president [[B. D. Jatti]], PM Indira Gandhi and her cabinet members, MPs and also high commissioner for Britain and the Egyptian ambassador.<ref name="Publications Division of the Ministry 1974 p. "/> [[Louis Mountbatten]], [[Jayaprakash Narayan]], [[J. B. Kripalani]] and other prominent figures also shared their condolences.<ref name="V.K.M. Kutty">{{cite book | last=Kutty | first=V.K.M. | title=V.K. Krishna Menon | publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India | series=Builders of modern India | year=1988 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=giFuAAAAMAAJ | pages=164–165}}</ref>

==Personal life==

In private, Menon abstained from tobacco, alcohol and meat,<ref name=autogenerated1 /> fasting for days, and forwent his luxury townhouse in [[Kensington Palace Gardens]] in favour of a single room in the Indian High Commission during his official tenure in London. As high commissioner, Menon drew the token salary of one rupee per month,<ref>[http://ukmalayalee.com/articles_process.php?authorid=208766 ukmalayalee.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009154155/http://ukmalayalee.com/articles_process.php?authorid=208766 |date=9 October 2011 }}. ukmalayalee.com.</ref> later refusing a salary outright.<ref name="news.google.com">{{Cite web |title=Sarasota Journal – Google News Archive Search |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1798&dat=19550525&id=fkQgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tIoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1895,2773135 |website=news.google.com}}</ref> Menon dressed publicly in bespoke suits, earning him the epithet "[[Mephistopheles]] in a [[Savile Row]] suit".<ref name="hindu.com"/>

==Awards and honours==

In 1954, Menon was awarded with the [[Padma Vibhushan]].<ref name="Addison Oakes Lawson Sladen">{{cite book | last1=Addison | first1=H.R. | last2=Oakes | first2=C.H. | last3=Lawson | first3=W.J. | last4=Sladen | first4=D.B.W. | title=Who's who | publisher=A. & C. Black | year=1968 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mK4KawdOUDMC | page=1733}}</ref> In 1968, he was awarded with the [[Syria]]n Order of Merit by the Syrian President [[Nureddin al-Atassi]].<ref name="Economic Features, Limited 1968 p. ">{{cite book | title=ARR: Arab Report and Record | publisher=Economic Features, Limited | year=1968 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5C5AAAAIAAJ | page=54}}</ref> In 2008 he was posthumously awarded with the [[Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo]].<ref name="Press Institute of India 2008 p. ">{{cite book | author=Press Institute of India | title=Data India | publisher=Press Institute of India | issue=nos. 1-27 | year=2008 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTBWAAAAYAAJ | access-date=2024-03-21 | page=296}}</ref>

=== National honours ===
*{{flag|India}}:
**[[File:Padma Vibhushan Ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Padma Vibhushan]] (1954)

=== Foreign honours ===
*{{flag|Ba'athist Syria|1968|name=Syria}}:
**[[File:SYR Order Merit 1kl rib.png|50px]] Order of Merit, ''First Class'' (1968)
*{{flag|South Africa}}:
**[[File:Order of the Companions of O.R. Tambo (ribbon bar).gif|50px]] [[Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo]], ''Grand Companion'' (2008, posthumous)
*{{flag|Bangladesh}}:
**[[File:Noribbon.svg|50px]] [[Bangladesh Liberation War Honour]] (2013, posthumous)<ref>{{cite web|title=Fakruddin Ahmed, Gulzarilal Nanda conferred B'desh war honour|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/fakruddin-ahmed-gulzarilal-nanda-conferred-b-desh-war-honour-113100100929_1.html|publisher=[[Business Standard]]|date=1 October 2013}}</ref>

==Commemoration==
[[File:VK Krishna Menon 1997 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Menon on a 1997 stamp.]]
The V. K. Krishna Menon Institute was established in 2006 to commemorate and facilitate the life, times and achievements of Menon. One of the Institute's objectives include awarding people from India and diaspora from Asia for their accomplishments in the fields of science, literature, economics, politics, diplomacy and human rights.<ref name="HT">{{Cite web| url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/canadian-mp-to-be-conferred-with-vk-krishna-menon-award-2012/article1-916049.aspx| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504224856/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/canadian-mp-to-be-conferred-with-vk-krishna-menon-award-2012/article1-916049.aspx| url-status=dead| archive-date=4 May 2014| title= Canadian MP to be conferred with VK Krishna Menon award 2012| date=August 19, 2012|publisher=HT Media Limited|access-date=2013-11-15}}</ref> A [[blue plaque]] commemorating Menon was placed at 30 Langdon Park Road, in Highgate, London by [[English Heritage]] in 2013.<ref name="EngHet">{{cite web| url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/discover/blue-plaques/search/menon-krishna-1896-1974|title=MENON, V. K. KRISHNA (1896–1974)|publisher=English Heritage| access-date=4 May 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|40em}}

==Bibliography==
* Abraham, Itty. "From Bandung to NAM: Non-alignment and Indian Foreign Policy, 1947–1965", ''Commonwealth & Comparative Politics'' 46#2 (2008): 195–219.
* Bowman, Jack. "The Early Political Thought and Publishing Career of V. K. Krishna Menon, 1928–1938" ''The Historical Journal'' 66 (2023): 641–65. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/early-political-thought-and-publishing-career-of-v-k-krishna-menon-19281938/4A6475720FD5D59992443CA3BB9F0D76 online]
* Brecher, Michael. "Elite Images and Foreign Policy Choices: Krishna Menon's View of the World." ''Pacific Affairs'' 40.1/2 (1967): 60–92. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2754622 online]
* Brecher, Michael, and Janice Gross Stein. ''India and world politics: Krishna Menon's view of the world'' (Praeger, 1968).
* {{cite book|author=George, T. J. S. |title=Krishna Menon: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/krishnamenonbiog00geor|url-access=registration |year=1965|publisher=Taplinger}} [https://archive.org/details/krishnamenonbiog00geor online free to borrow]
* Lengyel, ''Krishna_Menon'' (1962) [https://archive.org/details/krishnamenon007141mbp online free]
* McGarr, Paul M. "'A Serious Menace to Security': British Intelligence, V.K. Krishna Menon and the Indian High Commission in London, 1947–52." ''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'' 38.3 (2010): 441–469.
* McGarr, Paul M. ""India's Rasputin"?: V.K. Krishna Menon and Anglo–American Misperceptions of Indian Foreign Policymaking, 1947–1964." ''Diplomacy & Statecraft'' 22.2 (2011): 239–260.
* Janaki Ram, ''V. K. Krishna Menon: a personal memoir'' (1997).
* {{cite book |last1=Ramesh |first1=Jairam |title=A chequered brilliance : the many lives of V.K. Krishna Menon |date=2019 |publisher=Penguin Random House India |location=Haryana, India |isbn=9780670092321 |url=https://penguin.co.in/book/a-chequered-brilliance/}}

==External links==
{{commons category|V. K. Krishna Menon}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120531103638/http://cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/vkkm.html Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon]
* [[P. N. Haksar]]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080310011202/http://cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/vkkm.txt Krishna: As I knew him]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070604172107/http://www.un.int/india/ind19.htm Statements by V. K. Krishna Menon at the United Nations]
* [[T. J. S. George]]: ''`Krishna Menon''', Jonathan Cape, 1964.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060721082616/http://www.untoldlondon.org.uk/news/ART37922.html Theft of two statues of Menon from a London park]
* {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130125202202/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2004032203030300.htm&date=2004/03/22/&prd=th& Neglect of Krishna Menon memorial project]}}
* [http://scroll.in/article/770738/how-a-young-man-from-calicut-became-the-publisher-who-helped-change-british-thinking How a young man from Calicut became the publisher who helped change British thinking]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
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{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Lok Sabha]] ([[Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medinipur]]) |years=1969–1971}}
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|-
{{s-bef|before=Unknown}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Lok Sabha]] ([[Mumbai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North]]) |years=1957–1967}}
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{{s-par|in-upr}}
{{s-bef|before=N/A}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Rajya Sabha]] ([[List of Rajya Sabha members from Kerala|Kerala]]) |years=1956–1957}}
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{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Rajya Sabha]] ([[Madras State]]) |years=1953–1956}}
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{{s-end}}
{{Defence Ministers of India}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Indian Independence Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, V. K. Krishna}}
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Union ministers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Presidency College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College London]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Inns of Court School of Law]]
[[Category:Members of the Middle Temple]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian civil rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian nationalists]]
[[Category:Nehru administration]]
[[Category:Ministers of defence of India]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in public affairs]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Indian legal scholars]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Penguin Books people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kerala]]
[[Category:People of the Sino-Indian War]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Ireland]]
[[Category:Scholars of Indian foreign policy]]
[[Category:Bangla Congress politicians]]

Eparchy of Bijnor

2026-03-11T09:27:53Z

Estella97P: Started a post

{{short description|Syro-Malabar Catholic territory in India}}
{{onesource|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Eparchy
|name = Bijnor
|local = बिजनौर के सूबा
|country = {{flag|India}}
|denomination = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church|Syro-Malabar Church]]
|sui_iuris_church = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
|rite = [[East Syriac Rite]]
| province = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Faridabad| Archeparchy of Faridabad]]
|established = 23 March 1972
|cathedral = Cathedral of St Joseph in [[Kotdwar]]
|patron =
|cocathedral =
|area_km2 = 30,664
|population = 3,488,000
|population_as_of = 2012
|catholics = 4,300
|catholics_percent= 0.1
|parishes = 53
| pope = Mar {{Incumbent pope}} 
| patriarch =
|bishop = Mar Vincent Nellaiparambil
|major_archbishop =Mar [[Raphael Thattil]]
|metro_archbishop = Mar [[Kuriakose Bharanikulangara]]
|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops=
|emeritus_bishops = John Vadakel
|website = [http://www.bijnordiocese.in/ Website of the Diocese]
|image=Bijnor_diocese.png}}

The '''Eparchy of Bijnor''' is a [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] ecclesiastical territory or [[eparchy]] of the [[Catholic Church]] in [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]. Its current [[bishop|eparch]] is the Mar Vincent Nellaiparambil, who was consecrated bishop on 1 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bijnor Diocese – Official Website of Diocese of Bijnor |url=https://bijnordiocese.in/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>

With an area of 30,664 square kilometers, this eparchy has 49 mission stations, 25 schools, 16 health centres and dispensaries and 5 boarding houses. Personnel include 61 priests, 212 religious sisters, and 28 diocesan brothers.

== History ==
The eparchy of Bijnor was originally an [[apostolic exarchate]], created on 23 March 1972 by the papal bull ''Beatorum Apostolorum'' of [[Pope Paul VI]]. Rev. Fr [[Gratian Mundadan]] CMI was appointed the apostolic exarch. The apostolic exarchate of Bijnor was bifurcated from the diocese of Meerut. It consisted of the civil districts of [[Bijnor]] (excluding the ''[[tehsil]]'' of [[Dhampur]]), [[Pauri]], [[Tehri]], [[Uttarkashi]] and [[Chamoli]] of the then state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Later the district of [[Haridwar]] was created taking parts of Bijnor and Saharanpur, and the district of [[Rudraprayag]] was created by dividing the district of Pauri. In 2000, when the new state of Uttarakhand was created, the districts of Pauri, Tehri, Uttarkashi, Chamoli, Rudraprayag, and Haridwar became part of the new state. At present the eparchy of Bijnor consists of a part of the district of Bijnor in Uttar Pradesh and districts of Pauri, Rudraprayag, Chamoli, Tehri, Uttarkashi and a part of Haridwar in Uttarakhand.

Pope Paul VI raised the apostolic exarchate of Bijnor to an eparchy by the papal bull ''Quae cum Romano'' on 26 February 1977, and Apostolic Exarch Gratian Mundadan CMI was appointed its first bishop.

== Eparchy timeline ==
23 March 1972 – Erection of Apostolic Exarchate of Bijnor by the papal bull ''Beatorum Apostolorum'' of Pope Paul VI. Nomination of Fr Gratian Mundadan CMI as the Apostolic Exarch. 
25 July 1972 – Fr Gratian Mundadan CMI took charge as the Apostolic Exarch of Bijnor. 
26 February 1977 – Erection of the Diocese of Bijnor by the Papal Bull ''Quae Cum Romano'' of Pope Paul VI. Nomination of Apostolic Exarch Gratian Mundadan CMI as the first Bishop of Bijnor. 
6 November 1977 – Episcopal Ordination of Most Rev. Gratian Mundadan CMI. 
8 December 1977 – Enthronement of Most Rev. Gratian Mundadan CMI as the first Bishop of Bijnor. 
18 May 1981 – Death of 10 Missionaries in road accident at Satpuli. 
24 June 1984 – Inauguration of the Diocesan Minor Seminary. 
19 April 1988 – Priestly ordination of Fr James Thekkekaithackal, the first diocesan priest. 
26 January 1997 – Death of Fr Peter Moothedan in road accident at Nawada (Bijnor). 
5 December 2001 – Foundation stone laid for [[St Joseph's Cathedral, Kotdwar|St Joseph's Cathedral]], [[Kotdwar]]. 
17 February 2002 – Silver Jubilee celebrations of the Diocese and the Episcopal ordination of Most Rev. Gratian Mundadan. 
19 November 2002 – Blessing of UJALA: The Diocesan Pastoral Centre. 
17 October 2006 – Death of Fr Mathew Parackal, the Protosyncellus of the Diocese, at Bijnor. 
4 June 2008 – Priestly Ordination of Fr Francis Paul Masih, the first local priest of the diocese. 
14 August 2009 – Nomination of Fr John Vadakel CMI as the second Bishop of Bijnor. 
22 October 2009 – Episcopal ordination and enthronement of Most Rev. John Vadakel CMI. 
30 August 2019 – Most Rev. John Vadakel CMI retired. 
1 November 2019 – Episcopal consecration / ordination and enthronement of Most Rev. Vincent Nellaiparambil.

== Prelates ==
'''Bishops'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Sl.no
! Name
! Designation
! Year of appointment
! Last year of service
|-
| align="center" | 1
| [[Gratian Mundadan]] CMI
| align="center" | [[Bishop]]
| align="center" | 1972
| align="center" | 2009
|-
| align="center" | 2
| [[John Vadakel]] CMI
| align="center" | [[Bishop]]
| align="center" | 2009
| align="center" | 2019
|-
| align="center" | 3
| [[Vincent Nellaiparambil]]
| align="center" | [[Bishop]]
| align="center" | 2019
| align="center" | ''Present''
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Syro-Malabar Catholic Church Hierarchy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bijnor, SyroMalabar Catholic Diocese of}}
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic dioceses]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1972|Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Bijnor]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

1996 Indian general election in Delhi

2026-03-06T14:17:41Z

Estella97P:

{{Short description|none}}
{{one source|date=November 2023}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1996 Indian general election in Delhi
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1991 Indian general election in Delhi
| previous_year = 1991
| next_election = Indian general election in National Capital Territory of Delhi, 1998
| next_year = 1998
| election_date = {{Start date|1996|4|27}}
| seats_for_election = 7 seats
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Atal Bihari Vajpayee tribute image (cropped).jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=06|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leaders_seat1 =
| seats1 = 5
| seat_change1 = {{steady}}
| popular_vote1 = 1,992,947
| percentage1 = 49.58%
| swing1 = {{increase}} 9.31 [[percentage point|pp]]
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Visit of Narasimha Rao, Indian Minister for Foreign Affairs, to the CEC (cropped)(2).jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=06|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| leaders_seat2 =
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| seats2 = 2
| seat_change2 = {{steady}}
| popular_vote2 = 1,500,731
| percentage2 = 37.33%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 2.24 [[percentage point|pp]]
| map_image = File:1996delhi.png
| map_size = 200px
| map_caption =
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|Narasimha Rao]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[A. B. Vajpayee]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| turnout = 50.6%<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Delhi [1977 Onwards] 1996 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha/1996/delhi-[1977%20onwards]/11/57 |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
}}

The [[1996 Indian general election]] in [[Delhi]] was held to elect representatives of the 7 seats of the [[NCT of Delhi]] in the Lok Sabha.

The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] won 5 of the 7 seats in Delhi, with its opposition, the [[Indian National Congress]] winning 2 seats.

== Parties and alliances==

=== {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]}} ===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! No.
! Party
! Flag
! Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white"|'''1.'''
| style="text-align:center| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
| style="text-align:center|[[A. B. Vajpayee]]
| style="text-align:center| 7
|}

=== {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]]}} ===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! No.
! Party
! '''Flag'''
! Symbol
!''Leader''
!Seats contested
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};color:white"|'''1.'''
| style="text-align:center| [[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:INC Logo.png|50px]]
| style="text-align:center| [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| style="text-align:center| 7
|}

== Results ==
=== Results by Party/Alliance ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Party Name
! colspan="3" | Popular vote
! colspan="3" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 19,94,550
| 49.62
| {{increase}} 9.41
| 7
| 5
| {{Steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 14,99,128
| 37.29
| {{decrease}} 2.28
| 7
| 2
| {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| colspan="3"|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 1,70,609
| 4.24
| {{decrease}} 9.97
| 5
| 0
| {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
| colspan="3"|[[All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)|AIIC(T)]]
| 90,250
| 2.25
| {{Steady}}
| 7
| 0
| {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Other}}
| colspan="3" | Others
| 1,10,072
| 2.75
| {{steady}}
| 119
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| colspan="3" | [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| 1,55,215
| 3.86
| {{increase}} 1.29
| 378
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
! 40,19,824
! 100%
! -
! 523
! 7
! -
|}

== List of Elected MPs ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2018 |title=General Election, 1996 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4123-general-election-1996-vol-i-ii/ |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
|-
!1
|[[New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|New Delhi]]
|Jagmohan
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|139,945
|54.34
|Rajesh Khanna
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|81,630
|31.70
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|58,315
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|22.64
|-

!2
|[[South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|South Delhi]]
|Sushma Swaraj
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|294,570
|55.63
|Kapil Sibal
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|180,564
|34.10
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|114,006
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|21.53
|-

!3
|[[Outer Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|Outer Delhi]]
|Krishan Lal Sharma
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|701,262
|52.50
|Sajjan Kumar
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|468,129
|35.05
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|233,133
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|17.45
|-

!4
|[[East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|East Delhi]]
|B. L. Sharma "Prem"
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|538,655
|48.73
|Deep Chand Bandhu
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|386,156
|34.93
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|152,499
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|13.80
|-

!5
|[[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk]]
|Jai Parkash Agarwal
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|92,634
|44.92
|J. K. Jain
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|70,390
|34.13
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|22,244
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|10.79
|-

!6
|[[Delhi Sadar Lok Sabha constituency|Delhi Sadar]]
|Vijay Kumar Goel
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|140,282
|47.17
|Jagdish Tytler
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|138,679
|46.63
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1,603
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|0.54
|-

!7
|[[Karol Bagh Lok Sabha constituency|Karol Bagh]] (SC)
|Meira Kumar
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|151,336
|52.53
|Kalka Das
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|109,446
|37.99
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|41,890
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|14.54
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Delhi elections}}

[[Category:1996 Indian general election by state or union territory|D]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in Delhi]]
[[Category:1990s in Delhi]]

{{India-election-stub}}

Tapasya (1976 film)

2026-03-03T23:36:47Z

Estella97P: rework references for accuracy and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tapasya
| image = Tapasya poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Anil Ganguly]]
| based_on = ''Baluchori'' (1968)
| producer = [[Tarachand Barjatya]] [[Rajshree Productions]]
| writer = M. G. Hashmat (dialogues)
| story = [[Ashapurna Devi]]
| screenplay = Anil Ganguly
| narrator =
| starring = [[Raakhee]] [[Parikshat Sahni]] [[Asrani]] [[A. K. Hangal]] [[Nazir Hussain]]
| music = [[Ravindra Jain]]
| cinematography = Dilip Ranjan Mukhopadhyay
| editing = Mukhtar Ahmed
| distributor = [[Rajshri Pictures]]
| studio =
| released = {{Film date|1976|||df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Tapasya''''' ({{translation|Penance}}) is a 1976 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic drama film|romantic drama]] directed by [[Anil Ganguly]] and produced by [[Tarachand Barjatya]] for [[Rajshree Productions]].

The film stars [[Raakhee]] in the lead role with [[Parikshat Sahni]], [[Lalita Pawar]], [[Nazir Hussain]], [[A. K. Hangal]], and [[Asrani]]. The film's music is provided by [[Ravindra Jain]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Malhotra |first=A.P.S |date=8 January 2015 |title=Tapasya (1976) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-tapasya-1976/article6767871.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=11 August 2024}} </ref> It won the [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]] for the year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/Retrospect-Vijetha-1985 |title=Retrospect: Vijetha (1985) |access-date=10 August 2016 |archive-date=11 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811163349/http://www.telugucinema.com/Retrospect-Vijetha-1985 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Raakhee]] as Indrani Sinha
*[[Parikshit Sahni]] as Dr. Sagar Varma
*[[Asrani]] as Vinod Sinha
*[[A. K. Hangal]] as Chandranath Sinha
*[[Gayatri (actress)|Gayatri]] as Chanda Sinha
*[[Manju Asrani]]
*[[Om Shivpuri]]
*[[Lalita Pawar]]
*[[Urmila Bhatt]]
*[[Nazir Hussain]]
*[[Viju Khote]]
*[[C. S. Dubey]]
*[[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]]
*Manju Bhatia as Pinky
*Lalita Kumari
*Birbal
*[[Shubhari Devi]] as Shubham Kaushik

==Music==
{{Track listing
| headline = Songs
| extra_column = Playback
| all_lyrics = M. G. Hashmat
| all_music = [[Ravindra Jain]]

| title3 = Bachcho Tum Ho Khel Khilone
| extra3 = Aarti Mukherjee
| length3 = 3:58

| title4 = Bhabhi Ki Unglee Mein
| extra4 = [[Hemlata (singer)|Hemlata]], [[Chandrani Mukherjee]]
| length4 = 5:01

| title1 = Do Panchhi Do Tinke
| extra1 = [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Aarti Mukherjee]]
| length1 = 3:44

| title2 = Jo Raah Chuni Tune
| extra2 = Kishore Kumar
| length2 = 6:13
}}

==Awards==

; [[24th Filmfare Awards]]<nowiki>:</nowiki>

'''Won'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – [[Rakhee Gulzar|Raakhee]]

'''Nominated'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] – [[Rajshri Productions]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]] – [[Ashapoorna Devi]]

'''[[23rd National Film Awards]]:'''

* [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]] – [[Anil Ganguly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0165972|Tapasya}}

{{National Film Award Wholesome Entertainment}}

[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1976 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:Rajshri Productions films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ravindra Jain]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Bengali films]]
[[Category:Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anil Ganguly]]
[[Category:1976 drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Mahasadhvi Mallamma

2026-03-03T21:44:05Z

Estella97P: Starting A Entry First Draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mahasadhvi Mallamma
| image = Mahasadhvi Mallamma.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| writer = Goturi {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = Renuka Sharma
| screenplay = Renuka Sharma
| producer = A. Sanjeev Kumar N. S. Eliwala N. S. Jayawadagi
| director = [[Renuka Sharma]]
| starring = [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] [[P. Sai Kumar]]
| music = Srishaila
| cinematography = V. K. Kannan
| editing = S. Manohar
| studio = N. S. Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2005|01|14}}
| runtime = 172 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mahasadhvi Mallamma''''' is a 2005 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[biographical film]], based on the life of [[Hemareddy Mallamma (saint)|Hemareddy Mallamma]], produced by A. Sanjeev Kumar, N. S. Eliwala, N. S. Jayawadagi on N. S. Productions banner and directed by Renuka Sharma. Starring [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] in the title role alongside [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/rajendra-prasad-changes-track-kannada-news-20557.html|title=Mahasadhvi Mallamma (Rajendra Prasad's Kannada film) |work=Indiaglitz}}</ref> and [[Saikumar Pudipeddi|Saikumar]] and music composed by Srishaila.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_mallamma.asp|title= Mahasadhwi Mallamma-a spiritual film by Renuka Sharma|work=Viggy}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins with a benevolent couple, Nagireddy & Gouamma, in Ramapuram village near [[Srisailam]]. The childlessness perturbs them, which ends after visiting & bowing before [[Mallikarjuna Temple, Srisailam|Srisailam Mallikarjuna]] on [[Maha Shivaratri]]. One night, Mallikarjuna appeared to Nagireddy's couple in a dream, stating to bestow a devoted daughter. Later, they are delightful to the baby girl, titling her Mallamma being boon by Mallikarjuna. The pair raises their progeny with dote; from childhood, she is an ardent devotee of [[Shiva|Siva]].

Years roll by, and her parents perform a prosperous alliance for Mallamma with a guy named Baramareddy, the son of affluent Hemareddy from Siddhapuram. Soon after, Mallamma steps into her in-laws' house, and their wealth & glory magnifies. She continues her charity therein, too, which irks her shrew mother-in-law & sister-in-law, who subjects her to torments with scorns of households the hard work. Yet, Mallamma bears it up and never turns up her adoration for Siva. So, the virago shifts Mallamma to herd the cows but cannot hinder her spirituality. Above all, they blemish a taint to Mallamma before Baramanna, who enrages and walks with a knife to butcher her. However, viewing her godliness on the Lord, Baramanna declares Mallamma a sage and drops the weapon. At last, the entire family pleads pardon from Mallamma, who moves on as a wanderer preaching "Shivatathvam." Finally, the movie ends happily with Mallamma landing at ''[[Kailasa]].''

==Cast==
*[[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as Mallamma
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Barama Reddy
*[[P. Sai Kumar]]
*[[Shridhar (actor)|Sridhar]] as [[Shiva]]
*Anantha Velu
*[[Krishne Gowda]]
*B. K. Shankar
*[[Tharika]]
*Anuradha Sridhar
*[[Pramila Joshai]]
*Anitha Rani
*Srilalitha

== Production ==
''[[Deccan Herald]]'' reported in July 2003 that ''Mahasadhvi Mallamma'' was under production. It was the third film made on Mallamma after ''[[Hemareddy Mallamma]]'' (1946) and another film of the same released in 1973. It was reported that [[Renuka Sharma]] was directing the film produced by A. Sanjeev Kumar, N. S. Yeliwala and N. S. Jayawadagi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shock treatment |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/july06/ent4.asp |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031206193326/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/july06/ent4.asp |archive-date=6 December 2003 |date=6 July 2003}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mahasadhvi Mallamma
| type = film
| artist = Srishaila
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2004
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 37:14
| label = Ashwini Audio
| producer = Srishaila
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music composed by Srishaila. Music released on Ashwini Audio Company.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mymazaa.com/kannada/audiosongs/movie/Mahasadvi+Mallamma.html |title= Mahasadhvi Mallamma (Songs) |work=My Mazaa.com}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 37:14
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Om Shrishailavasaya
| lyrics1 = Gotori
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length1 = 2:15

| title2 = Hethorge
| lyrics2 = Doddarangegowda
| extra2 = Sangeetha Katti
| length2 = 4:41

| title3 = Sharanembenu
| lyrics3 = Bharath Gowda
| extra3 = Chitra
| length3 = 4:41

| title4 = Yaa Devi
| lyrics4 = Gotori
| extra4 = [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
| length4 = 3:39

| title5 = Navarasa Natya
| lyrics5 = Srichandra
| extra5 = Chitra, B.Prasath
| length5 = 4:28

| title6 = Yakamma
| lyrics6 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra6 = M.D.Pallavi
| length6 = 4:35

| title7 = Panjaradali Bidde
| lyrics7 = Gotori
| extra7 = Madhu Balakrishnan
| length7 = 1:55

| title8 = Hey Parameshwara
| lyrics8 = Gotori
| extra8 = Nanditha
| length8 = 5:07

| title9 = Jaya Jaya Mahadeva
| lyrics9 = Gotori
| extra9 = Madhu Balakrishnan
| length9 = 2:06

| title10 = Hasugalanda Bere
| lyrics10 = Gotori
| extra10 = Madhu Balakrishnan
| length10 = 1:07

| title11 = Pasabandhadinda
| lyrics11 = Gotori
| extra11 = Madhu Balakrishnan
| length11 = 1:10

| title12 = Thamma Anna Mayi
| lyrics12 = Gotori
| extra12 = Madhu Balakrishnan
| length12 = 1:30
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}


== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|14338670}}

[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:2005 biographical drama films]]
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2005 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Renuka Sharma]]

Naadody

2026-03-03T21:26:00Z

Estella97P: Starting Some Info Initial Version

{{distinguish|Nadodi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naadody
| image = Naadody poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Thampi Kannanthanam]]
| producer = Thampi Kannanthanam
| screenplay = [[T. A. Razzaq]]
| story = Julia
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Suresh Gopi]] [[Babu Antony]] [[N. N. Pillai]] [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
| music = [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = Tony
| editing = E. M. Madhavan
| studio = Julia Productions
| distributor = Julia Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1992|10|23}}
| runtime = 152 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Naadody''''' ({{Translation|[[Nomad]]}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action drama]] film produced and directed by [[Thampi Kannanthanam]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2018 |title=ഓർമകളിൽ ഇനി ഇന്ദ്രജാലം: തമ്പി കണ്ണന്താനത്തിന്റെ സംസ്കാരം വ്യാഴാഴ്ച... |trans-title=Thampi Kannanthanam's funeral on Thursday ... |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2018/10/02/thampi-kannanthanam-no-more.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225165950/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2018/10/02/thampi-kannanthanam-no-more.html |archive-date=25 December 2019 |access-date=3 May 2022 |website=Manorama Online |language=ml}}</ref> and written by [[T. A. Razzaq]]. It stars [[Mohanlal]] in the lead role, alongside [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Babu Antony]], [[N. N. Pillai]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Kuthiravattam Pappu]], [[Jose Pellissery]], [[Sathaar]], [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]], [[Sangita Madhavan Nair]], and Baby Vichitra. The music was composed by [[S. P. Venkatesh]].The film was released on October 25, 1992 during [[Diwali]] day.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=July 2019}}
Sachidanandan, a likeable drifter, comes to the hill station looking for Andrew about a promised job. He meets a little girl and Sophy at a park, and rescues the little girl from drowning. Then Sachi comes into contact with Menon, the girl child's Grand Father. Menon is a millionaire and Sophy is the Nanny who looks after his grand daughter, his sole heir. Soon Sachi develops a friendship closer to a filial bond with Menon. Menon then takes in Sachi as his trusted Manager. Around the same time Sachi and Sophy develop a romantic relation with the blessings of Menon and his house hold. Menon wishes to entrust his grand child to the couple's care, whom they too are very fond of. Meanwhile, Sivan who is Menon's nephew, a high-roller in constant conflict with Menon, intends to get all the wealth from Menon and marry Sophy. He enlists the help of Jackson, his newly appointed horse trainer, to execute his plan. But Jackson had other plans.

== Cast ==
* [[Mohanlal]] in a dual role as:
** Sachidanandan / Sachi
** Balakrishnan Bhagavathar, Sachidanandan's Father
* [[Suresh Gopi]] as Shivan
* [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]] as Sophy Ninan Varghese
* [[N. N. Pillai]] as Meloor Prabhakara Menon
* [[Babu Antony]] as Jackson
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Kunjikuttan Nair, Menon's Assistant
* [[Kuthiravattam Pappu]] as Kutty / Kuttikka
* [[Jose Pellissery]] as Driver Narayanan
* [[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]] as Sindhu / Sindhumol, Sachidanandan's Step-Sister
* [[Sathaar]] as Police Officer Stephen
* Baby Vichithra as Chinnu Mol, Menon's Granddaughter
* [[Prathapachandran]] as Ninan Varghese, Sophy's Father
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Shaji, Villager
* [[Ravi Menon]] as Doctor Anil
* [[Silk Smitha]] Special Appearance in the Song 'Thambrante' with Mohanlal
* Chithra as Susheela, Balakrishnan's Wife and Sachidanandan's Mother ([[Cameo appearance]])
* [[Rupini (actress)|Rupini]] as Meera Nair, Balakrishnan's second Wife and Sindhu's Mother ([[Cameo appearance]])

== Production ==
For an emotional scene in the film taking place after the conversation between Mohanlal and N. N. Pillai, director Kannanthanam challenged Mohanlal to cry without using [[Glycerine]]. Ultimately, Mohanlal won the bet.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 August 2016 |title=തമ്പി കണ്ണന്താനം മോഹൻലാലിനെ വെല്ലുവിളിച്ചു |work=Mangalam |url=http://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/27285-latest-news-thampi-kannanthanam-challenge-mohanlal.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828131906/http://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/27285-latest-news-thampi-kannanthanam-challenge-mohanlal.html |archive-date=28 August 2016}}</ref> During the shooting of this film, Babu Antony fell head first into a glass panel and started bleeding.<ref>{{Cite web |last=P. |first=Ranjina |title='എന്നെ എടുത്തെറിഞ്ഞു, ദൈവമേയെന്ന് വിളിച്ചു.. മോഹൻലാൽ, പരിക്ക് പറ്റി രക്തം വന്നു'; ബാബു ആന്റണി! |trans-title='I was thrown out and called God .. Mohanlal, there was blood on the wound'; Babu Antony! |url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/features/actor-babu-antony-open-up-about-naadody-movie-shooting-time-accident-079146.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219033818/https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/features/actor-babu-antony-open-up-about-naadody-movie-shooting-time-accident-079146.html |archive-date=19 February 2022 |access-date=3 May 2022 |website=[[Oneindia|Filmibeat]] |language=ml}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The film features original soundtrack composed by [[S. P. Venkatesh]]. Released on 15 July 1992 by Ranjini Cassettes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nadodi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by S. P. Venkitesh |url=https://music.apple.com/ca/album/nadodi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1029473470 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727081738/https://music.apple.com/ca/album/nadodi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1029473470 |archive-date=27 July 2019 |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}
{{Cite web |title=Naadodi (1992)|url=https://en.msidb.org/m.php?3066|access-date=19 June 2025 }}
</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[O. N. V. Kurup]]
| title1 = Dhoore Dhoore
| extra1 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]]
| length1 = 5:07
| title2 = Kunjupava
| extra2 = M. G. Sreekumar, Minmini, C.O. Anto
| length2 = 4:31
| title3 = Naadham Maninaadham
| extra3 = M. G. Sreekumar
| length3 = 7:52
| title4 = Thalolam Poo
| extra4 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| note4 = Female
| length4 = 3:58
| title5 = Thalolam Poo
| extra5 = [[K. G. Markose]]
| length5 = 3:59
| title6 = Thambrante
| extra6 = K. S. Chithra, [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
| length6 = 5:14
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0292143}}

[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kodaikanal]]
[[Category:Films directed by Thampi Kannanthanam]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]

Gopi Galla Goa Trip

2026-03-03T09:09:24Z

Estella97P: Started a info

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu film by Rohit Penumatsa}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gopi Galla Goa Trip
| image = Gopi Galla Goa Trip.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rohit–Sasi|Rohit Penumatsa]]
| producer = {{plain list|
* Raasta Sai Kumar
* Sita Ramaraju
* Ramana Reddy
* [[Rohit–Sasi|Avanti Cinema]]
}}
| writer = [[Rohit–Sasi]]
| starring = {{plain list|
* Ajith Mohan
* Raju Shivaratri
}}
| music = Ravi Nidamarthy
| cinematography = Shashank Raghavula
| editing = [[Rohit–Sasi|Avanti Ruya]]
| studio = {{plain list|
* Raasta Films
* Aurelis Arts
* Awwal Number
* Avanti Cinema
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|11|14}}
| runtime =
| language = Telugu
| country = India
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Gopi Galla Goa Trip''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Coming of age|coming-of-age]] [[Road movie|road]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written by [[Rohit–Sasi]] and directed by Rohit Penumatsa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-16 |title=Gopi Galla Goa Trip Trailer: Two young men tackle the expectations and reality of their ideal Goa trip |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Oct/16/gopi-galla-goa-trip-trailer-two-young-men-tackle-the-expectations-and-reality-of-their-ideal-goa-trip |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film stars Ajith Mohan and Raju Shivaratri in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-14 |title=Gopi Galla Goa Trip Movie Review: ‘గోపీ గాళ్ల గోవా ట్రిప్’ మూవీ రివ్యూ.. |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/no-rev/gopi-galla-goa-trip-telugu-movie-review-rating-public-talk-ta-266037 |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

The film was released on 14 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-11-13 |title=‘A fairytale from Telangana to Goa’: Rohit and Camp Sasi on 'Gopi Galla Goa Trip' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rohit-and-camp-sasi-our-film-is-like-a-fairytale-from-rural-telangana-to-goa/article70274062.ece |access-date=2025-11-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=November 2025}}

== Cast ==
* Ajith Mohan as Gopi
* Raju Shivaratri as Gopi
* [[Rohit–Sasi|Camp Sasi]] as Jack Daniels "JD"
* Raasta Sai Kumar as Gopalakrishna
* Pawon Ramesh as Aruna
* Monika Busam as Jane

== Music ==
The background score and songs were composed by Ravi Nidamarthy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2024-11-15 |title=Gopi Galla Goa Trip drops ‘Kaaka Regina Dahaalu’, an adrenaline-pumping rock banger |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Nov/15/gopi-galla-goa-trip-drops-kaaka-regina-dahaalu-an-adrenaline-pumping-rock-banger |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kaaka Regina Dahaalu
| extra1 = Smaran
| length1 = 3:42
| lyrics1 = Niklesh Sunkoji
| title2 = Metal Marfa
| extra2 = Ravi Nidamarthy
| length2 = 4:04
| lyrics2 = Sai Yogi
| title3 = Nallani Gopayya
| extra3 = Balaji Dake
| title4 = Esko
| length4 = 3:32
| lyrics4 = Camp Sasi
| extra4 = Bolt, Laxman Meesala
| title5 = Swargam
| length5 = 2:45
| lyrics5 = Camp Sasi
| extra5 = Shrii
| length3 = 3:10
| lyrics3 = Camp Sasi
}}

==Release and reception==
''Gopi Galla Goa Trip'' was released on 14 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-11-11 |title=‘Gopi Galla Goa Trip’ pre-release event held; set for a refreshing ride in theatres from Nov 14 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/gopi-galla-goa-trip-pre-release-event-held-set-for-a-refreshing-ride-in-theatres-from-nov-14-1022458 |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

Suhas Sistu of [[The Hans India|''The Hans India'']] rated the film 3 out of 5 and opined that the film "thrives not on plot-heavy storytelling but on emotional honesty". He further stated that the film "stands out for its sincerity and raw charm".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-11-15 |title=Gopi Galla Goa Trip: A free-flowing coming-of-age journey |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/gopi-galla-goa-trip-a-free-flowing-coming-of-age-journey-1023550 |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Arun Chilukuri of [[HMTV]] gave the same rating while particularly praising the cinematography and sync sound.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chilukuri |first=Arun |date=2025-11-14 |title=Gopi Galla Goa Trip: గోపి గాళ్ల గోవా ట్రిప్ రివ్యూ: టాలీవుడ్ కథకు హాలీవుడ్ మేకింగ్ |url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/moviereviews/gopi-gaalla-goa-trip-review-hollywood-making-for-a-telugu-story-135215 |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.hmtvlive.com |language=te}}</ref> Ramu Chinthakindhi of [[Times Now|''Times Now Telugu'']] rated it 2.75 out of 5 praising its writing and direction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-04 |title=‘గోపి గాళ్ల గోవా ట్రిప్’ మూవీ రివ్యూ! తెలంగాణ కుర్రాళ్ల రోడ్ ట్రావెల్ ఫిల్మ్.. |url=https://telugu.timesnownews.com/entertainment/gopi-galla-goa-trip-movie-review-in-telugu-article-153154511 |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Times Now Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|36835726|Gopi Galla Goa Trip}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Films set in Goa]]
[[Category:Films set in Telangana]]
[[Category:2020s coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:2025 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:Indian road movies]]
[[Category:2020s road movies]]
[[Category:Telugu-language drama films]]
[[Category:2025 independent films]]
[[Category:Indian independent films]]

Thadayam

2026-03-03T04:48:22Z

Estella97P: added some stub w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thadayam
| image = Thadayam.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Ramesh Balakrishnan]]
| writer = Ramesh Balakrishnan [[Liaquat Ali Khan (director)|Liaquat Ali Khan]] (dialogues)
| producer = Jothi Prasad
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Vijayashanti]]|[[Ramki]]|[[Indraja]]}}
| cinematography = S. V. Rajakishan Sagar
| editing = Banerji Rambabu
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Maruthi Movie Makers
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1997|11|28}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thadayam''''' ({{translation|Clue}}) is a 1997 Indian [[Tamil language]] film directed by [[Ramesh Balakrishnan]]. The film stars [[Vijayashanti]], [[Ramki]] and [[Indraja]]. It was released on 28 November 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thadayam ( 1997 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=thadayam |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230031213/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=thadayam |archive-date=30 December 2010 |access-date=23 February 2014 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=January 2024}}
Chandrasekhar alias Chandru, is a graduate but he cannot find a job so he often goes to jail for earning a living. He lives with his friend Jeeva. Jothi, a fearless criminal lawyer, fights against injustice. Chandru falls in love with Devi while Jothi is in love with Chandru.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Vijayashanti]] as Advocate Jyothi
*[[Ramki]] as Chandru (Chandrasekhar)
*[[Indraja]] as Devi
*[[Nagesh]] as Jyothi's Grandfather
*[[Radha Ravi]] as Jyothi's father, Dhanashekar
*[[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Pandian, leader of a Rebel Group
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Somu, Dhanashekar's PA
*[[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]] as Jail Superintendent Pandidurai
*[[Vadivelu]] as Neethidevan M.A., PA to advocate Jyothi
*[[Uday Prakash (actor)|Uday Prakash]] as Jeeva, member of Pandian's group
*[[Vinodhini]] as Jyothi
*[[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]]
*[[Alex (actor)|Alex]]
*[[Mahanadi Shankar]] as Pandian's henchman
*[[Jaguar Thangam]]
*[[Chelladurai]] as Vadivelu
*Vittal Rao
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]] as Constable
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thadayam (1994) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000918 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505030500/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000918 |archive-date=5 May 2014 |access-date=23 February 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Arunachalam – Thadayam |url=https://isaishop.com/product/shop/audio-cds/deva-audio-cds-audio-cds/arunachalam-thadayam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112045905/https://isaishop.com/product/shop/audio-cds/deva-audio-cds-audio-cds/arunachalam-thadayam/ |archive-date=12 January 2024 |access-date=12 January 2024 |website=IsaiShop}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "Kaadhalane" || [[Swarnalatha]] || Vaasan || 5:03
|-
| "Luck Luck" || [[Vadivelu]] || rowspan=2|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 5:09
|-
| "Oh Poornima" || [[P. Unni Krishnan]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || 4:59
|-
| "Oh Thevathaye" || P. Unni Krishnan || Ponniyin Selvan || 5:22
|-
| "Velli Velli" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Amrutha || Vaali || 5:05
|}
==Reception==
K. N. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote, "Those who like court scenes and Vijayasanthi would like ''Thadayam''".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. N. |date=16 January 1998 |title=Another of those impossible love stories |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TvxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-BQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6458%2C6510853 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611073743/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TvxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-BQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6458%2C6510853 |archive-date=11 June 2024 |access-date=12 January 2024 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=Arts 4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1997 Indian films]]
[[Category:1997 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ramesh Balakrishnan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Chidiya (film)

2026-03-02T06:15:22Z

Estella97P: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chidiya
| image = Chidiya poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Mehran Amrohi
| producer = Faqhrul Husaini Akbar Hussaini Sudhir Kolte Vinit Rukari
| writer = Mehran Amrohi
| starring = [[Vinay Pathak]] [[Amruta Subhash]] Svar Kamble Ayush Pathak Hetal Gada
| music = '''Score''': Shailendra Barve '''Lyrics''': [[Jeetendra Joshi]] Mehran Amrohi
| cinematography = Vikas Joshi
| editing = Mohit Takalkar
| production_companies = Smiley Films Key Media Works
| distributor = [[Reliance Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|05|28|Zlín Film Festival|2025|05|30}}
| runtime = 110 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Chidiya''''' is a 2016 [[Hindi-language]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by Mehran Amrohi and produced by Faqhrul Husaini under the banner of Smiley Films in association with Key Media Works. The film stars [[Vinay Pathak]], Amruta Subhash, Svar Kamble, Ayush Pathak, [[Inaamulhaq]], [[Brijendra Kala]], and Muzaffar Khan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/vinay-pathak-reveals-amruta-subhash-was-his-dialect-coach-on-chidiya-set-23541154|title=Vinay Pathak reveals Amruta Subhash was his dialect coach on Chidiya set|date=13 May 2025|website=Mid-day|accessdate=20 May 2025}}</ref>

Set against the backdrop of a Mumbai chawl, Chidiya follows the story of two young brothers who aspire to play badminton, overcoming the limitations of their modest environment. The film explores themes of childhood resilience, hope, community spirit, and the beauty of small dreams.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/chidiya-trailer-simple-story-dreams-quiet-victories-mumbais-chawl/|title=Chidiya Trailer Out: A simple story of dreams and quiet victories in Mumbai’s chawl : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|date=19 May 2025|accessdate=20 May 2025}}</ref>

==Plot==
Shanu and Bua, two young brothers living in a cramped chawl in Mumbai, discover a birdie while seeking work at a film studio. This discovery sparks a dream that seems far beyond their reach. With their mother’s unwavering support and the quirky neighbors rallying behind them, the boys transform a junkyard into their own badminton court. Their journey, marked by trials and imagination, becomes a tribute to youthful determination and the power of dreams.<ref>{{Citation |last=Amrohi |first=Mehran |title=Chidiya |date=2022-05-28 |type=Drama |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4826742/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |others=Svar Kamble, Ayush Pathak, Vinay Pathak |publisher=Key Media Works, Smiley Films}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Vinay Pathak]] as Bali<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-promos/chidiya-official-trailer-vinay-pathak-amruta-subhash-mehran-amrohi-may-30-2025/|title=Chidiya – Official Trailer | Vinay Pathak | Amruta Subhash | Mehran Amrohi | May 30, 2025 | Video Trailer - Bollywood Hungama|accessdate=20 May 2025}}</ref>
* [[Amruta Subhash]] as Vaishnavi
* [[Inaamulhaq]] as Taj (Cameo)
* [[Brijendra Kala]] as Suraj
* Svar Kamble as Shanu
* Ayush Pathak as Bua
* [[Hetal Gada]] as Ishani
* [[Sandeep Pathak (actor)|Sandeep Pathak]] as Tapan

==Production==
[[Principal photography]] for ''Chidiya'' was completed in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.nbt.in/text/details.php?storyid=46630965&section=bollywood-home.cms|title=मैं फिल्म की अच्छी मार्केटिंग नहीं कर पाता: विनय पाठक|work=Navbharat Times|accessdate=20 March 2015|archive-date=5 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705041518/http://m.nbt.in/text/details.php?storyid=46630965&section=bollywood-home.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The chawl sequences were filmed in Pune, while additional scenes were shot at the Film and Television Institute of India (FTII). Exterior shots were filmed in Mumbai, including locations at [[Kamal Amrohi]] Studio.<ref>{{cite web |title= Chidiya in Zlin International Film Festival |url= http://www.zlinfest.cz/en/film-detail?id=6261/ |access-date= 10 November 2015 |archive-date= 26 October 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161026162703/http://www.zlinfest.cz/en/film-detail?id=6261/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
Director Mehran Amrohi sought to employ a poetic realism style, utilizing natural lighting and locations to authentically depict the world of the characters.

==Delayed Release==
Although completed in 2015, ''Chidiya'' faced distribution challenges due to shifting trends in independent cinema. Despite nearly a decade-long delay, the film’s core themes remained resonant, leading to a confirmed theatrical release in 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title= FILM BAZAAR RECOMMENDS 32 FILM PROJECTS TO WATCH OUT THIS YEAR |url= http://pandolin.com/film-bazaar-recommends-32-film-projects-to-watch-out-this-year/ |access-date= 10 May 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160309091510/http://pandolin.com/film-bazaar-recommends-32-film-projects-to-watch-out-this-year/ |archive-date= 9 March 2016 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>https://planetoffilms.com/internationally-acclaimed-chidiya-unveiled-a-tender-celebration-of-dreams/</ref>

==Release==
''Chidiya'' has released theatrically across India on 30 May 2025. The film was previously scheduled for release on 23 May 2025. The official trailer of the film released on 19 May 2025.
Chidiya is now available on [[Amazon Prime Video]]. The digital release marked the film’s wider outreach to audiences after a celebrated festival run and positive critical reception. The film was released on the platform under the “Rent” category, allowing viewers to access it on demand.
<ref>{{Cite
web|url=|https://planetoffilms.com/chidiya-streaming-on-amazon/ |title=Chidiya Now Streaming On Amazon | Acclaimed Indie Gem|date=13 November 2025|
web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/critically-acclaimed-film-chidiya-now-available-on-rent-on-amazon-1917667 |title=Critically Acclaimed Film CHIDIYA Now Available on Rent on Amazon
web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/chidiya-begins-digital-journey-now-available-rent-prime-video/|title=Chidiya begins digital journey; now available on rent on Prime Video
web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/chidiya-arriving-in-theatres-on-may-23-1877199|title=Chidiya Arriving In Theatres On May 23|date=6 May 2025|website=www.deccanchronicle.com|accessdate=20 May 2025|archive-date=7 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507165737/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/chidiya-arriving-in-theatres-on-may-23-1877199|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/chidiya-trailer-unveils-a-poignant-tale-of-dreams-resilience-and-joy-amid-scarcity/articleshow/121267744.cms|title='Chidiya' trailer unveils a poignant tale of dreams, resilience, and joy amid scarcity|date=19 May 2025|accessdate=20 May 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

== Music ==
The music for ''Chidiya'' is composed by Shailendra Barve and released by [[Zee Music Company]]. The soundtrack consists of the following songs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navarashtra.com/movies/bollywood/chidiya-starring-vinay-pathak-amrutha-subhash-showcases-resilience-of-2-brothers-of-putting-up-their-court-863224.html|title=आंतरराष्ट्रीय पुरस्कारांनी गौरवलेला हिंदी चित्रपट “चिडिया” आता लवकरच झळकणार सिनेमागृहात!|date=6 May 2025|website=Navarashtra|accessdate=20 May 2025}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aye Dil Ki Nanhi Chidiya
| extra1 = Divya Kumar
| lyrics1 = Mehran Amrohi
| length1 = 4:00
| title2 = Sasura Mera Natka
| extra2 = Chorus
| lyrics2 = Jitendra Joshi
| length2 = 2:25
| title3 = Badal Barse
| extra3 = Divya Kumar
| lyrics3 = Jitendra Joshi
| length3 = 2:38
| title4 = Dono Taraf Sannata
| extra4 = Vijay Prakash
| lyrics4 = Mehran Amrohi
| length4 = 4:17
}}

==Reception==
[[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and said that "The tone of the film may be gloomy but it is never tragic or hopeless. Like millions of underprivileged people who find joy in small things, Shanu, Bua and their mother keep their heads above water".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/chidiya-review/20250530.htm|title=Chidiya Review: Endearing
|author=Gahlot, Deepa|date=31 May 2025 |access-date=31 May 2025 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref>

Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' praised the film. He writes, "What I like the most is the film’s ability to be practical about a hopeful anti-fairytale. It doesn’t package false promises and happily ever afters for the sake of fiction. For better or worse, being spot-boys on a set full of colourful people is the kids’ destiny — it isn’t supposed to change. There is no Aamir Khan-coded saviour or social-commentary climax. Any joys of adolescence that they manage to locate from hereon is within the confines of this future — like an empty badminton court at a school on an outdoor shoot, or a short holiday between schedules."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/chidiya-movie-review-a-sweet-and-self-contained-film-about-lost-childhoods|title=‘Chidiya’ Movie Review: A Sweet And Self-Contained Film About Lost Childhood
|author=Desai, Rahul|date=30 May 2025 |access-date=30 May 2025 |work=The Hollywood Reporter India}}</ref>

Sana Farzeen of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 4 stars out of 5 and said that "in an age where content is abundant, but emotion often feels diluted, Chidiya is a rare gem. Honest, heartwarming, funny, and beautifully detailed — it reminds us of why we fell in love with cinema in the first place."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/chidiya-review-mumbai-chawl-dreams-struggles-resilience-amruta-subhash-vinay-pathak-2732982-2025-05-30|title=Chidiya review: A tender tale of dreams, struggles and resilience in Mumbai chawl
|author=Farzeen, Sana|date=30 May 2025 |access-date=30 May 2025 |work=India Today}}</ref>
Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' also gave 4 stars out of 5 and observed that "Chidiya is a children’s film which has a poignant message about child labour even as it showcases small dreams and desires of its child protagonists."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/chidiya-movie-review-a-heartwarming-slice-of-life-drama-74283.html|title=Chidiya Movie Review: A heartwarming, slice-of-life drama
|author=Sharma, Devesh|date=30 May 2025 |access-date=30 May 2025 |work=Filmfare}}</ref>
Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3.5/5 stars and said "Chidiya is a must-watch family fare, offering simple yet profound storytelling that warms the heart and leaves you smiling."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/chidiya/movie-review/121496388.cms|title=Chidiya Movie Review : Childhood dreams shine in this uplifting slice-of-life film
|author=Roy, Dhaval|date=30 May 2025 |access-date=30 May 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

Subhash K Jha writing for ''[[News 24 (Indian TV channel)|News 24]]'' rated 5/5 stars and praise the film and said "Chidiya is a gem of a film, an instant classic, if you will. It conveys what the director so succinctly describes as “the joy in scarcity” with such an austere stare at neo-realism, I immediately want to put him up there with the masters of neo-realism [[Vittorio De Sica|Vittorio de Sica]] and [[Satyajit Ray]]."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/chidiya-review-this-is-hands-down-the-most-precious-film-of-the-year/572653/|title=Chidiya Review: This Is Hands-Down The Most Precious Film Of The Year
|author=Jha, Subhash K|date=28 May 2025 |access-date=30 May 2025 |work=News 24}}</ref>
Amit Bhatia of ''[[ABP News]]'' gave 4 stars out of 5 and said that "The film is a reminder of the art that has the power to save cinema from its financial and creative struggles."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-chidiya-review-a-simple-soulful-story-that-revives-faith-in-hindi-cinema-1776181|title=Chidiya Review: A Simple, Soulful Story That Revives Faith In Hindi Cinema
|author=Bhatia, Amit|date=30 May 2025 |access-date=30 May 2025 |work=ABP News}}</ref>
Sanyukta Thakare of ''[[Mashable India]]'' commented that "Chidiya is about letting go of the expectation and being yourself, what little you can for everyday not matter what the world throws at you."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/94924/chidiya-review-amruta-subhash-vinay-pathaks-film-brings-back-the-childhood-innocence|title=Chidiya Review: Amruta Subhash, Vinay Pathak’s Film Brings Back The Childhood Innocence
|author=Thakare, Sanyukta|date=30 May 2025 |access-date=30 May 2025 |work=Mashable India}}</ref>

Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and writes that "Chidiya is a gentle reminder of the power of small dreams and everyday kindness. It may not roar with dramatic highs, but it speaks in a sincere voice that stays with you."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/chidiya-review-this-simple-tale-about-badminton-soars-on-hope-and-a-lot-of-heart-vinay-pathak-amruta-subhash-101748707374795.html|title=Chidiya review: This simple tale about badminton soars on hope and a lot of heart
|author=Suri, Rishabh|date=31 May 2025 |access-date=31 May 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://smileyfilms.in/}}
* {{IMDb title|tt4826742}}

[[Category:2016 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:Indian sports films]]

Barela Bird Sanctuary

2026-02-22T16:59:24Z

Estella97P: started new info...

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Bihar, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Barela Bird Sanctuary
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| iucn_ref =
| image =
| image_caption =
| map = India Bihar#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| coordinates = {{coord|25|45|58|N|85|34|50|E|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| established = 28 January 1997
| area_km2 = 1.96
| elevation =
| nearest_city = [[Sonepur, Bihar|Sonepur]]
| governing_body =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Baraila Lake Salim Ali-Jubba Sahni Bird Sanctuary''', commonly referred to as '''Barela Bird Sanctuary''', is a [[Protected areas of India|protected area]] and [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] located in [[Vaishali district]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wii.gov.in/eia/wildlife_database/bihar|title=Wildlife sanctuaries in Bihar|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indicative Flora of the Eco-Sensitive Zone of Baraila Lake Salim Ali-Jubba Sahni Bird Sanctuary, Vaishali District, Bihar |url=https://bsi.gov.in/uploads/userfiles/file/ESZ/Indicative%20Flora%20of%20ESZ%20of%20Baraila%20Lake%20BS_Vashali_compressed.pdf |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=[[Botanical Survey of India]]}}</ref>

== Description ==
The sanctuary covers an area of {{cvt|1.96|km2}} and was declared as a protected area on 28 January 1997.<ref name="Compendium">{{cite report|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-04/9%20Compendium%20Book_2021_Low%20%281%29%20%282%29.pdf|title=National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in India|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]|date=November 2021|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wildbihar.org/barela-salim-ali-zubba-saheni|title=Barela Bird Sanctuary|work=Wild Bihar|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

The sanctuary incorporates the Barela Lake and hosts about 106 species of local and 59 species of migratory birds. Major avifauna include [[Indian shag]], [[red collared dove]], [[Asian koel]], [[green bee-eater]], [[brahminy starling]], [[Indian treepie]], [[black ibis]], [[ruddy shelduck]], [[bar-headed goose]], [[oriental magpie robin]], and [[lesser whistling duck]].<ref name="Compendium"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Protected Areas of India}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Bihar]]
[[Category:Vaishali district]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1997]]

Swami Jitendranand Saraswati

2026-02-12T03:07:27Z

Estella97P: fixed issues

{{Short description|Indian environmentalist}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Swami Jeetendranand Saraswati
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Swami Jeetendranand Saraswati birth_name = Acharya Jitendra
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1972|02|25}}
| birth_place = [[Kushinagar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| death_place =
| body_discovered =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship = Indian
| other_names = Swami Jeetendranand Saraswati, Acharya Jitendra
| known_for = Save Ganga Crusader
| education = Post Graduate
| alma_mater = [[Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University]]
| employer =
| notable works =
| occupation = [[Environmental Activist]]
| years_active =
| height =
| title = General Secretary Akhil Bharatiya Sant Samiti
| predecessor = Swami Devendranand Saraswati
| successor =
| party =
| opponents =
| boards =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relations =
| callsign =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website = https://gangamahasabha.in/
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Swami Jeetendranand Saraswati.jpg|border|thumb|'''Dandi Swami Jeetendranand Saraswati''']]

'''Swami Jeetendranand''' (born 25 Feb. 1972), also known as '''Acharya Jitendra''', is a religious leader, monk, environmentalist activist. He is General Secretary of Akhil Bhartiya Sant Samiti. He is founder of Hind-Baloch forum (HBF is well-known voice for Baloch human rights in India). He has organised several seminar for Balochistan’s struggle throughout India. He is first religious petitioner against places of worship act 1991 in [[Supreme Court Of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/swami-jitendranand-saraswati-challenges-constitutional-validity-of-places-of-worship-act-1991-in-supreme-court-article-91780400 |title=Swami Jitendranand Saraswati challenges constitutional validity of Places of Worship Act 1991 in Supreme Court |date=25 May 2022 }}</ref>

Swami works for [[Ganga Mahasabha]]Ganga Mahasabha since 2000. He is an environmental activist who convinced Mr. [[Lal Krishna Advani]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1497453011.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221742/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1497453011.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2014-07-14 |title=Abandon dam projects on Ganga: Advani tells Khanduri Copyright Hindustan Times }}</ref> in 2008 to compel the Chief Minister [[B.C. Khanduri]] to abandon all state hydro-dam projects on the Ganga. He persuaded Professor Guru Das Agrawal [[G. D. Agrawal]] to give up his fast within 24 hours.

In 2010, [[Acharya Jitendra]] played a crucial role to stop the Loharinag Pala Hydel Project – On The Ganga. He approached senior Congress leaders for their support. When a favorable atmosphere was created, he met [[Pranab Mukherjee]], leading a delegation of the Ganga Mahasabha. He then spoke to senior [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] leader [[Ashok Singhal]] and the Bharatiya Janata Party's [[Rajnath Singh]], who persuaded CM [[Ramesh Pokhriyal]] to write to the PM, asking him to scrap the Loharinag Pala project. He challenged Tehari Dam project.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/officials-misleading-people-on-tehri-issue/story-sTSteQU9OGZyu59rJS5r2N.html |title=Official misleading people on tehri issue|date=9 January 2006 }}</ref> He wrote a letter to Bihar Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]] demanding to rename [[Bakhtiyarpur]] after Chankya or Shilbhadra <ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/politics/rename-bakhtiyarpur-to-undo-sins-of-the-past-vhp-backed-body-writes-to-bihar-cm/292759/ |title=Rename Bakhtiyarpur to 'undo sins of the past', VHP-backed body writes to Bihar CM|date=17 September 2019 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saraswati, Swami Jitendranand}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

Pratap Grewal

2026-02-10T20:20:04Z

Estella97P: adding...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pratap Grewal
| image = Office of PG Wiki Profile Photo - 1.jpg
| image_upright = yes
| office = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[ Sardarpur ]]
}}

'''Pratap Grewal''' (born 1967)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pratap Grewal(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- SARDARPUR (ST)(DHAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=1194 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He is a three time MLA from Sardarpur Assembly constituency, which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[Dhar district, India|Dhar District]]. He won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-29 |title=Sardarpur Assembly Election 2023: Can Congress' Pratap Grewal Retain Sardarpur Seat? |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election/sardarpura-assembly-election-2023-can-congress-pratap-grewal-retain-sardarpur-seat-10103857 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=pratap grewal madhya-pradesh pratap-grewal-sardarpur candidate Profile,Candidates Net Worth, Education News {{!}} ABPLive |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/pratap-grewal-madhya-pradesh-sardarpur-candidate-profile.html |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Grewal is from [[Sardarpur]], Dhar District, Madhya Pradesh. He is the son of Champalal Grewal. He completed his L.L.B. in 1995 at Government College, Dhar, which is affiliated with [[Vikram University]], [[Ujjain]]. His wife is in government service.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Grewal won from Sardarpur Assembly constituency in the 2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election representing the [[Indian National Congress]]. He polled 86,114 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Wel Singh Bhuriya of the Bharatiya Janata Party, by a margin of 4,128 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sardarpur Assembly Election Results 2023: Sardarpur Election Candidates List, Chunav Results, Vote Share News in Hindi {{!}} सरदारपुर विधानसभा चुनाव परिणाम 2023 - AajTak |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/sardarpur-assembly-result-12196 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Mukam Singh Nigwal of the BJP by a margin of 23,221 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pratap Grewal, INC Candidate from Sardarpur Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/madhya-pradesh/pratap-grewal-s12aed2008a196e2023c001/ |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> He lost the next election in [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]] to Bhuriya by a narrow margin of 529 votes but regained the seat for the Indian National Congress in the [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018 Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sardarpur assembly election results 2023: Sardarpur Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/sardarpur-assembly-result-12196 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In 2018, he defeated Sanjay Singh Baghel of the BJP by a margin of 36,205 votes.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grewal, Pratap}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Dhar district]]
[[Category:Vikram University alumni]]

Purushottam Das

2026-02-10T02:38:15Z

Estella97P: improved article

{{Short description|Indian musician (1907–1991)}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2008}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Purushottam Das
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1907|07|07}}
| birth_place = [[Nathdwara]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| awards =
}}
'''Purushottam Das''' (Born: 7 July 1907 – Died: 21 January 1991) was the pioneer of the [[Nathdwara]] school of [[Pakhavaj|Pakhawaj]] (a barrel-shaped, two-headed drum instrument usually played in the [[Indian subcontinent]]) playing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/fr/2006/07/28/stories/2006072801730200.htm|title=Resounding memories|work=The Hindu|author=Manjari Sinha|access-date=10 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522063417/http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/fr/2006/07/28/stories/2006072801730200.htm|archive-date=22 May 2011|url-status=usurped|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Padma Shri]] in 1984

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://kathakensemble.com/tributes/purushottam/ kathakensemble.com - Purushottam Das]
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98aug30/sunday/view.htm The Tribune - An interview: "An artiste must keep trying to change the world"]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Purushottam}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:People from Rajsamand district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

{{India-musician-stub}}

Jaipur Gramin district

2026-02-05T04:28:08Z

Estella97P: Stub

{{Short description|District in Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jaipur Gramin
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Rajasthan|District]] of [[Rajasthan]]
| image_map = Jaipur Rural in Rajasthan (India).svg
| map_caption = Location of Jaipur Rural district in Rajasthan
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jaipur division|Jaipur]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 2023
| seat_type = Headquarters
| website =
| seat = [[Jaipur]]
}}

'''Jaipur Gramin district''' (translated as: '''Jaipur Rural''')
is a [[List of districts of Rajasthan|district]] of the [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Rajasthan]] in Northern [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/rajasthan-jaipur-district-to-be-split-into-four-jodhpur-into-two-cabinet-to-issue-notification-soon-10085506|title=Rajasthan: Jaipur District To Be Split Into Four, Jodhpur Into Two; Cabinet To Issue Notification Soon|date=1 July 2023|website=English Jagran}}</ref> The city of [[Jaipur]], which is [[Rajasthan|Rajasthan's]] capital and largest city, is the district headquarters.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-04 |title=Ahead of Assembly polls, formation of 19 new districts approved in Rajasthan |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/rajasthan-cabinet-approves-formation-of-19-new-districts-three-divisions-in-state/article67158099.ece |access-date=2023-10-10 |issn=0971-751X|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Administrative divisions ==

By reorganizing Jaipur district, a new district Jaipur Rural has been formed whose headquarters will be [[Jaipur|Jaipur (city)]]. The newly formed Jaipur rural district includes 13 Upkhands (subdivisions) and 18 tehsils (subdistricts).

=== List of Upkhands (subdivisions) ===
#Jaipur
#Sanganer
#Amer
#Bassi
#Jamwaramgarh
#Chaksu
#Chomu
#Sambharlake
#Madhorajpura
#Rampura Dabari
#Kishangarh Renwal
#Jobner
#Shahpura

=== List of Tehsils (subdistricts) ===
#Phulera Tehsil
#Shahpura Tehsil
#Jobner Tehsil
#Kishangarh-renwal Tehsil
#Madhorajpura Tehsil
#Rampura Dabari Tehsil
#Jamwaramgarh Tehsil
#Kotkhawda Tehsil
#Chaksu Tehsil
#Tunga Tehsil
#Bassi Tehsil
#Aandhi Tehsil
#Jalsu Tehsil
#Chomu Tehsil
#Sanganer Tehsil
#Kalwad Tehsil
#Amer Tehsil
#Jaipur Tehsil

*NOTE :- '''Sanganer Tehsil, Kalwad Tehsil,Jaipur Tehsil and Amer Tehsil carved after leaving the area of [[Jaipur Municipal Corporation]] and [[Jaipur district|Jaipur Urban district]].'''

== 2024 updates ==
On 28 December 2024, the Cabinet of Rajasthan decided not to retain 9 new districts- Anupgarh, Dudu, Gangapur City, Jaipur Rural, Jodhpur Rural, Kekri, Neem Ka Thana, Sanchore, and Sanchore, and Shahpura- along with the 3 newly created divisions—Banswara, Pali, and Sikar.<ref>{{cite news |title=गहलोत के बनाए 9 जिले-3 संभाग भजनलाल ने खत्म किए:21 महीने पहले बने थे; सरकार ने कहा- उपयोगिता नहीं थी, कांग्रेस बोली- फिर बनाएंगे |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/news/rajasthan-new-district-merger-update-134198307.html |access-date=28 December 2024 |agency=Dainik Bhaskar |date=28 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=9 new districts cancelled in Rajasthan; Gehlot slams government's confused decision-making {{!}} WATCH |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/rajasthan-district-division-reorganization-1.10203100 |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=English.Mathrubhumi |agency=Mathrubhumi |date=28 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Jaipur]]
* [[Jaipur district]]
* [[History of Jaipur]]
* [[Kingdom of Amber]]
* [[Jaipur Nagar Nigam]]
* [[Jodhpur Gramin district]]
* [[List of districts of Rajasthan]]
* [[Jaipur Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Jaipur Rural Lok Sabha constituency]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Districts of Rajasthan}}
{{Rajasthan}}

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Districts of Rajasthan]]

{{Jaipurdivision-geo-stub}}

Yashwant Singh Kathoch

2026-02-03T21:50:52Z

Estella97P: added some bio first draft

{{Short description|Indian historian and author}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Dr.
| name = Yashwant Singh Kathoch
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1935|12|27}}
| birth_place = Mason village, Pauri Garhwal district, [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| education = [[Agra University]] (MA), [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University]] (PhD)
| occupation = Historian, Archaeologist, Author
| known_for = Contribution to the history and archaeology of Uttarakhand
| awards = {{nowrap|[[Padma Shri]] (2024)}}
}}

'''Yashwant Singh Kathoch''' (born 27 December 1935) is an Indian [[historian]], [[archaeologist]], and author known for his work on the history, archaeology, culture, and art of the [[Uttarakhand]] region of India. He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award, in 2024 in the field of literature and education.<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title=Padma Awards 2024 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1999790 |access-date=2024-05-16 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Arun Pratap |date=2024-01-28 |title=Yashwant Singh Katoch awarded Padma Shri |url=https://garhwalpost.in/yashwant-singh-katoch-awarded-padma-shri/ |access-date=2024-05-16 |publisher=Garhwal Post}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Kathoch was born in Mason village in the [[Pauri Garhwal district]] of Uttarakhand, Kathoch. He pursued higher education at [[Agra University]], earning a Master's degree in Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology. He later completed his PhD in History and Archaeology from [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Pankul |date=2024-01-28 |title=Happy that my work was recognised: Padma awardee YS Katoch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/padma-shri-award-conferred-on-ys-katoch-for-literary-contributions/articleshow/107197062.cms |access-date=2024-05-16 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Dr. Yashwant Singh Kathoch - Padma Awards |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/CitationsForTickets/2024/202460.pdf |access-date=2024-05-16 |publisher=Padma Awards, Government of India}}</ref>

Katoch worked as a teacher for 33 years within the government education system in Uttarakhand{{Where|date=May 2025}} and retired as a principal 1995.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bisht |first=Yogita |date=2024-04-28 |title=कौन हैं डॉ. यशवंत सिंह कठोच ?, जिन्हें मिला पद्मश्री पुरस्कार |trans-title=Who is Dr. Yashwant Singh Kathoch?, Who Received the Padma Shri Award |url=https://khabaruttarakhand.com/who-is-dr-yashwant-singh-katoch/ |access-date=2024-05-16 |publisher=Khabar Uttarakhand |language=hi}}</ref> Following his retirement, he dedicated his time to research and writing on the history and archaeology of the Himalayan region.<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-01-26 |title=इतिहास की परतों को खंगालने वाले उत्तराखंड के यशवंत सिंह कठोच को मिला पद्मश्री पुरस्कार |trans-title=Yashwant Singh Kathoch of Uttarakhand, who explored the layers of history, received the Padma Shri award |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/story-uttarakhand-resident-yashwant-singh-katoch-who-explored-the-layers-of-history-received-padma-shri-award-924980303.html |access-date=2024-05-16 |publisher=Live Hindustan |language=hi }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

Kathoch has authored over 12 books,<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-04-22 |title=जानिए कौन हैं डॉ. यशवंत सिंह कठोच, राष्ट्रपति द्रौपदी मुर्मू ने पद्मश्री से किया सम्मानित |trans-title=Know who is Dr. Yashwant Singh Kathoch, President Draupadi Murmu honored with Padma Shri |url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/know-who-is-dr-yashwant-singh-katoch-historians-president-draupadi-murmu-honored-with-padma-shri-917081.html |access-date=2024-05-16 |work=Oneindia |language=hi}}</ref> focusing on the history, archaeology, and cultural heritage of Uttarakhand. His notable works include "Uttarakhand Ka Naveen Itihaas" (Modern History of Uttarakhand), "Madhya Himalaya Ka Puratattva" (Archaeology of Central Himalaya), "Sanskriti Ke Pad Chihn" (Footprints of Culture), "Madhya Himalaya Ki Kala" (Art of Central Himalaya), and "Bharatvarshiya Etihasik Sthalakosh" (Historical Gazetteer of India).<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Uttarakhand ka Naveen Itihas - Modern History of Uttarakhand |url=https://www.culturaltrends.in/product/uttarakhand-ka-naveen-itihas/ |access-date=2024-05-16 |publisher=Cultural Trends}}</ref> He's currently working on two books "Uttarakhand ki Sainya Parampara" and "Yashodhara."<ref name=":0" /> He was also a founder member of the Uttarakhand Research Centre, established in 1973.<ref name=":1" />

== Awards and recognition ==
In January 2024, the [[Government of India]] conferred Padma Shri award upon Yashwant Singh Kathoch recognizing his lifelong dedication to preserving and documenting the historical and cultural heritage of the Himalayan region through his research and writings.<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-04-22 |title=उत्तराखंड के इतिहासकार यशवंत कठोच को मिला पद्मश्री, राष्ट्रपति ने किया सम्मानित - Padma Awards 2024 |trans-title=Uttarakhand historian Yashwant Kathoch received Padma Shri, honored by President - Padma Awards 2024 |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/president-droupadi-murmu-honored-uttarakhand-historian-yashwant-singh-kathoch-with-padma-shri-2024-uts24042206490 |access-date=2024-05-16 |publisher=ETV Bharat |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Selected awards ===
Source:<ref name=":1" />
* Pahar Foundation Rajat Samman (2010)
* Varishth Vabhuti Samman by Sanskrit, Sahitya Evam Kala Parishad of [[Government of Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand Government]] (2006)
* Akhil Garhwal Sabha (2002)
* Princep Award (1965)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Cite web |title=Dr. Yashwant Singh Kathoch's official Padma Award citation |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/CitationsForTickets/2024/202460.pdf |access-date=2024-05-16 |publisher=Padma Awards, Government of India}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kathoch, Yashwant Singh}}
[[Category:Writers from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]
[[Category:Indian archaeologists]]
[[Category:20th-century historians]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]

Sarai Jattan

2026-01-27T18:04:51Z

Estella97P: added basic details nd citations...

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sarai Jattan
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.258526|N|75.190427|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kapurthala district|Kapurthala]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| unit_pref = Metric


| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 144626
| area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]
| area_code = 01828
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#PB.E2.80.94Punjab|PB]]-41
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-PB]]
| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| website = {{URL|kapurthala.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sarai Jattan''' is a village in Sultanpur Lodhi [[tehsil]] in [[Kapurthala district]] of [[Punjab, India]]. It is located {{convert|6|km}} from the city of [[Sultanpur Lodhi]], {{convert|30|km}} away from district headquarter [[Kapurthala]]. The village is [[Administration (government)|administrated]] by a [[Sarpanch]], who is an [[elected representative]].

== Demography ==
According to the report published by [[Census India]] in 2011, Sarai Jattan has 136 houses with the total population of 678 persons of which 336 are male and 342 females. [[Literacy in India|Literacy]] rate of Sarai Jattan is 68.14%, lower than the state average of 75.84%. The population of children in the age group 0–6 years is 91 which is 13.42% of the total population. Child sex ratio is approximately 1022, higher than the state average of 846.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=25923| title= Sarai Jattan| work= | accessdate=6 August 2016}}</ref>

== Population data ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Particulars !! Total !! Male!!Female
|-
| Total No. of Houses ||136 ||- ||-
|-
| Population ||678 ||336 ||342
|-
| Child (0–6) ||91 ||45 ||46
|-
| Schedule Caste ||286 ||148 ||138
|-
| Schedule Tribe ||0 ||0 ||0
|-
| Literacy ||68.14 % ||74.23 % ||62.16 %
|-
| Total Workers ||219 ||176 ||43
|-
| Main Worker ||161 ||0 ||0
|-
| Marginal Worker ||58 ||33 ||25
|-
|}

== Work Profile ==
In Sarai Jattan village out of total population, 219 were engaged in work activities. 73.52% of workers describe their work as Main Work (Employment or Earning more than 6 Months) while 26.48% were involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Of 219 workers engaged in Main Work, 71 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while 50 were Agricultural labourer.

== Caste ==
In Sarai Jattan village, most of the villagers are from Schedule Caste (SC). Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 42.18% of total population in Sarai Jattan village. The village Sarai Jattan currently doesn't have any Schedule Tribe (ST) population.

==List of cities near the village==
*[[Bhulath]]
*[[Kapurthala]]
*[[Phagwara]]
*[[Sultanpur Lodhi]]

==Air travel connectivity==
The closest International airport to the village is [[Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}



==External links==
* [https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Listofvillagesandtowns.aspx Villages in Kapurthala]

{{Kapurthala district|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Villages in Kapurthala district]]
[[Category:Caravanserais in India]]

{{SultanpurLodhi-geo-stub}}

Economy of Kochi

2026-01-21T10:14:50Z

Estella97P: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|Economy of a city in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
[[File:Kochi Skyline.jpg|thumb|[[Marine Drive, Kochi|Marine Drive]]]]
Kochi is widely regarded as the financial and commercial capital of Kerala. The city and the district of [[Ernakulam district]] contributes the highest GDP to economy of the state of Kerala.

==Synopsis==

[[Image:Marine Drive Kochi.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Contemporarily designed walkway and bridges at [[Marine Drive, Kochi|Marine Drive]] represents the modern face of Kochi.]]

The economy of Kochi can be classified as a business economy with emphasis on the service sector.<ref name=" Services sector fuels 9.2 pc growth in Kerala">{{cite web
|publisher = Blonnet
|url = http://www.blonnet.com/2006/02/09/stories/2006020902621900.htm
|title = Services sector fuels 9.2 PC growth in Kerala
|accessdate = 23 May 2006
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929121203/http://www.blonnet.com/2006/02/09/stories/2006020902621900.htm
|archive-date = 29 September 2007
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> Major business sectors include [[Real estate]], manufacturing, [[shipbuilding]], [[Port]] and Maritime, [[Food Processing]], [[Chemical industry|chemical industries]], [[information technology]] (IT), [[Tourism]], [[Medical tourism|health services]], and [[banking]]. The [[High Court of Kerala]] is situated in the city. Consequentially, legal services are a major contributor to the economy.
To tap the potential of the natural harbour at Kochi further, a [[marina]]<ref name="Marina">
{{cite news
| url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/02/stories/2005040202321500.htm
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050406123043/http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/02/stories/2005040202321500.htm
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=6 April 2005
| title=CPT hands over land for marina
| date=26 August 2005
| work=[[The Hindu]]
| accessdate=23 May 2006
}}
</ref> and an international container [[transshipment]] terminal<ref name="Vallarpadam">
{{cite news
| url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/02/stories/2005040202321500.htm
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050406123043/http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/02/stories/2005040202321500.htm
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=6 April 2005
| title=Kochi terminal handed over to Dubai Ports International
| date=2 April 2005
| work=[[The Hindu]]
| accessdate=23 May 2006
}}
</ref> have been built. The city used to house Kerala's stock exchange, the [[Cochin Stock Exchange]]. [[Federal Bank]], the fourth largest [[Private-sector banks in India|Private-sector bank in India]], is headquartered at [[Aluva]]. As in most of Kerala, inward remittances from abroad by [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Non Resident Indians]] (NRI) is a major source of income. In the 2009 rankings of ease to start and operate a business, Kochi was ranked sixteenth, above [[Kolkata]]<ref name=" World Bank and International Financial Corporation ">{{cite web|url= http://www.doingbusiness.org/subnational/exploreeconomies/India2009.aspx |title= Doing Business in India 2009|publisher=[[World Bank]]|accessdate=8 June 2010}}</ref> Exports and allied activities are also important contributors to the city's economy. Tourism has of late, become a major contributor to the city's income.
The Headquarters of the Southern Naval Command of the [[Indian Navy]] is situated at [[Venduruthy]] about 5 kilometers south of the city centre.
The state government has given priority to the establishment of [[information technology|IT]] and [[business process outsourcing|BPO]] enterprises to exploit the opportunities that have arisen in the field.

==Major industries==
{|align=right
|
|-
|[[Image:Kochi fishermen.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Fishermen fishing in traditional boats in the [[Backwater (river)|backwater]]s. Kochi is a major exporter of [[seafood]].]]
|}

===Chemical industry===
[[Eloor]], situated 17 km north of the city, is an island of 11.21 km2 and is the largest industrial belt in Kerala. There are more than 247 industries viz. [[Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore]] (FACT), [[Travancore Cochin Chemicals]], [[Indian Rare Earths Limited]], [[Hindustan Insecticides Limited]], [[Carborundum Universal]], PCBL Chemical and many others manufacturing a range of products like [[chemical]]-[[petrochemical]] products, [[pesticide]]s, [[rare-earth element]]s, rubber processing chemicals, fertilizers, [[zinc]]/[[chromium]] compounds and leather products.

===Ship building===
The [[Cochin Shipyard]] in Kochi is one of the largest<ref>In terms of dead weight tons of ships built</ref> ship building facility in India.<ref name="CSL">
{{cite web
|publisher=Shipping Ministry of India
|url=http://shipping.nic.in/shipwing2.htm
|title=List of ship building centres in India
|accessdate=23 May 2006
|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20051226163415/http://shipping.nic.in/shipwing2.htm
|archivedate=26 December 2005
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy
}}
</ref> Cochin Shipyard was incorporated in the year 1972 as a fully owned [[Government of India]] company. In the last three decades the company has emerged as a forerunner in the Indian shipbuilding & Shiprepair industry. This yard can build and repair the largest vessels in India. It can build ships up to {{DWT|1,100,000|metric|disp=long}} and repair ships up to {{DWT|1,250,000}}. The yard has delivered two of India's largest [[double hull]] [[Aframax]] tankers each of {{DWT|95,000}}. CSL has secured shipbuilding orders from internationally renowned companies from Europe & Middle East and is nominated to build the country's first indigenously built Air Defence Ship. The Cochin Shipyard also builds ships for the [[Indian Navy]].

Shipyard commenced ship repair operations in the year 1982 and has undertaken repairs of all types of ships including upgradation of ships of oil exploration industry as well as periodical lay up repairs and life extension of ships of Navy, UTL, Coast Guard, Fisheries and Port Trust besides merchant ships of SCI & ONGC. The yard has, over the years, developed adequate capabilities to handle complex and sophisticated repair jobs. Recently Cochin Shipyard won a major repair orders from ONGC. The order for major repairs of three rigs viz Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU) Sagar Vijay, Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU) Sagar Bhushan and Jack Up Rig (JUR) Sagar Kiran was secured by CSL against very stiff international competition.

===Oil refining===
Kochi is home to the largest public sector refinery in India, [[Kochi Refineries|BPCL Kochi Refinery]]. Formerly known as Cochin Refineries Ltd., the first unit came on stream in September 1966 with a capacity of 50,000 barrels per day. In 2006, Kochi Refinery was acquired by the [[Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited]], India's second-largest state-owned downstream oil producer. The refinery is situated at [[Ambalamugal]], around 12 km (7.5 mi) east of the city centre. Today, the refinery has a crude oil refining capacity of 15.5 Million Metric Tonnes per Annum (MMTPA). For niche Petrochemical products, a Propylene Derivative Petrochemical Project was commissioned by the Hon’ble Prime Minister of India on 14 February 2021 and the commercial production of niche petrochemicals commenced from 14 April 2021.

===Information technology===
Kochi is one of the leading Tier-II destinations for [[Information technology|IT]] and [[ITES]] companies in the country. The availability of 15 [[Gbit/s]] bandwidth, through undersea cables such as [[Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe|FLAG]], [[SAFE (cable system)|SAFE]] and SEA ME WE 3 ensures seamless data flow, and lower operational costs compared to other major cities in India, has been to its advantage. [[InfoPark, Kochi|InfoPark]], promoted by the Government of Kerala, is the primary hub of IT/ITES companies in Kochi. [[Smart City Kochi]], [[Muthoot Technopolis]] etc. are some of the other IT/technology parks housing numerous IT companies in the city. The established scene of information technology in Kochi is validated by the presence of national and international majors such as [[Tata Consultancy Services|TCS]], [[Wipro]], [[IBM Software Group (SWG)|IBM]], [[Accenture]], [[IQVIA]], [[Cognizant]], [[Ernst & Young|EY]], [[KPMG]], [[Baker Hughes]], [[Deloitte]], [[Xerox]], [[Tech Mahindra]], [[UST (company)|UST]], [[Persistent Systems]], [[KPIT Technologies]]. [[InfoPark, Kochi|InfoPark]] alone houses 582 companies, employs over 72,000 people and contributed to over ₹11,400 crores ($1.31 Bn) in IT exports in 2023-2024 fiscal.
<ref>{{Cite web | url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2024/Sep/04/infopark-exports-register-2428-per-cent-growth-at-rs-11k-crore Infopark exports register 24.28 per cent growth at Rs 11k crore |title = Infopark exports register 24.28 per cent growth at Rs 11k crore}}</ref> It is estimated that the city employs over 120,000 people in the IT sector.<ref>{{Cite web | url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/kerala-cm-pinarayi-vijayan-announces-massive-expansion-of-kochi-infopark-eyes-positioning-kerala-as-it-hub/articleshow/123925931.cms?from=mdr | title = Infopark Phase 3 & 4 announced}}</ref>
[[File:Lulu Cybertower.jpg|thumb|[[LuLu Group International|LuLu Cyber Tower 1]]]]
[[File:Lulu Cybertower 2 Architecture5.jpg|thumb|Lulu Cyber Tower 2]]

===Electronics hardware===
Kochi has a well-established electronics industry. Some of the home grown electrical & electronics companies include [[V-Guard Industries]], FCI OEN Connectors and SFO Technologies, the largest manufacturer of photonics devices in India.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.photonics.com/Article.aspx?AID=40675 |title = Photonics is Heating up in India}}</ref> The Government of Kerala has announced a project to build an industrial park named Electronic City<ref>http://expressbuzz.com/cities/kochi/kochi-the-next-electronic-city/202536.html{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> spanning an area of 340 acres, to cater to the electronic hardware industries. The private operator NeST<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/07/09/stories/2010070950191900.htm |title=The Hindu Business Line : NeST Electronics City in Kochi soon |access-date=8 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216122739/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/07/09/stories/2010070950191900.htm |archive-date=16 December 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> is building a [[Special Economic Zone]] specifically for electronics hardware spanning an area of 30 acres. Kochi also houses manufacturing plants of [[Amphenol Corporation|Amphenol]], American major in fibre optics, [[Aptiv]], one of the world's largest automotive technology suppliers and [[Belden Incorporated|Belden Inc.]].

===Medical Device===
Kerala boasts over 70 medical device manufacturing units, indicating a robust industry presence. The state benefits from a highly skilled workforce, with over 20,000 engineering and technical graduates annually. The major medical equipment manufacturers based out of Kochi includes "Agappe Diagnostics", one of the leading Indian manufacturer of diagnostic reagents and equipment and "DentCare", one of the world's largest manufacturers of dental prostheses.

===Food Processing===
Kerala is a major hub of spices and accounts for 75% of spices exports from India and is a major producer of coconut, tea and cashew. In addition, Kerala is home to 75% of India’s EU-certified seafood units, hundreds of units primarily located in the Kochi-Aroor belt, making it a major exporter of high-quality seafood. Kochi is home to the [[International Pepper Exchange]], where [[black pepper]] is globally traded. The [[Spices Board]] of India is also headquartered at Kochi. The Cochin fishing harbour, located at [[Thoppumpady]] is a major fishing port in the state and supplies fish to the local and export markets.
[[Government of India|Central Government]] establishments like the [[Coconut Development Board]], the [[Coir Board]], the [[Marine Products Export Development Authority]] (MPEDA) and the [[Spices Board]] are also located in the city.
[[Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies|KUFOS]] (Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies) first university in India exclusively dedicated to studies in fisheries and allied disciplines is also located in the city.

Kochi is one of the major hubs in food technology in the country housing numerous companies in the sector. The city is home to [[Synthite|Synthite Industries]], world’s largest producer of spice extracts. The city also houses food processing units of global majors such as [[McCormick & Company]], [[Orkla ASA]], [[Olam International]], [[MANE SA]] etc.

===Retail===
[[Image:Oberon Mall Kochi.jpg|right|thumb|The Oberon Mall is the first full format shopping mall in the state of Kerala]]
[[File:Lulu Mall view from Edapally Metro station.jpg|thumb|[[Lulu International Shopping Mall, Kochi|Lulu Mall]] view from [[Edapally metro station|Edapally Metro station]] at [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]]]

Kochi is the biggest centre for shopping in Kerala. The city houses stores of major national and international brands and retail chains across the city. The major retail ventures in Kochi are [[gold]], [[textile]], furniture, home accessories and home appliances. There are a number of textile stores that exceed {{convert|50000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} of retail space.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}.

Kochi houses the highest number of shopping malls in the state of Kerala. [[Oberon Mall]] is the first full format mall in the state. The [[Lulu International Shopping Mall, Kochi|Lulu Mall Kochi]] is one of largest shopping malls in India and is one of the most visited locations in the state. Other major shopping locations include [[Forum Mall Kochi]], [[Centre Square Mall, Kochi|Centre Square Mall]], [[Abad Nucleus Mall]] etc.

'''Malls in Kochi'''
* Lulu International Mall
* Centre Square Mall
* Oberon Mall
* Gold Souq Grande
* Nucleus Mall
* Grand Mall
* Bay Pride Mall
* Forum Mall Kochi
* Q1 Mall

===Plywood===
[[Perumbavoor]] is a major town in the Kochi metropolitan area. Spread over several panchayats like Rayamangalam, Vazhakulam, Asamannur, Vengola, Kottapadi, Koovappadi and many other places in the Perumbavoor municipality, the town is famous for Asia's Largest plywood industries. The plywood sector employs about two lakh people directly and about three and a half lakh indirectly in a sector with over 1,400 units. This industry includes units that manufacture not only plywood but also veneer and sawn or bandsaw. All the units operate within a radius of {{Convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}}. The industry has started growing here over the past two decades. Initially, there were only 10 companies. But later, as more people entered the sector and set up more units, the business picked up. The industry witnessed a major change when rubber wood became available in abundance due to fluctuations in rubber prices. The plywood is also imported from foreign countries like Vietnam, Loas and China. some more Eucalyptus timber is also imported from countries like Brazil. There is no market for plywood in Kerala. Places like Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and parts of North India are the biggest markets for plywood. This industry is now the backbone of Perumbavoor's economic potential. Another unique feature of the industry is that 90 percent of the workers in the units are migrants. The crisis that hit the construction industry during the period from 2003 to 2004 led to a large influx of migrant workers into the plywood industry.

== Special economic zones ==
There are four [[special economic zone]]s (SEZs) in the city, [[Cochin Special Economic Zone]], [[InfoPark, Kochi|InfoPark]] and [[SmartCity, Kochi|SmartCity]] in [[Kakkanad]], and [[Puthuvype]] in [[Vypin]]. [[Electronic City, Kochi|Electronic City]] is a proposed SEZ for electronic hardware manufacturing to be built in [[Kalamassery]] by [[NeST Infratech]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2010/07/09/stories/2010070950191900.htm|title=NeST Electronics City in Kochi soon}}</ref>

==Governmental institutions==
[[Union Government of India|Union Government]] establishments like the [[Coconut Development Board]], the [[Coir Board]] and the [[Marine Products Export Development Authority]] (MPEDA) have head offices located in the city.

Kochi is the seat of the [[High Court of Kerala]], the highest court of [[Kerala]] and the [[Lakshadweep]].

== History ==
{{expand section|date=December 2017}}

=== Prehistoric to Chera period ===
Cochin was preceded by the [[Vempalinad]] fiefdom, which was part of the [[Kulasekhara dynasty (Venad)|Kulasekhara]] empire.<ref name="Mani2005"/>

=== Independent period ===
Cochin became independent of the Kulasekhara empire in 1102 AD.<ref name="Corporation of Kochi - Prehistory and Archaeology of Cochin">{{cite web|publisher=Corporation of Cochin|url=http://www.corporationofcochin.org/pages/Maintemp.asp?id=3&val=1|title=Prehistory and Archaeology of Cochin|accessdate=23 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060620160940/http://corporationofcochin.org/pages/Maintemp.asp?id=3&val=1|archive-date=20 June 2006|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It gained prominence as a trading port after the destruction of [[Muziris]] in 1341. It attracted Arab, Chinese and European maritime traders.<ref name="NicErnakulam">{{Cite web |url=http://ernakulam.nic.in/history.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115160050/http://ernakulam.nic.in/history.htm |archive-date=15 November 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Chinese fishing nets have been in use by the Cochinite fishing industry since 1350.<ref name="NicErnakulam"/>

=== Portuguese period ===
Portuguese traders built a factory in Cochin after obtaining permission from the Cochinite government in 1500. In return for defending Cochin against invasion by [[Kingdom of Calicut|Calicut]] in 1503, Portugal was permitted to establish a military base in Cochin, and built [[Fort Emmanuel]] at the site of what is now [[Fort Kochi]].<ref name="Mani2005">{{cite web|publisher=Corporation of Kochi |work=Cochin (A Monograph) |url=http://www.corporationofcochin.net/Cochin.pdf |title=Cochin |author=C. M. Dinesh Mani, Mayor(2000–2005) |accessdate=11 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719135707/http://www.corporationofcochin.net/Cochin.pdf |archivedate=19 July 2011 }}</ref> Cochin became the capital of the newly formed [[Portuguese India]], and the kingdom became a puppet state of [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]].

=== Dutch period ===
In 1662, the [[Dutch Republic]] launched an invasion of Cochin during a succession crisis, and completed it by February 1663. The Cochinite king, [[Rama Varma II]] (1658–1662) of the [[Kingdom of Tanur|Tanur]] branch, was killed in battle, his successor [[Goda Varma]] was deposed, and the Dutch-backed pretender, [[Vīra Kērala Varma V]] of the Mutha Tavazhi branch, was installed as the new [[Raja of Cochin]]. The Portuguese traders and colonists were expelled from Cochin. On 20 March 1663, [[Dutch East India Company]] and the Raja of Cochin signed a treaty under which the company had a monopoly on purchasing on pepper and cinnamon produced in the kingdom. Another treaty in the following year exempted the company from the payment of import taxes. Further treaties eroded the power of the government and turned the kingdom into a puppet state of the company.<ref name="Koshy1989">{{cite book|isbn=9788170991366|last=Koshy|first=M. O.|date=1989|publisher=[[Mittal Publications]]|work=[[The Dutch Power in Kerala, 1729-1758]]|title=The Early History of the Dutch Settlements in Kerala, 1663-1728|pages=16–31}}</ref> [[Bolgatty Palace]] was built by Dutch traders after the Dutch conquest of Cochin.

=== Mysorean period ===
After the Mysorean invasion of Cochin, the government of Cochin had to pay a one-off tribute of 1 lakh Ikkeri pagodas, and an annual tribute of 30,000 pagodas and four elephants to Mysore.

=== British period ===
Trade in at port increased substantially after the British Empire took control of Cochin. To develop Cochin port, [[Robert Bristow (engineer)|Robert Bristow]] was brought to Cochin in 1920 by [[Lord Willingdon]], [[Governor of Madras]].<ref name="Corporation of Kochi - Robert Charles Bristow">{{cite web|publisher=Corporation of Kochi|work=Robert Charles Bristow employed to develop Kochi port|url=http://www.corporationofcochin.org/pages/Maintemp.asp?id=7|title=The Cochin Saga|accessdate=23 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503202739/http://www.corporationofcochin.org/Pages/Maintemp.asp?id=7|archive-date=3 May 2006|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Present period ===

In the early 2000s, the city witnessed heavy investment,<ref name="Kochi shining">{{cite news | author=George Joseph | url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2005/oct/06kochi.htm | title=Check out how Kochi is shining! | work=Rediff.com | date=10 June 2005 | accessdate=6 January 2006}}</ref><ref name="Developing metro and quaint environs">{{cite news | author=Rakee Mohan | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1482577.cms | title=Developing metro and quaint environs | publisher=Economic Times | date=8 April 2006 | accessdate=23 May 2006}}</ref> and experienced a GDP growth rate of 8.3%.<ref name="Kochi - Fast Facts">{{cite web|publisher=Worldroom.com|url=http://www.worldroom.com/pages/cg_cochin/fastfacts/cch_fastfacts.phtml|title=Kochi - Fast Facts|accessdate=2 July 2006}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Marine Drive, Kochi]]

==Notes==
{{commons category|Economy of Kochi, Kerala}}
{{reflist}}

{{Kochi (India) topics}}

[[Category:Economy of Kochi| ]]

List of Telugu films of 1991

2026-01-07T04:23:29Z

Estella97P: formatting fix

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Tollywood films}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Tollywood]] (Telugu language film industry) based in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] in the year [[1991 in film|1991]].

==1991==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Sources
|-
|''Aada Pilla'' || [[K. Vasu]] || [[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish]], Kinnera ||
|-
|''Aagraham'' || [[K. S. Ravikumar]] || [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] ||
|-
|''[[Aditya 369]]''|| [[Singeetham Sreenivasa Rao]] || [[Balakrishna Nandamuri|Balakrishna]], [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]], [[Tarun (actor)|Tarun]], [[Tinnu Anand]], [[Silk Smitha]] ||
|-
|''[[Alludu Diddina Kapuram]]''|| [[Krishna Ghattamaneni]] || [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Shobana]], [[Mohan Babu]] ||
|-
|''Amma'' || [[Suresh Krissna]] || [[Sharat Babu]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]], [[Brahmanandam]] ||
|-
|''Amma Kadupu Challaga'' || Boyina Subbarao || [[Sanjay Mitra (actor)|Sanjay Mitra]], [[Yamuna (actress)|Yamuna]] ||
|-
|''[[Amma Rajinama]]''|| [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] || [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]], [[Sai Kumar (Telugu actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Brahmanandam]] ||
|-
|''[[Appula Appa Rao]]''|| [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]]|| [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Shobana]], [[Brahmanandam]] ||
|-
|''[[April 1 Vidudala]]''|| [[Vamsy]] || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Shobana]] ||
|-
|''[[Assembly Rowdy]]'' || [[B. Gopal]] || [[Mohan Babu]], [[Divya Bharati]], [[Brahmanandam]] ||
|-
|''[[Ashwini (film)|Ashwini]]'' || [[Ramoji Rao]] || [[Bhanuchander]], [[Ashwini Nachappa]] ||
|-
|''Athiradhudu'' || A. Chandra || [[Bhanuchander]], [[Nirosha]] ||
|-
|''Athma Bandham'' || Sunil Varma || [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Lizzy (actress)|Lizzy]], [[Brahmanandam]] ||
|-
|''[[Attintlo Adde Mogudu]]''|| [[Relangi Narasimha Rao]] || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Nirosha]] ||
|-
|''[[Bharat Bandh]]'' || [[Kodi Ramakrishna]] || [[Vinod Kumar Alva]], [[Archana (actress)|Archana]], [[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]] ||
|-
|''Bhargava'' || R. S. Ramaraju || [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Farheen|Bindhiya]] ||
|-
|''[[Brahmarshi Vishwamitra]]''|| [[N. T. Rama Rao|NTR]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao|NTR]], [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Meenakshi Sheshadri]] ||
|-
|''[[Chanti (1992 film)|Chanti]]''|| [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]] || [[Daggubati Venkatesh]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]||
|-
|''[[Chitram Bhalare Vichitram]]'' || P N Ramachander Rao || [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Rajani (actress)|Rajani]], [[Brahmanandam]], [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] ||
|-
|''[[Coolie No. 1 (1991 film)|Coolie No. 1]]''|| [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] || [[Daggubati Venkatesh]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Mohan Babu]], [[Rao Gopal Rao]] ||
|-
|''[[Edurinti Mogudu Pakkinti Pellam]]''|| [[Relangi Narasimha Rao]] || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], Divya Vani ||
|-
|''[[Gang Leader]]''|| [[Vijaya Bapineedu]] || [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Vijaya Shanti]], [[Sumalatha]], [[R. Sarathkumar]] ||
|-
|''[[Iddaru Pellala Muddula Police]]''|| [[Relangi Narasimha Rao]] || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], Divya Vani, [[Anusha (actress)|Anusha]] ||
|-
|''[[Indra Bhavanam]]''|| [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] || [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] ||
|-
|''[[Jaitra Yatra]]''|| [[Uppalapati Narayana Rao]] || [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Vijaya Shanti]] ||
|-
|''[[Kalikalam]]''|| [[Muthyala Subbaiah]] || [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Saikumar Pudipeddi]] ||
|-
|''Keechu Raallu''|| [[Geetha Krishna]] || [[Bhanu Chander]], [[Shobana]], [[Shamili]] ||
|-
|''[[Kobbari Bondam]]''|| Katragadda Ravi Teja || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Nirosha]] ||
|-
|''[[Kshana Kshanam]]''|| [[Ram Gopal Varma]] || [[Daggubati Venkatesh]], [[Sridevi Kapoor|Sridevi]], [[Paresh Rawal]] ||
|-
|''Madhura Nagarilo''|| [[Kodi Ramakrishna]] || [[Suresh (actor)|Suresh]], [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Nirosha]] ||
|-
|''[[Mamagaru]]''|| [[Muthyala Subbaiah]]|| [[Vinod Kumar Alva]], [[Dasari Narayana Rao]], [[Yamuna (actress)|Yamuna]] ||
|-
|''[[Minor Raja]]''|| Katragadda Ravi Teja || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Shobana]], [[Rekha (Tamil actress)|Rekha]] ||
|-
|''Naa Ille Naa Swargam'' || K. Rushyendra Reddy ||[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Ramesh Babu]], [[Divya Bharti]], [[Roopa Ganguly]] ||
|-
|''Naa Pellam Naa Ishtam''|| Gedhada Anand Babu|| [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], Vijaya Rekha, [[Brahmanandam]], [[Vijaya Lalitha]]||
|-
|''Nagastharam ''|| [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] || [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Vijaya Shanti]] ||
|-
|''Nayakuralu''|| Sathya Reddy || [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] ||
|-
|''[[Nirnayam (1991 film)|Nirnayam]]''|| [[Priyadarshan]] || [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] ||
|-
|''Niyantha''|| [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] || [[Vinod Kumar Alva]], [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] ||
|-
|''[[Pandirimancham]]''|| Omkar|| [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Bhagyalakshmi (actress)|Bhagyalakshmi]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] ||
|-
|''[[Parama Sivudu]]''|| G. Anil Kumar || [[Krishna Ghattamaneni]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]], [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Ramya Krishna]] ||
|-
|''[[Parishkaram]]''|| Tarani || [[Jagapati Babu]], Kinnera, [[Nagendra Babu]], [[Vani Viswanath]] ||
|-
|''[[Peddintalludu]]''|| Sarath || [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Nagma]], [[Mohan Babu]], [[Vanisri]] ||
|-
|''[[Pelli Pustakam (1991 film)|Pelli Pustakam]]'' || [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], Divya Vani ||
|-
|''[[People's Encounter]]''|| Mohan Gandhi || [[Vinod Kumar Alva]], [[Bhanupriya]], [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]] ||
|-
|''Prardhana''|| K. Vijaya Bhaskar || [[Suresh (actor)|Suresh]], Anjali, [[Charuhasan]] ||
|-
|''Prema Entha Madhuram''|| Jandhyala || [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Mayuri Kango]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] ||
|-
|''[[Prema Thapassu]]''|| Dr. N. Shiva Prasad|| [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]||
|-
|''Ramudu Kadu Rakshasudu''|| [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] || [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Bhanupriya]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] ||
|-
|''[[Rowdy Alludu]]''|| [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] || [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Divya Bharati]], [[Shobana]] ||
|-
|''[[Rowdy Gaari Pellam]]''|| [[K. S. Prakash Rao]] || [[Mohan Babu]], [[Shobana]] ||
|-
|''[[Sarpayagam]]''|| [[Paruchuri Brothers]] || [[Sobhan Babu]], [[Vani Viswanath]], [[Roja Selvamani]] ||
|-
|''[[Seetharamayya Gari Manavaralu]]''|| [[Kranthi Kumar]] || [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Rohini Hattangadi]] ||
|-
|''[[Shanti Kranti]]'' || [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] || [[Nagarjuna Akkineni]], [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]], [[Juhi Chawla]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] ||
|-
|''Siva Shakthi''|| Tammareddy Bharadwaja || [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Lizzy (actress)|Lizzy]] ||
|-
|''Sri Edukondala Swaami''|| Kamalakara Kameswara Rao || [[Arun Govil]], [[Bhanupriya]], [[Daggubati Raja]], [[Shabnam]] ||
|-
|''[[Stuartpuram Police Station]]'' || [[Yandamuri Veerendranath]] || [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Vijaya Shanti]], [[Nirosha]] ||
|-
|''[[Stuvartpuram Dongalu]]'' || Sagar || [[Bhanu Chander]], [[Lissy (actress)|Lissy]] ||
|-
|''[[Surya IPS]]''|| [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]] || [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Vijaya Shanti]] ||
|-
|''[[Talli Tandrulu]]''|| T. Rama Rao || [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Vijaya Shanti]] ||
|-
|''[[Teneteega]]''||M. Nanda Kumar|| [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] ||
|-
|''[[Vichitra Prema]]''||[[Jandhyala]] || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], Amurtha||
|-
|''[[Yerra Mandaram]]''|| [[Muthyala Subbaiah]] || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Yamuna (actress)|Yamuna]] ||
|-
|''Yugantam''||Katragadda Ravi Teja || ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{1991 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Telugu films by year|1991]]
[[Category:Lists of 1991 films by language|Telugu]]
[[Category:1991 in Indian cinema]]

Poush Mela

2025-12-11T11:56:31Z

Estella97P:

{{Short description|Annual fair and festival in Santiniketan, West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
[[File:Baul Song at Poush Mela 2018.jpg|thumb|220px|Baul song at Poush Mela, 2018]]
[[File:Poush Mela Bazaar 2012.jpg|thumb|220px|Poush Mela Bazaar, 2012]]
[[File:An Exhibition at Poush Mela 2018.jpg|thumb|220px|An exhibition at Poush Mela, 2018]]
[[File:Giant Circle at Poush Mela.jpg|thumb|220px|Ferris wheel at Poush Mela]]
[[File:A stall display at Poush Mela-Santiniketan-West Bengal.jpg|thumb|A stall display at Poush Mela-Santiniketan-West Bengal]]
'''Poush Mela''' ({{langx|bn|পৌষ মেলা}}) is an annual fair and festival that takes place in [[Santiniketan]], in [[Birbhum District]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]], marking the harvest season. Commencing on the 7th day of the month of [[Poush]], the fair officially lasts for three days, although vendors may stay until the month-end as per the university regulations. From 2017 onwards, the fair lasted for six days. The key characteristic of this fair include live performances of [[Folk music|Bengali folk music]], such as [[baul]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbtourism.com/fairs_festivals/festival_bengal.htm | title = Poush Mela | access-date = 2009-02-14 | publisher = West Bengal Tourism | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010222105932/http://www.wbtourism.com/fairs_festivals/festival_bengal.htm | archive-date = 22 February 2001 | url-status = dead }}</ref> [[kirtan]] and [[Kobi Gaan|Kobigan]].
== Santiniketan Mela ==
'''Santiniketan Mela''' ({{langx|bn|শান্তিনিকেতন মেলা}}) is a contemporary community-led fair and market held in and around Santiniketan, West Bengal. Organised by local groups and supported by community initiatives, the mela aims to promote regional handicrafts, handloom products, folk art, small enterprises and social outreach activities. The event combines traditional stalls and cultural performances with programmes designed to create economic opportunities for artisans and entrepreneurs.{{cite web |title=Santiniketan Mela – A Digital Bridge of Creativity, Culture & Community |url=https://santiniketanmela.com/ |publisher=santiniketanmela.com |access-date=2025-12-11}} {{cite web |title=Santiniketan E-হাট Opens New Doors for Local Talent and Economic Growth |url=https://positivebarta.com/santiniketan-e-haat-opens-new-doors-for-local-talent-and-economic-growth/ |publisher=Positive Barta |access-date=2025-12-11}}

===Overview===
Santiniketan Mela is generally held during the winter season and runs for multiple days. The event provides a platform for local artisans, handloom weavers, self-help groups, small entrepreneurs and farmers to display and sell handicrafts, textiles, paintings, books and locally produced food items. Cultural programmes—such as folk music, dance and student performances—are regularly scheduled as part of the mela.{{cite web |title=Santiniketan Mela – A Digital Bridge of Creativity, Culture & Community |url=https://santiniketanmela.com/ |publisher=santiniketanmela.com |access-date=2025-12-11}}

===Activities and community work===
Alongside trade stalls and cultural programmes, Santiniketan Mela often incorporates social activities including awareness campaigns, youth engagement events, charitable drives and support programmes for senior citizens. The organisers collaborate with local volunteer groups and NGOs to integrate community outreach and training initiatives that benefit participants.{{cite web |title=Santiniketan E-হাট Opens New Doors for Local Talent and Economic Growth |url=https://positivebarta.com/santiniketan-e-haat-opens-new-doors-for-local-talent-and-economic-growth/ |publisher=Positive Barta |access-date=2025-12-11}}

===Organisation and participation===
The mela is organised by a mix of community committees, local NGOs and event partners. Participation is open to artisans and vendors from Birbhum district and neighbouring areas; organisers typically provide basic stall infrastructure and local promotion to draw visitors. The initiative also links physical exhibition space with online promotion through an 'E-হাট' (electronic marketplace) to help artisans reach wider markets.{{cite web |title=Santiniketan Mela – A Digital Bridge of Creativity, Culture & Community |url=https://santiniketanmela.com/ |publisher=santiniketanmela.com |access-date=2025-12-11}}

===Relationship with Poush Mela===
Santiniketan Mela is a contemporary, community-driven initiative distinct from the historic '''Poush Mela''' (the traditional Poush Utsav at Visva-Bharati). While Poush Mela has deep historical and cultural roots associated with the Poush Utsav tradition, Santiniketan Mela complements the region's festival calendar by offering an additional forum focused on local entrepreneurship, crafts promotion and social development.{{cite web |title=Santiniketan E-হাট Opens New Doors for Local Talent and Economic Growth |url=https://positivebarta.com/santiniketan-e-haat-opens-new-doors-for-local-talent-and-economic-growth/ |publisher=Positive Barta |access-date=2025-12-11}}

===See also===
* [[Poush Mela]]
* [[Visva-Bharati University]]
* [[Handloom]]
* [[Handicrafts]]

===References===
{{reflist}}

===External links===
* Official website: [https://santiniketanmela.com/ SantiniketanMela.com]
* Coverage: [https://positivebarta.com/santiniketan-e-haat-opens-new-doors-for-local-talent-and-economic-growth/ "Santiniketan E-হাট Opens New Doors for Local Talent and Economic Growth" — Positive Barta]



==Background==
[[Devendranath Tagore]] with twenty followers accepted the [[Brahmo Samaj|Brahmo]] creed from [[Ram Chandra Vidyabagish]] on 21 December 1843 (7 Poush 1250 according to the Bengali calendar). This was the basis of ''Poush Utsav'' (the Festival of Poush) at Santiniketan<ref name="Basak">Basak, Tapan Kumar, ''Rabindranath-Santiniketan-Sriniketan (An Introduction)'', p. 36, B.B.Publication</ref>

A ''Brahma mandir'' was established at Santiniketan on 21 December 1891 (7 Poush 1298 according to the Bengali calendar). A small fair was organised in 1894 in connection with the establishment anniversary of the ''Brahma mandir'', in the ground opposite the mandir. What started as a small homely Poush Mela now attracts attention of not only the people of [[Birbhum district]] but tourists from all around.<ref>Ghosh, Swapan Kumar, ''Santiniketan-Visva Bharati – Birbhumer Srestha Tirtha'', ''Paschim Banga'', February 2006, (in Bengali), Birbhum special issue, p. 250, Information and Culture department, Govt. of West Bengal</ref>

From 1894 onwards, the Poush Mela has been organized every year. However it has been put on halt for three times due to the [[Bengal famine of 1943|Bengal Famine of 1943]], [[Direct Action Day|Direct Action Day of 1946]] and the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Patrika|first=Anandabazar|date=Nov 9, 2020|title=Poush Mela of Santiniketan will not be organized.|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/state/this-year-poush-mela-of-shantiniketan-will-be-not-organize-dgtld-1.1226499}}</ref>

In earlier days the ''mela'' (fair) was held in the ground on the north side of ''Brahma mandir'' (also referred to as glass temple). On that day, a firework display was held in earlier days after evening prayers. As the ''mela'' increased in size, it was shifted to the field in Purbapalli.

==Inauguration==
Poush Utsav is inaugurated on 7 Poush (around 23 December). At dawn, Santiniketan wakes up to the soft music of [[shehnai]]. The first to enter the scenario is the Vaitalik group, who go round the ashrama (hermitage) singing songs. It is followed by a prayer-meeting at Chhatimtala. Then the entire congregation moves on to Uttarayan singing songs.<ref name="Basak" />

==Other days==
Poush Mela is characterized by the live performances of Bengali folk music, especially the baul music. It includes folk songs, dances and tribal sports. Each day of this festival is filled with different activities. The last day of this fair is devoted to those who are related to Santiniketan.

==The fair==
Some 1,500 stalls take part in the fair.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/poush-mela-to-start-from-dec-23/253169/| title = Poush Mela to start from Dec 23| access-date = 2009-02-14| publisher = Financial Express, 22 December 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071223035919/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Poush-Mela-to-start-from-Dec-23/253169/| archive-date = 23 December 2007| url-status = dead}}</ref> The number of tourists pouring in for the three-day fair is around 10,000.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://indiantourism.wordpress.com/2007/12/24/poush-mela-in-shantiniketan/ | title = Poush Mela in Santiniketan| access-date = 2009-02-14 | publisher =Indian Tourism}}</ref> Government statistics put the daily inflow of tourists in to Santiniketan at around 3,500 per day; but during major festival such as Pous Utsav, Basanta Utsav, Rabindra Paksha, and Naba Barsha it goes up to an average 40,000 per day or more. Obviously, many of them do stay back in Santiniketan, which has 85 lodges with accommodation for 1,650. Beside of this, room on rent can be hired for some days.<ref name="gov">{{cite web | url= http://birbhum.gov.in/birtour4.htm | title = Santiniketan-Bolpur | access-date = 2009-03-05 }}</ref>

Local printed fabrics and handicrafts are available in the stalls erected during the fair. Besides materials of household interest, toys are also available here. Various food stalls are also found.

== See also ==
* [[Visva-Bharati University]]
* [[Jaydev Kenduli]]
* [[Fairs in Birbhum]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Santiniketan}}
{{Culture of West Bengal}}
{{Birbhum topics}}

[[Category:Festivals in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Cultural festivals in India]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Birbhum district]]
[[Category:Santiniketan]]
[[Category:Harvest festivals in India]]
[[Category:Folk festivals in India]]
[[Category:Fairs in India]]

1663 in India

2025-12-03T20:57:14Z

Estella97P: improved intro and added references

{{short description|none}} 
{{list incomplete|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Year in India|1663}}
Events in the year '''1663 in India'''.

==Events==
*January 23 – The [[Treaty of Ghilajharighat]] is signed in [[India]] between representatives of the [[Mughal Empire]] and the independent [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom Kingdom]] (in what is now the Assam state), with the Mughals ending their occupation of the Ahom capital of Garhgaon, in return for payment by Ahom in silver and gold for costs of the occupation, and King Sutamla of Ahom sending one of his daughters to be part of the harem of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.<ref name="mumtaza-treaty-date">"A treaty was signed at Panibat of Tipam on the bank of the Dihing upstream of Jaipur. Soon after the conclusion of the treaty which was signed in the last week of Dec. 1662..." {{harvcol|Mumtaza|1994|p=373}}</ref><ref>"By the treaty of Ghilajhari Ghat, Tipam, dated 9 Magh, 1584 Saka or 23 January, 1663, Jayadhwaj agreed..." {{harvcol|Sarkar|1992|p=188}}</ref>
*March 4 – The [[Prince Edward Islands]] in the sub-antarctic Indian Ocean are discovered by Barent Barentszoon Lam, of the Dutch ship Maerseveen, and named Dina (Prince Edward) and Maerseveen (Marion).<ref>{{cite web |title=Marion and Prince Edward Islands |url=http://ports.co.za/didyouknow/article_2004_04_26_5728.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322102842/http://ports.co.za/didyouknow/article_2004_04_26_5728.html |archive-date=22 March 2015 |access-date=2016-09-21}}</ref><ref name="btinternet.com">{{cite web |date=29 June 2003 |title=Marion Island, South Indian Ocean |url=http://www.btinternet.com/~sa_sa/marion_island/marion_island_history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729235013/http://www.btinternet.com/~sa_sa/marion_island/marion_island_history.html |archive-date=29 July 2012 |access-date=2012-10-09 |publisher=Btinternet.com}}</ref>
*Rise of the Travancore Kingdom - The first maharaja of the [[Travancore|Travancore Kingdom]], His Highness Rama Varma I was sworned in.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}
==Deaths==
*[[Bihari Lal]], poet (b.[[1595 in India|1595]]).<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Bihārī-Lāl|volume=3|page=927|first=Charles James|last=Lyall|authorlink=Charles James Lyall}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Mumtaza|first=I S|title=Mir Jumla's Assam Invasion as depicted in the Buranjis |date=1994|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=55|pages=368–374|jstor=44143375}}
* {{Citation |last=Sarkar |first=J. N. |contribution=Chapter VIII Assam-Mughal Relations |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H. K. |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam |volume=2 |pages=148–256 |publisher=Assam Publication Board |place=Guwahati |year=1992}}
{{refend}}

{{India year nav}}
{{Year in Asia|1663}}

[[Category:1663 in India| ]]
[[Category:1663 by country|India]]
[[Category:Years of the 17th century in India]]

{{india-year-stub}}

Nadimpalli, Chittoor

2025-11-29T05:20:07Z

Estella97P: Starting Basic Stub Basic Info

{{more citations needed|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Nadimpalli
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 517124
| utc_offset = +5:30
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| governing_body = Pantapalle [[Gram panchayat]]
| population_total = 368
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Puthalapattu]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Gram panchayat]]
| subdivision_name4 = Pantapalle
| image_skyline = Nadimpalli.jpg
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_label = Nadimpalli
| coordinates = {{coord|13.3717401|N|79.1299206|E|display=inline,title}}
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj]]
| seat = Panchayth Office
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name = Neeraja Gadde
| leader_title1 = Upa Sarpanch
| leader_name1 = Shri Naga Venkata Teja Sai Prasad Pranav Nadimpalli.
}}

'''Nadimpalli''' is a remote rural village in [[Puthalapattu]] mandal of [[Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh|Chittoor]] district in [[Andhra Pradesh]] in India.

== Government and politics ==
Pantapalle [[gram panchayat]] is the [[Local self-government in India|local self-government]] of the village. It is divided into wards and each ward is represented by a ward member. As per the recent election results,<ref>[[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayat]] [https://sec.ap.gov.in/Doc21/Ele_Relts21/CHITTOOR.pdf election results] by [[Andhra Pradesh State Election Commission]] (This document contains Sarpanch and ward member details).</ref> Smt. Neeraja Gadde is the current sarpanch of the panchayat and Vinod Kumar J is the upa-sarpanch of the panchayat.

== Agriculture ==
The major crops in this village are Paddy, Sugarcane, Groundnuts, Mango etc. The majority of the land is utilized for agriculture in this village.

== Education ==
As per the school information report for the academic year 2020–21, the village has one [[Mandal Parishad]] school.

== Temples ==
There are multiple [[temple]]s in the Nadimpalli village which are listed below.

# Sri Rama Temple
# Virabhadra Swamy Temple

== Festivals ==
People in this village celebrate the below festivals.

# [[Makar Sankranti|Makara Sankranthi]] (aka [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]]) - 3/4 Days
# [[Ugadi]] - 1 Day
# [[Rama Navami|Sri Rama Navami]] - 1/2 Days
# [[Varalakshmi Vratam|Varalakshmi Vratham]] - 1 Day
# [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Vinayaka Chavithi]] (aka [[Ganesh Chaturthi]]) - 3 Days
# [[Vijayadashami|Vijaya Dasami]] (aka [[Vijayadashami|Dussehra]]) - 1 Day
# [[Diwali|Deepavali]] (aka [[Diwali]]) - 2 Days
# Karthika Pournami - 1 Day

== Tourism Places ==

# Kalikiri Konda
# Puligundu, [[Penumuru|Penumur]]
# [[Kanipakam]]

== Transportation ==
There is only road convey available to reach this village, however other designates of convey is available to nearby locations.

=== Air ===
The nearest airport is [[Tirupati Airport]], from there trains ([[Indian Railways]]) & buses ([[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|APSRTC]]) are available to [[Puthalapattu]]. Plenty of shared auto rickshaw's are available from Puthalapattu (ask for Polavaram Auto stand) to [[Nadimpalli]] with a fare of Rs.15 or Rs.20 per head.

=== Train ===
Trains are available from [[Tirupati]], [[Pakala, Chittoor district|Pakala]], [[Katpadi]], [[Vellore]], [[Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh|Chittoor]], [[Renigunta]] to [[Puthalapattu]]. Alternatively, one can reach any of the mentioned railway stations and took a bus to [[Puthalapattu]] or [[Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh|Chittoor]]. Puthalapattu railway station is 2 kilometres away from the actual town and located near Oddepalli. Few [[auto rickshaw]]'s will be available from Railway station to Puthalapattu town. One can walk towards Bangalore-Tirupati highway about 850 metres and take an auto rickshaw to Puthalapattu town. Plenty of shared auto rickshaw's are available from Puthalapattu (ask for Polavaram Auto stand) to [[Nadimpalli]] with a fare of Rs.15 or Rs.20 per head.

=== Road ===
Plenty of buses available from [[Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh|Chittoor]], [[Pileru]], [[Pakala, Chittoor district|Pakala]], [[Kanipakam]], [[Tirupati]] etc., to Puthalapattu which are operated by [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|APSRTC]] and other public/private travels. Plenty of shared auto rickshaw's are available from Puthalapattu (ask for Polavaram Auto stand) to [[Nadimpalli]] with a fare of Rs.15 or Rs.20 per head. Alternatively, one can reach Nadimpalli in their personal vehicles like car, bike etc.,

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Geographic Location (8-way)|EAST=Polavaram|South=Harijana Wada|NORTHWEST=Nadimpalli Promontory|SOUTHWEST=Pantapalle|NORTHEAST=Madiga Wada|SOUTHEAST=Lingalapuram|WEST=Gaddamvari Palli|North=Kothuru|title=[[Nadimpalli]] Adjacent Places|Centre=[[Nadimpalli]]}}

[[Category:Villages in Chittoor district]]

Bahinabai

2025-11-25T18:32:05Z

Estella97P: enhanced layout after review and updated info

{{Short description|Indian Hindu Saint (1628–1700)}}
{{distinguish|Bahinabai Chaudhari}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bahinabai
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year|1628}}
| birth_place = Devgaon rangari near [[Ellora]], Maharashtra, India
| birth_name =
| death_date = {{dya|1700|1628}}
| burial_place = Shivoor, [[Vaijapur, Aurangabad]]
| honors = ''Sant'' in Marathi, meaning "Saint"
| notable_works = Autobiography Atmamanivedana or Bahinibai Gatha, devotional [[abhanga]]s, Pundalika-Mahatmya
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bahinabai''' (1628–1700 AD) or '''Bahina''' or '''Bahini''' was a female [[Varkari]] saint from [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. She is considered a disciple of the Varkari poet-saint [[Tukaram]]. Having been born in a [[Brahmin]] family, Bahinabai was married to a widower at a young age and spent most of her childhood wandering around Maharashtra along with her family. She describes, in her autobiography ''Atmamanivedana'', her spiritual experiences with a calf and visions of the Varkari's patron deity [[Vithoba]] and Tukaram. She reports being subjected to verbal and physical abuse by her husband, who despised her spiritual inclination but who finally accepted her chosen path of devotion (''[[bhakti]]''). Unlike most female-saints who never married or renounced their married life for God, Bahinabai remained married her entire life.

Bahinabai's [[abhanga]] compositions, written in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], focus on her troubled marital life and the regret being born a woman. Bahinabai was always torn between her duties to her husband and her devotion to Vithoba. Her poetry mirrors her compromise between her devotion to her husband and God.

==Early life==
Bahinabai has written an autobiographical work called ''Atmamanivedana'' or ''Bahinibai Gatha'', where she describes not only her current birth but also twelve previous births.<ref name="Tharu108">{{harvnb|Tharu|Lalita|1991|p=108}}</ref><ref>For account of her previous lives, see {{harvnb|Feldhaus|1982|pp= 598–9}}</ref><ref>For complete English translation of Bahinabai's abhangas see ''Bahinabai: A Translation of Her autobiography and Verses'' by Justin E. Abbot (Poona, Scottish Mission, 1929). Some verses are given in {{harvnb|Tharu|Lalita|1991|pp=109–115}}</ref> The first 78 verses of the total 473 trace her current life.

As per the account, she was born in Deogaon (Rangari) or Devgaon (R) near [[Ellora]] or Verul in northern Maharashtra, where she spent her childhood. Her parents, Aaudev Kulkarni and Janaki were [[brahmins]], the [[Hindu]] priest class, and considered their first child Bahinabai as a harbinger of good fortune. Bahinabai started reciting the names of God from an early age, while playing with her mates.<ref name="Tharu108"/><ref name="Anandkar64">{{harvnb|Anandkar|1979|p=64}}</ref>

Bahinabai was married at the age of three with a thirty-year-old widower called Gangadhar Pathak, who she describes as a scholar and "an excellent jewel of a man", but stayed with parents until she reached puberty as per the custom. When Bahinabai was about nine years old, she with her parents and husband, had to leave Devghaon due to a family dispute. They wandered with pilgrims along the banks of river [[Godavari]] and begged for grain, as customarily wandering holy men do. They visited [[Pandharpur]], the city which hosts the chief temple of Vithoba, in this period. By the age of eleven, she with her family finally settled in [[Kolhapur]].<ref name="Tharu108"/><ref name="Anandkar64"/> She was "subjected to the demands of married life" at this age, but she was not into it.<ref name="Aklujkar121">{{harvnb|Aklujkar|2005|p=121}}</ref>

==Later life==
[[File:Vittal.jpg|thumb|Bahinabai reported visions of the Varkari's patron deity Vithoba, pictured]]
In Kolhapur, Bahinabai was exposed to Hari-[[Kirtana]] songs and tales from the scripture [[Bhagavata Purana]].<ref name="Anandkar64"/> Here, Bahinabai's husband was gifted a cow, who soon gave birth to a calf. Bahinabai reports a spiritual encounter with the calf. The calf, in Varkari literature, symbolises a person who has attained the highest state of [[yogi]]c concentration in the previous birth, but due to some fault, is forced to take birth as a calf.<ref name ="Tharu108"/> The calf followed Bahinabai wherever she went. Bahiabai with the calf also attended the Kirtana of the famed [[swami]] Jayaram. Jayaram patted heads of the calf and Bahinabai. When Bahinabai's husband heard of the incident, he dragged Bahinabai by her hair, beat and tied her up in the house. Following this, the calf and the cow gave up food and water leading to the former's death. At its burial, Bahinabai fainted and lay unconscious for days. She awoke with her first vision of the Varkari's patron deity Vithoba and later of her contemporary poet-saint Tukaram. Following the incident, she had another vision of the duo that revived her from the sorrow of the calf's death.<ref>{{harvnb|Feldhaus|1982|pp=595–6}}</ref> In these visions, Tukaram fed her nectar and taught her the [[mantra]] "Rama-Krishna-Hari".<ref name="Tharu108"/> Thereafter, Bahinabai pronounced Tukaram as her guru.<ref>{{harvnb|Anandkar|1979|pp=66–7}}</ref> In her visions, Tukaram initiated her into the path of ''[[bhakti]]'' (devotion) and instructed her to recite the name of Vithoba.<ref name = "Aklujkar121"/> Some people considered her behaviour as a sign of madness, while others considered it a mark of sainthood.<ref name="Anandkar67">{{harvnb|Anandkar|1979|p=67}}</ref>

Bahinabai's husband dissuaded her by saying that she being of a Brahmin, should not listen to the lower caste Shudra Tukaram. However, Bahinabai did not find happiness in the life of a dutiful wife and turns to ''bhakti'', at the same time serving her husband. As her fame spread, her husband is portrayed to have been jealous of the attention Bahinabai received. Her hot-tempered husband is reported to have abused, beaten and confined Bahinabai to the cattle-shed. When all methods fail to deter her, he decided to leave Bahinabai, who was three months pregnant at the time.<ref name="Anandkar67"/><ref>{{harvnb|Feldhaus|1982|p=596}}</ref> However, he could not do so as he suffered a burning limbs sensation lasting a month, on the day of departure. Finally, he repented and was convinced of Bahinabai's faith and devotion to God.<ref name="Aklujkar122">{{harvnb|Aklujkar|2005|p=122}}</ref> At the same time, Bahinabai realised her neglect of her husband and decided "serving him was more important than devoting herself to (another) god." Bahinabai writes:<ref>{{harvnb|Feldhaus|1982|pp=596–7}}</ref>
<blockquote>
I'll serve my husband – he's my god ... 
My husband's my guru; my husband's my way this 
is my heart's true resolve. 
If my husband goes off, renouncing the world, 
Pandurang (Vithoba), what good will it do me to live among men? ... 
My husband's the soul; I'm the body ... 
My husband's the water; I'm a fish in it. 
How can I survive? ... 
Why should the stone god Vitthal (Vithoba) 
and the dream saint Tuka (Tukaram) 
deprive me of the happiness I know?
</blockquote>

The family of Bahinabai went to [[Dehu]], the home-town of Tukaram and paid their respects to him. Here, the brahmin Bahinabai's acceptance of the lower caste [[Shudra]] Tukaram as her guru, agitated local brahmins, which led to harassment of the family and threatening of [[ostracism]]. In Dehu, Bahinabai gave birth to a daughter, who she named Kasibai. But, she was distressed and mediated suicide. Tukaram in her vision, stopped her and blessed her with poetic powers and prophesied that she would have a son who was a companion in her previous birth, thus Bahinabai is believed to have started composition of poetry, the first of which were dedicated to Vithoba.<ref>{{harvnb|Anandkar|1979|pp=68–9}}</ref> Consequently, she had a son, who she named Vithoba, the exact time of his birth is not provided, but he is mentioned in a later part of her autobiography.

Finally the family moved to [[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]], where Bahinabai practised a vow of silence for a while. In 1649, on Tukaram's death, Bahinabai revisited Dehu and fasted for eighteen days where, according to the traditional account, she was blessed with a vision of Tukaram again. She then visited the saint [[Samarth Ramdas|Ramdas]] and stayed in his company until his death in 1681. Afterwards she returned to Shirur.<ref>{{harvnb|Anandkar|1979|p=70}}</ref>

In last sections of her autobiography, Bahinabai says she has "seen her death".<ref name="Tharu109"/> She prophesied her death and wrote a letter to Vithoba, her son, who had gone to Shukeshwar to perform last rites of his wife. On her death-bed, Bahinabai told Vithoba (her son) that he had been her son throughout her twelve previous births and also in her current (thirteenth) birth, which she believed was her last. Further, she narrated the tale of her twelve previous births, which are recorded in her autobiography.<ref name = "Anandkar70ff">{{harvnb|Anandkar|1979|pp=70–1}}</ref> She died in 1700, at the age of 72.<ref name="Aklujkar122"/><ref name = "Anandkar70ff"/>

==Literary works==
Apart from her autobiography, Bahinabai composed [[abhanga]]s, which deal with various subjects like praise of god Vithoba, [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]], Sad-[[guru]], sainthood, and devotion.<ref name="Anandkar71"/> Bahinabai's abhanga compositions also focus on her troubled relationship with her husband, the conflict between husband and wife, and to certain extent its resolution. She even portrays her husband's hostile and harmful feelings with empathy.<ref name="Tharu109">{{harvnb|Tharu|Lalita|1991|p=109}}</ref> Unlike many of the woman-saints of the period, Bahinabai remained married her entire life, dutifully serving her husband, balancing her roles ''pativrata'' (a devoted wife) and ''virakta'' (the detached). Bahinabai does not revolt against social traditions and believed denouncement of the world is not the solution to a woman's suffering. Her poetry reflects her compromise between her devotion to her husband and her god Vithoba.<ref>{{harvnb|Pandharipande|2000|pp=169–170}}</ref>

Bahinabai also comments on the duties of a married woman. Some abhangas extol the merits of a ''pativrata'', others advocate pure devotion to God which may lead to the ire of society. Others advocate the compromise. She also speaks of ''pravrtti'' (action) and ''nivrtti'' (quiescence), personified as wives of ''manas'' (the mind). Both of them argue over their own superiority, winning a particular moment in the debate and finally reconciling and together directing the mind to its ultimate goal. In her own life, Bahinabai sought to balance these two: ''pravrtti'' – the duties of a virtuous wife and ''nivrtti'' – renunciation of the world.<ref>{{harvnb|Feldhaus|1982|p=599}}</ref>

Bahinabai sometimes curses her fate of being born as a woman, which author Tharu interprets as "her skepticism, her rebelliousness and her insistent refusal to abandon her aspiration for the truth". She regrets her female birth as she was kept away from the knowledge of the holy scriptures like [[Vedas]] and sacred [[mantra]]s, by the (only male) Brahmin rules.<ref name="Aklujkar122"/> Bahinabai sings in her abhanga:<ref name="Tharu107">{{harvnb|Tharu|Lalita|1991|p=107}}</ref>
<blockquote>
The Vedas cry aloud, the [[Puranas]] shout 
"No good may come to woman." 
I was born with a woman's body 
How am I to attain Truth? 
"They are foolish, seductive and deceptive – 
Any connection with a woman is disastrous." 
Bahina says, "If a woman's body is so harmful, 
How in this world will I reach Truth?"
</blockquote>

At times, Bahinabai's abhangas call out to her god [[Vithoba]] (Panduranga, Hari) to help her to balance her twin roles.<ref name = "Aklujkar122"/> Bahinabai's wisdom can be summed up in her words as: "A woman's body is a body controlled by somebody else. Therefore the path of renunciation is not open to her."<ref>{{harvnb|Aklujkar|2005|p=129}}</ref> Bahinabai's philosophy reveals the social status of the seventeenth century Indian woman, who was supposed to no existence apart from her husband.<ref name="Anandkar71">{{harvnb|Anandkar|1979|p=71}}</ref>

She has also composed a text called ''Pundalika-Mahatmya'', which details the legend of [[Vithoba]] and devotee [[Pundalik]], a central figure in Varkari tradition.<ref>{{cite book|author= Sand, Erick Reenberg|chapter= The Legend of Puṇḍarīka: The Founder of Pandharpur|pages=33–61|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPgBdyxD5MkC&q=The+Legend+of+Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dar%C4%ABka:+the+Founder+of+Pandharpur&pg=PA56| title=The History of Sacred Places in India as Reflected in Traditional Literature|editor = Bakker, Hans|isbn=90-04-09318-4|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|E. J. Brill]]|location=Leiden|year = 1990}} p. 56</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last=Aklujkar |first=Vidyut |year=2005 |chapter=5: ''Between Pestle and Mortar: Women in Marathi Sant tradition'' |title=Goddesses and women in the Indic religious tradition |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k6YrsMcVqS4C&dq=bahinabai&pg=PA121 |pages=105–130 |isbn=9789004124660 |publisher=[[Koninklijke Brill]] |location=The Netherlands}}
* {{cite book |last=Anandkar |first=Piroj |year=1979 |chapter=IX: ''Bahinabai'' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/womensaintseastw0000unse/page/64/mode/2up |title=Women Saints of East and West |url=https://archive.org/details/womensaintseastw0000unse/ |url-access=registration |publisher= [[Vedanta Press]] |location=Hollywood, CA |pages=64–72 |isbn=0-87481-036-1 |lccn=79065731}}
* {{cite journal|title=Bahiṇā Bāī: Wife and Saint|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |author=Feldhaus, Anne|volume=50|issue=4|date=December 1, 1982|jstor=1462944|pages=591–604|doi=10.1093/jaarel/l.4.591 |ref={{harvid|Feldhaus|1982}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Pandharipande |first=Rajeshwari V. |year=2000 |chapter=V: Janabai: A Woman Saint of India |title=Women Saints in World Religions |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swmquJb9lbEC&dq=bahinabai&pg=PA169] |pages=145–180 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |isbn=9780791446195}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Tharu |editor1-first=Susie J. |editor2-last=Lalita |editor2-first=K. |year=1991 |chapter=Bahinabai (1628-1700) ''Marathi'' |title=Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the Present |volume=1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u297RJP9gvwC&dq=bahinabai&pg=PA107 |pages=107–115 |isbn=9781558610279 |publisher=[[Feminist Press]] |location=New York}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahinabai}}
[[Category:Warkari]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Indian women non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:1700 deaths]]
[[Category:1628 births]]
[[Category:Hindu female religious leaders]]
[[Category:Women autobiographers]]
[[Category:17th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi Hindu saints]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:Indian women scholars]]
[[Category:Scholars from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women mystics]]

Kavvayi Islands

2025-11-16T02:19:26Z

Estella97P: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kavvayi
| native_name =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = File:Doodle of Kavvayi.jpg
| image_alt = right
| image_caption = Doodle of Kavvayi by Savad Muhammed
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.09|N|75.18|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
| subdivision_type3 = Taluk
| subdivision_name3 = [[Payyanur Taluk|Payyanur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Kavvayi - Payyanur Municipality<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.kerala.gov.in/public/cnstncy/wd/4d9eb31b-225a-11ea-8792-001a4a75e014|title=SEC Kerala|last=Software solution by NIC Kerala|website=www.sec.kerala.gov.in|publisher=State Election Commission,Kerala|language=en-IN|access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref>
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2464<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.kerala.gov.in/public/cnstncy/wd/4d9eb31b-225a-11ea-8792-001a4a75e014|title=SEC Kerala|last=Software solution by NIC Kerala|website=www.sec.kerala.gov.in|publisher=State Election Commission,Kerala|language=en-IN|access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 670307
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 4985
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL-86]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kavvayi''' is a group of small islands, near [[Payyanur]] in the [[Kannur district]] of [[Kerala]]. The island is surrounded by [[Kavvayi Backwaters]].

The island of Kavvayi was originally named '''Kavvil Pattanam'''. It was renamed as Kavvayi by Sir William Hogan, the then [[district collector]] of [[Hosdurg taluk|Hosdurg]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2017/kavil-pattanam/685|title=Kavvayi Backwaters-Tangled Beauty|last=Kerala Tourism|website=www.keralatourism.org|publisher=Invis Multimedia|language=en-IN|access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref>

==History==
Kavvayi has been mentioned by name by significant global travelers, including [[Marco Polo]] (1293 A.D), [[Ibn Battuta]] (1342 A.D) and [[Abulfeda|Abdul Feda]] (1273 A.D).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g777115-d8474386-r824159429-Kavvayi_Islands-Kannur_Kannur_District_Kerala.html|title=Must do - Kavvayistories|last=wanderlust210877|date=6 January 2022|website=www.tripadvisor.com|publisher=TripAdvisor LLC|language=en-IN|access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref>

The island of Kavvayi was originally named "''Kavvil Pattanam''". It was renamed as Kavvayi by Sir William Hogan, the then [[district collector]] of [[Hosdurg taluk|Hosdurg]]. Kavvayi was the headquarters for an area of {{convert|125|sqmi|km2}} which housed a large port and the magistrate court, including during [[East India Company|British East India Company]] rule. It declined after the headquarters were moved to other parts of [[Malabar District|Malabar]].

==Geography==

Kavvayi is surrounded by [[Kavvayi Backwaters]], which is the third largest backwaters in [[Kerala]] and the largest one in north Kerala. Locally called as Kavvayi Kayal or the backwaters of Kavvayi.
Kavvayi used to be an inland port and a major administrative center during the past centuries and during [[British East India Company]] rule.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/travel/travel-kerala/2019/03/01/kavvayi-backwaters-in-kannur.html|title='കവ്വായ്' ഒരു വടക്കൻ കായൽക്കഥ|last=ബൈജു ഗോവിന്ദ്|date=1 March 2019|website=www.manoramaonline.com|publisher=Manoramaonline|language=ml-IN|access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref>

A boat terminal is being set up at the Kavvayi-Kalikkadappuram to pave the way for Kavvayi tourism. The boat terminal at Kalikkadappuram is being constructed at a cost of `5.02 crore as part of the Malnad-North Malabar River Cruise Tourism project focusing on the major rivers in Kannur and Kasaragod districts. Work began in November 2019 but was halted in the wake of the [[COVID-19]] expansion. Now the work is progressing rapidly.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kannur/2021/02/03/kannur-kavvayi-boat-terminal.html|title=കവ്വായിയിൽ ബോട്ട് ടെർമിനൽ വരുന്നു|last=മനോരമ ലേഖകൻ|date=3 February 2021|website=www.manoramaonline.com|publisher=Manoramaonline|language=ml-IN|access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref>

==Transport==

Kavvayi is about 4.5 km drive from Payyanur town towards the direction of Payyanur Railway Station. It is 2 km ride from [[Payyanur railway station]] and about 2 hours’ drive from the [[Kannur International Airport]].

==See also==
* [[Kavvayi Backwaters]]
* [[Payyanur]]
* [[Payyanur railway station]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Islands of Kerala]]

Operation Crusader orders of battle

2025-11-14T03:06:06Z

Estella97P: Made A Post

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
This is the order of battle for the ground forces involved in '''[[Operation Crusader]]''', a [[World War II]] battle between the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]] and the European [[Axis powers]] of [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] and [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] in [[North Africa]] between 18 November – 30 December 1941.

==British and Commonwealth Forces==
Commander-in-Chief [[Middle East Command]]: General [[Claude Auchinleck]]
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 145
| header = Senior British commanders during Operation Crusader
| image1 = Cecil_Beaton_Photographs-_Political_and_Military_Personalities%3B_Auchinleck%2C_Claude_John_Eyre_IB2095_%28cropped%29.jpg
| caption1 = General Claude Auchinleck, theatre commander
| image2 = British_Generals_1939-1945_E6661.jpg
| caption2 = Lt-General Alan Cunningham, commander Eight Army
| image3 = Neil_Ritchie.jpg
| caption3 = Acting Lt-General Neil Ritchie, commander Eighth Army (seen in Europe in 1944)}}

===British Eighth Army===
Lieutenant-General [[Alan Cunningham]], succeeded on 26 November by Lieutenant-General [[Neil Ritchie]] when Auchinleck removed Cunningham from command of [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]]

====XXX Corps====
Lieutenant-General [[Charles Norrie, 1st Baron Norrie|Willoughby Norrie]]
* [[7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|7th Armoured Division]] (Major-General [[William Gott]])
** [[4th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|4th Armoured Brigade]]
*** [[8th King's Royal Irish Hussars|8th Hussars]]
*** [[3rd Royal Tank Regiment]]
*** [[5th Royal Tank Regiment]]
*** 2nd Battalion, [[Scots Guards]]
*** [[2nd Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery]]
** [[7th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|7th Armoured Brigade]]
*** [[7th Queen's Own Hussars|7th Hussars]]
*** [[2nd Royal Tank Regiment]]
*** [[6th Royal Tank Regiment]]
** [[22nd Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|22nd Armoured Brigade]]
*** [[2nd Royal Gloucestershire Hussars]]
*** [[3rd County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters)]]
*** [[4th County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters)]]
** [[7th Support Group (United Kingdom)|7th Support Group]]
*** [[3rd Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery]]
*** [[4th Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery]]
*** 1st Battalion, [[Kings Royal Rifle Corps]]
*** 2nd Battalion, [[Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)|Rifle Brigade]]
*** [[60th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery]]
*** One Battery, [[51st (Westmorland and Cumberland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery]]
** Divisional troops
*** 4th South African Armoured Car Regiment
*** [[King's Dragoon Guards]]
*** [[11th Hussars]]
*** 1st Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, [[Royal Artillery]]
* [[1st South African Division]] (Major-General [[George Brink]])
** [[1st South African Infantry Brigade]]
*** 1st Battalion, [[Duke of Edinburgh's Own Rifles]], South African Infantry Corps
*** 1st Battalion, [[Royal Natal Carabineers]], South African Infantry Corps
*** 1st Battalion, [[Transvaal Scottish Regiment]], South African Infantry Corps
*** 3rd Field Artillery Regiment, South African Artillery Corps
** [[5th South African Infantry Brigade]]
*** [[Regiment Botha]], South African Infantry Corps
*** [[South African Irish Regiment]], South African Infantry Corps
*** 3rd Battalion, [[Transvaal Scottish Regiment]], South African Infantry Corps
*** 4th Field Artillery Regiment, South African Artillery Corps
* [[22nd Guards Brigade]]
** [[9th Battalion, Rifle Brigade (Tower Hamlets Rifles)]]
** 3rd Battalion, [[Coldstream Guards]]

====XIII Corps====
:Lieutenant-General [[Alfred Reade Godwin-Austen|Reade Godwin-Austen]]
* [[2nd New Zealand Division]] (Major-General [[Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg|Bernard Freyberg]] {{postnom|VC|country=NZL}})
** [[4th Infantry Brigade (New Zealand)|4th New Zealand Infantry Brigade]]
*** [[18th Battalion (New Zealand)|18th Infantry Battalion]]
*** [[19th Battalion (New Zealand)|19th Infantry Battalion]]
*** [[20th Battalion (New Zealand)|20th Infantry Battalion]]
** [[5th Infantry Brigade (New Zealand)|5th New Zealand Infantry Brigade]]
*** [[21st Battalion (New Zealand)|21st Infantry Battalion]]
*** [[22nd Battalion (New Zealand)|22nd Infantry Battalion]]
*** [[23rd Battalion (New Zealand)|23rd Infantry Battalion]]
** [[6th Infantry Brigade (New Zealand)|6th New Zealand Infantry Brigade]]
*** [[24th Battalion (New Zealand)|24th Infantry Battalion]]
*** [[25th Battalion (New Zealand)|25th Infantry Battalion]]
*** [[26th Battalion (New Zealand)|26th Infantry Battalion]]
** Divisional troops
*** [[27th Battalion (New Zealand)|27th (Machine Gun) Infantry Battalion]]
*** [[28th Battalion (New Zealand)|28th (Maori) Infantry Battalion]]
*** [[4th Field Regiment (New Zealand)|4th Field Regiment]]
*** [[5th Field Regiment (New Zealand)|5th Field Regiment]]
*** [[6th Field Regiment (New Zealand)|6th Field Regiment]]
*** [[7th Anti-Tank Regiment (New Zealand)|7th Anti-Tank Regiment]]
*** [[14th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment (New Zealand)|14th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment]]
*** [[Divisional Cavalry Regiment (New Zealand)|Divisional Cavalry Regiment]]
[[File:British Generals 1939-1945 E7236.jpg|thumb|Messervy giving orders, December 1941]]
* [[4th Infantry Division (India)|4th Indian Infantry Division]] (Major-General [[Frank Messervy]])
** [[5th Indian Infantry Brigade]]
*** 1st Battalion, [[Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)|The Buffs]]
*** 3rd Battalion, [[1st Punjab Regiment]]
*** 4th Battalion (Outram's), [[Rajputana Rifles|6th Rajputana Rifles]]
** [[7th Indian Infantry Brigade]]
*** 1st Battalion, [[Royal Sussex Regiment]]
*** 4th Battalion, [[Sikh Regiment|11th Sikh Regiment]]
*** 4th Battalion, [[16th Punjab Regiment]]
** [[11th Indian Infantry Brigade]]
*** 2nd Battalion, [[Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders]]
*** 2nd Battalion, [[5th Mahratta Light Infantry]]
*** 1st Battalion (Wellesley's), 6th Rajputana Rifles
** Divisional troops
*** [[The Central India Horse (21st King George V's Own Horse)]] (Reconnaissance)
*** 1st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery
*** 25th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery
*** 31st Field Regiment, Royal Artillery
* [[1st Army Tank Brigade (United Kingdom)|1st Army Tank Brigade]]
** [[8th Royal Tank Regiment]] - equipped with [[Valentine tank|Valentine]] infantry tanks (Lt Col Brooke)
** [[42nd Royal Tank Regiment]]( Lt Col Willison later Lt Col Martin)
** [[44th Royal Tank Regiment]] - [[Matilda II]] infantry tanks (Lt Col Yeo)

====Tobruk Fortress====
Major-General [[Ronald Scobie]]
* [[70th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|70th Infantry Division]]
** [[14th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|14th Infantry Brigade]]
*** 1st Battalion, [[Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment]]
*** 2nd Battalion, [[Black Watch]]
*** [[2nd Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment]]
** [[16th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|16th Infantry Brigade]]
*** 2nd Battalion, [[King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)|King's Own Royal Regiment]]
*** 2nd Battalion, [[Leicestershire Regiment]]
*** 2nd Battalion, [[Queen's Royal Regiment]]
** [[23rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|23rd Infantry Brigade]]
*** 1st Battalion, [[Durham Light Infantry]]
*** 1st Battalion, [[Essex Regiment]]
*** 4th Battalion, [[Border Regiment]]
* [[Polish Independent Carpathian Rifle Brigade]]
** I Carpathian Rifle Battalion
** II Carpathian Rifle Battalion
** III Carpathian Rifle Battalion
** 11 Czechoslovak Infantry Battalion
** [[2/13th Battalion (Australia)|2/13th Australian Infantry Battalion]]{{efn|the "2" prefix indicated the unit was part of [[Second Australian Imperial Force]] and separate from similar named militia unit in Australia}}
** Carpathian Machine Gun Battalion
** Carpathian Field Regiment
* [[32nd Army Tank Brigade]] (Brigadier A.C. Willison)
** [[1st Royal Tank Regiment]]
** [[4th Royal Tank Regiment]]
** 'D' Squadron [[7th Royal Tank Regiment]]
* [[4th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)|4th Anti-Aircraft Brigade]]<ref>Farndale, pp. 165–8.</ref><ref>Playfair, p. 158.</ref><ref>Routledge, pp. 130–3, Table XX, p. 141</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ratsoftobruktribute.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6&Itemid=130 |title=Order of Battle at Rats of Tobruk Tribute site. |access-date=29 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629021747/http://ratsoftobruktribute.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6&Itemid=130 |archive-date=29 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (Brigadier [[John Muirhead (solicitor)|John Muirhead]])
** [[6th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment|69th (Royal Warwickshire Regiment) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment]], Royal Artillery
** 13th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery
** 14th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery
** 1 and 5 Independent Light Anti-Aircraft Batteries, Royal Artillery
** 306 Battery, [[London Electrical Engineers|27th (London Electrical Engineers) Searchlight Regiment]], Royal Artillery

====Oasis Force====
:Brigadier [[Denys Whitehorn Reid|Denys Reid]]
* [[29th Indian Infantry Brigade]]
** 1st Battalion, [[Worcestershire Regiment]]
** 3rd Battalion, [[2nd Punjab Regiment]]
** 1st Battalion, [[5th Mahratta Light Infantry]]
* 6th South African Armoured Car Regiment

====Army Reserve====
* [[2nd South African Division]] (Major-General [[Isaac Pierre de Villiers|Isaac de Villiers]])
** [[3rd Infantry Brigade (South Africa)|3rd South African Infantry Brigade]]
*** [[Imperial Light Horse]], South African Infantry Corps
*** [[Rand Light Infantry]], South African Infantry Corps
*** 1st Battalion, [[Royal Durban Light Infantry]], South African Infantry Corps
*** 1st Field Artillery Regiment, South African Artillery Corps
** [[4th Infantry Brigade (South Africa)|4th South African Infantry Brigade]]
*** [[Kaffrarian Rifles]], South African Infantry Corps
*** [[Umvoti Mounted Rifles]], South African Infantry Corps
*** 2nd Battalion, [[Royal Durban Light Infantry]], South African Infantry Corps
*** 2nd Field Artillery Regiment, South African Artillery Corps
** [[6th Infantry Brigade (South Africa)|6th South African Infantry Brigade]]
*** 1st [[South African Police]] Battalion
*** 2nd [[South African Police]] Battalion
*** 2nd Battalion, [[Transvaal Scottish Regiment]], South African Infantry Corps
*** 5th Field Artillery Regiment, South African Artillery Corps

==German and Italian forces==
[[File:Ettore Bastico.jpg|upright|thumb|Ettore Bastico, Governor-General of [[Italian Libya]] and commander-in-chief of all Axis forces in North Africa. (seen in August 1942)]]
Supreme Commander North Africa: General [[Ettore Bastico]]

===Italian XX Corps (''Corpo d'Armata di Manovra'' - Mobile Corps)===
Lieutenant-General [[Gastone Gambara]]
* Corps assets:
** Three batteries of truck-mounted 102 mm AA/AT guns{{efn|Naval [[Blackshirts]] crews}}
* [[132nd Armored Division "Ariete"|132nd Armoured Division "Ariete"]] (General [[Mario Balotta]])
** [[32nd Tank Regiment (Italy)|32nd Tank Infantry Regiment]]
*** I Light Tank Battalion
*** II Light Tank Battalion
** [[132nd Tank Regiment (Italy)|132nd Tank Infantry Regiment]]
*** VII Medium Tank Battalion
*** VIII Medium Tank Battalion
*** IX Medium Tank Battalion
** [[8th Bersaglieri Regiment]]
** 132nd Artillery Regiment{{efn|Two 75L28 battalions}}
** One battalion attached from the 26th Artillery Regiment, [[17th Infantry Division "Pavia"]]{{efn|One 75L28 battalion}}>
** One battalion attached from the 24th Corps Artillery Group{{efn|One [[Canon de 105 mle 1913 Schneider|Cannone da 105/28]] battalion}}
* [[101st Motorized Division "Trieste"|101st Motorised Division "Trieste"]]
** 65th Infantry Regiment
** [[66th Airmobile Infantry Regiment "Trieste"|66th Infantry Regiment]]
** 9th Bersaglieri Regiment
** 551st Heavy Weapons Battalion
** 21st Artillery Regiment
* RECAM (''Raggruppamento Esplorante del Corpo d'Armata di Manovra'' [reconnaissance group of the mobile army corps])
** III Light Tank Battalion (attached from the 32nd Tank Infantry Regiment, Ariete division)
** LII Medium Tank Battalion
** "Romolo Gessi" Battalion, Italian Africa Police{{efn|Two motorcycle and one armoured cars companies}}
** "Giovani Fascisti" Infantry Group (2 bns)
** ''Raggruppamento Batterie Volanti'' ("[[Portee]]s" - truck mounted - Artillery Group){{efn|Two battalions with [[Cannone da 65/17 modello 13]], one battery with [[10 cm M. 14 Feldhaubitze|Obice da 100/17]] and one battery with [[Breda Model 35|20 mm Breda 35]] light AA/AT}}

===Panzer Group Africa===
[[Panzer Group Africa]] commanded by ''General der Panzertruppe'' [[Erwin Rommel]]

German [[Afrika Korps]] (commanded by ''Generalleutnant'' [[Ludwig Crüwell]])
* [[33rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|15th Panzer Division]] (''Generalmajor'' [[Walter Neumann-Silkow]] until 6 December (killed in action), then Generalmajor [[Gustav von Vaerst]])
** 8th Panzer Regiment (2 bns)
** 1st Battalion, 115th Infantry Regiment
** 2nd Machine Gun Battalion
** 3rd Engineers Battalion
** 33rd Recon Battalion
** 33rd Anti-tank Battalion
** 33rd Artillery Regiment
* [[21st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|21st Panzer Division]] (''Generalmajor'' [[Johann von Ravenstein]] until 29 November (prisoner of war), then ''Generalmajor'' [[Karl Böttcher]])
** 5th Panzer Regiment (2 bns)
** 104th Infantry Regiment (2 bns)
** 15th Motorcycle Battalion
** 3rd Reconnaissance Battalion
** 200th Engineers Battalion
** 39th Anti-Tank Battalion
** 605th Anti-Tank Battalion
** 155th Artillery Regiment
* [[90th Light Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|Special Purpose Division Afrika]] (Renamed 90th Light Africa Division from 28 November 1941) (Generalmajor [[Max Sümmermann]] until 10 December (killed in action), then Generalmajor [[Richard Veith]])
** 2nd Battalion, 115th Infantry Regiment
** 155th Infantry Regiment (3 bns)
** 3rd Battalion, 255th Infantry Regiment
** 3rd Battalion, 347th Infantry Regiment
** 361st Infantry Regiment (2 bns)
** 900th Engineers Battalion
** 580th Recon Battalion
** Elements from the 300th "Oasis" Battalion
** 2nd Battalion, 115th Motor Artillery Regiment
** 2nd Motor Artillery Regiment (Italian)
* [[55th Infantry Division "Savona"]] (General [[Fedele de Giorgis]])
** 15th Infantry Regiment
** 16th Infantry Regiment
** [[Regiment "Genova Cavalleria" (4th)|"Genova Cavalleria"]] Machine Gun Battalion
** 155th Machine Gun Battalion
** Elements, from the 300th "Oasis" Battalion (German)
** 12th Artillery Regiment{{efn|Two 75L28 and one 100L17 battalions}}

====Italian XXI Corps====
[[Italian XXI Corps]] commanded by Lieutenant-General [[Enea Navarini]]
* Corps assets:
** 3rd Motor Artillery Regiment{{efn|One Obice da 100/17 and two 75L27 battalions}}
** 16th Corps Artillery Group{{efn|Three Cannone da 105/28 battalions}}
** 8th Army Artillery Group{{efn|One [[15 cm sFH 18|Cannone da 149/28]], one 149L40 and one 152L37 battalions}}
** 24th Army Artillery Group{{efn|Four [[Cannone da 149/35 A]] battalions}}
** 340th Frontier Guards Artillery Group{{efn|Four 75L28 battalions}}
** 340th Frontier Guards Engineers Battalion
* [[17th Infantry Division "Pavia"]]
** 27th Infantry Regiment
** [[28th Infantry Regiment "Pavia"|28th Regiment Pavia]]
** V Light Tank Battalion
** [[Regiment "Lancieri di Aosta" (6th)|"Lancieri d'Aosta"]] Machine Gun Battalion
** 17th Heavy Weapons Battalion
** 26th Artillery Regiment{{efn|One 75L28 and one Obice da 100/17 battalions}}
* [[25th Infantry Division "Bologna"]]
** 39th Infantry Regiment
** 40th Infantry Regiment
** 25th Heavy Weapons Battalion
** 205th Artillery Regiment{{efn|Two 75L28 and one Obice da 100/17 battalions}}
* [[27th Infantry Division "Brescia"]]
** 19th Infantry Regiment
** 20th Infantry Regiment
** 27th Machine Gun Battalion
** 1st Motor Artillery Regiment{{efn|Two 75L28 battalions}}
* [[102nd Motorized Division "Trento"|102nd Motorised Division "Trento"]]
** [[7th Bersaglieri Regiment]]
** 61st Infantry Regiment
** [[62nd Infantry Regiment "Sicilia"|62nd Infantry Regiment]]
** 551st Anti-Tank Battalion
** 46th Artillery Regiment{{efn|Two 75L28 and one Obice da 100/17 battalions}}

==Notes==
{{notelist|1}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Bibliography==
* Gen Sir [[Martin Farndale]], ''History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat: Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941'', Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988/London: Brasseys, 1996, {{ISBN|1-85753-080-2}}.
* {{cite web|first=James| last=Heddlesten |work=Comando Supremo: Italy at War website| title=Libya September 1941 OoB| date=17 February 2010 | url=http://www.comandosupremo.com/Libya1941.html}}
* {{cite book|first1=Tim| last1=Moreman|others=Consultant editor Dr Duncan Anderson| title=Desert Rats: British 8th Army in North Africa 1941-43| publisher=Osprey| year=2007| isbn=978-1-84603-144-1| pages=61 |series=Battle Orders No. 28 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.btinternet.com/~ian.a.paterson/org.htm|title=History of the British 7th Armoured Division: Divisional Organisation| last=Paterson| first=Ian A|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621175054/http://www.btinternet.com/~ian.a.paterson/org.htm|archivedate=2007-06-21}}
* {{citation |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Med-II/index.html |author=Maj-Gen I.S.O. Playfair |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East Vol II: The Germans come to the aid of their Ally (1941) |location=London |publisher=HMSO |year=1956 |via=Hyperwar Foundation}}
* Brig N.W. Routledge, ''History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Anti-Aircraft Artillery 1914–55'', London: Royal Artillery Institution/Brassey's, 1994, {{ISBN|1-85753-099-3}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=6220&Tab=Oob |work=Orders of Battle.com | title=Eighth Army OOB. 18th November 1941|accessdate=2008-08-27 }}{{dead link|date=May 2021}}
* {{cite book |title= The North African Campaign 1940–43|first= B H |last=Liddell Hart |author-link =Basil Liddell Hart}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Hinsley |first1=Harry |author-link1=Harry Hinsley |last2=Thomas |first2=E. E. |last3=Ransom |first3=C. F. G. |last4=Knight |first4=R. C. |series=History of the Second World War |title=British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations |volume=II |year=1981 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-521-24290-5}}
* {{cite book |first=Barton |last=Maughan |series=Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 1 – Army |title=Tobruk and El Alamein |volume=III |location=Canberra |publisher=Australian War Memorial |year=1966 |edition=1st (online scan) |format=PDF |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C1417308 |oclc=186193977}}
* {{cite book |last=McKinney |first=J. B. |series=The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945 |title=Medical Units of 2 NZEF in Middle East and Italy |url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2MMed-_N65932.html |year=1952 |publisher=Historical Publications Branch (War History Branch, Dept. of Internal Affairs) |location=Wellington |via=[[New Zealand Electronic Text Collection]] |oclc=35251107}}
* {{cite book |series=The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945 |title=The Relief of Tobruk |last=Murphy |first=W. E. |editor-last=Fairbrother |editor-first=Monty C. |year=1961 |edition=1st (online scan) |via=New Zealand Electronic Text Collection |publisher=War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs |location=Wellington, NZ |oclc=563872639}}
* {{cite book |first1=I. S. O. |last1=Playfair |author1-link=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |first2=F. C. |last2=Flynn |first3=C. J. C. |last3=Molony |first4=T. P. |last4=Gleave |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=[[History of the Second World War]] United Kingdom Military Series |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East: British Fortunes Reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942) |volume=III |publisher=HMSO |location=London |year=2004 |orig-year=1960 |edition=pbk. facs. repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield |isbn=1-84574-067-X}}
* {{cite book |last1=Schreiber |first1=G. |last2=Stegemann |first2=B. |last3=Vogel |first3=D. |series=[[Germany and the Second World War]] |title=The Mediterranean, South-East Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941: From Italy's Declaration of non-Belligerence to the Entry of the United States into the War |volume=III |translator-last1=McMurry |translator-first1=D. S. |translator-last2=Osers |translator-first2=E. |translator-last3=Willmot |translator-first3=L. |editor-last=Falla |editor-first=P. S. |year=2015 |orig-year=1995 |publisher=Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt |location=Freiburg im Breisgau |edition=2nd pbk. trans. Oxford University Press, Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-873832-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Shores |first1=C. F. |last2=Massimello |first2=G. |last3=Guest |first3=R. |title=A History of the Mediterranean Air War 1940–1945: North Africa June 1940 – January 1942 |year=2012 |volume=I |publisher=Grub Street |location=London |isbn=978-1-908117-07-6}}

==External links==
* [http://crusaderproject.wordpress.com/2008/07/16/major-commands-and-commanders/ The Major Ground Commands and Commanders on The CRUSADER Project]
* [http://ratsoftobruktribute.com Rats of Tobruk Tribute site]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Crusader}}
[[Category:Western Desert campaign]]
[[Category:World War II orders of battle]]

Na Aana Is Des Laado

2025-11-02T07:01:21Z

Estella97P: Starting Initial Page V1

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox television
|image =
|country = India
|language = Hindi
|num_seasons = 4
|num_episodes = 870
|producer = Shyamashis Bhattacharya
|director = Anshuman Kishore Singh
|camera = Multi-camera
|runtime = 20 minutes
|company = Shakuntalam Telefilms
|first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2009|3|9}}
|last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2012|7|27}}
|channel = [[Colors TV]]
|related = ''[[Laado 2 (TV series)|Laado 2 - Veerpur Ki Mardani]]''
}}

'''''Na Aana Is Des Laado''''' ({{Literal translation}} ''Never Come to This Country, Dear Girl'') is a 2009 Indian [[Hindi]]-language soap opera that premiered on 9 March 2009 on [[Colors TV]] and finished on 27 July 2012, reaching a total of 870 episodes. The show portrays various social evils practiced in India. It is [[List of longest-running Indian television series of Colors TV|sixth longest-running Indian television series of Colors TV]]. A sequel series titled ''[[Laado 2 - Veerpur Ki Mardani]]'' premiered on Colors TV in 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jo Boya Ab Katengi Ammaji, Veerpur Ki Mardani|url=https://www.jansatta.com/entertainment/television/colors-tv-serial-laado-comeback-laado-na-ana-is-des-laado-veerpur-ki-mardani/448587/|accessdate=4 October 2017|publisher=[[Jansatta]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Laado 2 Coming soon! - Colors TV|url=http://www.colorstv.com/in/videos/laado-2/laado-2-coming-soon-10129971.html|website=[[Colors TV]]|access-date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163548/http://www.aapkacolors.com/us/videos/laado-2/laado-2-coming-soon-10129971.html|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Series overview==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" rowspan=2|Season
!style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan=2|No. of episodes
!colspan=2|Originally broadcast ([[India]])
|-
!style="padding: 0 8px"|Series premiere
!style="padding: 0 8px"|Series finale
|-
|style="background:#FF0000"|
|align="center"|'''1'''
|align="center"|870
|align="center"|{{start date|df=yes|2009|3|9}}
|align="center"|{{end date|df=yes|2012|7|27}}
|-
|style="background:#00FF00"|
|align=center|'''2'''
|align=center|133
|align=center|{{start date|df=yes|2017|11|6}}
|align=center|{{end date|df=yes|2018|5|23}}
|-
|}

==Plot==
Veerpur, is a village that still practices female infanticide. Bhagwani Devi, the Sarpanch of Veerpur forbids females birth by any of her servants or daughters-in-law or the woman of Veerpur. Sia Singh stands against her. To silence Sia, Ammaji uses her son Raghav to woo and wed her. But he falls in love with and supports Sia against Ammaji.
Other pregnant women in Veerpur try to escape. Raghav and Sia save a number of female infants.

Sia becomes the Sarpanch, as she is voted from majority of female population in Veerpur. Ammaji's real daughter Amba, enters and unites with Ammaji who turns Raghav and Sia out. They return when Sia is pregnant in spite of Ammaji's attempts to terminate her pregnancy. As later Ammaji's old enemy Bhanupratap attacks, Sia dies while delivering twin girls, Dia and Jahnvi. Raghav dies in a fire. The twins separate—Dia lives with Ammaji and Jahnvi with Amba.

===18–21 years later===
Set now in Delhi, the well known Ammaji still brings Veerpur cultures there. Dia and Jahnvi meet in college and become friends. Amba dies during an attempt to save Dia, a witness in a court case, after revealing the twins' secret. Eventually, Ammaji accepts Jahnvi. Dia falls in love with and marries Bhanupratap's son Shaurya. Bhanupratap kidnaps Ammaji who later kills him, and this Shaurya leaves Dia.
They return to Veerpur.

Ammaji strives to save Jahnvi from a new cruel Sarpanch, Rana Rantej who orders her to marry his sons. Among them, Jahnvi only accepts Surya, who falls in love with her. Rana conspires against Veerpur, but after Jahnvi exposes him, he dies while trying to cover his loss. Ammaji gets involved with corrupt politicians and Dia takes her place and dies. Surya's brother Param kills him to avenge Rana's death. Jahnvi falls into depression.

Dejected and reformed, Ammaji renounces everything and hands over her powers to Jahnvi, who becomes stronger than before and saves all. The serial ends as Ammaji plays with little girls in Veerpur and Jahnvi ruling as the new Ammaji.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Meghna Malik]] as Bhagwani "Ammaji" Devi Sangwan: Ramveer's widow; Joginder, Gajendar, Raghav and Amba's mother; Aditya, Diya and Jahnvi's grandmother (2009–2012)

*[[Natasha Sharma]] as Siya Sangwan: Devi's daughter in law; Vaidehi's sister; Raghav's wife; Diya and Jahnvi's mother (2009–2010)
*[[Aditya Redij]] as Raghav Sangwan: Ammaji and Ramveer's youngest son; Joginder, Gajendar and Amba's brother; Siya's husband; Diya and Jahnvi's father (2009–2010)
*[[Simran Kaur]] as Diya Sangwan: Siya and Raghav's daughter; Jahnvi's twin sister; Shaurya's ex-wife (2010–2012)
*[[Varun Kapoor]] as Shaurya Pratapsingh: Bhanu's son; Diya's ex-husband (2010–2011)
*[[Vaishnavi Dhanraj]] as Jahnvi Singh: Siya and Raghav's daughter; Dia's sister; Amba's adoptive daughter; Surya's wife; Kuldeep and Param's ex-wife (2010–2012)
*[[Kapil Nirmal]] as Surya Singh Rana: Shivlaali and Rantej's second son; Kuldeep and Param's brother; Jhanvi's husband (2011–2012)
*[[Lankesh Bhardwaj]] as Kishanlal: Ranntej Singh tells Kishanlal to terminate his wife's pregnancy and he tried to murder Kishanlal's wife and his baby daughter. Ammaji protect him from Rana unfortunately she does not save his wife, she died at the time of birth of baby girl of Kishanlal, due to this Kishanlal breakdowns (2011–2012)

===Recurring===
*[[Shresth Kumar]] as Aditya Sangwan: Sunehri and Gajendar's son; Tanisha's ex-fiancé; Ragini's husband; Durga's father (2010–2012)
*[[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]] as Bhanu Pratapsingh: Bajri's brother; Shaurya's father; Ammaji's enemy (2010–2011)
*[[Shikha Singh]] as Amba Sangwan: Ammaji and Ramveer's daughter; Joginder, Gajendar and Raghav's sister; Jhanvi's adoptive mother (2010–2011)
*[[Lankesh Bhardwaj]] as Kishan Lal (previous known as Sanjay Bhardwaj)
*[[Avantika Shetty]] as Ragini Sangwan: Aditya's wife (2010–2012)
*Madhurjeet Sarghi as Santosh Chautala: Joginder's ex-wife; Vijay's second wife; Karan's mother (2009–2011)
*Rinku Vohra as Chanda Sangwan: Avtar's second wife; Rajbeer's mother (2009–2012)
*[[Aryan Pandit]] as Rajbeer Sangwan: Chanda and Avtar's son (2010–2012)
*[[Nishant Shokeen]] as Vijay Chautala: Neelu's widower; Santosh's second husband; Sarah and Karan's father (2010–2011)
*[[Yash Dasgupta]] as Karan Chautala: Santosh and Vijay's son; Sarah's half-brother; Tanisha's husband (2010–2011)
*Neelam Bhagchandani/[[Rishina Kandhari]] as Tanisha Chautala: Aditya's ex-fiancé; Karan's wife; Durga's mother (2010–2011)
*[[Winy Tripathi]] as Inspector Vikram Singh: Diya's ex-fiancé
*Rakesh Sharma as Yashpal Rao: Ammaji's right-hand man and bodyguard
*Ankita Maheshwari as Sarah Chautala: Neelu and Vijay's daughter; Karan's half-sister (2010–2011)
*[[Harish Verma]] as Avtar Sangwan: Sheela and Dharamveer's son; Jhumar's brother; Rangeeli's former husband; Chanda's husband; Rajbeer's father (2009–2010)
*Tarun Anand/Nisar Khan as Joginder Sangwan: Ammaji and Ramveer's eldest son; Gajendar, Raghav and Amba's brother; Santosh's former husband (2009–2010)
*Shivangi Sharma as Sunehri Sangwan: Gajendar's wife; Aditya's mother; Durga's grandmother (2009–2010)
*[[Anand Goradia]] as Gajendar Sangwan: Ammaji and Ramveer's second son; Joginder, Raghav and Amba's brother; Sunehri's husband; Aditya's father; Durga's grandfather (2009–2010)
*Shaikha Parween as Jhumar Sangwan: Sheela and Dharamveer's daughter; Avtar's sister (2009–2010)
*[[Sonal Jha]] as Sheela Sangwan: Dharamveer's wife; Avtar and Jhumar's mother; Rajbeer's grandmother (2009–2010)
*Kannan Arunachalam as Dharamveer Sangwan: Ramveer's brother; Sheela's husband; Avtar and Jhumar's father; Rajbeer's grandfather (2009–2010)
*Shabana Mullani as Bulbul Singh: Rana Rantej's second wife (2011–2012)
*[[Sheeba Chaddha]] as Bajri Pratapsingh: Bhanu's sister (2010–2011)
*Sharmilee Raj as Nandini Verma: Dharamveer's mistress
*[[Menaka Lalwani]] as Rangeeli Sangwan: Avtar's ex-wife
*Ayam Mehta as Rantej Singh Rana: Shivlaali and Bulbul's husband; Kuldeep, Surya and Param's father; Ammaji's enemy (2011–2012)
*Lankesh Bhardwaj as Kishanlal: Rantej Singh Rana tells Kishanlal to terminate his wife's pregnancy if it is a girl and tried to murder his wife and his baby daughter, with the help of his goon, but Ammaji protect him from Rana unfortunately she does not save his wife, she died at the time of birth of baby girl of Kishanlal, due to this Kishanlal breakdowns (2011–2012)
*Anil Lalwani as Kuldeep Singh Rana: Shivlaali and Rantej's eldest son; Surya and Param's brother; Jhanvi's ex-husband (2011–2012)
*[[Deepraj Rana]] as Dhanraj Kumar "DK" Vora: Corrupt and characterless [[District Magistrate|DM]] of Veerpur
*Pratik Mitra as Chamkila
*Shobhit Attray as Paramveer "Param" Singh Rana: Shivlaali and Rantej's youngest son; Surya and Kuldeep's brother; Jhanvi's ex husband (2011–2012)
*Dhruv Lather as Dheeraj Singh: Jhumar's ex-lover
*Rahul Singh as Satpal Rathod: Rana Rantej's right hand man
*[[Deeya Chopra]] as Sonali: Raghav's ex-fiancé (2009)
*Janvi Sangwan as Shivlaali Singh Rana: Rantej's first wife; Kuldeep, Surya and Param's mother (2011)
*[[Deepak Sandhu (actor)|Deepak Sandhu]] as Raj
*[[Vikas Shrivastav]]/Bhavin Wadia as Shera: Amba's right-hand man
*Rocky Verma as Contract Killer
*[[Reema Vohra]] as Vaidehi Singh: Devilal's daughter; Siya's sister (2009–2010)
*Shahab Khan as Dr. Devilal "Devi" Singh: Sia and Vaidehi's father; Diya and Jahnvi's grandfather (2009–2010)
*Suraj Jadhav as lead pehelwan
*[[Aabhaas Mehta]]
*Shweta Dadhich as Sunita (Dead)
*[[Darshan Kumar]] as constable Chandiram
*[[Nehalaxmi Iyer]] as Gunja
*[[Mahhi Vij]] as Nakusha

==Reception==
In week of 17 October 2009, It occupied top position with 7 TVR.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/z2ptVGehWdqyJWlLEmp3AM/Bigg-Boss8217-consistency-helps-Colors-hold-on-to-top-spo.html|last=Mehra|first=Priyanka|title=NAIDL 2009 TRP|work=mint |date=23 October 2009|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>

In week of 23 January 2010, It garnered highest weekly of 7.70 TVR.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/laado-reaches-top-completes-200-episodes-makers-cast-rejoice|title=NAIDL 2010 TRP|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>

==Broadcast==
Na Aana Is Des Laado was dubbed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''கருத்தம்மா'' and broadcast on [[Raj TV]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/raj-tv-karuthamma-serial-will-touch-500-episodes-187848.html|title=காதலும், கல்யாணமும் நிறைவேறுமா? கருத்தம்மா பதில் சொல்வாள்!|last=Akilan|first=Mayura|website=tamilfilmibeat.com.com|lang=ta|date=21 November 2013|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref> and also in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Naadi Adajanme'' in [[MAA TV|Maa TV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Telugu/tv-serials/naadi-aadajanme|title=Telugu Tv Serial Naadi Aadajanme|website=nettv4u.com|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> The show started in [[Serbia]] on [[RTV Pink]] with the name ''Neželjene'' on 17 December 2012 but was not finished.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=dpyaF7Hwxw8|title=Neželjene - Promo (Pink BH)|website=[[YouTube]]|date=27 February 2013 |access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> It also aired on [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]] and [[Rishtey (TV channel)|Rishtey]].

{{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} on [[OBN (TV channel)|OBN TV]] at 2014 as Neželjene.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:2009 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Haryana]]

Periyar and social reform

2025-10-17T12:06:49Z

Estella97P: done

{{Short description|Indian social reformer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
[[File:PeriyarEVRStamp.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[Periyar]]]]
'''[[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]]'''<ref>[http://www.periyar.org/html/ap_bios_eng1.asp A biographical sketch] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050710000455/http://www.periyar.org/html/ap_bios_eng1.asp |date=2005-07-10 }}</ref> (17 September 1879 – 24 December 1973), also known as '''Ramaswami''', '''EVR''', '''Thanthai Periyar''', or '''Periyar''', was a [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] [[social reformer]] and politician from [[India]], who founded the [[Self-Respect Movement]] and [[Dravidar Kazhagam]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Political Ideas in Modern India: thematic explorations |author1=Thomas Pantham |author2=Vrajendra Raj Mehta |author3=Vrjendra Raj Mehta |year= 2006|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=0761934200|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KJejtAaonsEC&dq=%22Self-respect+movement%22&pg=PA48}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Political Theory and Political Thought |author= N.D. Arora/S.S. Awasthy|year= 2007|isbn=978-8124111642|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=szBpnYfmH0cC&dq=%22Self-respect+movement%22&pg=PA425}}</ref><ref name="Thakurta-1">Thakurta, Paranjoy Guha and Shankar Raghuraman (2004) ''A Time of Coalitions: Divided We Stand'', Sage Publications. New Delhi, p. 230.</ref> He wanted thinking people to realize that their society was far from perfect and that it is in urgent need of reform. Periyar wanted the Government, the political parties and social workers to identify the evils in society and boldly adopt measures to remove them.<ref name="Gopalakrishnan-12">Gopalakrishnan, ''Periyar: Father of the Tamil race'', p. 66.</ref>

==Philosophy==
{{Periyar}}
[[Periyarism|Periyar's philosophy]] did not differentiate social and political service.<ref name="Saraswathi-2.1">Saraswathi. ''Towards Self-Respect'', pp. 164 & 165.</ref> According to him, the first duty of a government is to run the social organization efficiently, and that the philosophy of religion was to organize the social system. Conditions appeared to him such that the government was not for the people, but, in a "topsy-turvey" manner, the people were for the government. He attributed this situation to the state of the [[social system]] contrived for the advantage of a small group of people.<ref name="Saraswathi-2.1"/>

Therefore, Periyar was of the view that for the progress of the people in the country, great social changes were necessary and a good government could be formed only after making those changes. He thought that under the existing social system, there was and there could be no means of removing the hardships of the people even to a small extent, regardless of who came to power.<ref name="Saraswathi-2.1"/>
In his real life he was a victim of caste discrimination.{{fact|date=July 2020}}

==Rural Upliftment==

One of the areas of focus was in the upliftment of villages. In a booklet called ''Village Uplift'', Periyar plead for rural reform. It should be stressed in this context that rural India still forms the largest part of the Indian subcontinent in spite of the ongoing process of [[urbanization]]. Thus, the distinction between rural and urban has meant an economic and social degradation for the rural inhabitant. Periyar wanted to eradicate the concept of "village" as a discrimination word among places just as the concept outcast among [[social groups]]. Periyar advocated for a location where neither the name nor the situation or its conditions imply differences among people.<ref name="Diehl-3.1">Diehl, ''E.V. Ramasamy Naiker-Siriyar'', p. 68.</ref>

With the same aim in view, Periyar wanted farm laborers to be called "partakers in agriculture" and be paid 60 percent<ref name="Saraswathi-2.4">Saraswathi. ''Towards Self-Respect'', p. 192.</ref> of the income, while 40 percent<ref name="Saraswathi-2.4"/> would go to the landowner. In his booklet on rural uplift of 1944,<ref name="Saraswathi-2.4"/> Periyar gave an action program for modernizing villages which mentioned: [[mechanization]] of agriculture, that is, ploughing, sowing, digging wells, and harvesting by machines; reformulation of agricultural land to facilitate mechanization and separation of land unsuitable for this for growing other crops; marketing of agricultural products, through farmers' cooperative so that the proceeds would go to the agriculturists; combining villages as a small town for provision of a school, hospital, park, cinema, drama, reading room, library, radio station, roads, bus transport, police station, an educated judge, and shops; organizing mobile [[art exhibition|exhibitions]]; establishing [[appeals court]]s and providing for field camp of officers for redressal of grievances; and establishing small industries.<ref name="Diehl-3.1"/><ref name="Saraswathi-2.4a">Saraswathi. ''Towards Self-Respect'', p. 193.</ref>

Periyar and the ''Self-Respect Movement'' wanted to reduce Government salaries because they spoiled men's purity. He explained that they want industries producing things necessary for public welfare to be state-owned.<ref name="Diehl-3.3">Diehl, ''E.V. Ramasamy Naiker-Periyar'', pp. 68 & 69.</ref> Furthermore, cooperative societies should be introduced to remove the [[brokers]] and [[moneylenders]] that come between farmers and consumers. Farmers must be helped to get rid of their debts. [[Litigation]] and conflicts on account of rules should be reduced and death taxes fixed. Periyar also believed that local boards, municipalities, and cooperative managements must be given more power.<ref name="Diehl-3.1a">Diehl, ''E.V. Ramasamy Naiker-Periyar'', p. 69.</ref>

In his rural uplift, he puts every stress on education as the sure way to rational thinking and action which would lead to the abolishment of injustices in society, economic as well as social.<ref name="Veeramani-1.4">Veeramani, ''Collected Works of Periyar'', p. 26.</ref> Periyar came up with a fourteen-point program which were as follows: "the landless agriculturists should be safeguarded from [[Exploitation of labor|exploitation]] by [[landlords]] and money lenders, where the government should do everything to see that agricultural workers are not deprived of their scroll land holdings for defaulting payment of rent; co-operative societies and banks should be formed to save the farmers from the exorbitant rate of interest collected by pawnbrokers and money lenders; to reduce the number of cases arising out of the dispute of the ownership of land the Government should itself possess all clear land documents; the laws pertaining to agriculture should be so framed that the actual agricultural laborers get reasonable returns for their labor, and to prevent landlords and middle-men from cornering away the bulk of the agricultural products; like railways, post and telegraphs, waterways and electricity which are now under the control of Government, the other public utilities and services should be taken over by the Government; insurance schemes should be undertaken by the Government itself and to be extended to workers as in the case of other people; legislation should be so framed as to increase the income of public as well as the workers with a view to upgrade their standard of living under income ratio; children should be given facilities for education within the target period;<ref name="Veeramani-1.5">Veeramani, ''Collected Works of Periyar'', p. 28.</ref> considering the baneful influence of [[Palm toddy|toddy]] and other kinds of [[alcohol (drug)|drink]], the government should work towards total [[prohibition]] before a specified period of time; the evils of untouchability, discrimination based on birth, superstition and blind belief should be done away with; State Government appointments should be apportioned according to the percentage of population of people and political aspirations; land tax should be levied progressively taxing the rich more and leaving the poor from the rigorous clutches of tax; opportunities to get revenue in the case of local bodies and co-operatives should be enlarged and the management should be vested with the Government servants; and the [[motto]] of the public administration should aim at efficiency and a good administration with reasonable expenditure.<ref name="Veeramani-1.5"/>

Periyar sent a copy of these resolutions to the government and political parties, including the Congress. The Congress ignored these resolutions because they had come from Periyar and his party. But the ''Justice Party'' accepted the resolutions and assured Periyar that it would implement those resolutions, when administrative power came into its hands. The acceptance of the [[Resolution (law)|resolutions]] by the ''Justice Party'' was indeed a victory for Periyar's ''Self-Respect Movement''.<ref name="Veeramani-1.5"/>

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dravidian movement]]
[[Category:Social history of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]]

Shrimadh Bhagvad Gita Rahasya

2025-10-03T09:19:29Z

Estella97P: slightly fixed formatting to improve readability additionally and fixed typos per standard format

#REDIRECT [[Shrimad Bhagavad Gita Rahasya]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Macrobrochis splendens

2025-09-28T09:45:25Z

Estella97P: Starting Some Post W/ Refs

{{Short description|Species of moth}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Macrobrochis splendens male type specimen.png
| image_caption = Male specimen ([[lectotype]])
| image2 = Macrobrochis splendens female specimen.png
| image2_caption = Female specimen
| taxon = Macrobrochis splendens
| authority = ([[Arthur Gardiner Butler|Butler]], 1877)
| synonyms =
*''Crambomorpha splendens'' Butler, 1877
*''Paraona splendens'' (Butler, 1877)
}}

'''''Macrobrochis splendens'''''<ref name="Volynkin, 2024"/><ref name="Moths of India"/> or '''''Paraona splendens'''''<ref name="Global Lepidoptera Index"/><ref name=Savela/> is a [[moth]] of the family [[Erebidae]]. It was described by [[Arthur Gardiner Butler]] in 1877.<ref name="Volynkin, 2024"/><ref name="Moths of India"/><ref name="Global Lepidoptera Index"/><ref name=Savela/> It is found in West and South [[India]]. The length of the forewing in males is {{cvt|19.0–25.5|mm}} and {{cvt|23.0–27.5|mm}} so the size is quite variable.<ref name="Volynkin, 2024"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Global Lepidoptera Index">{{cite web |url=https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/55434/taxon/455075 |title=''Paraona splendens'' (Butler, 1877) |work=Global Lepidoptera Index 1.1.25.254 |date=11 September 2025 |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="Moths of India">{{cite web |editor1=Sondhi, S. |display-authors=etal |url=https://www.mothsofindia.org/node/209650 | title=''Macrobrochis splendens'' |website=Moths of India, v. 4.1 |year=2025 |publisher=Indian Foundation for Butterflies Trust | access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref>

<ref name=Savela>{{cite web |last=Savela |first=Markku |title=''Paraona'' Moore, 1878 |work=Lepidoptera and some other life forms |url=https://nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/noctuoidea/arctiidae/lithosiinae/paraona |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="Volynkin, 2024">{{Cite journal |last=Volynkin |first=Anton V. |date=2 June 2024 |title=On the taxonomy of the Oriental genus ''Paraona'' Moore with descriptions of a new genus, a new species, and introduction of new synonymies (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini) |url=https://www.biotaxa.org/em/article/view/85713 |journal=Ecologica Montenegrina |volume=73 |pages=408–420 |doi=10.37828/em.2024.73.26 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q135177158 |from2=Q13532338}}

[[Category:Lithosiina]]
[[Category:Erebid moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Arthur Gardiner Butler]]

{{Lithosiina-stub}}

Avtar Saini

2025-08-28T19:25:30Z

Estella97P: Article enhanced with better details

{{Short description|Indian microprocessor designer (died 2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
[[File:Avtar Saini.jpg|thumb|Saini in 2022]]
'''Avtar Saini''' (1956<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=Who was Avtar Saini, ex-Intel India head, killed after being hit by cab in Navi Mumbai? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-was-avtar-saini-ex-intel-india-head-killed-after-being-hit-by-cab-in-navi-mumbai-101709191852368.html |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>-28 February 2024) was an Indian microprocessor designer and developer who held patents related to microprocessor design. He was also a director for [[Intel]]'s South Asia division.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-today.com/ctoday/19991101/guest.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719035534/http://www.india-today.com/ctoday/19991101/guest.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 July 2008|title=Computers Today, November 1-15, 1999 Chief Guest|accessdate=24 February 2017}}</ref><ref>Intel Is Going Strong With Its Price Points Advantage Through Celeron’, Financial Express, 15 November 2002 [http://www.financialexpress.com/news/intel-is-going-strong-with-its-price-points-advantage-through-celeron/64087/]</ref> He was best known for his leadership role in the design and development of [[Pentium]] processor at [[Intel]].

== Career and achievements ==
Saini held a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from [[VJTI]], Mumbai, and a master's degree in electrical engineering from the [[University of Minnesota]].

In April 1982, he joined Intel as a product engineer in the area of magnetic bubble memories. Through the 1980s he worked as a circuit designer on the Intel [[80386]] and a micro-architect/logic designer on the [[80486]].

In 1989, he was promoted to co-lead the Pentium processor design team where he managed the design and its ramp into volume production. During the development of this processor, he was as the Logic Designer.<ref>Ivey, Mark, "Building the Pentium Processor" Intel Corporation, Solutions, May/June 1993, page 4</ref> In 1994, Saini was promoted to general manager of Intel's Santa Clara microprocessor division, where he managed Intel's next-generation 64-bit architecture microprocessor.

In May 1996, he moved to Folsom, California to head Intel's platform components division, where he was responsible for chipset and graphics solutions.

In September 1999, Saini relocated to India as Intel's director of South Asia. He left Intel in January 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=145056|publisher=business-standard.com|title=Avtar Saini quits Intel &#124; Business Standard News|accessdate=24 February 2017}}</ref>

Saini held seven patents related to microprocessor design.<ref name="design-reuse">{{cite web|url=http://www.design-reuse.com/news/12021/avtar-saini-einfochips-board.html|publisher=design-reuse.com|title=Avtar Saini joins eInfochips board, Design and Reuse |accessdate=24 February 2017}}</ref>

== Death ==
Saini died on 28 February 2024 when a taxi hit him from behind while he was cycling in [[Navi Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newsband |title=Renowned Microprocessor Engineer Avtar Saini dies in a road accident on Palm Beach Road |url=https://www.newsband.in/article_detail/Renowned%20Microprocessor%20Engineer%20Avtar%20Saini%20dies%20in%20a%20road%20accident%20on%20Palm%20Beach%20Road |access-date=28 February 2024 |website=www.newsband.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 February 2024 |title=Ex-Intel India head Avtar Saini hit by cab while cycling in Navi Mumbai, dies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/navi-mumbai/former-intel-india-head-avtar-saini-dies-after-being-hit-by-speeding-cab-while-cycling/articleshow/108084329.cms |access-date=1 March 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saini, Avtar}}
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:American people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:People from Folsom, California]]
[[Category:Cycling road incident deaths]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in India]]

{{India-scientist-stub|honor=posthumous}}
[[Category:1956 births]]

Avtar Saini

2025-08-28T19:25:30Z

Estella97P: Article enhanced with better details

EXL Service

2025-08-02T02:57:24Z

Estella97P: expanded content

{{Short description|American multinational professional services}}
{{Advert|date=May 2022}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = ExlService Holdings, Inc.
| logo = EXL Service logo.svg
|logo_size=150px
| logo_caption =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NASDAQ|EXLS}}|[[List of S&P 400 companies|S&P 400]] component}}
| predecessor =
| successor =
| founders = {{ubl|[[Vikram Talwar]]|Rohit Kapoor}}
| defunct =
| fate =
| area_serve =
| key_people = Rohit Kapoor ([[chairman]] and [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]])
| genre =
| products =
| services = Data analytics and digital operations and solutions company
| revenue = {{increase}} {{US$|1.630.7 billion|link=yes}} (2023)
| owner =
| num_employees = 54,000+
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| caption =
| founded = {{Start date and age|1999|04}}
| location_city = [[New York City]]
| location_country = U.S.
| locations =
| website = {{url|www.exlservice.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Exlservice Holdings, Inc.''' is a global analytics and digital solutions{{what|date=August 2023}} company serving industries including insurance, healthcare, banking and financial services, media, retail, and others.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/special-report/2004/11/13/the-place-to-be|title=The place to be|date=11 November 2004|work=[[Econ. (London)|The Economist]]|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The company is headquartered in [[New York City|New York]] and has more than 54,000 professionals in locations throughout the United States, Europe, Asia, Latin America, Australia and South Africa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nearshoreamericas.com/exl-teams-carvajal-expands-latin-america/|title=EXL Teams up With Carvajal and Expands into Latin America|last=Ammachchi|first=Narayan|date=4 August 2014|work=Nearshore Americas|access-date=2017-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Winkler2009">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ddYh0x-0vAC&pg=PA131|title=Services Offshoring and Its Impact on the Labor Market: Theoretical Insights, Empirical Evidence, and Economic Policy Recommendations for Germany|first=Deborah|publisher=Physica-Verlag (Springer)|year=2009|isbn=978-3-7908-2198-7|location=Stuttgart, Germany|page=131|oclc=310400925|via=Google Books|author=Winkler}}</ref>

EXL was co-founded in 1999 by [[Vikram Talwar]] and Rohit Kapoor.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2013/12/18/597932/10061954/en/Vikram-Talwar-to-Retire-From-EXL-Board-of-Directors.html|title=Vikram Talwar to Retire From EXL Board of Directors|date=18 December 2013|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Leadership ==
After formation in 1999, Vikram Talwar served as [[chief executive officer|chief executive officer (CEO)]] and [[vice-chairman]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s66itSscKm0C|title=Plunkett's Outsourcing & Offshoring Industry Almanac 2008|publisher=Plunkett Research, Ltd.|year=2007|isbn=9781593920883|editor-last=Plunkett|editor-first=Jack W.|location=Houston, Texas|at=EXL Service Holdings Inc|oclc=953538961|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Currently, Rohit Kapoor serves as the company's Chairman and CEO.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/exl-services-eyeing-us-healthcare-acquisitions/articleshow/23478816.cms|title=EXL services eyeing US healthcare acquisitions|last=Shivapriya|first=N|date=4 October 2013|work=[[Econ. Times|The Economic Times]]|access-date=2017-01-01}}</ref> Previously, Kapoor had held the position of vice chairman and [[President (corporate title)|president]] in the company.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/exl-service-acquires-kpo-firm-inductis-106071001020_1.html|title=EXL Service acquires KPO firm Inductis|last=Agarwal|first=Sapna|date=10 July 2006|work=[[Bus. Stand.|Business Standard]]|access-date=2017-01-01}}</ref>

== Acquisitions ==
In August 2001, [[Conseco]] acquired EXL and operated it as a [[wholly owned subsidiary]]. In 2002, [[Oak Hill Capital Partners]] and FTVentures acquired the company from Conseco.<ref name=":1" /> The company's stock started trading on the [[NASDAQ]] exchange on October 20, 2006, under the symbol EXLS.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/outsourcing-firm-exl-service-rallies-in-debut|title=EXL Service rallies more than 20% in debut|last=Gelsi|first=Steve|date=20 October 2006|work=MarketWatch|department=IPO Report|access-date=2017-01-01}}</ref>

Shortly before EXL's debut on NASDAQ, it started down the path of growth through acquisitions with the purchase of the peer company Inductis.<ref name=":4" /> This acquisition was aimed at diversifying the revenue stream for EXL; prior to acquisition, 90% of EXL's revenues were from business process outsourcing (BPO), while after, BPO accounted for 70% with the balance in research and analytics and advisory services.<ref name=":4" />

In 2011, EXL expanded their delivery footprint in Eastern Europe and South East Asia through acquisition of [[Outsource Partners International|OPI]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.everestgrp.com/2011-05-exl-service-acquires-opi-the-hunted-becoming-the-hunters-sherpas-in-blue-shirts-4754.html/|title=EXL Service Acquires OPI|last=Menon|first=Abhishek|date=3 May 2011|publisher=Everest Group|access-date=2017-01-01}}</ref>

In 2013, in reaction to the establishment of the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act|Affordable Care Act]] and its mandate that all Americans acquire health insurance, EXL was reported to have planned a major run of acquisitions in the United States [[healthcare industry]].<ref name=":0" /> At the time of this report in 2013, EXL drew roughly 10% of its revenues from the healthcare industry.<ref name=":0" />

In 2014, EXL expanded into Latin America through a strategic joint venture with CT&S through which EXL's technology experience would be combined with CT&S's local knowledge and brand image.<ref name=":2" /> This joint venture also supported the growing customer base of EXL for Spanish-language services.<ref name=":2" />

In 2018, EXL acquired SCIOInspire Holdings, expanding its healthcare analytics capabilities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=StackPath |url=https://www.hcinnovationgroup.com/population-health-management/news/13030493/exl-finalizes-acquisition-of-scio-analytics |access-date=2022-04-11 |website=www.hcinnovationgroup.com|date=3 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EXL buys SCIOInspire to bulk up on healthcare analytics market |url=https://www.healthdatamanagement.com/articles/exl-buys-scioinspire-to-bulk-up-on-healthcare-analytics-market |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=Health Data Management}}</ref>

In 2021, EXL acquired Clairvoyant, adding scale in data, AI, and cloud engineering.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-22 |title=EXL Adds Scale In Data, AI, And Cloud Engineering By Acquiring Clairvoyant |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/exl-adds-scale-in-data-ai-and-cloud-engineering-by-acquiring-clairvoyant/ |access-date=2022-04-11 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Clairvoyant broadens EXL’s data engineering and cloud capabilities |url=https://www.hfsresearch.com/research/clairvoyant-broadens-exls-data-engineering-and-cloud-capabilities/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=HFS Research |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Fact sheet ==

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Revenue
{{Small|(million $)}}
!Employees
|-
|2003
|9 (est)<ref name=":1" />
|
|-
|2005
|27.7<ref name=":1" />
|
|-
|2006
|
|5,500<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dqindia.com/rank-13-exl-service-growth-gaps/|title=Rank 13 – EXL Service: Growth Gaps|last=DQI Bureau|date=20 November 2006|publisher=Dataquest|access-date=2017-01-01}}</ref>
|-
|2007
|
|8,200<ref name=":5" />
|-
|2012
|443<ref name=":0" />
|20,000
|-
|2014
|525
|
|-
|2015
|628.5<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exlservice.com/exl-reports-2015-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-results/|title=EXL Reports 2015 Fourth Quarter and Full Year Results|date=23 February 2016|publisher=exlservice|access-date=2017-01-01}}</ref>
|
|-
|2016
|686.0<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exlservice.com/exl-reports-2016-fourth-quarter-full-year-results/|title=EXL Reports 2016 Fourth Quarter and Full Year Results|date=28 February 2017|publisher=exlservice|access-date=2017-01-01}}</ref>
|25,000
|-
|2017
|762.3<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ir.exlservice.com/news-releases/news-release-details/exl-reports-2017-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-results|title=EXL Reports 2017 Fourth Quarter and Full Year Results|date=27 February 2018|publisher=exlservice|access-date=2017-01-01}}</ref>
|28,000
|-
|2018
|883.1<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exlservice.com/News/exl-reports-2018-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-results|title=EXL Reports 2018 Fourth Quarter and Full Year Results|date=28 February 2019|publisher=exlservice|access-date=2017-01-01}}</ref>
|>29,000
|-
|2019
|991.3<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exlservice.com/News/exl-reports-2019-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-results|title=EXL Reports 2019 Fourth Quarter and Full Year Results|date=27 February 2020|publisher=exlservice|access-date=2017-01-01}}</ref>
|>31,000
|-
|2021
|1,120.0<ref>{{Cite web |title=EXL Reports 2021 Fourth Quarter, Issues 2022 Guidance and Updates Its Medium Term Financial Targets {{!}} EXL. |url=https://ir.exlservice.com/news-releases/news-release-details/exl-reports-2021-fourth-quarter-issues-2022-guidance-and-updates |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=ir.exlservice.com |language=en}}</ref>
|>37,000
|-
|2022
|1,412
|>45,000
|-
|2023
|1,631
|>54,000
|}

===Acquisition history===
{{More citations needed|section| date = April 2009}}
'''2021'''

EXL acquired Clairvoyant, a global data, AI, and cloud services firm, on December 20, 2021. Clairvoyant specializes in data engineering and cloud enablement, further supporting EXL's clients in insurance, healthcare, banking and financial services, and retail.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-22 |title=EXL Adds Scale In Data, AI, And Cloud Engineering By Acquiring Clairvoyant |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/exl-adds-scale-in-data-ai-and-cloud-engineering-by-acquiring-clairvoyant/ |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

'''2018'''

EXL acquired SCIOInspire Holdings, a healthcare analytics company on July 2, 2018. The company, known as SCIO Health Analytics, specializes in healthcare data and analytics, with a focus on payment integrity and fraud, waste, and abuse.<ref>{{Cite web |title=StackPath |url=https://www.hcinnovationgroup.com/population-health-management/news/13030493/exl-finalizes-acquisition-of-scio-analytics |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=www.hcinnovationgroup.com|date=3 July 2018 }}</ref>

==== 2015 ====
EXL acquired RPM Direct LLC and RPM Data Solutions, LLC (collectively, "RPM") on 23 March 2015. RPM specializes in analyzing large consumer-data sets to segment populations, predict response rates, forecast customer lifetime value, design and execute targeted, multi-channel marketing campaigns, especially in areas of healthcare and insurance.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-02-26/news/59541655_1_46-6-crore-163-5-crore-exl-service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329135254/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-02-26/news/59541655_1_46-6-crore-163-5-crore-exl-service|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 March 2015|title=EXL service to buy analytics company RPM Direct for Rs 460 crore|last=|date=26 February 2015|work=[[Econ. Times|The Economic Times]]|access-date=2015-09-01}}</ref> The purchase was made in $47 million cash plus contingent cash consideration of up to $23 million and about 122,131 shares of restricted stock.<ref name="ExlService Holdings, Inc.">{{cite press release|title=EXL Completes Acquisition of Analytics Firm RPM Direct|date=23 March 2015|publisher=EXL|url=http://ir.exlservice.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=902764|access-date=2015-09-01}}</ref>

==== 2014 ====
In July, EXL purchased the business process consultancy Blue Slate Solutions, which specialized in "optimizing business processes in the Healthcare industry".<ref name=":2" />

In August, EXL acquired a [[majority stake]] (51%) in the business process outsourcing unit of Carvajal Technologia y Servicios (CT&S), thereby establishing a joint-venture between the two companies which would directly provide services to clients in Latin America as well as oversee global delivery of EXL's Spanish-language services.<ref name=":2" />

==== 2012 ====
In October, EXL acquired Landacorp, a provider of healthcare technology.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Exl Acquires Landacorp To Provide A Comprehensive Suite Of Operations, Analytics And Technology Solutions For The Healthcare Industry|date=15 October 2012|publisher=Landacorp|url=http://www.landacorp.com/news-and-events/press-releases/2012/exl-acquires-landacorp-to-provide-a-comprehensive-suite-of-operations-analytics-and-technology-solutions-for-the-healthcare-industry|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309205154/http://www.landacorp.com/news-and-events/press-releases/2012/exl-acquires-landacorp-to-provide-a-comprehensive-suite-of-operations-analytics-and-technology-solutions-for-the-healthcare-industry|archive-date=2013-03-09|access-date=2012-10-19|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== 2011 ====
In May, EXL had entered into a definitive agreement to acquire [[Outsource Partners International]] for US$90 million,<ref name=":0" /> one of the last standing [[pure play]] [[Accounting outsourcing|Finance & Accounting Outsourcing]] (FAO) service providers.<ref name=":3" /> Despite the reduction in pure play FAO service providers, at the time there were over 20 companies providing FAO services as part of their portfolio.<ref name=":3" />

==== 2010 and before ====
In July 2006, EXL acquired Inductis for $20 million.<ref name=":4" /> Inductis and EXL both had expertise and services in the same areas, were similarly structured, and were headquartered in the United States with services delivered primarily out of India.<ref name=":4" />

==Locations==

EXL has offices US, UK (London), Dublin, Ireland, India, Philippines, Czech Republic, Romania, Bulgaria, Colombia, Australia, Ireland and South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exlservice.com/locations|title=Locations|last=|date=|publisher=EXL}}</ref>

== Competition ==

Around 2006, EXL's primary competitors were [[Genpact]], [[IBM]] and [[Accenture]].<ref name=":4" />

{{As of|2013}}, EXL was one of the three companies offering business process outsourcing services and listed on stock exchanges in the United States, the other two being [[Genpact]] and [[WNS Global Services]].<ref name=":0" /> WNS started trading in the United States in July 2006, three months before EXL joined the NASDAQ exchange.<ref name=":1" />

==See also==
* [[Outsourcing]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Finance links
| name = ExlService Holdings, Inc.
| symbol = EXLS
| reuters = EXLS.O
| bloomberg = EXLS:US
| sec_cik = 1297989
| yahoo = EXLS
| google = EXLS:NASDAQ
}}

{{S&P 400 companies}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Exl}}
[[Category:Technology companies established in 1999]]
[[Category:Publicly traded companies based in New York City]]
[[Category:Analytics companies]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Nasdaq]]
[[Category:2006 initial public offerings]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Companies in the S&P 400]]

Raadha (TV series)

2025-06-29T14:01:16Z

Estella97P:

{{Short description|Indian Bengali television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Raadha.png
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = 
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Comedy]] [[romantic comedy|Romance]]
| creator = [[Surinder Films]]
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer = Sayantani Bhattacharya Rupa Banerjee Priyanka Seth
| director = Rajat Paul Subhasish Mondal
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[Aemila Sadhukhan]] [[Ravi Shaw]] Rohit Mukherjee Dolly Basu [[Anindita Bose]]
| judges =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| voices =
| opentheme = ''Raadha'' by Madhuraa Bhattacharya
| endtheme =
| composer = Debjit Roy
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Surinder Singh [[Nispal Singh]]
| editor =
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| cinematography = Paritosh Singh
| camera =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = [[Surinder Films]]
| channel = [[Zee Bangla]]
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 385
| first_aired = {{start date|2016|10|31}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2017|12|8|df=y}}
| related = {{Plainlist|
* [[Esho Maa Lakshmi]]
* [[Rangiye Diye Jao]]
}}
}}

'''''Raadha''''' is a popular [[Bengali language|Bengali]] television [[Soap opera]] that premiered on October 31, 2016, and aired on [[Zee Bangla]]. It was produced by [[Surinder Films]] and starred Aemila Sadhukhan and Ravi Shaw in the lead roles, with Monalisa Paul as the main antagonist. The show used to telecast Monday to Friday at 10:30 p.m. It originally aired at 6:00 p.m. until it got a new timeslot at 10:30 p.m. because of ''[[Joyee]]'' replacing its old timeslot. The show went off air on 8 December 2017. It was replaced by [[Rangiye Diye Jao|''Rangiye Diye Jao'']].
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/romance-time-zee-bangla-s-radha-170529|title=Romance time Zee Bangla's Radha|website=Tellychakkar.com}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/actress-aemila-sadhukhan-gets-married-to-amit-burnwal-pb-550866.html|title= ঘোড়ায় চড়ে এল বর! বিয়ে করে ফেললেন 'রাধা' ওরফে টলি অভিনেত্রী এমিলা!|website= Bengali News18}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/krish-and-radha-finally-meet-each-other-zee-bangla-s-radha-171121|title=Krish and Radha to finally meet each other in Zee Bangla’s Radha?|website=Tellychakkar}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/radha-be-poisoned-zee-bangla-s-radha-170731|title=Radha to be poisoned in Zee Bangla’s Radha!|website=Tellychakkar}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Aemila Sadhukhan]] as Radharani Banerjee aka Raadha /Sonali Jaiswal<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/i-am-glad-play-over-weight-girl-radha-amila-sadhukhan-161112|title= I am glad play over weight girl Radha: Amila Sadhukhan|website=Tellychakkar.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actress-aemila-sadhukhan-gets-married-to-beau-amit-burnwal/articleshow/80362576.cms|title= Actress Aemila Sadhukhan gets married to beau Amit Burnwal|website= The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Ravi Shaw]] as Krishna Raj Banerjee aka Krish<ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/every-struggle-has-a-story-ravi-shaw/articleshow/63299250.cms|title='Every struggle has a story': Ravi Shaw|website= The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Rupsa Chatterjee]] as Zaara Basu
* Dolly Basu as Shobha Banerjee / Abha (Double Role): Krish & Kakon's mother, Shobha's sister (Krish and Kakon's aunt)
* [[Anindita Bose]] as Konkona/Kakon; Krish's sister
* [[Bodhisatwa Mazumdar]] as Subhendu Banerjee; Krish & Kakon's father
* Rohit Mukherjee as Dulal Bera; Raadha, Beena & Loksmhi's father, Monorama's husband
* [[Tanuka Chatterjee]] as Monoroma; Radha's stepmother & Beena-Lokkhi's mother, Dulal's second wife
* [[Shakuntala Barua]] as Krish's Grandmother
* Biplab Banerjee as Dibyendu Banerjee
* Abanti Dutta as Ramola Banerjee
* Jayashree Mukherjee Kaul as Shiuli Banerjee
* Nibedita Biswas / Soumi Chakraborty <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/soumi-play-negative-role-zee-banglas-radha-170826|title=Soumi to play negative role in Zee Bangla's Radha|website=Tellychakkar}}</ref> as Beena; Dulal's and Monorama's daughter, Lokkhi's elder sister, Radha's step and Younger Sister
* Sakshi Dona Saha as Lokkhi; Dulal and Monorama's second daughter, Beena's younger sister, Radha's step and younger sister.
* Sohan Bandopadhyay as Siddhartha; Zaara's father
* Anindita Saha Kapileshwari as Anamika; Zaara's mother
* [[Tathagata Mukherjee]] as Ronojoy Sanyal
* Kaushambi Chakraborty as Rupsha
* Monalisa Paul as Sunny
* Sonamana Arinsha as Muskaan

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/radha/0-6-281 Official Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raadha}}
[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]

Anandhi

2025-06-01T07:54:42Z

Estella97P: minor cleanup

{{wikt|sa:आनन्दी|hi:आनन्दी}}
'''Anandhi''' or '''Anandi''' is an Indian feminine given name. It may refer to:

* [[Anandhi (film)]], a 1965 Indian Tamil-language film released
* [[Anandi Gopal]], a 2019 Indian Marathi-language film about Anandi Gopal Joshi
* [[Anandi Art Creations]], an Indian film production company
* [[Chhoti Anandi]], an Indian animated TV series

== People with the given name ==

* [[Anandhi (actress)]] (born 9 December), an Indian actress
* [[Ananthi Sasitharan]] (born 1971), a Sri Lankan politician
* [[Anandi Gopal Joshi]] (1865-1887), an Indian female doctor
* [[Anandibai]], a Peshwa queen
* [[Anandiben Patel]] (born 1941), an Indian governor

==See also==
*[[Ananda (disambiguation)]]
*[[Anand (disambiguation)]]

{{Disambiguation}}

Nongkhlaw Assembly constituency

2025-02-27T12:08:56Z

Estella97P: adding...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Meghalaya legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nongkhlaw
| type= SLA
| state = Meghalaya
| established = 1972
| abolished = 1977<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 7,051
| mla = Hoover Hynniewta
| party = {{Party index link|Independent politician}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Nongkhlaw Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Meghalaya]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
| [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Hoover Hynniewta || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongkhlaw<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143519/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hoover Hynniewta |party=Independent politician |votes=1,077 |percentage=40.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Snomick Kalwing |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=1,047 |percentage=39.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Osca Awahlang |party=Independent politician |votes=504 |percentage=19.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=30 |percentage=1.14% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,628 |percentage=39.24% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,051 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

{{coord missing|Meghalaya}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
{{Meghalaya-geo-stub}}