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History of Jaisalmer

2026-04-29T07:06:18Z

EssieYates77210: Entry

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{cleanup|date=July 2024|reason=unsourced material and in need of copy editing; see [[Talk:Jaisalmer#Merging of History of Jaisalmer in Jaisalmer's History Section]]}}
{{Refimprove|date=May 2008}}
{| class="infobox" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="width:250px; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:95%;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="margin-left:inherit; background:pink; text-align:center; font-size:small;"|Princely State [[Jaisalmer]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2" |
[[File:Jaisalmer-1.jpg|250px]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''Location'''
| western [[Rajasthan]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''19th-century [[flag]]'''
| [[File:Jaisalmer Flag.svg|50px]]
|-
|'''[[Flag]] Colour'''
|[[Yellow]]''(Pila)'' and [[Saffron (color)|Saffron]] ''(Kesariya)'' colour with [[Umbrella]]''([[Chhatri]])'' in its centre
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''State established:'''
| 1156 AD
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''[[Language]]'''
| [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]], [[Hindi]], [[Sanskrit]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''[[Dynasty|Dynasties]]'''
| [[Bhati]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''Historical [[Capital (political)|capitals]]'''
|[[Lahore]], [[Lodhruva]], [[Jaisalmer]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"

|}

'''Jaisalmer state''' (also called '''Jaisalmer Region''') is a [[list of regions in India|region]] of Western [[Rajasthan]] state in western [[India]]. It lies in the southern part of the [[Thar Desert]].

The region includes the present-day [[Jaisalmer District]], some parts of Jodhpur, and [[Bikaner District]]. It is bounded on the north by [[Jangladesh]] region, on the east by [[Marwar]] region.

==Ancient Jaisalmer==

From 1st century to 6th century the present [[Jaisalmer]] region was under rule of Raika, who came from [[Kutch]] and established three ancient villages namely Brahmsar, Kodumba and [[Lodhruva|Laudrava]].
''Lodhruva was a capital of Raika.''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQM9voN21ekC&dq=sidhu+patiala+claim+descent+from+bhatti&pg=PA134|title=Origins and History of Jats and Other Allied Nomadic Tribes of India|page=134|author=Bakshish Singh Nijjar|year=2008|publisher=Atlantic Publishers|isbn=9788126909087}}</ref>

Between Raika and [[Bhati]] rules this region was ruled by local Sindhi tribes.<ref>Dr M Riyasat Husain 'Caste and clan in Northern and Central Punjab and some patterns of shift: An analysis' in ''Journal of South Asian Study'' Vol 2, No 8, 1992, Lahore, pp. 21–46</ref>

Bhati came from [[Bhatner]] and took control of this region. The [[Maharaja|Maharajas]] of [[Jaisalmer]] trace their lineage back to Jaitsimha, a ruler of a [[Bhati]] clan, through Deoraj, a famous prince of the [[Bhati|Yaduvanshi Bhati]] [[Rajput]] ruler during the 9th century. With him the title of "Rawal" commenced.
''"Rawal" means "of the Royal house".''<ref>{{cite book |last=Judge |title=Mapping social exclusion in India: Caste, Religion, and Borderlands |date=13 March 2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107056091 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bNJkAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA176}}</ref>

According to legend, Deoraj was to marry the daughter of a neighbouring chief. Deoraj's father and 800 of his family and followers were surprised and massacred at the wedding. Deoraj escaped with the aid of a Brahmin yogi who disguised the prince as a fellow Brahmin. When confronted by the rival chief's followers hunting for Deoraj, the Brahmin convinced them that the man with him was another Brahmin by eating from the same dish, something no Brahmin holy man would do with someone of another caste. Deoraj and his remaining clan members were able to recover from the loss of so many such that later he built the stronghold of [[Derawar]].<ref name="Beny & Matheson. Page 51">Beny & Matheson, p. 51.</ref>
Deoraj later captured [[Lodhruva|Laudrava]] (located about 15 km to the south-east of Jaisalmer) from another Rajput clan and made it his capital.<ref name="Beny & Matheson. Page 51"/>

The major opponents of the Bhati were the [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathor]] clans of [[Jodhpur]] and [[Bikaner]]. They used to fight battles for the possession of [[fort]]s and [[Depression (geology)|waterhole]]s as from early times the Jaisalmer region had been criss-crossed by camel caravan trade routes which connected northern India and central Asia with the ports of Gujarat on the Arabian Sea coast of India and hence on to [[Persia]] and Arabia and [[Egypt]]. Jaisalmer's location made it ideally located as a staging post and for imposing taxes on this trade.<ref name="Ganda_1990">{{cite book |author=Ganda Singh |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4ZHAAAAMAAJ |year=1990 |publisher=Punjabi University |pages=1–4 }}</ref>

==Bhati kingdom==

The [[Bhati]] rulers originally ruled parts of Afghanistan; their ancestor Rawal Gaj is believed to have founded the city of Gajni. According to James Tod, this city is present-day [[Ghazni]] in Afghanistan, while Cunningham identifies it as modern-day [[Rawalpindi]]. His descendant Rawal Salivahan is believed to have founded the city of [[Sialkot]] and made it his new capital. Salivahan defeated the [[Indo-Scythians]] in 78 CE at Kahror, assuming the title of Saka-ari (foe of the Sakas). Salivahan's grandson, [[Rao Bhatti|Rao Bhati]] conquered several neighbouring regions. It is from Rao Bhati that the Bhati clan derives its name.<ref name=":722">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kirpal |url=http://archive.org/details/BabaAlaSingh |title=Baba Ala Singh: Founder of Patiala Kingdom |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |year=2005 |edition=2nd |location=Amritsar |pages=113–120}}</ref>

[[File:Rawal Jaisal Singh, the founder and first ruler of the Kingdom of Jaisalmer.jpg|thumb|Rawal Jaisal founder of main Bhati kingdom]]

===Derawar fort===

[[Derawar fort]] was first built in the 9th century CE by Maharaja of [[Parmar (Rajput clan)|Parmar]] [[Rajput|Rajputs]], which was admired by ''Rai Jajja Bhutta'', a [[Hindus|Hindu]] Rajput ruler of the [[Bhutto (clan)|Bhutta]] clan,<ref name="Khaliq2017">{{cite web |last1=Khaliq |first1=Fazal |title=Derawar Fort: a 9th century human marvel on the verge of collapse |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1311657 |publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en |date=1 February 2017|quote=The Derawar Fort was first built in the 9th century under the kingship of Rai Jajja Bhutta, a Hindu Rajput from Jaisalmir in India's Rajasthan state.}}</ref> and supported Rawal Deoraj Bhati the king of [[Jaisalmer]] and residents of [[Bahawalpur]].<ref name="dawn">{{citation|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/638006/derawar-fort-living-to-tell-the-tale|title=Derawar Fort – Living to tell the tale|date=20 June 2011|publisher=Dawn}}</ref><ref name="DeraRawal">[https://www.dawn.com/news/1076549 Dawn News]</ref> The fort was initially known as ''Dera Rawal'', and later referred to as ''Dera Rawar'', which with the passage of time came to be pronounced ''Derawar'', its present name.<ref name="DeraRawal"/>

[[File:Derawar Fort, Bahawalpur I.jpg|thumb|Derawar Fort built by Bhati ruler Rai Jajja Bhati in
9th century]]

The state of Jaisalmer had its foundations in what remains of the Empire ruled by the Bhati dynasty. Early Bhati rulers ruled over large empire stretching from [[Ghazni]]<ref name="tod_197198">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.114834 |title=Rajasthan or the Central and Western Rajpoot States, Volume 2, page 197-198 |publisher=Higginbotham And Co. Madras|date=14 August 2018}}</ref> in modern-day Afghanistan to [[Sialkot]], [[Lahore]] and [[Rawalpindi]] in modern-day Pakistan<ref name="IGI">{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_278.gif |title=Imperial Gazetter of India, Volume 21, page 272 - Imperial Gazetteer of India - Digital South Asia Library |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |date=18 February 2013 |access-date=22 November 2013 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221359/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_278.gif |url-status=dead }}</ref> to [[Bhatinda]], [[Sri Muktsar Sahib district|Muktsar]] & [[Hanumangarh]] in Modern day India.<ref name="Bh_gov1">{{cite web |url=http://bathinda.nic.in/html/district_at_a_glance.html#N10024 |title=Bhatinda Government: District at A glance- Origin |publisher=Bhatinda Government |date=14 August 2018 |access-date=14 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110050936/http://bathinda.nic.in/html/district_at_a_glance.html#N10024 |archive-date=10 January 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The empire crumbled over time because of continuous invasions from the central Asia. According to Satish Chandra, the Hindu Shahis of Afghanistan made an alliance with the Bhati rulers of Multhan, because they wanted to end the slave raids made by the Turkic ruler of Ghazni, however the alliance was defeated by Alp Tigin in 977 CE.<ref>Medieval India 1206-1526 part one, pg.17 by Satish Chandra</ref> Bhati dominions continued to be shifted towards the South as they ruled Multan, then finally got pushed into Cholistan and Jaisalmer where Rawal Devaraja built [[Derawar Fort|Dera Rawal / Derawar]].<ref name="RajGz">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.71381 |title=Provincial Gazetteers Of India: Rajputana |publisher=Government of India |date=14 August 2018}}</ref> Jaisalmer was the new capital founded in 1156 by [[Rawal Jaisal|Maharawal Jaisal Singh]] and the state took its name from the capital. On 11 December 1818 Jaisalmer became a [[British protectorate]] in the [[Rajputana Agency]].<ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html Princely States of India]</ref><ref name="RajGz" />

[[File:Bada-bagh.jpg|thumb|500px|[[Bada Bagh]] panorama]]

=== History ===
{{See also| Bhati | Jaisalmer| Rawal (title)}}

In the 12th century, [[Rawal Jaisal]] the eldest son of the Rawal of Deoraj was passed over in favour of a younger half-brother for the throne of [[Lodhruva|Laudrava]].<ref Name="Balfour">{{cite book
| last =Balfour
| first =Edward
| title =The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia
| publisher =B. Quaritch
| year =1885
| location =Original from Oxford University
| page =406
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=3U0OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA406
}}</ref>

While checking out [[Trikuta]] a massive triangular rock rising more than 75 metres out of the surrounding sands as a more secure location for a new capital, [[Rawal Jaisal]] meet a sage called Eesul, who was staying on the rock. Upon learning that Jaisal was of yadhuvanshi descent, Eesul told him that according to ancient mythology [[Krishna]] and [[Bhima]] had come to this location for a ceremony, where Krishna had prophesied that a descendant of yadhuvanshi clan would one day establish a kingdom here Eesul showed him a spring which Krishna had created and his prophecy craved into a rock. Encouraged by this meeting Rawal decided to move his capital to this location despite Eesul predicting that it would be sacked two and a half times.<ref name="Crump and Toh. Page 208">Crump and Toh, p. 208.</ref>

In 1156, Rawal Jaisal established his new capital in the form of a mud fort and named it Jaisalmer after himself.
According to most historians, the [[Sikh]] Jats of [[Majha]] and Malwa Doab's and the rulers of [[Bhatti Rajputs of Kapurthala|Kapurthala state]] in Doaba in [[Punjab]] trace their direct lineage to [[Jaisalmer]] royal families over the centuries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ibbetson |first1=Sir Denzil |title=Panjab Castes |date=2018 |publisher=Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018 |location=Yorkshire |isbn=9780342747382 |pages=186–190}}</ref>

The first ''[[Jauhar]]'' of Jaisalmer occurred in 1294, during the reign of Turkic ruler of Delhi, [[Alauddin Khalji]]. It was provoked by Bhatis' raid on a massive treasure caravan being transported on 3000 horses and mules.<ref name="Crump and Toh. Page 208"/><ref>Beny & Matheson, p. 147.</ref>
Alauddin Khalji was so outraged that his army marched upon Jaisalmer. Rawal Jethsi sent the children, elderly and sick, together with some troops to refuge in the desert and applied a scorched earth policy to the countryside surrounding Jaisalmer while building up a massive store of food within the fort. According to local ballads, the Bhatis defended the fort for 8 years during which the forces left outside of the walls occupied themselves attacking the supply lines of the besiegers. During the siege Rawal Jethsi died and was succeeded by his son Mulraj II. By 1294 the besiegers had received sufficient reinforcements that they were able to impose a complete blockade of the fort which soon exhausted the Bhati's ammunition and food. The Bhatis, facing certain defeat, decided there was no alternative but to perform the rite of [[Jauhar]]. 24,000 women committed suicide, most on a funeral pyre though some were killed by the swords of their male relations when the pyre proved too small. The men 3,800, in number then threw open the gates of the fort and advanced to their death.<ref name="Beny & Matheson. Page 149">Beny & Matheson, p. 149.</ref>

In the late 14th century, [[Firuz Shah Tughluq]], a Turkic ruler of Delhi, also besieged Jaisalmer after a prince of Jaisalmer raided his camp at [[Anasagar]] Lake near [[Ajmer]] and carried away his prize steed. The siege led to the second [[jauhar]] of the prophecy, the suicide of 16,000 women and the death of Rawal Dudu and his son Tilaski together with 1,700 warriors.<ref name="Beny & Matheson. Page 149"/>

The "half jauhar" of the prophecy occurred in the 16th century when Amir Ali, an Afghan chieftain obtained Rawal Lunakaran's permission to let his wives visit the queens of Jaisalmer. Instead of a retinue of palanquins containing women they were full of armed warriors, which took the guards of the fort by surprise. When it seemed to the Rawal that he was fighting a losing battle he slaughtered his womenfolk with his own hands as there was insufficient time to arrange a funeral pyre.<ref name="Crump and Toh. Page 208"/>

==British Raj==
{{Main|Jaisalmer State}}
[[File:Jaisalmer Flag.svg|thumb|right|Flag of the princely state of Jaisalmer]]
In 1818, the Rawals of Jaisalmer signed a treaty with the British, and
was guaranteed the royal succession. Jaisalmer was one of the last rajput states to sign a treaty with the British, in whose documents the state was variously recorded under the spelling Jayulmir, Jessulmer, Jessumere. Jaisalmer was forced to invoke the provisions of the treaty and call on the services of the British in 1829 to avert a war with Bikaner and 10 years later in 1839 for the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]].<ref name="Martinelli and Michell, p. 239">Martinelli and Michell, p. 239.</ref>

On a clandestine mapping mission, great game maestro [[Alexander Burnes]] was one of the first Europeans to visit the royal castle, arriving on 8 January 1830. He described the fortress as 'commanding and magnificent' and found the Rawal Gaj Singh to be affable, most dignified if plainly dressed, rather stout but intelligent.<ref>p44-45 ''Sikunder Burnes'' by [[Craig Murray]]</ref>

During the [[British Raj]], Jaisalmer was the seat of a [[princely state]] of the same name, and was entitled to a 15 gun salute.
As traditionally, the main source of income for the kingdom was levies on [[Caravan (travellers)|caravan]]s . The economy was heavily affected when [[Bombay]] emerged as a major port and sea trade replaced the traditional land routes. Maharawals Ranjit Singh and Bairi Sal Singh attempted to turn around the decline but the dramatic reduction in trade impoverished the kingdom. A severe drought and resulting famine from 1895 to 1900 during the reign of Maharawal Shalivahan Singh only made matters worse by causing widespread loss of the livestock that the increasingly agriculturally based kingdom relied upon.

Maharawal Jawahir Singh's (1914–49) attempts at modernisation also failed to turn the kingdom's economy around and it remained isolated and backwards compared with other areas of Rajasthan.

==List of rulers==

=== Rawals ===

*[[Rawal Jaisal|Rawal Jaisal Singh]] (1153–1168), official founder of kingdom
*Rawal Shalivahan Singh II (1168–1200)
*Rawal Baijal Singh (1200–1200)
*Rawal Kailan Singh (1200–1219)
*Rawal Chachak Deo Singh (1219–1241)
*Rawal Karan Singh I (1241–1271)
*Rawal Lakhan Sen (1271–1275)
*Rawal Punpal Singh (1275–1276)
*Rawal Jaitsi Singh I (1276–1294)
*Rawal Mulraj Singh I (1294–1295)
*Rawal Durjan Sal (Duda) (1295–1306)
*Rawal Gharsi Singh (1306–1335)
*Rawal Kehar Singh II (1335–1402)
*Rawal Lachhman Singh (1402–1436)
*Rawal Bersi Singh (1436–1448)
*Rawal Chachak Deo Singh II (1448–1457)
*Rawal Devidas Singh (1457–1497)
*Rawal Jaitsi Singh II (1497–1530)
*Rawal Karan Singh II (1530–1530)
*Rawal Lunkaran Singh (1530–1551)
*Rawal Maldev Singh (1551–1562)
*Rawal Harraj Singh (1562–1578)
*Rawal Bhim Singh (1578–1624)
*Rawal Kalyan Singh (1624–1634)
*Rawal Manohar Das Singh (1634–1648)
*Rawal Ram-Chandra Singh (1648–1651)
*Rawal Sabal Singh (1651–1661)

=== Maharawals ===

*Maharawal Ammar Singh of Jaisalmer (1661–1702)
*Maharawal Jaswant Singh of Jaisalmer (1702–1708)
*Maharawal Budh Singh (1708–1722)
*Maharawal Akhil Singh (1722–1762)
*Maharawal Mulraj II (1762–1820)
*Maharawal Gaj Singh (1820–1846)
*Maharawal Ranjit Singh of Jaisalmer (1846–1864)
*[[Bairi Sal (ruler)|Maharawal Bairi Sal]] (1864–1891)
*Maharawal Shalivahan Singh III (1891 –1914)
*Maharawal Jawahir Singh (1914–1947)
* Girdhar Singh (1949–1950), last ruler of kingdom merge state with Rajasthan Union in 1949 CE.

=== Titular Kings ===

* [[Raghunath Singh of Jaisalmer|Raghunath Singh]] (1950–1982)
* [[Brijraj Singh Bhati|Brijraj Singh]] (1982–2020)
* [[Chaitanya Raj Singh]] (2020–)

=== Dewans ===

*List of [[Dewans]] (chief ministers)

# Mohata Nathmal (1885–1891)
# Mehta Jagjiwan (1890–1903)
# Thakur Kushal Singh (acting) (1890?–1900)
# Rawatmal Purohit Khetrapalia (acting) (1900–1909)
# Lakshmi Das Sapat (1909–1911)
# Mohammed Niyaz Ali Kazi (1911–1912)
# Murarji Rooji (1912–1930)
# M.L. Khosala
# Pandit Jamana Lal
# Munshi Nand Kishore
# Lala Rakhpat Raj
# P.K. Shurugula
# Brij Mohan Nath Zutshi
# Anand Swaroop
# Onkar Singh
# Lakhpat Rai Sikund (1940–1942)

== See also ==

* [[Jaisalmer]]
* [[History of Rajasthan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|author1=Crump, Vivien |author2=Toh, Irene | title= Rajasthan| location=London| publisher=Everyman Guides| year=1996| isbn = 1-85715-887-3| pages = 400 }}
*{{cite book|author1=Martinelli, Antonio |author2=Michell, George | title=The Palaces of Rajasthan| year = 2005| publisher=Frances Lincoln| location=London| isbn = 978-0-7112-2505-3| pages = 271 }}
*{{cite book|author = Tod, James| title = Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan (With a Preface by Douglas Sladen)| publisher = Oriental Books Reprint Corporation| location = 54, Jhansi Road, New Delhi-1100055}}
*{{cite book|author1=Beny, Roland |author2=Matheson, Sylvia A. | title=Rajasthan - Land of Kings| year = 1984| publisher=Frederick Muller| location=London| isbn = 0-584-95061-6| pages = 200}}

==External links==
*[http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/b/bikaner.html Bikaner Indian Princely States]

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Jaisalmer}}
[[Category:History of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Jaisalmer district]]
[[Category:Jaisalmer]]

Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr

2026-04-26T18:18:10Z

EssieYates77210: added data

{{Short description|Jesuit research institute based in Goa, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr
| native_name =
| former_name =
| image = India Goa TSKK.jpg
| image_border =
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| image_alt = 
| caption = TSKK campus at Alto Porvorim
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| abbreviation = TSKK
| predecessor =
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| formation = 1982
| founder = 
| extinction = 
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| type = [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]]
| status = 
| purpose = Promoting the Konkani language.
| professional_title = 
| headquarters = Alto Porvorim, Bardez, Goa.
| location = Alto Porvorim, Bardez, Goa.
| coordinates = 
| region_served = Goa and rest of the Konkani speaking areas in coastal western India.
| services =
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| general_secretary = 
| leader_title = Director
| leader_name = Pratap Naik
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'''Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr''' (TSKK) is a [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] research-institute working on issues related to the [[Konkani language]], literature, culture and education. It is based in Alto [[Porvorim]], on the outskirts of the state capital of [[Goa]], India.

==Aim==

The TSKK says it "is devoted to the promotion of education and research in the Konknni language, literature and culture". It was registered under the Societies Registration Act in 1982 and first functioned from 1986 at the locality of [[Miramar, Panaji|Miramar]], before its current premises was built. It is located alongside the also Jesuit [[Xavier Centre of Historical Research]].

==Current status, and name==

TSKK is a Society registered under the Indian [[Societies Registration Act]] of 1860. From June 1999, it has been recognized by the [[Goa University]] as a Konknni research institute.

This institution gets its name from the sixteenth-century English Jesuit priest, [[Thomas Stephens (missionary)|Thomas Stephens]] (1549–1619), a linguist and Marathi poet. Stephens came to Goa, then a Portuguese colony, on 24 October 1579. According to the institution, Stephens learned the Konknni and Marathi languages and wrote in them. He produced the first grammar to be produced in an Indian language, in Konknni printed in 1622. Stephens died in Goa in 1619.

==Research bulletin==
[[File:India Goa TSKKBulletin.jpg|thumb|TSKK's Sod research bulletin]]

One of the activities of the TSKK is the publication of a research bulletin called ''Sod''. This journal is edited, produced and published as part of TSKK's "research efforts ... devoted to the promotion of education and research in (the) Konknni language, literature and culture". Its articles are a mix of Konknni written in Devanagari-script, [[Konkani in the Roman script|the Roman (Romi) script]], and occasionally in English too.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

Generally ''Sod'' issues are priced at Rs 50 each (in Goa).

==Courses in Konkani, etc==

TSKK also offers courses in the [[Konkani language|Konknni]] language, and on project methodology for researchers, and study methodology for students. Currently (September 2006), the TSKK is working on language-teaching books for adults and children to learn Konkani (in the '''Romi''' or '''Roman''' script).

==Management and location==
[[File:India Goa TSKK PratapNaik.jpg|thumb|Pratap Naik, sj, director of TSKK]]
Earlier, this institute was headed by [[Fr Mathew Almeida, sj]] who has been succeeded by [[Fr Pratap Naik sj]].

Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr is located at B.B.Borkar Road, Alto Porvorim, Goa (India) 403 521.

==Publications==

TSKK has come out with a number of publications in the [[Konkani language|Konknni]] language, or in languages like English introducing themes related to [[Konkani language|Konknni]], which is India's smallest language, spoken mainly along the west coast of this country.

Some of its publication include a 1988 guide to writing [[Devanagari]] script [[Konkani language|Konknni]] (20 pp, then priced at Rs 3, now out of print), ''A Description of Konknni'' by [[Matthew Almeida, sj]] (1989), ''Teacher's and Parent's Manual'' (1996, pp 150) by Pratap Naik, S.J., ''TSKK Konknni Basic Course'' (Matthew Almeida, SJ, 1991), ''Tisvaddeacheo Igorzo'' ([[Moreno de Souza]], SJ, 1994, on the churches of the sub-district of [[Tiswadi]] in Goa), ''TSKK Romi Lipi'' (TSKK's orthography for Roman-script Konknni by Pratap Naik, SJ 2005 pp 52).

In addition it has also brought out five cassettes and CDs, of Konknni music containing devotional songs and nursery rhymes and children's songs.

==TSKK's plant collection==
[[File:India Goa TSKKgarden.jpg|thumb|TSKK's botanical garden]]

[[Jesuit]] priest [[Pratap Naik sj]], director of the TSKK currently, has been building a collection of over 328 trees and plants, all in the yard of a research institution studying the local [[Konkani language|Konknni]] language. Naik argues that the culture of a place is reflected "not only" in its language, but also in its flora—apart from its fauna, architecture, food habits and dress.

He has been quoted saying that he wants to grow one of every fruit-bearing tree that grows in [[Goa]] which is rich in plant diversity. This richness is thanks in significant part to plant exchanges by the former rulers who centuries back controlled international seaways and had an empire straddling the continents.

Many months of hard work has seen Naik piece together a well-maintained and neatly labelled botanical garden. Visible are the local names in Konknni, the botanical names, their [[English language|English]] names. Elsewhere, he keeps a list of the original native countries of these [[Goa]]-adopted plants.

Among the collection are the '''ainno madd''' (the Fan Palm in [[English language|English]], or [[Livistona rotundifolia]] as it's known by its botanical name). It comes from tropical [[United States|America]]. There's the '''ambaddo''', dismissively perhaps called the [[Spondias|hog-plum]] that traces its origins to [[India]] itself. The '''ambor''' ([[mulberry]], or [[Morus alba]]) has [[China|Chinese]] origins. '''Kalljirem''' (black cumin, [[Nigella sativa]]) is again of [[India]]n origin.

'''Kiraitem''' ([[canscora]] in English, or [[Canscora decussata]]) is from [[India]], but the '''zaifoll''' ([[nutmeg]], [[Mystica fragans]]) comes from the [[Moluccas]], the so-called [[Maluku Islands|Spice Islands]] of past centuries, in the [[Far East]]. '''Gozgo''' (the [[fever nut]] or [[Caesalpinia bonduc]]) is, again, of [[India]]n origin.

Naik says he has already found the names of 325 species from among the 329 he planted. "Some don't have names in Konknni (the local language)," he is quoted as saying, obviously because of their exotic origins.

==See also==
* [[List of Jesuit sites]]

==External links==
* [http://tskk.org/ TSKK website]
* [http://www.goajesuits.in The Goa Jesuit Province of the Society of Jesus] - The Jesuits in Goa

{{Konkani language topics}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Konkani]]
[[Category:Society of Jesus]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Goa]]
[[Category:Linguistic research institutes]]
[[Category:Education in North Goa district]]
[[Category:Porvorim]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in Goa, Daman and Diu]]

T. Vediyappan

2026-04-26T07:16:55Z

EssieYates77210: added a details.

{{Short description|Indian politician (1959)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = T. Vediyappan
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1959|6|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = Panappampattu
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member-Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Polur Assembly constituency|Polur]]
| term_start1 = 1991
| term_end1 = 1996
| predecessor1 = [[A. Rajendran]]
| successor1 = [[A. Rajendran]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Farmer
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}
'''T. Vediyappan''' is an [[Indian politician]] and a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He hails from Panappampattu village in the [[Tiruvannamalai district]]. Having completed his [[Pre-university course|Pre-University Course]] (PUC), Vediyappan is a member of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) party. He contested and won the [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Polur Assembly constituency]] to become a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]].<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly ”Who's Who” 1991. Madras-600009: Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Secretariat. April 1992. p. 496-497.</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Polur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. Vediyappan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=60,262 |percentage=62.13% |change=+35.83 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Rajendran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,637 |percentage=22.31% |change=-16.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. G. Elumalai |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=13,026 |percentage=13.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Santha |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=705 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Annamalai |party=Independent politician |votes=505 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=38,625 |percentage=39.82% |change= 27.32% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=97,001 |percentage=67.13% |change= 4.37% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 151,807 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 23.33% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vediyappan, T.}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1991–1996]]

Sankar Roy (politician)

2026-04-25T04:21:14Z

EssieYates77210: added a stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sankar Roy
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = Member of Tripura Legislative Assembly
| status = 
| term_start = 2018
| term_end = 2023
| subterm =
| suboffice =
| alongside = 
| monarch =
| president =
| governor_general =
| taoiseach =
| chancellor =
| governor =
| co-leader =
| deputy =
| lieutenant =
| succeeding = 
| constituency = [[Sabroom Assembly constituency|Sabroom]]
| majority =
| predecessor = Rita Kar
| successor = [[Jitendra Chaudhury]]
| prior_term =
| order2 = 
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 
| subterm2 = 
| suboffice2 = 
| alongside2 = 
| monarch2 = 
| president2 = 
| governor_general2 = 
| prime_minister2 = 
| chancellor2 = 
| taoiseach2 = 
| governor2 = 
| co-leader2 = 
| vice_president2 = 
| vice_prime_minister2 = 
| deputy2 = 
| lieutenant2 = 
| succeeding2 = 
| predecessor2 = 
| successor2 = 
| parliamentary_group2 = 
| constituency2 = 
| majority2 = 
| prior_term2 = 
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|05|22}}
| birth_place = [[Sabroom]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause = 
| citizenship = 
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| father = Adhir Chandra Roy
}}
'''Sankar Roy''' is an Indian politician from [[Tripura]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sankar Roy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/politics/sankar-roy/articleshow/97926537.cms |work=The Times of India |date=14 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sankar Roy(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SABROOM(SOUTH TRIPURA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/tripura2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=5957 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He served as the MLA of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Sabroom Assembly constituency|Sabroom constituency]] since 2018 to 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 2018 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/2018-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Tripura 2018 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2018/tripura/264/25 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> In [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] he lost to [[CPI(M)]] candidate [[Jitendra Chaudhury]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura: BJP Retains Power With 32 Seats; TIPRA Motha Becomes Main Opposition With 13 Seats - Northeast Today |url=https://northeasttoday.in/northeast/tripura-bjp-retains-power-with-32-seats-tipra-motha-becomes-main-opposition-with-13-seats/ |date=2 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Man who staved off Tripura red rout |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/tripura/news/man-who-staved-off-tripura-red-rout/articleshow/98375591.cms |work=The Times of India |date=3 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jitendra Chaudhury defeats BJP candidate Sankar Roy at Sabroom AC - Tripura Chronicle |url=https://tripurachronicle.in/local-news/jitendra-chaudhury-defeats-bjp-candidate-sankar-roy-at-sabroom-ac/ |date=2 March 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Sankar}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2018–2023]]

{{Tripura-BJP-politician-stub}}

Nabin Kumar Jain

2026-04-20T05:25:32Z

EssieYates77210: Started A Biography...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nabin Kumar Jain
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Titlagarh Assembly constituency|Titlagarh]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = Tukuni Sahu
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Nabin Kumar Jain''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Titlagarh Assembly constituency|Titlagarh]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nabin Kumar Jain Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=280 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Titlagarh Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Nabin Kumar Jain of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/titlagarh-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916748.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Full list of Odisha Assembly elections 2024 winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/full-list-of-odisha-assembly-elections-2024-winners-9365903/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jain, Nabin Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Palasa Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:32:33Z

EssieYates77210: starting entry...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Palasa
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (2-Palasa highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Palasa Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Gouthu Sireesha]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Srikakulam]]
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 2
| electors = 204,109
| established = 2008
| type = SLA
}}

'''Palasa Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Srikakulam district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=16, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|value1=50
|value2=25
|value3=25
|label1=[[Telugu Desam Party|'''TDP'''(2 Times)]]
|label2=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC''' (1 Time)]]
|label3=[[YSR Congress Party|'''YSRCP''' (1 time)]]
|color1={{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|color2={{party color|Indian National Congress}}
|color3={{party color|YSR Congress Party}}
|caption=Most Successful parties from Palasa Assembly}}

[[Gouthu Sireesha]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|title=Assembly Election 2019|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|archive-date=24 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 204,109 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web |title=Electors Summary |url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=24 May 2019 |date=25 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 2008, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (2008)''.<ref name="pa ref1">{{cite news |title=Palasa Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Palasa Constituency (Seat) Election Results, Live News. |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/andhra-pradesh/palasa-election-result-s01a002/ |access-date=2 December 2021 |publisher=News18}}</ref>

== Mandals ==
The three [[Tehsil|mandals]] that form the assembly constituency.<ref name="constituencies" />

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandals
|-
| [[Palasa]]
|-
| [[Mandasa]]
|-
| [[Vajrapu Kotturu]]
|}

<mapframe text="Mandals in Palasa Assembly Constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q59834186,Q13001772,Q3428070"}</mapframe>
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Juttu Jagannaikulu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| Gouthu Syam Sunder Sivaji
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Seediri Appalaraju]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Gouthu Sireesha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palasa (2,22,378)}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Gouthu Sireesha]]
|votes = 1,01,560
|percentage = 45.67
|change = {{Increase}}16.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Seediri Appalaraju]]
|votes = 61,210
|percentage = 27.53
|change = {{Decrease}}9.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate = Remaining
|votes = 2,503
|percentage = 1.12
|change = {{Decrease}}1.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 2,762
|percentage = 1.24
|change = {{Decrease}}0.23
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,68,035
|percentage = 75.56
|change = {{Increase}}2.69
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors =2,22,378
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 40,350
|percentage = 18.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin
| title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palasa (2,06,799) }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Gouthu Sireesha]]
|votes = 60,356
|percentage = 29.19
|change= {{Decrease}}7.29
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party =YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Seediri Appalaraju]]
|votes = 76,603
|percentage = 37.04
|change= {{Increase}}9.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janasena Party
|candidate = Kotha Purnachandra Rao
|votes = 6,133
|percentage = 2.97
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate = Remaining
|votes = 4,555
|percentage = 2.2
|change = {{Decrease}}4.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 3,044
|percentage = 1.47
|change = {{Increase}}1.09
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =1,50,691
|percentage =72.87
|change= {{Increase}}0.96
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 2,06,799
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =16,247
|percentage =7.85
|change=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palasa }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Telugu Desam Party
|candidate=Syam Sunder Sivaji Gouthu
|votes=69,658
|percentage=36.48
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=YSR Congress Party
|candidate=Baburao Vajja
|votes=52,133
|percentage=27.31
|change=''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=Nageswara Rao Vanka
|votes=1,863
|percentage=0.98
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=
|candidate=Remaining
|votes=12,912
|percentage=6.76
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 728
|percentage = 0.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes=1,37,294
|percentage=71.91
|change=
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 1,90,925
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes=17,525
|percentage=9.17
|change=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palasa}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Juttu Jagannaikulu
|votes = 47,931
|percentage = 40.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Syam Sunder Sivaji Gouthu
|votes = 41,117
|percentage = 34.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = Nageswara Rao Vanka
|votes = 22,213
|percentage = 18.8
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,814
|percentage = 5.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 118,288
|percentage = 73.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|18.77|80.41|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Srikakulam district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Porbandar Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-18T11:49:46Z

EssieYates77210: starting new data...

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Gujarat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Porbandar
| type = LS
| map_image = પોરબંદર – Porbandar.svg
| map_caption =
| established = 1977
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Mansukh Mandaviya]] {{Small|[[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Union Minister of Labor and Employment]]}} {{Small|[[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Union Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports]]}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| assembly_cons = [[Gondal Assembly constituency|Gondal]] [[Jetpur, Rajkot Assembly constituency|Jetpur]] [[Dhoraji Assembly constituency|Dhoraji]] [[Porbandar Assembly constituency|Porbandar]] [[Kutiyana Assembly constituency|Kutiyana]] [[Manavadar Assembly constituency|Manavadar]] [[Keshod Assembly constituency|Keshod]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Shri Mansukh L. Mandaviya taking charge as the Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Shipping, in New Delhi on May 31, 2019.jpg
}}
'''Porbandar Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 26 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Gujarat]] state in western India.

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Porbandar Lok Sabha constituency comprises seven [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceogujarat.nic.in/site/download/FINAL_ROLL_2009.pdf|title=Parliament Constituency wise Electors Detail, Polling Stations & EPIC - Loksabha Election 2009|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Gujarat website|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416162919/http://ceogujarat.nic.in/site/download/FINAL_ROLL_2009.pdf|archivedate=16 April 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="120px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|73
|[[Gondal Assembly constituency|Gondal]]
|None
| rowspan="3" |[[Rajkot district|Rajkot]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|74
|[[Jetpur, Rajkot Assembly constituency|Jetpur]]
|None
|-
|75
|[[Dhoraji Assembly constituency|Dhoraji]]
|None
|-
|83
|[[Porbandar Assembly constituency|Porbandar]]
|None
| rowspan="2" |[[Porbandar district|Porbandar]]
|-
|84
|[[Kutiyana Assembly constituency|Kutiyana]]
|None
| {{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|85
|[[Manavadar Assembly constituency|Manavadar]]
|None
| rowspan="2" |[[Junagadh district|Junagadh]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|88
|[[Keshod Assembly constituency|Keshod]]
|None
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Dharmasinhbhai Patel
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|Maldevji Odedra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress |rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|Parsotambhai Bhalodia
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Balvantbhai Manvar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Harilal Madhavjibhai Patel|Harilal Patel]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=5|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Gordhanbhai Javia]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Harilal Madhavjibhai Patel|Harilal Patel]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Vitthalbhai Radadiya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2013^
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Rameshbhai Dhaduk]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Mansukh Mandaviya]]
|}
^ by poll. 
Vitthalbhai Radadiya won Lok Sabha seat for Congress in 2009, but gave up the seat after he became MLA for Congress from Dhoraji after 2012 assembly elections. But he resigned from Congress immediately after those elections. And contested Lok Sabha by-poll of 2013 on BJP ticket and won. Dhoraji assembly by-poll in 2013 was won by BJP's Pravin Mankadia.

==Election results==
===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Porbandar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Mansukh Mandaviya]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 6,33,118
|percentage = 68.15
|change = {{up}}8.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Lalit Vasoya]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,49,458
|percentage = 26.89
|change = {{down}}8.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 13,563
|percentage = 1.46
|change = {{up}}0.63
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,83,660
|percentage = 41.26
|change = {{up}}17.07
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,28,977
|percentage = 51.83
|change = {{down}}5.38
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{up}}8.79
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Porbandar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rameshbhai Dhaduk]]
|votes = 5,63,881
|percentage = 59.36
|change = -3.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Lalit Vasoya]]
|votes = 3,34,058
|percentage = 35.17
|change = +5.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Samatbhai Govabhai Kadavala
|votes = 10,092
|percentage = 1.06
|change = -0.44
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Vimalbhai Ratilal Ramani
|votes = 8,653
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 7,840
|percentage = 0.83
|change =-1.20
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,29,823
|percentage = 24.19
|change = -8.89
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,51,107
|percentage = 57.21
|change = +4.59
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Porbandar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vitthalbhai Hansrajbhai Radadiya]]
|votes = 5,08,437
|percentage = 62.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = [[Kandhal Jadeja|Kandhalbhai Sarmanbhai Jadeja]]
|votes = 2,40,466
|percentage = 29.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 16,443
|percentage = 2.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vrajalal Pababhai Sadiya
|votes = 12,180
|percentage = 1.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mansukh Sundaraji Dhokai
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 7,939
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ranjitbhai Naranbhai Vakil
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 4,475
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,67,971
|percentage = 33.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,09,985
|percentage = 52.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===By election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title=Bye-election, 2013: Porbandar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Vitthalbhai Hansrajbhai Radadiya]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 2,89,893
|percentage = 64.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Vinubhai Gordhanbhai Amipara
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,44,370
|percentage = 31.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chandulal Mohanbhai Rathod
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 6,633
|percentage = 1.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ajaykumar Nautamlal Pandya
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 4,439
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajeshbhai Maganbhai Butani
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,852
|percentage = 0.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,45,523
|percentage = 32.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,52,654
|percentage = 30.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Porbandar]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Vitthalbhai Hansrajbhai Radadiya]]
|votes = 3,29,436
|percentage = 49.87
|change =
|Result =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mansukhbhai Shamjibhai Kachariya
|votes = 2,89,933
|percentage = 43.89
|change =
|Result =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mehulkumar Karsanbhai Chandravadiya
|votes = 14,713
|percentage = 2.23
|change =
|Result =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajendra Amrutlal Parmar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 11,905
|percentage = 1.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nathabhai Jivabhai Jadeja
|party = Indian Justice Party
|votes = 6,418
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 39,503
|percentage = 5.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,60,653
|percentage = 47.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===General election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Porbandar]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Harilal Madhavjibhai Patel]]
|votes = 2,29,113
|percentage = 46.71
|change =
|Result =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Vitthalbhai Hansrajbhai Radadiya]]
|votes = 2,23,410
|percentage = 45.55
|change =
|Result =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ajaybhai Vrujlal Mavani
| votes = 14,064
| percentage = 2.87
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Gordhan Rajabhai Tukadiya
| votes = 8,907
| percentage = 1.82
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Keshavbhai Aebhabhai Bhutiya
| votes = 7,300
| percentage = 1.49
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,703
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,90,480
|percentage = 49.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Porbandar district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Gujarat}}

{{coord|21.6|69.6|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Porbandar Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Porbandar]]

Rangapara Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:47:32Z

EssieYates77210: starting new entry

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rangapara
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 68
| map_image = Rangapara Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| district = [[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sonitpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sonitpur]]
| established = 1978
| electors =
| reservation = None
| mla =
| party =
}}

'''Rangapara Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 state legislative assembly constituencies in the [[India]]n state of [[Assam]], in [[Northeast India]]. Rangapara is also part of [[Sonitpur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|value1=63|value2=37|value3=0|label1=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC''' (7 times)]]|label2=[[BJP|'''BJP '''(4 times)]]|label3=[[Janata Party|'''Janata Party''' (0 times)]]|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color2={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|color3={{party color|Janata Party}}|caption=Most successful parties from Rangapara Vidhan Sabha:}}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Winner
!
!Party
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Tezpur North Constituency(1952-1957)'''
|-
|[[1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|[[Biswadev Sarmah]]
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Balipara Assembly Constituency(1957-1978)'''
|-
|[[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Biswadev Sarmah]]
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|[[Golok Rajbanshi]]
|}
'''Rangapara Assembly Constituency(1978 till date)'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|[[Golok Rajbanshi]]{{efn|Minister of Electricity, Mines, Parliamentary Affairs, Animal husbandry in [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi Ministry]].}}
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=6|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|[[Golok Rajbanshi]]
|-
|[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Golok Rajbanshi]]{{efn|[[Leader of the Opposition]] in [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]}}
|-
|[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|[[Golok Rajbanshi]]{{efn|Minister of Public Works Department and Parliamentary Affairs in [[Second Saikia Ministry]].}}
|-
|[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[Bhimananda Tanti]]
|-
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|[[Bhimananda Tanti]]
|-
|[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Abhijit Hazarika
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|[[Bhimananda Tanti]]{{efn|Deputy Speaker of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]}}
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[Pallab Lochan Das]]<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>{{efn|Minister of Labour Welfare (Independent Charge) and Minister of State in Department of Power, Education, Revenue and Disaster Management in [[Sonowal ministry]].}}
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 elections in India|2019]]^
|[[Rajen Borthakur]]<ref name="By-election results 2019: List of winners in 51 Assembly and Satara, Samastipur">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |date=25 October 2019 |title=By-election results 2019: List of winners in 51 Assembly and Satara, Samastipur |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/by-election-results-2019-list-of-winners-in-51-assembly-and-satara-samastipur-2241916.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109071426/https://zeenews.india.com/india/by-election-results-2019-list-of-winners-in-51-assembly-and-satara-samastipur-2241916.html |archivedate=9 January 2024 |accessdate=9 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Krishna Kamal Tanti]]<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>
|}
{{noteslist}}

==Election results==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Rangapara}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Krishna Kamal Tanti]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Kartik Chandra Kurmi|party=Indian National Congress |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= |party=All India United Democratic Front|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Rangapara}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Krishna Kamal Tanti|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Abhijit Hazarika|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box Registered electors||reg. electors=}}
{{Election box win||winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Sonitpur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Assam]]

Brij Lal (politician)

2026-04-07T09:36:57Z

EssieYates77210: put up the article initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{distinguish|Brij Lal|Brij Lal (historian)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Brij Lal.jpg
| alt = Brij Lal Member of Parliament - Rajya Sabha
| office2 = [[Director General of Police]], [[Uttar Pradesh Police]]
| term_start2 = 30 September 2011
| term_end2 = 8 January 2012
| predecessor2 = Karamveer Singh
| successor2 = Atul Kumar
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 25 November 2020
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Javed Ali Khan]]
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| office3 = Chairman of Uttar Pradesh SC/ST Commission
| term_start3 = April 2018
| term_end3 = November 2019
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = IPS officer, politician
| children =
| alma_mater = [[University of Allahabad]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BSc]]) [[University of Allahabad]] ([[Master of Science|MSc Mathematics]])
| profession = [[Indian Police Service]]
| sibling =
| website =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Brij Lal''' is a 1977-batch [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer and an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]]. He is a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-union-minister-puri-nine-others-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-from-uttar-pradesh-2853962|title=Union minister Puri, nine others elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha from Uttar Pradesh|date=2 November 2020}}</ref> He belongs to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was the [[Director General of Police]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] during the [[Mayawati]] Government.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/new-police-chief-for-uttar-pradesh/article2505713.ece | title=New Police Chief for Uttar Pradesh | work=thehindu.com | date=2 October 2011 | accessdate=9 May 2016| last1=Khan | first1=Atiq }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/brij-lal-appointed-new-up-dgp_734429.html | title=Brij Lal appointed new UP DGP | work=zeenews.india.com | date=October 2011 | accessdate=9 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtv.com/assembly/up-polls-election-commission-orders-removal-of-state-police-chief-bsp-cries-foul-567830 | title=UP polls: Election Commission orders removal of state police chief; BSP cries foul | work=ndtv.com | accessdate=9 May 2016}}</ref>

In 2018, the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] appointed him as the head of [[scheduled caste]] and [[scheduled tribes]] commission in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2018/4/19/DGP-Brij-Lal-.html|title = Former DGP Brij Lal to head Uttar Pradesh 's SC/ST Commission}}</ref> he belong to the [[List of Koli people|Koli]] community of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=कोरी समाज के जाति प्रमाण पत्र में बाधा बनने वाले जाएंगे जेल: बृजलाल|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/saharanpur/31550949428-saharanpur-news|access-date=2022-01-29|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=मायावती की उदासीनता ने बढ़ाई दलित मतदाताओं में बेचैनी|url=https://www.jansatta.com/elections/up-assembly-elections-2022/mayawatis-apathy-increased-uneasiness-among-dalit-voters/1987575/|access-date=2022-01-29|website=Jansatta|date=4 January 2022 |language=hi}}</ref>

After his retirement he has been active in [[Dalit]] politics. He has emerged as one of the strong Dalit leaders of the party.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-rajya-sabha-election-bjp-list-of-candidates-hardeep-singh-puri-brijlal-2022-up-assembly-polls-660061|title= BJP releases list of candidates for Rajya Sabha election, eyes 2022 UP assembly polls|website=India TV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/report-rajya-sabha-elections-bjp-makes-its-first-move-to-conquer-up-in-2022-know-how-2852589|title=Rajya Sabha Elections: BJP makes its first move to conquer UP in 2022; here's how|date=27 October 2020}}</ref>

==Police career==
{{Infobox police officer
|image=
|other_names=
|birth_date=
|birth_place=
|department=[[Uttar Pradesh Police]]
|service=
|rank=[[File:Director General of Police.png|25px]] [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]]
|awards= {{plainlist|
*[[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|30px]] [[President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service]]
*[[File:IND President's Police Medal for Gallantry.svg|30px]] [[President's Police Medal for Gallantry]]
}}
|education=
|service_years=1977- 2014
}}



=== Indian Police Service ===
He is a 1977-batch [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://post.jagran.com/1977batch-IPS-officer-Brij-Lal-appointed-new-UP-DGP-1317459686 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003081253/http://post.jagran.com/1977batch-ips-officer-brij-lal-appointed-new-up-dgp-1317459686 | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 October 2011 | title=1977-batch IPS officer Brij Lal appointed new UP DGP | work=post.jagran.com | accessdate=9 May 2016}}</ref> He held the charge of Special Director General (law and order) of UP Police. He has held many positions like ADG Law & order and crime, Anti-Terror Squad (ATS) and Special Task Force (STF).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Brij-Lal-takes-over-as-new-DGP-of-UP/articleshow/10201859.cms|title = Brij Lal takes over as new DGP of UP | Lucknow News - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]] | date=2 October 2011 }}</ref>

===Uttar Pradesh DGP===
He Worked As Director General Of Uttar Pradesh Police from 30 September 2011 to 8 January 2012.

===Medals by President of India===

* [[President's Police Medal]] for Distinguished Services.
* Police Medal for Long and Meritorious Services.
* Police Medal for Gallantry.
* BAR to Police Medal for Gallantry.

===Other medals and decorations===

* Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister’s, Police Medal for Outstanding Services with 25000/- Rupees Cash Reward.
* Rs. 1 Lakh cash Reward by Delhi Police for Liquidating a Notorious Mafia of Delhi in 1992.
* Rs. 3 Lakh cash Reward by Uttar Pradesh Government for Anti-Dacoity Operations in Chambal and Patha area of U.P.
* D.G. RPF Insignia (Silver Disk) for Bravery.

==Politics==
He was considered a close-aide of former Chief Minister and BSP chief [[Mayawati]]. However, In 2015 after he retired he joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Ex-UP-top-cop-Brij-Lal-to-join-BJP-No-Nonsense-Former-DGP-Will-Lend-BJP-a-Credible-Dalit-Face-Ahead-Of-2017/articleshow/45959395.cms | title=Ex-UP top cop Brij Lal to join BJP; No Nonsense Former DGP Will Lend BJP a Credible Dalit Face Ahead Of 2017 | work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com | date=21 January 2015 | accessdate=9 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-of-the-lot/story/former-uttar-pradesh-director-general-of-police-brijlal-bjp-kiran-bedi-236708-2015-01-21 | title=Former Uttar Pradesh Director General of Police Brijlal joins BJP | work=indiatoday.intoday.in | access-date=9 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/ex-dgp-a-mayawati-man-joins-bjp/ | title=Ex-DGP, a Mayawati man, joins BJP | work=indianexpress.com | date=22 January 2015 | accessdate=9 May 2016}}</ref>

In 2020, he was nominated to the [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Uttar Pradesh]].

In 2020 he said,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Subhash |date=9 July 2020 |title=Mafia menace: Who will bell the cat in badlands of Uttar Pradesh? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/mafia-menace-who-will-bell-the-cat/articleshow/76863965.cms |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=Like land mafia, mining mafia, coal mafia and jungle mafia, there exists a kanoon (law) mafia which ensures denial of justice to the society and system.}}

==Books published.==
* Siyasat ka Sabak (Jogendra Nath Mandal).
* Indian Mujahidin (Nishane Par Gujarat).
* Police ki Barat, (Pashchimi U.P. Gangwar, Phoolan Devi aur Chambal Gangs.)
* Dedh Biswa Zameen (Purvi U.P. Gangwar aur Lucknow ke Rangbaaz)

==See also==
*[[Law enforcement in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, Brij}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Director generals of Uttar Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]

Chak Gajraj

2026-04-06T17:57:16Z

EssieYates77210: put up some entry first draft

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chak Gajraj
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Chak Gajrāj
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Khiron block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Chak Gajraj (#600) in Khiron CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.261881|N|81.876687|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here |title=Geonames Search}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.197
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 429
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chak Gajraj''' is a village in [[Khiron]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=244–61 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> It is located {{convert|11|km}} from [[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh|Lalganj]], the tehsil headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981"/> As of 2011, it has a population of 429 people, in 68 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has 1 primary school and no healthcare facilities and it does not host a weekly [[haat]] or a permanent market.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It belongs to the [[nyaya panchayat]] of [[Semari, Raebareli|Semari]].<ref name="Census 1991"/>

The [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]] recorded Chak Gajraj as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 154 people (75 male and 79 female), in 70 households and 63 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1951">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1951: District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh (42 - Rae Bareli District) |date=1955 |location=Allahabad |pages=106–7 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/933/1/23644_1951_RAE.pdf |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 49 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1951"/> 5 residents were literate, all male.<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village was listed as belonging to the [[pargana]] of Khiron and the [[thana]] of [[Sareni, Uttar Pradesh|Sareni]].<ref name="Census 1951"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Chak Gajraj as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 192 people (101 male and 91 female), in 38 households and 32 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=lxviii-lxix of section "Dalmau Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 49 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Chak Gajraj as having a population of 240 people, in 39 households, and having an area of 19.82 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=130–1 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Chak Gajraj as having a total population of 288 people (143 male and 145 female), in 48 households and 48 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1991">{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Raebareli |date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 154–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1443/1/36846_1991_RAE.pdf |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was listed as 20 hectares.<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 50, or 17% of the total; this group was 58% male (29) and 42% female (21).<ref name="Census 1991"/> No members of [[scheduled castes]] or [[scheduled tribes]] were recorded.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 41% (85 men and 33 women).<ref name="Census 1991"/> 77 people were classified as main workers (all men), while 68 people were classified as marginal workers (all women); the remaining 143 residents were non-workers.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 73 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 1 agricultural labourer (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 0 workers in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 0 household industry workers; 0 workers employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; 0 [[construction worker]]s; 1 employed in trade and commerce; 0 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 2 in other services.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

Dheemaku

2026-04-03T01:21:43Z

EssieYates77210: put up new info from scratch

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language romantic comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dheemaku
| image = Dheemaku.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Mahesh Rao|Magesh Kumar G]]
| writer = Shankar Billemane (dialogue)
| story = Magesh Kumar G Naveen Krishna
| screenplay = Magesh Kumar G Shankar Billemane Vinod Panna [[Naveen Krishna]]
| producer = Pushpaa Srinivasa Murthy
| starring = Naveen Krishna Pavani [[Flora Saini]] [[Rangayana Raghu]]
| cinematography = A Vinod Bharathi
| editing = Basavaraj Urs
| music = [[Arjun Janya]]
| studio = Sri Ambika Combaines
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2008|9|11}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Dheemaku''''' is a 2008 Indian Kannada-language romantic comedy film directed by [[Mahesh Rao|Magesh Kumar G]]. The film stars [[Naveen Krishna]], Pavani, [[Flora Saini]] and [[Rangayana Raghu]]. The film was released to average reviews.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Naveen Krishna]] as Balamurali Krishna
*Pavani as Priya
*[[Flora Saini]] as Indira Devi
*[[Rangayana Raghu]]
*[[Sudha Belawadi]]
*[[Bullet Prakash]]
*[[Ramesh Bhat]]
*[[Sundar Raj]]
*[[Yashwant Sardeshpande]]
;Special appearances
*[[Om Prakash Rao]]
*[[Jaggesh]] as Jaggesh alias Jaggi
*[[Komal Kumar]] as Komal Kumar alias KK
}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Arjun Janya]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/dhimaku-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1816940078|title=Dhimaku (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|work=[[Apple Music]]|date=2008|access-date=12 January 2026}}</ref>
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 27:47
| title1 = Maribeda
| lyrics1 = Harshapriya
| extra1 = Naveen Krishna
| length1 = 4:03
| title2 = Kaasidre
| lyrics2 = Srinivasamurthy
| extra2 = Srinivasamurthy, Vinod Panna
| length2 = 1:23
| title3 = Kanna Gudde
| lyrics3 = [[Naveen Krishna]]
| extra3 = Naveen Krishna, [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]]
| length3 = 4:58
| title4 = Romeo Juliet
| lyrics4 = Naveen Krishna, Harshapriya
| extra4 = Shankar Shanbog, Arjun, Naveen Krishna, Vijay
| length4 = 3:41
| title5 = Huccha Annu
| lyrics5 = Harshapriya
| extra5 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length5 = 4:06
| title6 = Nodei Kanta
| lyrics6 = [[V. Manohar]]
| extra6 = [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth]], Badri Prasad, B Jayashree, Usha, Srinivasamurthy
| length6 = 3:33
| title7 = Suryane
| lyrics7 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| extra7 = [[Adnan Sami]]
| length7 = 4:21
| title8 = Suprabhatha
| lyrics8 = Krishnegowda
| extra8 = Krishnegowda
| length8 = 1:42
}}

==Reception==
[[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film 2/5 stars and wrote, "Watch ''Dheemaaku'' for Naveen Krishna's lively performance only".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/2008/sep/12ssd.htm|title=Review: Dheemaaku|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=12 September 2008|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy|access-date=27 December 2025}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "''Dheemaku'' raises the bar as far as the way Kannada films look and feel. The director is ably aided by some good camerawork and songs".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/dheemaku-style-over-substance/articleshow/22416191.cms|title=Dheemaku: Style over substance|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=12 September 2008|access-date=27 December 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|14253158}}

[[Category:2008 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]

Department of Management Studies & Industrial Engineering, IIT (ISM) Dhanbad

2026-04-01T06:36:32Z

EssieYates77210: put up first details v1

{{Short description|Business school of IIT, Dhanbad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Primary sources|date= August 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Department of Management Studies & Industrial Engineering, IIT (ISM), Dhanbad
| image =
| motto = उत्तिष्ठत जाग्रत प्राप्य वरान्निबोधत
Uttitishthat Jagrat Prapya Varannibhodhat
| mottoeng = Arise, Awake, strive for the highest and be in the fight
| established = 1977
| parent = Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad
| head_label = Head of the Department
| head = Dr. Saumya Singh
| students = 180+ (MBA + Ph.D.)
| city = Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.812|86.440|display=title,inline}}
| website = {{url|https://www.iitism.ac.in/management-studies-and-industrial-engineering/}}
| logo = 
}}

The '''Department of Management Studies & Industrial Engineering, IIT (ISM) Dhanbad''' is the business school of [[Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad]] which was established in 1977. The Department admits students on the basis of [[Common Admission Test|Common Admission Test (CAT).]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ismdhanbad.ac.in/elearning/aboutus.php|title=DoMS, IIT (ISM), Dhanbad – About Us|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad|access-date=25 September 2016}}</ref> Recently it fetched 29th position in [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|NIRF]] 2020 rankings introduced by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|MHRD]].

== Programmes offered ==

=== Undergraduate ===
The Department runs minor courses for UG Students of other disciplines in the subjects of:
# Financial management
# Operations management
# Marketing management
# Human Resource management<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ismdhanbad.ac.in/management-studies/under-graduate/|title=DoMS, IIT (ISM) – Minor Courses|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=25 September 2016}}</ref>

=== Postgraduate ===
The Department offers the following courses for PG Students:
# Master of Business Administration (MBA) (Duration: 2 years)(Intake-62)
# MBA in Business analytics ( Intake-30)
# Master of Technology in Industrial Engineering and Management (Duration: 2 years)
# Executive MBA (extended program) (Duration: 3 years)
[Note: Since 2019, new admission for Executive MBA has been put on hold till further notice.]

The Department also offers Doctoral programmes for candidates.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ismdhanbad.ac.in/management-studies/post-graduate/|title=DoMS, IIT (ISM) – PG Courses|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=25 September 2016}}</ref>

== Laboratories ==

The Department has four laboratories:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ismdhanbad.ac.in/management-studies/facilities-laboratories/|title=DoMS, IIT (ISM), Dhanbad – Laboratories|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=25 September 2016}}</ref>

* Human engineering laboratory
* Work study laboratory
* Systems laboratory
*Psychology laboratory<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ismdhanbad.ac.in/management-studies/industrial-interaction/|title=DoMS, IIT (ISM) – Industry Interaction|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=25 September 2016}}</ref>

== Industrial Interaction ==
The Department has taken part in consultancy projects of various organisations and has also offered Executive Development Programmes to several business houses and organisations. Some of the Industry partners/clients of the department include: The World Bank, CIMFR, [[BSNL]], NCL, Coal India Limited, etcetera.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ismdhanbad.ac.in/management-studies/industrial-interaction/|title=DoMS, IIT (ISM) - Industrial Interaction|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=27 September 2016}}</ref>

== Research activities ==
The Department has a large number of sponsored research projects funded by several agencies. Some of the organisations entrusting projects to the Department are [[AICTE]], [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|MHRD]], Hindustan Zinc Limited, ICSSR, [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], CMPDIL, World Bank, CIL, etcetera.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ismdhanbad.ac.in/management-studies/research-activities/|title=DoMS, IIT (ISM) – Research Activities|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=25 September 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

*[http://www.ismdhanbad.ac.in/management-studies/ Official Website]

{{Indian Institutes of Technology | state=expanded}}

[[Category:Business schools in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Education in Dhanbad]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1977]]

The Orissa Official Language Act, 1954

2026-03-25T18:21:42Z

EssieYates77210: small refined section after review and updated info

#REDIRECT [[Orissa Official Language Act, 1954]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Machideva Jayanti

2026-03-24T23:38:55Z

EssieYates77210: Started New Post

{{Short description|Religious celebration}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
[[File:Machideva Jeyanthi.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Garlanding Madivala Machideva's statue in [[Karnataka]] during the 2017 Machideva Jayanthi centenary]]
'''Machideva Jayanthi''' is traditionally observed by the [[Rajakulathor (caste)|Madivalas]] and is observed as a celebrate in the [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]]. It marks the birthday of [[Madivala Machideva]], 12th-century Warrior-Saint, and the founding saint of the [[Madivala]] religion. The festival is celebrated with much pomp and gaiety all over south India, majorly in [[Karnataka]], Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://citytoday.news/colourful-procession-marks-madiwala-machideva-jayanti-in-mysuru/|title=Colourful procession marks Madiwala Machideva Jayanti in Mysuru – Mysuru Today|access-date=17 February 2018|archive-date=17 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217202711/https://citytoday.news/colourful-procession-marks-madiwala-machideva-jayanti-in-mysuru/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/procession-special-lecture-mark-madiwala-machideva-jayanti/article22628231.ece| title = Procession, special lecture mark Madiwala Machideva Jayanti - KARNATAKA - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]| date = February 2018}} </ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://megamedianews.com/index.php/186098/need-for-serious-studies-on-vachanas/ | title=Madiwala Machideva and Ambigara Chowdaiah Jayanti celebrated | Mega Media News English | date=2 February 2018 | access-date=17 February 2018 | archive-date=20 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920052726/https://megamedianews.com/index.php/186098/need-for-serious-studies-on-vachanas/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Culture of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Lingayatism]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Birthdays by person]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]

{{karnataka-stub}}
{{Hindu-festival-stub}}

Belisarius series

2026-03-23T06:03:00Z

EssieYates77210: typo fix

{{Short description|Alternate history and military history novel series}}
{{For|television series by Belisarius Productions|Donald P. Bellisario}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Sources exist|date=September 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2017}}
}}

[[File:Belisarius Saga I, Thunder at Dawn.jpg|frame|Volumes I and II reprinted in hardcover and released together (September 2007).]]

The '''Belisarius Series''' is a fictional saga in the [[alternate history]] and [[military history]] subgenres of [[science fiction]], written by American authors [[David Drake]] and [[Eric Flint]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uchronia.net/label/flinbelisa.html|title=Uchronia: Belisarius Series|website=www.uchronia.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fantasticfiction.com/d/david-drake/belisarius/|title=Fantastic Fiction.com Belisarius Series}}</ref> Its protagonist is a real historical figure, the [[Eastern Roman Empire|late Roman]] general [[Belisarius|Flavius Belisarius]] (505–565 AD).

The saga is published by [[Baen Books]] wherein an overarching theme ties each book together.

==Books==
Originally intended as a trilogy as outlined by David Drake, each of the initial drafts were divided into two books. The series consists of the following six books:<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Husband |first1=Janet G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBUlCAwAtNwC&pg=PA236 |title=Sequels: An Annotated Guide to Novels in Series |last2=Husband |first2=Jonathan F. |date=2009-07-30 |publisher=American Library Association |isbn=978-0-8389-0967-6 |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=280–281}}

# ''An Oblique Approach'' (1998)
# ''In the Heart of Darkness'' (1998)
# ''Destiny's Shield'' (1999)
# ''Fortune's Stroke'' (2000)
# ''The Tide of Victory'' (2001)
# ''The Dance of Time'' (2006)

All of these are available as [[e-book]]s from Baen. The first four were in the [[Baen Free Library]] until removed in early 2013.

* ''Islands'' (novella) by Eric Flint in ''The Warmasters'' (2002; {{ISBN|0-7434-7185-7}})

===Omnibus reprints===
Each volume contains two novels.
* ''Belisarius I: Thunder at Dawn'' ({{ISBN|9781416555681}}) Cover art by Kurt Miller.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.baen.com/author_catalog.asp?author=EFlint
|accessdate=2008-06-24
|title=Baen Author Catalog for Eric Flint
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080901122338/http://www.baen.com/author_catalog.asp?author=EFlint
|archivedate=2008-09-01
}}</ref>
* ''Belisarius II: Storm at Noontide'' ({{ISBN|9781416591481}})
* ''Belisarius III: The Flames of Sunset'' ({{ISBN|9781439132807}})

==Plot==
[[Image:East-Hem 500ad.jpg|300px|right|thumb|The Eastern Hemisphere c. 500, a few decades before the time the series is set]]

The premise of this [[science fiction]] (more specifically [[alternate history (fiction)|alternate history]]) series is that a war between two competing societies in the future spills over to 6th century Earth. The New Gods back the Malwa Empire of India<ref group=Note>References the [[Malwa]] region of Central India, part of the [[Gupta Empire]] in the 6th century.</ref> and commence attempts to conquer the world and stamp out meritorious accomplishment as a means to privilege and instead favor planned eugenics and hereditary birth ([[autocracy]]) in order to change the future. Meritorious performance is seen to originate in the [[Eastern Roman Empire]], and the root cause of a future that must be changed by conquest, and Malwa has a malleable society and the base power for their intervention. Anything in the way (other Indian kingdoms, the [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanid Persian Empire]], and so forth) must be crushed, including plans to deal with China after Byzantium falls.

The Malwa Empire is advised and controlled by a calculating cyborg (human/machine) interface named Link, and the empire uses gunpowder technology to conquer most of the rest of [[India]]. To counter this, the other side, crystalline entities originating in humanity's far future after much adaptive exploration of the galaxies, contacts the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] general [[Belisarius]] via a local holy man and shows him the vision of the future with Malwa conquering the Byzantine Empire and the world. This in essence, puts the problem of thwarting the horrible future visions exposed by the crystal in Belisarius's lap even as emissaries of the far off Malwa Empire are visiting Rome to establish a factional struggle to divide Byzantium—and are becoming very popular amongst some of the ruling class and with the Emperor [[Justinian I|Justinian]] in particular, forcing Belisarius and friends to move surreptitiously.

Belisarius, though a [[cataphract]] general ([[Cavalry|heavy cavalry]]) more attuned to direct approaches, is no stranger to either intrigues or indirect methods—and is thus a good choice for the crystalline emissary to contact within the Byzantine political situation, as he must work with imperfect tools, including the suspicious Byzantine Emperor Justinian I and the Empress [[Theodora (6th century)|Theodora]], to thwart the hidden Malwa plotting and invasion. He and his wife thus spearhead a conspiracy to save the empire despite its rulers, setting out to build an alliance with Byzantium's historical enemy, [[Persia]], with whom they are currently effectively at war, the African [[Kingdom of Axum]]—a naval and trading [[regional power|power]] of the day which is so far away little is known of it or its capabilities, and various Indian forces and individuals that remain in opposition to Malwa—which may or may not be out there, but which are suggested by the visions presented by the mysterious crystal—whatever agenda it might have. So starts "just another day at the office" for what is arguably one of the best [[general officer]]s known to history.

''An Oblique Approach'' primarily revolves around Belisarius, a grand-master of the indirect approach, and a few trusted confidants forming a conspiracy to save the empire under the nose of their jealous and dangerously paranoid emperor. This is a period of seeming calm that precedes any major conflict between rivals where the conspiracy struggles to play catch up and not let its existence be discovered by friend or foe—an important deception hoping to gain both information and time. During the conflict and action, the greater part of this book, the Byzantines are at war with the [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanid Persian Empire]], and the general takes uncharacteristic "great risks" instead of indirection at one point to bring that conflict to a speedy end. This uncharacteristic event in turn partially exposes his conspiracy to his good friend, a fellow general who becomes part of the intrigue and willing co-conspirator thereafter.

''In the Heart of Darkness'' primarily revolves around Belisarius learning the strengths and weaknesses of both his Axumite allies and his Malwa enemies. The cataphract general personally travels to India to explore for vulnerabilities (spy) among the Malwa Empire's peoples, and spars dangerously both with the rulers themselves and their spies planted in Constantinople. The conspiracy against the Malwa expands to a few others and establishes a secret research site overseen by his wife and a discredited naval officer who carry on an affair seemingly under the nose of a Malwa spy, dance further in 'feigned disaffection' with spies of the Malwa and their allies within Byzantium and so tend to things in Byzantium with the added cast of a fellow General (Belisarius' best friend) and his spy mistress.

Belisarius meanwhile leaves the dangers of both his emperor—being too popular can be a 'bad thing' and his stunning victories in the first book against the Persians made him so—and cultivates the Kingdom of Axum as allies, a naval power of the day, and leads a five-man invasion of his 'exposed' Malwa enemies (nominally diplomatic friends).

The events in this book provide him time to plan out various contingencies which come to bear fruit in surprising ways in the later sequels and allow the West's own gunpower tech researchers to get started. During his journey, the spy mission and deception allow Belisarius to become better able to communicate and understand the crystalline emissary "Aide".

Belisarius learns of his true enemy, the mysterious entity known as Link, an artificial intelligence that uses human bodies as its interactive device. It concludes with the war between the Byzantines led by Belisarius against his Malwa enemies transforming from a cold to a hot war as Belisarius, separated from his companions by urgent circumstances born of intrigue and might—is hotly pursued fleeing half of Malwa's might, alone and unaided, some 1500 miles from the Malwa capital (Modern [[Delhi]]) to make his way back home to the west. His companions (and people they gathered along the way during the course of the spying parts of the book) are also variously pursued, but saved by prior contingency planning by the wily general, who is at least as good at deceptions as he is at indirections (But they are complementary skills).

''Destiny's Shield'' deals with the Malwa invasion of the Persian Empire, and the growing of an alliance and trust between the Byzantines and Persians to stop the invasion and to cement a permanent peace. Belisarius' actions and magnanimous behavior as victor in the first book will pay a pivotal role as the third book develops and the secret war against the Malwa turns hot. Belisarius leads an under-strength expeditionary force in much more characteristic "indirect approaches" to the aid of the Persian empire which as a new ally had requested four to five times as many troops. The Malwa invade the gut of Persia by sea through the [[Persian Gulf]] during the monsoons with an unbelievably huge (Asian) army (to the Persians and other Byzantium generals) which force succeeds in battering the unwary and surprised Persians (forcing them to seek peace with Justinian) and penetrates as far as Babylon thereby pinning most of Persia's military might and paralyzing its capabilities whilst also invading from the Hindu Kush by land into eastern Persia. Belisarius gains the trust of the Persian Emperor, uses the chance of conspiracy and treason as a hole card, and generally totally upsets the Malwa plans of conquest by repeatedly tactically showing one thing and strategically moving unseen in surprising real tactics when it matters.

''Fortune's Stroke'' covers the later events of the Malwa Invasion of Persia as Belisarius must campaign against Rana Sanga, a Rajput general of great skill who befriended Belisarius during the second book of the series, who is loyal to the Malwa through an overdeveloped adherence to honoring his given word. The campaign is but another stratagem (developing like a good mystery story) while in fact, Belisarius is carefully marking time and giving other events set in motion by himself and the conspiracy members time to bear fruit and astonish both friends, and readers in the events and results.

''The Tide of Victory'' begins the third phase of the war against the Malwa, with Belisarius appointed commander of a combined Byzantine/Persian army to invade India while Axum and the Kushans (a tribe turned against the Malwa in the subterfuges of ''Fortune's Stroke'') carry out operations north and south of him. By moving boldly, the obvious again is demonstrated as delightfully false in the stratagems of Belisarius and the developments at times both delight and dismay his allies. In the end, "In Belisarius we trust" becomes a motto of all save the Malwa.

''The Dance of Time'' concludes the series as the disparate events set in motion by Belisarius unfold, creating the opportunities that he hopes will end the threat that the Malwa pose to Rome once and for all.

== Reception and analysis ==
A reviewer for ''[[Gizmodo]]'' included the series in his list of "Preposterously Manly Fantasy Series", describing the protagonist as "a master of the battlefield but in action and in strategy... equally skilled at playing politics or getting his hands dirty".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-22 |title=11 Preposterously Manly Fantasy Series |url=https://gizmodo.com/11-preposterously-manly-fantasy-series-30760263 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522201933/https://gizmodo.com/11-preposterously-manly-fantasy-series-30760263 |archive-date=2022-05-22 |access-date=2023-05-23}}</ref>

A reviewer for ''[[Tor.com]]'' noted that the authors are "not using the story of Belisarius—they’re using the characters in a different story. Though I suppose that in itself testifies to the popularity of Belisarius".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walton |first=Jo |date=2017-05-23 |title=Why is Genre Fiction Obsessed with Belisarius? |url=https://www.tor.com/2017/05/23/why-is-genre-fiction-obsessed-with-belisarius/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Tor.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

Volume 2 was reviewed in ''[[Nowa Fantastyka]]'' (2007/2).

==See also==
* [[The General series]]—Another series plotted by David Drake, with a main character and story inspired by the historical Belisarius
* ''[[Lest Darkness Fall]]''—By L. Sprague de Camp; another scenario of Belisarius and his time being impacted by a (far more sympathetic) visitor from the future

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.baen.com/|Baen Books official website}}
* {{Isfdb series|id=11506|title=Belisarius}}

{{David Drake}}

[[Category:Alternate history book series]]
[[Category:Alternate history novels set in ancient Rome]]
[[Category:American alternate history novels]]
[[Category:American English-language novels]]
[[Category:Book series introduced in 1998]]
[[Category:Books by Eric Flint]]
[[Category:Collaborative book series]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Belisarius]]
[[Category:Novels set in the 6th century]]
[[Category:Novels set in the Byzantine Empire]]
[[Category:Science fiction book series]]

Monier Monier-Williams

2026-03-19T16:11:47Z

EssieYates77210: adjust content further and added references per standard format

{{Short description|British professor of Sanskrit (1819–1899)}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
| name = Monier Monier-Williams
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCIE}}
| image = Monier Monier-Williams.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Photo of Monier Monier-Williams by [[Lewis Carroll]]
| birth_name = Monier Williams
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1819|11|12}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1899|04|11|1819|11|12}}
| death_place = [[Cannes]], France
| nationality =
| fields =
| workplaces =
| education = [[King's College School]], [[Balliol College, Oxford]]; [[East India Company College]]; [[University College, Oxford]]
| thesis_title =
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year =
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for = [[Boden Professor of Sanskrit]]; Sanskrit–English dictionary
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = [[Knight Bachelor]]; [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
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}}
'''Sir Monier Monier-Williams''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|KCIE}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɒ|n|i|ər}}; [[né]] '''Williams'''; 12 November 1819 – 11 April 1899) was a British scholar who was the second [[Boden Professor of Sanskrit]] at [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]], England. He studied, documented and taught [[Languages of Asia|Asian languages]], especially [[Sanskrit]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]].

==Early life and education==

Monier Williams was born in [[Mombai|Bombay]], the son of Colonel Monier Williams, [[Surveyor general|surveyor-general]] in the [[Bombay presidency]]. His surname was "Williams" until 1887, when he added his given name to his surname to create the hyphenated "Monier-Williams". In 1822, he was sent to England to be educated at private schools at Hove, Chelsea and Finchley. He was educated at [[King's College School]], [[Balliol College, Oxford]] (1838–40), the [[East India Company College]] (1840–41) and [[University College, Oxford]] (1841–44). He took a fourth-class honours degree in [[Literae Humaniores]] in 1844.<ref>''Oxford University Calendar 1895'', Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1895, p.131.</ref>

He married Julia Grantham, daughter of Rev. Francis Joseph Faithfull, in 1848. They had six sons and one daughter. He died, aged 79, in [[Cannes]], [[France]].{{sfn|Macdonell|1901}}

==Career==

Monier Williams taught Asian languages at the [[East India Company College]] from 1844 until 1858<ref>{{cite book|title=Memorials of old Haileybury College|year=1894|publisher=A. Constable and Company |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007913124}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Review of ''Memorials of Old Haileybury College'' by Sir Monier Monier-Williams and other Contributors|journal=The Quarterly Review|volume=179|date=July 1894|pages=224–243|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924065563573;view=1up;seq=234}}</ref> when [[company rule in India]] ended after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 rebellion]]. He came to national prominence during the [[Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, 1860|1860 election campaign]] for the [[Boden Professor of Sanskrit|Boden Chair of Sanskrit]] at [[Oxford University]], in which he stood against [[Max Müller]].

The vacancy followed the death of [[Horace Hayman Wilson]] in 1860. Wilson had started the university's collection of [[Sanskrit]] manuscripts upon taking the chair in 1831, and had indicated his preference that Williams should be his successor. The campaign was notoriously acrimonious. Müller was known for his liberal religious views and his philosophical speculations based on his reading of Vedic literature. Monier Williams was seen as a less brilliant scholar, but had a detailed practical knowledge of India itself, and of actual religious practices in modern Hinduism. Müller, in contrast, had never visited India.<ref name = "nirad">[[Nirad C. Chaudhuri]], ''Scholar Extraordinary, The Life of Professor the Right Honourable Friedrich Max Muller'', P.C., Chatto and Windus, 1974, pp. 221–231.</ref>

{{wikisource|Monier Williams's submission to the members of Convocation of the University of Oxford, 1860|Monier Williams's submission for the Boden Professorship election}}
Both candidates had to emphasise their support for Christian evangelisation in India, since that was the basis on which the professorship had been funded by its founder. Monier Williams' dedication to Christianisation was not doubted, unlike Müller's.<ref name = "tom"/> Monier Williams also stated that his aims were practical rather than speculative. "Englishmen are too practical to study a language very philosophically", he wrote.<ref name = "nirad"/>

After his appointment to the professorship Williams declared from the outset that the conversion of India to the Christian religion should be one of the aims of [[orientalism|orientalist]] scholarship.<ref name = "tom">Terence Thomas, ''The British: their religious beliefs and practices, 1800–1986'', Routledge, 1988, pp. 85–88.</ref> In his book ''Hinduism'', published by [[Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge|SPCK]] in 1877, he predicted the demise of the Hindu religion and called for Christian evangelism to ward off the spread of Islam.<ref name = "tom"/> According to Saurabh Dube this work is "widely credited to have introduced the term Hinduism into general English usage"<ref name="Dube1998">{{cite book|author=Saurabh Dube|title=Untouchable Pasts: Religion, Identity, and Power among a Central Indian Community, 1780–1950|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_fYPCm1EJeAC&pg=PA232|year=1998|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-3687-5|pages=232}}</ref> while David N. Lorenzen cites the book along with ''India, and India Missions: Including Sketches of the Gigantic System of Hinduism, Both in Theory and Practice : Also Notices of Some of the Principal Agencies Employed in Conducting the Process of Indian Evangelization''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Alexander Duff|title=India, and India Missions: Including Sketches of the Gigantic System of Hinduism, Both in Theory and Practice: Also Notices of Some of the Principal Agencies Employed in Conducting the Process of Indian Evangelization, &c. &c|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.219394|year=1839|publisher=J. Johnstone}} for popularising of the term.</ref><ref name="Lorenzen2006">{{cite book|author=Lorenzen|title=Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SO-YmMWpcVEC&pg=PA4|year=2006|publisher=[[Yoda Press]]|isbn=978-81-902272-6-1|pages=4|first=David N.}}</ref>

==Writings and foundations==

[[File:ExLibrisMonierWilliams.jpg|thumb|Bookplate]]

When Monier Williams founded the University's [[Indian Institute]] in 1883, it provided both an academic focus and also a training ground for the [[Indian Civil Service]].{{sfn|Macdonell|1901}} Since the early 1870s Monier Williams planned this institution. His vision was the better acquaintance of England and India. On this account he supported academic research into [[Indian culture]]. Monier Williams travelled to India in 1875, 1876 and 1883 to finance his project by fundraising. He gained the support of [[Princely state|Indian native princes]]. In 1883 the [[Edward VII|Prince of Wales]] laid the foundation stone; the building was inaugurated in 1896 by [[Lord George Hamilton]]. The Institute closed on [[Partition of India|Indian independence]] in 1947.

In his writings on Hinduism Monier Williams argued that the [[Advaita Vedanta]] system best represented the Vedic ideal and was the "highest way to salvation" in Hinduism. He considered the more popular traditions of [[karma]] and [[bhakti]] to be of lesser spiritual value. However, he argued that Hinduism is a complex "huge polygon or irregular multilateral figure" that was unified by [[Sanskrit literature]]. He stated that "no description of Hinduism can be exhaustive which does not touch on almost every religious and philosophical idea that the world has ever known."<ref name = "tom"/>

Monier-Williams compiled a [[Sanskrit]]–English dictionary, based on the earlier ''[[Otto von Böhtlingk#Scholarship|Petersburg Sanskrit Dictionary]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/blogs/2014/04/12/st_petersburgs_illustrious_sanskrit_connections_34481|title=St Petersburg's illustrious Sanskrit connections|first=Ajay|last=Kamalakaran|date=12 April 2014|website=www.rbth.com|access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> which was published in 1872. A later revised edition was published in 1899 with collaboration by [[Ernst Leumann]] and Carl Cappeller ([[:sv:Carl Cappeller|sv]]).<ref name=Bloomfield1900>{{cite journal|last=Bloomfield|first=Maurice|author-link=Maurice Bloomfield|title=''A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages'' by Monier Monier-Williams; E. Leumann; C. Cappeller|journal=The American Journal of Philology|year=1900|volume=21|issue=3|pages=323–327|jstor=287725|doi=10.2307/287725|hdl=2027/mdp.39015016641824|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

==Honours==

He was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in 1876, and was made [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]] in 1887, when he adopted his given name of Monier as an additional surname. He was elected as a member of the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1886.<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?year=1886;smode=advanced;startDoc=41|access-date=24 May 2021|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>

He also received the following academic honours: Honorary DCL, Oxford, 1875; LLD, [[List of University of Calcutta honorary degree recipients|Calcutta]], 1876; Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford, 1880; Honorary PhD, Göttingen, 1880s; Vice-President, [[Royal Asiatic Society]], 1890; Honorary Fellow of University College, Oxford, 1892.{{sfn|Macdonell|1901}}

==Published works==

===Translations===

Monier-Williams's translations include that of [[Kālidāsa]]'s plays ''[[Vikramōrvaśīyam|Vikramorvasi]]'' (1849)<ref>{{cite journal|last=Schuyler, Jr.|first=Montgomery|title=Bibliography of Kālidāsa's Mālavikāgnimitra and Vikramorvaçī|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|year=1902|volume=23|pages=93–101|jstor=592384|doi=10.2307/592384}}</ref> and ''[[Abhijñānaśākuntalam|Śākuntala]]'' (1853; 2nd ed. 1876).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Schuyler, Jr.|first=Montgomery|title=The Editions and Translations of Çakuntalā|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|year=1901|volume=22|pages=237–248|jstor=592432|doi=10.2307/592432}}</ref>

* Translation of ''[[Shakuntala]]'' [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12169 (1853)]
* ''Hindu Literature: comprising the Book of Good Counsels, Nala and Damayanti, the Rámáyana and Śakoontalá''

===Original works===

[[File:Devanagari ligatures Monier-Williams 1846.png|thumb|300px|Picture with [[devanagari#Conjunct consonants|devanagari conjuncts]] from ''An Elementary Grammar of the Sanscrit Language'', page 25, Monier Monier-Williams (1846).]]

* {{cite book|author-mask=0|author=Sir Monier Monier-Williams|title=An Elementary Grammar of the Sanscrit Language: Partly in the Roman Character, Arranged According to a New Theory, in Reference Especially to the Classical Languages; with Short Extracts in Easy Prose. To which is Added, a Selection from the Institutes of Manu, with Copious References to the Grammar, and an English Translation|url=https://archive.org/details/anelementarygra00wilgoog|year=1846|publisher=W. H. Allen & Company |ref=none}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=FyRFAAAAcAAJ ''Original papers illustrating the history of the application of the Roman alphabet to the languages of India: Edited by Monier Williams'' (1859)] [https://books.google.com/books?id=NIeyt2Tqzw0C Modern Reprint]
* {{cite book |author-mask=0 |author=Sir Monier Monier-Williams |title=Indian Wisdom, Or, Examples of the Religious, Philosophical, and Ethical Doctrines of the Hindūs|date=1875 |publisher=Oxford |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=co7Mkn2SUQ8C |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |author-mask=0 |author=Sir Monier Monier-Williams |title=Hinduism |url=https://archive.org/details/hinduism00wilgoog|year=1877 |publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |author-mask=0 |author=Sir Monier Monier-Williams |title=Modern India and the Indians: Being a Series of Impressions, Notes, and Essays |url=https://archive.org/details/modernindiaandi01monigoog |year=1878 |publisher=Trübner and Company |ref=none}}
* ''Translation of [[Shikshapatri]]'' – The manuscript of the principal scripture [[Sir John Malcolm]] received from [[Swaminarayan]] on 26 February 1830 when he was serving as the [[Governor of Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|Imperial India]]. Currently preserved at [[Bodleian Library]].
* ''Brahmanism and Hinduism'' (1883)
* ''Buddhism, in its connexion with Brahmanism and Hinduism, and in its contrast with Christianity'' (1889)<ref>{{cite journal |title=Buddhism in Its Connexion with Brahmanism and Hinduism and in Its Contrast with Christianity|author-mask=0 |author=Monier Monier-Williams |journal=The Old Testament Student |date=June 1889 |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=389–390 |jstor=3156561 |doi=10.1086/470215|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* ''Sanskrit-English Dictionary'', {{ISBN|0-19-864308-X}}.
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/index.html ''A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European languages''], Monier Monier-Williams, revised by E. Leumann, C. Cappeller, et al. 1899, [[Clarendon Press]], Oxford
* ''A Practical Grammar of the Sanskrit Language, Arranged with Reference to the Classical Languages of Europe, for the Use of English Students'', Oxford: Clarendon, 1857, enlarged and improved Fourth Edition 1877

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==

* {{cite ODNB|last=Katz|first=J. B.|editor-first1=J. B |editor-last1=Katz |title=Williams, Sir Monier Monier-|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/18955|edition=October 2007|year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/18955 |access-date=31 January 2013 |ref=none}}

;Attribution
* {{Cite DNB|first=Arthur Anthony |last=Macdonell |wstitle=Monier-Williams, Monier |supplement=1|pages=186–187}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=Category:Monier Monier-Williams | b=no | n=no | q=Monier Monier-Williams | s=Author:Monier Monier-Williams | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=q713510}}
* [https://spokensanskrit.org/ SpokenSanskrit Online Free Dictionary]
* [http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/index.html Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries] (Searchable), [http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/monier/index.html Monier-Williams' ''Sanskrit-English Dictionary'']
* [http://www.shikshapatri.org.uk/~imagedb/content.php/monier Biography of Sir Monier Monier-Williams], Dr. Gillian Evison, Digital Shikshapatri
* [http://lexica.indica-et-buddhica.org/dict/lexica Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary], Searchable
* [http://www.shikshapatri.org.uk/~imagedb//view/viewalbumslide.php?albumID=5 Monier-Williams Shikshapatri manuscript], Digital Shikshapatri
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928103746/http://www.ocvhs.com/studies/ The Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies]
* [http://indica-et-buddhica.org/repositorium/dictionaries/monier-williams-dict-html Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary: DICT and HTML versions]
* {{Gutenberg author |id=2399}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Monier Monier-Williams}}

{{Boden Professors}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Monier-Williams, Monier}}
[[Category:1819 births]]
[[Category:1899 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College, Oxford]]
[[Category:British Indologists]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:People educated at King's College School, London]]
[[Category:Translators of Kalidasa]]
[[Category:British translators]]
[[Category:Linguists from the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:People from Bombay Presidency]]
[[Category:Boden Professors of Sanskrit]]
[[Category:Fellows of Balliol College, Oxford]]
[[Category:19th-century British translators]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]

Financial Intelligence Unit—India

2026-03-16T16:49:13Z

EssieYates77210:

{{Short description|Government agency in India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Financial Intelligence Unit—India
| native_name_a = {{lang|hi|वित्तीय आसूचना एकक — भारत}}
| logo = Financial Intelligence Unit—India Logo.svg
| logo_size =
| formed = {{Start date and age|2004|11|18}}
| agency_type = [[Financial Intelligence Unit]]
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| status = Active
| headquarters = [[Connaught Place, New Delhi]]
| employees = 75
| minister1_name = [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]
| chief1_name = Amit Govil IRS
| chief1_position = Director
| parent_department = [[Department of Revenue (India)|Department of Revenue]]
| website = {{URL|fiuindia.gov.in}}
}}

'''Financial Intelligence Unit—India''' ('''FIU-IND''') is an organisation under the [[Department of Revenue (India)|Department of Revenue]], [[Government of India]] which collects [[financial intelligence]] about offences<ref>[https://fiuindia.gov.in/files/AML_Legislation/scheduled_offences.html Scheduled Offences under the PMLA], from FIU-IND website</ref> under the [[Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002]]. It was set up in November 2004 and reports directly to the [[Economic Intelligence Council]] (EIC) headed by the Finance Minister.<ref name="about">[https://fiuindia.gov.in/files/About_FIU-IND/About_FIUIND.html About FIU-IND], from official website{{PD-notice}}</ref>

==Functions==

The functions of FIU-IND are:<ref name="about"/>

#'''Collection of Information''': FIU-IND is the nodal agency for receiving the following reports from various reporting entities.
##Cash Transaction reports (CTRs)
##Non-Profit Organisation Transaction Reports (NTRs)
##Cross Border Wire Transfer Reports (CBWTRs)
##Reports on Purchase or Sale of Immovable Property (IPRs)
##Suspicious Transaction Reports (STRs)
#'''Analysis of Information''': to uncover patterns of transactions suggesting suspicion of money laundering and related crimes.
#'''Sharing of Information''': with national intelligence/law enforcement agencies, national regulatory authorities and foreign [[Financial Intelligence Unit]]s.
#'''Act as Central Repository''': to maintain the national data base on the basis of reports received from reporting entities.
#'''Coordination''': Coordinate and strengthen collection and sharing of financial intelligence through an effective national, regional and global network to combat money laundering and related crimes.
#'''Research and Analysis''': Monitor and identify strategic key areas on money laundering trends, typologies and developments.
#'''Punitive Action''': The agency can also take punitive action for violations of the PMLA. In December 2020, it imposed a fine of Rs. 9.6 million on [[PayPal]].<ref>[https://theprint.in/india/indias-financial-intelligence-unit-fines-paypal-rs-96-lakh-for-violating-anti-money-laundering-law/570507/ India’s Financial Intelligence Unit fines PayPal Rs 96 lakh for ‘violating anti-money laundering law’], ''The Print'', 20 December 2020</ref>

==Organisation==

The agency has a sanctioned strength of 75 staff, drawn on deputation from [[Central Board of Direct Taxes]] (CBDT), [[Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs]] (CBIC), [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI), [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI), [[Department of Legal Affairs]] and [[Intelligence agencies of India|Intelligence agencies]].<ref name="about"/> It is headed by a Director, in the rank of [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary]]. Current Director is Pankaj Kumar Mishra, [[Indian Revenue Service|IRS]]-[[Income Tax Department|IT]] (1989), appointed in May 2016 for a five year term.<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/babus-rejig-pankaj-kumar-mishra-appointed-financial-intelligence-unit-chief/articleshow/52505950.cms Babus rejig: Pankaj Kumar Mishra appointed Financial Intelligence Unit chief], ''The Economic Times'', 30 May 2016</ref><ref>[https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145788 ACC Appointments], Press Information Bureau, 30 May 2016, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210920123623/https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145788 archived copy]</ref> He was promoted to [[Additional secretary to the Government of India|Additional Secretary]] in May 2020, as a personal measure, with temporary upgradation of the post.<ref>[https://www.indianbureaucracy.com/5-additional-secretary-appointments/ 5 Additional Secretary Appointments], ''Indian Bureaucracy'', 20 May 2020, [https://web.archive.org/web/20200526035653/https://www.indianbureaucracy.com/5-additional-secretary-appointments/ archived copy]</ref><ref>[https://www.indianmandarins.com/news/major-bureaucratic-reshuffle-effected-at-secretary-as-js-level-sriniwas-appointed-as-eo-dopt/20611 Major bureaucratic reshuffle effected at Secretary, AS & JS level], ''Indian Mandarins'', 12 May 2020, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210226122806/https://www.indianmandarins.com/news/major-bureaucratic-reshuffle-effected-at-secretary-as-js-level-sriniwas-appointed-as-eo-dopt/20611 archived copy]</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of financial supervisory authorities by country]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian intelligence agencies}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian intelligence agencies]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2004]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Anti-money laundering organizations]]
[[Category:Ministry of Finance (India)]]

International Kite Festival in Gujarat – Uttarayan

2026-03-16T16:48:43Z

EssieYates77210: New

{{Short description|Festival in India}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = International Kite Festival
| native_name = Makar Sankranti
| logo =
| image = MANJA 2667855f.jpg
| caption = Manja (the thread with which the kite is flown) maker in a kite market, 13 January 2007
| location = India
| years_active = 1989–present
| frequency = Annually
| dates = 14 - 15 January every year
| genre = [[kite]]s
| website = [http://www.gujarattourism.com www.gujarattourism.com]
}}

'''The International Kite Festival''', also known as '''Uttarayan''', is an annual two day kite-flying festival held each January in the Indian state of Gujarat to mark the transition of the sun into the Zodiac [[Capricornus]], associated with the Hindu festival of [[Makar Sankranti|Makara Sankranti.]] The event marks the end of winter and the beginning of the harvest season. In preparation, many households begin making or purchasing kites several months in advance.

The festival is celebrated throughout Gujarat and in parts of other Indian states. In Gujarat, it is observed as a two-day public holiday. The second day of the celebration is known as Vasi Uttarayan or "Stale" Uttarayan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uttarayan 2024: Date, history and significance of kite-flying festival|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/uttarayan-2024-date-history-and-significance-of-kite-flying-festival-101705138883919.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=2024-01-13|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en}}</ref> Traditional foods commonly prepared during the festival include [[undhiyu]], a mixed vegetable dish; [[chikki]], a brittle made from sesame seeds or peanuts and jaggery; and [[jalebi]], a deep-fried sweet. Markets typically see increased activity in the days leading up to the event as people purchase kites, string, and related supplies.

The Government of Gujarat promotes the festival as an international cultural event, inviting kite flyers from around the world to participate. In 2012, the Tourism Corporation of Gujarat mentioned that the International Kite Festival in Gujarat was attempting to be recognized in the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of World Records]] due to the participation of members from 42 countires that year.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sahu|first=Deepika|title=Gujarat kite festival to go global|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-11/travel/30612255_1_international-kite-festival-uttarayan-global-brand|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117105405/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-11/travel/30612255_1_international-kite-festival-uttarayan-global-brand|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 January 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 November 2012}}</ref>

==Location==

The International Kite Festival, Uttarayan,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sheokhanda.wordpress.com/2010/07/16/uttarayan-%E2%80%93-the-international-kite-festival/ |title=Uttarayan |access-date=22 October 2012 |archive-date=14 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114005710/http://sheokhanda.wordpress.com/2010/07/16/uttarayan-%e2%80%93-the-international-kite-festival/ |url-status=live }}</ref> is celebrated in many cities of Gujarat, Telangana and Rajasthan including Ahmedabad, Jaipur, Udaipur, Jodhpur, [[Surat]], [[Vadodara]], [[Rajkot]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Nadiad]], and [[Dakor]]. However, the international kite event takes place in [[Ahmedabad#Festivals|Ahmedabad]] (kite capital of Gujarat), which accommodates visitors from many nations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ahmedabad sky thrilled with colourful kites, Modi spellbound|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2012/01/12/kite-festival-starts-ahmedabad-narendra-modi-enthralled.html|access-date=3 November 2012|newspaper=Oneindia|date=12 January 2012|author=Nairita|archive-date=3 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403192329/http://news.oneindia.in/2012/01/12/kite-festival-starts-ahmedabad-narendra-modi-enthralled.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>WebIndia. [http://www.webindia123.com/city/andhra/hyderabad/destinations/fairs_festivals/internationalkitefestival.htm "Hyderabad Kites Festival"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117231729/http://www.webindia123.com/city/andhra/hyderabad/destinations/fairs_festivals/internationalkitefestival.htm |date=17 January 2016 }}. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</ref> A popular destination to view the festival is the [[Sabarmati Riverfront]] (its Sabarmati river bank has a capacity of over 500,000 people)<ref>{{cite web|title=Sabarmati River Front Ahmedabad|url=https://www.kitist.org/news/international-kite-festival-2024-ahmedabad-gujarat/|access-date=31 December 2015|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208095047/https://www.kitist.org/news/international-kite-festival-2024-ahmedabad-gujarat/|url-status=live}}</ref> or the Ahmedabad Police Stadium, where people lie down to see the sky filled with thousands of kites.<ref>{{cite web|last=Solanki|first=Paavan|title=International Kite Festival Gujarat 2016|url=http://www.ahmedabadkiteflyers.org/international-kite-festival-ahmedabad-gujarat/|publisher=Royal Kite Flyers Club|access-date=31 December 2015|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208095047/http://www.ahmedabadkiteflyers.org/international-kite-festival-ahmedabad-gujarat/|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the week leading up to the festival, markets experience a significant increase in kite sales, with large numbers of buyers and sellers trading kites and related supplies. In Ahmedabad, the Raipur Darwaza Patang Bazaar is among the best-known kite markets. During the festival period, it operates continuously, open 24 hours a day, as vendors and customers purchase and negotiate sales in bulk.<ref>{{cite web |author=Rob |title=Uttarayan International Kite Festival Gujarat |url=http://www.1000lonelyplaces.com/carnivals/uttarayan-international-kite-festival-gujarat-2011/ |access-date=3 November 2012 |archive-date=15 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215025057/http://www.1000lonelyplaces.com/carnivals/uttarayan-international-kite-festival-gujarat-2011/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=In pics {{!}} A stroll through Ahmedabad’s Raipur Darwaza Patang Bazaar for all Uttarayan essentials!|url=https://www.knocksense.com/ahmedabad/in-pics-a-stroll-through-ahmedabads-raipur-darwaza-patang-bazaar-for-all-uttarayan-essentials|website=Knocksense|date=2025-01-11|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en|first=Zeal|last=Jani}}</ref>

==History==
Kites are believed to have originated in China, where early written records describe their use for military signaling and measurement during the Han dynasty. From East Asia, kite technology spread westward along trade routes such as the Silk Road. Scholars believe that kites reached the Indian subcontinent through contact with Buddhist missionaries and traders traveling between China and South Asia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=A History of Kite Flying in India|url=http://www.sahapedia.org/history-kite-flying-india|website=Sahapedia|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en}}</ref>

Some of the earliest references to kites in Indian literature appear in medieval devotional and poetic works. The thirteenth-century Marathi poet [[Namdev]] referred to paper kites as ''gudi'', while sixteenth-century poets such as Dasopant and [[Eknath]] used the term ''vavadi''. The Hindi poet [[Bihari Lal|Bihari]] also mentioned kite flying in the ''Satsai'', and the seventeenth-century poet [[Tulsidas]] referred to kites in the ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]'', where the word ''chagg'' is used. These excerpts indicate that kite flying was already a familiar recreational activity across several regions of India by the late medieval period.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Flying kites was once a royal passion, reduced now to a plebeian pastime|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/culture/flying-kites-was-once-a-royal-passion-reduced-now-to-a-plebeian-pastime|website=National Herald|date=2022-01-10|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en|first=Nilosree|last=Biswas}}</ref>

During the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal era]], kite flying developed into a popular pastime and competitive sport, especially among the nobility. Courtly patronage encouraged experimentation with materials and design to improve aerodynamics and maneuverability. Mughal paintings and miniatures depict both men and women participating in kite flying. The historian Abdul Halim Sharar, writing about eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Lucknow, noted that "great care was taken in the construction of a kite. It was composed of tukkals, paper kites, joined together back to front."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lucknow, the last phase of an oriental culture|url=http://archive.org/details/lucknowlastphase0000shar|publisher=Delhi : Oxford University Press|date=1989|isbn=978-0-19-562364-2|others=Internet Archive|first=ʻAbdulḥalīm|last=Sharar}}</ref> Sharar also suggested that Hindu participation in kite flying may have been influenced by the custom of lighting akash deep (oil lamps raised into the sky), though this interpretation is debated. During this period, special shapes such as the shield-shaped patang, the lantern-like tukkal, and large effigy-style kites known as chang became common, and the term patang entered widespread usage for fighting kites.<ref name=":1" /> It is believed that when Jahangir returned to Delhi in 1812 after spending three years in exile in Allahabad, the people of the city celebrated his homecoming by flying kites, while his mother offered him a chaadar. This historic occasion is now celebrated annually as [[Phool Walon Ki Sair|Phool Waalon ki Sair.]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=A History of Kite Flying in India|url=http://www.sahapedia.org/history-kite-flying-india|website=Sahapedia|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en}}</ref>

Following the decline of the Mughal empire, kite flying continued as a seasonal and festive activity among the general population. Kite flying has been a regional event in Gujarat for several years. However, the first international festival was celebrated in 1989 when people from all across the globe participated and showcased their innovative kites.<ref>{{cite web|title=International Kite festival|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/gujarat/fairs-and-festivals/international-kite-festival.html|access-date=24 October 2012|archive-date=11 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711074757/http://www.mapsofindia.com/gujarat/fairs-and-festivals/international-kite-festival.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="about kf">{{cite news |last=Subhamoy|first=Das|title=Uttarayan, the Kite Festival of Gujarat|url=http://hinduism.about.com/cs/festivals/a/aa011103a.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112213513/http://hinduism.about.com/cs/festivals/a/aa011103a.htm|archive-date=12 January 2013|access-date=3 November 2012|newspaper=Learn Religions}}</ref>

In the 2012 event, the International Kite Festival was inaugurated by Chief Minister [[Narendra Modi]] in the presence of Governor [[Kamla Beniwal]].

==Participants==
[[File:Colored Kites.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Pile of colored kites, prepared for the Uttarayan festival]]

The mention of this festival is in the [[Rigveda]] which dates back more than 5000 years. The day marks the beginning of the auspicious six-month period known as Uttarayana. Today, regardless of people's background or beliefs, they are welcome to fly kites with everyone else in Gujarat in January. Most visitors arrive from around India, from Gujarat itself or another state. In major cities of Gujarat, kite flying starts as early as 5 am and goes until late at night. Approximately 8-10 million people participate in the festival.<ref>{{cite web|last=Aggarwal|first=Priya|title=International Kite festival|url=http://www.easydestination.net/blog/?itemid=2569|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518102654/http://www.easydestination.net/blog/?itemid=2569|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 May 2015|publisher=Travel Events|access-date=24 October 2012}}</ref>

However, many visitors come from around the world, from countries including Japan, Italy, UK, Canada, Brazil, Indonesia, Australia, the US, Malaysia, Singapore, France, and China to take part in the celebration.

The festival has been strongly influenced by its international participants in recent events, for instance:<ref>{{cite web|title=Uttarayan: International Kite Festival in Gujarat|url=http://www.cnngo.com/mumbai/play/uttarayan-international-kite-festival-gujarat-460042|access-date=24 October 2012|publisher=CNN|date=15 January 2008|archive-date=10 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910130432/http://www.cnngo.com/mumbai/play/uttarayan-international-kite-festival-gujarat-460042|url-status=live}}</ref>

* Malaysia brought wau-balang kites.
* Indonesia brought llayang-llayanghave.
* The US brought giant banner kites.
* Japan brought [[Rokkaku dako|Rokkaku]] fighting kites.
* Italy brought Italian sculptural kites.
* Chinese brought flying dragon kites.
* For other kites, see list of [[Kite types]].

This festival is also an occasion for many public entities such as famous dancers, singers, actors, celebrities or politicians who make an appearance and entertain the population. In 2004, for example, the (Bollywood) actress [[Juhi Chawla]] was part of the celebration and performed a [[Garba (dance)|garba]] dance, which is very popular in India.<ref name="carnet">{{cite web|last=Deccan|first=Herald|title=International Kite Festival, Ahmedabad|url=http://www.carnetdevol.org/actualite/inde/india.htm|publisher=carnetdevol.org|date=13 January 2004|access-date=3 November 2012|archive-date=12 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412113230/http://www.carnetdevol.org/actualite/inde/india.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Types of kites==

During the event, kite markets are set up alongside food stalls and performers. They are usually made with materials such as plastic, leaves, wood, metal, nylon and other scrap materials, but the ones for Uttarayan are made of light-weight paper and bamboo, and are mostly rhombus shaped with a central spine and a single bow.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kite Basics|url=http://www.drachen.org/learn/kite-basics|publisher=drachen.org|access-date=3 November 2012|archive-date=28 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228002013/http://www.drachen.org/learn/kite-basics|url-status=live}}</ref> Dye and paint are also added to increase the glamour of the kite. The lines are covered with mixtures of glue and ground glass which, when dried, rolled up and attached to the rear, also known as firkees, become sharp enough to cut skin.<ref name="carnet"/> These types of sharp lines are used on [[fighter kite]]s, known in India as ''patangs'', to cut down other kites during kite fighting events.

On the second night of the festival, illuminated kites filled with lights and candles known as tukals or tukkals are launched, creating a spectacle in the dark sky.<ref>{{cite web|title=FAIRS & FESTIVALS OF AHMEDABAD|url=http://www.indiainfoweb.com/gujarat/ahmedabad/festive-fun.html|access-date=3 November 2012}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of kite festivals|List of Kite festivals]]
*[[Hamamatsu Kite Festival]]
*[[Weifang International Kite Festival]]
*[[Blossom Kite Festival]]
*[[Bali Kite Festival]]
*[[Bristol International Kite Festival]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:International Kite Festival in Gujarat - Uttarayan}}
[[Category:Kite festivals]]
[[Category:Festivals in Gujarat]]
[[Category:January]]
[[Category:Sports festivals in India]]

Prajñā (Buddhist monk)

2026-03-13T16:50:42Z

EssieYates77210: starting new entry...

{{Short description|9th century Buddhist monk; translator of Buddhist texts into Chinese}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| c = 般若三藏
| p = Bōrě Sānzàng
| altname = Also known as:
| c2 = 般若
| p2 = Bō Rě
| lang1_content = प्रज्ञा
| lang1 = Sanskrit
}}
'''Prajñā''' ({{lang-zh|c=般若三藏 or 般若|p=Bōrě Sānzàng or Bō Rě}}, 734<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://buddhaspace.org/dict/fk/data/%25E8%2588%25AC%25E8%258B%25A5.html|title=般若|website=buddhaspace.org|access-date=2019-07-12}}</ref>), was a 9th-century [[Bhikkhu|Buddhist monk]] born in [[Kapisi|Kapisa]], near modern [[Kabul]], Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Soothill |first1=William |title=A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms: With Sanskrit and English Equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali Index |date=1977 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |page=337 |isbn=9788120803190 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1U5WeJlJf_0C&dq=Praj%C3%B1%C4%81+kabul&pg=PA337}}</ref>

He visited [[Tang dynasty|Tang China]] and contributed several important retranslations of Sanskrit [[sutra]]s into Chinese. Some of his main works are:

* The ''[[Avatamsaka Sutra]]'' ({{lang-zh|t=華嚴經|s=华严经|p=Huá Yán Jīng|labels=no}})
* The [[Heart Sutra]] ({{lang-zh|t=大乘理趣六波羅密多經|s=大乘理趣六波罗密多经|p=Dàshèng Lǐqù Liù Bōluómìduō Jīng or Dàchéng Lǐqù Liù Bōluómìduō Jīng|labels=no}})
* The ''Mahayana Sutra of Mind Meditation from the [[Jataka tales|Jataka Tales]]'' ({{lang-zh|t=大乘本生心地觀經|s=大乘本生心地观经|p=Dàshèng Běnshēng Xīndì Guānjīng or Dàchéng Běnshēng Xīndì Guānjīng|labels=no}})

Prajñā reportedly befriended the Japanese monk [[Kūkai]], future founder of [[Shingon Buddhism]], during his pilgrimage to China. He is said to have helped Kūkai learn and understand Sanskrit source texts. He also studied at the monastery of [[Nalanda]] in modern-day India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jørgensen |first1=John J |title=Inventing Hui-neng, the Sixth Patriarch: Hagiography And Biography in Early Ch'an |date=2005 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004145085 |page=648 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zTCoXPEXWNwC&dq=Praj%C3%B1%C4%81+kapisa+nalanda&pg=PA648}}</ref>

According to the ''[[Zhenyuan Catalogue]]'', Prajñā translated a work known as the ''Satparamita Sutra'' into Chinese with the help of the Christian monk [[Jingjing (monk)|Jingjing]]. This work does not survive.<ref>David Scott (1985), "Christian Responses To Buddhism in Pre-Medieval Times", ''Numen'' '''32'''(1): 88–100. {{doi|10.1163/156852785x00175}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Keown, Damian (2003). Dictionary of Buddhism. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-860560-9}}

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:9th-century Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:Afghan monks]]
[[Category:Afghan Buddhists]]
[[Category:Monks of Nalanda]]

Kajra Re

2026-03-08T14:57:58Z

EssieYates77210:

{{Short description|Indian movie song}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{for|the 2010 film|Kajraare}}
{{Infobox song|
|
| name = Kajra Re
| cover = Aishwarya With Abhishek.jpg
| alt =
| caption = [[Aishwarya Rai]] along with [[Abhishek Bachchan]] and [[Amitabh Bachchan]] (not pictured) appeared in ''Kajra Re'' song
| type = song
| artist = [[Alisha Chinai]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]] and [[Javed Ali]]
| album = [[Bunty Aur Babli]] soundtrack
| released = 2005
| format =
| recorded =
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = [[Ghazal]], [[Qawwali]], [[filmi]]
| length = 8:04 (soundtrack album) 7:50 (music video)
| label = <div style="white-space: nowrap;">[[Yash Raj Films|Yash Raj Music]]</div>
| language = [[Hindustani language|Hindi-Urdu]]
| composer = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| lyricist = [[Gulzar (lyricist)|Gulzar]]
| producer = [[Aditya Chopra]] [[Yash Chopra]]
| misc = {{Audio sample
| type = song
| file = Kajra Re.ogg
| description = Kajra Re
}}
{{External music video|{{YouTube|4dsFQFCvVGU&vl|Kajra Re}}|type=song}}
}}

'''Kajra Re''' ({{translation|[[Kohl (cosmetics)|Kohl]]-like dark (eyes)}})<ref>[http://www.bollywhat.com/lyrics/bunt_lyr.html#4 Lyrics to "Kajrare"] from bollywhat.com</ref> is a song composed by [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]], written by [[Gulzar (lyricist)|Gulzar]] and sung by the [[playback singer]]s [[Alisha Chinai]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]] and [[Javed Ali]]. It is from the 2005 film ''[[Bunty Aur Babli]]'', starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Abhishek Bachchan]] and [[Rani Mukerji]]. [[Aishwarya Rai]] plays a courtesan trying to express her desires to attract the male, or her client.<ref name="Oxford University Press">{{cite book|last1=Beaster-Jones|first1=Jayson|title=Bollywood Sounds: The Cosmopolitan Mediations of Hindi Film Songs|date=9 October 2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199993482|pages=2–4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=238ZBQAAQBAJ|accessdate=21 September 2017}}</ref> It features Amitabh and Abhishek at a nightclub and Aishwarya Rai, making a special appearance in the film, sings for Amitabh while ignoring Abhishek's approaches. Amitabh eventually joins Abhishek and Aishwarya in the singing and dancing.

==Production and development==
''Kajra Re'' is inspired from a folk song from the [[Braj]] region, in which the celebrated dark eyes are [[Krishna]]'s. The song originated in [[Vrindavan]] and is traditionally attributed to the ''Rasik Saint'' '''Shri Haridas Baba'''. Over time, it was transmitted through informal performances and adaptations, eventually gaining recognition beyond its original religious and regional context.

The words "''Tujhse milna Purani Dilli mein...''" ("''...meet you in [[Old Delhi]]''") have been rendered by Amitabh Bachchan. It was a very famous "[[item number]]" from the movie ''[[Bunty Aur Babli]]''. Uncommon to other "item numbers", the music was influenced by the genre of [[kajari]].<ref name="Oxford University Press" /> The trio have used [[sitar]] to make it sound more Indian. Amitabh Bachchan, after initially hearing the song, demanded a few changes, but the director, [[Shaad Ali]], and producer, [[Aditya Chopra]], convinced him against them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2006/03/24/1104/index.html |title="I have to compliment Himesh. If we have 2 hits a year, he has 20" - Ehsaan |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2006-03-24 |accessdate=2011-06-28 }}{{dead link|date=July 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The song was composed in half a day. Alisha was chosen for the female vocals since her anglicized accent was meant to provide an essentially different intonation.<ref name="redifftop">{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/10songs1.htm |title=rediff.com: 2005's Top 5 |publisher=Specials.rediff.com |date= |accessdate=2011-06-28}}</ref>

==Reception and impact==
The melody of this song was used as the main method to promote the film and the soundtrack.<ref name="Oxford University Press"/> The song became extremely popular among the masses<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/255081.aspx |title=HindustanTimes-Print |publisher=Hindustantimes.com |date=2007-10-31 |accessdate=2011-06-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022025859/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/255081.aspx |archivedate=2012-10-22 }}</ref> and was hugely successful on Indian music charts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/calcutta-times/Second-coming/articleshow/1154707.cms |title=Second coming - The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2005-06-28 |accessdate=2011-06-28}}</ref> The [[Hindustan Times]] described it as "the reinvention of the qawwali by Shankar-Ehsaan-Roy and Gulzar" and called it "the [[Item song|item number]] of the decade."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/From-Melody-to-Dev-D/Article1-492354.aspx |title=From Melody to Dev D |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2009-12-31 |accessdate=2011-06-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204160308/http://www.hindustantimes.com/From-Melody-to-Dev-D/Article1-492354.aspx |archivedate=2010-12-04 }}</ref> ''Kajra Re'' featured on top in ''[[Rediff]]''{{'}}s 2005's list of top 5 songs.<ref name="redifftop"/>

It was voted as the song of the year by three radio stations, including [[Lotus FM]], a station popular among the [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]] in [[South Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/06/jan/05kajra.asp |title='Kajra Re' voted song of the year in South Africa - bollywood news |publisher=glamsham.com |date= |accessdate=2011-06-28}}</ref> The song was also featured in ''[[Caminho das Indias]]'', a marathon telenovela that ran on [[Brazil]]'s popular [[Rede Globo]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/radio-and-tv/article518537.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=An Indian in Brazil | date=2010-07-17}}</ref> The track was featured in [[Hindustan Times]]' ''Songs of the Century'', which deemed it to be the "undisputed item song of the decade."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Music/Songs-of-the-Century/Article1-903152.aspx|accessdate=2012-08-20|title=Songs of the Century|work=Hindustan Times|date=2012-08-20|quote=undisputed item song of the decade.|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804001103/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Music/Songs-of-the-Century/Article1-903152.aspx|archivedate=2012-08-04}}</ref>

==Music video==
Before the song sequence, Amitabh Bachchan, playing a cop in the movie, relates his story of unrequited love in the city of [[Delhi]] to Abhishek Bachchan (his real-life son who plays a criminal pursued by the cop), which is later alluded to in the song. Aishwarya Rai's character, a bar girl, sympathizes with Amitabh's character and plays courtesan. The dance, choreographed by [[Vaibhavi Merchant]], features Aishwarya in a [[brocade]] ''[[choli]]'' and dipped ''[[Lehenga|ghagra]]'', [[Kohl (cosmetics)|kohl]], and some [[lip gloss]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2005/09/06/691/index.html |title=An item number without makeup! |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2005-09-06 |accessdate=2011-06-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116011458/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2005/09/06/691/index.html |archivedate=2009-01-16 }}</ref>

==Awards==
[[Alisha Chinai]] won the 2005 [[Filmfare Best Female Playback Award]], 2005 [[MTV Immies]] for the "Best Female Singer" and the 2005 [[Bollywood Movie Award - Best Playback Singer Female]] for the song, while [[Gulzar]] collected the best lyricist award in almost all major award functions including the [[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|IIFA]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Filmfare]] Awards, for the song. [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] won the award for the "Best Performance In A Song - Female" at the 2005 [[MTV Immies]].

[[Vaibhavi Merchant]] won the following awards:
*[[IIFA Best Choreography Award]]
*Zee Best Choreography Award
*[[Star Screen Awards]] - Best Choreography
*Apsara Best Choreography Award

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
[[Category:2005 songs]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Gulzar]]
[[Category:Shankar Mahadevan songs]]
[[Category:Alisha Chinai songs]]
[[Category:Qawwali songs]]
[[Category:Songs in Urdu]]
[[Category:Songs about prostitutes]]
[[Category:Ghazal songs]]
[[Category:Songs about criminals]]
[[Category:Songs about police officers]]
[[Category:Delhi in fiction]]
[[Category:Filmi songs]]
[[Category:Caminho das Índias]]

Sir Parashurambhau College

2026-03-07T16:20:36Z

EssieYates77210:

{{short description|Private college in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Sir Parashurambhau College (Autonomous), Pune
| former_name = New Poona College
| image = Sp main building.jpg
| motto = "निर्वाहः प्रतिपन्न वस्तुषु"
| address = Tilak Road, Sadashiv Peth
| city = Pune
| country = India
| state = Maharashtra
| postcode = 411030
| religious_affiliation =
| established = 1916
| type = [[Public]]
| principal = Prof. DR.Avinash Moharil.
| head_label = Vice Principals
| head = Prof. Vidya Avachat (Arts)
Prof. Pravin Ranasure (Commerce)
Prof. Sunita Jadhav (Science)
| campus = {{cvt|25|acre}}
| affiliations = [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]] [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]]
| website = {{URL|www.spcollegepune.ac.in}}
| footnotes = Publication: Parashuramiya
University ID No.: PU/PN/ASC/003/1916
Accreditation: NAAC accredited A+ grade 3.70 points (on 4 point scale)
Administration: Shikshan Prasarak Mandali, Pune
| motto_lang = Sanskrit
}}
'''Sir Parashurambhau College''' ('''S.P. College''') is an [[Autonomous]] (since 2019) college in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. Established in 1916<ref>{{Cite web | title = SP College honours alumni on 98th foundation day| url = http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/1848169/report-sp-college-honours-alumni-on-98th-foundation-day | publisher =Daily News Analysis | date =15 June 2013 | accessdate = 4 July 2013 }}</ref> as New Poona College at the hands of the British Governor [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Lord Willingdon]], the college was renamed as Sir Parashurambhau College as a mark of gratitude towards the then ruler of [[Jamkhandi State]] who donated {{Indian Rupee}}2,00,000 in the memory of his father, Parashurambhau Patwardhan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pratul Chandra Gupta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279666 |title=Baji Rao Ii And The East India Company 1796 1818 By Pratul Chandra Gupta |date=1939}}</ref> The college is governed by [[Shikshan Prasarak Mandali]], a private education society in Maharashtra. S. P. College provides a platform for cultural activities and promotes students to cultivate their skills. SP College also offering many platforms to overall personality development of students.

==Academics==
*Arts
*Science
*Commerce
*Interdisciplinary Sciences
*Computer Science (B.C.S. Course started in 1987)
*Electronics Science (B.Sc Course Started in 1985)
*Business Administration
*Skill development center

==Educational offering==
Sir Parashurambhau College offers education from junior college (grade 11–12) to postgraduate (Masters) level. The highschool is known as the Junior College. India follows a 10+2 education system with students electing one out of three fields of specialization, namely Science, Arts and Commerce (Business) in grades 11–12. The junior college enrolls about 3800 students, out of which about 1600 students are of the Science stream in standards 11–12. There are 7 divisions per grade (for the Science stream) from A through G. The college, which was established in 1916 with humble origins, now has a campus spanning 25 acres (0.04 sq miles) with sprawling grounds, heritage buildings, botanical gardens and a swimming pool. Sir Parashurambhau College is affiliated to the Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education (MSBSHSE). Students appear for the HSC examination for matriculation from the school. Although an independent school, the SP Junior College receives periodic financial grants from the Maharashtra State Government.

===Curriculum===
Students of the Science stream take compulsory courses in the following subjects: English, Physics, Chemistry, Environmental Science, Physical Education. They can opt for 2 or 3 of the following subjects: Mathematics, Biology, Marathi, German, Hindi, Geography, Computer Science and Application, Scooter and Motorcycle Servicing, Electronics, Electrical Maintenance, Mechanical Maintenance. Students of the Arts stream take compulsory courses in the following subjects: English, Marathi or Hindi or German or Sanskrit, Environmental Science, Health and Physical Education. They can opt for 4 of the following subjects: Economics, Mathematics, History, Psychology, Logic, Geography, Political Science, German, Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi. (Students can select a maximum of 3 languages) Students of the Commerce (Business) stream take compulsory courses in the following subjects: English, Marathi or Hindi or Sanskrit or German, Environmental Science, Physical Education. They can opt for 4 of the following subjects: Economics, Mathematics, Secretarial Practice, Organization of Commerce, Book-keeping and Accountancy. College is for 6.5 hours a day with 9 classes of 40–45 minutes each. Promotion to the next grade is based on a minimum of 35% marks in each subject throughout the academic year. Science students have first-hand laboratory experience once a week in each of their chosen subjects among the following: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Computer
Science, Electronics, Electrical Maintenance, Mechanical Maintenance, Scooter and Motorcycle Servicing.

===Junior College Gradation System===
Grades are awarded according to marks (percentage) scored by the students. Grade points (percentage) are awarded on a 100-point scale. There are 4 exams each year, viz. 2 tutorials (unit tests)- one in each semester, 1 terminal exam (at the end of 1 st semester) and 1 annual exam. All of these exams taken throughout the academic year count towards the final score on a 100-point scale or percentage scale. At the end of Grade 12, students appear for board exams, which are statewide public examinations whose scores are considered very important, as they are one of the criteria used for admission into various universities.

==Student Life and Culture==
===Activities===
Students can join various cultural, academic, and social clubs such as:
Book Club, Art Circle, 'Vaadsabha':The debating union, ‘Dandekar Adhyasan’, ‘Vangmay
Mandal’, [[Marathi literature]] club, Dr. Ambedkar Study Circle, Science
Association, Commerce Association, Film club, ‘Urmee’, Arts and
Culture Club, ‘Calyx’, Trends in arts and sciences magazine, Adventure
Club, Toastmasters International club as will as government programs [[National Service Scheme|NSS]], 3 mah armd sqn [[National Cadet Corps (India)|NCC]], 36 MHA BN NCC Army wing, 3 Mah Naval unit Div no :- vi, etc.

===Athletics===
Students can participate in a variety of indigenous and international
games such as: [[kho-kho]], [[kabaddi]], [[field hockey|hockey]], [[baseball]], volleyball, [[Dodgeball]], [[association football|football]] (soccer), etc. in district to national level competitions. SP
College has official teams participating in competitive sports on an
inter-school and intercollegiate level.

===MAVEN - Gaining the Edge===
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2019}}
MAVEN is a skill and entrepreneurship development event conducted by SP College on a National level. It is one of the only Corporate Events happening on a college level in the city. Students participate as volunteers and work on the event, right from planning to execution. It is generally scheduled to happen in mid-January every year.

==Notable alumni==
{{alumni|date=August 2019}}
* [[Pandurang Sadashiv Sane]], Freedom Fighter, Social Activist, Author
*[[Baburaoji Parkhe]] 1912 - 1997, paper & pulp industry, writer and philanthropist
*[[Dr Sarojini Babar]] 1920 - 2008, [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]], [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], writer and orator
* [[Anand Modak]] 1951- 2014, music composer<ref name=sakaal>{{cite web | title = Anand Modak passes away |publisher= [[Sakaal Times]] | url = http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=4767330498644677233&SectionId=5171561142064258099&SectionName=Pune&NewsDate=20140523&NewsTitle=Anand%20Modak%20passes%20away
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140524080609/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=4767330498644677233&SectionId=5171561142064258099&SectionName=Pune&NewsDate=20140523&NewsTitle=Anand%20Modak%20passes%20away
| url-status = usurped
| archive-date = 24 May 2014
|date=23 May 2014| accessdate = 2014-05-24}}</ref>
* [[Y.K. Sohoni]] (1911-2003), Professor of French and recipient of ''[[Ordre des Palmes académiques#Order|Chevalier dans l'Ordre Palmes Académiques]]'' from the Government of France.
* [[Aruna Ramchandra Dhere]], Renowned Marathi Author, Poetess
* [[Shivrampant Damle]] (1900–1977), Indian educationist
* [[Kashinath Ghanekar]], Actor
* [[Dattaram Maruti Mirasdar]], Author, Professor
* [[Vasant Bapat]], Poet, Author
* [[Vasant Nagarkar]], Freedom Fighter, Indian Police Service, Social Reformer
* [[Vasant Date]], Freedom Fighter<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kartavyasadhana.in/view-article/Remembering-Vasant-Nagarkar-a-freedom-fighter-by-Sucharita-Tilak-Part1|title=Vasant Nagarkar : A freedom fighter, IPS officer, expert on Islam}}</ref>
* [[Shanta Shelke]], Author and Poet
* [[Vasant Tulpule]], Freedom Fighter
* [[V.D. Chitale]], Freedom Fighter, Labor Leader
* [[Shridhar Balwant Tilak]], Son of Lokmanya Tilak.
* [[Y. N. Kelkar]], Historian, Son of [[Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar]]
* [[R. V. Oturkar]], Historian
* [[S. P. P. Thorat]], Padmashree, Lieutenant-General of Indian Army
* [[Tarabai Sathe]], Member of Parliament
* [[Anantrao Patil]], Member of Parliament
* [[Gulabrao Jedhe]], Member of Parliament
* [[Sharad Talwalkar]], Actor
* [[गोविंद आफळे|Govind Aphale]], Kirtan Performer
* [[Krishnaji Panduranga Bhagwat]], Author and Industrialist
* [[Yadunath Thatte]], Journalist, Author and Biographer
* [[Yogini Joglekar]], Author, Poet and Classical Singer
*[[Gauri Pradhan Tejwani|Gauri Pradhan]], TV Actress<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hiten-gauri.net/flash2/FlashHT.swf|title=Biography of Gauri Pradhan:About Gauri}}</ref>
* [[Mrinal Dev-Kulkarni]], TV Actress
* [[Mukta Barve]], Actress
* [[Madhura Datar]], Singer
* [[Siddharth Chandekar]], Actor
* [[Mrunmayee Deshpande]], Actress
* [[Ritika Shrotri]], Actress{{citation needed|reason=lacks a reliable source confirming attendance|date=August 2019}}
* [[Akshay Ganpule]], Indian Kho Kho player

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.spcollegepune.ac.in/ S. P. College Official website]

{{coord|18.507402|73.849693|type:edu_region:IN|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Pune]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1916]]
[[Category:1916 establishments in India]]

Living Media India

2026-03-07T01:12:56Z

EssieYates77210: Started New Stub...

{{Short description|Media conglomerate based in New Delhi, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Prose|date=March 2024}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name =Living Media India Limited
| trade_name = India Today Group
| logo = Living Media India.svg
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{BSE|532515}}|{{NSE|TVTODAY}}}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|1975}}
| location = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| founders = [[Aroon Purie]]
| key_people = {{ubl|[[Aroon Purie]] (Chairman)|Ashish Bagga ([[CEO]])|Kallie Purie (Vice Chairwoman)}}
| industry = [[Mass media]]
| products = {{hlist|[[Broadcasting]]|[[publishing]]|[[radio]]|[[web portal]]s }}
| revenue = {{loss}} {{INRConvert|820|c}} (2021)<ref name="fy">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/mediaentertainment/tvtodaynetwork/TVT|title=TV TodayNetwork Share Price, TV TodayNetwork Stock Price, TV Today Network LTD. Stock Price, Share Price, Live BSE/NSE, TV Today Network LTD. Bids Offers. Buy/Sell TV Today Network LTD. News & tips, & F&O Quotes, NSE/BSE Forecast News and Live Quotes|access-date=25 December 2020|archive-date=15 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115211147/https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/mediaentertainment/tvtodaynetwork/TVT|url-status=live}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{loss}} {{INRConvert|196|c}} (2021)<ref name="fy"/>
| net_income = {{loss}} {{INRConvert|131|c}} (2021)<ref name="fy"/>
| num_employees = 1,849 (2021)<ref name="fy"/>
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.indiatodaygroup.com/|indiatodaygroup.com}}
}}
'''Living Media India Limited''', [[trade name|d.b.a.]] '''India Today Group''', is an Indian [[media conglomerate]] based in [[New Delhi]], India. It has interests in [[magazine]]s, [[newspaper]]s, [[book]]s, [[radio]], [[television]], [[printing]] and the [[Internet]].

== History ==
India Today Group was founded in 1975 by [[Aroon Purie]] and [[Madhu Trehan]] and its first publication was ''[[India Today]]'' which was a fortnightly [[news]] magazine.<ref name="Newslaundry">Pooja Bhula, [https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/07/18/who-owns-your-media-the-highs-and-lows-of-the-india-today-group Who Owns Your Media: The highs and lows of the India Today Group] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606123057/https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/07/18/who-owns-your-media-the-highs-and-lows-of-the-india-today-group |date=6 June 2024 }}, Newslaundry, 18 July 2022.</ref> [[Aroon Purie]] is the current [[chairman]] and [[editor-in-chief]] and Dinesh Bhatia is the current [[CEO]] of India Today Group.

==TV Today Network==
The TV Today Network is an English-Hindi Indian news television network based in India. The TV Today Network was incorporated in 1988, launching a video magazine called ''[[Newstrack]]''.<ref name="Shrivastava">{{citation |last=Shrivastava |first=K. M. |title=Broadcast Journalism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tpt8knkqUsoC&pg=PA37 |pages=37–38 |year=2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=9788120735972}}</ref> At that time, private television broadcasting was prohibited in India.<ref name="Print">Himani Chandna, [https://theprint.in/features/brandma/newstrack-the-video-magazine-that-served-real-issues-to-news-hungry-indians-in-dd-era/253392/ Newstrack – The video magazine that served real issues to news-hungry Indians in DD era] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407153717/https://theprint.in/features/brandma/newstrack-the-video-magazine-that-served-real-issues-to-news-hungry-indians-in-dd-era/253392/ |date=7 April 2022 }}, The Print, 23 June 2019.</ref> ''Newstrack'' produced its programmes on videotape and distributed them to subscribers. ''[[The New York Times]]'' described them as fast-paced video magazines of investigative reporting, similar to [[CBS News]] ''[[60 Minutes]]''.

Madhu Trehan, a sibling of Arun Poorie and a graduate of [[Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism]], was the creator of ''Newstrack'' and also served as one of its anchors.<ref name="NYT">Barbara Crossette, In News-Hungry India, Videotapes Fill the Void: Supplying what the networks won't, ''The New York Times'', 2 January 1991. {{ProQuest|108666787}}</ref> Having started with five to six journalists, it grew to a size of 30. The length of the programmes also increased from initial 30 minutes to eventual 90 minutes. The high points of ''Newstrack'''s coverage were those of [[Kashmir insurgency|Kashmiri militancy]] and the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid]]. It is listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange|BSE]] and the [[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]] and consists of the several news channels namely, [[Aaj Tak]], [[India Today Television|India Today]], [[Aajtak Tez|Good News Today]], [[Aaj Tak|Aaj Tak HD]] and digital channels distributed through its websites or YouTube.

=== Television channels ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Channel
! Language
! Category
! data-sort-type="date" | Launched
! data-sort-type="date" | Closed
|-
|[[Aaj Tak|Aajtak]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Hindi]]
| rowspan="6" |News
|30 September 1995
|
|-
|[[Aaj Tak HD|Aajtak HD]]
|14 December 2018
|
|-
|[[Good News Today]]
|5 September 2021
|
|-
|[[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]]
|English
|7 April 2003
|
|-
|[[Aajtak Tez]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Hindi]]
|22 August 2005
|4 September 2021
|}

=== Digital channels ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Channel
! Launched
! Language
! Category
|-
|[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]
|2018
| rowspan="4"|Hindi
|Business News
|-
|Aajtak 2
|2023
| rowspan="4" |News
|-
|Prime Time
|2022
|-
|-
|So Sorry
|2014
|}

== Publications ==
* ''[[India Today]]''
* [[Business Today (India)|''Business Today'']]
* ''[[Reader's Digest#Indian edition|Reader's Digest]]''
* ''[[Harper's Bazaar#Harper's Bazaar India|Harper's Bazaar]]''
* ''Auto Today''
* ''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]''
* ''Brides Today''
* ''[[Mail Today]]''
* [[Target (magazine)|''Target'']]
* [[Today (Indian newspaper)|''Today'']]

== Other divisions ==
* [[Ishq FM|Ishq 104.8 FM]] (Radio)
* India Today Media Institute
* [[Thomson Reuters|Thomson Press]]
* Care Today
* [[Vasant Valley School]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Media of India}}

[[Category:India Today Group|.01]]
[[Category:Mass media companies of India]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies of India]]
[[Category:Book publishing companies of India]]
[[Category:Magazine publishing companies of India]]
[[Category:Mass media companies based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1975]]
[[Category:Holding companies established in 1975]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1975]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1975]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Television broadcasting companies of India]]
[[Category:Television networks in India]]
[[Category:Television companies of India|Broadcasting]]
[[Category:Radio broadcasting companies of India]]
[[Category:Online companies of India]]
[[Category:Publishing companies of India]]
[[Category:Newspaper companies of India]]
[[Category:Printing companies of India]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies established in 1975]]
[[Category:Godi media]]

Naayattu

2026-03-03T21:06:06Z

EssieYates77210: small changes

{{Short description|1980 Indian Malayalam-language action film by Sreekumaran Thampi}}
{{For|the 2021 Malayalam film|Nayattu (2021 film)}}
{{No plot|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Naayattu
| image =
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Sreekumaran Thampi]]
| producer =
| writer = Sreekumaran Thampi
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Jayan]] [[Prem Nazir]] [[Sukumari]] [[Zarina Wahab]] [[Adoor Bhasi]]
| music = [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
| cinematography = C. Ramachandra Menon
| editing = [[K. Narayanan]]
| studio = Hemnag Productions
| distributor = Hemnag Productions
| released = {{Film date|1980|11|27|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Naayattu''''' ({{Translation|Hunting}}) is a 1980 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action film]] written and directed by [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] and produced by Hemnag Productions. It is a remake of the 1973 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]''. The film stars [[Jayan]] in the lead role with [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sukumari]] and [[Adoor Bhasi]] in supporting roles. The music was composed by Shyam, while cinematography was handled by [[C. Ramachandra Menon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salim Khan And Another vs Sumeet Prakash Mehra And Others on 2 September, 2013 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/20051231/ |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref> The film revolves around a tough and honest police officer who clashes with a crime boss who, unbeknownst to him, happens to be his parents' murderer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 July 2017 |title=Location Diaries: When an elephant went crazy |work=Cinema Express |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2017/jul/13/location-diary-when-an-elephant-went-crazy-1093.html |access-date=2021-02-17}}</ref>

This was Jayan's 100th film. This film was a major commercial success and was one of the highest grossing films of 1980. The film completed a 50 day run. This is the only film in which Prem Nazir played a supporting role at his superstardom under Jayan in the lead. In other films Prem Nazir and Jayan are co-actors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naayaattu |url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4317 |website=malayalasangeetham.info |accessdate=2014-10-11}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Jayan]] as Kerala Police Sub Inspector Vijayan
*[[Prem Nazir]] as Rowdy Abdulla
*[[Sukumari]]
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Joseph
* [[Meena (Malayalam actress)|Meena]] as Janaki
*[[Zarina Wahab]]
*[[Jayamalini]]
*[[KPAC Sunny]]
*[[N. Govindankutty]]
* [[Lalu Alex]] as Peter
* [[K. P. A. C. Azeez]]
* [[Poojappura Ravi]]
* T.R Radhakrishnan
* [[Philomina]]
* Lissi
* Sumagali
* Pushpa
*[[Vallathol Unnikrishnan]] as Prabhakaran

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] and the lyrics were written by [[Sreekumaran Thampi]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Enne Njan Marannu" || [[S. Janaki]], [[Jolly Abraham]] || [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Kaalame Kaalame Kanakathil" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 3 || "Kannilkkannil Nokkiyirikkam" || [[P. Jayachandran]], [[Vani Jairam]] || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 4 || "Parimalakulir" || K. J. Yesudas || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|}

== Box office ==
The film was commercial success.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 May 2018 |title=Sreekumaran Thampi to get 25th J C Daniel award |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/290318/sreekumaran-thampi-to-get-25th-j-c-daniel-award.html}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0317938|Naayattu}}

[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1980 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sreekumaran Thampi]]
[[Category:Malayalam remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]

Siruvan Samuel

2026-03-03T02:30:23Z

EssieYates77210: added new article

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Siruvan Samuel
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical Release Poster
| native_name = 
| director = Sadhu Burlington
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Countryside Films
| starring = Ajidhan Thavasimuthu Vishnu KG
| narrator =
| cinematography = Sivananth Gandhi
| editing = Ajith Stephen
| music = Mano/Stanley John
| studio = 
| distributor = Action Reaction Jenish
| released = {{film date|2023|05|12|df=y}}
| runtime = 90 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Siruvan Samuel''''' ({{Translation|Little Samuel}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[family drama film]] written and directed by Sadhu Burlington. It is the first Tamil feature film from [[Kanyakumari]].

== Cast ==
* Ajidhan Thavasimuthu as Sam
* Vishnu KG as Rajesh
* Aparna as Jeba Akka (Tution akka)

== Production ==
The trailer of the movie was released by [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] on 23 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 Dec 2022 |title=Siruvan Samuel Official trailer was released |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/144003 |access-date=4 March 2023 |website=Virakesari}}</ref> Siruvan Samuel selected for Beijing International Children’s [[Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2023 |title=Siruvan Samuel selected for Beijing International Children's Film Festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siruvan-samuel-selected-for-beijing-international-childrens-film-festival/articleshow/98857232.cms |access-date=24 March 2023 |website=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2023 |title=Siruvan Samuel selected for Beijing International Children's Film Festival |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/dec/24/siruvan-samuel-selected-for-beijing-international-childrens-film-festival-2560680.html |access-date=4 March 2023 |website=New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2023 |title=Siruvan Samuel selected for Beijing International Film festival |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/mar/29/siruvan-samuel-selected-for-beijing-international-childrens-film-festival-41680.html |access-date=4 March 2023 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref>

== Theatrical ==
Siruvan Samuel was released in theaters across Tamil Nadu on May 12, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2023 |title='Siruvan Samuel' movie review: Amateurish filmmaking sabotages a hearty tale |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/siruvan-samuel-movie-review-amateurish-filmmaking-sabotages-a-hearty-tale/article66831748.ece |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Reception ==
M Suganth critic of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and wrote that "The film's earnestness to provide a unique experience turns out to be its trump card that counterbalances its flaws."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Siruvan Samuel Movie Review : A bittersweet coming-of-age film that falls just short of being truly good |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/siruvan-samuel/movie-review/100189823.cms |access-date=2023-05-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that ""This boy Samuel will be a perfect choice for those who enjoy good works too. Boy Samuel - The First Step in Alternative Cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2023 |title='Siruvan Samuel' movie review: யதார்த்தம் என்பதற்கு மிக சிறந்த உதாரணம் இந்த படம் |url=https://kalkionline.com/cinema/review/illustrating-childrens-lifestyle-siruvan-samuel |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=Kalkionline}}</ref> Jayabhuvaneshwari B critic of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated 2.5 out of 5 and wrote that "''Siruvan Samuel'' ends with Ajidhan (who has won our hearts with his performance by now), drenching in the rain, as he repents for a small yet significant mistake he makes in the course of fulfilling his dream.".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2023 |title=Siruvan Samuel Movie Review: An ambitious tale made vague by an esoteric dialect |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/may/11/siruvan-samuel-movie-review-an-ambitious-tale-made-vague-by-an-esoteric-dialect-43309.html |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Bhuvanesh Chandar critic of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Amateurish filmmaking sabotages a hearty tale".<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2023 |title='Siruvan Samuel' movie review: Amateurish filmmaking sabotages a hearty tale |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/siruvan-samuel-movie-review-amateurish-filmmaking-sabotages-a-hearty-tale/article66831748.ece |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' wrote that "Director Sadhu Burlington has given the best work by realistically telling how children's world is in their eyes in a simple screenplay. The director's success is keeping the audience together with the lives of the characters."<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2023-05-13 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: சிறுவன் சாமுவேல் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/film-review-boy-samuel-963478 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>''[[Maalai Malar]]'' critic rated 2.5 out of 5<ref>{{Cite web |last=maalaimalar |date=2023-05-12 |title=Siruvan Samuel |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/siruvan-samuel-26144 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=tt23018318}}

[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Pradhan Mantri Vishwakarma Kaushal Samman Yojana

2026-02-25T07:44:49Z

EssieYates77210: starting new stub...

{{orphan|date=May 2025}}
{{Short description|Welfare scheme}}

{{Infobox project
| native_name =
| abbreviation = PMVKSY
| logo =
| country = [[India]]
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| ministry = [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|MSME]]
| key_people =
| launched = {{Start date and age|2023|09|17|df=y}}
| launch_place = [[Coimbatore]]<ref>{{cite web | title=PM Vishwakarma Scheme launched in Coimbatore | website=The Hindu | date=17 September 2023 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/pm-vishwakarma-scheme-launched-in-coimbatore/article67319081.ece | access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref>
| current_status = Active
| website ={{URL|https://pmvishwakarma.gov.in}}
}}

'''Pradhan Mantri Vishwakarma Kaushal Samman Yojana''' ('''PMVKSY''', {{translation|Prime Minister's Artisan Skill Honoring Scheme}}) or simply '''PM Vishwakarma Scheme'''<ref>{{cite web | title=PM Vishwakarma Scheme is built to strengthen the artisan ecosystem, says Satya Kumar Yadav | website=The Hindu | date=20 September 2024 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/pm-vishwakarma-scheme-is-built-to-strengthen-the-artisan-ecosystem-says-satya-kumar-yadav/article68664587.ece | access-date=1 February 2025}}</ref> was launched by [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]] on 17 September 2023 to provide end-to-end support to artisans and craftspeople who work with their hands and tools.<ref>{{cite web | title=PM Modi to launch PM Vishwakarma scheme on September 17, 2023 | website=The Hindu | date=17 September 2023 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-to-launch-pm-vishwakarma-scheme-on-september-17-2023/article67312083.ece | access-date=1 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Keshri | first=Gyanendra | title=PM Modi launches Rs 13,000-crore 'PM Vishwakarma' scheme for traditional workers | website=Deccan Herald | date=17 September 2023 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/pm-modi-launches-rs-13000-crore-pm-vishwakarma-scheme-for-traditional-workers-2689848 | access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=What is the Vishwakarma scheme, launched for those engaged in traditional crafts and skills | website=The Indian Express | date=26 June 2024 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/vishwakarma-scheme-pm-modi-obc-explained-8943783 | access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref>

==Overview==
It was proposed to support more than 3 million families through the scheme with a budgetary allocation of {{INRConvert|130|b}} between 2023-24 and 2027-28.<ref>{{cite web | title=PM Modi ने श्रमिकों के लिए शुरू की 13,000 करोड़ रुपये की पीएम विश्वकर्मा योजना, 30 लाख परिवारों को मिलेगा लाभ | website=Jagran | date=17 September 2023 | url=https://www.jagran.com/news/national-pm-modi-launches-pm-vishwakarma-scheme-of-13000-crore-rupees-for-traditional-workers-23532621.html | language=hi | access-date=4 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Vishwakarma scheme will aid 30 lakh artisan families: Centre | website=The Hindu | date=16 August 2023 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cabinet-approves-13000-crore-pm-vishwakarma-scheme/article67201177.ece | access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref> In the first year of its launch, 2.1 million applications were submitted.<ref>{{cite web | last=Porecha | first=Maitri | title=21.15 lakh applications received under PM Vishwakarma Scheme, says Skill Ministry | website=The Hindu | date=10 December 2023 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/2115-lakh-applications-received-under-pm-vishwakarma-scheme-says-skill-ministry/article67624765.ece | access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref> As of {{date|3 November 2024}}, a total of 25.8 million applications have been submitted, of which 2.37 million applicants have successfully registered after undergoing the required verification process.<ref>{{cite web | title=11 lakh artisans upskilled under PM Vishwakarma scheme since 2023 | website=Moneycontrol | date=12 November 2024 | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/11-lakh-artisans-upskilled-under-pm-vishwakarma-scheme-since-2023-12863904.html | access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Nearly 26 million applicants for PM Vishwakarma scheme, shows data | website=Business Standard | date=3 November 2024 | url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/economy/news/vishwakarma-scheme-25-8-mn-apply-1-mn-receive-toolkits-after-verification-124110300469_1.html?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_ct=1739197937348&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17391979313296&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Feconomy%2Fnews%2Fvishwakarma-scheme-25-8-mn-apply-1-mn-receive-toolkits-after-verification-124110300469_1.html | access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref>

In February 2025, the Tamil Nadu government refused to implement the scheme marking it as ineffective.<ref>{{cite web | last=Henry | first=Nikhila | title=Decode Politics: Why DMK govt has labelled a Central scheme 'casteist', refused to implement it | website=The Indian Express | date=29 November 2024 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/dmk-govt-labelled-central-scheme-casteist-9697233 | access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref> Later, they proposed an inclusive artisan support scheme.<ref>{{cite web | last=Nair | first=Shilpa | title=Tamil Nadu won't implement PM Vishwakarma scheme: MK Stalin tells Union Minister | website=India Today | date=28 November 2024 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/tamil-nadu-cm-mk-stalin-rejects-pm-vishwakarma-scheme-vows-to-create-inclusive-alternative-2641179-2024-11-27 | access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Kumar | first=D. Suresh | title=Watch: Why Tamil Nadu won't implement the PM Vishwakarma Scheme | website=The Hindu | date=28 November 2024 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/videos/watch-why-tamil-nadu-wont-implement-the-pm-vishwakarma-scheme-focus-tamil-nadu/article68924434.ece | access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref>

==Features==
The scheme provides two training levels both with a ₹500 daily stipend. It further supports artisans with up to ₹15,000 in tool kit e-vouchers, and comprehensive marketing assistance from the National Committee for Marketing (NCM), covering all the required documentation.
<ref>{{cite web | last=Ray | first=Abeer | title=PM Vishwakarma Yojana: Features, eligibility criteria and more | website=mint | date=16 February 2024 | url=https://www.livemint.com/money/personal-finance/pm-vishwakarma-yojana-pm-vikas-msme-government-scheme-investments-vishwakarma-jayanti-11708079719496.html | access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Explained: Vishwakarma scheme, benefits, objectives and eligibility | website=Moneycontrol | date=18 September 2023 | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/politics/explained-vishwakarma-scheme-benefits-objectives-and-eligibility-11387641.html | access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=PM Modi launches Vishwakarma Scheme for traditional artisans and craftspersons, urges people to be 'vocal for local' | website=The Indian Express | date=18 September 2023 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-modi-launches-vishwakarma-scheme-artisans-craftspersons-8943983/lite/ | access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref> Moreover, It offers collateral-free business development loans with an interest rate of 5%.<ref>{{cite web | title=PM inaugurates Vishwakarma Scheme, says government is committed to the uplift of the marginalised | website=The Hindu | date=17 September 2023 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-launches-13000-crore-pm-vishwakarma-scheme-for-traditional-workers/article67317937.ece | access-date=4 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Loan for business: How to apply for loan under PM Vishwakarma Yojana; check loan amount, eligibility, application process | website=Business Today | date=5 November 2024 | url=https://www.businesstoday.in/personal-finance/story/loan-for-business-how-to-apply-for-loan-under-pm-vishwakarma-yojana-check-loan-amount-eligibility-application-process-452631-2024-11-05 | access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Welfare in India]]

Nivedita Tiwari

2026-02-16T15:40:30Z

EssieYates77210: starting new data

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{advert|date=November 2019}}
{{COI|date=November 2019}}
{{unreliable sources|date=November 2019}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nivedita Tiwari
| image = Nivedita Tiwari 2012.jpg
| image size =
| caption = Nivedita Tiwari 2012
| birth_place = [[Ayodhya]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| website = [http://www.facebook.com/NiveditaTiwariOfficial/ Nivedita Tiwari] [https://niveditatiwari.blogspot.com/ Nivedita Tiwari Blog]
| years_active = 2010–2016; 2019
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| alma mater = JB Academy, Ayodhya
Ramjas College, University of Delhi
}}

'''Nivedita Tiwari''' is an Indian actress best known for her role as Runjhun in [[Zee TV]]'s [[Bhagonwali-Baante Apni Taqdeer|''Bhagonwali - Baante Apni Taqdeer'']] and Supriya on [[&TV]]'s ''[[Gangaa]]''.

==Early life==
Nivedita was born and raised in [[Ayodhya]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. She completed her schooling at JB Academy, [[Ayodhya]], and attended the [[University of Delhi]] where she studied [[English literature|English Literature]].<ref name="Das">Das, Madhuparna. {{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100706/jsp/entertainment/story_12649399.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100711090137/http://telegraphindia.com/1100706/jsp/entertainment/story_12649399.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 July 2010 |title=Television |publisher=The Telegraph |date=6 July 2010 |accessdate=14 August 2012}}</ref>

==Film and television career==
Nivedita gained initial recognition when she was shortlisted as one of the top three candidates vying for the role of Anandi in the [[Colors TV|Colors]] television show ''[[Balika Vadhu]]''.<ref name="Das"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Who-will-be-Anandi/articleshow/6133730.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103064927/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-06/tv/28306046_1_anandi-pratyusha-banerjee-ketaki-chitale |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Who Will Be Anandi? |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 July 2010 |access-date=14 August 2012}}</ref> She was later cast in a lead role in ''[[Bhagonwali-Baante Apni Taqdeer|Bhagonwali - Baante Apni Taqdeer]]'' as Runjhun Mishra, a girl who is destined to bring good luck wherever she goes.<ref name="ZeeUK">{{cite web |url=http://www.zeeuk.com/zeeuk2008/blog/?p=220 |title=That's NOT VIDYA BALAN! Introducing Nivedita Tiwari in Bhagonwali |publisher=ZeeUK.com |date=12 July 2010 |accessdate=14 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326025944/http://www.zeeuk.com/zeeuk2008/blog/?p=220 |archive-date=26 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The show aired on [[Zee TV]] from 2010-2012. During this period, Nivedita made guest appearances on an episode of ''[[Yahaaan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli]]'' and ''Star Ya Rockstar''.<ref>{{YouTube|id=vvQJoeCFAis|title=Yahaaan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli Diwali Special Oct. 25 '11 Song - 9 }}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|id=PMxoQpVFQFQ|title= Star Ya Rockstar : Episode 7 - 29-10-2011 }}</ref> She also appeared on an episode of ''Ram Milaayi Jodi'' in a dance performance.

Nivedita acted in the movie [[Khap (film)|''Khap'']] as Sureeli, a girl who is murdered by the men in her town because she chose to marry someone from the same village. The movie touched on the issues surrounding honor killings.

At the end of 2012, she appeared on two different episodes of the weekly television show [[Lakhon Mein Ek (TV series)|''Lakhon Mein Ek'']] on [[STAR Plus]]. Each episode of the show reflects a different story based on real life events. In the first appearance, she was cast opposite [[Ravi Dubey]] portraying the character of Afreen. The episode focused on the issue of dowry and told the real-life story of Sohail and Afreen's fight against this practice. Next, she acted alongside [[Ankit Bathla]] and [[Rita Bhaduri]] in an episode that told the story of Preeti and Sunil and their struggle to get married.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/news/ankit-bathla-nivedita-tiwari-and-rita-bhaduri-lakhon-mein-ek |title=Ankit Bathla, Nivedita Tiwari and Rita Bhaduri in Lakhon Mein Ek |publisher=TellyChakkar.com |date=14 December 2012 |accessdate=4 January 2013 |archive-date=16 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216012604/http://www.tellychakkar.com/news/ankit-bathla-nivedita-tiwari-and-rita-bhaduri-lakhon-mein-ek |url-status=dead }}</ref> She also appeared in an episode of ''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]'' alongside Raj Singh Arora and Pallavi Gupta.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Yeh-Hai-Aashiqui-is-a-progressive-show-Raj-Singh-Arora/articleshow/25117491.cms? |title=Yeh Hai Aashiqui is a progressive show: Raj Singh Arora |newspaper=The Times of India |date=2 November 2013 |accessdate= 23 December 2013}}</ref>

In 2014, she was cast in the lead role of [[Sahara One]]'s ''Phir Jeene Ki Tamanna Hai'' as Devyani and as Parvati in ''[[Neeli Chatri Waale]]''.<ref>Maheshwri, Neha. {{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shivaye-gets-his-Parvati-on-TV-show/articleshow/46967014.cms |title=Shivaye gets his Parvati on TV show |newspaper=The Times of India |date=18 April 2015 |accessdate= 18 April 2015}}</ref> Nivedita has appeared in several television commercials.

Nivedita appeared as Supriya on ''[[Gangaa]]'' and next will be seen in the film ''[[Fraud Saiyaan]]'' produced by [[Prakash Jha]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maheshwri |first1=Neha |title=Original Gangaa to return to the show as a new character |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Original-Gangaa-to-return-to-the-show-as-a-new-character/articleshow/53523259.cms |accessdate=27 December 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 August 2016}}</ref> She is currently a Research Fellow at Vision India Foundation, a New Delhi based think tank which works on public leadership amongst the youth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://visionindiafoundation.com/aboutus/team/|title=Team|date=19 December 2014|access-date=27 September 2019|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922051504/https://visionindiafoundation.com/aboutus/team/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Personal life==
Nivedita enjoys creative writing, singing and reading.<ref name="ZeeUK"/>She regularly posts her own works on her blog. Presently, she is working for the New India Junction.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Film
|-
! width="50px"| Year
! width="250px"| Title
! width="150px"| Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Khap (film)|Khap]]'' || Sureeli ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019 || ''[[Fraud Saiyaan]]'' || Mala ||
|-
|Maternity Blues
|Nivedita
|
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Television
|-
! width="50px"| Year
! width="250px"| Title
! width="150px"| Role
! width="150px" | Channel
! class="unsortable" width="350px"| Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2011 || ''Umeed Ka Naya Chehra'' || Runjhun || rowspan="5" | [[Zee TV]] || Guest Appearance; Episode Date: 19 June 2011
|-
| ''[[Yahaaan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli]]'' || Runjhun|| Guest Appearance; Episode Date: 25 October 2011
|-
| ''[[Ram Milaayi Jodi]]'' || Herself || Guest Appearance; Episode Date: 11 October 2011
|-
| 2012 || ''Star Ya Rockstar'' || Runjhun || Guest Appearance; Episode Date: 29 October 2011
|-
| 2010-2012 ||''[[Bhagonwali-Baante Apni Taqdeer]]'' || Runjhun||Protagonist
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Lakhon Mein Ek (TV series)|Lakhon Mein Ek]]'' || Afreen/Preeti ||[[Star Plus]] || Episode Date: 11 November, 23 December 2012
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]'' || Prachi || [[Bindass]] || Episode Date: 1 November 2013
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Phir Jeene Ki Tamanna Hai]]'' || Devyani || [[Sahara One]] ||

|-
| 2014, 2015 || ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]'' || Sapna/Naina || [[Zing (TV channel)|Zing]] ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Neeli Chatri Waale]]'' || Parvati || Zee TV ||
|-
| 2015 ||''[[Gangaa]]''|| Supriya Pulkit Chaturvedi || [[&TV]] ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|4371831}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Nivedita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Faizabad]]
[[Category:Actresses from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1985 births]]

Dhiraj Mishra

2026-02-07T18:44:37Z

EssieYates77210: put up entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dhiraj Mishra
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = 
| other_names =
| occupation = Writer, film Director
| known_for = [[Jai Jawaan Jai Kisaan (Film)|Jai Jawaan Jai Kisaan]]
}}

'''Dhiraj Mishra''' is an Indian screenwriter, Director and [[playwright]] on movies such as [[Jai Jawaan Jai Kisaan (Film)|''Jai Jawaan Jai Kisaan'']].

== Career ==
Mishra worked as a freelance [[journalist]] for magazines and newspapers. He was the creative writer for various TV serials. He wrote a feature film [[screenplay]] based on the life of Indian Prime Minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] titled [[Jai Jawaan Jai Kisaan (Film)|''Jai Jawaan Jai Kisaan'']].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Jai-Jawaan-Jai-Kisaan-now-in-Allahabad/articleshow/20368178.cms|title='Jai Jawaan Jai Kisaan' now in Allahabad|work=The Times of India |date=31 May 2013 }}</ref> His upcoming movies are ''Birsa,'' about a freedom fighter from [[Jharkhand]] and ''[[Chapekar brothers]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/chapekar-brothers-to-feature-om-puri-as-bal-gangadhar-tilak-tamilfont-news-125814|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526121740/http://www.indiaglitz.com/chapekar-brothers-to-feature-om-puri-as-bal-gangadhar-tilak-tamilfont-news-125814|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 May 2015|title=Chapekar Brothers to feature Om Puri as Bal Gangadhar Tilak|publisher=}}</ref> a revolutionary story about freedom fighters from [[Pune]]. [[Om Puri]] was to play [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/om-puri-to-play-bal-gangadhar-tilak-onscreen/article1-1317683.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222234027/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/om-puri-to-play-bal-gangadhar-tilak-onscreen/article1-1317683.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2015|title=Om Puri to play Bal Gangadhar Tilak onscreen|work=hindustantimes.com/}}</ref>

Mishra wrote a novel ''Patjhar aur Bahar''. He wrote a play on the life of India's first woman Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] titled ''Indira''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindibook.com/index.php?p=sr&Uc=HB-402449|title=hindibook.com: INDU SE INDRA GANDHI DHIRJA MISHRA HB 9788175702080|publisher=}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{{Empty section|date=August 2025}}

== Director ==
* [[Alingan]]
* [[Hero of Nation Chandra Shekhar Azad]]
* [[Lafzon Mein Pyaar]]

== writer ==
* [[Jai Jawaan Jai Kisaan (Film)|''Jai Jawaan Jai Kisaan'']]
* ''[[Chapekar Brothers (Movie)]]''
* ''[[Main Khudiram Bose Hun]]''
* [[Gaalib]]
* Deendayal Ek Yugpurush
* [[Hero of Nation Chandra Shekhar Azad]]
* [[Alingan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/dhanbad-jharia-writer-dheeraj-mishra-is-beginning-his-directorial-career-with-the-movie-aalingan-jagran-special-21423547.html|title = Bollywood: अपना धीरज लेखक से बन गया निर्देशक, आलिंगन में पर्दे के पीछे का दिखेगा हुनर}}</ref>
* [[Lafzon Mein Pyaar]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Dhiraj Mishra: We no longer depend on theatre revenues | date=26 September 2022 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dhiraj-mishra-we-no-longer-depend-on-theatre-revenues-101664213861092.html }}</ref>

==Awards==

* Special Award As Writer for [[Jai Jawaan Jai Kisaan (Film)|''Jai Jawaan Jai Kisaan'']] at International Film Festival of Prayag 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iffp.in/awards.php|title=Iffp :: Festival|publisher=|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093330/http://iffp.in/awards.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|1443713}}
* {{IMDb name|5645554}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Dhiraj}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language screenwriters]]
[[Category:Writers from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Uttar Pradesh]]

Chillara

2026-02-06T13:17:24Z

EssieYates77210: added references

{{Short description|Village in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
'''Chillara '''is a village in [[Burhanpur district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state of [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Chillara location |url= http://wikimapia.org/#lat=21.1720866&lon=76.4742851&z=13&l=0&m=b&v=8&search=Chillara%20village |publisher= Wikimapia Site |accessdate = 19 January 2012}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{coord|21.17720|76.4742|region:IN}}

[[Category:Villages in Burhanpur district]]

{{Indore-geo-stub}}

Rania, Sirsa

2026-02-03T21:30:37Z

EssieYates77210: expand section for consistency and updated info

{{more citations needed|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rania
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town<ref>{{cite web |title=Towns {{!}} Sirsa {{!}} India |url=https://sirsa.gov.in/towns/ |website=sirsa.gov.in |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref>
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.53|N|74.83|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sirsa district|Sirsa]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 190
| population_total = 25123
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011Gov"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional language
| demographics1_info2 = [[Bagri language|Bagri]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 125076
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01698
| registration_plate =[[List of RTO districts in India#HR.E2.80.94Haryana|HR]]-44
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sirsa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sirsa]]
| website = {{URL|haryana.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-HR]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Rania''' is a city and a municipal committee in [[Sirsa district]] located on the upper bank of [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar River]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Haryana]]. Rania Town is a [[grain trade|grain market]] in Sirsa district. Nearby cities to Rania includes [[Sirsa]] and [[Ellenabad]]. It shares its RTO office with Ellenabad which is also has its headquarters in Ellenabad. Earlier it was a part of Ellenabad subdivision but later carved out separately as a subdivision in Sirsa district of Haryana. It is at a distance of 22 km each from Sirsa and Ellenabad in opposite direction on Haryana State Highway 32A i.e. Bhambhoor-Jiwan Nagar Road which connects to Haryana State Highway 32 (Ellenabad-Dabwali Road) in Jiwan Nagar on one end and Haryana State Highway 23 (Sirsa-Ellenabad Road) in Bhambhoor on the other end.

=={{anchor | Rania State | Rania Princely State }} History==
[[File:Painting of a street scene in the village of Rania (located in modern-day Haryana), circa 1816. Painted by the company artists Ghulam ‘Ali Khan and others.jpg|thumb|Painting of a street scene in the village of Rania (located in modern-day Haryana), circa 1816. Painted by the company artists Ghulam ‘Ali Khan and others.]]
After [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|Nader Shah achieved victory against India]], he subsequently withdrew in 1747 CE. Rania was taken over by the [[Bhatti clan|Bhatti]] [[Ranghar]] [[Rajput]] freebooter Muhammad Hassan Khan took the possession of Rania, Fatehabad and Rania, and he remained in ongoing tussle with [[Jat people|Jat]] [[Sikh]] ruler of [[Patiala State|Patiala]] and [[Jind State]]s for the control of this tract. In 1768 CE [[Johiya]] chieftain Kamruddin took over Rania, Fatehabad and Sirsa. In 1774 CE, Jat Sikh ruler of Patiala State, Amar Singh, snatched the [[paragana]]s of Rania, Fatehabad and Rania from Bhatti Ranghar Rajput chieftain Muhammad Amir Khan who withdrew to his [[Bhatner fort]] ([[Hanumangarh]]). In 1774 CE, [[Mughal Empire|Mughal forces]] under [[Mirza Najaf Khan]] and [[Jaipur State|Raja Jai Singh]] signed a treaty with Jat Sikhs and Bikaner state under which [[Tosham#History|Tosham]], [[Hisar (city)#History|Hisar]], [[Hansi#History|Hansi]], [[Meham]] and [[Rohtak]] were restored to Mughals and Raja Jai Singh became Nazim of Hisar [[Sarkar (administrative division)|sirkar]]; Rania-Fathebad-Sirsa tract was restorrd to Bhatti chiefs under Bikaner state; and Jat Sikhs kept the rest of their territory annexed by them in North Haryana ([[Narwana]], [[Jind]] and [[Kaithal]]). After the death of Najaf Ali Khan, the weak Mughal Empire under [[Shah Alam II]] invited [[Maratha Empire]]'s who took over the whole of Haryana by 1792 CE under [[Mahadaji Shinde|Mahadaji Sindhia]]. [[George Thomas (soldier)|George Thomas]] who held this area under Marathas, became independent ruler of this tract in 1798 Ce, but in 1801 Maratha Confederacy ruled by [[Daulat Rao Sindhia]], led by their French-origin general [[Pierre Cuillier-Perron]] who allied with Jat Sikhs ruler of Jind, expelled George Thomas from Haryana. Ongoing feud among Bhattis, Johiyas, Jats, Skihs, Marathas and Mughals, weakened them all and this tract came under [[British Raj]]] in 1803. A [[baoli]] built in early 1st century in the mixed style of [[Turkish bath|Turkish hammam]] and [[water well|Indian well]] was buried during [[The Emergency (India)|1975-77 emergency]] to build a market.<ref name="sirsahist1">{{cite book|author=Jugal Kishore Gupta|title=History of Sirsa Town|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0Z457ZOR44C&pg=PA42|year=1991|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|pages=38–48}}</ref>[[File:Painting of Amiban, the Haryanvi liaison of William Fraser, Company School, circa early 19th century.jpg|thumb|Painting of Amiban, the Haryanvi liaison of William Fraser, Company School, circa early 19th century]]
During [[British Raj]], ''"the village of Rania was home to Amiban, main mistress to [[William Fraser (British India civil servant)|William Fraser]], a brother of [[James Baillie Fraser]], and his two Anglo-Indian sons and daughter."''<ref name=spec1>[[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]], [https://www.spectator.co.uk/2019/12/the-forgotten-masterpieces-of-indian-art/ The forgotten masterpieces of Indian art], Spectator UK, 18 December 2019.</ref>

During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|first war of independence in 1857]], [[Nahar Singh|Raja Nahar Singh]] the [[Jat people|Jat]] ruler of Ballabhgarh, [[Rao Tula Ram]] ruler of [[Rewari#British colonial era|Rewari]] and [[Nawab Noor Samad Khan]] of Rania all played key role.<ref name=sarasnew1>[http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/11%2012%201%20HARYANA%20SAMVAD%20NOV-%20JAN%202017-2018%20FOR%20for%20web.pdf Haryana Samvad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827125256/http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/11%2012%201%20HARYANA%20SAMVAD%20NOV-%20JAN%202017-2018%20FOR%20for%20web.pdf |date=27 August 2018 }}, Jan 2018.</ref><ref name=reb1>{{cite book|author=Dr Malti Malik|title=History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMg-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA356|year=1943|publisher=Saraswati House Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-81-7335-498-4|page=356}}</ref>

There were significant number Muslims who left during [[Partition of India|India-Pakistan partition]] in 1947. There are many old buildings in the town including mosques and a [[fort]] which is still in use as the police station.

Rania town was a part of the old [[Punjab Region]] and became part of [[Haryana]] in 1966.

==Geography==
Rania is situated in the far west of Haryana on the Bhambhoor-Jeewan Nagar Road. The nearest airports are in [[Delhi]] and [[Chandigarh]], both around {{convert|270|km}} away while the nearest railway stations are at [[Ellenabad railway station|Ellenabad]] and [[Sirsa, Haryana|Sirsa]]. Sirsa city is approximately {{convert|23|km}} to the east. Other nearby cities are [[Ellenabad]] ({{convert|22|km}}), [[Mandi Dabwali]] ({{convert|60|km||abbr=}}) and Mandi [[Kalanwali]] ({{convert|40|km}}). The borders of [[Punjab region|Punjab]] are around {{convert|35|km}} away and those of [[Rajasthan]] {{convert|25|km}} distant. Some other villages and places near to the town are Jiwan Nagar, Kariwala, SantNagar (Jagmalera), Balasar Farm, Sultan Puria and the Ottu Dam, Tetarwal Farm House, Mohamad Puria.

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Indian Census]], Rania had a total population of 25,123, of which 13,281 were males and 11,842 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 3,361. The total number of literates in Rania was 15,299, which constituted 60.9% of the population with male literacy of 66.2% and female literacy of 54.9%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Rania was 70.3%, of which male literacy rate was 77.1% and female literacy rate was 62.8%. The [[Scheduled Castes]] population was 6,474. Rania had 4874 households in 2011.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Rania |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=68373 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>

===Languages===
[[Hindi]] is the official language with [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Indian English|English]] as additional official. Hindi and Punjabi are the most spoken languages of Rania.

==Economy ==
Rania has a population of about 25,000 and a municipality system that runs the town, which is divided into 15 wards. As of 2009, Rania became a separate [[Vidhan Sabha]] assembly constituency [044]<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=https://ceoharyana.gov.in/WebCMS/Start/1440|access-date=2020-06-11|website=ceoharyana.gov.in}}</ref> of [[Sirsa, Haryana|Sirsa]] earlier a part of [[Ellenabad Assembly constituency|Ellenabad Vidhan Sabha Constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sirsa.gov.in/administrative.aspx|title=Sirsa|publisher=Sirsa District Government|access-date=22 June 2015}}</ref> The town has its own shopping areas, [[tehsil]], police station, hospital, private nursing homes along with government and private schools. A privately run bus system connects with nearby towns and villages.

The main employment is in agriculture and retail. Wheat, vegetables, rice, and cotton are the main crops in the region.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sirsa district]]

List of eponymous roads in Goa

2026-01-23T02:07:34Z

EssieYates77210: Started Info

{{Short description|List of roads in Goa named after people}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}

This is a list of roads in [[Goa]] named after people.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Road !! Named after
!Location!! Notes
|-
| T. B. Cunha Road || [[T. B. Cunha]]
|[[Panaji]]|| <ref name="HeraldSmartCity25">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-19 |title=Six Roads in Panjim to Close Temporarily for Smart City Upgrades Starting Today |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/six-roads-to-be-closed-from-today-for-smart-city-works-in-panjim/418291 |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| D. B. Bandodkar Road || [[Dayanand Bandodkar]]
|Panaji|| <ref name="HeraldSmartCity25" />
|-
| M. G. Road || [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
|Panaji|| <ref name="HeraldSmartCity25" />
|-
|Rua Afonso de Albuquerque
|[[Afonso de Albuquerque]]
|Panaji
|;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pai Raikar |first=Ramnath N. |date=2017-10-29 |title=The capital saga |newspaper=The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/10/29/magazines/panorama/the-capital-saga/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> Now renamed to M. G. Road
|-
| Av. Teófilo Braga Road || [[Teófilo Braga]]
|Panaji||
|-
|Atmaram Borkar Road
|Atmaram Borkar
|Panaji
|<ref name="5RoadsToI">{{Cite news |date=2025-01-19 |title=New year, old smartness: Brace for jams as five key Panaji road stretches close |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/new-year-old-smartness-brace-for-jams-as-five-key-panaji-roads-close/articleshow/117362012.cms |access-date=2025-02-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|Pandurang Pissurlekar Road
|[[Pandurang Pissurlekar]]
|Panaji
|
|-
|Fr. Agnelo Road
|[[Agnelo de Souza]]
|Panaji
|
|-
|Dada Vaidya Road
|[[Dada Vaidya]]
|Panaji
|<ref name="ParkingPanjimHerald24">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-02 |title=State government notifies more areas under Pay Parking in the City |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/goa/state-government-notifies-more-areas-under-pay-parking-in-the-city/412881 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Gama Pinto Road
|[[Pio Gama Pinto]]
|Panaji
|Between Municipal Quarters and Hotel Palacio<ref name="ParkingPanjimHerald24" />
|-
|Cunha Rivera Road
|[[Joaquim Heliodoro da Cunha Rivara]]
|Panaji
|<ref name="5RoadsToI" />
|-
|P Shirgaonkar Road
|P Shirgaonkar
|Panaji
|<ref name="5RoadsToI" />
|-
|Governador Pestana Road
|[[List of governors of Portuguese India#List|José Ferreira Pestana]]
|Panaji
|<ref name="5RoadsToI" />
|-
|Menezes Braganza Road
|[[Luís de Menezes Bragança]]
|Panaji
|<ref name="5RoadsToI" />
|-
|Braganza Pereira Road
| ?
|Panaji
|Between Municipal Quarters and [[Kala Academy]]<ref name="ParkingPanjimHerald24" />
|-
|Dr Jack de Sequeira Road
|[[Jack de Sequeira]]
|Panaji
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-14 |title=Jack Sequeira - Father of opinion poll |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/voice-of-opinion/jack-sequeira-father-of-opinion-poll/125361 |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Rua Heliodoro Salgado
|[[:pt:Heliodoro Salgado|Heliodoro Salgado]]
|Panaji
|
|-
|Minguel Rod Road
|[[Minguel Rod]]
|[[Cortalim]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mergulhao |first=Marcus |date=2024-12-30 |title=Minguel Rod lived just 31 years, but his songs, hundred & counting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/minguel-rod-lived-just-31-years-but-his-songs-hundred-counting/articleshow/116775917.cms |access-date=2025-02-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|Fr Freddy J. da Costa Road
|Freddy J. da Costa
|[[Varca]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-11 |title=Varca church road named after Fr Freddy |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Varca-church-road-named-after-Fr-Freddy/134639 |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|C. Alvares Road
|[[C. Alvares]]
|[[Sangolda]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Monteiro |first=Casey |date=2023-03-16 |title=Remembering C Alvares, the doyen of Konkani 'tiatr' |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/remembering-c-alvares-the-doyen-of-konkani-tiatr |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=Goa News on Gomantak Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|B. B. Borkar Road
|[[Bakibab Borkar]]
|[[Porvorim]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-05-03 |title=O'Coqueiro junction signal to return to original settings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/ocoqueiro-junction-signal-to-return-to-original-settings/articleshow/64007211.cms |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| Dr. Luis Proto Barbosa Road || [[Luis Proto Barbosa]]
|[[Arossim]]|| <ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-10-07 |title=Road named after former CM Barbosa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/road-named-after-former-cm-barbosa/articleshow/44528890.cms |access-date=2025-02-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| Dr. P. S. Ramani Road || [[P. S. Ramani]]
|[[Wadi Talaulim]]|| <ref name="RamaniBackboneToI">{{Cite news
|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/At-78-hes-still-the-backbone-of-his-chosen-field/articleshow/49029276.cms
|title = At 78, he's still the backbone of 1 his chosen field
|last = Mergulhao
|first = Marcus
|date = 20 September 2015
|work = The Times of India
|access-date = 27 November 2018
}}</ref>
|-
| F. L. Gomes Road || [[Francisco Luís Gomes]]
|[[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]]|| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-02 |title=FL Gomes road caves in when State celebrates his 160th year of entering Cortes |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/FL-Gomes-road-caves-in-when-State-celebrates-his-160th-year-of-entering-Cortes/190136 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Fr. Joseph Vaz Road || [[Joseph Vaz]]
| Vasco da Gama || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vasco City set for complete makeover under new plan |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/vasco-city-set-for-complete-makeover-under-new-plan/104518.html |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Dattatray Deshpande Road
|[[Dattatray Deshpande]]
|Vasco da Gama
|
|-
|Reginald Fernandes Road
|[[Reginald Fernandes]]
|[[Siolim]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-06-20 |title=Fit for a king: Siolim remembers Goa's 'Romansincho Patxai' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/fit-for-a-king-siolim-remembers-goas-romansincho-patxai/articleshow/47740572.cms |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| Abade Faria Road || [[Abbé Faria]]
|[[Margao]]|| <ref>{{Cite web |title=A walk down Abade Faria road |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/a-walk-down-abade-faria-road/28707.html |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Chris Perry street
| [[Chris Perry (musician)|Chris Perry]]
| Margao
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-28 |title=Margao to have its 'Chris Perry street' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/margao-to-have-its-chris-perry-street/articleshow/69078093.cms |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| Ernest Borges Road || [[Ernest Borges]]
|[[Dona Paula]]|| <ref name="EBorgesRoadToI">{{Cite news |date=2017-04-27 |title=An 'ernest' fight against cancer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/an-ernest-fight-against-cancer/articleshow/58405064.cms |access-date=2025-02-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| Ernest Borges Road || Ernest Borges
|[[Ucassaim]]|| <ref name="EBorgesRoadToI" />
|-
| Fr. Planton Faria Road
| Fr. Planton Faria
| [[Cuncolim]]
|<ref name="CuncolimRoadsToI">{{Cite news |date=2016-10-03 |title=Cuncolim roads named after its two 'sons' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/cuncolim-roads-named-after-its-two-sons/articleshow/54646658.cms |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| Dr Germano Fernandes Road
| Dr Germano Fernandes
| Cuncolim
|<ref name="CuncolimRoadsToI" />
|-
| Tomazinho Cardozo Road
| [[Tomazinho Cardozo]]
| [[Candolim]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-04-15 |title=Road in Candolim named after former speaker Tomazinho |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/road-in-candolim-named-after-former-speaker-tomazinho/articleshow/82074907.cms |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of roads named after people|Goa]]
[[Category:Lists of roads in India|Goa]]
[[Category:Goa-related lists|roads]]
[[Category:Roads in Goa| ]]

Asian Institute of Gemological Sciences

2026-01-07T06:11:55Z

EssieYates77210: new a pg

{{Short description|Thai gemological school and laboratory}}
{{refimprove|date=August 2018}}
The '''Asian Institute of Gemological Sciences''' ('''AIGS''') is a private [[Gemology|gemological]] school and gemological laboratory based in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]].

== History ==
The AIGS was founded in 1978 and was Thailand's first educational facility devoted to the study of [[gemstone]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oldest gem testing lab warns against fake certificates |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/oldest-gem-testing-lab-warns-against-fake-certificates/articleshow/65219946.cms |website=The Times of India |publisher=The Times Group |access-date=14 August 2018 |quote=AIGS, the oldest professional gemological laboratory established in 1978, has warned the trade over fake reports of the gemstones.}}</ref> The school and the laboratory are located in the [[Jewelry Trade Center]], on [[Si Lom Road|Silom Road]], in the heart of the gem and jewellery district of Bangkok.<ref name="bangkokpost">{{cite web|title=Asian Institute of Gemological Sciences |url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/business/14007_info_asian-institute-of-gemological-sciences.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405045556/http://www.bangkokpost.com/business/14007_info_asian-institute-of-gemological-sciences.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 5, 2015 |publisher=bangkokpost.com |access-date=8 February 2014 }}</ref><ref name="gyrstones">{{cite web|title=ASIAN INSTITUTE OF GEMOLOGICAL SCIENCES |url=https://www.gyrstones.com/uploads/user/000/000/035/Rubin_2.pdf |publisher=gyrstones.com |access-date=8 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222035143/https://www.gyrstones.com/uploads/user/000/000/035/Rubin_2.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref><ref name="ho-group">{{cite web|title=Asian Institute of Gemological Sciences|url=http://www.ho-group.com/index.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1|publisher=ho-group.com|access-date=8 February 2014}}</ref>

The AIGS school offers an Accredited Gemologist (A.G.) diploma (in Thai or English language) including "gemstone identification", "gemstone grading and pricing", "synthetics and treatments identification", and "diamonds".
It also offers short courses such as introduction to gemology and jewelry design. With about 15,000 graduates from all over the world, it is one of the leading Gemological institutes in [[Southeast Asia]].

The AIGS Gemological Laboratory was the first professional Gemological laboratory to be established in Asia (1978). It is a member of the [[Thai Gem and Jewelry Traders Association]] (TGJTA), and the [[International Colored Gemstone Association]] (ICA). The AIGS Gem Laboratory is very well known for its expertise in colored gemstones,{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} especially ruby, [[sapphire]], [[emerald]], [[jade]] and rare stones, but it also provides identification and grading services for diamonds and jewelry.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.aigsthailand.com Asian Institute of Gemological Sciences]

[[Category:Gemological laboratories]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Thailand]]

India at the 1952 Summer Olympics

2025-12-23T17:56:01Z

EssieYates77210:

{{use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{infobox country at games
| NOC = IND
| NOCname = [[Indian Olympic Association]]
| games = Summer Olympics
| year = 1952
| flagcaption =
| oldcode =
|website =
| location = [[Helsinki]]
| competitors = 64 (60 men, 4 women)
| sports = 11
| flagbearer = [[Balbir Singh Sr.]]
| rank = 26
| gold = 1
| silver = 0
| bronze = 1
| officials =
| appearances = auto
| app_begin_year = 1900
| app_end_year =
| summerappearances =
| winterappearances =
| seealso =
}}

[[India]] competed at the [[1952 Summer Olympics]] in [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]]. 64 competitors, 60 men and 4 women, took part in 42 events in 11 sports.<ref name="sports-reference">{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/IND/summer/1952/ |title=India at the 1952 Helsinki Summer Games |access-date=26 February 2015 |work=sports-reference.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111160444/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/IND/summer/1952/ |archive-date=11 November 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> This marked the second time India had competed as an independent republic.

==Medalists==

===Gold===
* [[K. D. Singh (field hockey)|Kunwar Digvijai Singh]] (c), [[Leslie Claudius]], [[Keshav Dutt]], [[Chinadorai Deshmutu]], [[Randhir Singh Gentle]], [[Grahanandan Singh]], [[Ranganandhan Francis]], [[Jaswant Singh Rajput]], [[Balbir Singh Sr.]], [[Dharam Singh (field hockey, born 1919)|Dharam Singh]], [[Govind Perumal]], [[Raghbir Lal]], [[Udham Singh (field hockey)|Udham Singh]], [[Chaman Singh Gurung]] and [[Muniswamy Rajgopal]] — [[Field hockey at the 1952 Summer Olympics|Field hockey]], Men's Team Competition.

===Bronze===
* [[Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav|Khashaba Jadhav]] — [[Wrestling at the 1952 Summer Olympics|Wrestling]], Men's Freestyle Bantamweight

==Athletics==
{{main article|Athletics at the 1952 Summer Olympics}}

First Female Contingent

Athletics
*[[Mary D'Souza Sequeira|Mary Dsouza]]
*[[Nilima Ghose]]

==Boxing==
{{main article|Boxing at the 1952 Summer Olympics}}

'''Men's Flyweight:'''
* [[Sakti Mazumdar]]
:# First Round – Defeated [[Nguyen Van Cua]] of [[Vietnam]] (DNS)
:# Second Round – Lost to [[Han Soo-An]] of [[South Korea|Korea]] (0 - 3)

'''Men's Featherweight:'''
* [[Benoy Kumar Bose]]
:# First Round – Defeated [[Edson Brown]] of the [[United States]] (0 - 3)

'''Men's Welterweight:'''
* [[Ron Norris]]
:# Second Round – Defeated [[Jacob Butula]] of [[Canada]] (TKO 3R)
:# Third Round – Lost to [[Victor Jörgensen]] of [[Denmark]] (0 - 3)

'''Men's Light Heavyweight:'''
* [[Oscar Alfred Ward]]
:# First Round – Lost to [[Karl Kistner]] of [[Germany]] (KO)

==Cycling==
{{main article|Cycling at the 1952 Summer Olympics}}

=== Road Competition ===
'''Men's Individual Road Race (190.4 km)'''
*[[Raj Kumar Mehra]] — did not finish (→ no ranking)
*[[Netai Bysack]] — did not finish (→ no ranking)
*[[Prodip Bose]] — did not finish (→ no ranking)
*[[Suprovat Chakravarty]] — did not finish (→ no ranking)

=== Track Competition ===
'''Men's 1.000m Time Trial'''
*[[Suprovat Chakravarty]]
:* Final — 1:26.0 (→ 27th and last place)

'''Men's 1.000m Sprint Scratch Race'''
*[[Netai Bysack]] — 24th place

==Field hockey==
{{main article|Field hockey at the 1952 Summer Olympics}}

==Football==
{{main article|Football at the 1952 Summer Olympics}}

==Gymnastics==
{{main article|Gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics}}

==Shooting==
{{main article|Shooting at the 1952 Summer Olympics}}
Two shooters represented India in 1952.

;[[Shooting at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's 300 metre free rifle, three positions|300 m rifle, three positions]]
* [[Harihar Banerjee]]

;[[Shooting at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre rifle three positions|50 m rifle, three positions]]
* [[Harihar Banerjee]]

;[[Shooting at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre rifle, prone|50 m rifle, prone]]
* [[Harihar Banerjee]]
* [[Souren Choudhury]]

==Swimming==
{{main|Swimming at the 1952 Summer Olympics}}

;Men
''Ranks given are within the heat.''
{| class=wikitable style="font-size:90%;"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=2|Heat
!colspan=2|Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Isaac Mansoor]]
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre freestyle|100 m freestyle]]
| 1:10.8
| 7
| colspan=4 | Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Bijoy Barman]]
|rowspan=2 align=left|[[Swimming at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre backstroke|100 m backstroke]]
| 1:27.3
| 5
| colspan=4 | Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Khamlillal Shah]]
| 1:18.3
| 7
| colspan=4 | Did not advance
|}

;Women
''Ranks given are within the heat.''
{| class=wikitable style="font-size:90%;"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=2|Heat
!colspan=2|Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|-align=center
|rowspan=2 align=left|[[Dolly Nazir]]
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metre freestyle|100 m freestyle]]
| 1:24.6
| 7
| colspan=4 | Did not advance
|-align=center
|rowspan=2 align=left|[[Swimming at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Women's 200 metre breaststroke|200 m breaststroke]]
| 3:37.9
| 7
| colspan=4 | Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Arati Saha]]
| 3:40.8
| 6
| colspan=4 | Did not advance
|}

==Water polo==

Birendra Basak • David Sopher • Kedar Shah • [[Isaac Mansoor]] • Sambhu Saha • [[Sachin Nag]] • [[Khamlillal Shah]] • Bijoy Barman • Jehangir Naegamwalla • Ran Chandnani (source: olympedia.org)

==Weightlifting==
{{main article|Weightlifting at the 1952 Summer Olympics}}

==Wrestling==
{{main article|Wrestling at the 1952 Summer Olympics}}
{{smalldiv|1=<nowiki/>
'''Key''':
* {{abbr|VT|Victory by Fall}} - [[Pin (amateur wrestling)|Victory by Fall]].
* {{abbr|Pt|Decision by Points}} - Decision by Points.
* {{abbr|Pd|Decision by Points (Judges Disagree)}} - Decision by Points but Judges disagree.
}}

;Men's freestyle
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
!Athlete
!Event
!Round 1 Result
!Round 2 Result
!Round 3 Result
!Round 4 Result
!Round 5 Result
!Round 6 Result
!Round 7 Result
!Round 8 Result
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Niranjan Das (wrestler)|Niranjan Das]]
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle flyweight|−52 kg]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Mahmoud Mollaghasemi]]|IRN|1952 Summer}} '''L''' {{abbr|VT|Victory by Fall - 6m 32s}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Heini Weber|H. Weber]]|GER|1952 Summer}} '''L''' {{abbr|VT|Victory by Fall - 3m 15s}}
|colspan=6 {{n/a|Did not Advance}}
|−
|-align=center
|align=left|'''[[Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav]]'''
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle bantamweight|−57 kg]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Adrien Poliquin|A. Poliquin]]|CAN|1952 Summer}} '''W''' {{abbr|VT|Victory by Fall - 14m 25s}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Leonardo Basurto|P. L. Basurto]]|MEX|1952 Summer}} '''W''' {{abbr|VT|Victory by Fall - 5m 20s}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Ferdinand Schmitz|F. Schmitz]]|GER|1952 Summer}} '''W''' {{abbr|Pt|Decision by Points : 2-1}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Rashid Mammadbeyov]]|URS|1952 Summer}} '''L''' {{abbr|Pt|Decision by Points : 3-0}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Shohachi Ishii]]|JPN|1952 Summer}} '''L''' {{abbr|Pt|Decision by Points : 3-0}}
|colspan=2 {{n/a|Did not Advance}}
|{{bronze3}}
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Keshav Mangave]]
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle featherweight|−62 kg]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Ignacio Lugo|I. Lugo]]|VEN|1952 Summer}} '''WalkOver'''
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Nasser Givehchi]]|IRN|1952 Summer}} '''L''' {{abbr|Pt|Decision by Points : 3-0}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Armand Bernard (wrestler)|A. Bernard]]|CAN|1952 Summer}} '''W''' {{abbr|VT|Victory by Fall - 14m 5s}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Josiah Henson (wrestler)|Josiah Henson]]|USA|1952 Summer}} '''L''' {{abbr|Pt|Decision by Points : 3-0}}
|colspan=3 {{n/a|Did not Advance}}
|4
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Shrirang Jadhav]]
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle light heavyweight|−87 kg]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Jan Theron|J. Theron]]|RSA|1952 Summer}} '''L''' {{abbr|Pt|Decision by Points : 2-1}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[August Englas|A. Englas]]|URS|1952 Summer}} '''L''' {{abbr|VT|Victory by Fall - 58s}}
|colspan=6 {{n/a|Did not Advance}}
|−
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nations at the 1952 Summer Olympics}}
{{Country at games navbox|India|Olympics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India At The 1952 Summer Olympics}}
[[Category:Nations at the 1952 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:India at the Summer Olympics by year|1952]]

{{India-sport-stub}}
{{1952-Olympic-stub}}

Haritha G. Nair

2025-12-11T07:11:20Z

EssieYates77210: New

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Haritha G. Nair
| image =
| caption =
| birthname =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Kerala]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actress]]|[[Nurse]]}}
| education =
| height =
| years active = 2017–present
| spouse = {{marriage|V. S. Vinayak|2023}}
| parents =
| relatives =
}}

'''Haritha G. Nair''' is an Indian actress who appears in [[Malayalam]]-language soap operas and films.

==Early and personal life==
Haritha is a nurse-turned-actress who hails from [[Kottayam district]] of [[Kerala]]. She has an elder brother, Hareesh.<ref name="unnimaya">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/haritha-g-nair-playing-a-possessed-person-lets-me-portray-multiple-shades-at-the-same-time/articleshow/71790559.cms |title=Haritha G Nair: Playing a possessed person lets me portray multiple shades at the same time |date=30 October 2019 |work=The Times of India |access-date=7 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/nurse-turned-actress-haritha-on-nurses-working-during-lockdown-will-we-even-consider-these-superheroes-after-the-pandemic/articleshow/75404499.cms |title=Nurse-turned-actress Haritha on nurses working during lockdown: Will we even consider these 'superheroes' after the pandemic? |date=27 April 2020 |work=The Times of India |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref>

She married film editor V. S. Vinayak on 10 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/malayalam-actress-haritha-g-nair-ties-the-knot-with-editor-vinayak-vs-pics-1257450 |title=Malayalam actress Haritha G Nair ties the knot with editor Vinayak VS; PICS |date=9 November 2023 |work=Pinkvilla |access-date=16 January 2024 |language=en |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116065614/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/malayalam-actress-haritha-g-nair-ties-the-knot-with-editor-vinayak-vs-pics-1257450 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Career==
Haritha was a finalist in the talent-hunt show ''Tharodayam'' in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/lesser-known-facts-about-kasthooriman-actors-that-every-fan-must-know/photostory/66954437.cms |title=Lesser known facts about 'Kasthooriman' actors that every fan must know |work=The Times of India |date=5 December 2018 |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref> She made her acting debut with a supporting role, Sreekutty, in soap-opera ''[[Kasthooriman (TV series)|Kasthooriman]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/10yearchallenge-kasthooriman-actress-haritha-nair-opens-up-about-her-transformation/articleshow/67626718.cms |title=#10yearchallenge: Kasthooriman actress Haritha Nair opens up about her transformation |date=21 January 2019 |work=The Times of India |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/just-like-sreekutty-i-am-not-that-much-paavam-kasthooriman-actress-haritha-g-nair/articleshow/66543083.cms |title=Just like Sreekutty, I am not that much 'Paavam' : Kasthooriman actress Haritha G Nair |last=Nair |first=Radhika |date=8 November 2018 |work=The Times of India |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref>

In 2019, she played a possessed girl, Shivaganga, in horror drama, ''[[Unnimaya]]''.<ref name="unnimaya"/> From 2020 to 2022, she played the lead role of Keerthi in ''[[Thinkalkalamaan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/thinkalkalaman-actress-haritha-i-am-living-my-dream-life-through-keerthi/articleshow/79723677.cms |title=Thinkalkalaman actress Haritha: I am living my dream life through Keerthi |last=Nair |first=Radhika |date=14 December 2020 |work=The Times of India |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref>

From 2023-2024, she played the lead role of Shyama, a dusky singer in ''Shyamambaram''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shyamambaram to portray the life of a dusky-skinned singer |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/shyamambaram-to-portray-the-life-of-a-dusky-skinned-singer/articleshow/97254663.cms?from=mdr |access-date=27 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Since 2024, she is playing dual role as Shyama and as her daughter, Radhika in ''Snehapoorvam Shyama'', a sequel to ''Shyamambaram''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-15 |title=Shyamambaram Serial Zee Keralam Starring Haritha G Nair |url=https://www.keralatv.in/shyamambaram-serial-zee-keralam/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Ref.
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Carbon (2018 film)|Carbon]]''
| Leena Mariam George Kodappanakunnel
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kastooriman-fame-haritha-g-nair-is-elated-to-team-up-with-sharafudheen/articleshow/73435230.cms |title=Kastooriman fame Haritha G Nair is elated to team up with Sharafudheen |date=20 January 2020 |work=The Times of India |access-date=7 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''Oru Pakka Naadan Premam''
| Thulasi
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/audio-release-of-oru-pakka-nadan-premam-new-malayalam-movie-1.4545062 |title='ഒരു പക്കാ നാടൻ പ്രേമത്തി'ലെ ഗാനങ്ങൾ പുറത്തിറക്കി |date=20 February 2020 |language=ml |work=Mathrubhumi}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Neru (film)|Neru]]''
| Advocate Aswathy
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/vijayakumars-junior-in-neru-haritha-g-nair-expresses-gratitude-for-sharing-the-screen-with-mohanlal/articleshow/106521509.cms |title=Vijayakumar's junior in 'Neru', Haritha G Nair expresses gratitude for sharing the screen with Mohanlal |date=3 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |access-date=16 January 2024}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2017
| ''Tharodayam''
| Contestant
| rowspan=4|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/throwback-thursday-kasthooriman-actress-haritha-g-nair-goes-down-memory-lane/articleshow/69579177.cms |title=Throwback Thursday: Kasthooriman actress Haritha G Nair goes down memory lane |date=30 May 2019 |work=The Times of India |access-date=7 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2017-2020
| ''[[Kasthooriman (TV series)|Kasthooriman]]''
| Sreekutty
|
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kasthooriman-completes-one-year-haritha-g-nair-shares-a-heart-touching-note/articleshow/67074048.cms |title=Kasthooriman completes one year; Haritha G Nair shares a heart-touching note |date=13 December 2018 |work=The Times of India |access-date=7 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2018
| ''[[Seetha Kalyanam (TV series)|Seetha Kalyanam]]''
| Herself
| Guest appearance
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/seetha-kalyanam/18361/seetha-walks-the-ramp/1100009875 |title=Seetha Walks the Ramp {{!}} S1 E11 {{!}} 24 September 2018 |date=24 September 2018 |publisher=Disney+ Hotstar |access-date=27 June 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Unnimaya]]''
| Sivaganga
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/unnimaya-serial-to-conclude-soon/articleshow/71806616.cms |title=Unnimaya serial to conclude soon |date=29 October 2019 |work=The Times of India |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2020–2022
| ''[[Thinkalkalamaan]]''
|Rowspan =3|Keerthi
| Rowspan=4|[[Surya TV]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/heres-why-haritha-is-excited-for-thinkal-kalaman-watch/articleshow/78706231.cms |date=16 October 2020 |title=Here's why Haritha is excited for 'Thinkal Kalaman', watch |work=The Times of India |access-date=7 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2020
| ''[[Swantham Sujatha]]''
| Rowspan=2|Cameo in promo
|
|-
|2021
| ''[[Kaliveedu (TV series)|Kaliveedu]]''
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Kana Kanmani (2021 TV series)|Kana Kanmani]]''
| Herself
| Guest appearance
| <ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=seGIRvDbhDY |date=3 January 2022 |title=Kaana Kanmani - Ep 113 {{!}} 1 January 2022 {{!}} Surya TV Serial {{!}} Malayalam Serial |publisher=[[Surya TV]] |access-date=27 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2023{{endash}}2024
| ''Shyamambaram''
| rowspan=2|Shyama
| Rowspan=4|[[Zee Keralam]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Haritha G Nair introduces her character Shyama in 'Shyamambaram'; says, 'I was confused whether the new makeover would suit me' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/haritha-g-nair-introduces-her-character-shyama-in-shyamambaram-says-i-was-confused-whether-the-new-makeover-would-suit-me/articleshow/97521767.cms?from=mdr |access-date=27 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2023||''Mangalyam''||Extended cameo||
|-
|2024–present||''Snehapoorvam Shyama''||Shyama(Fida)/Radhika||[[Dual role]] Sequel to ''Shyamambaram''||<ref>{{Cite web |title=അഖിലിൻ്റെ മരണം കാരണം ഞങ്ങൾ ഈ സീരിയൽ കാണുന്നില്ല! ഐശ്വര്യയെ കൊണ്ട് വരേണ്ട കാര്യം ഇല്ലായിരുന്നു; ശ്യാമാംബരത്തിന് രണ്ടാം ഭാഗം |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/nithin-jake-joseph-and-haritha-girigeeth-in-snehapoorvam-shyama-shyamambaram-s-second-part/articleshow/113797449.cms |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|2025||''Chembarathy''||Shyama||
Cameo Appearance
|
|}

==Awards==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| 2018
| [[Asianet Television Awards]]
| [[Asianet Television Awards#Best New Face|Best New Face (Female)]]
| ''[[Kasthooriman (TV series)|Kasthooriman]]''
| {{Won}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/asianet-unveils-winners-of-asianet-television-awards-2018-to-be-aired-on-24-25th-feb/ |title=Asianet unveils winners of Asianet Television Awards 2018; to be aired on 24 & 25th Feb |work=Media News 4 U|date=20 February 2018 }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Haritha G}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Lawngtlai district

2025-11-29T08:34:25Z

EssieYates77210:

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Lawngtlai}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lawngtlai district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Mizoram|District]] of [[Mizoram]]
| image_skyline = Castle of Beino (Kolodyne) - panoramio (3).jpg
| image_caption = Castle of Beino
| image_map = Lawngtai in Mizoram (India).svg
| image_map1 =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Mizoram
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Lawngtlai
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Mizoram]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Lawngtlai]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 2557
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 117,894
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 20,830
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 65.88
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 945
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Mizoram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mizoram]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = 1. Tuichawng, 2. Lawngtlai West and 3. Lawngtlai East
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 = Average annual precipitation
| blank_info_sec2 = 2558 mm
| website = {{URL|http://lawngtlai.nic.in/}}
}}

'''Lawngtlai district''' is one of the eleven districts of [[Mizoram]] state in [[India]].

==History==
Prior to the arrival of the British in the late 19th century, the area which became Lawngtlai District was ruled by local chieftains, whose zones of control were often a single village or small group of villages.<ref name="RVSP">[http://lawngtlai.nic.in/RSVP/profile.htm "Profile of the District"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721171915/http://lawngtlai.nic.in/RSVP/profile.htm |date=21 July 2011 }} Rashtriya Sam Vikas Yojana Project, Lawngtlai District</ref> In 1888 the chief of the Fungkah village attacked a British surveying team and killed four men including a Lt. Stewart. The following year the British sent in a punitive expedition to pacify the area. What became Lawngtlai District was incorporated into the South Lushai Hills and administered by the lieutenant governor of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]].<ref name="RVSP"/> In 1898 North and South Lushai Hills were merged into the Lushai Hills District and were administered as part of [[Assam]]. In 1919, the Lushai Hills, along with some of the other hill districts, were declared "Backward Tracts" under the [[Government of India Act 1919|Government of India Act]], and in 1935 this denomination was changed to "excluded area". In 1952 the creation of the Lushai Hills Autonomous District Council removed the last power of the local chieftains. The area became part of [[Mizoram]] when the Union Territory of Mizoram was created in 1972, and remained a part of it when the state was created in 1987.<ref name="RVSP" /> Originally part of [[Chhimtuipui District]], the area that became Lawngtlai District was divided into four rural development blocks: the Lawngtlai Rural Development Block with headquarters at [[Lawngtlai]], Sangau Rural Development Block with headquarters at [[Sangau]], Bungtlang South Rural Development Block with headquarters at [[Bungtlang South]] and the Chawngte Rural Development Block with headquarters at [[Chawngte]].<ref name="RVSP" /> Lawngtlai district became a separate district on 11 November 1998.<ref name="RVSP"/><ref>Government of Mizoram notification No. A. 60011/21/95-GAD. Dated Aizawl, 11 November 1998</ref>

==Geography==
Lawngtlai district is located in the southwesternmost part of Mizoram having international boundaries with Bangladesh to the west and Myanmar to the south.<ref name="MOI-LD">[http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/mizoram/districts/lawngtiai.html "Lawngtlai District Map"] Maps of India</ref> The district is bounded by [[Lunglei District]] to the north and [[Saiha District]] to the east.<ref name="MOI-LD" /> The [[Thega River|Thega (Kawrpui) River]] forms most of the boundary with Bangladesh on the west and the [[Kaladan River]] forms the eastern boundary with Saiha District.<ref name="MOI-LD" /> Lawngtlai district occupied an area of 2557.10 km2 (2001 Census). The area is mountainous and hilly with a small strip of low-lying riverine plain along the western side of the Chamdur Valley. Landslides are common especially during rainy season. The western side of the district is covered by dense virgin forest. The main rivers include the Kaladan River, Tuichong River, the Chhimtuipui River, the Ngengpui River, the Chawngte River and the Tuiphal River.<ref name=miz>{{cite web| author=Mizoramonline|title=Lawngtlai District, Mizoram |date=2013 | url= http://www.mizoramonline.in/about/Districts/Lawngtlai.html |work= mizoramonline.in |publisher=Pan India Internet Private Limited (PIIPL) |access-date= 15 June 2013}}</ref><ref name=rsvy>{{cite web|title=RSVY > STRENGTH, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS (SWOT) ANALYSIS OF THE DISTRICT AND IDENTIFICATION OF CRITICAL GAPS| url= http://lawngtlai.nic.in/RSVP/strength.htm |work= lawngtlai.nic.in|publisher=Deputy Commissioner Lawngtlai, Mizoram |access-date= 15 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= HolidayIq.com|title= About Lawngtlai Tourism|url= http://www.holidayiq.com/destinations/lawngtlai/|work= holidayiq.com|access-date= 15 June 2013|archive-date= 23 July 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130723011438/http://www.holidayiq.com/destinations/lawngtlai/|url-status= dead}}</ref>

===Climate===
Lawngtlai district has a moderate climate. In general, it is cool in summer and not very cold in winter. In winter the temperature varies from 8 °C to 24 °C and in summer, the temperature varies between 18 °C and 32 °C. The western part of the district has less elevation comparing to the eastern part, and hence it experiences a little warmer climate than the eastern part. Relative humidity is highest during the south-west monsoon when it reaches to about 85%. The district is under the direct influence of south-west monsoon and heavy precipitation is usually received from May to September every year. The average annual rainfall is about 2558 mm. The hottest period is from March to August every year. During the rainy season, it remains heavily clouded. There is an increase of cloudiness from March onwards. A clear and cool weather starts appearing from September and remains till January the next year.<ref name="RVSP"/>

==Economy==

One-third of the total inhabitants of Lawngtlai district rely entirely on agriculture, which is mostly based on the [[traditional agriculture|traditional method]] of [[shifting cultivation]]. Only a small fraction of the urban population is involved in permanent employment, such as state government service, banks and schools, and few are engaged in small-scale businesses. The economic status of the district is, in fact, the lowest among the districts in Mizoram.<ref name=miz/><ref name=rsvy/>

==={{anchor| Zorinpui Integrated Check Post | Zorinpui ICP | Zorinpui border | Jorinpui Integrated Check Post | Jorinpui ICP | Jorinpui border }} Zorinpui Integrated Check Post===
'''Zorinpui Integrated Check Post''' in Lawngtlai district is an integrated immigration and customs check post that became operational in Oct 2017 to cater to the [[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project]].<ref name=icp4>[https://www.google.com.sg/search?client=firefox-b&dcr=0&ei=lWJCWr3sLcrJvgS0ory4CA&q=zorinpui+lawngtlai+&oq=zorinpui+lawngtlai+&gs_l=psy-ab.3...5050.12763.0.13049.20.20.0.0.0.0.285.2665.0j13j2.15.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-ab..5.10.1914...0j0i67k1j0i131k1j0i10k1j0i13k1.0.d3bPEkKCEM4 India opens two border crossing points with Myanmar, Bangladesh], [[Times of India]], 1 Oct 2017.</ref>

==Administrative Divisions==
Lawngtlai district is divided into two Autonomous District Councils and four Rural Development Blocks:<ref>[http://rd.mizoram.gov.in/?page_id=7 "Rural Development, Govt. of Mizoram » Organization Setup"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165811/http://rd.mizoram.gov.in/?page_id=7 |date=3 March 2016 }} Rural Development, Government of Mizoram</ref>

===Autonomous District Councils===
* [[Chakma Autonomous District Council]]
* [[Lai Autonomous District Council]]

===Rural Development Blocks===
# Chawngte Rural Development Block (part of Chakma Autonomous District Council)
# Bungtlang South Rural Development Block (part of Lai Autonomous District Council)
# Lawngtlai Rural Development Block (part of Lai Autonomous District Council)
# Sangau Rural Development Block (part of Lai Autonomous District Council)

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|25=1971|26=29,367|27=1981|28=44,277|29=1991|30=64,946|31=2001|32=87,592|33=2011|34=1,17,894|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Lawngtlai district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion: Mizoram |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11385/download/14498/DDW15C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Mizoram|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|54.19}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism in Mizoram|Buddhism]]|gold|43.72}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Mizoram|Hinduism]]|darkorange|1.41}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|0.44}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.20}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Lawngtlai district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 117,894,<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Lawngtlai |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/880/download/36388/DH_2011_1507_PART_A_DCHB_LAWNGTLAI.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Grenada]].<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = Grenada 108,419 July 2011 est.}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 611th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]). The district has a population density of {{convert|46|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}. Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 34.59%. Lawngtlai has a [[sex ratio]] of 945 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males, and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 65.88%. 17.67% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Tribes make up 95.30% of the population.<ref name=districtcensus/>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in Lawngtlai district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Chakma language|Chakma]] |value1 = 39.28 |color1 = purple
|label2 = [[Mizo language|Mizo]] |value2 = 23.24 |color2 = red
|label3 = [[Lai languages|Pawi]] |value3 = 20.96 |color3 = tomato
|label4 = [[Kokborok|Tripuri]] |value4 = 7.22 |color4 = gold
|label5 = Others |value5 = 9.30 |color5 = grey
}}

According to the 2011 census, 39.28% of the population spoke [[Chakma language|Chakma]], 23.24% [[Mizo language|Mizo]], 20.96% [[Lai languages|Pawi]] and 7.22% [[Kokborok|Tripuri]] as their first language. Many other languages are spoken here that are spoken in the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]].<ref name="languages">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-16 Population By Mother Tongue: Mizoram |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10215/download/13327/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1500.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Flora and fauna==

In 1997, Lawngtlai district became home to the [[Ngengpui Wildlife Sanctuary]], which has an area of {{convert|110|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name=parks>{{cite web|author=Indian Ministry of Forests and Environment |title=Protected areas: Mizoram |url=http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm |access-date=25 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823163836/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm |archive-date=23 August 2011 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://lawngtlai.nic.in Lawngtlai district official website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180424013149/http://kvklawngtlai.nic.in/ District profile at Krishi Vigyan Kendra]
*[http://www.rainrays.com/topic/district_lawngtlai-3867-241.htm Rainrays.com]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130617053324/http://dclawngtlai.mizoram.gov.in/page/profile240712110703.html Profile at Deputy Commissioner]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Lawngtlai District
|North =[[Lunglei district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Siaha district]]
|Southeast =
|South =''[[Myanmar]]''
|Southwest =
|West =''[[Bangladesh]]''
|Northwest =
}}

{{Mizoram}}
{{Lawngtlai District}}
{{Minority Concentrated Districts in India}}

{{coord|22|31|48|N|92|54|00|E|region:IN-MZ_type:adm2nd_source:kolossus-nowiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lawngtlai District}}
[[Category:Lawngtlai district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Minority concentrated districts in India]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Mizoram]]

Cairn India

2025-11-27T04:44:15Z

EssieYates77210: updated page

{{Short description|Indian oil and gas exploration and production company}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Cairn Oil & Gas
| logo = Cairn India SVG Logo.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| foundation = {{sda|2006}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cairnenergy.com/about-us/our-story/|title=Cairn | Our story|access-date=14 April 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414003436/https://www.cairnenergy.com/about-us/our-story/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| location = ASF Center Tower A, 62-363, Jwala Mill Road, PHASE IV, Udyog Vihar, Sector 18, Gurugram, Haryana, 122016, India
| area_served = India, Sri Lanka and South Africa
| key_people = Prachur Sah (deputy CEO) Navin Agarwal (chairman)
| industry = [[List of petroleum companies|Oil and gas]]
| fate = [[Merged]] with [[Vedanta Limited]]
| products = oil and gas
| revenue = {{Decrease}} {{INRConvert|10633.99|c}}<ref name=pnl>{{Cite web|title=Cairn India Consolidated Profit & Loss account, Cairn India Financial Statement & Accounts|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/cairnindia/consolidated-profit-lossVI/ci37|access-date=2020-08-02|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en}}</ref>
| revenue_year = 2016
| operating_income = {{Decrease}} {{INRConvert|-9434.63|c}}<ref name=pnl/>
| income_year = 2016
| net_income = {{Decrease}} {{INRConvert|-9431.88|c}}<ref name=pnl/>
| net_income_year = 2016
| assets = {{Decrease}} {{INRConvert|56495.57|c}}<ref name=sj>{{Cite web|title=Cairn India Consolidated Balance Sheet, Cairn India Financial Statement & Accounts|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/cairnindia/consolidated-balance-sheetVI/ci37|access-date=2020-08-02|website=www.moneycontrol.com|language=en}}</ref>
| assets_year = 2016
| equity = {{Decrease}} {{INRConvert|48792.54|c}}<ref name=sj/>
| equity_year = 2016
| num_employees = 1001–5000
| subsid = {{Collapsible list | 1. Cairn India Holdings Limited
2. Cairn Energy Holdings Limited
3. Cairn Energy Hydrocarbons Limited
4. Cairn Exploration (No.7) Limited
5. Cairn Exploration (No.6) Limited
6. Cairn Exploration (No.4) Limited
7. Cairn Exploration (No.2) Limited
8. Cairn Energy Gujarat Block 1 Limited
9. Cairn Energy Discovery Limited
10. Cairn Petroleum India Limited
11. Cairn Energy Cambay B.V.
12. Cairn Energy India West B.V.
13. Cairn Energy Gujarat B.V.
14. Cairn Energy India Holdings B.V.
15. Cairn Energy Group Holdings B.V.
16. Cairn Energy Netherlands Holdings B.V.
17. Cairn Energy Gujarat Holding B.V.
18. Cairn Energy India West Holding B.V.
19. Cairn Energy Cambay Holding B.V.
20. Cairn Energy Australia Pty Limited
21. CEH Australia Limited
22. Cairn Energy Asia Pty Limited
23. Cairn Energy Investments Australia Pty Limited
24. Wessington Investments Pty Limited
25. Sydney Oil Company Pty Limited
26. Cairn Energy India Pty Limited
27. CEH Australia Pty Limited
28. CIG Mauritius Private Limited
29. CIG Mauritius Holdings Private Limited
30. Cairn Lanka (Pvt) Limited }}
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.cairnindia.com/}}
}}

'''Cairn India''' was an Indian [[Petroleum|oil]] and [[Natural gas|gas]] exploration and production company, headquartered in [[Gurgaon]], India.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/article30687.ece Cairn sells its first crude from Rajasthan to MRPL]</ref> The company was merged with [[Vedanta Limited]].<ref name=":0"/>

== History ==
In early 1999, Cairn made the first [[Rajasthan]] discovery – Guda field, followed by Saraswati in 2001. Mangala was their biggest discovery in 2003,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090830221800/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/30/stories/2009083055350900.htm Mangala oil field marks ‘beginning of a new era’: Manmohan Singh]</ref> followed by Raageshwari, Bhagyam, Aishwariya, Kaameshwari and GR-F fields in Rajasthan. In 2003, Cairn acquired 100% of the exploration interest and took over as the operator of the block.

In 2007, Cairn India was listed on the [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchanges]]. Top 250 Global Energy Company Rankings by [[Platts]], ranked Cairn India for being the World's fastest-growing energy company in 2011.<ref>[http://www.platts.com/PressReleases/2011/110211e Cairn India world’s fastest-growing energy co: Platts]</ref> Now the Company plans to invest $3 billion in the next three years in finding more oil and raising output from Rajasthan oilfields.<ref name="Religare Investment Pick">{{cite journal |date=16 July 2014 |title=Cairn India Ltd. market Analysis – Religare Online |url=http://www.religareonline.com/MediaGalary/religare_images/201407181045046669334-Religare-Investment-Pick-Cairn-India.pdf |journal=Religare Online |publisher=Religare Securities |accessdate=23 September 2014}}</ref>

The company was delisted from the [[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]] and the [[Bombay Stock Exchange|BSE]] on 25 April 2017 following its merger with its parent company [[Vedanta Limited]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Cairn India completes merger with Vedanta to form $15.6 bn market cap entity|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/deals/cairn-india-completes-merger-with-vedanta-to-form-usd-15-6-billion-market-cap-entity/story/249814.html|access-date=2020-08-02|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=12 April 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=From tomorrow, you won't be able to trade in Cairn India again; here's why|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/from-tomorrow-you-wont-be-able-to-trade-in-cairn-india-again-heres-why/articleshow/58355846.cms|access-date=2020-08-02}}</ref>

==Cairn – Vedanta deal==
[[Vedanta Resources]] initially reached an agreement to acquire 58.8% of Cairn India from [[Cairn Energy]] for a total consideration of $8.67 billion in August 2010, with final shareholder approval in December.

==Vedanta ownership==
While waiting on government approval on its agreement with Cairn Energy, Vedanta acquired an additional 18.5% on the open market including a 10.4% stake from Petronas for $1.5 billion.

==Operations==
===Andhra Pradesh===
{{main|Ravva oil field}}
The '''Ravva oil and gas field''' in the Krishna- Godavari Basin was developed in partnership with Cairn India, [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC]], [[Videocon]] and Ravva Oil, under a production sharing contract (PSC) that runs until 2019. Currently, eight unmanned offshore platforms are being operated. A 225-acre onshore processing facility at Surasaniyanam processes natural gas and crude oil from the Ravva field. The Ravva onshore terminal operates to the internationally environmental standard – [[ISO 14000#ISO 14001 standard|ISO 14001]] – and has the capacity to handle {{convert|70000|oilbbl|m3|lk=on|abbr=off}} of oil per day, {{convert|95|e6ft3|e6m3|abbr=unit|lk=on}} per day at [[Standard temperature and pressure|standard conditions]] of natural gas and {{convert|110000|oilbbl|m3|abbr=on}} per day of injection water. The terminal also has the capacity to store {{convert|1|e6oilbbl|e3m3|abbr=unit}} of crude oil onshore.

The Ravva field has produced more than {{convert|253|e6oilbbl|e6m3|abbr=unit}} of crude and sold {{convert|317|e9ft3|e9m3|abbr=unit}} of gas; about thrice the initial estimates. During the financial year, the plant uptime was 99.7% demonstrating superb operational efficiency. The asset recorded 1.61 million LTI free hours during the year. The offshore production platform at Ravva received the Oil Industry Safety Award for the year 2010–11.

===Gujarat===
In 2002, gas production commenced from the Lakshmi gas field, which is situated in Block CB/OS-2 in the Cambay Basin of the west coast of India in the Gulf of Khambhat. The Gauri offshore gas field was discovered in 2001 and came on-stream in 2004. CB-X, a marginal gas field in the transition zone of the CB/OS-2 block was in production between June 2007 and August 2009. The Lakshmi and Gauri fields commenced production of oil in addition to its gas production in 2005. The CB/OS-2 Block has completed 10 years of production and crossed a cumulative production of over {{convert|50|e6oilbbl|e6m3|abbr=off|lk=on}} of [[oil equivalent]] hydrocarbons.
Safety and operational integrity have been a strong area of focus for the CB/OS-2 asset operations team. The asset team recorded 0.93 million [[Occupational injury|Lost Time Incident]] (LTI) free hours and delivered facilities uptime of 99.9% during the financial year 2012–13. The block has recorded more than nine million safe work hours over the last seven years.

===Rajasthan===
The Mangala<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140416183620/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-15/news/27603816_1_mangala-field-rajasthan-block-bhagyam-and-aishwariya-fields Mangala crude output can be ramped up to 150,000 bpd: Cairn]</ref> field in Rajasthan,<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aIjouzrGZIXU&refer=india Cairn's Rajasthan Field May Yield $3 Billion a Year]</ref> which was discovered in January 2004, is the largest onshore oil discovery in India in more than 20 years. The Mangala, Bhagyam and Aishwariya (MBA) fields have gross recoverable oil reserves and resources of over one bn boe. This includes proven plus probable (2P) gross reserves and resources of 636 mm boe with a further 308 mm boe or more of EOR resource potential.

The Mangala, Bhagyam and Aishwariya (MBA) fields have gross recoverable oil reserves and resources of approximately one billion barrels. Production from the Rajasthan Block currently contributes more than 23% of India's domestic production. Cairn India plans to drill in excess of 450 wells in the Rajasthan block over a three-year period; includes 100 Exploration and Appraisal (E&A) wells and the balance as development wells to sustain and enhance production volumes. Cairn India made its 26th discovery in the RJ-ON-90/1 block in Rajasthan.
Oil Discovery in Rajasthan
Cairn India's renewed exploration efforts resulted in an oil discovery, the 26th discovery so far in the RJ-ON-90/1 block, following recent policy clarity by Government of India (GoI) to conduct exploration activity in development blocks. The Management Committee approved the exploration work programme for the RJON-90/1 block on 14 February 2013, post which Cairn India, the Operator of the block, commenced the drilling of its first Exploration well, Raageshwari-South-1, on 25 February 2013 located in the southern part of the block.

Mangala: At Mangala, a total of 148 development wells have been drilled and completed with 96 producers and 33 injectors operationalised. The company has successfully drilled and completed 11 horizontal wells at MangalaMangala field is producing at plateau rates; infill wells are planned this year for sustaining and extending plateau andgoing forward, the Company intends to bring other wells on stream in a staged manner. Bhagyam: Bhagyam is the second largest field in the Rajasthan block, with an approved production plateau of {{convert|40000|oilbbl|m3}} of oil per day. A total of 62 development wells have been drilled till date with 21 producers and four injectors operational; 12 producer wells are yet to be drilled. Bhagyam field is expected to ramp up to approved rate in H2 FY2013-14; and additional wells are planned this year. Both Mangala and Bhagyam are connected to the Mangala Processing Terminal (MPT), which processes the crude oil from the Rajasthan fields.

Aishwariya: The Aishwariya field is the third largest discovery in the Rajasthan block. Following an assessment of higher production potential and design optimisation due to increased reserves and resources, Cairn India has commenced development work in the field. Now Aishwariya field has commenced oil production and is the fifth oil field in the Rajasthan block to come online. The oil production from Aishwariya field was inaugurated on 23 March 2013, by the Hon’ble Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Dr M VeerappaMoily in Barmer, Rajasthan in the presence of the Hon’ble Chief Minister Shri Ashok Gehlot, the Hon’ble Union Minister of State of Petroleum and Natural Gas Smt. P. Lakshmi. The field will achieve a gradual and safe ramp up to reach the currently approved FDP rate of {{convert|10000|oilbbl|m3}} of oil per day.

Raageshwari Deep Gas Field: The Raageshwari Deep Gas field is meant to supply gas to meet the energy requirements at the MPT and the Mangala Development Pipeline, which runs approximately 670 km from Barmer to Viramgam to Salaya and then on to Bhogat, near Jamnagar, on the Arabian Sea coast.
Saraswati and Raageshwari Fields: The Saraswati Field, which commenced production in May 2011, is currently producing at a rate of {{convert|250|oilbbl|m3}} of oil per day. Till date, it has produced over {{convert|75000|oilbbl|m3}} of oil. This oil is processed at the MPT, and blended with the Mangala oil which is sold through the pipeline. The marginal oil field at Raageshwari also commenced production in March 2012. The Raageshwari and Saraswati fields continue to cumulatively contribute over {{convert|500|oilbbl|m3}} of oil per day towards the total production from the block. Cairn India plans to drill in excess of 450 wells in the Rajasthan block over a three-year period; includes 100 Exploration and Appraisal (E&A) wells and the balance as development wells to sustain and enhance production. Cairn India commenced gas sales from the Raageshwari field on 23 March.

===Commencement of sale of gas – Rajasthan Block===
On 23 March 2013, The Cairn-ONGC Joint Venture (JV) commenced commercial sale of gas from the Rajasthan Block (RJ-ON-90/1). Initial commercial volumes will be about {{convert|5|e6ft3|e3m3|abbr=off|lk=on}} at [[Standard cubic foot|standard conditions]] per day. The gas sales was inaugurated by the Hon’ble Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Dr M VeerappaMoily in Barmer, Rajasthan in the presence of the Hon’ble Chief Minister Shri Ashok Gehlot, the Hon’ble Union Minister of State of Petroleum and Natural Gas Smt. P. Lakshmi. The RJ-ON-90/1 block currently produces about {{convert|30|e6ft3|e3m3|abbr=unit}} of gas per day from the Raageshwari Deep Gas field and as associated gas along with crude oil from the Mangala and Bhagyam fields. The continued exploration program in the block targets several other gas prospects that are expected to add to the production of natural gas from the block over the years. This is expected to pave the way in future for developing the state of Rajasthan as a gas-based economy.

===Midstream operations===
The Mangala Processing Terminal: The Mangala Processing Terminal (MPT) spread over an area of 1.6 km2 and is located 40 km from the nearest town, Barmer. The MPT processes crude oil extracted from the Rajasthan fields. Following the processing, the crude oil is transported to distant consumer refineries through a {{convert|24|inch|cm}} diameter continuously heated and insulated pipeline. The MPT integrated production facilities support FDP approved production of {{convert|175000|oilbbl|m3}} of oil per day.

The Mangala Development Pipeline: The Mangala Development Pipeline (MDP)<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/article458428.eceCairn starts crude oil supplies through pipeline]</ref> is the world's longest continuously heated and insulated pipeline and will have access to 75% of India's refining capacity.
The MDP originates from Mangala Processing Terminal (MPT) in the Mangala Field and passes through two states (Rajasthan and Gujarat), eight districts and travels up to ~670 km before it reaches its end at the coastal location of Bhogat near Jamnagar on the western coast line of India. About 154 km of the pipeline is in Rajasthan and the rest in Gujarat.
The MDP is a {{convert|24|inch|cm}} crude oil pipeline which is using Skin Effect Heat Management System (SEHMS) to ensure that the crude oil remains above the Wax Appearance Temperature (WAT) of 65 Deg C, through the pipeline. It has {{convert|8|inch|cm}} gas line which feeds gas to all the ~36 Above Ground Installations located at every ~ 18 km distance along the pipeline which produces the necessary power to keep the pipeline at the required temperature. The gas needed to fire the boilers and, more importantly, to generate the power to heat the waxy crude at an average of 65-degree Celsius along the pipeline, comes from the Raageshwari gas field, located 90 km away from the MPT.

In addition, there is an intermediate terminal at Viramgam for storage and further pumping to the coast, including a pigging facility. There are two other pigging stations at Sanchore and Wankaner to insert 'pigs' (pipeline cleaning devices) that are used to clean and inspect the pipeline. The pipeline crosses all major crude oil carrier pipelines in the Western part of India and thus, offers potential of blending the Rajasthan crude with these large crude carrier lines. As it terminates at coastal location, the marine facilities are designed to load the crude oil carriers to transport the crude oil to other coastal refiners as well.

The pipeline also incorporates the first of its kind Pipeline Intrusion Detection System. This provides security along the entire length, utilising a fibre optic electronic vibration system that generates an alarm. This is linked to a central control unit via a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based mapping system. The entire length of the pipeline is monitored at the MPT, Viramgam and Bhogat terminals for flow, temperature, pressure, and other operational parameters.

Phase 1 of the pipeline construction from MPT to Salaya, in Gujarat, includes spur lines to connect to private refiners and another spur line at Radhanpur to connect with the [[Indian Oil Corporation]] Limited's (IOCL's) Mundra to Panipat crude pipeline. Since then, oil was introduced in the pipeline on 13 May 2010 and has begun commercial sales to IOCL and private refiners. The pipeline construction from Barmer to Salaya was completed in a record time of 18 months.
Phase II: From Salaya to the Bhogat terminal on the Arabian Sea coast, and a pipeline connecting the terminal to the marine facilities is under construction

===Sri Lanka===
The Block SL 2007-01-001 was awarded to Cairn Lanka Private Limited, the wholly owned subsidiary of Cairn India. Cairn Lanka commenced its 3D seismic survey in the Mannar Basin in Sri Lanka on 10 December 2009 and the data is currently being processed. The acquisition programme, which was launched by the Honourable President of Sri Lanka, [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]], fulfilled the commitment of 1450 km2 of 3D seismic data acquisition. The Mannar basin is an under-explored frontier basin, with both structural and stratigraphic plays.

The drillship 'Chikyu' was mobilised and three well exploration drilling campaign in the SL 2007-01-001 block commenced in August 2011. Cairn Lanka's drilling programme<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215517/http://www.colombopage.com/archive_11A/Aug20_1313828391KA.php Does Sri Lanka have petroleum? Cairn to answer in first quarter 2012]}}</ref> is the first successful programme in Sri Lanka in 30 years and has
established a working petroleum system in the frontier Mannar Basin.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111004163133/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hnA4iOxrSwM4mqp8ws9SI1_uzb8g?docId=CNG.109ada98ca83da06e3e584c9aeb960ba.361 First gas deposits found off Sri Lanka coast]</ref><ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/srilanka-cairn-idUKL3E7NQ1VK20111226 Cairn to start Sri Lanka oil exploration 2nd phase]{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

The drilling of the phase-II exploration well has been completed in February, 2013. The well encountered high quality reservoir sands; however these sands were water bearing. The well was plugged and abandoned and the rig was demobilized. The results of the well are being integrated with reprocessed 3D seismic data to finalize the forward programme which includes the options for appraisal of the existing two discoveries and entering exploration phase-III.

===South Africa===
Cairn India has acquired an exploration block in South Africa ('Block 1') and has signed a farm-in agreement with [[PetroSA]], the South African National Oil Company, Block 1 covers a large area of 19,922 km2 and is currently in the initial stages of exploration. It has an existing gas discovery and identified oil & gas leads and prospects. Located in the geologically proven Orange Basin along the northwestern maritime border of South Africa with Namibia, the block is on trend with the discovered Kudu and Ibhubesi gas fields. Cairn India will hold a 60% interest in the block and will be the Operator, while PetroSA will hold the remaining interest. Government approval has been received for transfer and assignment of PetroSA's Participating Interest (PI) to Cairn in Block 1. The assignment agreement was executed in February, 2013. The 3D survey acquisition commenced in March, 2013 and is likely to be completed within this quarter. As on date more than 80% of the survey has been completed.
kl;

==Sponsorships==
Cairn India has Co-sponsored the Indian Hockey senior teams for a tenure of three years.{{when|date=April 2024}} This association, for a sum of several crores per annum, will cover the senior and junior national men and women teams. Cairn India announced the three-year association with Hockey India in the presence of Hockey India officials and the captains of the men and women hockey teams.
Cairn India also sponsors a Marathon in December month of every year by the name of Cairn PinkCity Half Marathon takes place in Jaipur.
<ref>{{Cite web |title=HOME |url=https://cairnpchm.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520163517/http://cairnpchm.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=20 May 2018 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Pink City Marathon {{!}} Cairn Pink City Half Marathon {{!}} Jaipur Marathon |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
* Winner of 2012 Platts Top 250 Global Energy Company award for the Fastest growing company in Asia and the World<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://top250.platts.com/FastestGrowing|title = Platts Top 250 Fastest Growing Companies | S&P Global Platts}}</ref>
* Winner of 2012 FICCI Safety Excellence award for Manufacturing conferred to Ravva Asset<ref>http://www.ficci.com/PressRelease/997/ficci-press-sep14-safety.pdf {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
* Winner of 2012 PetroFed award for O&G Pipeline Transportation Company of the Year<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ft.lk/2012/06/16/cairn-wins-petrofed-award-for-og-pipeline-transportation-company-of-the-year/ |title=Cairn India wins PetroFed award for O&G Pipeline Transportation Company of the Year |access-date=20 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071129/http://www.ft.lk/2012/06/16/cairn-wins-petrofed-award-for-og-pipeline-transportation-company-of-the-year/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Winner of Blue Dart Global CSR Award, 2012<ref>[http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/Cairn-India-wins-Blue-Dart-Global-CSR-Award-2012/5358150798 Cairn India wins Blue Dart Global CSR Award 2012]</ref>
* Winner of 2011 Spotlight Awards by League of American Communications Professionals<ref>[http://www.audiencematters.com/article-final.php?title=Cairn%20India%20conferred%20the%20Platinum%20Award%20of%20LACP Cairn India conferred the Platinum Award of LACP]</ref>
* Cairn India awarded 'Superbrand' status, 2011<ref>[https://archive.today/20130103063534/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-07-28/news/29824789_1_superbrand-status-cairn-india-largest-onland-oil-discovery Cairn India accorded 'Superbrand' status]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Contact Us|url=https://www.cairnindia.com/Pages/Contact_Us.aspx|access-date=2021-08-17|website=www.cairnindia.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vedanta Resources}}
{{Energy companies and organisations in India}}

[[Category:Defunct oil and gas companies of India]]
[[Category:Vedanta Resources]]
[[Category:Oil and gas companies of India]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Companies based in Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2006]]
[[Category:Indian companies disestablished in 2017]]
[[Category:Energy companies established in 2006]]
[[Category:Energy companies disestablished in 2017]]

Kothuru, Eluru district

2025-11-25T00:03:10Z

EssieYates77210: Done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kothuru
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = telugu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.6836|N|81.0844|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - West Godavari|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=12 January 2015|page=14,272|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3082
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=628641|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=6 January 2016}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 534 437
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Kothuru''' is a village in [[Eluru district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Pedapadu mandal]] of [[Eluru revenue division]].<ref>{{cite web |title=District Level Mandal wise List of Villages in Andhra Pradesh |url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/westgodavari.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=19 September 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214094218/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/westgodavari.pdf|archivedate=14 December 2014|page=10|format=PDF}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], Kothuru had a population of 3082. The total population constitutes 1521 males and 1561 females with a sex ratio of 1026 females per 1000 males. 312 children are in the age group of 0–6 years with sex ratio of 1094. The average literacy rate stands at 73.47%.<ref name=population/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Nizamabad–Kacheguda DEMU

2025-11-11T09:56:35Z

EssieYates77210: improve references for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Nizamabad Kacheguda DEMU
| image= Nizamabad Kacheguda Demu.jpg
| caption = Nizamabad Kacheguda Demu at Cavalry Barracks
| type = DEMU
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railways]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Nizamabad}}
| stops = 12
| end = {{stnlnk|Kacheguda}}
| distance = {{convert|166|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 4 hours 10 minutes
| frequency = Tri-Daily
| class = General Unreserved
| seating =
| sleeping =
| autorack =
| catering =
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities=
| stock = 3
| gauge =
| el =
| trainnumber = 57689/90 57687/88 57602/01
| loco =
| speed = Avg {{convert|40|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| map = [[File:(Kacheguda - Nizamabad) Passenger route map.png|250px|(Kacheguda–Nizamabad) DEMU route map]]
| map_state =
}}

The '''Nizamabad–Kacheguda DEMU''' is a tri-daily train that runs between the cities of [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]] and [[Hyderabad]] both situated in state of [[Telangana]]. The trains runs on [[Secunderabad–Manmad line]] of [[Hyderabad railway division]] under [[South Central Railway zone]].

==History==
The train service was started in March 2012 which used to run twice a day from Nizamabad to Kacheguda and on daily basis except on Thursday and Sunday.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/South-Central-Railway-launches-DEMU-service/articleshow/12407984.cms |title=South Central Railway launches DEMU service – The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2012-03-26 |accessdate=2015-10-10}}</ref> Later on in early 2015 seeing the high rush of passengers between these two major cities of the state, the South Central Railway flagged off another train from Nizamabad at 18:40 IST.
As of Aug 2019,the 3 services run on a daily basis from Nizamabad railway station to Kacheguda railway station.

==Service==
The trains depart [[Nizamabad railway station]] thrice a day<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/search/nizamabad-nzb-to-hyderabad-kacheguda-kcg/1681/0/844 |title=NZB/Nizamabad to KCG/Hyderabad Kacheguda: 23 Trains |publisher=India Rail Info |date= |accessdate=2015-10-10}}</ref> with train no. 57689/87/02 covering a distance of 166 kilometers in 4 hours and 10 minutes, and halt at 12 important stations of [[Sirnapally Waterfalls|Sirnapalli]], Uppalavai, [[Kamareddy|Kamareddi]], Akanapet, Mirzapalli, Wadiaram, [[Medchal]], [[Bolarum]], {{stnlnk|Malkajgiri Junction}}, [[Sitaphalmandi railway station|Sitafalmandi]] and finally arrives at {{stnlnk|Kacheguda}} and returns with train no. 57601/90/88.

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Nizamabad–Peddapalli section]]
* [[Ajanta Express]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nizamabad-Kacheguda Demu}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Transport in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Diesel–electric multiple units of India]]

{{India-passenger-train-stub}}

National Highway 7A (India, old numbering)

2025-10-13T18:09:30Z

EssieYates77210: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 138 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Nasreen Munni Kabir

2025-10-04T21:38:13Z

EssieYates77210: adjusted lead per sources

{{Short description|Indian television producer and director}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
''' Nasreen Munni Kabir''' (born 1950)<ref name=exp/> is an [[India]]-born television producer, director and author based in the UK.<ref>{{cite web | title = Noteworthy! |work= The Hindu | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/noteworthy/article1762552.ece |date=24 April 2011| access-date = 29 March 2014 | first = Anuj | last = Kumar }}</ref> She is best known for producing an annual season of films from [[Bollywood]] that aired on the British terrestrial television channel [[Channel 4]].

Her work includes the 46-part series ''Movie Mahal'', ''[[In Search of Guru Dutt]]'', ''Follow that Star'' (a profile of [[Amitabh Bachchan]]), and [[Channel 4]] series such as ''How To Make It Big in Bollywood'' & ''The Inner and Outer World of Shah Rukh Khan''. She won the 1999 Women of Achievement Award in Arts & Culture in the UK and became a governor on the board of the [[British Film Institute]] in 2000, serving a six-year term.

Over the years, she has directed several documentaries and published 15 books on cinema, including five books featuring the dialogue of Indian celebrated classic films and book-length biographical conversations with personalities in the [[Hindi film industry]], [[Javed Akhtar]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[A.R. Rahman]], [[Gulzar]], and [[Waheeda Rehman]].<ref name=exp/><ref name=mint/> Her latest book is a biography of legendary tabla virtuoso [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Ustad Zakir Hussain]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kabir|first=Nasreen Munni|title=The Zakir Hussain interview: 'What do I bring to the tabla? I think it is openness and clarity'|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/865112/zakir-hussain-on-how-the-band-shakti-paved-the-way-for-world-music|access-date=2020-11-18|website=Scroll.in|date=16 January 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zakir Hussain|url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/59642388-zakir-hussain-a-life-in-music|access-date=2020-11-18|website=www.goodreads.com}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Born in [[Hyderabad, India]], Kabir's parents moved to London when she was age three. She did her master's in cinema studies.<ref name=exp>{{cite web | title = Coffee with kabir |publisher= The Indian Express| url = http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/coffee-with-kabir/ |pages=1–3|date=30 March 2014|access-date = 30 March 2014}}</ref>

==Career==
Kabir moved to Paris and lived there for 19 years, studying film and working as an assistant on various documentaries. She also worked with French film director [[Robert Bresson]] as his trainee assistant on the film FOUR NIGHTS OF A DREAMER. She also worked as a consultant with [[Pompidou Centre]] in Paris, where she organised two Indian film festivals in 1983/85. In 1982, she resettled in London where she began her current job as Channel 4 TV's consultant on Indian Films. In 1986, she directed and produced a 46-part television docu-series on [[Indian cinema]] titled ''Movie Mahal'' for [[Channel 4 TV UK]].<ref name=exp/> and other series on Hindi cinema.

In 2005, she produced a two-part documentary on [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]], ''[[The Inner and Outer World of Shah Rukh Khan]]''. It featured the superstar's 2004 Temptations concert tour, the film contrasts Khan's "inner world" of family and daily life, with the "outer world" of his work. She continues to curate an annual season of Indian films for Channel 4 each year. She has also directed a six-part series for Channel 4 UK on the legendary playback singer Lata Mangeshkar called LATA IN HER OWN VOICE.

In April 2011, a book titled "A. R. Rahman The Spirit of Music" written based on the conversations with Nasreen Munni Kabir was released. Also in 2011, she produced ''Bismillah of Benares'' a documentary on shehnai maestro, [[Bismillah Khan]]. It was presented by A.R. Rahman's KM Musiq and distributed by Sony Music in India.<ref>{{cite web | title = 'I wish he had lived to see it' |work= The Hindu | url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/i-wish-he-had-lived-to-see-it/article2573386.ece |date=29 October 2011| access-date = 29 March 2014 }}</ref>

April 2014 saw the release of a book named 'Conversations with Waheeda Rehman' which was based on her conversations with [[Waheeda Rehman]] about the latter's life and work.<ref name=mint>{{cite news | title = Nasreen Munni Kabir: My biggest problem is, who next? |newspaper= Mint |publisher= Livemint | url = http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/vszsnH7XCQCnC8PoE2oSoN/Nasreen-Munni-Kabir--My-biggest-problem-is-who-next.html |date=29 March 2014| access-date = 29 March 2014 |last1= Ramnath |first1= Nandini }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/en/content/conversations-waheeda-rehman | title=Home }}</ref>

==Personal life==
She lives in London.<ref name=exp/>

==Filmography==
* ''Movie Mahal'' (1986/88) 49-part TV series
* ''[[In Search of Guru Dutt]]'' (1989) 3-part
* ''[[The Inner and Outer World of Shah Rukh Khan]]'' (2005)
* ''Bismillah of Benares'' (2011)

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|author1=Nasreen Munni Kabir|title=Bollywood: The Indian Cinema Story|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JxRiQgAACAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Channel 4 Books|isbn=978-0-7522-1943-1}}
* {{cite book|author1=Nasreen Munni Kabir|title=Talking Films: Conversations on Hindi Cinema with Javed Akhtar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6gmnwEACAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-566462-1}}
* {{cite book|author=Nasreen Munni Kabir|title=Guru Dutt: a life in cinema|title-link=Guru Dutt: A Life in Cinema|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-567233-6}}
* {{cite book|author1=Nasreen Munni Kabir|title=Yours Guru Dutt: intimate letters of a great Indian filmmaker|title-link=Yours Guru Dutt|year=2006|publisher=Lustre Press, Roli Books|isbn=9788174363886}}
* {{cite book|author1=Nasreen Munni Kabir|title=Talking Songs: Javed Akhtar in Conversation with Nasreen Munni Kabir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRYgf5qVYiIC|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-568712-5}}
* {{cite book|author1=K. Asif|authorlink=K. Asif|author2=Nasreen Munni Kabir|author3=Suhail Akhtar|title=The immortal dialogue of K. Asif's Mughal-e-azam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dSEcAQAAIAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-568496-4}}
* {{cite book|author=Nasreen Munni Kabir|title=Farah Khan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ym7zSAAACAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Zubaan}}
* {{cite book|author1=Nasreen Munni Kabir|title=Lata Mangeshkar ...in Her Own Voice|title-link=Lata Mangeshkar ...in Her Own Voice|year=2009|publisher=Niyogi Books|isbn=978-81-89738-41-9}}
* {{cite book|author1=Vajahat Mirza|author2=S. Ali Raza|author3=Suhail Akhtar|author4=Vijay Jani, Nasreen Munni Kabir|title=The Dialogue of Mother India: Mehboob Khan's Immortal Classic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7cV4RAAACAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Niyogi Books|isbn=978-81-89738-58-7}}
* {{cite book|author1=Khwaja Ahmad Abbas|authorlink=Khwaja Ahmad Abbas|author2=Vasant Sāthe|author3=Suhail Akhtar|author4=Vijay Jani, Nasreen Munni Kabir|title=The Dialogue of Awaara: Raj Kapoor's Immortal Classic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ln3LSAAACAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Niyogi Books|isbn=978-81-89738-54-9}}
* {{cite book|author1=Nasreen Munni Kabir|title=A.R. Rahman: The Spirit of Music |title-link= A. R. Rahman: The Spirit of Music |year=2011|publisher=Om Books International|isbn=978-93-80070-14-8}}
* {{cite book|author1=Abrar Alvi|authorlink=Abrar Alvi|author2=Vijay Jani|author3=Suhail Akhtar|author4=Nasreen Munni Kabir|title=The Dialogue of Pyaasa: Guru Dutt's Immortal Classic|title-link=The Dialogue of Pyaasa|year=2011|publisher=Om Books International|isbn=978-93-80070-53-7}}
* {{cite book|author1=Nasreen Munni Kabir|title=In the Company of a Poet: Gulzar in Conversation with Nasreen Munni Kabir|title-link=In the Company of a Poet|year=2012|publisher=Rainlight|isbn=978-81-291-2083-0}}
* {{cite book|author1=Rajinder Singh Bedi|authorlink=Rajinder Singh Bedi|author2=Nasreen Munni Kabir|title=The Dialogue of Devdas: Bimal Roy's Immortal Classic Based on the Bengali Novella by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGd0MwEACAAJ|year=2012|publisher=Om Books International|isbn=978-93-80069-88-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Nasreen Munni Kabir|title=A Sideways Glance at Hindi Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6q-QngEACAAJ|year=2012|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341936-5}}
* {{cite book|author1=Nasreen Munni Kabir|title=Conversations with Waheeda Rehman|title-link=Conversations with Waheeda Rehman|year=2014|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-93-5118-642-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Kabir |first=Nasreen Munni |title=Jiya Jale: The Stories of Songs |title-link=Jiya Jale: The Stories of Songs |date=2018 |publisher=[[Speaking Tiger Books]] |isbn=978-93-88070-95-9 }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060211131803/http://www.bfi.org.uk/about/people/governors/kabir.html Biography of Nasreen Munni Kabir] at [[British Film Institute]]
* {{IMDb name|1203083}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kabir, Nasreen Munni}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to England]]
[[Category:English Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Indian social sciences writers]]
[[Category:Indian film historians]]
[[Category:Indian women historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Indian women science writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:Women writers from Telangana]]
[[Category:Women documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Writers from London]]
[[Category:English documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:British social sciences writers]]
[[Category:British film historians]]
[[Category:British women historians]]
[[Category:English science writers]]
[[Category:20th-century British women writers]]
[[Category:Film directors from London]]
[[Category:English emigrants to France]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to France]]
[[Category:Governors of the British Film Institute]]

Al-Dimashqi (geographer)

2025-10-02T21:58:34Z

EssieYates77210: expanded structure for accuracy

{{Short description|Syrian traveler and geographer (1256–1327)}}
{{Infobox religious biography|religion=[[Islam]]
|occupation = Arab geographer
|era = [[Mamluk]]|
|name = '''Shams al-Din al-Ansari al-Dimashqi''' شمس الدين الأنصاري الدمشقي
|title= '''al-Dimashqi'''
|birth_date = 1256 CE
|death_date = 1327 CE
|region = [[Greater Syria]]
|main_interests = [[History]] and [[Geography]]
|notable_ideas=
|works =
|influences =
|influenced =
}}

Sheikh '''Shams al-Din al-Ansari al-Dimashqi''' or simply '''al-Dimashqi''' ({{langx|ar|شمس الدين الأنصاري الدمشقي}}) (1256–1327) was a medieval [[Arab]] [[geographer]], completing his main work in 1300. Born in [[Damascus]]—as his name "Dimashqi" implies—he mostly wrote of his native land, the [[Greater Syria]] (''Bilad ash-Sham''), upon the complete withdrawal of the [[Crusades|Crusader]]s. He became a contemporary of the [[Mamluk]] sultan [[Baibars]], the general who led the [[Muslim]]s in war against the Crusaders. His work is of value in connection with the Crusader Chronicles. He died while in [[Safad]], in 1327.<ref name="le Strange">le Strange, 1890, [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/n37/mode/1up p.10].</ref>

Al-Dimashqi (1325) gives detailed accounts of islands in [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], its inhabitants, flora, fauna and customs. He mentions "the country of [[Champa]]...is inhabited by Muslims and idolaters. Islam arrived there during the time of Caliph Uthman...and Ali, many Muslims who were expelled by the Umayyads and by Al-Hajjaj, fled there, and since then a majority of the Cham have embraced Islam."

Of their rivals the [[Khmer people|Khmer]], Al-Dimashqi (1325) mentions they inhabit the island of Komor (Khmer), also called Malay Island, are many towns and cities, rich-dense forests with huge, tall trees, and white elephants; they supplemented their income from the trade routes not only by exporting [[ivory]] and [[aloe]], but also by engaging in piracy and raiding on Muslim and Chinese shipping.

Al-Dimaski's writings on Syria were published in [[St. Petersburg]] in 1866 by [[August Ferdinand Mehren|M.A.F Mehren]], and this edition was later used for the English translation by [[Guy Le Strange]] in 1890.<ref name="le Strange"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500|url=https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft |first1=Guy|last1=le Strange|authorlink=Guy Le Strange|year=1890|publisher=Committee of the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}, London,

==External links==
*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/syrienogpalesti00dimagoog |author=Al-Dimashqi |authorlink=Al-Dimashqi (geographer) |translator=[[August Ferdinand Mehren|A. F. Mehren]] |year=1862 |title=Syrien og Palestina, Studie efter en arabisk Geograph [Shams al-Dîn Dimashḳî] |publisher=G.E.C.Gad|location=Copenhagen|language= Danish}}
*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cosmographie00muam |author=Al-Dimashqi |authorlink=Al-Dimashqi (geographer) |translator=[[August Ferdinand Mehren|A. F. Mehren]] |year=1866 |title=Cosmographie |publisher= l'Académie Impriale des Sciences|location=Saint-Pétersbourg|language= Arabic}}
*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/manueldelacosmo00unkngoog |author=Al-Dimashqi |authorlink=Al-Dimashqi (geographer) |translator=[[August Ferdinand Mehren|A. F. Mehren]] |year=1874 |title=Manuel de la cosmographie du moyen āge |publisher= C. A. Reitzel|language= French}}
*[http://www.filaha.org/author_al_dimashqi.html Al-Dimashqī biography in The Filāḥa Texts Project]

{{Islamic geography}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dimashqi}}
[[Category:1256 births]]
[[Category:1327 deaths]]
[[Category:13th-century Arab people]]
[[Category:14th-century Arab people]]
[[Category:Writers from Damascus]]
[[Category:Medieval Syrian geographers]]
[[Category:14th-century explorers]]
[[Category:14th-century Syrian historians]]
[[Category:14th-century geographers]]
[[Category:Scholars from the Mamluk Sultanate]]
[[Category:Explorers of Asia]]

Deshkal Society

2025-09-10T19:46:18Z

EssieYates77210: put up the pg more to come

{{COI|date=June 2025}}{{Advert|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
'''Deshkal Society''' (देशकाल सोसाइटी) is an Indian non-governmental organisation (NGO). It works to realise a vision of socially and economically [[inclusive growth]] and to ensure dignity, [[Equality and Human Rights Commission|equality]] and justice for all. The NGO has focused on the [[Dalits in Bihar|Dalits of Bihar]], including working on the education of their children, [[Land ownership|land ownership rights]] and problems of employment.

Started in 1995 by teachers, journalists and young researchers, it was initially aimed at bringing out a [[Hindi magazine]] focused on [[Liberalism|liberal]] and [[Critical thinking|logical thinking]].

This NGO has worked with [[UNICEF]] [[Bihar]], [[NITI Aayog]], [[Ministry of Education (India)|MHRD]], [[Ford Foundation]], [[IGNCA]], and [[Nalanda University]].

== History ==
In 1995, Deshkal India was started as a Hindi magazine. Initially, it aimed to expand a liberal and thoughtful society. The founder of this society is Sanjay Kumar,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-06 |title=Bihar elections: Rupture of a coalition of extremes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/bihar-elections-rupture-of-a-coalition-of-extremes-6980910/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Women Emerged as the 'Silent Majority' in Bihar Elections. What Comes Next? |url=https://thewire.in/women/women-emerge-silent-majority-bihar-elections-time-rethink-politics |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> a scholar and practitioner who shaped this society to work for the social [[Diversity, equity, and inclusion|diversity]], [[Social inequality|inequality]], and education for all.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Social Context of Learning in India: Achievement Gaps and Factors of Poor Learning |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Social-Context-of-Learning-in-India-Achievement-Gaps-and-Factors-of-Poor-Learning/Tiwary-Kumar-Mishra/p/book/9781032195698 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Routledge & CRC Press |language=en}}</ref>

This society has worked for rights of marginal sections, education for all and inequality. Under Dr Sanjay Kumar, this society had worked for educational framework of children from [[Dalit]] community (2002–2005) with the aid from MHRD, [[Government of India|Govt of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=for Scientific Research |first=Netherlands Organisation |title=Reconstructing contents and methods of teaching for dalit chil (5.4.39) |url=https://www.nwo.nl/en/projects/086-54-390}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Deshkal Society |url=https://deshkalindia.com/policy_research-more.html |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=deshkalindia.com}}</ref> It also worked with UNICEF in [[Bihar]] (2015–2016).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deshkal Society |url=https://deshkalindia.com/policy_research-more.html |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=deshkalindia.com}}</ref> A report from this society, which received assistance from the NITI Aayog, in 2014 suggested modifying the Bihar Privileged Persons Homestead Tenancy Act 1947 to establish a [[Sustainability|sustainable]] and [[Egalitarianism|egalitarian]] [[housing policy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Gujarat's Jaggu Bhai, A Dalit, Faces A Fine 45 Times Greater Than His Monthly Electricity Use |url=https://article-14.com/post/why-gujarat-s-jaggu-bhai-a-dalit-faces-a-fine-45-times-greater-than-his-monthly-electricity-use--611f1edf2c4a1 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=article-14.com}}</ref>

== Works ==

=== Homestead rights ===
This has worked for access to land and secure ownership rights over it for the [[Marginalised communities|marginalised community]] in the [[Gaya (India)|Gaya]] region of [[Bihar]]. In this regard, they filed 2,492 applications that included 425 applications for [[Raiyat|''raiyati'' land]], 1,536 for ''ghairmazarua khas'' land (common land for special use), and 531 for ''ghairmazarua aam'' land (common land for general use).<ref>{{Cite book |title=The marginalized self: tales of resistance of a community |date=2020 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-89933-80-2 |editor-last=Ghai |editor-first=Rahul |location=Delhi |editor-last2=Mishra |editor-first2=Arvind Kumar |editor-last3=Kumar |editor-first3=Sanjay}}</ref>

=== Inclusive education ===
Deshkal Society support [[Inclusion (education)|inclusive education]] in Bihar by raising the academic attainment and school attendance rates of kids from rural areas. They work for the efficacy of schools by implementing inclusive teaching and learning methodologies. By facilitating children from marginalised communities' enrolment, retention, and involvement and attending to their various needs, they contribute to their [[Social exclusion|social inclusion]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Sanjay |date=2014 |title=Inclusive Classroom And Social Diversity In India: Myths And Challenges |url=https://jir.mewaruniversity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Vol_2_issue_1_Jan_Mar_2014/16.pdf |journal=Journal of Indian Research |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=126–140}}</ref>

=== Dalit Studies ===
Deshkal Society pushed the idea of [[Dalit studies|'Dalit Studies]]' in the Indian university education system. It underlined "how unaware the general public is of Dalit culture and living circumstances. Different subject curricula fail to address issues that stem from [[Dalit people]]'s unique historical experiences". In this course, the Ford Foundation helped them to create a forum where the discussion related to a new need for content material, nature, scope and method related to Dalit culture and studies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Savyasaachi |date=2004 |title=Dalit Studies: Exploring Criteria for a New Discipline |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4414922 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=39 |issue=17 |pages=1658–1660 |jstor=4414922 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

=== Bodh Gaya Global Dialogue ===
"[[Bodh Gaya]] Global Dialogues" is an event organised by the Deshkal Society regularly. The global dialogues cover a mosaic of parallel sub-events, including plenary sessions, panel discussions, children's programs, cultural events, film shows, award functions, book launches, and heritage walks, to bring the many themes of [[sustainable development]], rich history, culture, and heritage of the place into the public discussion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=2nd Edition of Bodh Gaya Global Dialogues {{!}} IGNCA |url=https://ignca.gov.in/events/2nd-edition-of-budha-gaya-global-dialogues/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=ignca.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=6th Edition Bodh Gaya Global Dialogues 2024 |url=https://nalandauniv.edu.in/event/6th-edition-bodh-gaya-global-dialogues-2024/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Nalanda University |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2024-03-17 |title=Guv hails historicallegacy of Nalanda |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/governor-rajendra-vishwanath-arlekar-inaugurates-bodh-gaya-global-dialogues-2024-at-nalanda-university/articleshow/108555401.cms |access-date=2024-07-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Publications ==

* ''The Social Context of Learning in India Achievement Gaps and Factors of Poor Learning'', 2023; Routledge(London), ISBN 9781032646091.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Social Context of Learning in India: Achievement Gaps and Factors of Poor Learning |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Social-Context-of-Learning-in-India-Achievement-Gaps-and-Factors-of-Poor-Learning/Tiwary-Kumar-Mishra/p/book/9781032195698 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Routledge & CRC Press |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Marginalized Self: Tales of resistance of a Community'', 2020; Primus Books, ISBN 978-9389933802.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Marginalized Self: Tales of Resistance of a Community |url=https://primusbooks.com/the-marginalized-self-tales-of-resistance-of-a-community/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=PrimusBooks |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Dynamics of Inclusive Classroom: Social Diversity, Inequality and School Education in India, 2017; Orient Black Swan, ISBN 9789352870134.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orient BlackSwan |url=https://orientblackswan.com/details?id=9789352870134 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=orientblackswan.com}}</ref>
* ''School Education, Pluralism and Marginality'', 2012; Orient Black Swan, ISBN 9788125045311.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orient BlackSwan |url=https://www.orientblackswan.com/details?id=9788125045311 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=www.orientblackswan.com}}</ref>
* ''Interrogating Development: Insights from the Margins,'' 2010; Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780198066415.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interrogating Development: Insights from the Margins |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/interrogating-development-9780198066415?cc=us&lang=en& |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=global.oup.com}}</ref>

=== Deshkal publication ===
Deshkal has its own publication unit from which dozens of books related to social and cultural issues have been published.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All writings of Deshkal Society, Delhi |url=https://www.rekhta.org/publishers/deshkal-society-delhi/all |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Rekhta |language=en}}</ref> It has also published several maps of Dum Dum, a locality of Kolkata which has been acknowledged in media reports.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Basu |first=Anasuya |date=19 April 2019 |title=Fresh push to protect treasure trove in Calcutta's Dum Dum |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/fresh-push-to-protect-treasure-trove-in-calcutta-s-dum-dum/cid/1689048 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

* ''Dalit Studies in Higher Education Vision and Challenges'', 2005; Deshkal Publication, ISBN 81-902865-0-1.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Dalit studies in higher education: vision and challenges |date=2005 |publisher=Deshkal Publication |isbn=978-81-902865-0-3 |editor-last=Arun Kumar |series=[Dalit studies |location=Delhi |editor-last2=Kumar |editor-first2=Sanjay}}</ref>
* Asserting Voices Changing Culture, Identity and Livelihood of the Musahars in the Gangetic Plains, 2002; Deshkal Publication, ISBN 81-902865-0-1.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Dalit studies in higher education: vision and challenges |date=2005 |publisher=Deshkal Publication |isbn=978-81-902865-0-3 |editor-last=Arun Kumar |series=[Dalit studies |location=Delhi |editor-last2=Kumar |editor-first2=Sanjay}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Dalit studies]]
* [[Musahar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Human rights organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Dalit communities]]
[[Category:Adivasi activists]]

Geevarghese Barnabas

2025-02-25T11:39:06Z

EssieYates77210: put up a stub first draft

{{Short description|Orthodox bishop}}
{{Infobox Christian Leader
| type = [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]]
| name = '''Geevarghese Mar Barnabas'''
| image =
| caption =
| church = [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
| diocese =[[ Sulthan Bathery Orthodox Diocese ]]
| term = 2022–present
| predecessor =

| ordination = 28 Jul 2022
| ordained_by = H. H. Moran Mar [[Baselios Marthoma Mathews III]]

| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1973|04|10}}
| birth_place =
}}

'''Geevarghese Mar Barnabas''' is a Metropolitan of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]].

==Early life==
H. G. Geevarghese Mar Barnabas<ref>{{cite web |title=H.G. Geevarghese Mar Barnabas|url=https://mosc.in/holysynod/h-g-dr-geevarghese-mar-barnabas-metropolitan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Geevarghese Mar Barnabas {{!}} Malankara Orthodox TV |url=https://malankaraorthodox.tv/}}</ref> was born on 10 April 1973.

==Metropolitan==
He was elected as the Metropolitan candidate on 25 February 2022 at the Malankara Association held at Kolenchery. He was consecrated as Metropolitan on 28 July 2022 at [[St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, Pazhanji]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church bishops]]

{{OrientalOrthodox-bishop-stub}}
{{Malankara-Orthodox-Syrian-clergy-stub}}

Gandala, Odisha

2025-01-06T13:13:33Z

EssieYates77210:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gandala
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.32|N|84.78|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ganjam District|Ganjam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 28
| population_total = 8389
| population_as_of = 2012
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Oriya language|Oriya]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 761 003
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 06811-
| registration_plate = OD
| website = {{URL|odisha.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Gandala''' is a small village located on the eastern coastline of [[Ganjam District]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Odisha]]. Gandala is a panchayat under the block of [[Hinjilicut]] near to [[Berhampur]] City. The majority of the village population is dependent on farming. Gandala has an average elevation of {{convert|28|m|ft|abbr=on}}.

==Demographics==
According to a 2013 report on world Gazetter [[India]] [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Gandala-Belagan had a population of 8389 which is more than [[Gopalpur, Odisha|Gopalpur]] port town. Gandala is a Panchayat (with one village) & Belagan also a Panchayat (with one village). Both the villages are merged about 30 years back like Hinjili and katu.

*Gandala: In 2011 – 4652, and in 2013 – 5199
*Belagan: In 2011 – 3154, and in 2013 – 3190<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-1876&srt=pnan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&pt=a&va=x&geo=-7665 |title=Ganjam: metropolitan areas |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130209121737/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-1876&srt=pnan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&pt=a&va=x&geo=-7665 |archivedate=2013-02-09 }}</ref>

==Health care==
*Veterinary Hospital in Gondala, Ganjam

==Bank and Post Office==
* UNITED BANK OF INDIA(IFSC-UTBI0GNB475) GANDALA-BELGAON
* DHANEI KGFS GANDALA PRIVATE
* Head Post Office Gandala

==Education==
* Primary School Near main Market
* Primary School in bandha sahi
* Saraswati Sisu Mandira
* Ganesh Vidya Peeth (established 1959)
* Sri Beleswar (Junior) Mahavidyalaya, Gandala (established 1993)
* Sri Beleswar Degree Mahavidyalaya, Gandala (established 1997)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ganjam district}}

[[Category:Villages in Ganjam district]]

Tamilization

2024-12-29T06:28:31Z

EssieYates77210: added new stub.

{{more citations needed|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2020}}
'''Tamilization''' is the cultural expansion of the [[Tamil people]] native to the southern part of [[India]] and the northern and eastern part of [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/audience.nsf/(docid)/7D62AD0BFC4DC729E5256BEA00285DC8 | title=Dharna against 'Tamilisation'of KGF - Deccan Herald | quote=Tamilisation of bangalore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.paths2people.com/2011/07/04/sri-lanka-sinhalisation-of-the-north-and-tamilisation-of-the-south/ | publisher=Paths2People | title=Sri Lanka: Sinhalisation of the North and Tamilisation of the South : paths2people | quote=Tamilisation of southern sri lanka | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201191212/http://www.paths2people.com/2011/07/04/sri-lanka-sinhalisation-of-the-north-and-tamilisation-of-the-south/ | archive-date=2015-02-01 }}</ref>

The Tamils traditional homeland according to [[Sangam period]] sources covered the modern states [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Lakshadweep]] and southern parts of [[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]], although ancient Tamil settlement were also found in [[Sri Lanka]] ([[Sri Lankan Tamils]]) and [[Maldives]] ([[Giraavaru people|Giravarus]]). However, between the 2nd century BC and the 14th century AD, Tamil trader colonies were established in many parts of [[West Asia]], [[South-East Asia]] and [[Egypt]] apart from the islands of the Indian Ocean.

During British rule, large numbers of Tamils from the [[Madras Presidency]] were transported to [[British Malaya|Malaya]], [[Singapore]], [[Mauritius]], [[Seychelles]], [[South Africa]], Central Sri Lanka, Reunion, [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Fiji]] and [[Guyana]] to work as indentured labourers in sugar plantations. There was also a large mercantile class in [[Burma]], Sri Lanka, [[South-East Asia]] and the Persian Gulf countries.

== Sri Lanka ==

The first colonies of Tamil-speaking people outside the Indian mainland were founded in Sri Lanka. While there has been evidence of pre-historic Tamil settlements in Sri Lanka, the earliest records of a Tamil presence in the island date from about 185 BC, when the legendary Chola
king [[Ellalan]] invaded and conquered Sri Lanka. Migration accelerated between the 5th and 14th centuries AD, when the [[Pallava]], Chola and [[Pandya]] kings mounted large-scale expeditions to conquer the island. The presence of a large number of Tamil mercenaries in the island by the 11th century CE is indicated by the [[Velakkara Revolt]]. The migrations rapidly decreased after the attack of the Pandya kingdom by the Delhi Sultanate's Muslim general [[Malik Kafur]] in about 1317, though cultural and commercial contact between the southern Tamil Nadu and northern Sri Lanka continued. The [[Nayaks of Kandy]] had matrimonial alliances with the [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom]]. Following the conquest of the Kandy kingdom by the [[East India Company]] in 1795, the British ruled the island as a part of Madras Presidency till 1803, when a separate administration was set up. Starting from the middle of the 19th century, the British transported large numbers of Tamils to work as indentured labourers in the hills of central Sri Lanka.

As of 2012, Tamil speakers constituted 25 percent of the total population of Sri Lankan population with large concentrations in the northern, north-eastern and central parts of the island.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/Activities/Reports/FinalReport/Population/Table%20A3.pdf|title=Census of Population and Housing of Sri Lanka, 2012|date=2012|website=Census of Population and Housing of Sri Lanka, 2012|publisher=Department of census and statistics - sri lanka|access-date=29 December 2024|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202454/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/Activities/Reports/FinalReport/Population/Table%20A3.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> There has been uninhibited exchange of vocabulary between Tamil and [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]. Tamil is one of the official languages of Sri Lanka.

== De-Tamilization ==

De-Tamilization refers to disappearance of Tamil culture and language. By the end of 13th century, the power of Tamil dynasties like [[Pandyan]]s, [[Chera]]s and [[Chola]]s slowly declined in [[Tamilakam]]. The [[Tamil language]] disappeared in western [[Tamilakam]] ([[Kerala]]), which led to the rise of [[Malayalam]], the people's language.<ref>"The earliest Malayalam inscription found is the Edakkal-5 inscription of 4th century CE." {{Cite web| url= https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/the-earliest-inscription-in-malayalam/article3501408.ece/amp/| title= Oldest Malayalam inscription| website= [[The Hindu]]| access-date= 29 December 2024| archive-date= 10 October 2022| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221010221439/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/the-earliest-inscription-in-malayalam/article3501408.ece/amp/| url-status= live}}</ref>

The state backed De-Tamilization or [[Sinhalisation]] of [[Sri Lanka]] was a major factor in contributing to the ethnic polarization towards the outbreak of the [[Sri Lankan civil war]].<ref>Ethnocracy: Land and Identity Politics in Israel/Palestine, University of Pennsylvania Press, 27 June 2006, p.23.</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of countries and territories where Tamil is an official language]]
*[[Tamil diaspora|Tamil Diaspora]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cultural assimilation}}


[[Category:Cultural assimilation]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil culture]]
[[Category:Political history of Sri Lanka]]

Kannayariamudayar Temple, Thirukkarayil

2024-11-15T15:25:22Z

EssieYates77210: Location

{{short description|Hindu temple}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Kannayiranathar Swamy Temple
| image = Tirukarayil.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10.6687|N|79.6525|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]]
| location = Thirukarayil
| elevation_m = 35.67
| deity = [[Shiva|Kannayiranathar Swamy]]
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank =
| tower =
| festivals = [[Maha Shivaratri]]
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity = One
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Kannayiranathar Swamy Temple, Thirukkarayil''' (also called '''Tirukarahil''' or '''Tirukarayil''') is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Shiva]] located in Thirukaravasal in [[Nagapattinam district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is believed to have been built during the [[Cholas]] period in the 9th century CE. Shiva is worshipped as '''''Kannayiranathar''''' and his consort [[Parvathi]] as Kailasanayaki.

The presiding deity is revered in the 7th-century-CE Tamil Saiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[Nayanmars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''.<ref name=dinamalar>{{cite web|title=Kannayiranathar-Kailasanayaki Temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=343|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|date=14 August 2021}}</ref> A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines. The temple has a five-tiered [[Rajagopuram]], the gateway tower.

The temple is open from 6am - 1 pm and 4-8:30 pm on all days. Six daily rituals and three yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the ''Nel attic seelum vizha'' being some of the prominent festivals celebrated. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
As per Hindu legend, [[Bheema]], one of the five [[Pandava]]s propitiated himself off the sin of killing [[Bakasura]] by worshipping Shiva at the temple. Another legend is that once, while [[Vishnu]] and [[Brahma]] contested for superiority, Shiva appeared as a flame, and challenged them to find his source. Brahma took the form of a swan, and flew to the sky to see the top of the flame, while Vishnu became the boar [[Varaha]], and sought its base. The scene is called ''lingothbava'', and is represented in the western wall at the sanctum of most Shiva temples. Neither Brahma nor Vishnu could find the source, and while Vishnu conceded his defeat, Brahma lied and said he had found the pinnacle. In punishment, Shiva ordained that Brahma would never have temples on earth in his worship. To relieve himself off the curse, Brahma made a [[linga ]] of sand here and worshipped Shiva here. The presiding deity thus came to be known as Brahmapureeswar, the one who was worshipped by Shiva. [[Sundarar]], the famous Saivite saint is believed to have worshipped Shiva in this place to seek help for transporting paddy grains to Tiruvarur.<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|pages=254–5}}</ref>

==Architecture==
The temple is believed to have been built during the [[Medieval Chola]] period with subsequent addition during [[Pandya]]s. The temple has a five-tiered [[rajagopuram]], the entrance tower. There are four bodies of water associated with the temple in all four directions. Brahma Tirtha is located opposite to the temple, Agasthya Tirtha to the west, Vinayaga Tirtha in the north and Sakthi theertha, a small well near the Ambal shrine.<ref name=R/> The presiding deity in the form of [[Linga]] (an iconic form of Shiva) is housed in the central shrine, which is located axial to the gateway tower. The sanctum is preceded by an ''ardhamandapa'' and a ''mukhamandapa'', rectangular halls before the sanctum. There is a small shrine of Agastya Linga and Sivaloka Vinayaga inside the premises. Following the legend of Navagrahas worshipping the presiding deity, the planetary deities are located in a single line facing the sanctum. There are images of [[Sundarar]] and Paravai Nachiyar in the temple.<ref name=R/>

==Religious importance==
The [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur|Thyagarajar Temple]] at [[Tiruvarur]] is famous for the ''ajapa thanam''(dance without chanting), that is executed by the deity itself. According to legend, a [[Chola]] king named Mucukunta obtained a boon from [[Indra]](a celestial deity) and wished to receive an image of Thyagaraja Swamy(presiding deity, Shiva in the temple) reposing on the chest of reclining Lord Vishnu. Indra tried to misguide the king and had six other images made, but the king chose the right image at Tiruvarur. The other six images were installed in Thiruvaimur, Nagapattinam, Tirukarayil, Tirukolili (Thirukuvalai), Thirunallaru and [[Tirumaraikadu]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The great temple at Tanjore|last=Pillai|first=J.M. Somanasundaram|publisher=Tamil University, Thanjavur|year=1994|page=9}}</ref><ref>''Glimpses of the history of Karaikkal''.Saroja Sundararajan</ref> All the seven places are villages situated in the river [[Cauvery]] delta. All seven Thyagaraja images are said to dance when taken in procession(it is the bearers of the processional deity who actually dance). The temples with dance styles are regarded as ''Saptha Vidangam'' (seven dance moves)<ref>''The Journal of the Music Academy, Madras: Volumes 33-34 ''.Music Academy (Madras, India) - 1962</ref> and the related temples are as under:<ref>''Nityasumaṅgalī: devadasi tradition in South India ''.P.146. Saskia C. Kersenboom-Story</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#FFC569"
| width="200pt" | '''Temple'''
| width="140pt" | '''Vidangar Temple'''
| width="140pt" | '''Dance pose'''
| width="250pt" | '''Meaning'''
|- align ="center"
|- style="background:#ffe;"
|-
| [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur|Thyagarajar Temple]]
| ''Vidhividangar''
| ''Ajabathaanam''
| Dance without chanting, resembling the dance of Sri Thyagaraja resting on Lord Vishnu's chest
|-
| [[Dharbaranyeswarar Temple]]
| ''Nagaradangar''
| ''Unmathanathaanam''
| Dance of an intoxicated person
|-
| [[Kayarohanaswami Temple, Nagapattinam|Kayarohanaswamy Temple]]
| ''Sundaravidangar''
| ''Vilathithaanam''
| Dancing like waves of sea
|-
| Kannayariamudayar Temple
| ''Adhividangar''
| ''Kukunathaanam''
| Dancing like a cock
|-
| [[Brahmapureeswarar Temple, Thirukkuvalai|Brahmapureeswarar Temple]]
| ''Avanividangar''
| ''Brunganathaanam''
| Dancing like a bee that hovers over a flower
|-
| [[Vaimoornathar Temple, Tiruvaimur|Vaimoornaathar Temple]]
| ''Nallavidangar''
| ''Kamalanaanathaanam''
| Dance like lotus that moves in a breeze
|-
| [[Vedaranyeswarar Temple]]
| ''Bhuvanivividangar''
| ''Hamsapthanathaanam''
| Dancing with the gait of a swan
|}

==Worship practices ==
The temple priests perform the ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Shaiva]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed four times a day; Ushathkalam at 6:30 a.m., Kalasanthi at 8:00 a.m., Uchikalam at 12:00 a.m., Sayarakshai at 5:00 p.m., and Ardha Jamam at 8:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''[[abhisheka]]'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''[[Naivedhya|naivethanam]]'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Brahmapureeswarar and Meenakshi Ambal. The worship is held amidst music with ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument), religious instructions in the [[Vedas]] (sacred texts) read by priests and prostration by worshipers in front of the temple mast. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (Monday) and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'' (Friday), fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''. Mahashivaratri during February - March and Thiruvadihari during December are the major festivals celebrated in the temple.<ref name=dinamalar/> ''Nel attic seelum vizha'' and Margazhi Thiruvathirai are the major festivals in the temple. Following the legend of nine planetary deities, people with ailments due to the ill effects of nine planets offer worship here.<ref name=dinamalar/>

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==External links==
{{Famous Shiva temples|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Nagapattinam district]]

Curry leaves

2024-04-11T03:31:25Z

EssieYates77210: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Curry tree]]

[[Category:Leaves]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:South Indian cuisine]]

S. Rangarajan

2024-01-26T11:07:50Z

EssieYates77210: Starting

{{Short description|Indian journalist, entrepreneur, cricketer, film producer and socialite}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{infobox person
|name=S. Rangarajan
|birth_name=Srinivasan Rangarajan
|birth_date = 10 April 1936
|birth_place=Chennai, Tamil Nadu
|occupation=journalist, film producer
|death_date={{death date and age|2007|2|8|1936|4|10}}
}}
'''Srinivasan Rangarajan''' (10 April 1936 – 8 February 2007) was an Indian journalist, entrepreneur, cricketer, film producer and socialite. He is the youngest son of [[K. Srinivasan]] and grandson of [[S. Kasturi Ranga Iyengar]].

== Early life ==

Rangarajan was born in [[Madras]] to [[K. Srinivasan]], Editor and Managing Director of ''[[The Hindu]]'' on 10 April 1936. He studied in Madras and became a Director in ''The Hindu'' in 1958.
==As film producer==
*''[[Gauravam (1973 film)|Gauravam]]'' (1973)
*''[[Vasandhathil Oru Naal]]'' (1981)
*''Kanmaniye Pesu'' (1985)
*''[[Lakshmi Vandhachu (film)|Lakshmi Vandhachu]]'' (1986)
*''[[Ore Oru Gramathiley]]'' (1987)
== References ==

* {{cite news|title=S. Rangarajan passes away|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/09/stories/2007020906700100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210045648/http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/09/stories/2007020906700100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 February 2007|date=9 February 2007}}

{{KasturiSons}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rangarajan, S.}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:The Hindu journalists]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Film on Other Social Issues National Film Award]]

Brahmanpalli

2023-10-01T16:28:45Z

EssieYates77210: expanded intro also and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date = May 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Brahmanpalli
| population_demonym =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.85
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1909
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes =
| government_type =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 505172
| registration_plate = TS 22
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| leader_title1 = Village Secretary
| leader_name1 =
Manga
| leader_title2 =
Sarpanch
| leader_name2 = Gandla Mallesham
| leader_title3 = Ward Members
| leader_name3 = To be updated...
| leader_title4 = Co-Option Members
| leader_name4 = To be updated...
| parts = [[Peddapalli]]
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Peddapalli District, Telangana, India
| other_name =
| nicknames = Brahmanapalli, Brahmanapalle(Ps)
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.671073|N|79.385443|E}}
| parts_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Peddapalli district|Peddapalli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| official_name =
}}
'''Brahmanpalli''' is a village in Peddapalli mandal of [[Peddapalli district]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demography {{!}} PEDDAPALLI DISTRICT {{!}} India |url=https://peddapalli.telangana.gov.in/demography/ |access-date=2023-05-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> in the state of [[Telangana]] in [[India]]. Brahmanapalli has a population of 1,909 within its village limits, according to the 2011 census. It is located about 6 km (3.7 mi) from [[Peddapalli]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Peddapalli district}}
[[Category:Villages in Peddapalli district]]
[[Category:Peddapalli district]]