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2025 Super League Kerala

2026-05-08T03:44:36Z

ErwinGholson17: New first article initial version

{{Short description|1st season of the Super League Kerala}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[Super League Kerala]]
| season = [[2025–26 in Indian football|2025–26]]
| dates = 2 October – 19 December 2025
| winners = [[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]
| matches = 33
| total goals = 87
| league topscorer = [[John Kennedy (footballer, born 2000)|John Kennedy]] (8 Goals)
| best goalkeeper = Kamaludheen
| best player = Muhammed Ajsal
| biggest home win = [[Malappuram FC |Malappuram FC]] 4–2 [[Forca Kochi FC|Forca Kochi]] (4 December 2025)
| biggest away win = [[Forca Kochi FC|Forca Kochi]] 2–6 [[Calicut FC|Calicut]] (9 November 2025)
| highest scoring = Forca Kochi 2–6 Calicut (9 November 2025)
| longest wins = Calicut (4 matches)
| longest unbeaten = Calicut (6 matches)
| longest winless = Forca Kochi (7 matches)
| longest losses = Forca Kochi (7 matches)
| highest attendance = 34,137 Calicut 3–1 Malappuram (24 November 2025)<ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/DRcqplcDNFK/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link</ref>
| lowest attendance = 2,500 Forca Kochi 0–1 Thiruvananthapuram Kombans (15 November 2025)
| attendance = {{formatnum:{{#expr:  + 21953 + 14663 + 7452  + 6452 + 20276 + 17427  + 6941 + 22956 + 3978  + 21426 + 16089 + 3780 + 13083 + 4998 + 13956  + 2282 + 14885 + 6419  + 2500 + 10580 + 17889  + 5735 + 9029 + 34137  + 5592 + 1127 + 6521 + 6826 + 6724 + 12674 + 25678 + 11131 + 25550}}}}
| average attendance = 12,416
| prevseason = [[2024 Super League Kerala|2024]]
| nextseason = [[2026 Super League Kerala|2026]]
| updated =
}}
The '''2025 Super League Kerala''' was the second season of the [[Super League Kerala]], a men's professional franchise [[association football|football]] league in [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/super-league-kerala-likely-to-begin-in-first-week-of-oct-no-new-teams-this-season/articleshow/123123667.cms |title=super league kerala likely to begin in first week of oct|website=timesofindia |date=5 August 2025 |access-date=5 August 2025}}</ref> It is organised by the [[Kerala Football Association]] and Scoreline Sports.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/super-league-kerala-project-gamechanger-state-wide-talent-scouting-programme-young-player-trials/article69797183.ece |title=super league keralSuper League Kerala launches project ‘Gamechanger’ to unearth young football talent|website=sportstar.thehindu.com |date=10 July 2025 |access-date=5 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thebridge.in/football/super-league-kerala-partner-german-football-association-53356 |title=Super League Kerala partners with the German Football Association|website=thebridge.in |date=29 May 2025 |access-date=5 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/sportscom-signs-five-year-100-crore-deal-with-super-league-kerala-for-streaming-rights/article69839158.ece|title=Sports.com signs five-year ₹100-crore deal with Super League Kerala for streaming rights|website=thehindu |date=21 July 2025 |access-date=5 August 2025}}</ref>
The Super League Kerala (SLK) launched its second season with a curtain raiser at Al Ahli Sports Hall, Al Nahda, Dubai.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2025/09/19/slk-season-2-dubai-launch.html|title=Dubai to host SLK 2 Season launch|website=onmanorama |date=20 September 2025 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>

==Teams==
{{Location map+|Kerala
|float=right|width=300
|caption=Locations of the SLK franchises
|places=
{{Location map~ |Kerala |lat=11.0645 |long=76.0656 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Malappuram FC|Malappuram]]}} |position=right}}


{{Location map~ |Kerala |lat=11.2588 |long=75.7804 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Calicut FC|Calicut]]}} |position=left}}


{{Location map~ |Kerala |lat=8.5241 |long=76.9366 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC|Thiruvananthapuram Kombans]]}} |position=left}}


{{Location map~ |Kerala |lat=10.5276 |long=76.2144 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]}} |position=left}}


{{Location map~ |Kerala |lat=11.8745 |long=75.3704 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]}} |position=right}}


{{Location map~ |Kerala |lat=9.9312 |long=76.2673 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Forca Kochi FC|Forca Kochi]]}} |position=left}}}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Team
!City
!Stadium
!Capacity
|-
|[[Calicut FC|Calicut]]
|[[Kozhikode]]
|[[Kozhikode Corporation EMS Stadium|EMS Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|50,000}}
|-
|[[Forca Kochi FC|Forca Kochi]]
|[[Kochi]]
|[[Maharaja's College, Kochi#Sport facilities|Maharaja's College Stadium]]<ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2025/Aug/23/from-theatre-of-dreams-to-house-of-horrors-jln-stadium-losing-ground-3</ref>
| style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|6,000}}
|-
|[[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]
|[[Kannur]]
|[[Jawahar Municipal Stadium]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2025/Jul/11/two-new-stadiums-in-thrissur-kannur-for-the-new-season-of-super-league|title=Two new stadiums in Thrissur, Kannur for the new season of Super League|website=newindianexpress |date=11 July 2025 |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center"| 30,000
|-
|[[Malappuram FC|Malappuram]]
|[[Malappuram]]
|[[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|30,000}}
|-
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC|Thiruvananthapuram Kombans]]
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|[[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|25,000}}
|-
|[[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]
|[[Thrissur]]
|[[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2025/Jul/11/two-new-stadiums-in-thrissur-kannur-for-the-new-season-of-super-league|title=Two new stadiums in Thrissur, Kannur for the new season of Super League|website=newindianexpress |date=11 July 2025 |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center"| {{Nts|15,000}}
|-
|}

==Personnel and sponsorship==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;white-space:nowrap;"
|-
!Club
!Head coach
!Captain
!Kit manufacturer
!Shirt sponsor
|-
|[[Calicut FC|Calicut]]
|{{flagicon|ARG}} Ever Demaldé
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prasanth Karuthadathkuni|Prasanth Mohan]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Hyve Sports
|[[Aster DM Healthcare|Aster ]]
|-
|[[Forca Kochi FC|Forca Kochi]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sanush Raj (interim)
|{{flagicon|ALG}} [[Rachid Aït-Atmane]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Synder
|QASH+
|-
|[[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Manolo Sánchez (footballer, born 1976)|Manuel Sánchez Murias]]
|{{flagicon|CMR}} Ernesten Lavsamba
|{{flagicon|IND}} Kaizen Sports
|KIMS Sreechand Hospital
|-
|[[Malappuram FC|Malappuram]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Cleofas Alex (interim)
|{{flagicon|IND}} Faslu Rahman
|{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Hummel International|Hummel]]
|Rapheal Film City
|-
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC|Thiruvananthapuram Kombans]]
|{{flagicon|ENG}}{{flagicon|IRE}} James McAloon
|{{flagicon|BRA}} Patrick Mota
|{{flagicon|IND}} Hyve Sports
|[[Adani Group|Adani]]
|-
|[[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]
|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Andrey Chernyshov]]
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Maílson Alves]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} SIFA
|[[Magic Frames]]
|-
|}

=== Managerial changes ===


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; white-space:nowrap; font-size"
|-
! scope=col|Team
! scope=col|Outgoing manager
! scope=col|Manner of departure
! scope=col|Date of vacancy
! scope=col|Position in the table
! scope="col"|Incoming manager
! scope=col|Date of appointment
! scope=col|Reference
|-
|[[Malappuram FC|Malappuram]]
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[John Gregory (footballer)|John Gregory]]
|Contract Finished
|3 August 2025
|rowspan="5" align="center"|''Pre-season''
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Miguel Corral]]
|3 August 2025
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://footem.in/malappuram-fc-appoints-new-coach-miguel-corral|title=Malappuram FC Hires New Coach Miguel Corral for Super League Kerala|website=footem.in |date=3 August 2025 |access-date=5 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[Calicut FC|Calicut]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Ian Gillan (football coach)|Ian Gillan ]]
|Contract Finished
|8 March 2025
|{{flagicon|ARG}} Ever Demaldé
|20 August 2025
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/sports/football/ever-adriano-demalde-98790|website=deshabhimani.com|title=ഡെമാൽഡെ കലിക്കറ്റ്‌ കോച്ച്‌ |date=20 August 2025 |access-date=20 August 2025 |language=ml |trans-title=demalde will be calicut Fc Coach}}</ref>
|-
|[[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]
|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Giovanni Scanu]]
|Contract Finished
|8 March 2025
|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Andrey Chernyshov]]
|23 August 2025
||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fanport.in/football/super-league-kerala/thrissur-magic-fc-announces-andrey-chernyshov-head-coach-super-league-kerala/|website=fanport.in|title=സൂപ്പർ ലീഗ് കേരള രണ്ടാം സീസണിൽ തൃശ്ശൂർ മാജിക് എഫ്.സി.യുടെ പരിശീലകനായി ആന്ദ്രെ ചെർണിഷോവ് |date=23 August 2025 |access-date=23 August 2025 |language=ml |trans-title=Andrey Chernyshov appointed as coach of Thrissur Magic FC for the second season of Super League Kerala}}</ref>
|-
|[[Forca Kochi FC|Forca Kochi]]
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Mário Lemos]]
|Contract Finished
|8 March 2025
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Miki Lladó]]
|9 September 2025
|
|-
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|{{flagicon|BRA}} Sérgio Alexandre
|Contract Finished
|8 March 2025
|{{flagicon|ENG}}{{flagicon|IRE}} James McAloon
|13 September 2025
|
|-
|[[Forca Kochi FC|Forca Kochi]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Miki Lladó]]
|Mutual consent
|11 November 2025
|6th
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sanush Raj (interim)
|11 November 2025
|
|-
|[[Malappuram FC|Malappuram]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Miguel Corral]]
|Mutual consent
|22 November 2025
|5th
|{{flagicon|IND}} Cleofas Alex (interim)
|24 November 2025
|
|}

==Foreign players==
There are no limitations on signing foreign players. A maximum of four can be fielded in a match at a time.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:80%;white-space:nowrap;"
|-
!Club
!Player 1
!Player 2
!Player 3
!Player 4
!Player 5
!Player 6
!Player 7
!Player 8
!Player 9
|-
|[[Calicut FC|Calicut]]
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Alexis Sosa]]
|{{flagicon|ARG}} Federico Boasso
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Nahuel Pereyra]]
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Bruno Cantanhede]]
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Yuri (footballer, born 2001)|Yuri de Oliveira ]]
|{{flagicon|COL}} [[Sebastián Rincón ]]
|{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Richard Osei Agyemang|Richard Osei]]
|{{flagicon|PAR}} [[Enrique Borja (footballer, born 1995)|Enrique Borja ]]
|
|-
|[[Forca Kochi FC|Forca Kochi]]
|{{flagicon|ALG}} [[Rachid Aït-Atmane]]
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Douglas Tardin]]
|{{flagicon|COL}} [[Luis Rodríguez (Colombian footballer)|Luis Rodríguez]]
|{{flagicon|CUR}} [[Gino van Kessel]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Iker Hernández
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Ramón Riego García
|{{flagicon|UGA}} Amos Kirya
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Marc Vargas
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Cadete]]
|-
|[[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Nicolás Delmonte]]
|{{flagicon|CMR}} Ernesten Lavsamba
|{{flagicon|SEN}} Abdou Karim Samb
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Adrián Sardinero]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Asier Gomes]]
|{{flagicon|TUN}} Mohamed Nidhal Said
|
|
|
|-
|[[Malappuram FC|Malappuram]]
|{{flagicon|ARG}} Facundo Ballardo
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[John Kennedy (footballer, born 2000)|John Kennedy]]
|{{flagicon|FIJ}} [[Roy Krishna]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2025/09/08/super-league-kerala-malappuram-fc-sign-former-isl-striker-roy-krishna.html|title=malappuram fc sign former isl striker roy krishna|website=onmanorama.com |date=8 September 2025 |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref>
|{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Badr Boulahroud]]
|{{flagicon|MAR}} Abdelhay El Forsy
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Aitor Aldalur]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Sergio González Álvarez
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Xiker]]
|{{flagicon|TJK}} [[Komron Tursunov]]
|-
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC|Thiruvananthapuram Kombans]]
|{{flagicon|BRA}} Pemaza
|{{flagicon|BRA}} Filipe Alves
|{{flagicon|BRA}} Patrick Mota
|{{flagicon|BRA}} Paulo Victor
|{{flagicon|BRA}} Ronald Makalysten
|{{flagicon|BRA}} Iury De Carvalho
|{{flagicon|BRA}} Renan Januario
|
|
|-
|[[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Maílson Alves|Maílson]]
|{{flagicon|GHA}} Francis Addo
|{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Ivan Marković (footballer, born 1991)|Ivan Marković]]
|{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Dejan Uzelac]]
|{{flagicon|TRI}} [[Marcus Joseph]]
|{{flagicon|COL}} Kevin Padilla
|
|
|
|-
|}

==League table==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source = [https://www.superleaguekerala.com/standings Super League Kerala]
|update = complete
|show_groups=no


|team_order= CAL, THR, MAL, KAN, TKO, FKO

|win_CAL=7 |draw_CAL=2 |loss_CAL=1 |gf_CAL=21 |ga_CAL=11 |status_CAL= 
|win_FKO=1 |draw_FKO=0 |loss_FKO=9 |gf_FKO=10 |ga_FKO=22 |status_FKO= 
|win_KAN=3 |draw_KAN=4 |loss_KAN=3 |gf_KAN=13 |ga_KAN=15 |status_KAN=W 
|win_MAL=3 |draw_MAL=5 |loss_MAL=2 |gf_MAL=18 |ga_MAL=15 |status_MAL= 
|win_TKO=3 |draw_TKO=3 |loss_TKO=4 |gf_TKO=11 |ga_TKO=11 |status_TKO= 
|win_THR=5 |draw_THR=2 |loss_THR=3 |gf_THR=8 |ga_THR=7 |status_THR= 


|result1=PO
|result2=PO
|result3=PO
|result4=PO


|name_CAL=[[Calicut FC|Calicut]]
|name_FKO=[[Forca Kochi FC|Forca Kochi]]
|name_KAN=[[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]
|name_MAL=[[Malappuram FC|Malappuram]]
|name_TKO=[[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC|Thiruvananthapuram Kombans]]
|name_THR=[[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]


|status_text_W= Super League Kerala Cup winners


|show_limit=5


|res_col_header=Q
|col_PO=green1 |text_PO=Advance to [[#Playoffs|Playoffs]]
}}</onlyinclude>

==Results==

=== Fixtures and results ===
{{#invoke:sports results|main
|source = [https://www.superleaguekerala.com/standings Super League Kerala]
|update = complete
|matches_style = FBR
|team1=CAL |team2=FKO |team3=KAN |team4=MAL |team5=TKO |team6=THR


|name_CAL=[[Calicut FC|Calicut]]
|name_FKO=[[Forca Kochi FC|Forca Kochi]]
|name_KAN=[[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]
|name_MAL=[[Malappuram FC|Malappuram]]
|name_TKO=[[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|name_THR=[[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]


|match_CAL_FKO= 2-1
|match_CAL_KAN= 1-1
|match_CAL_MAL= 3-1
|match_CAL_TKO= 1-0
|match_CAL_THR= 0-1

|match_FKO_CAL= 2-6
|match_FKO_KAN= 0-1
|match_FKO_MAL= 1-4
|match_FKO_TKO= 0-1
|match_FKO_THR= 0-1

|match_KAN_CAL= 1-2
|match_KAN_FKO= 1-4
|match_KAN_MAL= 2-2
|match_KAN_TKO= 1-3
|match_KAN_THR= 1-1

|match_MAL_CAL= 3-3
|match_MAL_FKO= 4-2
|match_MAL_KAN= 0-0
|match_MAL_TKO= 1-1
|match_MAL_THR= 1-0

|match_TKO_CAL= 1-2
|match_TKO_FKO= 1-0
|match_TKO_KAN= 2-3
|match_TKO_MAL= 1-1
|match_TKO_THR= 0-1

|match_THR_CAL= 0-1
|match_THR_FKO= 1–0
|match_THR_KAN= 0-2
|match_THR_MAL= 2-1
|match_THR_TKO= 1-1
}}

===Results by match===
The table lists the results of the teams after each match.
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b|header=Match
|team1=[[Calicut FC|Calicut]]
|pos1=W/L/D/D/W/W/W/W/W/W
|team2=[[Forca Kochi FC|Forca Kochi]]
|pos2=L/L/L/L/L/L/L/W/L/L
|team3=[[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]
|pos3=W/D/W/D/D/L/D/L/L/W
|team4=[[Malappuram FC|Malappuram]]
|pos4=W/D/D/D/W/L/D/L/D/W
|team5=[[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|pos5=L/W/L/D/L/W/W/D/D/L
|team6=[[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]
|pos6=L/W/W/W/D/W/L/D/W/L
|color_W = green2| text_W =Win
|color_D = yellow2| text_D =Draw
|color_L = red2| text_L =Loss
|update = complete
|source = [https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matches Super League Kerala]
}}

=== Positions by round ===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|sortable=y|legendpos=br
|team1=[[Calicut FC|Calicut]]
|team2=[[Forca Kochi FC|Forca Kochi]]
|team3=[[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]
|team4=[[Malappuram FC|Malappuram]]
|team5=[[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|team6=[[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]

| pos1= 2/4/4/4/4/2/1/1/1/1 
| pos2= 5/6/6/6/6/6/6/6/6/6 
| pos3= 1/1/1/2/3/4/5/5/5/4 
| pos4= 3/2/3/3/2/3/3/4/4/3 
| pos5= 4/3/5/5/5/5/4/3/3/5 
| pos6= 6/5/2/1/1/1/2/2/2/2 

|color_1= green1
|color_2= green1
|color_3= green1
|color_4= green1
|toptext= The table lists the positions of teams after each round mentioned in official fixtures.
|update = complete
|source = [https://www.superleaguekerala.com/standings Super League Kerala]
}}

== Matches ==
=== Round 1 ===
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 2 October 2025
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Calicut FC|Calicut]]
|score = 2–1
|report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/778/calicut-fc-vs-forca-kochi-fc
|team2 = [[Forca Kochi FC|Forca Kochi]]
|goals1 =
*[[Sebastián Rincón|Rincón]] {{goal|15|pen.}}
*Arun Kumar {{goal|90+1}}
|goals2 =
*[[Douglas Tardin|Tardin]] {{goal|88}}
|stadium = [[Kozhikode Corporation EMS Stadium|EMS Stadium]]
|location = [[Kozhikode]]
|attendance = 21,909
|referee =
|potm = Arun Kumar (Calicut)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 3 October 2025
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Malappuram FC|Malappuram]]
|score = 1–0
|report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/779/malappuram-fc-vs-thrissur-magic-fc
|team2 = [[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]
|goals1 =
*[[Roy Krishna|Krishna]] {{goal|72|pen.}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
|location = [[Manjeri]]
|attendance = 14,263
|referee =
|potm = [[Roy Krishna]] (Malappuram)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 5 October 2025
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC|Thiruvananthapuram Kombans]]
|score = 2–3
|report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/780/thiruvananthapuram-kombans-fc-vs-kannur-warriors-fc
|team2 = [[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]
|goals1 =*Autemar Bispo {{goal|52|pen.}}
*Viknesh Maria {{goal|90+6}}
|goals2 =*Shijin T {{goal|28}}
*Filipe Alves {{goal|74|OG}}
*Abdou Karim Samb{{goal|90+2}}
|stadium = [[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium]]
|location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|attendance = 7,452
|referee =
|potm = Shijin T (Kannur Warriors)
}}

=== Round 2 ===
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 10 October 2025
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC|Thiruvananthapuram Kombans]]
|score = 1–0
|report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/781/thiruvananthapuram-kombans-fc-vs-forca-kochi-fc
|team2 = [[Forca Kochi FC|Forca Kochi]]
|goals1 =
*Paulo Víctor {{goal|74}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium]]
|location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|attendance = 6,452
|referee =
|potm = Paulo Víctor (Thiruvananthapuram Kombans)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 11 October 2025
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Calicut FC|Calicut]]
|score = 0–1
|report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/782/calicut-fc-vs-thrissur-magic-fc
|team2 = [[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Maílson Alves|Maílson]] {{goal|35}}
|stadium = [[Kozhikode Corporation EMS Stadium|EMS Stadium]]
|location = [[Kozhikode]]
|attendance = 20,276
|referee =
|potm = [[Maílson Alves]] (Thrissur Magic)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 12 October 2025
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Malappuram FC|Malappuram]]
|score = 0–0
|report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/783/malappuram-fc-vs-kannur-warriors-fc
|team2 = [[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|MDSC Stadium]]
|location = [[Manjeri]]
|attendance = 14,718
|referee =
|potm = Muhammed Azhar (Malappuram)
}}

=== Round 3 ===
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 17 October 2025
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC|Thiruvananthapuram Kombans]]
|score = 0–1
|report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/790/thiruvananthapuram-kombans-fc-vs-thrissur-magic-fc
|team2 = [[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Maílson Alves|Maílson]] {{goal|21}}
|stadium = [[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium]]
|location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|attendance = 6,491
|referee =
|potm = [[Maílson Alves]] (Thrissur Magic)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 19 October 2025
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Malappuram FC|Malappuram]]
|score = 3–3
|report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/791/malappuram-fc-vs-calicut-fc
|team2 = [[Calicut FC|Calicut]]
|goals1 =*[[Aitor Aldalur|Aitor ]] {{goal|45+3}}
*[[Nithin Madhu|Nithin]] {{goal|86}}
*John Kennedy {{goal|89}}
|goals2 =*[[Muhammad Ajsal| Ajsal]] {{goal|7||72}}
*[[Prasanth Karuthadathkuni|Prasanth]] {{goal|50}}
|stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|MDSC Stadium]]
|location = [[Manjeri]]
|attendance = 22,956
|referee =
|potm = [[Muhammad Ajsal]] (Calicut)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 24 October 2025
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Forca Kochi FC|Forca Kochi]]
|score = 0–1
|report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/792/forca-kochi-fc-vs-kannur-warriors-fc
|team2 = [[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Adrián Sardinero|Sardinero]] {{goal|83}}
|stadium = Maharaja College Stadium
|location = [[Kochi]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|potm = [[Adrián Sardinero]] (Kannur Warriors)
}}

=== Round 4 ===
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 28 October 2025
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Malappuram FC|Malappuram]]
|score = 1–1
|report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/796/malappuram-fc-vs-thiruvananthapuram-kombans-fc
|team2 = [[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC|Thiruvananthapuram Kombans]]
|goals1 =
*John Kennedy {{goal|69}}
|goals2 =
*Autemar Bispo {{goal|76}}
|stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|MDSC Stadium]]
|location = [[Manjeri]]
|attendance = 21,426
|referee =
|potm = Aaryan Saroha (Thiruvananthapuram Kombans)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 29 October 2025
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Calicut FC|Calicut]]
|score = 1–1
|report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/797/calicut-fc-vs-kannur-warriors-fc
|team2 = [[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]
|goals1 =
*M. Arshaf {{goal|28}}
|goals2 =
*[[Asier Gomes]] {{goal|38}}
|stadium = [[Kozhikode Corporation EMS Stadium|EMS Stadium]]
|location = [[Kozhikode]]
|attendance = 16,089
|referee =
|potm = M. Arshaf (Calicut)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 31 October 2025
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Forca Kochi FC|Forca Kochi]]
|score = 0–1
|report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/798/forca-kochi-fc-vs-thrissur-magic-fc
|team2 = [[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*M. Afsal {{goal|90}}
|stadium = Maharaja College Stadium
|location = [[Kochi]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|potm = M. Afsal (Thrissur Magic)
}}

=== Round 5 ===
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 2 November 2025
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Calicut FC|Calicut]]
|score = 1–0
|report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57900 I-League]
|team2 = [[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC|Thiruvananthapuram Kombans]]
|goals1 =
*[[Alexis Sosa]] {{goal|16}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Kozhikode Corporation EMS Stadium|EMS Stadium]]
|location = [[Kozhikode]]
|attendance = 13,083
|referee =
|potm = [[Prasanth Karuthadathkuni]] (Calicut)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 4 November 2025
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Forca Kochi FC|Forca Kochi]]
|score = 1–4
|report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/800/forca-kochi-fc-vs-malappuram-fc
|team2 = [[Malappuram FC|Malappuram]]
|goals1 =
*E. Sajeesh {{goal|64}}
|goals2 =
*[[Roy Krishna]] {{goal|38|pen.}}
*John Kennedy {{goal|48||53}}
*[[Abdul Hakku Nediyodath|Abdul Hakku]] {{goal|90+4}}
|stadium = Maharaja College Stadium
|location = [[Kochi]]
|attendance = 4,998
|referee =
|potm = John Kennedy (Malappuram)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 7 November 2025
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]
|score = 1–1
|report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/801/kannur-warriors-fc-vs-thrissur-magic-fc
|team2 = [[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]
|goals1 =
*Sinan Muhammed {{goal|57}}
|goals2 =
*Ajayan Bibin {{goal|90+6}}
|stadium = [[Jawahar Municipal Stadium]]
|location = [[Kannur]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|potm =
}}

=== Round 6 ===
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 9 November 2025
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Forca Kochi FC|Forca Kochi]]
|score = 2–6
|report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/802/forca-kochi-fc-vs-calicut-fc
|team2 = [[Calicut FC|Calicut]]
|goals1 =
*[[Gino van Kessel|van Kessel]] {{goal|68||90+3}}
|goals2 =
*[[Muhammad Ajsal|Ajsal]] {{goal|(18||33||44}}
*[[Prasanth Karuthadathkuni|Prasanth]] {{goal|39||87}}
*[[Seiminlen Doungel|Doungel]] {{goal|84}}
|stadium = Maharaja's College Stadium
|location = [[Kochi]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|potm = [[Muhammad Ajsal]] (Calicut)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 10 November 2025
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]
|score = 1–3
|report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/803/kannur-warriors-fc-vs-thiruvananthapuram-kombans-fc
|team2 = [[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC|Thiruvananthapuram Kombans]]
|goals1 =
*[[Asier Gomes|Gomes]] {{goal|90+7}}
|goals2 =
*Mohammed Jasim {{goal|46}}
*Autemar Evangelista {{goal|68||84}}
|stadium = [[Jawahar Municipal Stadium]]
|location = [[Kannur]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|potm = Autemar Evangelista (Thiruvananthapuram Kombans)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 14 November 2025
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]
|score = 2–1
|report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/808/thrissur-magic-fc-vs-malappuram-fc
|team2 = [[Malappuram FC|Malappuram]]
|goals1 =
*[[Ivan Marković (footballer, born 1991|Marković]] {{goal|3}}
*Faiaz Sk {{goal|26}}
|goals2 =
*John Kennedy Xavier Da Costa {{goal|5}}
|stadium = [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium]]
|location = [[Thrissur]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|potm = [[Laxmikant Kattimani]] (Thrissur Magic)
}}

=== Round 7 ===
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 15 November 2025
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Forca Kochi FC|Forca Kochi]]
|score = 0–1
|report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/809/forca-kochi-fc-vs-thiruvananthapuram-kombans-fc
|team2 = [[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC|Thiruvananthapuram Kombans]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*Kalid Roshan {{goal|16}}
|stadium = Maharaja's College Stadium
|location = [[Kochi]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|potm = Abdul Badish (Thiruvananthapuram Kombans)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 18 November 2025
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]
|score = 0–1
|report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/810/thrissur-magic-fc-vs-calicut-fc
|team2 = [[Calicut FC|Calicut]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*Federico Boasso {{goal|85}}
|stadium = [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium]]
|location = [[Thrissur]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|potm = Federico Boasso (Calicut)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 19 November 2025
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]
|score = 2–2
|report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/811/kannur-warriors-fc-vs-malappuram-fc
|team2 = [[Malappuram FC|Malappuram]]
|goals1 =
*Muhammed Sinan {{goal|31}}
*Said Mohamed Nidhal {{goal|66}}
|goals2 =
*[[Abdul Hakku Nediyodath]] {{goal|42}}
*[[Aitor Aldalur]] {{goal|47}}
|stadium = [[Jawahar Municipal Stadium]]
|location = [[Kannur]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|potm = Said Mohamed Nidhal (Kannur Warriors)
}}

=== Round 8 ===
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 21 November 2025
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]
|score = 1–1
|report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/812/thrissur-magic-fc-vs-thiruvananthapuram-kombans-fc
|team2 = [[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC|Thiruvananthapuram Kombans]]
|goals1 =
*Faisal Ali {{goal|15}}
|goals2 =
*Paulo Victor {{goal|4}}
|stadium = [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium]]
|location = [[Thrissur]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|potm = Paulo Victor (Thiruvananthapuram Kombans)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 23 November 2025
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]
|score = 1–4
|report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/813/kannur-warriors-fc-vs-forca-kochi-fc
|team2 = [[Forca Kochi FC|Forca Kochi]]
|goals1 =
*Muhammed Sinan {{goal|4}}
|goals2 =
*Sajeesh E {{goal|15}}
*Nijo Gilbert {{goal|35||48}}
*Abith K B {{goal|66}}
|stadium = [[Jawahar Municipal Stadium]]
|location = [[Kannur]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|potm = Nijo Gilbert (Forca Kochi)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 24 November 2025
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Calicut FC|Calicut]]
|score = 3–1
|report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/814/calicut-fc-vs-malappuram-fc
|team2 = [[Malappuram FC|Malappuram]]
|goals1 =
*[[Nahuel Pereyra|Pereyra]] {{goal|12}}
*[[Muhammad Ajsal|Ajsal]] {{goal|88}}
*Federico Boasso {{goal|90+2}}
|goals2 =
*[[Aitor Aldalur|Aldalur]] {{goal|80}}
|stadium = [[Kozhikode Corporation EMS Stadium|EMS Stadium]]
|location = [[Kozhikode]]
|attendance = 34,137 <ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/DRcqplcDNFK/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link</ref>
|referee =
|potm =
}}

=== Round 9 ===
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 27 November 2025
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]
|score = 1–0
|report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/815/thrissur-magic-fc-vs-forca-kochi-fc
|team2 = [[Forca Kochi FC|Forca Kochi]]
|goals1 =
*Kevin Padilla {{goal|28}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium]]
|location = [[Thrissur]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|potm = Kevin Padilla (Thrissur Magic)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 28 November 2025
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]
|score = 1–2
|report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/816/kannur-warriors-fc-vs-calicut-fc
|team2 = [[Calicut FC|Calicut]]
|goals1 =
*[[Adrián Sardinero|Sardinero]] {{goal|74}}
|goals2 =
*[[Sebastián Rincón|Rincón]] {{goal|23}}
*Muhammed K Ashique {{goal|65}}
|stadium = [[Jawahar Municipal Stadium]]
|location = [[Kannur]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|potm = Ajay Alex (Calicut)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 30 November 2025
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC|Thiruvananthapuram Kombans]]
|score = 1–1
|report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/817/thiruvananthapuram-kombans-fc-vs-malappuram-fc
|team2 = [[Malappuram FC|Malappuram]]
|goals1 =
*Paulo Victor {{goal|49}}
|goals2 =
*Forsy Abdelhay {{goal|18}}
|stadium = [[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium]]
|location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|potm = Forsy Abdelhay (Malappuram)
}}

=== Round 10 ===
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 2 December 2025
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]
|score = 0–2
|report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/818/thrissur-magic-fc-vs-kannur-warriors-fc
|team2 = [[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Asier Gomes|Gomes]] {{goal|42}}
*Ebindas Yesudasan {{goal|90+7}}
|stadium = [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium]]
|location = [[Thrissur]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|potm = Muhammed Sinan (Kannur Warriors)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 3 December 2025
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC|Thiruvananthapuram Kombans]]
|score = 1–2
|report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/819/thiruvananthapuram-kombans-fc-vs-calicut-fc
|team2 = [[Calicut FC|Calicut]]
|goals1 =
*Paulo Victor {{goal|16}}
|goals2 =
*[[Sebastián Rincón|Rincón]] {{goal|90+5}}
*[[Muhammad Ajsal]] {{goal|90+12}}
|stadium = [[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium]]
|location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|potm = [[Sebastián Rincón]] (Calicut)
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date = 4 December 2025
|time = 19:30
|team1 = [[Malappuram FC|Malappuram]]
|score = 4–2
|report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/820/malappuram-fc-vs-forca-kochi-fc
|team2 = [[Forca Kochi FC|Forca Kochi]]
|goals1 =
*John Kennedy {{goal|33||45+5||49}}
*[[Ishan Pandita|Pandita]] {{goal|88}}
|goals2 =
*Abith K B {{goal|9}}
*[[Alexander Romario Jesuraj|Jesuraj]] {{goal|27}}
|stadium = [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|MDSC Stadium]]
|location = [[Manjeri]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|potm = John Kennedy (Malappuram)
}}

==Playoffs==
The top four clubs will qualify for the semi-finals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=superleaguekerala.com |first= |title=Standings |url=https://www.superleaguekerala.com/standings}}</ref>
{{#invoke:RoundN|N4
|columns=2|bold_winner=high
|RD1=[[#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]
|RD2=[[#Final|Final]]
|
|[[Calicut FC|Calicut]]|0|[[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]|1
|
|[[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]|3|[[Malappuram FC|Malappuram]]|1
|
|[[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]|1|[[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]|0
}}

=== Semi-finals ===
{{football box
| date = 14 December 2025
| time = 19:30
| team1 = [[Calicut FC|Calicut]]
| score = 0–1
| report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/831/calicut-fc-vs-kannur-warriors-fc
| team2 = [[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
*Sinan {{goal|71}}
| stadium = [[Kozhikode Corporation EMS Stadium|EMS Stadium]]
| location = [[Kozhikode]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| motm = Muhammed Sinan (Kannur Warriors)
}}
----
{{football box
| date = 15 December 2025
| time = 19:30
| team1 = [[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]
| score = 3-1
| report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/830/thrissur-magic-fc-vs-malappuram-fc
| team2 = [[Malappuram FC|Malappuram]]
| goals1 =
*[[Marcus Joseph|Marcus]] {{goal|26||84||90+5}}
| goals2 =
*El Forsy {{goal|45+1}}
| stadium = [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium|Corporation Stadium]]
| location = [[Thrissur]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| motm = Marcus Joseph (Thrissur Magic)
| event =
| round =
| score1 = 3
| score2 = 1
}}

=== Final ===
{{football box
| date = 19 December 2025
| time = 19:30
| team1 = [[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]
| score = 1–0
| report = https://www.superleaguekerala.com/matchcentre/834/kannur-warriors-fc-vs-thrissur-magic-fc
| team2 = [[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]
| goals1 = [[Asier Gomes|Gomes]] {{goal|19|pen.}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Jawahar Municipal Stadium]]
| location = [[Kannur]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| motm = [[Nicolás Delmonte]] (Kannur Warriors)
}}

==Season statistics==

===Top goalscorers===
{{updated|4 November 2025}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;white-space:nowrap"
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|rowspan="1" align="left"|1
|align="left"|{{flagicon|BRA}} John Kennedy
|align="left"|[[Malappuram FC|Malappuram]]
|rowspan="1" align="left"|8
|-
|rowspan="1" align="left"|2
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Muhammad Ajsal]]
|align="left"|[[Calicut FC|Calicut]]
|rowspan="1" align="left"|7
|-
|rowspan="3" align="left"|3
|align="left"|{{flagicon|BRA}} Pemaza
|align="left"|[[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC|Thiruvananthapuram Kombans]]
|rowspan="3" align="left"|4
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Muhammed Sinan
|align="left"|[[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|BRA}} Paulo Victor
| align="left"|[[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC|Thiruvananthapuram Kombans]]
|-
|}

=== Clean sheets ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:"center;white-space:nowrap"
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Clean sheets
|-
|rowspan="1" align="center" |1
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Kamaludheen AK
|align="left" |[[Thrissur Magic FC|Thrissur Magic]]
|rowspan="1" align="center" |3
|-
|rowspan="2" align="center" |2
|align="left" |{{nobr|{{flagicon|IND}} Muhammed Azhar}}
|align="left" |[[Malappuram FC|Malappuram]]
|rowspan="2" align="center" |2
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ubaid CK]]
|align="left" |[[Kannur Warriors FC|Kannur Warriors]]
|-
|rowspan="2" align="center" |4
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Aaryan Saroha
|align="left" |{{nobr|[[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC|Thiruvananthapuram Kombans]]}}
|rowspan="2" align="center" |1
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Hajmal Sakeer
|align="left" |[[Calicut FC|Calicut]]
|}

== Attendance ==
=== Regular season ===

{{fb a header|mp=}}

{{fb a2 team|p=1|t=[[Calicut FC]]|s=1,05,561|h=34,134|l=13,083|a=21,112}}

{{fb a2 team|p=2|t=[[Malappuram FC]]|s=76,045|h=22,956|l=14,263|a=19,011}}

{{fb a2 team|p=3|t=[[Kannur Warriors FC]]|s=54,440|h=19,656|l=16,885|a=18,146}}

{{fb a2 team|p=4|t=[[Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC]]|s=21,748|h=7,452|l=6,453|a=7,249}}

{{fb a2 team|p=5|t=[[Thrissur Magic FC]]|s=6,219|h=6,219|l=6,219|a=6,219}}

{{fb a2 team|p=6|t=[[Forca Kochi FC]]|s=14,312|h=4,998|l=3,673|a=3,578}}

|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Super League Kerala}}
{{2025–26 in Indian football}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2025 Super League Kerala}}
[[Category:Super League Kerala seasons]]
[[Category:2025–26 in Indian football leagues]]

Medals of Indian Police and Civil Forces

2026-05-07T19:37:46Z

ErwinGholson17: started initial data basic info

{{Short description|Medals of Indian Police and Civil Forces}}

{{Infobox award
| name = Honour System of Indian Police and Civil Forces
| image = File:President's Medal for Gallantry (India).png
| caption = President's Medal for Gallantry (highest Police, Fire, Correctional and Civil Defence Services medal in India)
| country = {{flag|India}}
| website = {{URL|https://awards.gov.in//}}
}}

Medals and decorations of Indian police, fire and civil defence forces are honours awarded to personnel of India's [[Law enforcement in India|police organisations]], [[List of fire departments in India|fire services]], and civil defence bodies in recognition of gallantry, distinguished service, and meritorious performance. These decorations form part of the broader [[Orders, decorations, and medals of India|Indian honours system]] and are instituted by the [[Government of India]] as well as, in some cases, by state governments. They recognise acts of bravery in the line of duty, exceptional service to public safety, and long or distinguished service in law enforcement and emergency response.

The system includes both national gallantry awards and service-specific decorations. Personnel of state and union territory police forces, members of the [[Central Armed Police Forces]], Fire Services, Correctional Services and Civil Defence Services are eligible for these honours.

Prior to 2023, officers and personnel of fire services and civil defence organisations were recognised through separate medals for gallantry and distinguished service in firefighting, disaster response, and civil protection, however the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]], restructured the medals between 2023 and 2024; thereby combining various medals for different services into one definite series.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=16 October 2023 |title=General procedures and Guidelines governing "President's Medal for Gallantry" & "Medal for Gallantry" and "President's Medal for Distinguished Service" & "Medal for Meritorious Service" |url=https://ips.gov.in/PDFS/Notification_22022024.pdf |access-date=2 May 2026 |website=ips.gov.in |publisher=Police Medal and Award Cell, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

In India, medals to police, fire, correctional and civil defence services are created and awarded by the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] on the behalf of the [[President of India]]. The processing, awarding, and managing service and gallantry medals is done by the Police Medals and Awards (PMA) Cell within the Home Ministry.

== History ==
Until independence, [[India|India's]] honours system, like that of [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]], was fully integrated into that of [[Great Britain]], the [[British Raj|colonial ruler]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Dorling |first1=Henry Taprell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-tcsAQAAMAAJ |title=Ribbons, Medals and Regimental Badges ... |last2=Dorling |first2=Edward Earle |date=1918 |publisher=G. Philip & Son, Limited |language=en}}</ref>

Some of the medals and decorations awarded to police, fire and other auxiliary services are listed below.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Haynes |first1=Edward S. |title=Medals and decorations of Independent India |last2=Chhina |first2=Rana |date=2008 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-719-0 |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Abbott |first1=P. E. |title=British gallantry awards |last2=Tamplin |first2=J. M. A. |date=1971 |publisher=Guinness Superlatives |isbn=978-0-85112-173-4 |location=Enfield}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Scandaluzzi |first=Franco |title=World Wide Ribbons - India |url=https://www.medal-ribbons.com/WORLD%20RIBBON%20SCANDALUZZI/SCA%20INDIA%20RP.htm |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=www.medal-ribbons.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! width= "60"|Ribbon
! width= "370"|Name
|-
|[[File:Queens Police Medal (Gallantry) UK.png|105px]]
|width="300"|'''[[King's Police Medal|King's Police Medal for Gallantry]]'''
|-
|[[File:Queens Police Medal for Merit.png|105px]]
|width="300"|'''[[King's Police Medal|King's Police Medal for Distinguished Service]]'''
|-
|[[File:Indian Police Medal for Gallantry Ribbon.gif|105px]]
|width="300"|'''[[Indian Police Medal|Indian Police Medal for Gallantry]]'''
|-
|[[File:Indian Police Medal for Meritorious Service.png|105px]]
|width="300"|'''[[Indian Police Medal|Indian Police Medal for Meritorious Service]]'''
|}

In addition to the regular [[Orders, decorations, and medals of British India|imperial awards]] which were, over time, progressively opened up to both Europeans in India and to [[Asians]], the [[Indian Order of Merit]] (in both military and civil divisions) and the [[Indian Distinguished Service Medal]] were available for bravery, the [[Order of British India]] was awarded for military merit, the [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]] and the various title badges were available for general merit, while the more general [[King's Police Medal]] and India-specific police medals for gallantry and meritorious service were used to reward personnel of the [[Indian Police Service|police]] and [[List of fire departments in India|fire services]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

From the date of Independence, almost all these awards, in addition to the Indian orders of knighthood lapsed into immediate obsolescence for India (and, for most of the above, for the empire as a whole).

The knighthood orders included: -
* [[Order of the Star of India|Most Excellent Order of the Star of India]]
* [[Order of the Indian Empire|The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire]]
* [[Order of the Crown of India|The Imperial Order of the Crown of India]]

Only the four police medals survived into India's independent honours toolbox. This left newly independent India with a virtual awards vacuum.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of soldiers with highest gallantry awards. |date=1980 |publisher=City House Journals & Encyclopaedias |edition=1st |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

=== New Police Medals ===
On 10 March 1951, new police medals were established for India, removing any ambiguity about the ongoing standing of the royal police medals and replacing the odd continuance of the pre-Independence awards. The following medals were established on March 10:<ref name=":1" /> -

* President's Police and Fire Services Medal for Gallantry
* Police Medal for Gallantry
* President's Police and Fire Services Medal for Distinguished Service
* Police Medal for Meritorious Service

=== First Order of Precedence ===
On 3 May 1952, a separate and parallel precedence for police and fire services medals was established: -

* President's Police and Fire Services Medal for Gallantry
* Police Medal for Gallantry
* President's Police and Fire Services Medal for Distinguished Service
* Police Medal for Meritorious Service
* Independence Medal 1950 for Police
* All decorations awarded prior to 26 January 1950
* Other awards.

This set the stage for the largely uncoordinated and in-dependent development of civil and military awards within the Republic in the years to come. These separate orders of wearing would not coalesce until 2 January 1959.<ref name=":1" />

=== Later additions ===
On 27 January 1973, the Police (Special Duty) Medal was added to the official order of precedence.

On 7 October 1974, a series of medals paralleling those for the police and fire services were added to reward services by the home guards and civil defence personnel.<ref name=":1" /> These were: -

==== Home Guards ====
* President's Home Guards Medal for Gallantry
* Home Guards Medal for Gallantry
* President's Home Guards Medal for Distinguished Service
* Home Guards Medal for Meritorious Service

==== Civil Defence ====
* President's Civil Defence Medal for Gallantry
* Civil Defence Medal for Gallantry
* President's Civil Defence Medal for Distinguished Service
* Civil Defence Medal for Meritorious Service
However, due to constant and often unregulated changes, the medals for these forces have kept changing. While various states have instituted their own medals, the Home Ministry has itself indulged regular creation and alteration of medals. Due to a lack of control (see next section on "Confusion and lack of control over medals"), many personnel have often been seen wearing unauthorised medals and have, in some cases, been repremanded too.

However between 2023 and 2024, the issue was finally adressed when the Home Ministry streamlined various medals into one series. In total, the ministry merged around twenty medals into five.<ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2 February 2024 |title=Notification and Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) of "Kendriya Grihamantri Dakshata Padak" |url=https://ips.gov.in/PDFS/KGDP_22022024.pdf |access-date=2 May 2026 |website=ips.gov.in |publisher=Police Medal and Award Cell, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> The Home MinistryAs per 2026, the police, fire, correctional and civil defence forces have five medals for meritorious service and gallantry, in addition to service/campaign medals. These are: -

* President's Medal for Gallantry
* Medal for Gallantry
* President's Medal for Dishtinguished Service
* Medal for Meritorious Service
* Kendriya Grihamantri Dakshata Padak
* Other service/campaign medals

==Confusion and lack of control over medals==
Unlike the Indian Armed Forces and their defined medal structure, medals for police, fire services, home guards and civil defence personnel are neither standardised nor formalised, in many cases.

Take the Garaj Star for instance. The medal is awarded to [[National Security Guard]]s and Police personnel of who took part in [[Operation Black Thunder]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. In по other case has a separate medal or star been sanctioned for any active operations against Indian citizens. As per Military historian [[Rana Chhina]], the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] and the armed forces were not in favour of instituting this medal. It was strongly opposed by the armed forces, which rightly argued that as compared to Operation Black Thunder, [[Operation Blue Star]] was much bigger operation in terms of degree of opposition, troops employed, and casualties suffered. However, the idea of awarding a medal for Operation Blue Star was turned down at the level of the [[Chiefs of Staff Committee (India)|Chiefs of Staff]] after taking various considerations, from political to social, into account.

However, the Garaj Star was instituted in spite of the objections of the defence establishment and marked a critical turning point in the manner in which the honours system of the Indian Republic was structured and would henceforth evolve. While earlier medals for wars, armed conflicts and counter-insurgency operations were almost exclusively established by the armed forces, the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Ministry]] essentially bulldozed its way through for this medal.

"The progressively feeble military response was blatantly disregarded by an increasingly powerful Home Ministry, which usurped the time-honoured usages of the Indian armed forces and supplanted them as potent symbols of state patronage in the police and paramiltary establishments under its command," adds Rana Chhina.<ref name=":1" />

This arbitrary institution of medals and decorations still continues and has resulted in massive confusion in the awards system for forces under the Home Ministry, i.e., (armed) police, fire and other civil defence forces.

In the case of Police (Special Duty) Medal, unlike accepted norms, subsequent awards of the medal are not indicated by adding a [[Medal clasp|clasp or a bar]] but instead by adding a new medal altogether. For instance, this can result in a situation wherein a policeman may be wearing the five Police (Special Duty) Medals for serving in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] for a cumulative tenure of five years!<ref name=":1" />

On the other hand, a number of medals bear the same [[Medal ribbon|ribbon]] despite having different eligibility criteria. [[President's Police Medal|President's Police Medal for Gallantry]] and Asadharan Aasuchana Kushalta Padak<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Asadharan Aasuchana Kushalta Padak |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/AsadharanAasuchanaKushalataPadak_25022021.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251207053827/https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/AsadharanAasuchanaKushalataPadak_25022021.pdf |archive-date=2025-12-07 |url-status=live |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=www.mha.gov.in}}</ref> share the same ribbon despite the latter being awarded for gallantry in police duty of all type while the post is awarded specifically for "exceptional performance, indomitable & daring intelligence service."<ref name=":2" /> The case is similar with Utkrisht Seva Padak<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2018 |title=Utkrisht Seva Medal and Ati Utkrisht Seva Medal |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/AtiUtkrishtSeva_25022021.PDF |website=Ministry of Home Affairs}}</ref> and Kendriya Grihamantri Dakshata Padak<ref name=":4" />, Correctional Service Medal for Meritorious Service and Correctional Service Medal for Gallantry, in addition to other medals as well.

{| class="wikitable"
! width= "60"|Ribbon
! width= "370"|Name
|-
|[[File:IND President's Police Medal for Gallantry.svg|105px]]
|width="300"|'''[[President's Police Medal|President's Police Medal for Gallantry]]'''
|-
|[[File:IND President's Police Medal for Gallantry.svg|105px]]
|width="300"|'''Asadharan Aasuchana Kushalta Padak'''
|-
|[[File:Utkrisht Seva Padak.png|105px]]
|width="300"|'''Kendriya Grihamantri Dakshata Padak'''
|-
|[[File:Utkrisht Seva Padak.png|105px]]
|width="300"|'''Utkrisht Seva Padak'''
|-
|[[File:IND Correctional Service Medal for Gallantry.png|105px]]
|width="300"|'''Correctional Service Medal for Gallantry'''
|-
|[[File:IND Correctional Service Medal for Gallantry.png|105px]]
|width="300"|'''Correctional Service Medal for Meritorious Service'''
|}

The confusion extends to Police (Antrik Suraksha Seva) Padak as well. Instituted first in 2000,<ref name=":1" /> the medal initially had a ribbon which was three-fourth blue and one-third red. However, the medal was effectively re-instituted in 2018<ref>{{Cite news |first= |date=July 2018 |title=Union Home Minister institutes five Police Medals |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1538353&reg=3&lang=2 |work=Press Information Bureau}}</ref> but with a different ribbon and design without any cancellation of the previous design in the Home Ministry's circular.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2018 |title=Police Antrik Suraksha Seva Padak - J&K State/LWE Region/NE Region |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/AntrikSuraksha_25022021.PDF |website=Ministry of Home Affairs}}</ref> Incidentally, both the medals were discontinued by the Home Ministry as per a notification on 21 February 2023<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=21 February 2023 |title=Discontinuation of Police (Antrik Suraksha Seva) Padak and Police (Special Duty) Padak |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-02/discontinuationofmedal_22022023.pdf |access-date=2 May 2026 |website=www.mha.gov.in |publisher=Police Medals and Awards Cell, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>, to "improve the awards ecosystem."<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-09-21 |title=MHA discontinues 3 awards given to CAPFs, police organisations |url=https://theprint.in/india/mha-discontinues-3-awards-given-to-capfs-police-organisations/1137612/ |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> While the eligibility of Ati Utkrisht Seva Medal and Utkrisht Seva Medal were limited to Police personnel only.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=2022-09-22 |title=Home Ministry discontinues three police awards instituted by Rajnath Singh in 2018 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/home-ministry-discontinues-three-police-awards-instituted-by-rajnath-singh-in-2018/article65919790.ece |access-date=2026-05-02 |work=The Hindu |publisher=The Hindu Bureau |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

There has also been an erratic haste in constituting medals only to either scrap or rename them later. In 2018, the Home Ministry introduced four medals: -

* Union Home Minister's Medal for Excellence in Investigation
* Union Home Minister's Special Operation Medal
* Union Home Minister's Award for Meritorious Service in Forensic Sciences
* Asadharan Aasuchana Kushalta Padak

These medals were awarded till 2024, when they were combined into one medal, the Kendriya Grihamantri Dakshata Padak. However, this was done without a retrospective effect, i.e., personnel are still wearing the older versions of the medal even after a new version has been introcued.

These issues have resulted in various cases where police personnel have worn medals that were not authorised to them. On the other hand, such confusion and the absence of many police medals from India's official [[Orders, decorations, and medals of India|order of precedence]] seriously dents the credibility of India's police and other auxiliary forces as well as their gallant actions.

==Gallantry medals==

{| class="wikitable"
! width= "60"|Ribbon
! width= "370"|Name
|-
|[[File:Ashoka Chakra ribbon.svg|105px]]
|width="300"|'''[[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashok Chakra]]'''
|-
|[[File:Kirti Chakra ribbon.svg|105px]]
|width="300"|'''[[Kirti Chakra]]'''
|-
|[[File:Shaurya Chakra ribbon.svg|105px]]
|width="300"|'''[[Shaurya Chakra]]'''
|-
|[[File:IND President's Police Medal for Gallantry.svg|105px]]
|'''[[President's Medal for Gallantry (India)|President's Medal for Gallantry]]'''
|-
|[[File:IND Police Medal for Gallantry (2023).png|105px]]
|'''Medal for Gallantry'''
|}

==Service and campaign medals==
{| class="wikitable"
! width= "60"|Ribbon
! width= "370"|Name
|-
|[[File:Wound Medal-India.svg|105px]]
|width="300"|'''[[Wound Medal (India)|Parakram Padak]]'''
|-
|[[File:Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak ribbon.svg|105px]]
|width="300"|'''[[Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak]]'''<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last1=Yadav |first1=Ambadas |last2=Rane |first2=Darshana |date=20 April 2026 |title=Online Nomination Process Begins for 'Jeevan Raksha Padak' Series of Awards (Year 2026) |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2253871&reg=1&lang=1 |work=Press Information Bureau India}}</ref>
|-
|[[File: IND Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak ribbon.png|105px]]
|width="300"|'''[[Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak]]'''<ref name=":5" />
|-
|[[File:IND Jeevan Raksha Padak ribbon.png|105px]]
|width="300"|'''[[Jeevan Raksha Padak]]'''<ref name=":5" />
|}
; Decorations awarded only when under the operational command of the regular armed forces
{| class="wikitable"
! width= "60"|Ribbon
! width= "370"|Name
|-
|[[File:India General Service Medal 1947.svg|105px]]
|width="300"|'''[[General Service Medal (India)|General Service Medal]]'''
|-
|[[File:IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|width="300"|'''[[Special Service Medal (India)|Special Service Medal]]'''
|-
|[[File:IND Samar Seva Star Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|width="300"|'''[[Samar Seva Star]]'''
|-
|[[File:IND Poorvi Star Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|width="300"|'''[[Poorvi Star]]'''
|-
|[[File:IND Paschimi Star Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|width="300"|'''[[Paschimi Star]]'''
|-
|[[File:IND Raksha Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|width="300"|'''[[Raksha Medal]]'''
|-
|[[File:IND Sangram Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|width="300"|'''[[Sangram Medal]]'''
|-
|[[File:IND Operation Vijay medal.svg|105px]]
|width="300"|'''[[Operation Vijay Medal]]'''
|-
|[[File:IND Operation Parakram medal.svg|105px]]
|width="300"|'''[[Operation Parakram Medal]]'''
|}

==Distinguished service medals==
{| class="wikitable"
! width= "60"|Ribbon
! width= "370"|Name
|-
|[[File:IND Police Medal for Dishtinguished Service (2023).png|105px]]
|width="300"|'''President's Medal for Distinguished Service'''
|-
|[[File:IND Medal for Meritorious Service (2023).png|105px]]
|width="300"|'''Medal for Meritorious Service'''
|-
|[[File:Utkrisht Seva Padak.png|105px]]
|width="300"|'''Kendriya Grihamantri Dakshata Padak'''
|-
|[[File:Ati Utkrisht Seva Padak.png|105px]]
|width="300"|'''Ati Utkrisht Seva Padak''' (for Police Forces only) <ref name=":8" />
|-
|[[File:Utkrisht Seva Padak.png|105px]]
|width="300"|'''Utkrisht Seva Padak''' (for Police Forces only) <ref name=":8" />
|}

==Independence medals==
{| class="wikitable"
! width= "60"|Ribbon
! width= "370"|Name
|-
|[[File:Indian Independence medal 1947.svg|105px]]
|width="300"|'''[[Indian Independence Medal]]'''
|-
|[[File:IND Independence Medal 1950.png|105px]]
|width="300"|'''Independence Medal 1950 (Police)'''
|-
|[[File:IND 25th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]]
|width="300"|'''[[25th Independence Anniversary Medal]]'''
|-
|[[File:IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]]
|width="300"|'''[[50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]'''
|-
|[[File:75yearmedal.svg|105px]]
|width="300"|'''[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal]]'''
|}

==United Nations medals==
{| class="wikitable"
! width= "60"|Ribbon
! width= "370"|Name
|-
|[[File:UN MONUC Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|width="300"|'''[[MONUSCO]] (Congo)'''
|-
|[[File:UN Mission in Sudan ribbon.png|105px]]
|width="300"|'''[[United Nations Mission in Sudan|UNMIS]] (Sudan)'''
|-
|[[File:UNMISS Ribbon bar.svg|105px]]
|width="300"|'''[[United Nations Mission in South Sudan|UNMISS]] (South Sudan)'''
|-
|[[File:MINUSTAH Ribbon bar.svg|105px]]
|width="300"|'''[[United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti|MINUSTAH]] (Haiti)'''
|-
|[[File:UNMIL Ribbon bar.svg|105px]]
|width="300"|'''[[United Nations Mission in Liberia|UNMIL]] (Liberia)'''
|}

''(The medals shown here are only of those [[United Nations]] missions where Indian Police forces have been [[Indian Army United Nations peacekeeping missions|deployed]].)''

==Discontinued medals==
The following medals have been discontinued by the Government of India at various times. While the Indian Police Medal for Gallantry and Indian Police Medal for Distinguished Service were discontinued in 2004, most of the remaining ones have been abolished between 2023 and 2024 in the restructuring of Police and Civil forces medal.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" />

All the medals are discontinued as per notifications released by the PMA Cell of Ministry of Home Affairs and subsequent notification in [[The Gazette of India]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" />
{| class="wikitable"
! width="60" |Ribbon
! width="370" |Name
|-
|[[File:Indian Police Medal for Gallantry Ribbon.gif|105px]]
|'''[[Indian Police Medal|Indian Police Medal for Gallantry]]'''
|-
|[[File:Indian Police Medal for Meritorious Service.png|105px]]
| width="300" |'''[[Indian Police Medal|Indian Police Medal for Distinguished Service]]'''
|-
|[[File:IND Police (Special Duty) Medal.png|105px]]
| width="300" |'''Police (Special Duty) Medal'''
|-
|[[File:Police Antrik Suraksha Seva Padak (J&K State).png|105px]]
| width="300" |'''Police (Antrik Suraksha Seva) Padak - J&K State'''
|-
|[[File:Police Antrik Suraksha Seva Padak (LWE Region).png|105px]]
| width="300" |'''Police (Antrik Suraksha Seva) Padak - LWE Region'''
|-
|[[File:Police Antrik Suraksha Seva Padak (NE Region).png|105px]]
| width="300" |'''Police (Antrik Suraksha Seva) Padak - NE Region'''
|-
|[[File:IND Prime Minister's Life Saving Medal.png|105px]]
| width="300" |'''Prime Minister's Life Saving Medal'''
|-
|[[File:IND President's Fire Services Medal for Gallantry.jpg|105px]]
| width="300" |'''President's Fire Services Medal for Gallantry'''
|-
|[[File:Fire Services Medal for Gallantry.png|105px]]
| width="300" |'''Fire Services Medal for Gallantry'''
|-
|[[File:IND President's Correctional Service Medal for Gallantry.jpg|105px]]
| width="300" |'''President's Correctional Service Medal for Gallantry'''
|-
|[[File:IND Correctional Service Medal for Gallantry.png|105px]]
| width="300" |'''Correctional Service Medal for Gallantry'''
|-
|[[File:President's Home Guards and Civil Defence Medal.png|105px]]
| width="300" |'''President's Home Guards and Civil Defence Medal for Gallantry'''
|-
|[[File:IND Home Guards and Civil Defence Medal.png|105px]]
| width="300" |'''Home Guards and Civil Defence Medal for Gallantry'''
|-
|[[File:IND President's Fire Services Medal for Distinguished Service.png|105px]]
| width="300" |'''President's Fire Services Medal for Distinguished Service'''
|-
|[[File:IND Fire Services Medal for Meritorious Service.png|105px]]
| width="300" |'''Fire Services Medal for Meritorious Service'''
|-
|[[File:IND President's Correctional Service Medal for Distinguished Service.png|105px]]
| width="300" |'''President's Correctional Service Medal for Distinguished Service'''
|-
|[[File:IND Correctional Service Medal for Gallantry.png|105px]]
| width="300" |'''Correctional Service Medal for Meritorious Service'''
|-
|[[File:President's Home Guards and Civil Defence Medal.png|105px]]
| width="300" |'''President's Home Guards and Civil Defence Medal for Distinguished Service'''
|-
|[[File:IND Home Guards and Civil Defence Medal.png|105px]]
| width="300" |'''Home Guards and Civil Defence Medal for Meritorious Service'''
|}

==See also==
*[[Orders, decorations, and medals of India]]
*[[Orders, decorations, and medals of British India]]
*[[State Armed Police Forces]]
*[[Paramilitary forces of India]]
*[[Law enforcement in India]]
*[[Indian Armed Forces]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Home Ministry (India)}}
{{Decorations by country}}
{{Law enforcement agencies of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:India and the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of India]]
[[Category:Central Armed Police Forces of India]]
[[Category:Federal law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]

Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft

2026-05-05T17:48:07Z

ErwinGholson17:

{{Short description|Class of ships of the Indian Navy}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Androth (P69) at sea.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[INS Androth (2023)|Androth ]]'' at sea
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/class overview
| name = Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC)
| builders = *[[Cochin Shipyard]] (CSL)
*[[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] (GRSE) (in partnership with [[Kattupalli Shipyard]] of [[Larsen & Toubro|L&T]])<ref name=":8" />
| operators = {{navy|India}}
| class_before = *[[Kamorta-class corvette|''Kamorta''-class]] ''by antecedence''
*[[Abhay-class corvette|''Abhay''-class]]<ref name="naval-technology.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-water-craft-asw-swc/|title=Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC)}}</ref> ''by role''
| class_after = [[Next Generation Missile Vessels]]
| subclasses =
| cost = *{{INRConvert|12622|c|year=2020|lk=on}} for 16 ships (FY 2020)
*{{INRConvert|789|c|year=2020|lk=on}} per ship (FY 2020)
| built_range = 2020 – present
| in_commission_range = 2025 – present
| total_ships_building = 10
| total_ships_planned = 16
| total_ships_completed = 6
| total_ships_canceled =
| total_ships_active = 4
| total_ships_laid_up =
| total_ships_lost =
| total_ships_retired =
| total_ships_preserved =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| type = [[Corvette]]
| displacement = * '''GRSE:''' 900 tons<ref name="pib2022">{{cite news |title=LAUNCH OF 'ARNALA', FIRST SHIP OF ASW SWC (GRSE) PROJECT ON 20 DEC 22 AT M/s L&T, KATTUPALLI |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1885185 |access-date=21 December 2022 |work=pib.gov.in |agency=PIB}}</ref><ref name=":4" />
* '''GRSE:''' 1490 tons ([[gross tonnage]])<ref name="PIB-180625"/>
* '''CSL:''' 896<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-16 |title=Cochin Shipyard to launch three advanced vessels |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cochin-shipyard-to-lauch-three-advanced-vessels/article70171688.ece |access-date=2025-10-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>—1,100 tons<ref name=":42" />
| length = *'''GRSE:''' {{convert|77.6|m|ft}}<ref name="janes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/grse-starts-asw-swc-corvette-production-in-partnership-with-larsen-toubro|title=GRSE starts ASW-SWC corvette production in partnership with Larsen & Toubro|website=Janes.com}}</ref>
* '''CSL:''' {{convert|78|m|ft}}<ref name="indianpolitics.co.in">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indianpolitics.co.in/details-of-indian-anti-submarine-corvette-for-coastal-waters/|title=Details of Indian Anti-submarine Corvette For Coastal Waters {{pipe}} Indian Politics|date=16 November 2018 }}</ref>
| beam = *'''GRSE:''' {{convert|10.5|m|ft}}<ref name="janes.com"/>
* '''CSL:''' {{convert|11.26|m|ft}}<ref name="indianpolitics.co.in"/>
| draught = '''GRSE:''' {{convert|2.7|m|ft}}<ref name="janes.com"/>
| draft =
| propulsion = [[Larsen & Toubro|L&T]] [[Pump-jet|Water-jet propulsion]]<ref name="eurasiantimes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/touted-as-game-changer-what-are-indian-navys-anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-water-crafts/|title=Touted As 'Game-Changer', What Are Indian Navy's 'Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Crafts'?|date= 27 December 2021|website= Eurasian Timez}}</ref>
| speed = {{convert|25|kn|km/h}} <ref name="shephardmedia.com"/>
| range = {{convert|1800|nmi|km}} (at {{convert|14|kn|km/h}}<ref name="janes.com"/>
| complement = 57
(7 officers + 50 sailors)
| sensors = *'''Combat Suite:'''
* ASW Combat Suite (presumably the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]-developed IAC MOD 'C' combat suite)<ref name="grse.in">http://grse.in/eoi/EOI_ASW_SWC_R1.pdf {{dead link|date=March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://grse.in/index.php/tender-archive|title=Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd.- Government of India Undertaking - Tender Archive|website=grse.in}}</ref>
*'''Sonar:'''
* [[DRDO]] Abhay Hull-Mounted Sonar (HMS)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eyes and Ears Underwater |url=https://forceindia.net/feature-report/eyes-ears-underwater/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Force India |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Low Frequency Variable Depth Sonar (LFVDS)<ref name="grse.in"/>
*'''Management Systems:'''
* Fire Control System (FCS)<ref name="naval-technology.com"/>
* Integrated Platform Management System (IPMS)<ref name="grse.in"/>
* Automatic Power Management System (APMS)<ref name="grse.in"/>
* Battle Damage Control System (BDCS)<ref name="grse.in"/>
| armament = *'''Anti-Submarine Warfare:'''
*1 × [[RBU-6000]] [[Anti-submarine warfare|anti-submarine]] rocket launcher<ref name="naval-technology.com"/>
*2 × triple lightweight [[torpedo]] launchers (presumably the [[Advanced Light Torpedo Shyena|Advanced Light Weight Torpedo]] (ALWT))<ref name="eurasiantimes.com"/>
*[[Anti-submarine weapon|Anti-submarine mines]] (launched from mine-laying rails)<ref name="naval-technology.com"/>
*'''Guns:'''
* 1 × [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers#Naval Surface Gun (NSG) 30 mm|Naval Surface Gun (30mm)]]<ref name=":10" />
* 2 × [[Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli|OFT]] 12.7 mm M2 [[Remote controlled weapon station|Stabilized Remote Controlled Gun]]<ref name="naval-technology.com"/>
| armor =
| aircraft =
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes = Largest waterjet-powered vessels in the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name="shephardmedia.com"/>
}}
}}
The '''Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC)''' is a class of [[anti-submarine warfare]] (ASW) [[Watercraft|water craft]] currently being built for the [[Indian Navy]], by [[Cochin Shipyard]] (CSL) and [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] (GRSE).<ref name="naval-technology.com"/> They were conceived as a replacement to the ageing {{sclass|Abhay|corvette|1}}s of the Indian Navy, and are designed to undertake ASW duties — including [[Underwater domain awareness|subsurface surveillance]] in littoral waters, search-and-attack unit (SAU) missions and coordinated anti-submarine warfare operations with [[Maritime patrol aircraft|naval aircraft]].<ref name="navyrecognition.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/archives/archives-naval-defense/naval-defense-2020/cochin-shipyard-from-india-holds-steel-cutting-ceremony-of-anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-water-crafts|title=Cochin Shipyard from India holds steel cutting ceremony of Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Crafts|website=Navy Recognition|date=December 2020 }}</ref> They were also designed to provide secondary duties – including defense against intruding aircraft, [[Minelayer|minelaying]] and [[Search and rescue|search-and-rescue]] (SAR).<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=https://diligentias.com/anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-water-crafts-2/|title=Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Crafts (ASWSWC)|date=May 9, 2019}}</ref>

Equipped with sophisticated sensors and ordnance, the vessels also possess the capabilities to interdict and destroy subsurface targets — primarily hostile [[submarine]]s, within the vicinity of [[Coast|coastal waters]].<ref name="navyrecognition.com"/> A total of 16 vessels are being built for the Indian Navy, jointly by CSL and GRSE under the [[Make in India]] initiative.<ref name="janes.com"/> The Indian Navy plans to have all 16 vessels in active service by 2026.The corvettes are distinctly classified into two subclasses, the Arnala and Mahe class, each only having minor design differences. The Arnala-subclass was built by GRSE and L&T and are based with the [[Eastern Fleet (India)|Eastern Fleet]] while the Mahe-subclass was built by CSL and are based with the [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]].<ref name="janes.com"/>

==History==
===Background===
In December 2013, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) –- the main acquisition panel subordinate to India's [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD), approved the procurement of sixteen [[anti-submarine warfare]] (ASW) vessels capable of operating in shallow waters, at a cost of {{INRConvert|13440|c|lk=on|year=2013}}, to replace the ageing [[Abhay-class corvette|''Abhay''-class corvettes]] of the Indian Navy – which were commissioned between 1989 and 1991.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/four-major-acquisitions-for-the-navy-and-the-army-approved/article5494688.ece|title=Four major acquisitions for the Navy and the Army approved|last=Bhatnagar|first=Gaurav Vivek|date=2013-12-24|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-10-17|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=MoD clears Navy plans to get 16 shallow-water anti-sub vessels|date=25 December 2013|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131226/main5.htm|work=The Tribune|access-date=27 May 2015}}</ref>

In June 2014, the MoD issued a tender, worth USD2.25 billion under the 'Buy and Make India' category to private-shipyards – including [[Larsen & Toubro]] (L&T), [[ABG Shipyard]], [[Pipavav Shipyard|Pipavav Defense and Offshore Engineering]], [[Goa Shipyard]] (GSL) and [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] (GRSE), for the procurement of the 16 anti-submarine vessels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naval-technology.com/news/newsindia-issues-225bn-tender-to-procure-asw-shallow-water-craft-4297624/|title=India issues $2.25bn tender to procure ASW shallow-water craft|date=June 18, 2014}}</ref>

In October 2017, [[Cochin Shipyard]] (CSL) and [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] (GRSE) emerged as the first and the second-lowest bidder in the tender, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/garden-reach-shipbuilders-set-to-win-5400crore-navy-order/article10035674.ece|title=Garden Reach Shipbuilders set to win ₹5,400-crore Navy order|website=@businessline|date=16 January 2018 }}</ref>

===Purchase===
On 29 April 2019, the MoD and GRSE signed a contract valued at {{INRConvert|6311|c|year=2019}} for eight anti-submarine vessels, to be delivered between 2022 and 2026.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Himatsingka |first1=Anuradha |title=GRSE signs contract for 8 anti-submarine warfare shallow water crafts for Indian Navy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/grse-signs-contract-for-8-anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-water-crafts-for-indian-navy/articleshow/69099130.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=29 April 2019}}</ref> The contract stipulated that the first vessel had to be delivered within 42 months of the date of signing, with the remaining seven vessels delivered at regular intervals.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/grse-signs-contract-for-8-anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-water-crafts-for-indian-navy/articleshow/69099130.cms|title=GRSE signs contract for 8 anti-submarine warfare shallow water crafts for Indian Navy|first=Anuradha|last=Himatsingka|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=29 April 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/contract-signing-ms-csl-and-ms-grse-acquisition-sixteen-anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-water|title=Contract Signing with M/s CSL and M/s GRSE for Acquisition of Sixteen Anti Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW SWC) for Indian Navy {{pipe}} Indian Navy|website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref>

On 30 April 2019, the MoD and CSL signed a similar contract, valued at {{INRConvert|6311|c|year=2019}} for the construction of the remaining eight vessels – within a deadline of 84 months.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://psuwatch.com/grse-signs-contract-for-08-anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-watercraft|title=GRSE Signs Contract for 08 Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Watercraft|website=psuwatch.com|date=29 April 2019 }}</ref> Under this contract, the first ship was also expected to be delivered within a span of 42 months, with subsequent deliveries of two ships per year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/cochin-shipyard-gets-rs-6311-crore-contract-for-anti-submarine-warfare-ships-188690-2019-04-30|title=Cochin Shipyard gets Rs 6,311 crore contract for anti-submarine warfare ships|website=Business Today|date=30 April 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cochin-shipyard-gets-rs-6-311-crore-contract-for-anti-submarine-warfare-ships-1556639149645.html|title=Cochin Shipyard gets ₹6,311 crore contract for anti-submarine warfare ships|date=April 30, 2019|website=mint}}</ref> CSL has partnered with [[Kakkanad]]-based Smart Engineering & Design Solutions (India) Pvt Ltd to design the ships and make them lighter than the Arnala class. By the development of the Mahe-class, SEDS has become India's first private firm to design warships for the Indian Navy.<ref name=":14" />

===Construction===

==== ''Arnala''-class ====
GRSE formed a [[Public Private Partnership]] alliance with [[Larsen & Toubro]] involving its [[Kattupalli Shipyard]] to undertake the entire ASW SWC project along with the [[Sandhayak-class survey vessel (2023)|Survey Vessel (Large) Project]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite press release |title=Keel laying ceremony for 1st warship of ASW Shallow Water Craft Project and 3rd warship of Survey Vessel Large Project |date=2021-08-06 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1743323 |access-date=2025-09-15}}</ref>

On 31 December 2020, GRSE initiated the construction of the stipulated vessels under its agreement with the steel-cutting ceremony of the first of the eight vessels at the Kattupalli Shipyard, near [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-04 |title=GRSE starts ASW-SWC corvette production in partnership with Larsen & Toubro |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/grse-starts-asw-swc-corvette-production-in-partnership-with-larsen-toubro |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Janes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-06 |title=GRSE Starts ASW-SWC Corvette Production In Partnership With Larsen & Toubro |url=http://www.indiandefensenews.in/2021/01/grse-starts-asw-swc-corvette-production.html |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Indian Defence News}}</ref>

In July 2021, GRSE initiated the construction of two more vessels under its contract, with their respective steel-cutting ceremonies,{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} while the keel of the first vessels (which had begun construction in December, 2020) was [[Keel laying|laid]] on 6 August 2021.<ref name=":8" />

By March 2025, the Contractor Sea Trials (CST) of {{INS|Arnala|2022|6}} and INS ''Androth'' was completed by GRSE along with {{INS|Himgiri|2020|6}}. As per a press release, "CST is considered the final stage of construction, when a vessel’s seaworthiness is tested". The release also stated that ''Arnala'' was to be delivered to the Navy soon.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2025-03-17 |title=GRSE completes Contractor Sea Trials of two warships simultaneously |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2112067 |access-date=2025-03-19 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>

INS ''Arnala'' was delivered to the Indian Navy on 8 May 2025 at [[Kattupalli Shipyard]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite press release |title=Delivery of ‘Arnala’- first Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft to the Indian Navy |date=2025-05-08 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2127729 |access-date=2025-05-08}}</ref> The ship, named after [[Arnala fort]], was to commissioned on 18 June 2025.<ref name="PIB-180625">{{Cite press release |title=INS Arnala commissioned into Indian Navy |date=2025-06-18 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2137263 |access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref> The ship has an indigenous content of over 88%<ref name=":72" /> with equipment from [[Bharat Electronics]], [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra]] Defence, and [[Larsen & Toubro]] among others.<ref name="PIB_Arnala_comm">{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Anish |date=2025-06-06 |title=Indian Navy set to commission ‘Arnala’, first in ASW-SWC series |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2134607 |access-date=2025-06-06 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>

The last warship of the class, ''Ajay'', was launched on 21 July 2025 by Priya Deshmukh, wife of [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Kiran Deshmukh]], Indian Navy's [[Chief of Materiel (Indian Navy)|Chief of Materiel]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Defence Boost: Kolkata-Based Shipbuilder Launches 8th Anti-Submarine Craft for Indian Navy |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/grse-launches-last-of-8-anti-submarine-warfare-ships-for-indian-navy-3640050 |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite press release |title=Launch of Yard 3034 (Ajay), last ship of ASW SWC (GRSE) Project |date=2025-07-21 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2146420 |access-date=2025-07-21}}</ref> The second ship of the class, ''Androth'', was delivered on 13 September 2025,<ref name=":7">{{Cite press release |title=Delivery of Androth, (Second Anti Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft) to the Indian Navy |date=2025-09-13 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2166488 |access-date=2025-09-15}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news |last= |date=2025-09-15 |title=Indian Navy gets anti-submarine warfare ship |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-navy-gets-anti-submarine-warfare-ship/article70051137.ece |access-date=2025-09-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":72">{{Cite tweet |number=1966783567620718838 |user=OfficialGRSE |title=GRSE Adds Greater Punch To Navy’s Shallow Water Anti-Submarine Capability, Delivers Second ASW SWC With Indigenous Naval Surface Gun... |date=2025-09-13 |access-date=2025-09-14}}</ref> and commissioned on 6 October 2025 in [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref name="PIB-0610252" />

The third ship from GRSE lot, Anjadip, was delivered to the Indian Navy on 22 December 2025<ref name="PIB-2212253">{{cite press release |title=Delivery of ‘Anjadip’ - third Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft to the Indian Navy |date=22 December 2025 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2207446&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=23 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="PIB-22122522">{{cite press release |title=Delivery of ‘Anjadip’ - third Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft to the Indian Navy |date=22 December 2025 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2207446&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=23 December 2025}}</ref> and was commissioned on 27 February 2026.<ref name=":022">{{Cite press release |title=Commissioning of INS Anjadip at Chennai|date=2026-02-27|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2233666&reg=3&lang=1|access-date=2026-02-28}}</ref>

The fourth ship from this class, ''Agray'', was laid down on 31 December 2022, and launched on 13 March 2024.<ref name="PIB-080623"/> The ship was delivered to the Indian Navy on 30 March 2026<ref name=":17">{{Cite press release |title=Delivery of Agray – the fourth Anti-submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft built by GRSE, Kolkata |date=2026-03-30 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2247087 |access-date=2026-03-31}}</ref> along with {{INS|Dunagiri|2022|6}} and {{INS|Sanshodhak}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-03-30 |title=3 ships - Dunagiri, Sanshodhak, and Agray - handed over to Navy on Monday |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/3-ships-dunagiri-sanshodhak-and-agray-handed-over-to-navy-on-monday/article70803679.ece |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-03-30 |title=Navy gets three indigenous warships from GRSE, boost to self-reliance push |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-navy-commissions-three-new-ships-dunagiri-sanshodhak-agray-enhancing-combat-capabilities-2889299-2026-03-30 |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==== ''Mahe''-class ====
On 1 December 2020, CSL initiated the project's construction, with the steel-cutting of the first ASW-SWC vessel, ''Mahe'' (BY 523) at [[Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/naval-warfare/premium-indian-asw-corvette-programme-cuts-first-s/|title=Indian ASW corvette programme cuts first steel - Shephard Media|website=www.shephardmedia.com}}</ref>

CSL initiated the steel-cutting of the fourth and fifth vessels of the series, on 1 December 2021.<ref name="cls-011221">{{cite tweet |number=1466022114914275331 |user=cslcochin |title=Steel-Cutting ceremony of two Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Crafts (ASWSWC), being built for Indian Navy, was carried out by Commodore V Ganapthy, Warship Production Superintendent, Indian Navy.This is the 4th and 5th in the series of 8 vessels |date=2021-12-01}}</ref>

The deliveries of eight vessels by CSL is expected between August 2025 and June 2028.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2025-05-30 |title=KEEL LAYING OF LAST SHIP (BY 530) OF ASW SWC (CSL) PROJECT |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2132735 |access-date=2025-05-31 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>

The first ship of the class, ''Mahe'', was delivered to the Indian Navy on 23 October 2025<ref name="ET-231025">{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/cochin-shipyard-delivers-anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-water-craft-first-of-eight-mahe-to-indian-navy/articleshow/124761708.cms|title=Cochin Shipyard delivers first of eight warship 'Mahe' to Indian Navy
|work=Economic Times|date=23 October 2025}}</ref> and was commissioned on 24 November 2025 at the [[Naval Dockyard (Mumbai)]].<ref name=":13" />
==Design==
The [[Cochin Shipyard]] (CSL) and [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]] (GRSE) were contracted for the design, development and construction of eight ships each.

The ''Arnala''-class of ships were designed entirely by GRSE's in-house design team.<ref name=":22" /> The shipyard also received the Raksha Mantri Award 2022 for designing "the most silent ship" of the Indian Navy. The award for the INS ''Arnala'' ship and the subsequent ''Arnala''-class light corvettes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Raksha Mantri's Award |url=https://www.grse.in/raksha-mantris-awards/index.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250626171624/https://www.grse.in/raksha-mantris-awards/index.php |archive-date=2025-06-26 |access-date=2025-06-26 |work=grse.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-21 |title=GRSE launches in-house designed second Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1909245 |access-date=2025-06-26 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> The entire special quality low-magnetic [[steel]] for eight of the ''Arnala''-class ships of GRSE have been supplied by [[Steel Authority of India Limited|SAIL]] from its steel plants in [[Bokaro Steel Plant|Bokaro]], [[Bhilai Steel Plant|Bhilai]] and [[Rourkela Steel Plant|Rourkela]].<ref>{{Cite press release |title=INS Ajay and INS Nistar: Latest Milestones in SAIL’s Strategic Steel Support to Defence Indigenization |date=2025-08-04 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2152092 |access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=SAIL fuels INS Androth with indigenous steel, strengthening India’s maritime self-reliance |date=2025-10-06 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2175339 |access-date=2025-10-06}}</ref>

''Arnala''-class has a displacement of 900 tonnes<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Launch of 'Arnala', first ship of ASW SWC (GRSE) Project on 20 Dec 22 at M/s L&T, Kattupalli|date=2022-12-20|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1885185|access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref> with a [[gross tonnage]] of 1,490 tonnes.<ref name="PIB-1806252">{{Cite press release |title=INS Arnala commissioned into Indian Navy|date=2025-06-18|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2137263|access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref> By dimensions, the ship measures {{Convert|77.6|m|abbr=on}} by length and {{Convert|10.5|m|abbr=on}} by width. ''Arnala'' offers a maximum speed of {{Convert|25|kn|abbr=on}} and a maximum range of {{Convert|1800|nmi|km|abbr=on}} at a speed of {{Convert|14|kn|km/h|abbr=on}}. The ships have a standard accommodation for seven officers and 50 sailors and has a provision to carry an [[RHIB]].<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |last=Mitsopoulos|first=Dimitris|date=2025-06-25|title=India Commissions Its First ASW-SWC Corvette|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2025/06/india-commissions-its-first-asw-swc-corvette/|access-date=2025-06-26|website=Naval News|language=en-US}}</ref> The class of warships are designed and developed as per the classification rules of the [[Indian Register of Shipping]] (IRS).<ref name="PIB-2212252">{{cite press release |title=Delivery of ‘Anjadip’ - third Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft to the Indian Navy |date=22 December 2025 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2207446&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=23 December 2025}}</ref>

Meanwhile, the ''Mahe''-class of ships assigned to CSL were developed by a collaboration of two other entities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Finnish DA-Group Participates in Indian Navy Project|url=https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/finnish-da-group-participates-in-indian-navy-project/|website=Defense Media Network|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en-US|first=|last=|date=2019-09-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kochi firm first private entity in India to design Navy warship|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Nov/25/kochi-firm-first-private-entity-in-india-to-design-navy-warship|website=The New Indian Express|date=2025-11-25|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en|first=Anu|last=Kuruvilla}}</ref> The basic design of the ships have been sourced from Kochi-based Smart Engineering & Design Solutions (SDES) followed by detailed design by the shipyard. Additionally, [[Finland]]-based Surma provided the signature management software and design inputs for combat survivability features.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Mazumdar|first=Mrityunjoy|date=2020-12-07|title=Indian ASW corvette programme cuts first steel {{!}} Shephard|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/naval-warfare/premium-indian-asw-corvette-programme-cuts-first-s/|access-date=2025-10-19|website=www.shephardmedia.com|language=en}}</ref> The ships are being constructed as per the classification rules of [[Det Norske Veritas]] (DNV).<ref name=":23">{{Cite news |last=|first=|date=2025-10-23|title=CSL delivers warship INS Mahe to Indian Navy|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/csl-delivers-warship-ins-mahe-to-indian-navy/article70193883.ece|access-date=2025-10-23|work=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite news |date=2025-10-23|title=Cochin Shipyard delivers first of eight warship 'Mahe' to Indian Navy|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/cochin-shipyard-delivers-anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-water-craft-first-of-eight-mahe-to-indian-navy/articleshow/124761708.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-10-23|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> [[File:INS Mahe (P80) an ASWSWC class corvette at sea (cropped).jpg|thumb|INS Mahe (P80) at sea]]''Mahe''-class has a displacement of {{cvt|896-1100|t|LT}}.<ref name=":62">{{Cite news |date=2025-10-16|title=Cochin Shipyard to launch three advanced vessels|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cochin-shipyard-to-lauch-three-advanced-vessels/article70171688.ece|access-date=2025-10-24|work=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|first=|last=}}</ref> By dimensions, the ship measures {{Convert|78|m|abbr=on}} by length and {{Convert|11.36|m|abbr=on}} by width with a [[Draft (hull)|draft]] of {{Convert|2.7|m|abbr=on}}. The ships offers a maximum speed of {{Convert|25|kn|abbr=on}} and a maximum range of {{Convert|1800|nmi|km|abbr=on}} at a speed of {{Convert|14|kn|km/h|abbr=on}} with an endurance of 14 days.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Strategic significance of INS Mahe and why Navy is inducting 16 such ships|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/strategic-significance-of-ins-mahe-and-why-navy-is-inducting-16-such-ships-10387685/|website=The Indian Express|date=2025-11-27|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web|title=Indian Navy Commissions First ASW Craft Built by Cochin Shipyard|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2025/11/indian-navy-commissions-first-asw-craft-built-by-cochin-shipyard/|website=Naval News|date=2025-11-27|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en-US|first=Adithya Krishna|last=Menon}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite news|title=Aatmanirbhar Bharat boost: Navy commissions ‘silent hunter' INS Mahe|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aatmanirbhar-bharat-boost-navy-commissions-silent-hunter-ins-mahe-all-about-the-anti-submarine-warfare-vessel/articleshow/125532459.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2025-11-24|access-date=2025-11-27|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

These classes are considered as the largest warship of the Indian Navy to be designed and propelled by [[pump-jet]] technology. The warships are equipped with three marine diesel engines, developing a power output of 6 MW,<ref name=":16" /> coupled with a water jet each.<ref name=":03" /> The vessels are also reported to possess several features of stealth – including a reduced [[Radar cross section|radar cross-section]] (RCS), a low [[acoustic signature]] and a low [[infrared signature]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/asw-swc-specs.htm|title=ASW Shallow Water Craft - ASW-SWC|website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref> Both of the [[ship classes]] have indigenous content of over 80%, with equipment and materials being sourced from [[Bharat Electronics]], [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra]] Defence, and [[Larsen & Toubro]] among others.<ref name=":43">{{cite press release |title=Delivery of ‘Mahe’ - first Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft built by CSL, Kochi|date=24 October 2025|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2182188|access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Strategic significance of INS Mahe and why Navy is inducting 16 such ships|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/strategic-significance-of-ins-mahe-and-why-navy-is-inducting-16-such-ships-10387685/|website=The Indian Express|date=2025-11-27|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en}}</ref>

While the majority of the specifications and configurations are similar, multiple design differences including the placement of the 30 mm gun deck, ASW rocket launcher mount and deflectors, main mast, funnel and LWT launcher along with hoist crane and the design of the [[stern]].<ref name=":15" />

===Armament===
The weapons suite of the ships is designed to support its intended [[anti-submarine warfare]] operations in shallow waters. The [[anti-submarine weapons]] that equip the ship includes a forward-mounted [[RBU-6000]], a triple 324 mm lightweight torpedo tube each on [[port and starboard]] equipped with [[Torpedo Advanced Light Shyena#Advanced Light-Weight Torpedo (ALWT)|Advanced Light-Weight Torpedo (ALWT)]] at the [[aft]] and anti-submarine mine-laying rails. Behind the torpedo tubes, two [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra Defence Systems]]-supplied<ref>{{Cite press release |title=MoD signs Rs 1,350 crore contract for Integrated Anti-Submarine Warfare Defence Suites with an Indian company|date=2021-08-27|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1749636|access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Mahindra Defence to Manufacture Integrated ASW Defence Suite for Indian Navy|date=2021-08-27|publisher=Mahindra|url=https://www.mahindra.com/news-room/press-release/en/mahindra-defence-to-manufacture-integrated-asw-defence-suite-for-indian-navy|access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff|first=D. A.|date=2022-01-14|title=Integrated Anti-Submarine Warfare Defense for Indian Navy|url=https://www.defenseadvancement.com/news/integrated-anti-submarine-warfare-defense-for-indian-navy/|access-date=2025-07-13|website=Defense Advancement|language=en-US}}</ref> torpedo decoy launching systems (DLS), as a part of the Integrated Anti-Submarine Warfare Defence Suite (IADS).<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":15" />

For [[surface warfare]] and self-defence, the ship employs a [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers#Naval Surface Gun (NSG) 30 mm|Naval Surface Gun (30 mm)]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=In a major boost to Indian Navy's firepower, indigenous Naval Surface Gun aces sea trials|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/defence/2025/05/23/in-a-major-boost-to-indian-navys-firepower-indigenous-naval-surface-gun-aces-sea-trials.html|access-date=2025-05-28|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref> which serves the role of [[Naval artillery|main gun]] as well as two [[Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli|OFT]] 12.7 mm M2 [[Remote controlled weapon station|Stabilized Remote Controlled Gun]] (SRCG) as [[General-purpose machine gun|general-purpose machine guns]]. The SRCG is the Indian variant of [[Elbit Systems]]' Remote Controlled Naval Weapon Station (RCNWS).<ref name=":04">{{Cite web |last=Mitsopoulos|first=Dimitris|date=2025-06-25|title=India Commissions Its First ASW-SWC Corvette|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2025/06/india-commissions-its-first-asw-swc-corvette/|access-date=2025-06-26|website=Naval News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":15" />

===Sensors===

As part of its sensor suite, the ships are equipped with Abhay compact [[Active sonar|active]] hull-mounted sonar (HMS), a towed low-frequency variable-depth sonar (LFVDS) procured from a joint venture firm between Indian CFF Fluid Control Ltd. and German [[Atlas Elektronik]], a division of [[ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems]] (TKMS) along with an underwater acoustic communication system (UWACS).<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":15" />

The Abhay active sonar system — developed by [[DRDO]]'s [[Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory]] (NPOL) and manufactured by [[Bharat Electronics Limited]] (BEL) — includes transducer array, data acquisition system, power amplifier and the dual multi-function console (DMFC). The system utilises advanced adaptive signal and information processing techniques to detect, track and classify of targets.<ref name=":05">{{Cite web |last=Mitsopoulos|first=Dimitris|date=2025-06-25|title=India Commissions Its First ASW-SWC Corvette|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2025/06/india-commissions-its-first-asw-swc-corvette/|access-date=2025-06-26|website=Naval News|language=en-US}}</ref> The compact system helps in the application of the systems onto smaller category of naval warships like Shallows Water Crafts, Light Frigates & Patrol Vessels by replacing legacy Russian sonar. Earlier, hull-mounted sonars were only limited to frigates and destroyers.<ref name=":03" />

Additionally, the ''Arnala''-class corvettes are equipped with two [[Navigation radar|navigation radars]], an [[electronic warfare]] suite which employs Radar [[Electronic Support Measures]] (R-ESM) and Communications ESM (C-ESM) or [[COMINT]] and is equipped for [[Satellite Communication|Satellite Communications]] (SATCOM). As part of its [[network-centric warfare]] suite, the entire sensors and weapon suite is integrated into the combat management system (CMS) and the ship is equipped with [[integrated bridge system]] (IBS), an expandable [[Bathythermograph|bathy theromograph]] (XBT), an [[automatic identification system]] (AIS), an echo sounder and an automatic weather observation system (AWOS). The ship employs an integrated ASW complex (IAC) which computes fire control solutions and facilitates firing of ASW weapons including torpedoes and rockets. The IAC was developed by BEL and DRDO.<ref name=":03" />

The ships are also equipped with [[Electronic Support Measures]] (ESM), [[Electronics intelligence|Electronics Intelligence]] (ELINT) and a combat management system.<ref name=":15" />

===Capabilities===
Being vessels primed for [[anti-submarine warfare]] (ASW), the ASW-SWC vessels were conceived to undertake multiple missions, including "search-and-attack-unit" (SAU) roles, low-intensity maritime operations (LIMO), subsurface surveillance in littoral-waters and coordinated ASW operations with [[Maritime patrol aircraft|maritime-patrol aircraft]] (MPA).<ref name="naval-technology.com"/> In addition, the vessels also possess the capability subsurface surveillance and interdiction, within the vicinity coastal waters.<ref name="PIB-180625" /> The vessels can also be deployed for [[Search and rescue|search-and-rescue]] (SAR) missions in littoral waters.<ref name="PIB-180625" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Keels laid for Indian Navy's first ASWSWC and third large survey vessel |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/keels-laid-for-indian-navys-first-aswswc-and-third-large-survey-vessel |website=Janes.com}}</ref> The corvettes are meant for operations within {{Convert|200|nmi|abbr=on}} of the coastline.<ref name="shephardmedia.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/naval-warfare/details-grses-small-anti-submarine-corvette-emerge/|title=Details of GRSE's small anti-submarine corvette emerge - Shephard Media|website=www.shephardmedia.com}}</ref>

In their secondary role, the vessels will be able to lay mines, to protect domains of crucial importance, such as [[naval base]]s and [[Port|commercial ports]], from enemy submarines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/delhi/india-building-warships-to-hunt-down-subs-close-to-its-shores-294557|title=India building warships to hunt down subs close to its shores|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref>

== Ships of the class ==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Name
!{{Tooltip|Penn.|Pennant number}}
!{{Tooltip|Yard|Yard No.}}
!Builder
!Laid down
!Launched
!Delivered
!Commissioned
!Homeport
!Status
|-
!colspan=10|''Arnala''-class<ref name=":9" />
|-
| {{INS|Arnala|2022|2}}
| P68
| 3029
| rowspan="4" |[[Larsen & Toubro|L&T]]
| 6 August 2021<ref name=":8" />
| 20 December 2022<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Launch of ‘Arnala’- first ship of ASW SWC (GRSE) Project on 20 Dec 22 at M/s L&T, Kattupalli |date=2022-12-20 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1885185 |access-date=2025-09-15}}</ref>
| 8 May 2025<ref name=":22" />
| 18 June 2025<ref name="PIB-180625"/>
|[[Naval Dockyard (Visakhapatnam)|Visakhapatnam]]
| rowspan="2" | Active
|-
| ''{{INS|Anjadip|2023|2}}''
| P73
| 3030
| rowspan="2" | 17 June 2022<ref>{{cite tweet |number=1537789888804057088 |user=OfficialGRSE |title=GRSE achieved a rare feat by laying the keels of three vessels -SVL(Yard 3028), ASWSWC (Yard 3030 & 3031) together for the Indian Navy on 17 Jun 22. |date=17 June 2022 |access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref>
| 13 June 2023<ref name="PIB-080623">{{Cite press release |title=Launch of 'Anjadip' third ship of ASW SWC (GRSE) and keel laying of 7th ship of ASW SWC Project at M/s L&T, Kattupalli on 13 Jun 23 |date=2023-06-13 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1932044 |access-date=2023-06-13}}</ref>
| 22 December 2025<ref name="PIB-2212253" />
|27 February 2026<ref name=":022" />
|[[Chennai]]
|-
| ''[[INS Amini (2023)|Amini]]''
| P75
| 3031
| 16 November 2023<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=LAUNCH OF ‘AMINI’, FOURTH SHIP OF ASW SWC (GRSE) PROJECT ON 16 NOV 23 AT M/s L&T, KATTUPALLI |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1977458 |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|
|
|
| rowspan="2" |Launched
|-
| ''[[INS Abhay (2024)|Abhay]]''
|
| 3032
| 13 June 2023<ref name="PIB-080623"/>
| 25 October 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-25 |title=LAUNCH OF ‘ABHAY’, SEVENTH SHIP OF ASW SWC (GRSE) PROJECT |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2068207 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|
|
|
|-
| ''{{INS|Agray|2024|2}}''
| P36
| 3033
| rowspan="4" |[[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers|GRSE]]
| 31 December 2022<ref name="pip20221231"/>
|13 March 2024<ref name=":0">{{Cite press release |title=Launch of 'Agray' and 'Akshay' fifth and sixth ship of ASW SWC (GRSE) Project on 13 Mar 24 at M/S GRSE Kolkata |date=2024-03-13 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2014425 |access-date=2024-03-13}}</ref>
| 30 March 2026<ref name=":17" />
|
|
|Delivered
|-
| {{INS|Ajay|2025|2}}
| P34
| 3034
| 10 May 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=KEEL LAYING OF 8th ASW SWC (ex-GRSE) ON 10 MAY 24 AT M/S GRSE KOLKATA |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2020235 |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
| 21 July 2025<ref name=":6" />
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[INS Androth (2023)|Androth]]''
| P69
| 3035<ref name=":2" />
| 21 December 2021<ref>{{cite press release |title=GRSE lays the keel of 5th Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft |date=2021-12-21 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1783874 |access-date=2025-09-15}}</ref>
| 21 March 2023<ref name=":9">{{cite press release |title=Launch of ‘Androth’, second ship of ASW SWC (GRSE) Project on 21 Mar 23 at M/s GRSE, Kolkata |date=2023-03-21 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1909308 |access-date=2025-09-15}}</ref>
| 13 September 2025<ref name=":7" />
| 6 October 2025<ref name="PIB-0610252">{{cite press release |title=Commissioning of INS Androth, second ASW Shallow Water Craft |date=6 October 2025 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2175480 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref>
| [[Naval Dockyard (Visakhapatnam)|Visakhapatnam]]
| Active
|-
| {{INS|Akshay|2024|2}}
|P35
| 3036
| 31 December 2022<ref name="pip20221231">{{Cite press release |title=Keel laying by Shri Giridhar Aramane, Defence Secretary, for two warships of ASW SWC Project at GRSE, Kolkata, on 31 Dec 22 |date=2022-12-31 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1887783 |access-date=2022-12-31}}</ref>
|13 March 2024<ref name=":0" />
|
|
|
|Launched
|-
!colspan=10|''Mahe''-class
|-
| ''{{INS|Mahe|2022|2}}''
| P80<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |date=2025-10-23 |title=Cochin Shipyard delivers first of eight warship 'Mahe' to Indian Navy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/cochin-shipyard-delivers-anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-water-craft-first-of-eight-mahe-to-indian-navy/articleshow/124761708.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-10-23 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
| 523
| rowspan=8 |[[Cochin Shipyard|CSL]]
| 30 August 2022<ref name="better_ref_needed">{{cite press release |title=Keel laid for first warship of ASW SWC Project being constructed at CSL, Kochi |date=31 August 2022 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1855654 |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref>
| rowspan=3| 30 November 2023<ref>{{cite press release |title=Simultaneous launch of ‘Mahe, Malvan and Mangrol’, first three ships of ASW SWC(CSL) project on 30 Nov 23 at CSL, Kochi |date=30 November 2023 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1981148 |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-11-30 |title=Three anti-submarine warfare ships for Indian Navy launched at Cochin Shipyard |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/three-anti-submarine-warfare-ships-for-indian-navy-launched-at-cochin-shipyard/article67590173.ece |access-date=2023-11-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| 23 October 2025<ref name=":42">{{cite press release |title=Delivery of ‘Mahe’ - first Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft built by CSL, Kochi |date=24 October 2025 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1855654 |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-10-23 |title=CSL delivers warship INS Mahe to Indian Navy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/csl-delivers-warship-ins-mahe-to-indian-navy/article70193883.ece |access-date=2025-10-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|24 November 2025<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |date=2025-11-24 |title=Aatmanirbhar Bharat boost: Navy commissions ‘silent hunter' INS Mahe; all about the anti-submarine warfare vessel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aatmanirbhar-bharat-boost-navy-commissions-silent-hunter-ins-mahe-all-about-the-anti-submarine-warfare-vessel/articleshow/125532459.cms |access-date=2025-11-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="PIB-161125">{{cite press release |title=Indian Navy to commission Mahe, first of eight ASW-SWC being built by CSL, Kochi |date=16 November 2025 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2190563 |access-date=16 November 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
| [[Naval Dockyard (Mumbai)|Mumbai]]
| Active
|-
| ''{{INS|Malwan|2023|2}}''
|P81
| 524
| rowspan="2" | 21 February 2023<ref name="better_ref_needed2">{{cite press release |title=Keel laying for Second ship (BY 524, Malwan) and third ship (BY 525, Mangrol), at M/s CSL, Kochi, on 21 Nov 23 |date=21 February 2023 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1901133&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref>
| 31 March
2026<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Delivery of Malwan – the second Anti-submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft built by CSL, Kochi |date=2026-03-31 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2247339&reg=3&lang=2 |access-date=2026-04-01}}</ref>
|
|
|Delivered
|-
| ''{{INS|Mangrol|2023|2}}''
|P82
| 525
|
|
|
| rowspan="4" |Launched
|-
| ''[[INS Malpe (2024)|Malpe]]''
| P83
| 526
| rowspan="2" | 8 December 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=KEEL LAYING OF FOURTH SHIP (BY 526, MALPE) AND FIFTH SHIP (BY 527, MULKI) OF ASW SWC PROJECT AT CSL, KOCHI ON 08 DEC 23 |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1983960 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | 9 September 2024<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-10 |title=Indian Navy launches Anti-Submarine Warfare vessels Malpe and Mulki at Cochin Shipyard |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-navy-launches-anti-submarine-warfare-vessels-malpe-and-mulki-at-cochin-shipyard/articleshow/113216042.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-13 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[INS Mulki (2023)|Mulki]]''
| P84
| 527
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[INS Magdala (2024)|Magdala]]''
| P85<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1979448850403463490 |user=cslcochin |title=Cochin Shipyard #launched Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW SWC), INS MAGDALA, a #significant milestone in India's #indigenous shipbuilding journey... |date=2025-10-18 |access-date=2025-10-21}}</ref>
| 528
| 16 December 2024<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=16 December 2024 |title=KEEL LAYING OF SIXTH SHIP (BY 528, MAGDALA) OF ASW SWC PROJECT AT CSL, KOCHI |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2085349 |access-date=16 December 2024 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
| 18 October 2025<ref name=":10">{{Cite press release |title=Launch of sixth ASW SWC BY 528 (Magdala) at CSL, Kochi |date=2025-10-18 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2180791 |access-date=2025-10-18}}</ref>
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[INS Machilipatnam (2025)|Machilipatnam]]''
| P86
| 529
| 29 January 2025<ref>{{Cite web |first= |date=29 January 2025 |title=KEEL LAYING OF SEVENTH SHIP (BY 529, MACHILIPATNAM) OF ASW SWC PROJECT AT CSL, KOCHI |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2097441 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>
|
|
|
|
| rowspan="2" |Under Construction
|-
|
| P87
| 530
| 29 May 2025<ref name=":3" />
|
| {{font color||#ADE2B8|June 2028}}<ref name=":3" />
|
|
|}
{{legend|#ADE2B8|either scheduled or estimated dates}}


== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:INS Mulki and INS Malpe under construction at CSL.jpg|INS ''Mulki'' and INS ''Malpe'' launched
File:Arnala class ASW corvette during launch by GRSE.jpg|INS ''Arnala'' launch
File:INS Androth Launch.jpg|INS ''Androth'' launch
File:INS Androth.jpg|Androth during contractor trials.
File:INS Androth (P69) at sea.jpg|INS Andoth During sea trials
File:Launch ceremony of Anjadip, 3rd of eight ships of ASW Shallow Water Craft Project.jpg|INS Anjadip Launched
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Indian Navy]]
* [[Future of the Indian Navy]]
* [[List of active Indian Navy ships]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.grse.nic.in/eoi/EOI_ASW_SWC_R1.pdf Expression of Interest issued by GRSE for ASW-SWC]

{{Ship classes of the Indian Navy}}
{{Corvettes_of_the_Indian_Navy}}

[[Category:Corvette classes]]
[[Category:Corvettes of the Indian Navy]]

Shahid Parvez

2026-04-21T12:00:42Z

ErwinGholson17: starting first details initial version

{{Short description|Indian musician (born 1954)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person

| name = Shahid Parvez Khan
| image = Shahid Parvez Khan i5225.png
| caption = Shahid Parvez in 2026
| birth_name = Shahid Parvez Khan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1954|10|14}}
| birth_place =[[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Sitar]] Maestro for [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical music]]
| years_active = 1965 – present
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] Award in 2012 [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 2006
| website = [http://www.shahidparvezkhan.com/ Official site]
}}
'''Shahid Parvez Khan''' (commonly known as '''Shahid Parvez'''; born 14 October 1954) is an [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical]] [[sitar]] maestro from the [[Imdadkhani gharana]].<ref name=TheHindu>{{cite news |title= Seven strings to the rainbow: Sitarist extraordinaire Ustad Shahid Parvez Khan on music and musicianship|url= https://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article495275.ece|date=1 July 2010|newspaper=The Hindu (newspaper)|author=Amrita Dasgupta|access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref> He represents the seventh generation of the [[Etawah Gharana]] as its primary exponent. He is praised especially for the vocalistic phrasing and quality of his raga improvisations, known as "[[Gayaki ang]]". This translates to "singing branch/limb" ("branch" and "limb" referring here to musical style). The sitar legend Ustad [[Vilayat Khan]]<ref name=Tribune/> resurrected and re-introduced Gayaki Ang as a widely accepted sitar genre in India and abroad, and his nephew, Ustad Shahid Parvez Khan, has carried this torch into the present day.

==Early life and musical training==
[[File:Ustad Shahid Parvez Khan.jpg|right|thumb| Ustad Shahid Parvez Khan, sitar maestro performing at a concert accompanied by [[Pandit Kishan Maharaj]]]]
[[Image:Shahid Parvez Khan performing at a concert.jpg|thumb| young Shahid Parvez Khan, sitarist performing at a concert accompanied by [[Pandit Samta Prasad]] of the [[Benares gharana|Benaras Gharana]]]]
[[Image:Shahid Parvez.jpg|thumb| Shahid Parvez performing at IIT Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 2025]]
Born in [[Mumbai]], India, Ustad Shahid Parvez Khan was trained by his father Ustad Aziz Khan,<ref name=Tribune>{{cite news |title=Ustad Shahid Parvez Khan mesmerizes audience |date=9 August 2018| url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/ludhiana/ustad-shahid-parvez-khan-mesmerises-audience-634370|newspaper=The Tribune (Indian newspaper)|access-date=13 July 2020}}</ref> who was the son of the sitar and [[surbahar]] player [[Wahid Khan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegram.com/entertainmentlife/20180331/sitarist-mass-symphony-to-perform-in-benefit-concert-for-joy-guru-humanitarian-services-in-Worcester |author=Paula J. Owen|date=31 March 2018|title=Sitarist, Massachusetts Symphony to perform in benefit concert for Joy Guru Humanitarian Services in Worcester|newspaper=telegram.com website|access-date=13 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Magic happened on stage (Classical Music Festival 2012)|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-259412|newspaper= The Daily Star|date=1 December 2012|access-date=13 July 2020}}</ref> As is the custom among musical families with a storied lineage, Aziz Khan first initiated his son into vocal music and tabla before training him on the Sitar over many years.<ref name=TheHindu/> Shahid's uncle, Hafeez Khan (a prominent singer and surbahar/sitar player), also trained him. He also trained extensively in the art of tabla for over 10 years under Munnu Khan of the [[Delhi gharana|Delhi Gharana]].

His family has produced many instrumentalists in Hindustani classical music, including [[Imdad Khan]] (his great-grandfather), [[Enayat Khan]], [[Wahid Khan]] (his grandfather) and [[Vilayat Khan]].<ref name=TheHindu/>

==Performing career==
Ustad Shahid Parvez Khan has performed in all major musical festivals in India and abroad, including the ''Festival of India'' held in the US, Europe, USSR, Canada, Africa, the Middle East and Australia. He has a distinguished performance career in India and around the world.<ref name=TheHindu/>

A major Indian English-language newspaper says he is "considered Indian classical music personified and a synonym for the sitar. A leading exponent of the [[Etawah gharana]], which produced legends like Imdad Khan, Enayat Khan and Vilayat Khan, Shahid Parvez is known for his rendition".<ref name=TheHindu/>

The French-language publication ''Le Devoir'', based in Montréal, Canada, says this about the Ustad:<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Yves|first=Bernard|date=14 June 2014|title=Ustad Shahid Parvez Khan|work=Le Devoir|url=https://www.ledevoir.com/culture/musique/410910/ustad-shahid-parvez-khan|access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=The maestro embodies the Etawah Gharana style, which was developed by one of the oldest music schools in India. Here, the particularity is to give an echo to the human voice at the end of the strings, or rather from the resonance chamber of the sitar. Having heard it in 2010, we can say that the effect is striking. The technique makes it possible to tame genres, such as the dhrupad, which is said to be the oldest song in North India, and the khayal, which is that of the great virtuosos. It's all built into the music. 

Shahid Parvez Khan marries this with the techniques of tantrakari, which allows him to explore all kinds of rhythmic patterns with the right hand.<ref name=":0" />}}

== Students ==
Ustad Shahid Parvez's notable students include Shakir Khan and Sameep Kulkarni.<ref>{{cite news |title=Stringing together|author=Tanvi Salkar|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/stringing-together/ |newspaper= Indian Express (newspaper)|date=23 June 2009|access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
* Kalajyoti Lifetime Achievement Award (2020)<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sinha|first=Manjari|date=27 February 2020|title=A Rewarding Performance|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/a-rewarding-performance/article30931150.ece|access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref>
*[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 2006<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727234019/http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm |date=27 July 2011|archive-date=27 July 2011|website=Sangeet Natak Akademi website|title=List of all awards (scroll down to read (Instrumental – Sitar) section) for Shahid Parvez|access-date=13 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="Tribune" />
* [[Padma Shri]] Award in 2012<ref>{{cite news |title=Padma Shri for Anup Jalota, Dr. V. Mohan, Vanraj Bhatia (also includes award for Shahid Parvez)|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2832225.ece|newspaper=The Hindu (newspaper)|date=25 January 2012|access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref><ref name=Tribune/>
* AIR – Top Grade artist
* Sur Shringaar
* [[Kumar Gandharva Samman]]
* M. L. Koser Award

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Shahid Parvez}}
*[http://www.shahidparvezkhan.com The official website of Ustad Shahid Parvez Khan]
*[https://www.spkacademy.org/ The official music academy of Ustad Shahid Parvez Khan]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parvez, Shahid}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Etawah gharana|Imdadkhani gharana]]
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Indian sitar players]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mumbai]]

Telugu grammar

2026-04-20T15:59:45Z

ErwinGholson17: starting some pg w/ infobox

{{Short description|Grammar of the Telugu language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}

[[Telugu language|Telugu]] is an [[Agglutinative language|agglutinative]] language with [[Grammatical person|person]], [[Tense–aspect–mood|tense]], [[Grammatical case|case]] and [[Grammatical number|number]] being inflected on the end of [[noun]]s and [[verb]]s. Its word order is usually [[Subject–object–verb word order|subject-object-verb]], with the [[Object (grammar)|direct object]] following the [[Object (grammar)|indirect object]]. The [[Grammatical relation|grammatical function]] of the words are marked by [[suffix]]es that indicate case and [[Preposition and postposition|postpositions]] that follow the [[Word stem|oblique stem]]. It is also [[Head-directionality parameter|head-final]] and a [[pro-drop language]].

The first treatise on '''Telugu grammar''' ({{langx|te|వ్యాకరణము|vyākaraṇamu}}), the ''Andhra Shabda Chintamani'' ({{Langx|te|ఆంధ్ర శబ్ద చింతామణి|Āndhra śabda cintāmaṇi}}) was written in [[Sanskrit]] by [[Nannayya]], who is considered the first poet (''ādikavi'') and grammarian of the Telugu language, in the 11th century CE. In the 13th century, Andhra Bhasha Bhushanamu, a foundational Telugu grammar and vocabulary work, was written by the 13th-century scholar Mulaghatika Ketana, and is considered the first comprehensive Telugu grammar written in Telugu. In the 19th century, Paravastu Chinnaya Suri wrote a simplified work on Telugu grammar called ''[[Bāla Vyākaranam|Bāla Vyākaraṇam]]'' (''lit.'' Children's grammar), borrowing concepts and ideas from Nannayya, in Telugu.<ref name="Padmapriya ch1">{{cite book |title= A Comparative Study Of Andhrashabdachintamani And Balavyakaranam |last= Gopavaram |first= Padmapriya |author2=Subrahmanyam, Korada |year= 2011 |publisher= University of Hyderabad |location=Hyderabad|chapter=1}}</ref>

According to [[Nannayya]], language without '[[Niyama]]' or the language which does not adhere to Vyākaranam is called [[apabhramsa|Grāmya]] (''lit'' of the village) or [[apabhramsa|Apabhraṃśa]], is unfit for literary usage. All literary texts in Telugu follow the Vyākaraṇam.<ref name="Padmapriya ch1" /> Following pure telugu movement to minimise loan words and maximize usage of native telugu that is naatu telugu, a melimi telugu version is introduced where the term melimi means "fine" or excellence". grammar for this version is [[telugu nudikattu]]

==Nouns==
Telugu is more [[inflected language|inflected]] than other literary [[Dravidian languages]]. Telugu nouns are inflected for number (singular, plural), gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) and [[grammatical case]] ([[nominative]], [[accusative]], [[Instrumental case|instrumental]], [[dative]], [[ablative]], [[genitive]], [[locative]] and [[vocative]]).<ref>{{Cite book| year=1857 | title = A grammar of the Telugu language | author1=Charles Philip Brown | edition=2 | publisher=Christian Knowledge Society's Press }}</ref>

There is a rich system of derivational morphology in Telugu. Verbs and adjectives can be converted into nouns by adding a variety of suffixes.

Example:
* verb
ceyu + ika = ceyika(action)
* adjective
manchi + thanam = manchithanam (goodness)

===Gender===
Telugu has three [[Grammatical gender|genders]], which govern verb agreement:
* [[masculine gender|masculine]] ( puliṅgamu),
* feminine (strī liṅgamu),
* neuter (napunsaka liṅgamu).

In Telugu the occurrence of the [[suffix]] (–ḍu) almost always encodes masculine gender. For example:
* tammuḍu (younger brother),
* mukhyuḍu (important man),
* Rāmuḍu ([[Rama|Rāma]]),
* nāyakuḍu (leader).

However, there are nouns that do not end in (-ḍu) that belong to the masculine class. For example:
* annayya (elder brother),
* māmayya (uncle).

Most of the words ending in ''-ḍu'' are borrowings from Sanskrit words ending in ''-a'', and therefore the feminine forms of these words are equivalent to the Sanskrit words.

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|-
!Masculine
!Sanskrit original
!Feminine
|-
| nartakuḍu|| nartaka || nartaki
|-
| vācakuḍu|| vācaka || vācaki
|-
| premikuḍu || premika || preyasi
|}
Sometimes, a word ending in ''-ḍu'' is feminized by adding the suffix ''-ālu'' to the root. The -a ending of the root becomes -''ur''. This phenomenon is known as the ''rugāgama sandhi''.
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|-
!Masculine
!Sanskrit original
!Feminine
|-
| nartakuḍu|| nartaka || nartakurālu
|-
| priyuḍu || priya || priyurālu
|-
| bhaktuḍu || bhakta || bhakturālu
|}

Neuter-gendered words usually contain the suffix -''amu.'' This suffix descends from the Old Telugu suffix -''ambu'' and is increasingly losing the final -u to become -''aṁ.'' These neuter words are often borrowed from Sanskrit words ending in -''a'' or -''u.'' The final -''a'' usually becomes -''amu,'' and the final -''u'' becomes -''uvu.''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sanskrit original
!Telugu
|-
|ākāśam
|ākāśamu
|-
|madhu
|madhuvu
|}
However, Telugu sometimes uses the same forms for singular feminine and neuter genders– the third person pronoun (అది {{IPA|/ad̪i/}}) can be used to refer to animals and objects.<ref>{{Cite book| year=1857 | title = A grammar of the Telugu language | author1=Charles Philip Brown | edition=2 | publisher=Christian Knowledge Society's Press | page=39 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pnAIAAAAQAAJ&q=feminine&pg=PA39}}</ref>

===Number===
Anything with quantity one is singular (''ekavachanam'').
Anything more than one in number is called plural (''bahuvachanam''), as in English. Formation of the plural stem, however, is relatively complicated, although the ending is centered on variants ''-lu'' or ''-ḷu''.

In Telugu the plural is also used to as an honorific. Some nouns are [[Plurale tantum|always plural]] and some are always singular. For example, water (''nīru'') and milk (''pālu'') are always plural.

God (''bhagavantudu''), sun (''suryudu''), earth (''bhūmi''), and moon (''chandrudu'') are always singular form.

====Plural formation====
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|+ Rules<ref>{{harvnb|Krishnamurti|Gwynn|1985|pp=51–56}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" | Rule
! colspan="2" | Telugu
! rowspan="2" | English
! rowspan="2" | Notes
! rowspan="2" | Exceptions
|-
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! 0
| ''āvu''
| ''āvu'''lu'''''
| cow
| No modification of the stem, and variant ''-lu'' is used.
|
* ''cellelu'' → ''celleṇḍḷu'', ''celleḷḷu'' "younger sister"
* ''cēnu'' → ''cēlu'' "field with a crop"
* ''kūturu'' → ''kūtuṇḍḷu'', ''kūtuḷḷu'' "daughter"
* ''eddu'' → ''eddulu'', ''eḍḷu'' "bullock"
* ''pēnu'' → ''pēlu'' "louse"
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1
| ''cōṭu''
| ''cōṭ'''ḷu'''''
| crore
| rowspan="2" | Vowels in ''-ṭ[i/u]'', ''-ṇṭ[i/u]'', or ''-ṇḍ[i/u]'' in the singular is deleted, and variant ''-ḷu'' is used. Forms in ''-ṇḍḷu'' varies with ''-ḷḷu'', used in western and eastern dialects, respectively.
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| ''paṇḍu''
| ''paṇḍ'''ḷu''''' ''paḷ'''ḷu'''''
| fruit
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2
| ''kālu''
| ''kāḷ'''ḷu'''''
| leg
| rowspan="2" | ''-ḍ[i/u]'', ''-l[i/u]'', or ''-r[i/u]'' (''-li'' or ''-ri'' are limited to nouns with at least 3 syllables) in the singular are replaced by ''-ḷḷu''. Some instances of ''-ḷḷu'' have alternative form ''-rlu''.
|
* ''alluḍu'' → ''alluṇḍḷu'', ''alluḷḷu'' "son-in-law"
* ''ēḍu'' → ''ēṇḍḷu'', ''ēḷḷu'' "year"
* ''jītagāḍu'' → ''jītagāṇḍḷu'', ''jītagāḷḷu'' "servant"
* ''kāḍi'' → ''kāṇḍḷu'', ''kāḷḷu'' "yoke"
* ''kumāruḍu'' → ''kumārulu'', ''kumāruḷḷu'' "son"
* ''manamarālu'' → ''manamarāṇḍḷu'', ''manamarāḷḷu'' "granddaughter"
|-
| ''pēru''
| ''pēḷ'''ḷu''''' ''pēr'''lu'''''
| name
|
* ''koḍavali'' → ''koḍavanḍḷu'', ''koḍavaḷḷu'' "sickle"
* ''-gāri'' → ''-gārlu'' "a honorific suffix"
* ''-sāri'' → ''-sārlu'' "time"
|-
! 3
| ''guḍḍu''
| ''guḍ'''ḷu'''''
| egg
| ''-ṭṭ[i/u]'' and ''-ḍḍ[i/u]'' in the singular change into ''-ṭ-'' and ''-ḍ-'' before variant ''-ḷu''.
|
|-
! 4
| ''illu''
| ''iṇḍ'''ḷu''''' ''iḷ'''ḷu'''''
| house
| ''-llu'' and ''-nnu'' in the singular are replaced by ''-ṇḍḷu'' or ''-ḷḷu''.
|
* ''[[junnu]]'' → ''junnulu'' "kind of cheese"
* ''pannu'' → ''pannulu'' "tax"
* ''ponnu'' → ''ponnulu'' "iron ring"
* ''tannu'' → ''tannulu'' "beating"
* ''ṭannu'' → ''ṭannulu'' "tonne"
* ''vennu'' → ''vennulu'' "back, ear of corn"
|-
! 5
| ''pustakam''
| ''pustakā'''lu'''''
| book
| ''-[a/ā]m'' and ''-em'' in the singular are replaced by ''-ā-'' and ''-ē-'' before variant ''-lu''.
|
|-
! 6
| ''abbāy(i)''
| ''abbāy(i)'''lu'''''
| son, boy
| The vowel in ''-y'''i'''-'' is sometimes deleted, and variant ''-lu'' is used.
|
|-
! 7
| ''cēyi'' ''ceyyi''
| ''cē'''tulu'''''
| hand
| ''-(y)yi'' in the singular is replaced by ''-tulu'', and the vowel preceding ''-yyi'' becomes long after pluralization (''c'''e'''yyi'' → ''c'''ē'''tulu'').
|
* ''poyyi'' → ''poyyilu'', ''poyilu'' "hearth"
* ''rāyi'' → ''rāḷḷu'' "rock"
* ''veyyi'' → ''vēlu'' "thousand"
|-
! rowspan="2" | 8
| ''pilli''
| ''pillu'''lu'''''
| cat
| rowspan="2" | The vowel ''-i-'' is replaced by ''-u-'', and the variant ''-lu'' is used. In native nouns with more than three syllables, all instances of ''-i-'' is ablauted to ''-u-''.
| rowspan="2" |
* ''peṇḍḷi'', ''peḷḷi'' → ''peṇḍḷinḍḷu'', ''peḷḷiḷḷu'' "marriage"
* ''rātri'' → ''rātriḷḷu'' "night"
* ''vari'' → ''vaḍlu'' "paddy"
|-
| ''maniṣi''
| ''manuṣu'''lu'''''
| person
|}

=== Numerals ===
Cardinal numbers and quantifiers in Telugu vary based on whether or not the noun being counted is human, or non-human. The numbers from 1-7 have unique forms between the human and non-human forms, whereas numbers greater than 7 simply use the measure word '''మంది''' ''mandi'' to denote number. Ordinal numbers merely replace the final vowel of the non-human cardinal form with '''-''ō''''' and do not vary between human and non-human nouns.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
! colspan="4" |1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
|-
!Non-Human
| rowspan="2" |'''ఒక'''
''oka''
(''prepositive'')
| colspan="3" |'''ఒకటి'''
''okaṭi''
|'''రెండు'''
''reṇḍu''
|'''మూడు'''
''mūḍu''
|'''నాలుగు'''
''nālugu''
|'''ఐదు'''
''aidu''
|'''ఆరు'''
''āru''
|'''ఏడు'''
''ēḍu''
|'''ఎనిమిది'''
''enimidi''
|'''తొమ్మిది'''
''tommidi''
|'''పది'''
''padi''
|-
!Human
|'''ఒకడు'''
''okaḍu''
(''male informal'')
|'''ఒకతే'''
''okatē''
(''female informal'')
|'''ఒకరు'''
''okaru''
''(respectful)''
|'''ఇద్దరు'''
''iddaru''
|'''ముగ్గురు'''
''mugguru''
|'''నలుగురు'''
''naluguru''
|'''ఐదుగురు'''
''aiduguru''
|'''ఆరుగురు'''
''āruguru''
|'''ఏడుగురు'''
''ēḍuguru''
|'''ఎనిమిది మంది'''
''enimidi mandi''
|'''తొమ్మిది మంది'''
''tommidi mandi''
|'''పది మంది'''
''padi mandi''
|-
!Ordinal
| colspan="4" |'''మొదటి, ఒకటో'''
''modaṭi, okaṭō''
|'''రెండో'''
''reṇḍō''
|'''మూడో'''
''mūḍō''
|'''నాలుగో'''
''nālugō''
|'''ఐదో'''
''aidō''
|'''ఆరో'''
''ārō''
|'''ఏడో'''
''ēḍō''
|'''ఎనిమిదో'''
''enimidō''
|'''తొమ్మిదో'''
''tommidō''
|'''పదో'''
''padō''
|}

===Case===
''A Grammar of Modern Telugu'' by Krishnamurti and Gwynn (1985), which focuses on a grammatical description of modern spoken Telugu rather than classical literary Telugu, presents a simple analysis of grammatical case, in comparison with classical Telugu:

Only the nominative, genitive, accusative, and dative cases are regularly used, and the locative case is formed using the suffixes '''''-lō''''', '''''-lōpala''''' which were originally placed in the Genitive case by traditional grammarians to fit into the Sanskrit case scheme. The instrumental+sociative case suffix is '''''-tō''''' (while classical has '''''-cēn/-cētan''''' for instrumental and '''''-tōn/-tōḍan''''' for sociative); the colloquial suffixes for ablative case are '''''-nuṇḍi/-nuñci'''''. Ablative case is also used for comparative statements in colloquial Telugu, for which the suffixes are '''''-kaṇṭe/-kannā'''''. Another usage of ablative case is to indicate 'because of' noun, where the suffix '''''-valla''''' (classical '''''-valanan''''') is used. The benefactive suffixes in classical ('''''-koṟakun/-kai''''') are completely replaced by '''''-kōsam''''' in modern colloquial Telugu. The genitive form of a noun is defaulted to its oblique stem, i.e., oblique stem of a noun serves as its genitive case by default, though an explicit suffix '''''-yokka''''' is used in formal contexts (refer to oblique stem formation below).

The accusative case suffix is ''-ni/-nu'', with the former always used after final syllables containing ''-i-'', and the latter elsewhere but freely varies with ''-ni''. The intervening vowel is sometimes deleted between ''-ḍ-'', ''-l-'', ''-n-'', ''-ṇ-'', ''-r-'' and the suffix, e.g. ''mimmala'' "you (plural) + ''-ni'' → ''mimmalni'', ''vāḍi'' "him" + ''-ni'' → ''vāṇṇi'' (''*-ḍni'' → ''-ṇṇi'').

In neuter nouns, the nominative singular ending ''-am'' changes before the accusative and dative case suffixes, such that the combined forms of these endings are neuter accusative singular ''-ānni'' (← ''*-ānini'') and neuter dative singular ''-āniki''.<ref>{{harvnb|Krishnamurti|Gwynn|1985|pp=85–97}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Case
!Suffix
!Example
|-
|[[Dative case|Dative]]
|'''''-ki/-ku'''''
|అతను బడి'''కి''' వెళ్తాడు
''Atanu baḍi'''ki''' veḷtāḍu''
He goes '''to school'''
|-
|[[Accusative case|Accusative]]
|'''''-ni/-nu'''''
|అతను అబ్బాయి'''ని''' చూస్తాడు
''Atanu abbāyi'''ni''' cūstāḍu''
He sees '''the boy'''
|-
|[[Sociative case|Sociative]] + [[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]
|'''''-tō'''''
|అతను కుక్క'''తో''' ఆడుకుంటాడు
''Atanu kukka'''tō''' āḍukuṇṭāḍu''
He plays '''with the dog'''

అతను చేతి'''తో''' రాస్తున్నాడు

''Atanu cēti'''tō''' rāstunnāḍu''
He is writing '''using hand'''
|-
|[[Ablative case|Ablative]]
|'''''-nuṇḍi/-nuñci''''' ('from')
'''''-kaṇṭē/-kannā''''' (comparative)

'''''-valla''''' ('because of')
|అతను ఇంటి'''నుండి''' బయలుదేరాడు
''Atanu iṇṭi'''nuṇḍi''' bayaludērǣḍu''
He set out '''from home'''

అతని'''కంటే''' నేను పొడుగు

''Atani'''kaṇṭē''' nēnu poḍugu''
I am taller '''than him'''

అతని'''వల్ల''' నేను ఓడిపొయ్యాను

''Atani'''valla''' ōḍipoyyǣnu''
I have lost '''because of him'''
|-
|[[Locative case|Locative]]
|'''''-lō'''/'''lōpala'''''
|అతను గది'''లో''' ఉన్నాడు
''Atanu gadi'''lō''' unnāḍu''
He is '''in the room'''
|}

====Oblique stem formation====
Formation of the oblique stem, also usually but not always the same as the genitive (by default homophonous unless noted), is relatively complicated just like pluralization. The plural oblique stem, however, is either ''-la'' or ''-ḷa''.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|+ Classes<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Krishnamurti |title=A Grammar of Modern Telugu |last2=Gwynn |year=1985 |pages=163–166}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" | Class
! colspan="2" | Telugu
! rowspan="2" | English
! rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! Nominative
! Oblique
|-
! A
| ''ceṭṭu''
| ''ceṭṭu-''
| tree
| No change.
|-
! B
| ''kālu''
| ''kāl'''i-'''''
| leg
| Human nouns ending in ''-ḍu'', ''-lu'', ''-nu'', or ''-ru'' (including a few non-human nouns ending in ''-lu'' or ''-ru'') replace ''-u'' with ''-i''.
|-
! C
| ''gūḍu''
| ''gū'''ṭi-'''''
| tree
| Non-human nouns ending in ''-ḍ[i/u]'', ''-l[i/u]'', ''-r[i/u]'' replace the endings with ''-ṭi''.
|-
! rowspan="2" | D
| ''illu''
| ''i'''ṇṭi-'''''
| house
| rowspan="2" | Only limited to nouns ''cannu'' "breast", ''illu'' "house", ''kannu'' "eye", ''oḷḷu'' "body", ''pannu'' "teeth", and ''villu'' "bow".
|-
| ''kannu''
| ''ka'''ṇṭi-'''''
| eye
|-
! rowspan="2" | E
| ''cēyi'' ''ceyyi''
| ''cē'''ti-'''''
| hand
| rowspan="2" | Only limited to nouns ''cēyi'' "hand", ''gōyi'' "pit", ''nēyi'' "ghee", ''nūyi'' "well", ''rāyi'' "stone", ''gorru'' "hearth", and ''Parru'', all of them except the last three show variation between ''-V̄yi'' vs. ''-Vyyi''.
|-
| ''gorru''
| ''gor'''ti'''''
| hearth
|-
! F
| ''kalam''
| ''kal'''āni-'''''
| pen
| All nouns ending in ''-am'' replace the ending with ''-āni'', although the genitive is homophonous with nominative instead of the oblique stem.
|}

=== Examples ===
Only nominative, genitive, accusative, and dative cases are shown here.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ ''kukka'' "dog"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" | ''kukka''
| ''kukka'''lu'''''
|-
! Genitive
| ''kukka'''la'''''
|-
! Accusative
| ''kukka'''ni'''''
| ''kukka'''lani'''''
|-
! Dative
| ''kukka'''ki'''''
| ''kukka'''laki'''''
|}

==Sentence Structure==
Telugu word order tends to be [[subject–object–verb]]. It is head-final - the head follows its complements. Since Telugu is a pro-drop language, the subject can be omitted as the verb already marks person and number.

{{fs interlinear|lang=te|indent=3
|రాముడు బడికి వెళ్తాడు.
|Rāmuḍu baḍiki veḷtāḍu
|Ram {to school} goes.
|{{sc|Subject}} {{sc|Object}} {{sc|Verb}}
|Ram goes to school.}}{{Fs interlinear|అతను కుక్కను చూస్తాడు|Atanu kukkanu cūstāḍu|He {the dog} sees|{{sc|Subject}} {{sc|Object}} {{sc|Verb}}|He sees the dog|indent=3|lang=te}}

==Sandhi or joining==
[[Sandhi]] is the fusion of sounds across word boundaries and the alteration of sounds due to neighboring sounds or due to the grammatical function of adjacent words.

Telugu sandhis can be divided into native ones and those derived from Sanskrit ones.

=== Sanskrit Sandhis ===
These sandhis usually take place when the two words undergoing Sandhi are words borrowed from Sanskrit.

==== Savarṇadīrghasandhi (Vowel lengthening)====
The ''savarṇadīrgha sandhi,'' from Sanskrit ''savarṇa '<nowiki/>''same sound' and ''dīrgha '''long', this sandhi takes place when the first word ends in the same vowel that the second word starts with. The two vowels join to form one long vowel.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of the ''savarṇadīrgha sandhi''
!Initial word
!Final word
!Result
|-
|dev'''a'''
|'''ā'''layamu
|dēv'''ā'''layamu
|-
|pārvat'''i'''
|'''ī'''śvaruḍu
|pārvat'''ī'''śvaruḍu
|-
|aṇ'''u'''
|'''u'''tpatti
|aṇ'''ū'''tpatti
|}

==== Guṇasandhi (Vowel raising) ====
The ''guṇasandhi'' takes place when a word final -''a'' is followed by either -''i, -u'' or -''r̥.'' The sandhi yields -''ē, -ō'' and -''ar'' respectively. -''ē, -ō'' and -''ar'' are collectively called the ''guṇa''s, hence the name.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of the ''guṇasandhi''
!Initial word
!Final word
!Result
|-
|mah'''ā'''
|'''i'''ndra
|mah'''ē'''ndra
|-
|dhan'''a'''
|'''u'''tpatti
|dhan'''ō'''tpatti
|-
|dēv'''a'''
|'''r̥'''ṣi
|dēv'''ar'''ṣi
|}

==== Vr̥ddhisandhi (Diphthongization) ====
The ''vr̥ddhisandhi,'' from Sanskrit ''vr̥ddhi-,'' 'growth', takes place when a word final -''a'' is followed by -''ē'' or -''ai, -ō'' or ''-au'', and -''ar'' or -''ār'', and yields ''-ai, -au'' and -''ār'' respectively. ''-ai, -au'' and -''ār'' are collectively called the ''vr̥ddhi''s, hence the name.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of the ''vr̥ddhisandhi''
!Initial word
!Final word
!Result
|-
|vasudh'''a'''
|'''ē'''ka
|vasudh'''ai'''ka
|-
|mah'''ā'''
|'''ai'''kyata
|mah'''ai'''kyata
|-
|vīr'''a'''
|'''ō'''jassu
|vīr'''au'''jassu
|-
|divy'''a'''
|'''au'''ṣadhamu
|divy'''au'''ṣadhamu
|}

==== Yaṇādēśasandhi (Glide insertion) ====
The ''yaṇādēśasandhi'' takes place when word final -''i, -u'' or -''r̥'' is followed by a non-similar vowel. The sandhi yields either -''y-, -v-'' or ''-r-'' respectively. These are known as the ''yaṇā''s.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of the ''yaṇādēśasandhi''
!Initial word
!Final word
!Result
|-
|at'''i'''
|āśa
|at'''y'''āśa
|-
|s'''u'''
|āgatamu
|s'''v'''āgatamu
|-
|pit'''r̥'''
|ājña
|pit'''r'''ājña
|}

=== Native sandhis ===
These sandhis usually occur when one or both of the words is a native Telugu word, or is a Sanskrit borrowing that is treated as such (ex. ''iṣṭamu'').

==== Akārasandhi (Elision of a) ====
This sandhi occurs when a word final -''a'' is followed by any vowel. The word final -''a'' is removed, and the following vowel takes its place.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of ''akārasandhi''
!Initial word
!Final word
!Result
|-
|iṅkā
|ēṇṭi
|iṅkēṇṭi
|-
|puṭṭina
|illu
|puṭṭinillu
|-
|amma
|aṇṭē
|ammaṇṭē
|-
|teliyaka
|uṇḍenu
|teliyakuṇḍenu
|}

==== Ikārasandhi ====
This sandhi occurs when a word final -''i'' is followed by any vowel. The word final -''i'' is removed, and the following vowel takes its place.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of ''ikārasandhi''
!Initial word
!Final word
!Result
|-
|mari
|eppuḍu
|mareppuḍu
|-
|vāḍi
|illu
|vāḍillu
|-
|ēmi
|aṇṭivi
|ēmaṇṭivi
|-
|ēmi
|a(y)inadi
|ēma(y)inadi
|-
|ēmi
|undi
|ēmundi
|}

==== Ukārasandhi ====
This sandhi occurs when a word final -''u'' is followed by any vowel. The word final -''u'' is removed, and the following vowel takes its place.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Example of ''ukārasandhi''
!Initial word
!Final word
!Result
|-
|ceppu
|iṅkā
|ceppiṅkā
|-
|vāḍu
|evaḍu
|vāḍevaḍu
|-
|nīḷlu
|unnāyā
|nīḷlunnāyā
|-
|vāḍu
|annāḍu
|vāḍannāḍu
|}

==== Trikasandhi ====
One of the most complicated of the sandhis, the ''trikasandhi'' is of two forms:

# When a final -''ā -ī'' or ''-ē'' is followed by a non-clustered consonant, the vowel is shortened, and the unclustered consonant is geminated.
# When the word ''mūḍu'' (three) is followed by a consonant, the word-final -''ḍu'' is eliminated. This triggers the first rule of the ''trikasandhi,'' and the now-word-final ''-ū'' is shortened, and the following consonant is geminated. When the consonant is ''l-'', sometimes it is geminated to -''ḷḷ''- instead.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of the ''trikasandhi''
!Initial word
!Final word
!Result
|-
|ī
|kālamu
|ikkālamu
|-
|ē
|cōṭu
|eccōṭu
|-
|ā
|bhaṅgi
|abbaṅgi
|-
|mūḍu
|lōkamulu
|mullōkamulu
|-
|mūḍu
|kōṭi
|mukkōṭi
|}

==== Āmrēḍitasandhi ====
This sandhi deals with repeated words, i.e., pairs of same words. This sandhi forms some of the most used irregular-looking words in the language. It has three rules:

# When a vowel-initial word is repeated, the final vowel of the first word is eliminated.
# Word final forms of ''ka'' (''ka, ki, ku, ke,'' etc.) of the first word are eliminated and the first rule is applied.
# The ''andādi'' words (''anduku, iggulu, tumuru, tuniyalu'', etc.) when compounded lead to irregular forms.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of the ''āmrēḍitasandhi''
!Word
!Result
|-
|aura
|auraura
|-
|endun
|endendun
|-
|appaṭiki
|appaṭappaṭiki
|-
|ūran
|ūrūran
|-
|ceduru
|cellāceduru
|-
|iggulu
|iṟṟiggulu
|}

==== Dviruktaṭakārasandhi ====
Sometimes regarded as a form of the ''āmrēḍitasandhi'', the dviruktaṭakārasandhi occurs when ''kaḍādi'' (''kaḍa, naḍuma, madhyāhnamu, bayalu,'' etc.) words are compounded. A ''dviruktaṭakāra,'' a geminated -''ṭṭ''- forms from this sandhi, hence the name.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of the ''dviruktaṭakārasandhi''
!Initial word
!Final word
!Result
|-
|madhyāhnamu
|madhyāhnamu
|mi'''ṭṭ'''amadhyāhnamu
|-
|pagalu
|pagalu
|pa'''ṭṭ'''apagalu
|-
|naḍuma
|iṇṭlō
|na'''ṭṭi'''ṇṭlō
|}

==== Gasaḍadavādēśasandhi ====

*Trika Sandhi.
* Dugagama Sandhi.
* Saraladesha Sandhi
* Gasadadavadesha Sandhi.
* Rugagama Sandhi.
* Yadagama Sandhi.
* Prathametara Vibhakti Sandhi.
* Uchadadi sandhi.

==Samasam or nominal compounds==
Samasam or samasa occurs with various structures, but morphologically speaking they are essentially the same: each noun (or adjective) is in its (weak) stem form, with only the final element receiving case inflection.

Some of the Telugu samasams are:
* [[Tatpuruṣa]] Samasam.
** ''Prathama tatpurusha samasam''
** ''Dvitiya tatpurusha samasam''
** ''Trutiya tatpurusha samasam''
** ''Chaturthi tatpurusha samasam''
** ''Panchami tatpurusha samasam''
** ''Shashti tatpurusha samasam''
** ''Saptami tatpurusha samasam''
** ''Nai tatpurusha samasam''
* [[Karmadhāraya]] Samasam.
** ''Viśeshana purwapada karmadharaya samasam''
** ''Viśeshana uttarapada karmadharaya samasam''
** ''Viśeshana ubhayapada karmadharaya samasam''
** ''Upamana purvapada karmadharaya samasam''
** ''Upamana uttarapada karmadharaya samasam''
** ''Avadharana purvapada karmadharaya samasam''
** ''Sambhavana purvapada karmadharaya samasam''
* [[Dvigu]] Samasam.
* [[Dvandva]] Samasam.
* [[Bahuvrīhi]] Samasam.
* [[Amredita]] Samasam.
* [[Sanskrit compound#Avyayībhāva (adverbial)|Avyayībhāva]] Samasam

== Alankaram or ornamentation ==

Telugu Alankaram is a figure of speech which means ornaments or embellishments which are used to enhance the beauty of the poems. There are two types of Alankarams, 'Shabdalankaram' which primarily focuses on Sound and 'Arthalamkaram' which focuses on meaning. These two alankarams are further broken down in to different categories.<ref name="Padmapriya ch2">{{cite book |title= A Comparative Study Of Andhrashabdachintamani And Balavyakaranam |last= Gopavaram |first= Padmapriya |author2=Subrahmanyam, Korada |year= 2011 |publisher= University of Hyderabad |location=Hyderabad}}</ref>
shabdalankaras are 6 types where as there are nearly 30 to 40 types in ardhalankaras.
* ''Shabdalankaram''
** ''Vruttyanuprasa''
** ''Chekanuprasa''
** ''Latanuprasa''
** ''antyanuprasa''
** ''Yamakam''
** ''Mukta pada grastam''
* ''Arthalamkaram''
** ''Upamanaalankaram''
** ''Utprekshaalankaram''
** ''Rupakaalankaram''
** ''Shleshalankaram''
** ''Arthantaranyaasam''
** ''Atishayokti''
** ''Drushtantam''
** ''Swabhavokti''
** ''vyajastu''
** ''virodhi''
** ''vishamamu''
** ''parikaramu''
** ''branti madala''
** ''kramalam''

==Chandassu or Telugu prosody ==
{{Main|Chandas (Telugu)}}
[[Meter (poetry)|Metrical poetry]] in Telugu is called [[Chandas (Telugu)|'Chandassu' or 'Chandas']]. ya-maa-taa-raa-ja-bhaa-na-sa-la-gam is called the chandassu chakram. Utpalamala, Champakamala, Mattebha vikreeditham, Sardoola Vikreeditham, Kanda, Aata veladi, Theta geethi, Sragdhara, Bhujangaprayata, etc. are some metrics used in Telugu poetry.

==Verbs==
{{Wiktionary|Appendix:Telugu verbs}}
Although the morphological (grammatical) structure of Telugu verbs is quite evidently complex and complicated, the basic conjugation of subject person and number endings in modern spoken Telugu is in fact rather straightforward:

=== Past tense ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Past tense
!Past tense negative
|-
|1st person singular నేను ''nēnu''
|వెళ్ళాను
'''veḷḷānu''' I went
|వెళ్ళలేదు '''veḷḷalēdu''' I didn't go
|-
|2nd person singular నువ్వు ''nuvvu''
|వెళ్ళావు
'''veḷḷāvu''' You went
|వెళ్ళలేదు '''veḷḷalēdu''' You didn't go
|-
|3rd person singular masculine అతను ''atanu''
|వెళ్ళాడు
'''veḷḷāḍu''' He went
|వెళ్ళలేదు '''veḷḷalēdu''' He didn't go
|-
|3rd person singular feminine/neuter ఆమె ''āme''
|వెళ్ళింది
'''veḷḷindi''' She went
|వెళ్ళలేదు '''veḷḷalēdu''' She didn't go
|-
|1st person plural మేము ''mēmu''
|వెళ్ళాము
'''veḷḷāmu''' We went
|వెళ్ళలేదు '''veḷḷalēdu''' We didn't go
|-
|2nd person plural మీరు ''mīru''
|వెళ్ళారు
'''veḷḷāru''' You (plural) went
|వెళ్ళలేదు '''veḷḷalēdu''' You (plural) didn't go
|-
|3rd person plural masculine/feminine వారు ''vāru''
|వెళ్ళారు
'''veḷḷāru''' They (masc./fem.) went
|వెళ్ళలేదు '''veḷḷalēdu''' They (masc./fem.) didn't go
|-
|3rd person plural neuter అవి ''avi''
|వెళ్లాయి
'''veḷlāyi''' They (neuter) went
|వెళ్ళలేదు '''veḷḷalēdu''' They (neuter) didn't go
|}

The vowel ''-ā-'' is pronounced as {{IPAslink|æː}} in the past tense ending, except in some verbs. In the verbs ''an-'' "to say", ''kan-'' "to buy", ''kon-'' "to bring forth", ''kūrcun-'' "to be seated", ''nilcun-'' "to stand", ''tin-'' " to eat", ''un-'' "to be", and ''vin-'' " to hear", ''-nā'' (with {{IPAslink|aː}}) is used instead.

=== Present tense ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Present tense
!Present tense negative
|-
|1st person singular నేను ''nēnu''
|వెళ్తున్నాను
'''veḷtunnānu'''

I am going
|వెళ్లట్లేదు
'''veḷlaṭlēdu'''

I am not going
|-
|2nd person singular నువ్వు ''nuvvu''
|వెళ్తున్నావు
'''veḷtunnāvu'''

You are going
|వెళ్లట్లేదు
'''veḷlaṭlēdu'''

You aren't going
|-
|3rd person singular masculine అతను ''atanu''
|వెళ్ళుతున్నాడు
'''veḷḷutunnāḍu'''

He is going
|వెళ్లట్లేదు
'''veḷlaṭlēdu'''

He isn't going
|-
|3rd person singular feminine/neuter ఆమె ''āme''
|వెళ్తోంది
'''veḷtōndi'''

She is going
|వెళ్లట్లేదు
'''veḷlaṭlēdu'''

She isn't going
|-
|1st person plural మేము ''mēmu''
|వెళ్తున్నాము
'''veḷtunnāmu'''

We are going
|వెళ్లట్లేదు
'''veḷlaṭlēdu'''

We aren't going
|-
|2nd person plural మీరు ''mīru''
|వెళ్తున్నారు
'''veḷtunnāru'''

You (plural) are going
|వెళ్లట్లేదు
'''veḷlaṭlēdu'''

You (plural) aren't going
|-
|3rd person plural masculine/feminine వారు ''vāru''
|వెళ్తున్నారు
'''veḷtunnāru'''

They (masc./fem.) are going
|వెళ్లట్లేదు
'''veḷlaṭlēdu'''

They (masc./fem.) aren't going
|-
|3rd person plural neuter అవి ''avi''
|వెళ్తున్నాయి
'''veḷtunnāyi'''

They (neuter) are going
|వెళ్లట్లేదు
'''veḷlaṭlēdu'''

They (neuter) aren't going
|}

=== Future tense ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Future tense
!Future tense negative
|-
|1st person singular నేను ''nēnu''
|వెళ్తాను
'''veḷtānu'''

I will go
|వెళ్ళను
'''veḷḷanu'''

I won't go
|-
|2nd person singular నువ్వు ''nuvvu''
|వెళ్తావు
'''veḷtāvu'''

You will go
|వెళ్లవు
'''veḷlavu'''

You won't go
|-
|3rd person singular masculine అతను ''atanu''
|వెళ్తాడు
'''veḷtāḍu'''

He will go
|వెళ్ళడు
'''veḷḷaḍu'''

He won't go
|-
|3rd person singular feminine/neuter ఆమె ''āme''
|వెళ్తుంది
'''veḷtundi'''

She will go
|వెళ్ళదు
'''veḷḷadu'''

She won't go
|-
|1st person plural మేము ''mēmu''
|వెళ్తాము
'''veḷtāmu'''

We will go
|వెళ్ళము
'''veḷḷamu'''

We won't go
|-
|2nd person plural మీరు ''mīru''
|వెళ్తారు
'''veḷtāru'''

You (plural) will go
|వెళ్ళరు
'''veḷḷaru'''

You (plural) won't go
|-
|3rd person plural masculine/feminine వారు ''vāru''
|వెళ్తారు
'''veḷtāru'''

They (masc./fem.) will go
|వెళ్ళరు
'''veḷḷaru'''

They (masc./fem.) won't go
|-
|3rd person plural neuter అవి ''avi''
|వెళ్తాయి
'''veḷtāyi'''

They (neuter) will go
|వెళ్ళవు
'''veḷḷavu'''

They (neuter) won't go
|}
{{sfn|Krishnamurti|Gwynn|1985|p=138}}

=== Imperative ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Informal
!Formal
!Informal negative
!Formal negative
|-
|వెళ్ళు
'''veḷḷu'''

Go
|వెళ్ళండి
'''veḷḷaṇḍi'''

Go (formal)
|వెళ్ళకు
'''veḷḷaku'''

Don't go
|వెళ్ళకండి
'''veḷḷakaṇḍi'''

Don't go (formal)
|}
<ref name=":0" />

=== Converbs ===
Telugu has two types of converbs, present and past. These are heavily used to form compound sentences.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Past
!Present
|-
|వెళ్ళి
'''veḷḷi'''

Having gone...
|వెళ్తూ
'''veḷtū'''

While going...
|}

* ఇంటికి వెళ్ళి, కిరణ్ తన ఫోన్ చూసింది. '''iṇṭiki veḷḷi, kiraṇ tana phon cūsindi.''' - Kiran went home and looked at her phone.
* ఇంటికి వెళ్తూ, కిరణ్ తన ఫోన్ చూస్తోంది. '''iṇṭiki veḷtū, kiraṇ tana phon cūstondi.''' - Kiran is looking at her phone while going home.

Note that in most cases, all sub clauses using these types of converbs need to share a subject.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chekuri |first=Ramarao |title=తెలుగు వాక్యం |year=1975 |pages=27 |language=te |trans-title=The Telugu Sentence}}</ref>

* *వాడు ఇంటికి వెళ్ళి, కిరణ్ తన ఫోన్ చూసింది. *'''vāḍu iṇṭiki veḷḷi, kiraṇ tana phon cūsindi.''' - *He went home and Kiran looked at her phone. ('''Incorrect''')

=== Participles ===
Telugu forms relative clauses with participles. There are three main participles in Telugu: the perfective, the imperfective, and the negative.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="3" |Participles of '''veḷḷu (to go)'''
|-
!Perfective
!Imperfective
!Negative
|-
|వెళ్ళిన
|వెళ్ళే
|వెళ్ళని
|-
|'''veḷḷina'''
|'''veḷḷē'''
|'''veḷḷani'''
|}

* ఇంటికి '''వెళ్ళిన''' బాలుడి పేరు సాహిల్. - Iṇṭiki veḷḷina bāluḍi pēru Sāhil. - The name of the boy '''who went''' home is Sahil.
* ఇంటికి '''వెళ్ళే''' బాలుడి పేరు సాహిల్. - Iṇṭiki veḷḷē bāluḍi pēru Sāhil. - The name of the boy '''who goes''' home is Sahil.
* ఇంటికి '''వెళ్ళని''' బాలుడి పేరు సాహిల్. - Iṇṭiki veḷḷani bāluḍi pēru Sāhil. - The name of the boy '''who does not go'''/'''did not go''' is Sahil.
Notice that the negative participle does not show tense. Context is used to disambiguate the tense in this case.

== See also ==
* [[Telugu language]]
* [[Telugu literature]]
* [[Telugu people]]
* [[Telugu development]]
* [[Satavahana Dynasty]]
* [[Sanskrit grammar]]
* [[Sanskrit pronouns and determiners]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Grammars of South Asian languages}}
{{Language grammars}}

[[Category:Telugu language]]
[[Category:Dravidian grammars]]

Michael Madana Kama Rajan

2026-04-20T13:33:36Z

ErwinGholson17: started first details initial version

{{short description|1990 film by Singeetam Srinivasa Rao}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Michael Madana Kama Rajan.jpg
| alt = L to R: Madan and Chakku Bai, Kameshwaran and Thirupurasundari, Shalini and Raju
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]
| screenplay = {{plainlist|
* [[Kamal Haasan]]
* [[Crazy Mohan]] {{small|(dialogue)}}
}}
| story = Kader Kashmiri
| producer = Meena Panchu Arunachalam
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Kamal Haasan
* [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvasi]]
* [[Rupini]]
}}
| cinematography = [[B. C. Gowrishankar]]
| editing = D. Vasu
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = P. A. Art Productions
| distributor = 
| released = {{film date|1990|10|17|df=y}}
| runtime = 162 minutes{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=134}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Michael Madana Kama Rajan'''''{{efn|The film was alternatively spelt as ''Michael, Madana, Kama, Rajan''.<ref name="K"/>}} is a 1990 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] and written by [[Kamal Haasan]], with [[Crazy Mohan]] penning the dialogues. The film stars Haasan in four roles alongside [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvasi]] and [[Rupini]] while [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Delhi Ganesh]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]], [[S. N. Lakshmi]], [[Jayabharathi]], [[R. N. Jayagopal]], [[Nagesh]], [[Praveen Kumar Sobti|Praveen Kumar]], [[Santhana Bharathi]] and [[R. S. Shivaji]] play supporting roles. It revolves around quadruplets who get separated at birth and cross paths as adults.

[[Panchu Arunachalam]] obtained the rights to adapt a [[Cinema of Pakistan|Pakistani film]] written by Kader Kashmiri. Despite retaining that film's core premise of quadruplets, Rao, Haasan and Mohan created an otherwise entirely new story.<ref name="30 years" /> The film was produced by Arunachalam's wife Meena, photographed primarily by [[B. C. Gowrishankar]] and edited by D. Vasu.

''Michael Madana Kama Rajan'' was released on 17 October 1990, [[Diwali]] day. The film was commercially successful, running for 175 days, thereby becoming a [[silver jubilee film]].

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|section|date=February 2017}}
Venugopal, an industrialist, marries a woman and they have [[Multiple birth|quadruplets]]. His brother Nandagopal tries to have her and the babies killed by hired goons. Alex, the leader of the goons, refuses to kill them after having a change of heart, so he adopts one (Michael), leaves one at an orphanage (Subramaniam Raju), one at a temple (Kameshwaran) – who is adopted by a cook Palakkad Mani [[Iyer]] – and one (Madanagopal) in a car belonging to Venugopal.

30 years later, Madan is a London-educated businessman. Venugopal has raised Madan as his adopted son, unaware that he is his biological son. Venugopal is seemingly killed by Nandagopal and his nephew, Ramu for his inheritance; unknown to them, the will has already named Madan as the beneficiary. Madan returns to [[Bangalore]] from London to take over his father's company. He confronts Avinashi, his father's [[Personal assistant|PA]], over his embezzlement, while reluctantly promising to forgive him if Avinashi accepts his culpability.

In [[Chennai|Madras]], Michael and Alex run a [[counterfeit money]] racket. While they escape from the police, Michael accidentally causes a fire in an art gallery. Raju, a firefighter, saves the artist Shalini and her paintings, leading to romance. Kameshwaran, a vegetarian cook for weddings, meets Thirupurasundari "Thirupu" and her grandmother in a wedding. Eventually, Kameshwaran marries Thirupu.

An anonymous caller tells Madan that his father's death was no accident, but planned, and asks him to meet her in Madras. After some distractions on the way involving a theatre artist Chakkubai and her mother Gangubai, Madan meets the caller, Sushila, unaware she is his biological mother. While escaping from goons sent by Ramu, Madan meets Raju and hires him to take leave from firefighting and to impersonate him at home/work in Bangalore while Madan investigates in Madras. In exchange, Madan pays off Raju's loans.

Meanwhile, Ramu and Nandagopal have hired Michael to kill Madan. Michael sabotages Madan's car, not realising it is Raju. The brakes fail on the highway, but Raju brings the car to a safe stop. Sushila meets with him thinking he is Madan, but he redirects her to the real Madan in Madras. Raju, Shalini, and her father arrive at Madan's house in Bangalore. Raju confiscates back Avinashi's money, unaware of Madan's deal with Avinashi.

Meanwhile, Michael finds the real Madan in Madras. Madan and Chakkubai have fallen in love. Michael and Alex spy on them. Michael follows Madan, Chakkubai, Gangubai, and Sushila to Sushila's house where it is revealed that Madan's father is alive. Michael and Alex arrive; Sushila recognises Alex as the man who had taken her quadruplets and realises that Michael and Madan are her sons. Michael and Alex knock them out and kidnap Madan and the others to a mountain cabin near Bangalore.

Avinashi chances upon Kameshwaran on his wedding day, and hires him to impersonate Madan to retrieve the confiscated money. Back at Madan's house in Bangalore, Raju and Shalini plan to meet without her father knowing. Avinashi drugs Raju's soup, thinking Raju is Madan, but Madan's bodyguard Bheem drinks it. Raju and Shalini meet and profess their love for one another. Michael and Alex arrive at Madan's house to loot it. Michael sees Raju, mistakes him for Madan, and thinks that Madan has escaped from the cabin. He knocks Raju unconscious. Avinashi sees the unconscious Raju, assumes it was the effect of his drugged soup, and brings Kameshwaran in.

Kameshwaran is mistaken for Raju by Shalini who then tries to get intimate with him. Thirupu and her grandmother drag Kameshwaran away from her. Shalini then witnesses Kameshwaran hugging Thirupu. This angers her as she thinks it is Raju. Chakkubai and Gangubai also arrive at the house in search of Madan. Chakkubai mistakes Kameshwaran for Madan and introduces herself to everyone as Madan's lover. Shalini takes a rifle and holds everyone at gunpoint. Avinashi and the rest try to tell her that Kameshwaran is not Madan or Raju but she does not believe them.

Meanwhile, the real Madan has escaped the cabin with his parents and comes to the house. Amidst all this confusion, Michael steals Madan's wealth and escapes to the cabin. Everyone else follows them back to the cabin in multiple cars. Ramu and Nandagopal are already present in the cabin and hold everyone at gunpoint as they arrive. All four brothers are finally in the same room at the same time and Sushila tells them that they are her sons. The presence of all the people in the small cabin causes it to tilt over the cliff edge. The goons are knocked out and the four brothers work together to safely get everyone out of the cabin.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kamal Haasan]] in a [[Dual role|quadruple role]] as
**Michael
**Madanagopal
**Kameshwaran
**Subramaniam Raju
* [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Shalini Sivaraman
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Thiripurasundari
* [[Rupini]] as Chakkubai
* [[Nagesh]] as Avinashi
* [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Sivaraman
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Ram Gopal aka Ramu{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=135}}
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Gangubai<ref name="thenewsminute" />
* [[Jayabharathi]] as Sushila{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=134}}
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]] as Krishnaveni
* [[Praveen Kumar Sobti|Praveen Kumar]] as Bheem
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Palakkad Mani Iyer
* [[Santhana Bharathi]] as Alex{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=134}}
* [[R. S. Shivaji]] as David{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=136}}
* [[R. N. K. Prasad]] as Venugopal<ref name="thenewsminute" />
* [[R. N. Jayagopal]] as Nandagopal<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 May 2008 |title=Noted Kannada Lyricist Jayagopal dead |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-noted-kannada-lyricist-jayagopal-dead-1165340 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115171729/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-noted-kannada-lyricist-jayagopal-dead-1165340 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |work=[[DNA India]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref>
* [[Crazy Mohan]] as the provisions store owner<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=N. |date=10 June 2020 |title=Remembering Crazy Mohan, a year after his death |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/remembering-crazy-mohan-a-year-after-his-death/article31795776.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207234813/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/remembering-crazy-mohan-a-year-after-his-death/article31795776.ece |archive-date=7 December 2020 |access-date=15 January 2021 |work=[[Business Line]]}}</ref>
* [[Ananthu (screenwriter)|Ananthu]] (guest appearance)<ref>{{Cite news |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=18 October 2020 |title='திருப்பு திருப்புன்னான்', 'மீன் பிடிக்கிற கரண்டி', 'கேட்ச் மை பாயிண்ட்', 'கடன்பட்டார் நெஞ்சம் போல் கலங்கினான்', 'அங்கவஸ்திர ஜரிகை மாதிரி மளிகை லிஸ்ட்', 'இது இங்கிலீஷ் மீனாக்கும்!', 'பீம்பாய் பீம்பாய்'; - காமெடியில் தனி சரித்திரம் படைத்த 'மைக்கேல் மதன காமராஜன்' 30 ஆண்டுகள்! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/592325-30-years-of-michel-madhana-kamarajan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101103211/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/592325-30-years-of-michel-madhana-kamarajan.html |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=26 February 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as an assassin<ref name="Retro Ticket" />
* Venkatesh as an assassin<ref name="Retro Ticket" />
* Gopinath Rao as Varadhu Kutty<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 July 2024 |title=Gopinatha Rao, actor and veteran theatre artiste, dies at 71 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/gopinatha-rao-actor-and-veteran-theatre-artiste-dead-at-71/article68374650.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707022742/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/gopinatha-rao-actor-and-veteran-theatre-artiste-dead-at-71/article68374650.ece |archive-date=7 July 2024 |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* [[Mayilsamy]] as Raju's colleague<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=19 February 2023 |title='I am Venugopal, from Tidel Park': Remembering Mayilsamy's iconic roles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/remembering-mayilsamys-iconic-roles/article66528524.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426142657/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/remembering-mayilsamys-iconic-roles/article66528524.ece |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=20 February 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] as the travelling singer (uncredited)<ref name="instagram" />
*[[Mandeep Roy]] as one of the office colleagues (uncredited)<ref name="movie">{{Cite AV media |title=Michael Madhana Kamarahan |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=P. A. Arts Productions |year=1990}}</ref>{{rp|10:18–10:19}}
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
The producer/writer [[Panchu Arunachalam]] saw a [[Cinema of Pakistan|Pakistani film]] written by Kader Kashmiri featuring quadruplets being separated at birth and reuniting in the climax. He obtained the rights to adapt that film in Tamil, with [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] hired to direct, the screenplay written by [[Kamal Haasan]] and the dialogues by [[Crazy Mohan]]. While the film retained the original's core premise and Kashmiri received credit for the story, the team of Rao, Haasan and Mohan created an otherwise entirely new story.<ref name="Retro Ticket" /> The film was initially titled ''Jolly Jag Jeevan Ram'', but no one liked it. Mohan suggested ''Madana Kama Rajan'', inspired by the 1941 film [[Madana Kama Rajan|of the same name]], which Haasan agreed to but felt it was not inclusive; at his suggestion, Mohan added "Michael".<ref name="Retro Ticket" /><ref name="instagram" /> As Haasan did not want to spend time to establish the premise, the opening montage song "Kadha Kelu Kadha Kelu" was conceived to serve as [[Exposition (narrative)|exposition]].<ref name="instagram" /><ref name="Balan" />

Haasan said he wrote the script of ''Michael Madana Kama Rajan'' "like a [[kolam]] that you teach a child. There were just a few dots and crosses. Mohan was the only one who truly got it." He said the story has its origin in [[Oscar Wilde]]'s play ''[[The Importance of Being Earnest]]''.<ref name="kolam" /> Despite being credited for the story, Kashmiri had not received his due of {{INRConvert|11|l|lk=|year=1990}} as of 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2013 |title=Kader Kashmiri's case against Kamal Haasan |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/kader-kashmiris-case-against-kamal-haasan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003040235/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/kader-kashmiris-case-against-kamal-haasan#bypass-sw |archive-date=3 October 2020 |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=[[The Free Press Journal]]}}</ref> The film was produced by Arunachalam's wife Meena under P. A. Art Productions, cinematography was handled primarily by [[B. C. Gowrishankar]], and editing by D. Vasu.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=134}}

=== Casting ===
Haasan played four distinct characters who are quadruplets: the criminal Michael, the businessman Madanagopal, the cook Kameshwaran and the firefighter Subramaniam Raju. To portray each quadruplet, Haasan sported different looks; for Michael, he grew his hair long and had a French beard; for Madan, he wore glasses and was clean-shaven; for Kameshwaran (also clean-shaven), he brushed his hair back and applied a ''[[vibhuti]] [[tilaka]]'' on his forehead; for Raju, he kept his moustache thick and hair short.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Raj |first=Maya |date=July 2010 |title=Style Sutra: Kamal Haasan |magazine=[[South Scope]] |page=52}}</ref> In keeping with the quadruplets' diverse upbringings, he even had different speaking styles for each quadruplet: a "gruff" accent for Michael,<ref name="thenewsminute" /> an [[Regional accents of English|English one]] for Madan, a [[Palakkad]] one for Kameshwaran, and [[Madras Bashai]] for Raju.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundaram |first=Nandhu |date=28 November 2020 |title=30 Years Of Michael Madana Kama Rajan: An Ode To Kamal Haasan's Genius |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/30-years-of-michael-madana-kama-rajan-an-ode-to-kamal-haasans-genius-6166911.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128075521/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/30-years-of-michael-madana-kama-rajan-an-ode-to-kamal-haasans-genius-6166911.html |archive-date=28 November 2020 |access-date=16 January 2021 |website=[[Moneycontrol]]}}</ref> As [[Coimbatore]] was then a hub for numerous [[counterfeit money]] scams, Haasan added this to Michael's characterisation.<ref name="instagram" />

[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] played Kameshwaran's love interest Thirupurasundari.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasudevan |first=K. V. |date=26 November 2016 |title=A filmy reunion |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/A-filmy-reunion/article16706323.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203024048/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/A-filmy-reunion/article16706323.ece |archive-date=3 December 2016 |access-date=21 September 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> She dubbed in her own voice at Haasan's insistence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shiva Kumar |first=S. |date=17 June 2005 |title=The beauty of comic timing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-beauty-of-comic-timing/article28583839.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016070434/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-beauty-of-comic-timing/article28583839.ece |archive-date=16 October 2020 |access-date=26 January 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=11 November 2020 |title=In front of the Camera, There Is No Suriya, Vijay Or Dhanush: Urvashi |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/in-front-of-the-camera-there-is-no-suriya-vijay-or-dhanush-urvashi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117141746/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/in-front-of-the-camera-there-is-no-suriya-vijay-or-dhanush-urvashi/ |archive-date=17 November 2020 |access-date=24 January 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] was cast as Raju's love interest Shalini after a meeting with Arunachalam's son [[Subbu Panchu|Subbu]].<ref name="30 years" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Manoj Kumar |first=R |date=6 July 2019 |title=South Stream: Kamal Haasan's Michael Madana Kama Rajan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/what-to-stream-michael-madana-kama-rajan-kamal-haasan-crazy-mohan-5802217/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612120926/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/what-to-stream-michael-madana-kama-rajan-kamal-haasan-crazy-mohan-5802217/ |archive-date=12 June 2020 |access-date=15 January 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Rupini]] played Madan's love interest Chakku Bai.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ge |first=Krupa |date=11 June 2019 |title=Ms. Representation: Crazy's women – A lesson in writing |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2019/jun/11/ms-representation-crazy-mohans-women-ndash-a-lesson-in-writing-12198.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928151556/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2019/jun/11/ms-representation-crazy-mohans-women-ndash-a-lesson-in-writing-12198.html |archive-date=28 September 2020 |access-date=15 January 2021 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> According to Haasan, all three actresses would be "squeamish about what would be their part and we couldn't take any more of it", hence a love interest for Michael was not created.<ref name="instagram" />

[[Nagesh]] initially wanted to play a different role from Madan's [[Personal assistant|PA]] Avinashi, but when Haasan asked him if he would play his role, Nagesh retorted, "As if you'd give me that if I asked you for it!" He was interested in playing Thirupurasundari's kleptomaniac grandmother before [[S. N. Lakshmi]] was cast.<ref name="kolam" /> [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]], who played Shalini's father Shivaraman,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=17 October 2020 |title=Michael Madana Kama Rajan Turns 30: A "Critical" Look at This Beloved Kamal Haasan-Singeetam Srinivasa Rao-Crazy Mohan Comedy |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/michael-madana-kama-rajan-turns-30-a-critical-look-at-this-beloved-kamal-haasan-singeetam-srinivasa-rao-crazy-mohan-comedy-baradwaj-rangan-khushbu-urvashi-manorama/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113114842/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/michael-madana-kama-rajan-turns-30-a-critical-look-at-this-beloved-kamal-haasan-singeetam-srinivasa-rao-crazy-mohan-comedy-baradwaj-rangan-khushbu-urvashi-manorama/ |archive-date=13 November 2020 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> added "his own quirks" to the role.<ref name="instagram" /> Haasan cast [[Praveen Kumar Sobti|Praveen Kumar]] as Madan's bodyguard after being impressed with his performance as [[Bhima]] in the TV series ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]''; the bodyguard was named Bheem as a reference to the earlier role.<ref name="30 years" /> [[Delhi Ganesh]], who played Kameshwaran's foster father Mani Iyer, also used a Palakkad accent for his character.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=11 June 2019 |title=The king of comedy leaves his fans in tears |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-king-of-comedy-leaves-his-fans-in-tears/article27767820.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115171725/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-king-of-comedy-leaves-his-fans-in-tears/article27767820.ece |archive-date=15 January 2021 |access-date=30 May 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Santhana Bharathi]] was cast as Michael's foster father Alex after Haasan recommended him to Rao.<ref name="Santhana Bharathi" />

=== Filming ===
''Michael Madana Kamarajan'' was shot mainly in [[Bangalore]] to accommodate Gowrishankar's availability.<ref name="Cinema Express-2019" />{{Rp|location=slide 7}} The song "Sundhari Neeyum Sundharan Njanum" was filmed entirely in slow-motion at 48 frames per second.<ref name="ss" /><ref name="Sundari Neeyum" /> Rao initially wanted the picturisation with 20 widows in background, but changed the idea after hearing the tune of the song.<ref name="ss" /> The song "Rum Bum Bum Arambum" was choreographed by [[Prabhu Deva]].<ref name="30 years" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=பிரபுதேவா |author-link=Prabhu Deva |date=23 March 2017 |title=இதுதான் நான் 68: 'ரம்..பம்..பம்.. ஆரம்பம்' |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/217798-68.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619131353/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/217798-68.html |archive-date=19 June 2023 |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> In a scene set in Madan's house where many characters confront each other, they cunningly try to evade Michael when held by him at gunpoint; it was not written in the script that they should do so, but improvised during filming at Haasan's suggestion.<ref name="kolam" />

The climax sequence, featuring a "cliff-hanging-house", was based on a similar scene from the American film ''[[The Gold Rush]]'' (1925).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=4 January 2008 |title=No, thank you! -- Welcome |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/01/04/stories/2008010450730200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125135400/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/01/04/stories/2008010450730200.htm |archive-date=25 January 2013 |access-date=16 January 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The exterior portion was shot in [[Coonoor]] and the interior of the house was shot in a studio, in a hydraulic set.<ref name="30 years" /><ref name="ss" /> Kabir Lal was selected as cinematographer for the climax sequence due to the complexities involved with shooting multiple lookalikes.<ref name="Retro Ticket" /> Due to his rapport with Panchu Arunachalam, Santhana Bharathi was allowed to aid post-production works such as dubbing and re-recording.<ref name="Santhana Bharathi" />

== Themes and influences ==
Haasan has acknowledged various films as influences on ''Michael Madana Kama Rajan'', namely ''[[Nadodi Mannan]]'', ''[[Deiva Magan]]'' and ''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]''.<ref name="instagram" /> Rao described it as a "modern version of the old folk tale of a king, queen and their quadruplets who grow up in different households".<ref name="ss" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. [[Vaali (poet)|Vaalee]] wrote the lyrics for all songs except "Kadha Kelu Kadha Kelu" & "Rum Bum Bum", which Panchu Arunachalam wrote.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael Madhanakama Rajan Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/michael-madhanakama-rajan-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621083243/https://mossymart.com/product/michael-madhanakama-rajan-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-2/ |archive-date=21 June 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 1991 |title=Michael Madana Kama Rajan |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/michael-madana-kama-rajan/buy66WGlCgw_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801130937/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/michael-madana-kama-rajan/buy66WGlCgw_ |archive-date=1 August 2022 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> "Sundhari Neeyum Sundharan Njanum" was conceived out of Haasan's desire for a song like "Margazhi Thingal" (a verse from the devotional poem ''[[Tiruppavai]]'') to feature in the film. [[K. J. Yesudas]] was supposed to sing the song, but was not available. Haasan offered to record a dummy version and have his vocals replaced, but Ilaiyaraaja insisted on him singing the official version, rather than wait for Yesudas' availability.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=4 September 2014 |title=And more on the Ilaiyaraaja connection |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/and-more-on-the-ilaiyaraaja-connection/article6379569.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524054109/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/and-more-on-the-ilaiyaraaja-connection/article6379569.ece |archive-date=24 May 2015 |access-date=28 September 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The [[Malayalam]] lyrics in the song were written by [[Poovachal Khader]].<ref name="Sundari Neeyum" /> The song is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Kedaram]].{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=160}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராமானுஜன் |first=டாக்டர் ஆர். |date=17 August 2018 |title=ராகயாத்திரை 18: பொன்மானே சங்கீதம் பாடிவா... |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/138926-18.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922033718/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/138926-18.html |archive-date=22 September 2021 |access-date=22 September 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

"Per Vechalum Vekkama Ponnalum" was inspired by the ''[[Kural|Thirukkural]]''. While writing the lyrics, Vaali made every syllable have a [[Stress (linguistics)|stress]] as instructed by Ilaiyaraaja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2021 |title=Per Vechalum song was inspired from Thirukkural, reveals Ilaiyaraaja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/per-vechalum-song-was-inspired-from-thirukkural-reveals-ilaiyaraaja/articleshow/86396573.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922032700/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/per-vechalum-song-was-inspired-from-thirukkural-reveals-ilaiyaraaja/articleshow/86396573.cms |archive-date=22 September 2021 |access-date=22 September 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> "Siva Rathiri" is set in [[Natabhairavi]],{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=158}} and "Mathapoovu Oru Penna" is set in [[Sankarabharanam (raga)#Janya 1: Ragam Pahadi/Pahari|Pahadi]].The songs "Mathapoovu Oru Penna" and "Aadi Pattam Thedi" were not picturised.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=7 December 2011 |title=Songs that were not picturized! |url=https://milliblog.com/2011/12/07/songs-that-were-not-picturized/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240402102549/https://milliblog.com/2011/12/07/songs-that-were-not-picturized/ |archive-date=2 April 2024 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=[[Milliblog]]}}</ref><ref name="Cinema Express-2019" />{{rp|slide 33}} For the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-dubbed version ''Michael Madana Kamaraju'', [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]] wrote all the lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael Madana Kamaraju |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/michael-madana-kamaraju/PE7Ed,GzCOY_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115171740/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/michael-madana-kamaraju/PE7Ed,GzCOY_ |archive-date=15 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> "Per Vechalum Vekkama Ponnalum" was later remixed by Ilaiyaraaja's son [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] for ''[[Dikkiloona]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2020 |title=Santhanam's 'Dikkilona' trending at the top, fans rejoice |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhanams-dikkilona-director-karthik-yogi-brings-in-this-legendary-star-to-the-film/articleshow/77757320.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120212839/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhanams-dikkilona-trending-at-the-top-fans-rejoice/articleshow/79937041.cms |archive-date=20 January 2021 |access-date=24 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> "Rum Bum Bum Arambum" was recreated by Yuvan for ''[[Coffee with Kadhal]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2022 |title=Rum Bum Bum: First single from Coffee with Kaadhal out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2022/jul/01/rum-bum-bum-first-single-from-sundar-cs-coffee-with-kadhal-out-32481.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701142804/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2022/jul/01/rum-bum-bum-first-single-from-sundar-cs-coffee-with-kadhal-out-32481.html |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=31 July 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> "Sivaratri" was recreated in the film ''[[Mrs & Mr]]'' (2025).<ref>{{cite web |date=11 July 2025 |title=Ilaiyaraaja files suit against Vanitha Vijaykumar's Mrs & Mr for unauthorised use of Michael Madana Kama Rajan song |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/11/ilaiyaraaja-files-suit-against-vanitha-vijaykumars-mrs-mr-for-unauthorised-use-of-michael-madana-kama-rajan-song |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250722134216/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/11/ilaiyaraaja-files-suit-against-vanitha-vijaykumars-mrs-mr-for-unauthorised-use-of-michael-madana-kama-rajan-song |archive-date=22 July 2025 |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Kadha Kelu Kadha Kelu
| note1 =
| extra1 = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| lyrics1 = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Rum Bum Bum Arambum
| note2 =
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| lyrics2 = Panchu Arunachalam
| length2 =
| title3 = Siva Rathiri
| note3 =
| extra3 = K. S. Chithra, [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| lyrics3 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaalee]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Sundhari Neeyum Sundharan Njanum
| note4 =
| extra4 = [[Kamal Haasan]], [[S. Janaki]]
| lyrics4 = Panchu Arunachalam, [[Poovachal Khader]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Per Vechalum Vekkama Ponnalum
| note5 =
| extra5 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], S. Janaki
| lyrics5 = Vaalee
| length5 =
| title6 = Mathapoovu Oru Penna
| note6 =
| extra6 = K. S. Chithra
| lyrics6 = Vaalee
| length6 =
| title7 = Aadi Pattam Thedi
| note7 =
| extra7 = Mano, K. S. Chithra
| lyrics7 = Vaalee
| length7 =
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Katha Chebutha
| note1 =
| extra1 = [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Rum Bum Bum Arambham
| note2 =
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Siva Rathiri
| note3 =
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length3 =
| title4 = Sundharudeevu Sundari Nenu
| note4 =
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length4 =
| title5 = Ee Kerintha
| note5 =
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length5 =
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Michael Madana Kama Rajan'' was released on 17 October 1990, [[Diwali]] day.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=134}} Julie of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' lauded the comedy dialogues, felt Urvashi surpassed Khushbu and Rupini in terms of acting and liked Haasan's performance as Kameshwaran the most among the quadruplets, but criticised the climax for being unnecessarily prolonged.<ref name="K">{{Cite magazine |last=ஜூலி |date=4 November 1990 |title=மைக்கேல், மதன, காம, ராஜன் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1990/nov/04-11-1990/p64.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220731070544/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1990/nov/04-11-1990/p64.jpg |archive-date=31 July 2022 |access-date=24 October 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=64 |language=ta}}</ref> The film was commercially successful and ran for 175 days, thereby becoming a [[silver jubilee film]].<ref name="Balan" />

== Notes ==
{{Noteslist}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="30 years">{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=17 October 2020 |title=Celebrating 30 years of Kamal Haasan's comic masterpiece Michael Madana Kama Rajan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/celebrating-30-years-of-kamal-haasans-michael-madana-kama-rajan/articleshow/78713622.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104132735/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/celebrating-30-years-of-kamal-haasans-michael-madana-kama-rajan/articleshow/78713622.cms |archive-date=4 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
<ref name="thenewsminute">{{Cite news |last=Mehar |first=Rakesh |date=17 October 2016 |title=What makes 'Michael Madana Kama Rajan' the finest Tamil comedy till date |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/what-makes-michael-madana-kama-rajan-finest-tamil-comedy-till-date-51521 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927154604/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/what-makes-michael-madana-kama-rajan-finest-tamil-comedy-till-date-51521 |archive-date=27 September 2017 |access-date=27 September 2017 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Retro Ticket">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzSdAEER70Q |title=Reel #10 {{!}} Michael Madana Kamarajan {{!}} MMKR {{!}} Greatest comedy ever? {{!}} Kamal, Crazy Mohan, Singeetham |date=15 November 2020 |publisher=Retro Ticket |access-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801130947/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzSdAEER70Q |archive-date=1 August 2022 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
<ref name="instagram">{{Cite web |date=July 2021 |title=Kamal Haasan shares the backstory of Michael Madana Kama Rajan, Alphonse Puthren ecstatic |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kamal-haasan-shares-the-backstory-of-michael-madana-kama-rajan-alphonse-puthren-ecstatic-imagegallery-kollywood-vhfiwvhcfefhc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706101800/https://www.sify.com/movies/kamal-haasan-shares-the-backstory-of-michael-madana-kama-rajan-alphonse-puthren-ecstatic-imagegallery-kollywood-vhfiwvhcfefhc.html |archive-date=6 July 2021 |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Balan">{{Cite news |date=16 October 2019 |title=Vidya Balan is impressed by Michael Madhana Kama Rajan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vidya-balan-is-impressed-by-michael-madhana-kama-rajan-6071961/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530043852/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vidya-balan-is-impressed-by-michael-madhana-kama-rajan-6071961/ |archive-date=30 May 2020 |access-date=19 October 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
<ref name="kolam">{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=11 June 2020 |title=Kamal Haasan shares delightful trivia on Michael Madana Kama Rajan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kamal-haasan-shares-delightful-trivia-on-michael-madana-kama-rajan/articleshow/76308346.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622003157/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kamal-haasan-shares-delightful-trivia-on-michael-madana-kama-rajan/articleshow/76308346.cms |archive-date=22 June 2020 |access-date=12 June 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Santhana Bharathi">{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=17 October 2020 |title=It was quite challenging to work on a tilting set: Santhana Bharathi remembers Michael Madana Kama Rajan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/it-was-quite-challenging-to-work-on-a-tilting-set-santhana-bharathi-remembers-michael-madana-kama-rajan/articleshow/78721051.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230023038/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/it-was-quite-challenging-to-work-on-a-tilting-set-santhana-bharathi-remembers-michael-madana-kama-rajan/articleshow/78721051.cms |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
<ref name="ss">{{Cite web |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=Aswathy |date=29 October 2016 |title=Singeetam Srinivasa Rao Interview: "The Golden Rule Of Cinema Is That There Is No Golden Rule" |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/interviews/singeetam-srinivasa-rao-interview-golden-rule-cinema-no-golden-rule/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609083310/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/interviews/singeetam-srinivasa-rao-interview-golden-rule-cinema-no-golden-rule/ |archive-date=9 June 2020 |access-date=30 May 2020 |website=Silverscreen India}}</ref>
<ref name="Sundari Neeyum">{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=19 February 2017 |title=Picture the song: 'Sundari Neeyum' is a slo-mo beauty |url=https://thereel.scroll.in/829592/picture-the-song-sundari-neeyum-is-a-slo-mo-beauty |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115171731/https://scroll.in/reel/829592/picture-the-song-sundari-neeyum-is-a-slo-mo-beauty |archive-date=15 January 2021 |access-date=31 August 2017 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Cinema Express-2019">{{Cite web |date=17 October 2019 |title=30 Years of Michael Madana Kama Rajan: 40 facts you probably didn't know about the mother of all comedies |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/Oct/17/30-years-of-michael-madana-kama-rajan-40-facts-you-probably-didnt-know-about-the-mother-of-all-com-702.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318101842/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/oct/17/30-years-of-michael-madana-kama-rajan-40-facts-you-probably-didnt-know-about-the-mother-of-all-com-702.html |archive-date=18 March 2024 |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Singeetam Srinivasa Rao}}
{{Kamal Haasan}}

[[Category:1990 comedy films]]
[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about counterfeit money]]
[[Category:Films about twin brothers]]
[[Category:Films directed by Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Crazy Mohan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Kamal Haasan]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of Pakistani films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]

Pokaran Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:33:07Z

ErwinGholson17: added the details from scratch

{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pokaran
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-133-Pokaran.svg
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| district = [[Jaisalmer district]]
| constituency_no= 133
| loksabha_cons = [[Jodhpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jodhpur]]
| established = 2008
| mla = [[Mahant Pratap Puri]]<ref name="election2023">{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Ishita |date=2023-12-03 |title=BJP’s Hindutva outreach plays out well with all four ‘babas’ winning in Rajasthan |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly/bjps-hindutva-outreach-plays-out-well-with-all-four-babas-winning-in-rajasthan/article67601314.ece |access-date=2023-12-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| incumbent_image = Mahant Pratap Puri Ji.jpg
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
}}
'''Pokaran Assembly constituency''' is one of [[List of constituencies of Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha|constituencies]] of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in the [[Jodhpur Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year!!Name !!colspan=2|Party
|-
| 2008 || [[Saleh Mohammad (Indian politician)|Saleh Mohammad]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="election2008">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/Stats_report_RJ2008.pdf 2008 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 2013 || Shaitan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<ref name="election2013">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/RajAE_2013_stat_report.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2013 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN]</ref>
|-
| 2018|| [[Saleh Mohammad (Indian politician)|Saleh Mohammad]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="election2020">{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/Vidhansabha%202018/indexw.html |title=General Election of State Assembly Elections- 2018 |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|| 2023 || [[Mahant Pratap Puri]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Pokaran]]<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Mahant Pratap Puri]]
|votes = {{formatnum:112989}}
|percentage = 56.84
|change = {{increase}}9.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Saleh Mohammad (Indian politician)|Saleh Mohammad]]
|votes = {{formatnum:77508}}
|percentage = 38.99
|change = {{decrease}}9.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Devilal
|votes = {{formatnum:4696}}
|percentage = 2.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:773}}
|percentage = 0.39
|change = {{decrease}}0.26
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:35481}}
|percentage = 17.85
|change = {{increase}}17.34
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:198794}}
|percentage = 88.48
|change = {{increase}}0.51
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Pokaran]]<ref name="election2018">{{cite web |title=Rajasthan General Legislative Election 2018|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Saleh Mohammad (Indian politician)|Saleh Mohammad]]
|votes = {{formatnum:82964}}
|percentage = 48.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Mahant Pratap Puri]]
|votes = {{formatnum:82092}}
|percentage = 47.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Paramaram
|votes = {{formatnum:2748}}
|percentage = 1.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Tulchha Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:2187}}
|percentage = 1.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1122}}
|percentage = 0.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:872}}
|percentage = 0.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:172069}}
|percentage = 87.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Pokaran]]<ref name="election2013"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shaitan Singh
|votes = 85,010
|percentage = 59.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Saleh Mohammad (Indian politician)|Saleh Mohammad]]
|votes = 50,566
|percentage = 35.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Khajoo Khan
|votes = 2,824
|percentage = 1.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Tulchha Ram
|votes = 1,800
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,519
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 34,444
|percentage = 24.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,43,287
|percentage = 87.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
*[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|26.92|71.91|display=title}}

[[Category:Jodhpur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Comedy Central (India)

2026-04-18T16:15:40Z

ErwinGholson17: Adding basic info and citations

{{Short description|Former Indian comedy channel}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Comedy Central
| logo = Comedy Central 2011 Logo.svg
| logo_size = 180px
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2012|1|23|df=y}}
| closed_date = {{end date and age|2025|3|15|df=y}}
| replaced_by =
| owner = [[Viacom18]] branding licensed from ([[Paramount Networks EMEAA]])
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| area = [[India]] [[Sri Lanka]] [[Nepal]] [[Bangladesh]] [[Maldives]]
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]] (downscaled to [[576i]] for the [[SDTV]] feed)
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]]
| sister_channels = [[Colors Infinity]] [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV]] [[VH1 (Indian TV channel)|VH1]] [[Nickelodeon (Indian TV channel)|Nickelodeon]] [[Nickelodeon Sonic|Sonic]]
| website = [https://www.comedycentral.in/ comedycentral.in]
}}
'''Comedy Central''' was an Indian [[pay television]] channel owned by [[Viacom18]] under a license agreement with [[Paramount Networks EMEAA]]. The network carried [[List of programs broadcast by Comedy Central|programs from]] the [[Comedy Central|American flagship network]], along with domestic stand-up comedy and other acquired series. Comedy Central was discontinued on 15 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Akansha |title=JioStar shuts 9 channels including Comedy Central; introduces 8 new sports channels |url=https://bestmediainfo.com/mediainfo/television/jiostar-shuts-9-channels-including-comedy-central-introduces-8-new-sports-channels-8727716 |date=February 17, 2025 |access-date=February 25, 2025 |website=bestmediainfo.com |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Comedy Central launched in India on 23 January 2012, the product of a joint venture between [[Viacom (2005–2019)|Viacom]] and [[TV18]], promoted with a three-city standup tour by [[Russell Brand]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-18 |title=Comedy Central now in India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/comedy-central-now-in-india/story-g37rkykgJSynOUSYkz1fRL.html |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/russell-brand-returns-india-after-2010-wedding-katy-perry-book-tickets-chuckle-festival-635097|title=Russell Brand Returns to India after 2010 Wedding with Katy Perry; Book Tickets for Chuckle Festival|last=Dilip|first=Mangala|work=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=2018-01-06|language=en}}</ref> The network launched in high definition on 1 July 2015.

Despite all Comedy Central international channels changed their logo between 2018–2019, the Indian version was the only one to still use the 2012 logo until their closedown alongside the [[Comedy Central (Russia)|Russian and Ukrainian versions of Paramount Comedy]].

The channel ceased broadcasting on 15 March 2025.

==2012 temporary broadcast prohibition==
Comedy Central was prohibited from broadcasting in India for 10 days, from 25 May until 4 June 2012, after an inter-ministerial committee (IMC) set up by the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] found that two of its shows that aired in 2012, carried "obscene dialogues and vulgar words" that "offend good taste", violating several provisions of the ''Cable Television Networks Rules, 1994''. The provisions of the law include "no programme should be carried in the cable service which offends against good taste or decency; no programme should be carried which contains anything obscene, defamatory, deliberate, false and suggestive innuendos and half truths". It also states that "no programme should be carried which denigrates women through the depiction in any manner of the figure of woman, her form or body or any part thereof in such a way as to have the effect of being indecent or derogatory to women or is likely to injure the public morality".<ref name="dnaindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1839464/report-delhi-hc-upholds-ban-on-comedy-central|title=Delhi HC upholds ban on Comedy Central|date=25 May 2013|publisher=Dnaindia.com|accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref>

Two incidents were cited for the temporary shutdown of the channel; an episode of ''Stand Up Club'' where an unnamed stand-up performed an act with "obscene dialogues and vulgar words derogatory to women" aired on 26 May 2012, then a 4 July 2012 airing of ''PopCorn TV'' (a program imported from France without dialogue), where one of the crew members was shown standing opposite a wall, in a shop holding false legs in an open and suggestive position with sexual movements.<ref name="dnaindia2">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1840686/report-hc-stays-10-day-ban-on-comedy-central-s-transmission|title=HC stays 10-day ban on Comedy Central's transmission|date=28 May 2013|publisher=Dnaindia.com|agency=PTI|accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref> Comedy Central apologised for the broadcast, blaming it on an "unintentional genuine error".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.entertainmentwise.com/news/115948/Uh-Oh-US-Network-Comedy-Central-Temporarily-Shut-Down-In-India-After-Broadcasting-Obscene-Jokes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607215756/http://www.entertainmentwise.com/news/115948/Uh-Oh-US-Network-Comedy-Central-Temporarily-Shut-Down-In-India-After-Broadcasting-Obscene-Jokes|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 June 2013|title=Uh Oh! US Network Comedy Central 'Temporarily Shut Down in India After Broadcasting Obscene Jokes'|date=26 May 2013|publisher=Entertainmentwise|accessdate=29 June 2013|df=dmy-all}}
</ref>

The network appealed the ban in the [[Delhi High Court]], with a judge rejecting it as not an "excessive, harsh or unreasonable" penalty.<ref name="dnaindia1" /> The network then went [[Dark (broadcasting)|dark]] for the next ten days. The ministry's decision to directly issue a show-cause notice and, later, order a blackout raised concerns in the Indian broadcasting industry about content restrictions.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/government-bans-comedy-central-channel-obscenity-vulgarity-india-today-164425-2013-05-25|title=Not funny: Comedy Central channel banned for 10 days for offending good taste|date=26 May 2013|magazine=[[India Today]]|access-date=29 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/comedy-central-banned-for-10-days/article4750821.ece|title=Comedy Central banned for 10 days|date=26 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|first=Prashant|last=Jha|accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref> Critics felt that the government had used the vague framing of the Constitution to censor materials for viewers, threatening India's democratic traditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323855804578510283877000560|title=Indian Court Lifts Ban on Comedy Central|date=28 May 2013|publisher=Online.wsj.com|accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref>

==Programming==
===Final programming===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Comedy Central Hd Channel Schedule Today (India) |url=https://tvschedule.today/in/tv-schedule/comedy-central-hd |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=TV Schedule Today |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Atypical]]''
* ''[[Awkwafina Is Nora from Queens|Awkwafina Is Nora From Queens]]''
* ''[[Brooklyn Nine-Nine]]''<ref name="Apr2020">{{cite web|date=April 5, 2020|title=Comedy Central records highest ever rating|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/english-entertainment/comedy-central-records-highest-ever-rating-200404|work=Indian Television}}</ref>
* ''[[The Daily Show]]''
* ''[[Nathan for You]]''
* ''[[The Office (American TV series)|The Office (US)]]''
* ''[[Parks and Recreation]]''
* ''[[Takeshi's Castle]]''
* ''[[Workaholics]]''
* ''[[Schitt's Creek]]''
* ''[[People Just Do Nothing]]''

===Former programming===
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* ''[['Allo 'Allo!]]''<ref name="Allo">{{cite web|date=January 18, 2012|title=Viacom18 to premiere Comedy Central on 23 January|url=https://www.campaignindia.in/article/viacom18-to-premiere-comedy-central-on-23-january/415684}}</ref>
* ''[[30 Rock]]''<ref name="Jan2012">{{cite web|date=January 23, 2012|title=Comedy Central makes its way to India today|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Comedy-Central-makes-its-way-to-India-today/articleshow/11588986.cms|work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>
* ''[[3rd Rock from the Sun]]''<ref name="June2012">{{cite web|date=June 4, 2012|title=Comedy Central launches 7 new shows this June|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2012/06/comedy-central-launches-7-new-shows-this-june/}}</ref>
* ''[[About a Boy (TV series)|About a Boy]]''<ref name="ABJ">{{cite web|title=Laugh it off with Comedy Central's new summer line-up|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2015/04/laugh-it-off-with-comedy-centrals-new-summer-line-up/}}</ref>
* ''[[Alex, Inc.]]''<ref>{{cite web|date=August 17, 2018|title=Alex, Inc.': Beginning of the end|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/zach-braff-on-alex-inc/article24716114.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* ''[[America's Funniest Home Videos]]''<ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=July 11, 2016|title=Friends most watched English show on Indian TV in January–June|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/dDVVsqf2rxjIcyo7u24g8I/What-India-watched-in-English-entertainment-between-January.html}}</ref>
* ''[[Anger Management (TV series)|Anger Management]]''<ref name="nov16"/>
* ''[[Angie Tribeca]]''<ref name="nov16"/>
* ''[[A.P. Bio]]''<ref>{{cite web|date=May 26, 2019|title='AP Bio' Gets Cancelled After Two Seasons|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/ap-bio-gets-cancelled-after-two-seasons_150969|work=India Forums}}</ref>
* ''[[Archer (2009 TV series)|Archer]]''<ref>{{cite web|date=March 29, 2018|title=Archer' Makes Comedy Central Premiere March 2|url=https://www.multichannel.com/news/archer-makes-comedy-central-premiere-march-2-387814}}</ref>
* ''[[Are We There Yet? (TV series)|Are We There Yet?]]''<ref name="Apr2013"/>
* ''[[Arrested Development]]''<ref name="Jan2014">{{cite web|date=January 15, 2014|title=Comedy Central announces its new year line up with four new shows|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/english-entertainment/comedy-central-announces-its-new-year-line-up-with-four-new-shows-140115|work=Indian Television}}</ref>
* ''[[Awkward (TV series)|Awkward]]''<ref name="Oct16">{{cite web|date=October 5, 2016|title=Comedy Central, 'Your Happy Place', to get happier with its October line-up|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2016/10/comedy-central-your-happy-place-to-get-happier-with-its-october-line-up/}}</ref>
* ''[[Betty White's Off Their Rockers]]''<ref name="Sept2015"/>
* ''[[The Big Bang Theory]]''<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 6, 2019|title=Comedy Central and Colors Infinity rejuvenate primetime for viewers of English entertainment|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/english-entertainment/comedy-central-and-colors-infinity-rejuvenate-primetime-for-viewers-of-english-entertainment-190506|url-status=live|website=Indian Television|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508133130/http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/television/tv-channels/english-entertainment/comedy-central-and-colors-infinity-rejuvenate-primetime-for-viewers-of-english-entertainment-190506 |archive-date=8 May 2019 }}</ref>
* ''[[Billy on the Street]]''<ref name="Diwali"/>
* ''[[Blunt Talk]]''<ref name="Mar2016"/>
* ''[[Bob Hearts Abishola]]''<ref name="Sept2019">{{cite web|date=September 28, 2019|title=Get ready to 'Watch With The World' on Comedy Central|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/english-entertainment/get-ready-to-watch-with-the-world-on-comedy-central-190928|work=Indian Television}}</ref>
* ''[[Call Me Fitz]]''<ref name="DG"/>
* ''[[The Carmichael Show]]''<ref name="Mar17">{{cite web|date=March 6, 2017|title=Comedy Central with a fresh line-up that celebrates colors, girl power and happiness!|url=https://www.adgully.com/comedy-central-with-a-fresh-line-up-that-celebrates-colors-girl-power-and-happiness-71418.html|work=Adgully}}</ref>
* ''[[Carpoolers]]''
* ''Challenge Accepted''<ref>{{cite web|date=January 14, 2016|title=Comedy Central to launch homegrown show 'Challenge Accepted;' Cyrus Sahukar to host|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/english-entertainment/comedy-central-to-launch-homegrown-show-challenge-accepted-cyrus-sahukar-to-host-160114|work=Indian Television}}</ref>
* ''[[Citizen Khan]]''<ref>{{cite web|date=July 10, 2013|title=Mumbai: Comedy Central India presents Citizen Khan|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k13/july/julyrel57.php|work=Indian Television}}</ref>
* ''[[Community (TV series)|Community]]''<ref name="June16">{{cite web|date=June 2, 2016|title=June fresh Lineup|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/english-entertainment/this-june-comedy-central-offers-a-fresh-line-up-for-its-viewers-160602|work=Indian Television}}</ref>
* ''[[Complete Savages]]''<ref>{{cite web|date=March 19, 2014|title='Awkward' and 'Complete Savages' add to LOL moments on Comedy Central|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2014/03/awkward-and-complete-savages-add-to-lol-moments-on-comedy-central/}}</ref>
* ''[[Coupling (British TV series)|Coupling]]''<ref name="May13">{{cite web|date=May 3, 2013|title=COMEDY CENTRAL'S LAUGHTER RIOT|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k13/may/may16.php|work=Indian Television}}</ref>
* ''[[Crowded (TV series)|Crowded]]''<ref name="Oct16"/>
* ''[[Deadbeat (TV series)|Deadbeat]]''<ref name="nov16"/>
* ''[[The Detour (TV series)|The Detour]]''<ref name="Oct16"/>
* ''[[Detroiters]]''
* ''[[Dharma & Greg]]''<ref name="DG">{{cite web|date=March 7, 2013|title=All for a good telly laugh!|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/all-for-a-good-telly-laugh/article23028690.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* ''[[Doogie Howser, M.D.]]''<ref>{{cite web|date=June 25, 2012|title=Comedy Central brings new comedy show Dr. Doogie Howser M.D.|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2012/06/comedy-central-brings-new-comedy-show-dr-doogie-howser-m-d/}}</ref>
* ''[[Dr. Ken]]''<ref name="May2017">{{cite web|date=May 11, 2017|title=Comedy Central exciting line-up for May|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/english-entertainment/comedy-central-exciting-line-up-for-may-170511|work=Indian Television}}</ref>
* ''[[Episodes (TV series)|Episodes]]''<ref name="May2016"/>
* ''[[Everybody Hates Chris]]''
* ''[[Everybody Loves Raymond]]''<ref>{{cite web|date=January 8, 2013|title=Comedy Central launches 'Everybody Loves Raymond'|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2013/01/comedy-central-launches-everybody-loves-raymond/}}</ref>
* ''[[The Exes]]''<ref name="Dec13">{{cite web|date=December 18, 2013|title=Comedy Central gives more reasons to 'laugh it off' this festive season|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2013/12/comedy-central-gives-more-reasons-to-laugh-it-off-this-festive-season/}}</ref>
* ''[[Fawlty Towers]]''<ref name="Allo"/>
* ''[[Friends]]''<ref name=":0" />
* ''[[Future Man (TV series)|Future Man]]''
* ''[[Go On (TV series)|Go On]]''<ref>{{cite web|date=May 31, 2013|title=Comedy Central lines up fun riots with 'Go On' and 'Suits' Season 2|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2013/05/comedy-central-lines-up-fun-riots-with-go-on-and-suits-season-2/}}</ref>
* ''[[The Good Place]]''<ref name="Sept2019"/>
* ''[[Goodness Gracious Me (TV series)|Goodness Gracious Me]]''
* ''[[The Great Indoors (TV series)|The Great Indoors]]''<ref name="Jul2017">{{cite web|date=July 3, 2017|title=Comedy Central to air five new series in July|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/english-entertainment/comedy-central-to-air-five-new-series-in-july-170703|work=Indian Television}}</ref>
* ''[[The Graham Norton Show]]''
* ''[[Great News]]''<ref name="Feb18">{{cite web|date=February 6, 2018|title=Comedy Central brings bouquet of new shows this February|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2018/02/comedy-central-brings-bouquet-of-new-shows-this-february/}}</ref>
* ''[[Greek (TV series)|Greek]]''<ref>{{cite web|date=May 24, 2014|title=Comedy Central brings another sitcom 'Greek'|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2013/05/comedy-central-brings-another-sitcom-greek/}}</ref>
* ''[[Growing Up Fisher]]'''<ref name=Chi>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/english-entertainment/comedy-central-to-celebrate-children-s-day-141111|title=Comedy Central to celebrate Children's Day|date=November 11, 2014|accessdate=December 10, 2017}}</ref>
* ''[[Guys with Kids]]''<ref name="july2013"/>
* ''[[Happily Divorced]]''<ref name="June2012"/>
* ''[[Hope & Faith]]''
* ''[[Hot in Cleveland]]''<ref name="Jul2013"/>
* ''[[House of Lies]]''<ref name="Mar2016"/>
* ''[[How Not to Live Your Life]]''
* ''[[I Feel Bad]]''<ref name="MBIFB"/>
* ''[[I Survived a Japanese Game Show]]''<ref name="ABJ"/>
* ''[[Impastor]]''<ref name="Mar2017"/>
*''[[Impractical Jokers]]''
* ''[[The Inbetweeners (American TV series)|The Inbetweeners]]''
* ''[[The IT Crowd]]''<ref name="June2012"/>
* ''[[The Jim Gaffigan Show]]''<ref name="June16"/>
* ''[[Just for Laughs (British TV series)|Just for Laughs]]''<ref name="Jan2014"/>
* ''[[Kevin Can Wait]]''<ref name="May2017"/>
* ''[[Key & Peele]]''
* ''[[The King of Queens]]''<ref name="Val">{{cite web|date=February 11, 2014|title=Comedy Central set to add love, laughter and madness this Valentine's month|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2014/02/comedy-central-set-to-add-love-laughter-and-madness-this-valentines-month/}}</ref>
* ''[[The Kumars at No. 42]]''<ref name="Apr2014">{{cite web|date=April 4, 2014|title=Comedy Central to launch 9 new primetime shows in May|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2014/04/comedy-central-to-launch-9-new-primetime-shows-in-may/}}</ref>
* ''[[Little Britain (TV series)|Little Britain]]''<ref name="May13"/>
* ''[[Live at Gotham]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Amy Schumer's unique road to becoming an A-list comedy star|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/amy-schumers-unique-road-to-becoming-an-a-list-comedy-star/articleshow/48162307.cms?mobile=no}}</ref>
* ''[[M*A*S*H (TV series)|M*A*S*H]]''
* ''[[Malcolm in the Middle]]''
* ''[[Man with a Plan (TV series)|Man with a Plan]]''<ref name="Jul2017"/>
* ''[[Marlon (TV series)|Marlon]]''<ref name="Feb18"/>
* ''[[The Middle (TV series)|The Middle]]''
* ''[[Mike & Molly]]''<ref name="Apr2020"/>
* ''[[Mind Your Language]]''
* ''[[The Mindy Project]]''<ref name="Jul2013"/>
* ''[[Mom (TV series)|Mom]]''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2016-10-06 |title=Comedy Central updates Diwali schedule; adds films |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/english-entertainment/comedy-central-updates-diwali-schedule-adds-films-161006 |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=www.indiantelevision.com |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Mulaney]]''<ref name="May2016">{{cite web|date=May 4, 2016|title=Comedy Central's Summer Chills and other new shows|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2016/05/comedy-centrals-summer-chills-and-other-new-shows/}}</ref>
* ''[[Murphy Brown]]''<ref name="MBIFB">{{cite web|date=September 28, 2018|title=This festive season, Comedy Central brings a fun-filled roller coaster ride|url=https://www.adgully.com/this-festive-season-comedy-central-brings-a-fun-filled-roller-coaster-ride-80715.html|work=Adgully}}</ref>
* ''[[My Boys]]''
* ''[[No Tomorrow (TV series)|No Tomorrow]]''<ref name="Mar17"/>
* ''[[Odd Mom Out]]''<ref name="nov16">{{cite web|date=November 9, 2016|title=November line-up on Comedy Central|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2016/11/november-line-up-on-comedy-central/}}</ref>
* ''[[Outsourced (TV series)|Outsourced]]''<ref name="Jul2013">{{cite web|title=Get ready for a primetime filled with laughter this August only on Comedy Central |work=Indian Television Dot Com |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k13/july/julyrel162.php |date=30 July 2013 |accessdate=8 August 2013}}</ref>
* ''[[Penn & Teller: Fool Us]]''
* ''[[Perfect Couples]]''<ref name="Val"/>
* ''[[Playing House (TV series)|Playing House]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Comedy Central to air entire Season 1 of 'Playing House' on May 10|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2015/05/comedy-central-to-air-entire-season-1-of-playing-house-on-may-10/}}</ref>
* ''[[Pranked]]''<ref name="Mar2017"/>
* ''[[Psych]]''<ref name="Diwali">{{cite web|date=October 22, 2014|title=Comedy Central to light up Diwali with four new shows|url=https://www.adgully.com/comedy-central-to-light-up-diwali-with-four-new-shows-59319.html|work=Adgully}}</ref>
* ''[[Punk'd]]''<ref name="Mar2017"/>
* ''[[Reno 911!]]''
* ''[[Ridiculousness (TV series)|Ridiculousness]]''
* ''[[Rules of Engagement (TV series)|Rules of Engagement]]''<ref name="Val"/>
* ''[[Samantha Who?]]''
* ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''<ref name="Sept2019"/>
* ''[[Scrubs (TV series)|Scrubs]]''<ref>{{cite web|date=July 17, 2012|title=Comedy Central launches epic American comedy series Scrubs|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2012/07/comedy-central-launches-epic-american-comedy-series-scrubs/}}</ref>
* ''[[Sean Saves the World]]''<ref name="Apr2014"/>
* ''[[Seed (TV series)|Seed]]''<ref name="Mar2016"/>
* ''[[Seinfeld]]''<ref name="Jan2012"/>
* ''[[Sirens (2014 TV series)|Sirens]]''<ref name="Mar2017"/>
* ''[[South Park]]''<ref name="Allo" />
* ''[[Suburgatory]]''<ref name="Mar2017">{{cite web|date=March 31, 2017|title=Comedy Central enters April with interesting line-up|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/english-entertainment/comedy-central-enters-april-with-interesting-line-up-170331|work=Indian Television}}</ref>
* ''[[Suits (American TV series)|Suits]]''<ref name="Jul2017"/>
* ''[[Superior Donuts (TV series)|Superior Donuts]]''<ref>{{cite web|date=April 28, 2017|title=Here are all your favorite TV shows that are coming back for another season|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/entertainment/tv/here-are-all-your-favorite-tv-shows-that-are-coming-back-for-another-season/slidelist/58417931.cms|work=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref>
* ''[[Superstore (TV series)|Superstore]]''<ref name="Sept2019"/>
* ''[[Telenovela (TV series)|Telenovela]]''<ref name="Mar2016">{{cite web|date=March 4, 2016|title=Two new shows to raise the laughter level on Comedy Central this month|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/english-entertainment/two-new-shows-to-raise-the-laughter-level-on-comedy-central-this-month-160304|work=Indian Television}}</ref>
* ''[[Teen Wolf (2011 TV series)|Teen Wolf]]''
* ''[[That '70s Show]]''<ref>{{cite web|date=March 23, 2012|title='That 70s Show' just another American comedy? Definitely not|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-that-70s-show-just-another-american-comedy-definitely-not-1666211|work=DNA}}</ref>
* ''[[Threesome (British TV series)|Threesome]]''<ref name="july2013">{{cite web|date=July 2, 2013|title=Comedy Central adds more laughter in primetime|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2013/07/comedy-central-adds-more-laughter-in-primetime/}}</ref>
* ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon]]''<ref name=":1" />
* ''[[Ugly Betty]]''<ref>{{cite web|date=January 17, 2013|title=Comedy Central brings comedy drama 'Ugly Betty'|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2013/01/comedy-central-brings-comedy-drama-ugly-betty/}}</ref>
* ''[[Undateable]]''<ref name="Mar17"/>
* ''[[Up All Night (TV series)|Up All Night]]''<ref name="Apr2013">{{cite web|date=April 5, 2013|title=Comedy Central to launch 3 new shows|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2013/04/comedy-central-to-launch-3-new-shows/}}</ref>
* ''[[Web Therapy (TV series)|Web Therapy]]''<ref>{{cite web|date=January 30, 2013|title=Comedy Central launches new show 'Web Therapy'|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2013/01/comedy-central-launches-new-show-web-therapy/}}</ref>
* ''[[Whitney (TV series)|Whitney]]''<ref name="Mar2017"/>
* ''[[Will & Grace]]''<ref name="WillLine"/>
* ''[[Wipeout (2008 game show)|Wipeout]]''<ref name="Apr2014"/>
* ''[[The Wonder Years]]''<ref name="Jan2012"/>
* ''[[Whose Line Is It Anyway? (American TV series)|''Whose Line Is It Anyway?'']]''<ref name="WillLine">{{cite web|title=Will & Grace and Other TV Shows That Resurrected After Years|url=https://www.fhmindia.com/entertainment/will-grace-and-other-tv-shows-resurrected-after-years|work=FHM}}</ref>
* ''[[World's Craziest Fools]]''<ref name="Jan2014"/>
* ''[[Wrecked (American TV series)|Wrecked]]''<ref name="Mar2017"/>
* ''[[Younger (TV series)|Younger]]''<ref name="Sept2015">{{cite web|date=September 10, 2015|title=Comedy Central revamps|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/english-entertainment/comedy-central-revamps-positions-as-your-happy-place-150909|work=Indian Television}}</ref>
* ''[[Your Family or Mine]]''<ref name="Sept2015"/>
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.viacom18.com Viacom18]
* {{Facebook|comedycentralindia}}
{{Viacom}}
{{Network 18}}

[[Category:Comedy Central|India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2012]]
[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Comedy television channels in India]]
[[Category:Defunct television channels in India]]
[[Category:English-language television stations in India]]
[[Category:Viacom18]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2025 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2025]]

Allagadda Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:19:43Z

ErwinGholson17: New initial data v1...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Allagadda
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (134-Allagadda highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Allagadda Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Bhuma Akhila Priya]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]]
| constituency_no = 134
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = The Minister for Tourism and Culture, Andhra Pradesh, Ms. Bhuma Akhila Priya meeting the Minister of State for Culture (IC) and Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Dr. Mahesh Sharma, in New Delhi on October 30, 2017 (cropped).jpg
| electors = 220,642
| established = 1962
| type = SLA
}}

'''Allagadda Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Nandyal district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Bhuma Akhila Priya]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |archive-date=24 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 13 May 2024, there are a total of 220,642 electors in the constituency. The constituency was established in 1962, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1962)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| Allagadda
|-
| Sirvel
|-
| [[Dornipadu]]
|-
| [[Uyyalawada]]
|-
| [[Chagalamarri]]
|-
| [[Rudravaram mandal|Rudravaram]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[Sitri Jayaraju]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Gangula Thimma Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Somula Venkat Subba Reddy]]
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Gangula Thimma Reddy
|-
| 1980
| [[Gangula Prathap Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Somula Venkat Subba Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Gangula Prathap Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[Bhuma Sekhara Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| [[Bhuma Nagi Reddy]]
|-
| 1996
| rowspan=2 |[[Shobha Nagi Reddy]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Gangula Prathap Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan=3 |Shobha Nagi Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|-
| [[2012 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections|2012]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| 2014
| [[Bhuma Akhila Priya]]
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Gangula Brijendra Reddy]] (Gangula Nani)
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| Bhuma Akhila Priya
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Allagadda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Gangula Prathap Reddy]]
|votes = 67,596
|percentage = 52.97
|change = +10.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Bhuma Nagi Reddy]]
|votes = 56,915
|percentage = 44.60
|change = -10.08
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,681
|percentage = 8.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 127,607
|percentage = 73.10
|change = +8.01
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Allagadda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[Shobha Nagi Reddy]]
|votes = 61,555
|percentage = 40.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Gangula Prathap Reddy]]|votes=59,597|percentage=38.74|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Erigela Rampulla Reddy]]|votes=23,800|percentage=15.47|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,958|percentage=1.27|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Praja Rajyam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2012 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Allagadda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Shobha Nagi Reddy|votes=88,697|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Gangula Prathap Reddy|votes=51,902|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=YSR Congress Party|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Allagadda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Shobha Nagi Reddy]]|votes=92,108|percentage=53.46|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Gangula Prabhakara Reddy]]|votes=74,180|percentage=43.06|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=17,928|percentage=10.40|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=173,270|percentage=78.47|change=+1.81}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Praja Rajyam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Allagadda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Gangula Brijendra Reddy]] (Nani)
|votes = 1,05,905
|percentage = 57.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Bhuma Akhila Priya]]|votes=70,292|percentage=37.85|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=35,613|percentage=19.18|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,85,693|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Allagadda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Bhuma Akhila Priya ]]
|votes=98,881
|percentage=49.93
|change=
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Gangula Brijendra Reddy]] (Nani)|votes=86,844|percentage=43.85|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Baragodla Hussain|votes=6,100|percentage=3.08|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=1,582|percentage=0.8|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=12,037|percentage=6.08|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,98,052|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Coord|15.13|78.51|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}{{Nandyal district}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nandyal district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

V. Govindasami Naidu

2026-04-13T00:29:40Z

ErwinGholson17: starting the entry w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. Govindasami Naidu
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1908|2|29|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member-Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Ponneri Assembly constituency|Ponneri]]
| term_start1 = 1957
| term_end1 = 1962
| predecessor1 = O. Chengam Pillai
| successor1 = [[T. P. Elumalai]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Farmer
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}

'''V. Govindasami Naidu''' was an [[Indian politician]] and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He hailed from Pandeeswaram village in [[Tiruvallur district]]. He was educated at [[Madras Christian College]]. Belonging to the [[Indian National Congress]] party, he contested and won the election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly in [[1957 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] from the [[Ponneri Assembly constituency]] and became a Member of the Legislative Assembly.<ref>Madras Legislature WHO IS WHO 1957. Madras-9: Legislature Department, Madras. 1957. p. 12.</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Ponneri<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Govindasami Naidu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,119 |percentage=25.94% |change=+7.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. P. Elumalai]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,392 |percentage=25.35% |change=+7.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Shanmugam |party=Independent politician |votes=14,995 |percentage=12.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Changam Pillai |party=Independent politician |votes=13,639 |percentage=11.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Jayaram Reddi |party=Independent politician |votes=10,873 |percentage=8.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. K. Manickam |party=Communist Party of India |votes=8,306 |percentage=6.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kuppuswami |party=Independent politician |votes=4,872 |percentage=3.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Elimalai S/O Palayam |party=Independent politician |votes=4,570 |percentage=3.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thirvenkata Naicker |party=Independent politician |votes=3,069 |percentage=2.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=727 |percentage=0.59% |change= -1.29% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,23,835 |percentage=72.43% |change= -1.01% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,70,967 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |swing= -1.73% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Madras MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

India at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships

2026-04-11T12:41:26Z

ErwinGholson17:

{{use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{infobox country at games
| games = World Aquatics Championships
| NF = IND
| NFname = Swimming Federation of India
| year = 2017
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| oldcode=
| website = {{url|www.swimmingfederation.in }}
| location = [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]]
| competitors = 6
| sports = 2
| officials=
| gold=0
| silver=0
| bronze=0
| rank=
| appearances = auto
| app_begin_year=
| seealso =
}}

[[India]] is scheduled to compete at the [[2017 World Aquatics Championships]] in [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]] from 14 July to 30 July.

==Open water swimming==
{{Main|Open water swimming at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships}}
India has entered two open water swimmers<ref>{{cite web |url=http://omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=0001110500FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF00 |title=Open Water Entry List by NAT - Men |date=11 July 2017 |website=www.omegatiming.com/ |access-date=14 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718172939/http://www.omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=0001110500FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF00 |archive-date=18 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=0001110500FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF02 |title=Open Water Entry List by NAT - Women |date=11 July 2017 |website=www.omegatiming.com/ |access-date=14 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718171755/http://www.omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=0001110500FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF02 |archive-date=18 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
!Athlete
!Event
!Time
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Omkumar Tokalkandiga]]
|align=left|[[Open water swimming at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 10 km|Men's 10 km]]
|2:13:52.1
|64
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Nikitha Setru]]
|align=left|[[Open water swimming at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 10 km|Women's 10 km]]
|2:28:14.6
|58
|}

==Swimming==
{{main|Swimming at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships}}
India has received a Universality invitation from [[FINA]] to send a maximum of four swimmers (two men and two women) to the World Championships.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=000111010AFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF20|title=Entry List by Nation (Swimming)|date=19 July 2017|website=www.omegatiming.com|publisher=[[Omega Timing]]|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009194651/http://www.omegatiming.com/file/download/?id=000111010AFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF20|archive-date=9 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{|class=wikitable style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Heat
!colspan="2"|Semifinal
!colspan="2"|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Sajan Prakash]]
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 100 metre butterfly|Men's 100 m butterfly]]
|54.46
|48
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 200 metre butterfly|Men's 200 m butterfly]]
|2:00.57
|30
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Madhu Prathapan]]
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 50 metre backstroke|Men's 50 m backstroke]]
|27.17
|43
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 100 metre backstroke|Men's 100 m backstroke]]
|58.49
|39
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Sayani Ghosh]]
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 200 metre individual medley|Women's 200 m individual medley]]
|2:32.55
|35
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 400 metre individual medley|Women's 400 m individual medley]]
|colspan=2|{{abbr|DNS|Did not start}}
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Damini Gowda]]
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 100 metre butterfly|Women's 100 m butterfly]]
|1:06.19
|40
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Swimming at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 200 metre butterfly|Women's 200 m butterfly]]
|2:28.95
|33
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nations at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships}}

[[Category:Nations at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships]]
[[Category:India at the World Aquatics Championships|2017]]
[[Category:2017 in Indian sport]]

Prostitution in colonial India

2026-04-07T13:19:50Z

ErwinGholson17: added basic post and citations

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Part of History of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
The practice of [[prostitution]] in colonial India was influenced by the policies of [[British rule in India]]. During the 19th and 20th centuries the colonial government facilitated, regulated and allowed the existence of [[prostitution]].<ref name=pivar1981>{{cite journal|last=Pivar|first=David|title=The Military, Prostitution, and Colonial Peoples: India and the Philippines, 1885-1917|journal=The Journal of Sex Research|year=1981|pages=256–269|doi=10.1080/00224498109551119|pmid=28135962|volume=17|issue=3}}</ref> Not only was prostitution in India affected by the policy of the [[Governor General of India]], it was also influenced by the moral and political beliefs of the British authorities, and conflicts and tensions between the British authorities and the Indian populace at large. The colonial government had a profound effect on prostitution in India, both legislatively and socially.<ref name="bhandari20102">{{cite journal |last=Bhandari |first=Sudhanshu |date=19 June 2010 |title=Prostitution in Colonial India |url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article2142.html |journal=Mainstream Weekly |volume=XLVIII |access-date=13 October 2012 |number=26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gilmour |first=David |title=The British in India |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |year=2018 |isbn=9780241004531 |publication-date=2018 |quote=}}</ref>

By the mid-19th century, the existence of large numbers of indigenous prostitutes in British military cantonments confirmed the widespread prevalence of state-sanctioned prostitution in colonial India. The colonial administration enacted new laws aimed at restricting prostitution as a practice reserved exclusively for British military personnel, and making it a permitted part of the military apparatus.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mondal |first=Sonia |date=2022-10-01 |title=Women in Cantonments: Evolution of Regulated Military Prostitution in Colonial India |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09715215221111130?icid=int.sj-full-text.similar-articles.2& |journal=Indian Journal of Gender Studies |language=EN |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=384–393 |doi=10.1177/09715215221111130 |issn=0971-5215|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

By the end of the 19th century, colonial governance of the sex trade had evolved from restricted intercommunal mobility to legislative and biopolitical mechanisms of disease prevention within British military cantonments. The 1864 Cantonment Act structured and regulated prostitution on British military bases, providing for registration and mandatory medical examinations for women serving British soldiers.

==Cantonment Act of 1864==
Although the governments of many Indian [[princely state]]s had regulated prostitution prior to the 1860s, such regulation in British India was first ushered in by the Cantonment Act of 1864.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 November 2013 |title=Horrors of India's brothels documented |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-24530198 |access-date=28 November 2015 |journal=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nautch girls: Sahibs danced to their tune |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040725/spectrum/main1.htm |access-date=25 July 2004}}</ref> The Cantonment Acts regulated and structured prostitution in the British [[military bases]]. The structuring features of the Cantonment Acts provided for about twelve to fifteen Indian women for each regiment of British [[soldiers]]. Each regiment contained about a thousand soldiers. These women were kept in brothels called ''chaklas''.<ref>{{citation |last=Enloe |first=Cynthia H. |title=Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women's Lives |page=58 |year=2000 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-22071-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gilmour |first=David |title=The British in India |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |year=2018 |isbn=9780241004531 |publication-date=2018 |quote=}}</ref> They were licensed by military officials and were allowed to consort with soldiers only.<ref name=bhandari2010>{{cite journal|last=Bhandari|first=Sudhanshu|title=Prostitution in Colonial India|url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article2142.html|access-date=13 October 2012|journal=Mainstream Weekly|date=19 June 2010|volume=XLVIII|number=26|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030010416/http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article2142.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the women came from poor families and had no other opportunities for social or economic independence. The structural inequalities that pushed women into prostitution were often enforced by the colonial governments.<ref name=bhandari2010/>

Furthermore, the Cantonment Act of 1864 provided for the establishment and extension of hospitals in [[cantonments]].<ref name=legg2009>{{cite journal|last=Legg|first=Stephen|title=Governing Prostitution in Colonial Delhi: From Cantonment Regulations to International Hygiene|journal=Social History|year=2009|pages=448–67|volume=34|number=4|doi=10.1080/03071020903257018|s2cid=145288117|url=http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/48358/1/GOVERNING%20PROSTITUTION%20DISSEM.pdf|access-date=15 July 2019|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719224018/http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/48358/1/GOVERNING%20PROSTITUTION%20DISSEM.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Women working in ''chaklas'' were often required to undergo medical examinations once a week, in order to examine them for traces of [[venereal disease]]s.<ref name=bhandari2010/> Prostitutes were often confined against their wills in these prison hospitals, especially if they were found to have a venereal disease.<ref name=bhandari2010/> The Cantonment Act of 1864, originally meant for military bases, was eventually extended to the [[Presidencies and Provinces of British India]].<ref name=levine1996/> However, when military personnel were increasingly struck down by venereal diseases, more regulations were demanded. This eventually led to the Indian Contagious Disease Acts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gilmour |first=David |title=The British in India |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |year=2018 |isbn=9780241004531 |publication-date=2018 |quote=}}</ref>

==Cantonment Act of 1895==
As the practice of prostitution increasingly became a source of contention between Indians and the British, another Cantonment Act was enacted. This Act of 1895 explicitly outlawed any licensing or official approval of prostitution in cantonments.<ref name=levine1996>{{cite journal|last=Levine|first=Philippa|title=Rereading the 1890s: Venereal Disease as "Constitutional Crisis"|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|year=1996|pages=585–612|doi=10.2307/2646447|volume=55|issue=3|jstor=2646447|s2cid=153946917 }}</ref> This was seen as a strong measure to prevent the spread of venereal disease, and most of the military was opposed to the Act.<ref name=levine1996/> The Cantonment Acts serve as examples of only some of the tension over prostitution in colonial India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gilmour |first=David |title=The British in India |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |year=2018 |isbn=9780241004531 |publication-date=2018 |quote=}}</ref>

==Contagious Disease Acts==
Between 1864 and 1869 many parts of British India, including the British military cantonments, were subjected to the Contagious Disease Acts.<ref name=pivar1981/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mishra |first=Sabya Sachi R. |date=1999 |title=Laws of Pleasure: The Making of Indian Contagious Diseases Act, 1868 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44144123 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=60 |pages=550–561 |jstor=44144123 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> These Acts originated in Great Britain itself and were then introduced in British India and other [[British possessions]]. The Indian Contagious Disease Acts were similar in content, but wider in scope than the domestic [[Contagious Disease Acts]].<ref name=levine1996/> These Acts were meant as a response to the growing number of cases of venereal disease amongst the British military.<ref name=pivar1981/> Historical records indicate that one in three reported Army illnesses were venereal diseases.<ref name=pivar1981/> The British saw the need for regulation of prostitution to protect their military men, and the issue of venereal diseases had become one of concern for the [[Quartermaster General]] of India, [[Edward Chapman (British Army officer)|Sir Edward Chapman]].<ref>Philippa Levine, ''Prostitution, Race, and Politics: Policing Venereal Disease in the British Empire'' (Psychology Press, 2003), 96-7.</ref> The Contagious Disease Acts sought to prevent venereal diseases in military personnel through several regulations. The Acts required the registration of women engaged in prostitution. These women were often required to carry a license in the form of a card. Furthermore, it mandated the regular medical examination of female prostitutes.<ref name=pivar1981/> If any of these women were found to be infected during an examination, they were required to undergo in-patient treatment. If they refused such treatment, they could be penalized by imprisonment. Once cured of their diseases, they were released. None of these measures were applied to infected men.<ref name=pivar1981/> The Acts only targeted female prostitutes, as they were the only people subject to licensing and medical examinations.

===Opposition to Contagious Diseases Acts===
From the time the Contagious Disease Acts had been enacted, they were controversial. There was a growing Abolitionism movement that sought to end state-regulated prostitution.<ref name=pivar1981/> Some of this opposition came from the prominent feminist [[Josephine Butler]]. Feminists saw prostitutes as an obstacle to equality in society, and therefore sought to end state-sanctioned prostitution. Other Abolitionists viewed state sanctioned prostitution as morally offensive and harmful.<ref name=pivar1981/> In 1869, groups were formed in opposition to the Contagious Disease Acts, which included the National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Act and the Ladies National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts.<ref name=pivar1981/> These repeal efforts proved to be successful in 1883, when the Acts were suspended. The next year they were completely repealed.<ref name=pivar1981/>

==Immigration of foreign prostitutes==
In the early 20th century, European prostitutes were visible in the major cities and seaports of British India, where the colonial authorities had become increasingly opposed to sexual contact between British men and Indian women.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tambe |first=Ashwini |title=Codes of Misconduct: Regulating Prostitution in Late Colonial Bombay |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780816651375 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hinchy |first=Jessica |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/governing-gender-and-sexuality-in-colonial-india/200A4682A894AB7136CF0463F12C2687 |title=Governing Gender and Sexuality in Colonial India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9781108492553 |location=United Kingdom |pages= |quote=}}</ref> As seaports became more prominent in India, more European sailors travelled to India leading to an increase in the demand for sexual services of women, and more European women immigrated to work as prostitutes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tambe |first=Ashwini |title=Codes of Misconduct: Regulating Prostitution in Late Colonial Bombay |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780816651375 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hinchy |first=Jessica |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/governing-gender-and-sexuality-in-colonial-india/200A4682A894AB7136CF0463F12C2687 |title=Governing Gender and Sexuality in Colonial India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9781108492553 |location=United Kingdom |pages= |quote=}}</ref> British authorities tolerated the immigration of European prostitutes in the hope that British men would engage in sex with them, instead of Indian women.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tambe |first=Ashwini |title=Codes of Misconduct: Regulating Prostitution in Late Colonial Bombay |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780816651375 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hinchy |first=Jessica |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/governing-gender-and-sexuality-in-colonial-india/200A4682A894AB7136CF0463F12C2687 |title=Governing Gender and Sexuality in Colonial India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9781108492553 |location=United Kingdom |pages= |quote=}}</ref>

Although, state-regulated prostitution was seen as a necessity to satisfy [[sailors]] and soldiers, European prostitutes constituted another racial crisis for the British authorities,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Routledge Handbook of the History of Colonialism in South Asia |date=2021 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429774690 |editor-last=Fischer-Tiné |editor-first=Harald |publication-date=2021 |quote=the sexual service they provided was found useful in preventing British men from committing rape, miscegenation, or homosexuality. |editor-last2=Framke |editor-first2=Maria}}</ref> giving rise to fears about sexual intercourse between "native" males and white prostitutes. They perceived this type of sexual interaction as undermining to colonial hierarchies based on class and race. They were even more anxious about the possibility of production of mixed-race children from such unions, as it threatened European racial purity.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Routledge Handbook of the History of Colonialism in South Asia |date=2021 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429774690 |editor-last=Fischer-Tiné |editor-first=Harald |publication-date=2021 |quote=the sexual service they provided was found useful in preventing British men from committing rape, miscegenation, or homosexuality. |editor-last2=Framke |editor-first2=Maria}}</ref> However, there were fewer concerns about unions between white males and Indian females, although they too could and did produce children.<ref name=levine2004a/>

Generally, Indian women were not seen as violated or as victims when they engaged in prostitution with British men.<ref name=levine2004a/> [[Stephen Edwardes]], [[police commissioner of Bombay]] from 1909 to 1917, noted that [[brothels]] of European women were accepted so that British men did not have to engage in sexual relations with Indian women. Growing social disapproval of sexual relations with Indian women compelled the authorities to accept prostitution as a necessary evil.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tambe |first=Ashwini |title=Codes of Misconduct: Regulating Prostitution in Late Colonial Bombay |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780816651375 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hinchy |first=Jessica |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/governing-gender-and-sexuality-in-colonial-india/200A4682A894AB7136CF0463F12C2687 |title=Governing Gender and Sexuality in Colonial India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9781108492553 |location=United Kingdom |pages= |quote=}}</ref>

In most cases, European prostitutes were considered "poor whites" or "low Europeans", indicating their perceived low socio-economic class.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Routledge Handbook of the History of Colonialism in South Asia |date=2021 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429774690 |editor-last=Fischer-Tiné |editor-first=Harald |publication-date=2021 |quote=the sexual service they provided was found useful in preventing British men from committing rape, miscegenation, or homosexuality. |editor-last2=Framke |editor-first2=Maria}}</ref> Evidence shows that many of the trafficked women, as well as their traffickers, were Jewish{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}. References to these women as "low Europeans" or "less white" were often based in [[anti-Semitism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tambe |first=Ashwini |title=Codes of Misconduct: Regulating Prostitution in Late Colonial Bombay |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780816651375 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hinchy |first=Jessica |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/governing-gender-and-sexuality-in-colonial-india/200A4682A894AB7136CF0463F12C2687 |title=Governing Gender and Sexuality in Colonial India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9781108492553 |location=United Kingdom |pages= |quote=}}</ref> Terms such as "less white" denote an overall view that somehow these women were less valuable. The [[League of Nations]] was also compelled to take action.{{cn|date=October 2025}} Growing pressures forced the British imperial authorities to react.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Routledge Handbook of the History of Colonialism in South Asia |date=2021 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429774690 |editor-last=Fischer-Tiné |editor-first=Harald |publication-date=2021 |quote=the sexual service they provided was found useful in preventing British men from committing rape, miscegenation, or homosexuality. |editor-last2=Framke |editor-first2=Maria}}</ref> Ultimately, the British in India would bow down to the strains caused by the [[World War I|First World War]] and the abolitionist movements.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Routledge Handbook of the History of Colonialism in South Asia |date=2021 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429774690 |editor-last=Fischer-Tiné |editor-first=Harald |publication-date=2021 |quote=the sexual service they provided was found useful in preventing British men from committing rape, miscegenation, or homosexuality. |editor-last2=Framke |editor-first2=Maria}}</ref> Brothels would only remain lawful in British India until the 1930s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tambe |first=Ashwini |title=Codes of Misconduct: Regulating Prostitution in Late Colonial Bombay |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780816651375 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hinchy |first=Jessica |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/governing-gender-and-sexuality-in-colonial-india/200A4682A894AB7136CF0463F12C2687 |title=Governing Gender and Sexuality in Colonial India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9781108492553 |location=United Kingdom |pages= |quote=}}</ref>

==Religious clashes==
The British were proactive in state legislation . But cultural misunderstandings contributed to how and to what extent practices regarded as prostitution by the British were regulated. One misunderstanding was British perception of [[Devadasis]]. These women, who were dedicated to [[Hindu]] temples for serving [[Indian classical dance|classical dance]] & [[Indian classical music|music]], maintained sexual relations with men of high social status. They were usually non-monogamous sexual relations with a variety of social elites.<ref name=levine2004a>{{cite journal|last=Levine|first=Philippa|title=A Multitude of Unchaste Women:Prostitution in the British Empire|journal=Journal of Women's History|volume=15|issue=4|year=2004|pages=159–63|doi=10.1353/jowh.2004.0014|s2cid=143497775}}</ref> This offended the traditional British conceptions of marriage and [[Victorian morality|Victorian moral conduct]]. The sexual nature of the Devadasi occupation was widely condemned by most Britons.<ref name=kannabiran1995>{{cite journal|last=Kannabiran|first=Kalpana|title=Judiciary, Social Reform and Debate on 'Religious Prostitution' in Colonial India|journal=Economic & Political Weekly|year=1995|pages=59–69|volume=30|number=43|jstor=4403368}}</ref> Therefore, British officials focused on the sexual roles of the Devadasis and encouraged laws against them.<ref name=levine2004a/> The British viewed the traditional Hindu practice of devoting certain young women to the temple as the exploitation of a minor for the purposes of prostitution,<ref name=kannabiran1995/> and from the 1860s onwards convictions for "[[Sacred prostitution|temple harlotry]]" became increasingly common.<ref name=levine2004a/> The clash between British and Hindu culture became increasingly apparent as the British legislators enforced more laws against Devadasi practices. Eventually, the [[Indian Penal Code]] included the Devadasi practice as a punishable offense.<ref name=kannabiran1995/>

Although British moral sensibilities were no doubt disturbed by the sexual practices of Devadasis, they were also unaccustomed to the traditional rights Devadasis enjoyed. Under Hindu Law, Devadasis were granted property and inheritance rights, often unheard of by women.<ref name=kannabiran1995/>
Although certain forms of prostitution were permitted by the British, they eventually profiled Devadasis as an illegitimate form of prostitution.<ref name=levine2004a/>

==Justification for prostitution==
The British authorities offered several justifications for the British regulation of prostitution in colonial British India. One justification of such state regulation of prostitution was the notion that prostitution was a vital safeguard against [[homosexuality]].<ref name=levine2004b>{{cite book|last=Levine|first=Philippa|title=Gender and Empire|year=2004|publisher=Oxford|location=Oxford|pages=134–55}}</ref> Specifically, access to prostitutes was necessary to protect British military men from engaging in homosexual behaviour and other "unnatural" acts. Therefore, military administrators approved of brothels in cantonments.<ref name="tambe2005">{{cite journal |last=Tambe |first=Ashwini |date=19 February 2005 |title=The Elusive Ingenue:A transnational Feminist Analysis of European Prostitution in Colonial Bombay |journal=Gender and Society |pages=160–79 |doi=10.1177/0891243204272781 |s2cid=144250345}}</ref> One 1917 committee report by the Government of India claimed that homosexuality would invariably take hold if men were denied access to women.<ref name=levine2004b/> This apparent fear of homosexuality had colonial roots. Many European colonialists viewed homosexuality as perverse, "un-British" behaviour, whereas they often believed that same-sex practices were "natural" to other "inferior" peoples, such as Indians, Arabs, and Africans.<ref name=levine2004b/>

The British preserved and regulated prostitution through mandatory licensing and medical examinations, not out of concern for prostitutes, but out of concern for their own military men.

==View of Christian missionaries==
[[File:Amy Carmichael with children2.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Amy Carmichael]], a Protestant missionary, focused her efforts in the Indian Empire on rescuing children from prostitution.<ref name="Douglas1992"/>]]
[[Christian missionaries]] opposed the practice of prostitution in the [[British Raj|British Empire]].<ref name="Mullin2014">{{cite book|last=Mullin|first=Robert Bruce|title=A Short World History of Christianity|date=12 November 2014|publisher=[[Westminster John Knox Press]]|language=en|isbn=9781611645514}}</ref> They also fought against the practice of child temple prostitution.<ref name="König2010">{{cite book|last=König|first=Andrea|title=Mission, Dialog und Friedliche Koexistenz: Zusammenleben in Einer Multireligiösen und Säkularen Gesellschaft|year=2010|publisher=Peter Lang|language=en|isbn=9783631609453|page=81}}</ref> [[Amy Carmichael]], a Protestant missionary of the [[Church of England Zenana Missionary Society]] focused her efforts towards children who were "to be dedicated as temple prostitutes", resulting in the creation of the [[Dohnavur Fellowship]], which rescued one thousand children, as well as operated a hospital and engaged in [[evangelism]].<ref name="Douglas1992">{{cite book|last=Douglas|first=James Dixon|title=Who's Who in Christian History|year=1992|publisher=Tyndale House|language=en|isbn=9780842310147|page=140}}</ref> After seeing the work of an [[Anglican religious order]] called the Wantage Sisters of Fulham, who devoted their lives to caring for prostitutes, [[Pandita Ramabai]]—a [[conversion to Christianity|convert to Christianity]]—founded the ''Kripa Sadan'' (Home of Mercy), a center "for the rehabilitation of prostitutes in India."<ref name="Midgley1998">{{cite book|last=Midgley|first=Clare|title=Gender and Imperialism|date=15 March 1998|publisher=[[Manchester University Press]]|language=en|isbn=9780719048203|pages=85–86}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Dance bar]]
* [[Mujra]]
* [[Nautch]]
* [[Tawaif]]
* [[Prostitution in India]]
* [[Prostitution in Pakistan]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|2}}
*{{cite book|title=Indian Sex Life: Sexuality and the Colonial Origins of Modern Social Thought|author=Mitra, D.|isbn=978-0-691-19634-3|lccn=2019016737|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t|year=2020|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] }}
*{{cite book|title=Prostitution and the Ends of Empire: Scale, Governmentalities, and Interwar India|author=Legg, S.| isbn=978-0-822-37617-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rB3IBAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=[[Duke University Press]] }}
*{{cite journal|author = Stephen Legg |title = Governing prostitution in colonial Delhi: from cantonment regulations to international hygiene (1864–1939)|journal =[[Social History]]|volume = 34|number = 4|pages = 447–467|year=2009 |doi = 10.1080/03071020903257018|s2cid = 145288117|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03071020903257018 }}
*{{cite book|title=Slavery, Abolitionism and Empire in India, 1772-1843|author=Major, A.|isbn=978-1-846-31758-3|series=Liverpool Studies in Internati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qq-GuJKf35wC|year=2012|publisher=[[Liverpool University Press]] }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kannabiran |first1=Kalpana |title=Judiciary, Social Reform and Debate on 'Religious Prostitution' in Colonial India |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |date=1995 |volume=30 |issue=43 |pages=WS59–WS69 |jstor=4403368}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Legg |first1=Stephen |title=An Intimate and Imperial Feminism: Meliscent Shephard and the Regulation of Prostitution in Colonial India |journal=[[Environment and Planning D: Society and Space]] |date=2010 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=68–94 |doi=10.1068/d10507 |bibcode=2010EnPlD..28...68L }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Forbes |first1=Geraldine Hancock |title=Under the Raj: Prostitution in Colonial Bengal (Review) |journal=[[Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History]] |date=2001 |volume=2 |doi=10.1353/cch.2001.0006}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Tambe |first1=Ashwini |title=The Elusive Ingénue |journal=[[Gender & Society]] |date=2005 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=160–179 |doi=10.1177/0891243204272781}}
*{{cite journal|author = Priyadarshini Vijaisri|title = Contending identities: Sacred prostitution and reform in colonial South India|journal = [[South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies]] |volume = 28|number = 3|pages = 387–411|year = 2005|publisher = [[Routledge]]|doi = 10.1080/00856400500337784|s2cid = 145634918|url= https://doi.org/10.1080/00856400500337784 |url-access = subscription}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Leucci |first1=Tiziana |title=Priyadarshini Vijaisri. Recasting the Devadasi. Patterns of sacred prostitution in colonial India. New Delhi, Kanishka Publisher, 2004, 346 P |journal=[[Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales]] |date=2005 |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=348–350 |doi=10.1017/S0395264900024835}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Legg |first1=Stephen |title=Stimulation, Segregation and Scandal: Geographies of Prostitution Regulation in British India, between Registration (1888) and Suppression (1923) |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |date=2012 |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=1459–1505 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X11000503 |url=https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1006314 }}
{{Refend}}

{{Prostitution in India}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|India|human sexuality|Prostitution|Sex work|Feminism}}

[[Category:Prostitution in India]]
[[Category:Colonial India]]
[[Category:Society of India]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:History of prostitution|India]]

Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh

2026-03-28T23:26:30Z

ErwinGholson17: fixed issues

{{Short description|Monarchs of the former Ladakh kingdom}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox former country
| image_map = The empire of King Tsewang Rnam Rgyal 1., and that of King Jamyang Rnam Rgyal., about 1560 and 1600 A.D.jpg
| image_map_caption = Historical map of Ladakh at its largest extent
| capital = [[Leh]]
| common_languages = [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]], [[Classical Tibetan|Tibetan]]
| religion = [[Tibetan Buddhism]]
| p1 = Maryul#First dynasty{{!}}First dynasty of Maryul
| s1 = Sikh Empire
| s2 = Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
| year_start = {{start date|1460}}
| year_end = {{end date|1842}}
| conventional_long_name = Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh Gyalpo of Ladakh
| common_name = Namgyal dynasty
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| today = [[India]] ([[Ladakh]]) [[China]] [[Pakistan]] [[Nepal]]
}}

The '''Namgyal dynasty''' was a dynasty whose rulers were the monarchs of the former kingdom of [[Ladakh]] that lasted from 1460 to 1842 and were titled the '''Gyalpo''' of Ladakh.<ref>{{cite book|author=Teg Bahadur Kapur |title=Ladakh, the Wonderland A Geographical, Historical, and Sociological Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBMbyunREY4C |date=1987 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=9788170990116 |page=57 }}</ref> The Namgyal dynasty succeeded the [[Maryul#First dynasty (930–1460)|first dynasty of Maryul]] and had several conflicts with the neighboring [[Mughal Empire]] and various dynasties of [[Tibet]], including the [[Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War]]. The dynasty eventually fell to the [[Sikh Empire]] and [[Dogra State|Dogra]]s of [[Jammu]]. Most of its known history is written in the ''[[Ladakh Chronicles]]''.

==History==
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2020}}

===Founding===
According to the ''[[Ladakh Chronicles]]'', the Namgyal dynasty was founded by [[Bhagan]], the son of Bhara in the kingdom of [[Maryul]]. Bhagan was described as warlike, and established the Namgyal dynasty in 1460 after he formed an alliance with the people of [[Leh]] and dethroned the Maryul king Lodrö Chokden (''Blo-gros-mc'og-ldan'') and his brothers Drünpa Aliand Lapten Dargyé (''Slab-bstan-dar-rgyas'').<ref name="Petech">{{cite book |last=Petech |first=Luciano |title=The Kingdom of Ladakh, c. 950–1842 A.D. |publisher=Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente |year=1977 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/48901732/1977_Kingdom_of_Ladakh_c_950-1842_AD_by_Petech_s.pdf |via=academia.edu}}</ref>{{rp|25,171}}

He took the surname Namgyal (meaning victorious) and founded a new dynasty which still survives today. King Tashi Namgyal (1555–1575) managed to repel most Central Asian raiders, and built a royal fort on the top of the Namgyal Peak. [[Tsewang Namgyal I|Tsewang Namgyal]] (1575–1595) extended his kingdom as far as [[Nepal]].

[[File:The Empire of King Nyimagon with three divisions about 975 A. D.- 1000 A.D..jpg|thumb|The Empire of King Nyimagon in Western Tibet about 975-1000 AD. The eldest son Palgyimon received the bulk of the empire under the name [[Maryul]], based in Leh.]][[Sengge Namgyal]] (r. 1616-1642), known as the "Lion" King, made efforts to restore Ladakh to its old glory by an ambitious and energetic building program including the [[Leh Palace]] and the rebuilding of several [[gompas]], the most famous of which are [[Hemis]] and [[Hanle Monastery|Hanle]].<ref>{{harvnb|Rizvi, Ladakh|1996|p=69}}</ref>

He expanded the kingdom into [[Zanskar]] and [[Spiti]], but was defeated by the [[Mughals]], who had already occupied Kashmir and [[Baltistan]]. His son Deldan Namgyal (1642–1694) had to placate the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]] by building a mosque in [[Leh]]. However, he defeated the Mughal army in Baltistan. His son Delek sided with [[Bhutan]] in a religious dispute between [[Tibet]] and Bhutan, which resulted in an [[Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal war of 1679-1684|invasion]] by the [[Fifth Dalai Lama]]. Delek Namgyal sought assistance from the Mughal Empire who drove out the Tibetan forces. The Mughuls withdrew after being paid off by the 5th Dalai Lama.<ref>{{cite book|author=Johan Elverskog|title=Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7_4Gr9Q438C&pg=PA223|date=6 June 2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-0531-2|pages=223–}}</ref>

===Downfall===
The Namgyal dynasty ended in 1842 after an invasion of Ladakh by the Dogra general [[Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)|Zorawar Singh]] and its subsequent annexation.{{sfnp|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|pp=1, 138–170}}

By the beginning of the 19th century, the Mughal empire had collapsed and [[Sikh]] rule had been established in [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and Kashmir. However the Dogra region of Jammu remained under its Rajput rulers (who ruled under the maharaja ranjit singh) Rajput ruler were given the control of their states but under the name of Punjab and they were part of khalsa empire, [[General Zorawar Singh]] invaded Ladakh in 1834. King Tshespal Namgyal was dethroned and exiled to [[Stok]] where they still had a small [[jagir]] until the post independence [[political integration of India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaul |first=H. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mg8My6WaWRcC&dq=dogra+conquest+of+ladakh&pg=PA72 |title=Rediscovery of Ladakh |date=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-086-6 |language=en}}</ref>

==List of kings==
{{History of South Asia}}
The kings of Namgyal dynasty along with their periods of reign are as follows:{{sfn|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|pp=171-172}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6y2E9gw5oIC|title=India-China Border Dispute: A Case Study of the Eastern Sector|first=M. L.|last=Sali|date=20 April 1998|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=9788170249641|access-date=20 April 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mg8My6WaWRcC|title=Rediscovery of Ladakh|first=H. N.|last=Kaul|date=20 April 1998|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=9788173870866|access-date=20 April 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref>
#[[Lhachen Bhagan]] (c. 1460-1485)
#Unknown (c. 1485-1510)
#Lata Jughdan (c. 1510-1535)
#Kunga Namgyal I (c. 1535-1555)
#[[Tashi Namgyal I]] ('''BKra‐śis‐rnam‐rgyal'', c. 1555-1575) son{{sfn|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|pp=28-29}}
#[[Tsewang Namgyal I]] (''Ts'e-dbaṅ‐rnam‐rgyal'', c. 1575-1595) nephew{{sfn|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|pp=31-32}}
#Namgyal Gonpo (''rNam-rgyal-mgon-po'', c. 1595-1600) brother
#[[Jamyang Namgyal]] (''Jams-dbyang-rnam-rgyal'', c. 1595-1616) brother{{sfn|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|pp=33-37}}
#[[Sengge Namgyal]] (''Seng-ge-rnam-rgyal'', first time, 1616–1623) son{{sfn|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|p=37}}
#Norbu Namgyal (1623–1624) brother
#[[Sengge Namgyal]] (second time, 1624–1642){{sfn|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|p=37}}
#Deldan Namgyal (''Bde-ldan-rnam-rgyal'', 1647–1694) son{{sfn|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|pp=58, 69}}
#Delek Namgyal (''Bde-legs-rnam-rgyal'', 1678–1691) son (prince regent){{sfn|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|pp=69, 70}}
#Nyima Namgyal (''Ñi-ma-rnam-rgyal'', 1691–1729) son{{sfn|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|pp=70, 81, 95}}
#Deskyong Namgyal (''Bde‐skyoṅ‐rnam‐rgyal'', 1729–1739) son
#Phuntsog Namgyal (''P'un‐ts'ogs‐rnam‐rgyal'', 1739–1753) son
#Tsewang Namgyal II (''Ts'e‐dbaṅ-rnam‐rgyal'', 1753–1782) son
#Tseten Namgyal (''Ts'e‐brtan‐rnam‐rgyal'', 1782-1802) son
#[[Tsepal Dondup Namgyal]] (''Ts'e‐dpal‐don‐grub‐rnam‐rgyal'', 1802–1837, 1839–1840) brother
#Kunga Namgyal II (''Kun‐dga'‐rnam‐rgyal'', 1840–1842) grandson

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Leh Palace Morning View.jpg|Leh Palace
File:Namgyal Palace in Stok.jpg|The Stok Royal Palace, residence of the descendants of Namgyal dynasty
File:Leh, Tsemo Monastery, Tsemo Castle, Ladakh, India.jpg|Tsemo Castle
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Ladakh#History|History of Ladakh]]
* [[Stok]]
* [[Zhabdrung Rinpoche|Zhabdrung]]
*[[Parvati Devi (Ladakh politician)]] – Queen mother of Ladakh and former MP

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last=Petech |first=Luciano |title=The Kingdom of Ladakh, c. 950–1842 A.D. |publisher=Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente |year=1977 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/48901732/1977_Kingdom_of_Ladakh_c_950-1842_AD_by_Petech_s.pdf |via=academia.edu |ref={{sfnref|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977}}}}
* {{citation |last=Rizvi |first=Janet |title=Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia |edition=Second |year=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Delhi |isbn=0-19-564546-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xoluAAAAMAAJ |ref={{sfnref|Rizvi, Ladakh|1996}}}}

== External links ==
*[http://india.journeymart.com/ladakh/history.asp History of Ladakh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821194524/http://india.journeymart.com/ladakh/history.asp |date=21 August 2007 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061030023958/http://www.himalmag.com/2006/august/special_report_1.htm History of Sikkim] (archived)

{{Ladakh}}

[[Category:Kings of Ladakh]]
[[Category:History of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of Asia]]
[[Category:Buddhist holy sites in Tibet]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1842]]

Ekatantri veena

2026-03-26T11:47:17Z

ErwinGholson17: Adding some pg w/ sources

{{Short description|Musical instrument}}
{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
| align = right
|header = ''Eka-tantrī vīṇā''

| image3 =Decorations of the Mukteshvara Temple of Bhubaneswar 02.jpg
| width3 = 140
| alt3 = Eka-tantri vina
| caption3 =''Eka-tantrī vīṇā'' at [[Mukteshvara Temple, Bhubaneswar|Mukteshvara Temple of Bhubaneswar]], ca. 10th century C.E.

|image4 = Indian - Sarasvati - Walters 2550.jpg
|width4=156
|alt4 = Sarasvati with eka-tantri vina
|caption4 = India, 10th century C.E. Image of Saraswati holding an ''eka-tantri vina'', a type of tube zither.

|footer = The far-right image shows many details missing from depictions of the ''eka-tantri vina'': the longer length of the instrument, thick tube, the large gourd at the top, the playing style over the shoulder, the stylized mouth at the bottom of the instrument, a bridge on the rectangle just above the mouth.
}}
The '''''eka-tantrī vīṇā''''' was a medieval [[tube zither|tube-zither]] [[veena]] in India, with a single string and one or more gourd resonators. The instrument became prominent in Indian music in about the 10th century C.E. as instruments of court music. Alongside the [[alapini vina]] and [[kinnari vina]] it replaced the [[Ancient veena|harp-style veenas]] and lute-style veenas in sculpture. It was possibly a forerunner of the [[rudra vina]]. It shares its name with the modern single-string drone lute, the [[ektara]].

The instrument is very closely related to the one-stringed alapini vina, an instrument which started out a [[Bar zither|stick zither]] but became a tube zither like the eka-tantri vina.

Although the tube zithers and stick zithers are very similar, it is possible that they have different origins. Early paintings of stick zithers in India date back at least to the 5th century C.E. The earliest currently known stick zither is in the Caves of Ajanta at the end of the 5th century.<ref>{{cite web |website= rudravina.com |title= The History |url= http://www.rudravina.com/html_gb/hist_01.html |access-date= 2021-06-08 |archive-date= 2021-05-01 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210501225154/http://www.rudravina.com/html_gb/hist_01.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> After a period of assuming that tube zithers spread from India to Southeast Asia, modern scholars have been trying to decide if the tube zithers might have originated in Southeast Asia and spread to India. Whatever the origins, Indian influence on musical culture in Southeast Asia is recorded in the archaeological remains of past civilizations.<ref name=grove>{{cite encyclopedia |author = Alastair Dick |author2= Gordon Geekie |author3= Richard Widdess |editor-last= Sadie |editor-first=Stanley |entry= Vina, section 4 Medieval stick zithers|encyclopedia= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |year=1984 |id= Volume 3 |pages=729–730 |quote=}}</ref><ref name=Vivi>{{cite journal |journal= National Security |volume= 4 |issue= 1 |date=January–March 2021 |author1= Piyal Bhattacharya |author2= Shreetama Chowdhury |title= How the Ancient Indian Vīṇā Travelled to Other Asian Countries: A Reconstruction through Scriptures, Sculptures, Paintings and Living Traditions |publisher= Vivekananda International Foundation |pages= 50–53 |url= https://www.vifindia.org/sites/default/files/national-security-vol-4-issue-1-article-pbhattachary&schowdhury.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Wrazen>{{cite journal |author= Louise Wrazen |title= The Early History of the Vīṇā and Bīn in South and Southeast Asia |journal= Asian Music |date= Autumn–Winter 1986 |volume= 18 |issue= 1 |pages=37–42 |publisher= University of Texas Press |doi= 10.2307/834157 |jstor= 834157 |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/834157 |url-access= subscription }}</ref>

==Parts of the eka-tantri vina==
Parts of the vinas from Sarnga Deva's '' Ratnakara'':<ref name=varieties>{{cite web |title= Varieties of Veena |website= SARASWATHI VEENA(SARASWATI VEENA) |url= http://www.theveena.com/the-veena/varieties-of-veena/ |quote= [paraphrased-translation placed online of parts of the Sangeeta Ratnakara of Sarngadeva]}}</ref><ref name = Misra>{{Cite web |author = [[Lalmani Misra]] |website = Oneline Musical Education, omenad.net|url= http://www.omenad.net/articles/bsv_ektantri.htm |title=Excerpts from Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya - Ektantri Veena |access-date=2007-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908081754/http://www.omenad.net/articles/BSV_ektantri.htm |archive-date=2008-09-08 |url-status=dead |quote= [Misra's source for this section of his book is Sarnga Deva's ''Sangita-Ratnakara''.]}}</ref>
*''Biradaalu'', anchoring point for string at the top of the instrument
*''Dandam'' or ''dandi'' the body or tube
*''Kakubham'', hollow box at bottom end, top curved slightly, bridge sits on
*''Naagapaasam'', anchoring point for string at the kakubham
*''Patrika'', bridge
*''Tumba'', resonator
*''Yali'' or ''dorika'', carved figure on bottom end
*''Kramica'', shall stick held against string by musician. Sometimes replaced in sculpture by one or two fingers held straight.

==Identifying the ''eka-tantrī vīṇā''==
{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
| align = right

| header = Development of fretted instrument
| image1 = Saraswati holding an Eka-tantri vina, ca. 1000 C.E.jpg
| width1 = 135
| alt1 =Saraswati holding an Eka-tantri vina, ca. 1000 C.E.
| caption1 = Saraswati holding an ''eka-tantri vina'', ca. 1000 C.E. This image clearly shows the bridge (bottom of instrument) which would sustain the string's note and create a buzzing quality.

| image2 =Sarasvati with fretted Eka-tantri vina.jpg
| width2 = 209
| alt2 = Sarasvati with fretted Eka-tantri vina
| caption2 =Sarasvati with a fretted ''[[kinnari vina]]'', with an apparent ''makara'' or ''yali'' on the top. Fretted tube-zither vinas are mentioned in literature by 800 C.E., coexisting with the non-fretted vinas. The [[rudra veena]] descends from the kinnari veena.<ref name=intotovina>{{cite journal |title= An Introduction to the Vina |author= Karaikudi S. Subramanian |journal= Asian Music |volume= 16 |issue= 2 |date=Spring–Summer 1985 |pages= 9–13, 19 |publisher= University of Texas Press |doi = 10.2307/833772 |jstor= 833772 |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/833772 |quote=Kumba (1400 A.D.) attributes the invention of the fourteen fretted kinnari to Matanga (800 A.D.) the author of Brhad-desi. [Tarlekar 1961- 172]...]|url-access= subscription }}</ref> The square at the bottom of the instrument is a stylized version of the bridge from the ''eka-tantri vina''.

| image3= A 19th century strolling singer musician playing Tingadee instrument, Madras.jpg
| width3 = 200
| alt3 = Kinnari veena or tingadee
| caption3 =[[Madras]], 1876. ''Kinnari vina'' labeled "tingadee." The spike is a bridge, directing string energy to resonator. In later kinnari vinas a third gourd was added in the center, which was pressed into the chest, similar to the alapini vina.

|footer= The ''ālāpiṇī vīṇā'', ''eka-tantri vina'' and ''kinnari vina'' were all mentioned in the 12th-13th century book [[Sangita Ratnakara]] by [[Śārṅgadeva]].<ref name=grove/> The 19th-century kinnari vina appears to have traits of both the ''alapini vina'' and the ''eka-tantri vina''. The gourd of the kinnari vina pressed into the musician's chest is similar to the ''alapini vina''. The gourd high enough to go over the shoulder is a trait of the ''eka-tantri vina''. Eka-tantri means single string. The alapini vina may have developed into a multi-stringed instrument. The kinnari veena had two strings in the early to mid-19th century; the early 20th century kinnari vina in the Metropolitan Museum of Art has two main strings, and like the rudra veena that came from it, three side strings. The kinnari vina had waxed on frets, and the alapini vina may also have developed frets.
}}

Instruments in paintings and sculpture are not generally labeled, and researchers have had to apply the name ''eka-tantrī vīṇā'' (one-string vina) to different instruments. Iconography can't show whether the rods or bodies are hollow, and researchers have had to look for clues in literature.

Instruments in surviving images that are labeled ''eka-tantrī vīṇā'' are generally tube zithers with wide tubes and a gourd attached to the top, the gourd held over the musician's shoulder and the other end past their hip, with a single string and no frets. Musician's are shown sliding the straightened fingers of their upper hand on the string, or holding a stick to slide on the string, and plucking with their lower hand.<ref name=Koch1>{{cite journal |title= Klang und Kultur: Musikethnologische Erkenntnisse als Grundlagen für musikarchäologisches Arbeiten |author= Lars-Christian Koch |journal= Archäologie in Deutschland
|date= 2015 |pages= 12–21 |publisher= Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft (WBG) |jstor= 26321804 |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/26321804 |quote= Sonderheft: Musikarchäologie Klänge der Vergangenheit: Theiss (2015) [translation: Special Issue: Music Archeology Sounds of the Past: Theiss]}}</ref>

The instruments are fretless, the depictions showing a single string. The later instruments labeled '' [[kinnari vina]]'' we're fretted and show traits of both the ekatantri vina and the alapini vina, with gourds that are pressed into the chest and also rise above the shoulder.<ref name=Koch1/>

In medieval artwork, a second lower gourd has been seen on both stick zithers and tube zithers. Artwork for the eka-tantri vina commonly shows a second carved resonator or gourd resonator near the instrument's lower end.

While the eka-tantri vina had only one string (the meaning of its name), it may have been modified to add additional strings and frets, moving toward the development of the rudra veena. The manner of holding the instrument is similar too. The kinnari veena with its multiple strings and frets also may also be related in the development of the rudra veena, although this instrument was held vertically in artwork, different from the manner the rudra veena was held.

===The instruments in literature===
Based on definitions from Indian literature, the unifying criterion is that both have a single string and a gourd resonator. The literature includes the [[Nāṭyaśāstra]] (written sometime between 2nd century B.C.E. - 3rd century C.E.) by [[Bharata Muni]] and the [[Sangita Ratnakara]] (written 1210 - 1247 AD) by [[Śārṅgadeva]].<ref name=Vivi/>

====According to Śārṅgadeva====
In the 13th century, the Sangita Ratnakara placed vinas into three categories: fretless (into which the ''eka-tanktri vina'' was placed), [[ancient veena|harps]], and fretted vinas (which included the ''alapini vina'' and the ''kinnari vina''). Frets were possibly introduced as a reaction to the invention of the 12-string scale, ca. 700–800. In 1400, the frets on the ''kinnari vina'' were attributed to Matanga (800 A.D.) the author of Brhad-desi.<ref name=intotovina/>

For the ''eka-tantri vina'' Śārṅgadeva described an instrument made of [[Senegalia catechu|Khadirah wood]], less than a yard long (alternative translation says 3 arm lengths long), with a dandam "a stetched palm" (about 5-8 inches) in circumference, and 1.5 inches narrower on the bottom where a [[yali (mythology)|yali]] might be carved.<ref name=varieties/>

In comparison, the ''alapini vina'' Śārṅgadeva described was an instrument 36 inches long, the [[Pterocarpus santalinus|red sandalwood]] or [[Senegalia catechu|Khadirah wood]] or bamboo rod 2 inches in circumference. The cup (tumba) was made from coconut, and its string was reportedly made of silk, producing a delicate sound.<ref name=varieties/>

====Modern researchers====
Researchers [[Piyal Bhattacharya]] and Shreetama Chowdhury described the ''eka-tantrī vīṇā'' as being a larger instrument, with a "bigger tube" and bigger gourd, compared to the ''ālāpiṇī vīṇā'', which they described as a stick zither. The researchers looked at where the instrument's gourd was placed while playing; they indicated instruments with the gourd over the shoulder were ''eka-tantrī vīṇās'' and those pressed against the chest were ''ālāpiṇī vīṇās''.<ref name=Vivi/>

Patrick Kersale applied the label ''ekatantri'' to a 10th-century tube zither from the [[Pala Empire]], a long instrument with a squared base and raised bridge-like piece (that lengthened the time the string would sound).<ref name=Kersalefretted/> Like on the modern ''[[pinaka vina]]'' a stick was slid on the string to determine the notes.<ref name=Kersalefretted>{{cite web |author= Patrick Kersale |title= Fretted zither |url= https://www.soundsofangkor.org/english/ancient-music/zither-fretted-va/}}</ref> With the [[kse diev]], the gourd is pressed with different pressures into the player's, and the ring finger of the right hand plucks, while the left hand applies pressure on the string at the players chest.<ref>{{cite web |author= Patrick Kersale |title= Zither - kse diev - ខ្សែដៀវ |url= https://www.soundsofangkor.org/english/traditional-music/zither-kse-diev/}}</ref> The purpose of the bridge may also have been to create a "buzzing" quality to the note (known in [[Indian classical music]] as [[jivari]].<ref name=grove/>

The writers for the vīnā entry in the '' New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments'' called the ''ālāpiṇī vīṇā'' a stick zither, in which the stick might be a bamboo or wooden tube. They focused on how the vinas were played. The gourd on the ''ālāpiṇī vīṇā'' was cut to form a cup or bowl, the opening of which could be placed against the musician's body while playing, creating a "closed resonance chamber". On the ''eka-tantrī vīṇā'' and later ''Kinarri vina'' the gourd (bottom intact) used for the resonance chamber rested over the musician's shoulder. These latter two might have a second or third gourd added further down, creating the modern ''kinarri vina'' and ''[[rudra veena]]''<ref name=grove/>

In his book [[Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya]], [[Lalmani Misra]] used Śārṅgadeva's work to describe the ''Eka-tantri''. The body of the instrument, was 3 arm-lengths long and a hand's breadth wide, hollowed out to form a tube, with a bore of 1.5 forefinger widths. A borehole (perpendicular to the instrument's bore) allows the resonating sound in the tube to pass into each gourd resonator; the perpendicular bores are 2 forefingers or 3 pinky-fingers wide. The gourds are secured to the eka-tantri's wooden stem using gut cord, passing through holes made in the stem, down through a hole in the top of the gourd; the thread goes through a pair of holes in the top of a coconut, set inside the gourd (with the rounded side, pressing against the sides of the gourd and toward the stem). On the instrument's lower end, the bridge (kakubh) is attached, its surface not flat but rounded like a tortoise shell. On top of the bridge a ''patuli'' (metal plate forming a spike) was placed in the center.<ref name=Misra/>

===Symbolism===
[[File:Makara or yali, from Walters Art Museum statue "Saraswati".jpg|thumb|Ca. 10th century C.E. Makara or yali on an ''Eka-tantri vina''.]]
Different symbolism appears on the instruments over time. In Hinduism, the instruments have been associated with the gods [[Shiva]], [[Saraswati]], and [[Nataraja]].<ref name=Koch1/> Shiva has been portrayed playing it romantically for [[Paravati]], and as an ascetic, Natajara in his form as the divine dancer. Saraswati is a goddess of flowing things, including water, wisdom and music. Much less frequently, [[Krishna]] has also been portrayed playing the vina and dancing; the instrument is not iconically associated with him, as his instrument is the flute.

The instrument has been portrayed in Buddhist temple art in the hands of humans, as well as celestial ''[[kinnara]]s'', half human, half bird figures.

Some kinnari vinas in museums seem to have bird-related carvings and feathers on the ends. Some ''alapini vinas'' and ''eka-tantri vinas'' have very styled ends that resemble the heads of monsters, similar to the [[Makara]] water monster's or the [[Yali (mythology)|Yali]]'s. Both monsters had forms that included an elephant's trunk, a feature found on some kinnari vinas.

==''Eka-tantri'' vinas==
<gallery>
File:Saraswati with eka-tantri vina, Close up from Vishni, Lakshmi and Sarasvati carvings, National Gallery of Victoria.jpg|Bengal, India. 11th century C.E. Saraswati playing Eka-tantri vina. Her left hand is holding a stick, which may be like the slide on a [[Pinaka veena]]. That stick is not uncommon in the Pala Empire made sculptures. The gourd is resting over her shoulder.

File:Saraswati with alapini vina or eka-tantri vina, 12th century.jpg|Saraswati with alapini vina or eka-tantri vina, 12th century.
File:Alapini vina, from India nord-orientale, vishnu vasudeva, 12th century.jpg|Saraswati with an [[alapini vina]] or possibly eka-tantri vina. The instrument has no apparent resonator except the thick tube of the body. Alapini vinas tended to have narrower tubes.<ref name=varieties/> 12th century C.E.

File:Eka-tantri vina, from sculpture "Guardians of the eight directions".jpg|Eka-tantri vina, from sculpture "Guardians of the eight directions"
File:WLA haa Standing Buddha Pala dynasty 2.jpg|A Buddhist artwork with a person playing eka-tantri vina (far left).
File:Eka-tantri vina, Stone Made Parvati from Rajasthan displayed at National Museum, New Delhi, left side.jpg|Eka-tantri vina, from the feet (left side) of the ''Stone Made Parvati'' from Rajasthan, displayed at National Museum, New Delhi
File:Eka-tantri vina, Stone Made Parvati from Rajasthan displayed at National Museum, New Delhi, right side.jpg|Eka-tantri vina, from the feet (right side) of the ''Stone Made Parvati'', from Rajasthan, displayed at National Museum, New Delhi
File:A statue of Saraswati Kathmandu Nepal.jpg|Date unknown. Saraswati playing an eka-tantri vina in Kathmandu, Nepal. The resonator depicted is not a gourd but carved (possibly wood].
File:Eka-tantri vina, from Parsvanatha, National Museum, New Delhi.jpg|Musician with body of snake playing eka-tantri vina, from Parsvanatha
File:Woman playing Eka-tantri vina at Ambika Mata temple.jpg|Woman playing Eka-tantri vina at [[Ambika Mata Temple]].
File:Harshnath Temple sculptures 15.JPG|Image from the [[Harshnath Temple]]
File:Harshnath Temple sculptures 16.JPG|Image from the Harshnath Temple with side view of the eka-tantri vina's resonator
File:HAZARARAMA TEMPLE-Dr. Murali Mohan Gurram (33).jpg|Side view of an eka-tantri vina at the [[Hampi#Hazara Rama temple|Hazara Rama temple]] at [[Hampi]]. Circa early 15th century C.E.
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Gourd musical instruments]]
[[Category:Monochords]]
[[Category:Tube zithers]]

Pallavaram taluk

2026-03-26T06:38:28Z

ErwinGholson17: added the page and citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pallavaram
| official_name = Pallavaram<ref>{{Cite web|title = Creation order of new Chengalpattu district|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/cms_migrated/document/GO/revenue_e_428_2019.pdf}}</ref>
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Taluk
| translit_lang1 =
| translit_lang1_type =
| image_skyline = Pallavaramwardmap.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Pallavaram taluk Building Near Vels College Signal Pallavaram – Thuraipakkam Radial Road Kurinji Nagar, Pallavaram, Chennai – 600 044
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Tamil Nadu
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
| subdivision_type3 = Firkas
| subdivision_name3 = 2
| established_date = 2015
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 40.16
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 582783
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 =
| footnotes = '''District Collector:''' D. Sneha
'''Location:''' Pallavaram – Thuraipakkam Radial Road, Opp. Vels College, Kurinji Nagar, Pallavaram, Chennai – 600 044
 
'''Police Jurisdiction:''' [[Greater Chennai Police]] and [[Tambaram City Police]] '''Planning Agency:''' [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]]
| subdivision_type4 = Headquarters
| subdivision_name4 = [[Pallavaram]]
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 600043 (Essa Pallavaram, Zamin Pallavaram, Cantonment Pallavaram and Tirusulam) 600075 (Pammal) 600027 (Meenambakkam Cantonment) 600016 (St.Thomas Mount) 600044 (Chrompet and Nagalkeni) 
600117 (Old Pallavaram and Keelkattalai) 600074 (Pozhichalur and Cowl Bazaar) 600070 (Anakaputhur) 600091 (Moovarasampattu) 600132 (Thiruneermalai)
| subdivision_type5 = Metro
| subdivision_type6 = Local Administrations
| subdivision_name5 = [[Chennai]]
| subdivision_name6 = [[Tambaram Corporation]] and [[St.Thomas Mount cum Pallavaram Cantonment Board]]
| registration_plate = TN 22, TN 85, TN 11
| government_footnotes =
}}

'''Pallavaram taluk''' is a [[Tehsil|taluk]] in [[Tambaram division]], [[Chengalpattu district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India. Its headquarters in located in [[Pallavaram - Thuraipakkam Radial Road|Pallavaram–Thuraipakkam Radial Road]]. It shares its boundaries with [[Alandur taluk|Alandur Taluk]] in [[Chennai district|Chennai District]] on the north, Kundrathur Taluk in [[Kanchipuram district]] on the west, [[Sholinganallur taluk|Sholinganallur Taluk]] in [[Chennai district|Chennai District]] on the east.

In 2018, when areas under Alandur Taluk, were annexed by [[Chennai district|Chennai District]], revenue villages that were not under [[Greater Chennai Corporation]] were moved to Pallavaram Taluk.

Pallavaram Taluk has four [[revenue block]]s: Pallavaram, Pammal, Kundrathur, and Mangadu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s31543843a4723ed2ab08e18053ae6dc5b/uploads/2018/04/2018040545.pdf|title=Revenue Villages in Pallavaram Taluk}}</ref>

In 2019, [[Chengalpattu district]] was carved out from [[Kanchipuram district|Kancheepuram district]]. Kundrathur taluk was created with [[Kundrathur]] and [[Mangadu]] revenue blocks. Kundrathur taluk remind under Kancheepuram District and Pallavaram Taluk was moved to newly formed Chengalpattu District.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/new-districts-in-tamil-nadu-boundaries-redrawn/articleshow/72034946.cms|title=Pallavaram Taluk moved to Chengalpattu District}}</ref>

The total area of Pallavaram was 100 km2 including Kundrathur and Mangadu [[Revenue block|Firkas]] forming a largest taluk. Since 2019, Kundrathur and Mangadu Firkas are carved out from Pallavaram Taluk to form the new Kundrathur Taluk under Kancheepuram District. So, the total area of Pallavaram Taluk was shrunk to 62 km2 covering Pallavaram and Pammal revenue blocks.

Currently, Pallavaram Taluk will have 2 firkas: Pallavaram and Pammal revenue blocks.
* [[Pallavaram|Pallavaram Firka]]
* [[Pammal|Pammal Firka]]

Pallavaram taluk have its own District Munsif Court.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/video-conferencing-facility-to-come-up-at-116-court-complexes/articleshow/70150078.cms|title=District Munsif Court to be set up in Pallavaram}}</ref>

== Pallavaram Firka ==
[[Tirusulam]], Cantonment Pallavaram, St. Thomas Mount Cantonment, Meenambakkam Cantonment, Essa Pallavaram, Zamin Pallavaram, [[Keelkattalai]], Nemilichery, Hasthinapuram and [[Moovarasampettai|Moovarasampattu]] villages.

== Pammal Firka ==
[[Thiruneermalai]], [[Pammal]], [[Anakaputhur]], [[Pozhichalur]] and [[Cowl Bazaar]].

== Taluk Boundaries ==
{{Geographic location
|Centre= Pallavaram
|South=[[Tambaram taluk|Tambaram]]
|North=[[Alandur taluk|Alandur (Chennai District)]]
|East=[[Sholinganallur taluk|Sholinganallur (Chennai District)]]
|West =[[Kundrathur Taluk|Kundrathur (Kanchipuram District)]]
|Southwest= [[Sriperumbudur taluk|Sriperumbudur (Kanchipuram District)]]
}}

== Demographics ==
Pallavaram Taluk was created in 2015. The demographics for the taluk will be published based on 2021 Census Report.

==Administration==
The taluk is administered by the Tahsildar office located in Pallavaram.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taluk Offices {{!}} Chengalpattu District, Government of Tamilnadu {{!}} India |url=https://chengalpattu.nic.in/department/taluk-offices/ |access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.thehindu.com/features/downtown/pallavaram-is-set-to-become-a-taluk/article7619341.ece Pallavaram is set to become a taluk] The Hindu
* [https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/nov/30/work-on-new-building-for-pallavaram-taluk-1714426.html Work on new building for Pallavaram Taluk] The New Indian Express
* [https://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=39069 Taluk boundaries of Tambaram and Pallavaram expanded] livechennai.com
* [https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2019/11/13/tamilnadu-gets-five-new-districts/ Tamilnadu gets five new districts] News Today
* [http://www.uniindia.com/tn-get-five-new-districts-notified-in-govt-gazette/south/news/1788354.html TN gets five new districts, notified in govt gazette] United News of India
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/resurrected-chengalpet-is-now-a-satellite-district/articleshow/72046481.cms Resurrected Chengalpet is now a satellite district] Times of India
{{Chengalpattu district}}
{{Kanchipuram district}}
{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Taluks of Chengalpattu district]]

Illegal immigration to India

2026-03-25T16:12:30Z

ErwinGholson17:

{{short description|Illegal foreigners in India}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
An '''illegal immigrant in India''' is a foreigner who has entered [[India]] either without valid documents or who initially had a valid document, but has overstayed beyond the permitted time, as per the general provisions of the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2003|Citizenship Act as amended in 2003]]. Such persons are not eligible for citizenship by [[Indian nationality law#Acquisition_and_loss_of_citizenship|registration or naturalisation]].<ref>[https://indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/4210/1/Citizenship_Act_1955.pdf Citizenship Act, 1955], indiacode.nic.in, 2004.</ref> They are also liable to be imprisoned for 2–8 years and fined.<ref>[https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1667568/ The Foreigners (Amendment) Act, 2004], India Kanoon, 2004.</ref>

[[Refugees in India]] are different from the ''illegal immigrant in India''. An exception was made in 2015 for minority communities of [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]] who were compelled to seek shelter in India due to [[religious persecution]] or fear of religious persecution. They are not classified as illegal migrants and remain eligible for citizenship,<ref>[https://indianfrro.gov.in/frro/Notifications_dated_7.9.2015.pdf Foreigners (Amendment) Order, 2015]</ref><ref>[http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/214646.pdf Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019], Gazette of India, 2019.</ref> as they are legally considered ''refugees in India''.

The Indian Census of 2001 gives information about migrants, but not exclusively illegal immigrants. As per the 2001 Census, [[Bangladeshi people|Bangladeshis]] form the largest group of migrants in India, followed by [[Pakistan]]is.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in"/>

== Legal framework ==

=== Indian citizens and National Register of Citizen's ===
[[Indian nationality law]] is governed by the Citizenship Act, 1955 (Articles 5 to 11 (Part II) of the [[Constitution of India]]), which has been amended by the Citizenship (Amendment) Acts of 1986, 1992, 2003, 2005, 2015 and 2019.

The [[National Register of Citizens of India]] (NRC) is a register envisaged by the [[Government of India]] containing names and certain relevant information for identification of [[Indian people|Indian]] citizens.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-nrc|title=WHAT IS NRC|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2 October 2019}}</ref> The register was first prepared based on the [[1951 Census of India]], but it was not maintained afterwards. The exercise to update it for the state of [[Assam]] was carried out recently via an order of the [[Supreme Court of India]] in the year 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/couple-who-set-nrc-ball-rolling-248806 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801064053/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/couple-who-set-nrc-ball-rolling-248806 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 August 2018 |title=Couple who set NRC ball rolling |work=The Telegraph |access-date=20 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/national-register-of-citizens-in-assam-issue-of-illegal-foreigners-continues-to-be-a-major-political-one/articleshow/47657561.cms|title=National Register of Citizens in Assam: Issue of illegal foreigners continues to be a major political one|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=14 June 2015|last1=Seetharaman|first1=G.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/assam-overhaul-of-national-register-of-citizens-sparks-controversy/story-O082SAiZUXEc9ZRWfpsvDO.html|title=Assam: Overhaul of National Register of Citizens sparks controversy|work=Hindustan Times |date=29 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/national-register-of-citizens-in-assam-issue-of-illegal-foreigners-continues-to-be-a-major-political-one/articleshow/47657561.cms |title=National Register of Citizens in Assam: Issue of illegal foreigners continues to be a major political one - The Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=14 June 2015 |access-date=5 September 2015|newspaper=The Economic Times |last1=Seetharaman |first1=G. }}</ref>

The Government of India has announced its intention to recreate an NRC for the whole of India, but it is not yet been operationalised <ref name="illegalbang2">[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rohingyas-bangladeshi-refugees-likely-target-of-khattar-govt-s-updated-nrc/story-j3YxmWY0589N5w02ulCglK.html Rohingyas, Bangladeshi refugees likely target of Khattar govt’s updated NRC], Hindustan Times, 16 September 2019.</ref><ref name="banglacatch1">[https://www.newsclick.in/dgp-asks-top-cops-start-identifying-illegal-bangladeshi-and-foreigner-immigrants UP DGP Asks Top Cops to Start Identifying Illegal ‘Bangladeshi and Foreigner’ Immigrants], NewsClick, 1 October 2019.</ref>{{Verify source|date=November 2023}} Meanwhile, there have been demands from some border states, such as [[Manipur]], to create an NRC for their states.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zaman |first=Rokibuz |date=2022-07-29 |title=How the Myanmar political crisis has triggered fresh demands for an NRC in Manipur |url=https://scroll.in/article/1029029/how-the-myanmar-political-crisis-has-triggered-fresh-demands-for-an-nrc-in-manipur |access-date= |website=Scroll.in |language=}}</ref>

=== Foreigners ===
Persons in India without either a valid Indian citizenship or a visa are considered by the central government as illegal and unlawful immigrants. Illegal immigrants are subject to [[The Foreigners Act, 1946]] which defines a foreigner as a person who is not a citizen of India.<ref name="please"/> According to Foreigners (Amendment) Order, 2015 persons belonging to minority communities in Bangladesh and Pakistan, namely, Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis and Christians who were compelled to seek shelter in India due to religious persecution or fear of religious persecution and entered into India on or before 31 December 2014 with or without valid documents including passport or other travel document are granted exemption from the application of provisions of the Foreigners Act, 1946.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreigners (Amendment) Order, 2015 |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_5_23_00048_194631_1523947455673&type=order&filename=Foreigners%20(Amendment)%20Order,%202015.pdf |access-date=14 February 2020}}</ref>
Where the nationality of a person is not evident, the [[wikiwikiweb:onus|onus]] of proving whether a person is a foreigner or not shall lie upon such person.<ref name=please/> Furthermore, anyone who believes that a foreigner has entered India, or the owners and managers of the property where such a foreigner resides illegally in India must inform the nearest police station within 24 hours of their presence becoming known.<ref name=please>[https://indiankanoon.org/doc/27376/ The Foreigners Act, 1946], Indian Kanoon.</ref> The Foreigners Act empowers the Indian administration to [[detain]] a person until they are deported back to their country.<ref name=foreigner2>{{citation |title=In Strident Campaign, Jammu Politicians Target Rohingya Muslim Refugees |url=https://thewire.in/106280/jammu-rohingya-muslim-myanmar-refugee |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=7 February 2017 }}</ref>

==== Illegal migrants ====
Preventing the entry of illegal migrants into India is important as they impose pressure on citizens and pose a security threat, especially in sensitive areas such as [[Jammu]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref name="threat1">{{Cite web |url=http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/rohingya-deportation-case-day-3-arguments/ |title=ROHINGYA DEPORTATION CASE: DAY 3 ARGUMENTS - Supreme Court Observer |access-date=19 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219151621/http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/rohingya-deportation-case-day-3-arguments/ |archive-date=19 February 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> For example, the Indian security establishments said that "Some [[Rohingya people|Rohingyas]] sympathizing with many militant group's ideologies may be active in Jammu, Delhi, Hyderabad, and Mewat and can be a potential threat to [[National Security Strategy (India)|internal security]]."<ref name="threat2">{{cite news|title=Rohingya presence poses national security threat: Centre to SC|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/supreme-court-rohingya-muslims-myanmar-rajnath-singh-4849051/|access-date=6 October 2017|date=18 September 2017}}</ref>

According to Indian law, illegal immigrants are not refugees. Since India is not a [[Signature|signatory]] to the [[Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees|1951 Refugee Convention]],<ref name=LegalMigrantsOnly1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/india/2017/06/23/tibetan-refugees-india-passports-not-property|title=Tibetan Refugees in India Get Passports, Not Property|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=4 March 2019|date=23 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/lankan-refugees-in-dilemma-over-return/articleshow/57565017.cms|title=Sri Lankan refugees in dilemma over return - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=10 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref> the United Nations principle of [[non-refoulement]] and [[impediment to expulsion]] does not apply in India. Illegal immigrants are denied impediment to expulsion if they do not fall within the host country's legal definition of a lawful refugee.<ref>[http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#%7B%22appno%22:%5B%2225498%2F94%22%5D%7D Search results on "Impediment to expulsion"] in the European Court of Human Rights archive.</ref>

[[Illegal immigration|Illegal immigrants]] are people who migrate to a country in violation of the [[immigration law]]s of that country, or the continued residence of people without the legal right to live in that country. Illegal immigration tends to be financially upward, from poorer to richer countries.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Mark|last=Taylor|s2cid=153735765|title=The Drivers of Immigration in Contemporary Society: Unequal Distribution of Resources and Opportunities|journal=Human Ecology|volume=35|number=6|date=December 2007|doi=10.1007/s10745-007-9111-z|pages=775–776|bibcode=2007HumEc..35..775T }}</ref>

In 2005, the [[Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunal) Act, 1983]] was rejected by the [[Supreme Court of India]] which held that the act "has created the biggest hurdle and is the main impediment or barrier in the identification and deportation of illegal migrants."<ref>[http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1436100/ Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunal) Act, 1983], Indian Kanoon.</ref> On 9 August 2012, during a Supreme Court hearing about a [[Public interest litigation in India|public interest litigation]] petition for deportation of illegal migrants, it was told that the policy of the government of India does not support any kind of illegal migration either into its territory or illegal immigration of its citizens and the government is committed to deporting illegal Bangladeshi migrants, but only lawfully.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3747019.ece|title=Committed to deporting illegal migrants, but only lawfully: Centre|date=10 August 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|last1=Venkatesan|first1=J.}}</ref>

==== Legal refugees ====
{{anchor | Legal }}
{{See also|Two-nation theory (Pakistan)|Partition of India|1971 Bangladesh genocide}}The government of India has recognised immigrants from [[Tibetan people|Tibet]] and [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Sri Lanka]] as refugees in the past, providing free education and some identification to the former.<ref name="LegalMigrantsOnly1" />

The [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship Amendment Act 2019]] amended the [[Citizenship Act, 1955]] to allow migrants from minority communities like [[Hindu]], [[Sikh]], [[Buddhist]], [[Jain]], [[Christians|Christian]], [[Parsi]] who fled religious persecution from [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], and [[Pakistan]] to be eligible for [[Indian citizenship]] provided they came into the country on or before 31 December 2014,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019 |url=https://prsindia.org/sites/default/files/bill_files/Citizenship%20%28A%29%20Bill%2C%202019%20as%20passed%20by%20LS.pdf |website=PRS India |access-date=17 August 2019 |archive-date=31 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031143237/https://www.prsindia.org/sites/default/files/bill_files/Citizenship%20%28A%29%20Bill%2C%202019%20as%20passed%20by%20LS.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2016 |url=https://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-citizenship-amendment-bill-2016-4348 |website=PRS India - Ministry of Home Affairs |access-date=17 August 2019|date=19 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill 2016? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/what-is-citizenship-amendment-bill-2016-1372701-2018-10-22 |website=India Today |date=22 October 2018 |access-date=26 January 2019}}</ref> excluding people from the [[Muslim]] community (the majority community of those nations).<ref>{{cite news |title=What is the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2016? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/what-is-the-citizenship-amendment-bill-2016/article23999348.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=26 January 2019|date=26 May 2018 |last1=Purkayastha |first1=Debasree }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

=== Afghanistan immigrants ===
{{Expand section|date=January 2020}}
By 2009, India had over 13,000 illegal [[Afghans in India|immigrants from Afghanistan]].<ref name="Hindustan Times"/>
According to a report by the Afghan embassy in Delhi, refugees from Afghanistan, estimated at around 30,000 families, have, over the past two and a half decades, fled from their hometowns due to large-scale conflicts, seeking safety in India's capital city. Many outsiders call Delhi home, but the Afghan people claim a special relationship with India and its capital, due to the ancient and modern history between both nations. There are nearly 11,000 Afghan refugees registered with the UNHCR in India, mainly living in Delhi and bordering areas. The refugees in Delhi face considerable hardships and difficulties.<ref>Sarkar, S. (2020), "Life of the Afghan Refugee Women in Delhi Region: Highlighting Their Miserable Conditions and Possible Legal Assistance", Das, S.K. and Chowdhary, N. (Ed.) Refugee Crises and Third-World Economies, Emerald Publishing Limited, pp. 149-157</ref>

=== Bangladeshi immigrants ===
{{see also | List_of_massacres_in_Bangladesh#Perpetrators | l1= Disappearing Hindus in Bangladesh }}

In 2004, a [[rule of thumb]] was that for each illegal immigrant caught, four illegally entered the country.<ref name=":3" /> While many immigrants have settled in the border areas, some have moved on to places such as [[Mumbai]] and [[Delhi]].<ref name=":3">{{cite web | url = http://www.idsa.in/system/files/strategicanalysis_Jamwal_0304.pdf | title = Border Management: Dilemma of Guarding the India-Bangladesh border | last = Jamwal | first = N.S. | publisher = Strategic Analysis, January–March 2004 | access-date = 26 August 2017 | archive-date = 26 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170826193339/http://www.idsa.in/system/files/strategicanalysis_Jamwal_0304.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> During the UPA government, [[Sriprakash Jaiswal]], Union Minister of State for Home Affairs, made a statement in Parliament on 14 July 2004, saying that "12 million illegal Bangladeshi infiltrators were living in India", and West Bengal had the most with 5.7 million Bangladeshis. This led to protests from state government of Assam, ruled by Congress, and consequent retraction of this statement, saying that the numbers are unreliable. More recently, [[Kiren Rijiju]], Minister of State for Home Affairs in the NDA government has put the figure at around 20 million.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/two-crore-illegal-bangladeshi-living-in-india-govt-116111601110_1.html| title = Two crore illegal Bangladeshi living in India: Govt | publisher = Business Standard / Press Trust of India, 16 November 2016 |access-date = 26 August 2017| newspaper = Business Standard India | date = 16 November 2016 | agency = Press Trust of India }}</ref>

According to the 2001 census, 3,084,826 people in India came from Bangladesh.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Data_Products/Data_Highlights/Data_Highlights_link/data_highlights_D1D2D3.pdf|title=Census of India 2001. Data Highlights: Migration Tables. Pg 19|access-date=13 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |date=2022-07-29 |chapter=Tripura's nuanced history to the present |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003157816-14/tripura-nuanced-history-present-mousami-debbarma |publisher=Taylor & Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781003157816-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603111140/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003157816-14/tripura-nuanced-history-present-mousami-debbarma |archive-date=3 June 2024 |title=Northeast India Through the Ages |last1=Debbarma |first1=Mousami |pages=332–354 |isbn=978-1-003-15781-6 |access-date=3 April 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> No reliable numbers on illegal immigrants are currently available. Extrapolating the census data for the state of [[Assam]] alone gives a figure of 2 million.<ref name="voi.org">{{cite web|url=http://voi.org/books/tfst/appii1.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320024437/http://voi.org/books/tfst/appii1.htm|title=1. Population Explosion in West Bengal: A Survey|archive-date=20 March 2012|work=voi.org}}</ref><ref name="satp.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/documents/papers/illegal_migration_in_assam.htm|title=Illegal Migration into Assam|work=satp.org}}</ref> Figures as high as 20 million are also reported in the government and media.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030928/main1.htm 2 cr Bangladeshis in India: Fernandes] Tribune India - 27 September 2003</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/%5Cpapers14%5Cpaper1391.html|title=Illegal Bangladeshi Immigration|access-date=13 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218062314/http://southasiaanalysis.org/papers14/paper1391.html|archive-date=18 December 2010|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Samir Guha Roy of the Indian Statistical Institute called these estimates "motivated exaggerated".{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} After examining the population growth and demographic statistics, Roy states that while a vast majority are illegal immigrants, significant amounts of internal migration is sometimes falsely thought to be immigrants. An analysis of the numbers by Roy revealed that on average around 91000 Bangladeshis illegally crossed over to India every year during the years 1981{{ndash}}1991.<ref name=facingglobal>{{cite book | title=Facing Global Environmental Change: Environmental, Human, Energy, Food, Health and Water Security Concepts | url=https://archive.org/details/facingglobalenvi00alha | url-access=limited | publisher=Springer |author1=Hans Günter Brauch |author2=John Grin |author3=Úrsula Oswald | year=2009 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/facingglobalenvi00alha/page/n337 304] | isbn=978-3540684886}}</ref><ref name="van Schendel 105–135">{{Cite journal |last=van Schendel |first=Willem |date=2023-01-02 |title=Rebuffing Bengali dominance: postcolonial India and Bangladesh |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14672715.2022.2150870 |journal=Critical Asian Studies |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=105–135 |doi=10.1080/14672715.2022.2150870 |issn=1467-2715|hdl=20.500.11755/d180033a-2d28-4f5a-9c32-dc7ae2858052 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

The [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and continued political and economic turmoil in Bangladesh in the following decades forced some Bangladeshis to seek refuge in India. During the war, at least 10 million Bangladeshis (80% of whom were [[Bengali Hindus|Hindus]]) have crossed into India illegally to seek refuge from widespread [[Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War|rape]] and [[1971 Bangladesh Genocide|genocide]].<ref name="ibtimes">{{Cite news|title=India's 'Mexican' Problem: Illegal Immigration from Bangladesh | date=6 February 2012 | publisher=Ibtimes | url=http://www.ibtimes.com/indias-mexican-problem-illegal-immigration-bangladesh-213993}}</ref> Most of them migrated to the border states, particularly [[West Bengal]] and [[Assam]].<ref name="satp.org" /> Due to persecution, illegal migrants have been defined in Assam Accord as those who infiltrated illegally after 24 December 1971.<ref name="satp.org" /> Till today, illegal border crossing persists in India through Tripura and other states.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-20 |title=Two Bangladeshis arrested at Agartala railway station for illegal entry |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/two-bangladeshi-nationals-arrested-agartala-railway-station-9846785/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-02-15 |title=Four Bangladesh nationals detained by BSF in Tripura |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/four-bangladesh-nationals-detained-by-bsf-in-tripura/article69222525.ece |access-date=2025-04-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Six illegal Bangladeshi immigrants arrested in Tripura |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tripura/six-illegal-bangladeshi-immigrants-arrested-in-tripura-3268260 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2024-10-24 |title=Eight Bangladesh nationals held in Tripura for illegally entering India |url=https://telanganatoday.com/eight-bangladesh-nationals-held-in-tripura-for-illegally-entering-india |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== Burmese immigrants ===
{{See also|Mohammad Salimullah v. Union of India}}

There are an estimated 50,000{{ndash}}100,000 [[Burma|Burmese]] [[Chin people|Chin]] illegal immigrants stated to be residing in [[India]], mostly in the Indian state of [[Mizoram]], [[Manipur]] and a small number in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.refugeesinternational.org/sites/default/files/120909_india_closegap.pdf|title=India: Close The gap for Burmese refugees|access-date=13 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108174459/http://www.refugeesinternational.org/sites/default/files/120909_india_closegap.pdf|archive-date=8 January 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burmalibrary.org/show.php?cat=464|title=Online Burma Library > Main Library > Refugees > Burmese refugees in India|work=burmalibrary.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrdc.net/sahrdc/resources/survival_dignity.htm|title=Survival, Dignity, and Democracy: Burmese Refugees in India, 1997 (From the SAHRDC Resource Centre)|work=hrdc.net|access-date=23 November 2010|archive-date=1 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901035212/http://www.hrdc.net/sahrdc/resources/survival_dignity.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In recent years, [[Rohingya people|Rohingyas]] have been increasingly seeking refuge in India, facing longstanding state-persecution in Myanmar.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mohan|first1=Geeta|title=India, Bangladesh discuss Rohingya crisis|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-bangladesh-meeting-rohingya-crisis-operation-insaniyat-1058835-2017-10-05|website=indiatoday|date=5 October 2017 |access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=The Rohingya in South Asia: People Without a State|publisher=Routledge|year=2018|editor-last=Chaudhury|editor-first=Sabyasachi Basu Ray|location=Delhi|editor-last2=Samaddar|editor-first2=Ranabir}}</ref>

According to the Union Government, there were 10,565 Rohingya families in India as of 2015; Samaddar et al. extrapolated to arrive at a figure of over a million immigrants.<ref name=":2" />{{Efn|The precise breakup runs as follows: Jammu and Kashmir 6684, Andhra Pradesh 1755, Delhi 760, Haryana 677, West Bengal 361, Rajasthan 162, Uttar Pradesh 111, Punjab 50, Maharashtra 12, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands 3.}}{{Efn|Samaddar assumes each family to have four-five members and a substantial percentage to be unenumerated.}}

In August 2017, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] led Union Government asked state governments to initiate the process of deportation for all illegal immigrants including Rohingyas.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Miglani|first=Krishna N. Das, Sanjeev|date=2017-08-14|title=India says to deport all Rohingya regardless of U.N. registration|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-rohingya-india-idUSKCN1AU0UC|access-date=2021-06-27}}</ref> The government did not buckle despite criticism.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hindu|first=The|date=2017-09-05|title=India firm on deporting Rohingya|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/india-firm-on-deporting-rohingya/article19625028.ece|access-date=2021-06-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This was challenged before the [[Supreme Court of India]] by three Rohingya refugees, wherein the [[Government of India]] submitted an affidavit claiming that there were over 40,000 "illegal [Rohingya] immigrants", mostly spread across Assam, West Bengal and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and that they were a threat to the security of state.<ref name="threat2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Rohingya Deportation: Mohammad Salimullah v. Union of India|url=https://www.scobserver.in/court-case/rohingya-deportation-case|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Supreme Court Observer}}</ref>

In March 2021, several media reports claimed that about 150 Rohingya refugees from Jammu were held in detention centers. An interim application was filed seeking their release though the government denied any detainment.<ref name=":1" /> A bench of [[Sharad Arvind Bobde|Sharad Bobde]], [[A. S. Bopanna]] and [[V. Ramasubramanian]] passed an interim order in favor of the government; government-arguments about India being not bound to follow international conventions, she has not explicitly ratified and Art. 14 and Art. 21 not conferring any immunity to non-citizens from deportation (as mandated by procedure) were accepted.<ref name=":1" />{{Efn|For detailed critiques, see:
*{{Cite web|last=Bhatia|first=Gautam|date=2021-04-08|title=Complicity in Genocide: The Supreme Court's Interim Order in the Rohingya Deportation Case|url=https://indconlawphil.wordpress.com/2021/04/08/complicity-in-genocide-the-supreme-courts-interim-order-in-the-rohingya-deportation-case/|website=Indian Constitutional Law and Philosophy|language=en|author-link=Gautam Bhatia (lawyer)}}
*{{Cite web|last=Parthasarathy|first=Suhrith|date=2021-03-28|title=Article 21 in a Time of Genocide: The Rohingya Case before the Supreme Court|url=https://indconlawphil.wordpress.com/2021/03/28/article-21-in-a-time-of-genocide-the-rohingya-case-before-the-supreme-court-guest-post/|website=Indian Constitutional Law and Philosophy|language=en}}
*{{Cite web|last=Pillai|first=Priya|date=2021-04-19|title=International Law Omissions: Rohingya Deportation Order of the Supreme Court of India|url=https://opiniojuris.org/2021/04/19/international-law-omissions-rohingya-deportation-order-of-the-supreme-court-of-india/|website=Opinio Juris|language=en-US}}
*{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Chander Uday|date=2021-04-26|title=Supreme Court must rethink its order on deportation of Rohingya refugees|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/rohingya-refugees-crisis-india-supreme-court-7288913/|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}}}<ref>{{Cite news|last=Siddiqui|first=Zeba|date=2021-04-08|title=India's top court paves way for Rohingya deportations to Myanmar|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-rohingya-india-idUSKBN2BV2FG|access-date=2021-06-27}}</ref>

=== Pakistani immigrants ===
About 7,600 illegal immigrants from [[Pakistan]] resided in India in 2010. Many of the migrants are Hindus and Sikhs, who have overstayed, attempting to gain citizenship.<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{Cite news|title=More illegal immigrants from Afghanistan than Pakistan |date=14 November 2011 |publisher=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/More-illegal-immigrants-from-Afghanistan-than-Pakistan/Article1-769063.aspx |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103112835/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/More-illegal-immigrants-from-Afghanistan-than-Pakistan/Article1-769063.aspx |archive-date=3 January 2013 }}</ref>

== Concerns over Bangladeshi illegal immigrants ==

=== Higher judiciary's concerns ===
In 2005, a Supreme Court bench ruled [[Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunal) Act (IMDT)]] as unconstitutional while,<ref name="SupremeCourt">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110514050935/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/14/stories/2005071405551200.htm IMDT Act is the biggest barrier to deportation, says Supreme Court], The Hindu</ref> with reference to the Sinha Report,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120902075754/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-07-14/india/27862078_1_illegal-migration-imdt-act-assam-governor IMDT act arouses aggression: SC], Times of India</ref> maintained that the impact of the ''"''aggression''"'' represented by large-scale illegal migration from Bangladesh had made the life of the people of Assam and Tripura "wholly insecure and the panic generated thereby had created fear psychosis" in other north-eastern States.<ref name="SupremeCourt"/> In August 2008, the [[Delhi High Court]] dismissed a petition by a Bangladeshi national against her deportation. The High Court ruled that the illegal Bangladeshi immigrants "pose a danger to India's internal security".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/illegal-bangladeshi-immigrants-threat-to-india-court/71035-3.html|title=Illegal Bangladeshi immigrants threat to India: court|work=IBNLive|access-date=13 August 2008|archive-date=12 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912012053/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/illegal-bangladeshi-immigrants-threat-to-india-court/71035-3.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== National security threats ===
{{see also|National security#India|l1=National security risks|Terrorism in India|National Security Strategy (India)|Kha Maung Seik massacre|l4=Kha Maung Seik massacre of Hindus}}

Apart from immigrants, a large number of [[smugglers]] regularly [[Illegal entry|cross]] the porous border along West Bengal into India.<ref name="World bank report">{{Cite web|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTBANGLADESH/Resources/Trade.pdf|title=World bank report|access-date=13 December 2019}}</ref> They mainly engage in smuggling goods and [[livestock]] from India into Bangladesh to avoid a high tariff imposed on some Indian goods by Bangladesh government.<ref name="World bank report"/> Bangladeshi women and girls are also trafficked to India.<ref name="CIA Factbook">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov|date=16 November 2021|access-date=24 January 2021|archive-date=18 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318202107/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Centre for Women and Children Studies estimated in 1998 that 27,000 Bangladeshis have been forced into prostitution in India.<ref name="threat3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/banglad.htm|title=Coalition Against Trafficking in Women, Factbook on Global Sexual Exploitation, Donna M. Hughes, Laura Joy Sporcic, Nadine Z. Mendelsohn and Vanessa Chirgwin|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415124641/http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/banglad.htm|archive-date=15 April 2012|access-date=13 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="threat4">Trafficking in Bangladeshi Women and Girls, by Bimal Kanti Paul; Syed Abu Hasnath, Geographical Review, p.268{{ndash}}276, April 2000</ref> According to the [[CEDAW]] report, 1% of all foreign prostitutes in India and 2.7% of prostitutes in [[Kolkata]] are from [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="threat6">[https://www.un.org/esa/gopher-data/ga/cedaw/17/country/Bangladesh/C-BGD3-4.EN Third and fourth periodic reports of States parties], COMMITTEE ON THE ELIMINATION OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN, UNITED NATIONS</ref>

Rohingya adds economic pressure on Indian populace; due to their militant activities, they pose a security threat, especially in sensitive areas such as Jammu and West Bengal.<ref name="threat1"/><ref name="threat2" /> In 2017, the Central Government filed an affidavit in the Supreme Court stating that "Some Rohingyas sympathizing with many militant group's ideologies may be active in Jammu, Delhi, Hyderabad, and Mewat and can be a potential threat to internal security."<ref name="threat2" />

=== Capture of Illegal Immigrants and Deportation ===

As a result of an increase in complaints over fraudulent documents for identification, several law enforcement departments began an extensive drive against the illegal immigrants, many of them from Pakistan and Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india/karnataka/story/karnataka-home-minister-g-parameshwara-says-25-pakistani-illegal-immigrants-among-137-arrested-2689744-2025-03-06|title= 25 Pakistani illegal immigrants among 137 arrested in Karnataka: Home Minister|date= 6 March 2025}}</ref> Many of the immigrants were caught in drives conducted by law enforcement officials in [[Delhi Police|Delhi]], [[Greater Mumbai Police|Mumbai]], and many other metropolitan cities as well as certain rural areas.<ref name="aninews.in">{{cite web|url= https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/mumbai-police-apprehends-16-bangladeshi-intruders-conducts-searches-in-thane-kalyan-and-several-other-locations20250209233405/|title= Mumbai Police apprehends 16 Bangladeshi intruders, conducts searches in Thane, Kalyan and several other locations}}</ref> Additionally, several gangs and rackets who were helping the illegal immigrants secure fraudulent documents and identity were being traced and busted.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/union-home-minister-amit-shah-orders-action-on-gangs-aiding-illegal-immigration/articleshow/118636564.cms?from=mdr|title= Amit Shah orders action on gangs aiding illegal immigration|work= The Economic Times|date= March 2025|last1= Tripathi|first1= Rahul}}</ref>

Following the [[2025 Pahalgam attack]], several state police forces began a major drive to throw out and deport illegal Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Rohingya immigrants.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/pakistanis-sent-back-up-startsdrive-against-rohingyas-bdeshis/articleshow/120705750.cms|title= Pakistanis sent back, UP starts drive against illegal Rohingyas and Bangladeshis}}</ref> Several Pakistanis who had come on tourist and medical visas voluntarily left at the Wagah border after tensions escalated.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pahalgam-terror-attack-news-pakistani-visas-suspended-deported-from-india-punished-for-someone-elses-deeds-8275553|title= "Punished For Someone Else's Deeds...": Pakistanis Leaving India After Pahalgam}}</ref> The Government of Bangladesh protested against the deportation drive, claiming that protocols were not being followed.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.deccanherald.com/india/pushback-purge-sans-process-3596193|title= Pushback: Purge sans process?}}</ref>

== State-specific concerns ==
[[File:ABVP addressing about Bangladeshi illegal immigrants.jpg|thumb|[[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]] addressing about Bangladeshi illegal immigrants]]

=== Assam ===
{{further|Assam Movement|Assam Accord}}

In Assam, the [[Assam Movement]] against illegal immigrants started as early as 1979 and ended in 1985, led by the [[All Assam Students Union]]. Over six years, 855 (later on 860 as submitted by AASU) people sacrificed their lives in the hope of an "Infiltration Free Assam".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://assamaccord.assam.gov.in/information-services/martyrs-of-assam-agitation|title=Martyrs of Assam Agitation {{!}} Implementation of Assam Accord {{!}} Government Of Assam, India|website=assamaccord.assam.gov.in|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/assam-prafulla-mahanta-not-to-campaign-for-agp-to-protest-alliance-with-bjp/cid/1686834|title=Assam: Prafulla Mahanta not to campaign for AGP to protest alliance with BJP|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref> They demanded an end to the influx of immigrants and deportation of those who have already settled.<ref name="satp.org"/> It gradually took a violent turn and ethnic violence began between Assamese and Bengalis, mostly Muslims. It eventually led to the infamous [[Nellie massacre]] in 1983 due to a controversy over the 1983 election.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.twocircles.net/special_reports/nellie_1983.html|title=Nellie 1983|work=twocircles.net|date=18 February 2009 }}</ref> In 1985, the Indian Government signed the [[Assam accord|Assam Accord]] with the leaders of the protest to stop the issue.<ref name="satp.org"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://aasc.nic.in/Acts%20and%20Rules%20(GOA)/Implementation%20of%20Assam%20Accord%20Deptt/Assam%20Accord.pdf |title=Full text of the accord |access-date=22 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060117130811/http://aasc.nic.in/Acts%20and%20Rules%20(GOA)/Implementation%20of%20Assam%20Accord%20Deptt/Assam%20Accord.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As per the accord, India began building a fence along the Assam-Bangladesh border which is now almost complete.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/documents/papers/assam_accord_1985.htm#Assam_Accord|title=Tripartite talks to review the implementation of the Assam Accord held in New Delhi on 31.05.2000|work=satp.org}}</ref> However, Assam also has a large number of legal Indian Muslims. It is difficult to distinguish between illegal Bangladeshis and local [[Bengali people|Bengali]] speakers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gcim.org/attachements/GMP%20No%2042.pdf|title=Global Commission on International Migration (GCIM)|work=Gcim.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723192023/http://www.gcim.org/attachements/GMP%20No%2042.pdf|archive-date=23 July 2011}}</ref> In some cases, genuine Indian citizens have been discriminated against.<ref name="satp.org"/> Allegations exist that [[Hindu nationalism|nationalist]] parties such as the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] as well as the [[Indian National Congress]] have discriminated against Bengali-speaking Muslims.<ref>[http://nation.ittefaq.com/artman/exec/view.cgi/44/24518 Making a 'menace' of migrants, Vir Sanghvi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224104710/http://nation.ittefaq.com/artman/exec/view.cgi/44/24518 |date=24 February 2021 }} The Nation - 6 January 2006</ref> On the other hand, reports of Bangladeshis being able to secure Indian ration and voter identity cards have come out.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071012024206/http://hindu.com/2007/10/09/stories/2007100961730800.htm 22 illegal immigrants from Bangladesh held] [[The Hindu]] - 9 October 2007</ref><ref>[[Anandabazar Patrika]], Bengali daily, Calcutta, 8 March 1995.</ref>

After the 1991 census, the changing demographic patterns in border districts became more visible.<ref name="voi.org"/><ref name="satp.org"/> It created anxiety and tension in India throughout the nineties. Both conservatives,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/sep/13swadas.htm|title=India as an Ostrich|work=rediff.com}}</ref> as well as moderates,<ref name="voi.org"/> expressed concern on this issue. The first BJP government came into power in 1998 and subsequently ordered the construction of the [[Indo-Bangladeshi barrier|Indo-Bangladesh barrier]] to stop migrants and illegal trade along the border. It was planned to enhance the already existing barrier in Assam and to encircle West Bengal, [[Tripura]] and [[Mizoram]] as well.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/AR(E)0910.pdf |title=Ministry of Home Affairs, Annual Report 2009-2010, p: 28 |access-date=23 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128180959/http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/AR(E)0910.pdf |archive-date=28 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7898786.stm|title=BBC NEWS - South Asia - India's battle to seal porous borders|date=19 February 2009|work=bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4653810.stm|title=BBC NEWS - Programmes - From Our Own Correspondent - Villagers left in limbo by border fence|date=28 January 2006|work=bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Staff |first1=Maktoob |title=Assam CM Himanta Biswa Sarma says 'illegal immigrants' can be deported even if listed in NRC |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/india/assam-cm-himanta-biswa-sarma-says-illegal-immigrants-can-be-deported-even-if-listed-in-nrc/ |website=Maktoob media |access-date=12 June 2025 |date=12 June 2025}}</ref>

In August 2025, Assam Chief Minister [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] launched a major drive to capture and deport illegal Bangladeshis, following an increase in infiltration.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Aug/30/assam-pushes-back-33-bangladeshi-infiltrators-as-part-of-intensified-crackdown|title= Assam pushes back 33 Bangladeshi infiltrators as part of intensified crackdown}}</ref> In process, while public land of thousands of hectares encroached by the illegal Bangladeshis and Rohingyas was reclaimed, Sarma was criticized by opposition leaders, alleging violation of human rights and discrimination.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/assam-himanta-biswa-sarma-eviction-drive-land-reclaimed-illegal-bangladeshi-immigrants-prashant-bhushan-2776466-2025-08-26|title= 1.5 lakh bighas and a storm: What Himanta's eviction drive in Assam has achieved}}</ref>

=== Delhi ===
There was an organised influx of nearly 40,000 illegal Bangladeshi and Rohingya Muslim immigrants in Delhi who have been said to pose a [[National security#India|national security risk]] and threaten the national integration. A lawyer named [[Ashwini Upadhyay]] filed a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the "Supreme Court of India" (SC) to identify and deport these. In a response to this PIL, [[Delhi Police]] told the SC in July 2019 that nearly 500 illegal Bangladeshi immigrants had been deported in the preceding 28 months.<ref name=illegalbang3>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/nearly-500-illegal-bangladesh-nationals-detained-deported-delhi-police-to-sc/articleshow/70471951.cms Nearly 500 illegal Bangladesh nationals detained, deported: Delhi police to SC], Times of India, 31 July 2019.</ref>

=== Gujarat ===
In April 2025, the Gujarat Police launched a major drive to search for illegal immigrants following the Pahalgam attack. Around 890 illegal Bangladeshis in Ahmedabad and 134 in Surat were captured and arrested, as stated by Minister of State for Home Harsh Sanghavi, who also added that many of them working for smugglers, drug cartels, and sleeper cells for terrorist outfits.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/over-550-illegal-bangladeshi-immigrants-detained-in-gujarat-operations/articleshow/120640220.cms?from=mdr|title= More than 1,000 illegal Bangladeshi immigrants detained in crackdown at Ahmedabad, Surat}}</ref> The investigation and drive revealed that the illegal Bangladeshi immigrants possessed forged documents after enter India illegally.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/major-crackdown-on-immigrants-in-gujarat-over-500-bangladeshi-nationals-detained/articleshow/120636676.cms|title= Major crackdown on immigrants in Gujarat: Over 500 Bangladeshis arrested}}</ref>

=== Haryana ===
{{anchor | Illegal immigrants in Haryana | Illegal Rohingya immigrant in Haryana | Illegal Bangladeshi immigrant in Haryana | NRC in Haryana }}

In September 2019, the [[Chief Minister of Haryana]], [[Manohar Lal Khattar]] announced the implementation of NRC for Haryana by setting up a legal framework under the former judge of the Punjab and Haryana High Court, Justice HS Bhalla for updating NRC which will help in "weeding out" these illegal immigrants.<ref name="illegalbang2"/>

=== Jammu and Kashmir ===
There are Rohingya illegal immigrants in [[Jammu]], which has created a dissatisfaction among the general public that Rohingya Muslim settlements in Jammu will change the demographics of the Hindu majority and may lead to violence in the future by giving reference to the [[exodus of Kashmiri Hindus|massacre of Kashmiri hindus]] by Kashmiri Muslims earlier. The presence of Rohingya Muslims in Jammu is thus considered as a sensitive issue for Indian security.<ref name="threat2" />

=== Karnataka ===
In October 2024, the [[Bengaluru City Police]] initiated a crackdown on illegal immigration and arrested illegal migrants from Pakistan and Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/10-more-pakistani-nationals-arrested-in-bengaluru-20-held-so-far-police-101728500937906.html#google_vignette|title= 10 more Pakistani nationals arrested in Bengaluru, 20 held so far: Police}}</ref> Many of the migrants arrested were living for more than a decade under false identities, and were connected to the Mehdi Foundation International (MFI), which was involved in Islamic religious campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/bengaluru-news/after-riya-barde-a-pakistani-man-his-bangladeshi-wife-arrested-for-illegally-staying-in-bengaluru-under-hindu-names/articleshow/113938256.cms?from=mdr|title= After Riya Barde, a Pakistani man & his Bangladeshi wife arrested for illegally staying in Bengaluru under Hindu names}}</ref>

=== Kerala ===
Although Kerala is at a large distance from Bangladesh (~2500 km), Bangladeshi illegal migrants have been moving to [[Kerala]] due to the high wages for unskilled and semi-skilled labourers. Following the Kerala Police unearthing, the international footprint of this operation, both the Intelligence Bureau and [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) have started probing. Some illegal migrants are fully equipped with all valid Indian documents by the time they reach their destinations. The Kerala police are reportedly finding it difficult to check the influx of these Bangladeshi migrants.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131203062539/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-10/kochi/30382681_1_bangladeshi-migrants-illegal-migrants-kerala-police Bangladeshi migrants giving cops the jitters] Times of India 10 November 2011, 07.45PM IST</ref> Kerala State Intelligence officials said they found that a large section of migrant labourers claiming to be from West Bengal or even Assam were actually from Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/31/stories/2009033155411100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114080401/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/31/stories/2009033155411100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-11-14|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2009-03-31|title=News Archives}}</ref> Anti-national activities have been reported; the latest in which in August 2016, a native of West Bengal was arrested for insulting the national flag and he was later found to be an illegal immigrant from Bangladesh. There is said to be a major racket at the borders of West Bengal and Assam with Bangladesh which provides illegal migrants with identity cards.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/kerala-s-anti-nationals-and-how-the-migrants-add-to-the-problem-2171267.html |title = Kerala's anti nationals and how the migrants add to the problem|date = 3 August 2016}}</ref>

=== Maharashtra ===
As a result of security risks posed by illegal Bangladeshi immigrants due to rise in crime rates, particularly threats of terrorism and religious intolerance, law enforcement officials of [[Maharashtra Police]] began an extensive hunt for these immigrants statewide, many of them working in construction sites, or as laborers/maids.<ref name="aninews.in"/> Several agents making forged documents for the immigrants were also busted and arrested.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/mumbai-3-bangladeshi-intruders-sentenced-to-imprisonment-fined-for-forging-documents20250122085609/|title= Mumbai: 3 Bangladeshi intruders sentenced to imprisonment, fined for forging documents}}</ref>

In January 2025, the [[Greater Mumbai Police|Mumbai Police]] arrested Mohammad Shariful Islam Shehzad, an illegal Bangladeshi immigrant, who was accused of stabbing actor [[Saif Ali Khan]] at his residence.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/yes-i-did-it-saif-ali-khan-attacker-admits-to-crime-7511973#:~:text=%22Yes%2C%20I%20Did%20It%22,Khan%20Attacker%20Admits%20To%20Crime|title= Saif Ali Khan's Attacker Admits To Crime, Says "Yes, I Did It": Sources}}</ref>

During the investigation of the [[2025 Nagpur violence|riots in Nagpur]] in March 2025, the probe team determined a link towards Bangladeshis, as a few social media posts traced by the team were found to be in Bengali language.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/bangladeshi-link-emerge-in-nagpur-violence-mastermind-from-malegaon-3456953|title= Bangladeshi link emerge in Nagpur violence, mastermind from Malegaon}}</ref>

=== Mizoram ===
[[Bangladeshi]] [[Buddhist]] [[Chakma people|Chakma]] immigrants<ref>{{cite web |title=Won't hesitate to leave BJP forum |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/wont-hesitate-leave-bjp-forum-714827.html |website=deccanherald |access-date=26 January 2019|date=25 January 2019 }}</ref> from Bangladesh have settled in the southern part of [[Mizoram]] because they were displaced by the construction of the [[Kaptai dam|Kaptai Dam]] on the [[Karnaphuli River]] in 1962, the dam flooded 655 square kilometres and displaced over 100,000 people, most of them were Chakma people.<ref name=":0" /> As there was no rehabilitation and compensation, they fled from Bangladesh to [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Advertising How Chakmas and Hajongs settled in North East, why Arunachal worries about citizenship |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-chakmas-and-hajongs-settled-in-north-east-why-arunachal-worries-about-citizenship-4851866/ |website=Indianexpress |access-date=27 January 2019|date=20 September 2017 }}</ref> The Chakma people also resisted inclusion into Bangladesh during the Bangladeshi Independence in 1971 through armed struggle led by [[Shanti Bahini]] because they were ethnically, culturally and religiously distinct, this violent confrontation between [[Shanti Bahini]] and [[Bangladeshi Army]] led to Chakma fleeing Bangladesh for India.<ref>{{cite web |title=50 years on, Chakma refugees from Bangladesh |url=https://scroll.in/article/845129/50-years-on-chakma-refugees-from-bangladesh-are-still-denied-citizenship-rights-in-arunachal |website=scroll |date=30 July 2017 |access-date=27 January 2019}}</ref>

=== Tripura ===
Tripura demographics have been altered due to the influx of illegal Bangladeshi refugees and immigrants alike.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Rituparna |title=Northeast India through the ages: a transdisciplinary perspective on prehistory, history, and oral history |date=2023 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-0-367-74431-1 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deb Barma |first=Aloy |date=2024-07-01 |title=Talking Back through Peripheral Visions and Negotiating Identity: Kokborok and Bengali Films and Music Videos in Tripura |url=https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/uip/jfv/article-abstract/76/2/33/389079/Talking-Back-through-Peripheral-Visions-and?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Journal of Film and Video |language=en |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=33–48 |doi=10.5406/19346018.76.2.05 |issn=0742-4671|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="van Schendel 105–135"/> The politics and socio-economic conditions have been greatly affected by it.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Malik |first=Jyoti Mishra & Aaliyia |date=2023-03-04 |title=Lokniti-CSDS postpoll study 2023 {{!}} Issue of migration in 2023 Tripura Assembly elections |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tripura-assembly/lokniti-csds-postpoll-study-2023-issue-of-migration-in-2023-tripura-assembly-elections/article66580820.ece |access-date=2025-04-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The influx started from the 70s after the Liberation of Bangladesh 1971 and continues to this day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-06 |title=1,452 Bangladeshis held in Tripura over two months: Police |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agartala/over-1450-bangladeshi-migrants-detained-in-tripura-amid-rising-border-tensions/articleshow/114995106.cms |access-date=2025-04-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-26 |title=Republic Day 2025: Tripura Governor Indrasena Reddy Nallu highlights success in tackling insurgency, expresses concern about illegal migration |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/republic-day-2025-tripura-governor-indrasena-reddy-nallu-tackling-insurgency-illegal-migration-9800376/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-06 |title=Bengal, Tripura clock highest number of illegal immigrations |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bengal-tripura-clock-highest-number-of-illegal-immigrations/articleshow/73974476.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-03 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The proportion of the local [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]] population was reduced from 59.1% in 1951 to 31.1% in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=National Register of Citizens: Assam has its own context, misrepresenting it won't help|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/national-register-of-citizens-assam-has-its-own-context-misrepresenting-it-wont-help/articleshow/71000056.cms|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=16 November 2019|date=5 September 2019}}</ref> All major political parties in Tripura favour the replication of [[National Register of Citizens of India]] (NRC) in their state too, although with some riders.<ref>{{cite news|title=National Register of Citizens: Parties in Tripura favour NRC in the state, some with riders|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/70302786.cms|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=16 November 2019|date=20 July 2019}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In October 2025, the Bangladeshi Government lodged a protest, after 3 illegal Bangladeshi immigrants, who were suspected of being cattle thieves, were lynched to death by several local residents at a border village called Bidyabil, after attacking two rubber plantation workers.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/3-suspected-bangladeshi-cattle-thieves-killed-in-tripura-dhaka-reacts-9472819|title= 3 Suspected Bangladeshi Cattle Thieves Killed In Tripura, Dhaka Reacts}}</ref> Residents of the village had resisted the intruders from entering, prompting local authorities to investigate, and the bodies of those immigrants were handed to Bangladesh after post mortem was conducted.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/villagers-resisted-smugglers-from-bangladesh-says-mea-after-dhaka-condemns-death-of-bangladesh-citizens-in-tripura/article70176387.ece|title= Villagers ‘resisted’ smugglers from Bangladesh, says India after Dhaka condemns death of Bangladesh citizens in Tripura}}</ref>

=== Uttar Pradesh ===
In October 2019, UP's [[Director general of police]] who cited "very important" concerns for the state's internal security, instructed all district police chiefs, IG, DIG range and ADG zone to commence a statewide campaign to start Identifying illegal Bangladeshi and foreigners. UP DGP Headquarters has prepared for an [[National Register of Citizens of India|NRC for UP]] requires identification of new settlements around the railway stations, bus stands, roadsides and slum clusters where Bangladeshi and other foreign nationals could be illegally residing. They will be fingerprinted, and their identity verification will be video recorded, and suspicious people will be verified in a time-bound manner. Police will also track down government employees and touts who prepared fake documents for these illegal migrants.<ref name="banglacatch1"/>

Illegal Bangladeshi and Rohingyas are found in several cities of Uttar Pradesh (UP) by changing their identity and name, making it difficult to get an idea of their background. A large number of illegal Bangladeshis resided under a fake identity in [[ashrams]] and rented houses in [[Mathura]], [[Vrindavan]], [[Govardhan]] and other places for several years without a passport or other valid documents. They illegally crossed the border into India, acquire the fake identity, open bank accounts and used to send money from relatives back in their country. In October 2019, cops held 150 illegal Bangladeshi intruders who admitted to having come from Bangladesh by the river. All of them had acquired an [[AADHAR|Aadhar]] card, bank passbook, [[ration card]] and voter ID cards from India. They pose significant security and terrorism, law and order risk, due to religious activities in the Mathura area. They prefer Mathura as it is easier to hide among the transient pilgrims, and also because Mathura is on the border of Delhi, Haryana and Rajasthan where they can easily escape.<ref name=illegalbang1>[https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-150-illegal-migrants-held-by-mathura-cops-2795479 150 illegal migrants held by Mathura cops], DNA India, 7 October 2019.</ref>

=== West Bengal ===
The other Indian state affected by this problem, West Bengal, remained mostly calm during this period. However Indian newspapers reported that "the state government has reported that illegal Bangladeshi migrants have trickled into parts of rural Bengal, including [[Nandigram]],<ref name="financialexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/story/186579/|title=Left Front puts Nandigram land acquisition on hold|work=The Financial Express|date=18 March 2007}}</ref> over the years, and settled down as sharecroppers with the help of local Left leaders. Though a majority of these immigrants became tillers, they lacked documents to prove the ownership of land.<ref name="financialexpress.com"/>

The Government of Bangladesh has denied India's claims on illegal immigration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030217/edit.htm#3|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Editorial|work=tribuneindia.com}}</ref><ref>The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia By Willem van Schendel, Published 2005, Anthem Press</ref>

After the 2001 census, the anxiety somewhat reduced when the growth rates were found to have returned to near-normal levels, particularly in West Bengal, thus negating the fear that there was an unabated influx of migrants,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Differing-population-growth-figure-in-West-Bengal/articleshow/819741214.cms|title=Differing population growth figure in West Bengal|work=The Times of India|date=28 May 2001 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-09-24/delhi/27838524_1_bangladeshi-migrants-migration-census|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104004508/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-09-24/delhi/27838524_1_bangladeshi-migrants-migration-census|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-11-04|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=India News, Latest Sports, Bollywood, World, Business & Politics News}}</ref> although some concern remains.

The proportion of Muslims in West Bengal has grown from 19.85% in 1951 to 27.01% in 2011. That, of course, does not have any reflection on immigration, it is generally attributed to a higher growth rate amongst the Muslims.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestatesman.com/news/opinion/bengal-s-topsy-turvy-population-growth/93152.html |title=Bengal's topsy-turvy population growth |author=B.P. Syam Roy |newspaper=The Statesman |date=28 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910125228/http://www.thestatesman.com/news/opinion/bengal-s-topsy-turvy-population-growth/93152.html |archive-date=10 September 2016 }}</ref> However, when one has a closer look at the CD Blocks along the [[Bangladesh-India border|India-Bangladesh border]] questions come up. The exceedingly high decadal population growth rate in certain CD Blocks, such as in [[Basirhat subdivision]] in North 24 Parganas district and CD Blocks along with the riverine international border in Murshidabad district does raise concerns.

The decadal growth rate of the population for West Bengal in 2001{{ndash}}11 was 13.93%.<ref name="Decadal Growth Rate">{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html | title = Census of India 2011: Provisional Totals for West Bengal | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India | access-date = 20 December 2018}}</ref> The decadal growth of population in Basirhat I CD Block in 2001{{ndash}}2011 was 16.16%.<ref name="auto">{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: North 24 Parganas, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tahsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001-2011, Page 52 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 December 2018 }}</ref> The decadal growth of population in Basirhat I CD Block in 1991{{ndash}}2001 was 20.94%.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook | work = North 24 Parganas 2010-2011; Table 2.4A: Distribution of Rural and Urban Population by Sex in the district of North 24 Parganas, 1991; Table 2.4B: Distribution of Rural and Urban Population by Sex in the district of North 24 Parganas, 2001 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 April 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref> The decadal growth of population in Hasnabad CD Block in 2001{{ndash}}2011 was 14.50%.<ref name="auto"/> The decadal growth of the population in Hasnabad CD Block in 1991{{ndash}}2001 was 17.47%.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook | work = North 24 Parganas 2010-2011; Table 2.4A: Distribution of Rural and Urban Population by Sex in the district of North 24 Parganas, 1991; Table 2.4B: Distribution of Rural and Urban Population by Sex in the district of North 24 Parganas, 2001 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 December 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref> The decadal growth rate of population in neighbouring [[Satkhira District]] in Bangladesh was 6.50% for the decade 2001{{ndash}}2011, down from 16.75% in the decade 1991{{ndash}}2001 and 17.90% in the decade 1981{{ndash}}1991.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/Zila-Satkhira.pdf |title = Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011: Zila Report – Satkhira | work= Page 17: Table PT 02 Population and Growth Rate, 1974-2011 |publisher= Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), Ministry of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh | access-date = 20 December 2018 }}</ref>

The decadal growth rates, for the decade 2001{{ndash}}2011, were still higher in the border areas of Murshidabad district. In [[Raghunathganj II]] CD Block it was 37.82%, the highest amongst all the CD Blocks in the Murshidabad district, 34.09% in [[Samserganj (community development block)|Samserganj]] CD Block, 30.82 in [[Suti II]] CD Block, 29.02% in [[Suti I]] CD Block, 23.62% in [[Lalgola (community development block)|Lalgola]] CD Block, 22.24% In [[Bhagawangola II]] CD Block and 21.65% in [[Bhagawangola I]] CD Block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tahsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001-2011, Page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 December 2018}}</ref> The decadal growth rate of population in [[Chapai Nawabganj District]] was 15.59% for the decade 2001{{ndash}}2011, down from 21.67% in the decade 1991{{ndash}}2001.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/Zila_ChapaiNawabganj.pdf | title = Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011: Zila Report – Chapai Nawabganj | work = Page 17: Table PT 02 Population and Growth Rate, 1974-2011 | publisher = Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), Ministry of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh | access-date = 20 December 2018 | archive-date = 28 September 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220928210419/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/Zila_ChapaiNawabganj.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> The decadal growth rate of the population in the [[Rajshahi District]] was 13.48% for the decade 2001{{ndash}}2011, down from 21.19% in the decade 1991{{ndash}}2001. Both districts are across the Ganges, in Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/Zila_Rajshahi.pdf |title = Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011: Zila Report – Rajshahi | work= Page 17: Table PT 02 Population and Growth Rate, 1974-2011|publisher= Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), Ministry of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh | access-date = 20 December 2018 }}</ref>

== 2025 deportations ==
{{Expand section|date=June 2025}}
Following the [[2025 Pahalgam attack|Pahalgam terror attack]] by Pakistani terrorist group [[The Resistance Front]], authorities across various states started a crackdown on illegal immigrants from Pakistan and began the process of deporting them. Many of these illegal immigrants had reportedly possessed voter IDs and ration cards, sparking a major controversy and debate as non-citizens do not have right to vote.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/22-women-with-pakistani-citizenship-found-in-moradabad-many-have-grandchildren-families-total-over-500/articleshow/120898093.cms?from=mdr|title= 22 women with Pakistani citizenship found in Moradabad; many have grandchildren, families total over 500}}</ref> Furthermore, short term visas of several Pakistani visitors, some of whom were married to Indians, were also being cancelled.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Apr/28/fate-of-pregnant-maryam-illegal-settler-seema-hangs-in-balance-as-up-speeds-up-deportation-of-pakistanis|title= Fate of pregnant Maryam, illegal settler Seema hangs in balance as UP speeds up deportation of Pakistanis}}</ref> Apart from illegal immigrants from Pakistan, crackdown on illegal Bangladeshi immigrants was also intensified, with many caught using false IDs and expired visas.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatvnews.com/gujarat/fake-ids-expired-visas-gujarat-launches-major-operation-against-illegal-immigrants-over-550-detained-2025-04-26-987405|title= Fake IDs, expired visas: Gujarat launches major operation against illegal immigrants, over 550 detained}}</ref>

In addition to the deportations, illegal hutments and settlements were razed by authorities under protection from law enforcement officials in Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Apr/30/gujarat-authorities-raze-2000-huts-clear-1-lakh-square-metres-near-chandola-lake-in-massive-demolition-drive|title= Gujarat authorities raze 2000 huts, clear 1 lakh square metres near Chandola Lake in massive demolition drive}}</ref> Furthermore, the Election Commission began a drive for voter identification before 2025 Bihar elections, during which several illegal Bangladeshis, Rohingyas, and Nepalis were found in the list and removed.<Ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bihar-sir-nepalese-bangladeshis-myanmar-found-in-voter-list-names-to-be-excluded-from-final-list/articleshow/122415527.cms|title= Bihar SIR: Nepalese, Bangladeshis found in voter list, Names to be Excluded.}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Immigration to India]]
* [[Refugees in India]]
* [[Detention centres in Assam]]
* [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019]]
* [[The Foreigners Act, 1946]]
* [[Indian nationality law]]
* [[Bangladeshis in India]]
* [[East Bengali refugees]]
* [[Bangladesh–India border]]
* [[List of detention sites in the United States]]
* [[List of Australian immigration detention facilities]]
* [[National Register of Citizens]]
* [[National Register of Citizens for Assam]]
* [[Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act, 1983]]
* [[Deportation of Indian nationals under Donald Trump]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*[http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/05/19/news/india.php Bangladeshis in Assam flee anti-migrant drive], [[International Herald Tribune]], 20 May 2005.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120415124641/http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/banglad.htm Bangladesh], Factbook on Global Sexual Exploitation, Coalition Against Trafficking in Women
*[https://ardennaimmigration.com/ Immigration Services]

{{Immigration to India}}
{{World topic|Illegal immigration to|title=Illegal immigration by country|noredlinks=yes}}
{{Bangladesh-India relations}}
{{Social issues in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Illegal Immigration In India}}
[[Category:Illegal immigration to India| ]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–India relations|Immigration]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of India]]
[[Category:History of the Republic of India]]
[[Category:Internal security issues of India]]
[[Category:National security of India]]
[[Category:Social issues in India]]

Chhatar Singh Deo

2026-03-25T10:45:27Z

ErwinGholson17: Adding first bio added tags

{{Short description|Maharaja of Samthar from 1865–1896}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''HH Maharaja Chhatar Singh Deo Bahadur''' (8 October 1843 – 16 June 1896) was a ruler of [[Samthar State]] from 3 February 1865 till his death on 16 June 1896.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lethbridge |first1=Sir Roper |title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated of the Indian Empire |date=2005 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-87879-54-1 |pages=475 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iOsNUZ2MXgC&dq=Chhatar+Singh+SAMTHAR&pg=PA475 |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Records |first1=India Office Library and |last2=Rohatgi |first2=Pauline |title=Portraits in the India Office Library and Records |date=1983 |publisher=British Library |isbn=978-0-7123-0015-5 |pages=332 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hUaAAAAIAAJ&q=Chhatar+Singh+ju+deo+SAMTHAR |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> His son [[Bir Singh Judeo]] succeeded the throne on his death.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bunce |first=Fredrick W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfjVAAAAMAAJ&q=bir+singh+judeo |title=Royal Palaces, Residences, and Pavilions of India: 13th Through 18th Centuries : an Iconographic Consideration |date=2006 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |isbn=978-81-246-0356-7 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1843 births]]
[[Category:1896 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Samthar State]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian royalty]]

Anwar Shamim

2026-03-19T07:05:39Z

ErwinGholson17: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|Air Chief Marshal (1931-2013)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Air Chief Marshal]]
| name = Anwar Shamim
| native_name = 
| honorific_suffix =[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|NI(M)]] [[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI(M)]] [[Sitara-i-Jurat|SJ]] [[Sitara-i-Imtiaz|SI(M)]] [[Order of Independence (Jordan)|OI]] [[Legion of Merit|LoM]]
| image = Air Chief Marshal Anwar Shamim.jpg
| caption = ACM Anwar Shamim (1931–2013)
| order = 3rd [[Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Air Staff]]
| office =
| term_start = 23 July 1978
| term_end = 5 March 1985
| predecessor = ACM [[Zulfiqar Ali Khan]]
| successor = ACM [[Jamal A. Khan]]
| 1blankname1 = [[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (Pakistan)|Vice Chief]]
| 1namedata1 = {{small|Ayaz Ahmed Khan (1979-1981) A. Rashid Shaikh (1981-1984) Jamal A. Khan (1984-1985)}}
| prior_term =
| order2 = [[Chairman]] of [[Shaheen Foundation]]
| term_start2 = 1982
| term_end2 = 1988
| order3 = [[President (corporate title)|President]] of [[Pakistan Squash Federation]]
| term_start3 = 1985
| term_end3 = 1988
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = Mohammad Anwar Shamim
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1931|10|1}}
| birth_place = [[Haripur, Pakistan|Haripur]], [[North-West Frontier Province]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2013|01|05|1931|10|1}}
| death_place = [[CMH Rawalpindi]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
| death_cause = [[Catastrophic illness]]
| resting_place = H-11 Graveyard, [[Islamabad]]
| resting_place_coordinates =
| nickname = ''Shamim'' ''Fire Fighter'' ''M. Anwar Shamim''
| branch = {{air force|PAK}}
| serviceyears = 1954–1985
| rank = [[File:UK-Air-OF9.svg|20px]] [[File:US-O10 insignia.svg|30px]] [[Air Chief Marshal (Pakistan)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| unit = [[List of Pakistan Air Force squadrons|No. 12 Squadron ''Globe Trotters'']] {{small|([[Service number|S/No.]] [[Pakistan Air Force|PAK/]] 3657)}}{{rp|231}}<ref name="Gazette of Pakistan">{{cite book|title=The Gazette of Pakistan|date=1978|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9LpPAQAAMAAJ&q=Anwar+Shamim|access-date=11 January 2018|language=en|author1=Pakistan}}</ref>
| commands = [[Integrated Missile Research and Development Program|Missile Guidance Program]] [[Air Force Strategic Command (Pakistan)|Air Force Strategic Command]] [[PAF Base Korangi Creek|Southern Air Command]] [[PAF Base Masroor]] [[Assistant Chief of the Air Staff|ACAS (Air Operations)]] at [[Air Headquarters (Pakistan Air Force)|Air AHQ]]
| battles =
{{tree list}}
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
** [[Indo-Pakistani Air War of 1965|Aerial operations]]
* [[Six-Day War]]
* [[Black September|Jordanian Civil War]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
* [[Soviet–Afghan War]]
{{tree list/end}}
| mawards = [[File:Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png|40px]]{{small|[[Nishan-i-Imtiaz|Nishan-e-Imtiaz (Military)]]}} [[File:Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|40px]] {{small|[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|Hilal-e-Imtiaz (Military)]]}} [[File:Sitara-e-Jurat.png|40px]] {{small|[[Sitara-i-Jurat|Sitara-e-Jurat]]}} [[File:Sitara-e-Imtiaz.png|40px]] {{small|[[Sitara-i-Imtiaz|Sitara-e-Imtiaz (Military)]]}} [[File:Order of Independence - Knight (Jordan).png|40px]] {{small|[[Order of Independence (Jordan)|Order of Independence]]}} [[File:Order of King Abdulaziz, 1st Class (Saudi Arabia).png|40px]] {{small|[[Order of King Abdulaziz]]}} [[File:US Legion of Merit Commander ribbon.png|40px]] {{small|[[Legion of Merit]]}}
}}

'''Mohammad Anwar Shamim'''{{efn|[[Urdu]]: {{nq|محمد انور شمیم}}}} (1 October 1931 – 4 January 2013) was a former [[fighter pilot]] who was the [[Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Air Staff]] of the [[Pakistan Air Force]], serving in the post from 1978 until retiring in 1985.<ref name="Directorate-General for the Inter-Services Public Relations of Pakistan Air Force">{{cite web | last =(PAF) | first =Pakistan Air Force | author-link =Pakistan Air Force | title =Chiefs of Air Staff Gallery | work =Pakistan Air Force Directorate for Public and Media relations | publisher = Directorate-General for the Inter-Services Public Relations of Pakistan Air Force| url =http://www.paf.gov.pk/cas_galleries.html |date=2015 | access-date =4 July 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Aaj News, Maliha 2013"/>

Born in [[Haripur, Pakistan|Haripur]], he was a career [[fighter pilot]] who participated in the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965]] and [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|also in 1971]], before playing a crucial role as a [[Military advisor|military adviser]] to [[Jordan]] against [[Palestine Liberation Organisation|Palestinian insurgent groups]] in 1970.<ref name="The Nation, 2013">{{cite news |title=PAF ex-chief Anwar Shamim passes away|url=https://nation.com.pk/05-Jan-2013/paf-ex-chief-anwar-shamim-passes-away|access-date=11 January 2018|work=The Nation |date=5 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="News International, 2013" />

As an Chief of the Air Staff, Shamim is notable for taking initiatives to modernize the PAF by successfully acquiring the [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon]] from the [[United States]] under [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon operators#Pakistan|Project Falcon]] in 1983, and acquiring [[Radar|radar technology]] from the US to strengthen his country's aerial defense.<ref name="AZK Marwat">{{cite web|last1=Marwat|first1=Abdul Zahoor Khan|title=A Tribute to Late Air Chief Marshal Anwar Shamim (1978-1985)|url=http://www.truthbykbaig.com/2013/01/a-tribute-to-late-air-chief-marshal.html|website=www.truthbykbaig.com|access-date=14 January 2018|date=7 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="Vanguard Books Publishers" /> During his tenure, he played an influential role in the [[Zia regime|Zia administration]], advising President [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] on policy matters involving the [[National Security Council (Pakistan)|national security of Pakistan]].<ref>[[:ur:انور شمیم|انور شمیم]]{{Circular reference|date=January 2018}}</ref>

By mid-1981, rumors of corruption were circulating within the Air Force, including allegations against Shamim. Reportedly, he had purchased a [[ranch]] in the [[United States]] for $500,000 and "nobody had the courage to inform or question the CAS about this".<ref name="aqil">{{cite news|url=https://thefridaytimes.com/20-Nov-2020/remembering-m-m-alam|title=Remembering M.M Alam|author=Tariq Aqil|date=20 November 2020|website=[[The Friday Times]]}}</ref> According to several sources,<ref name="Ayaz">{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/797345|title=M.M. Alam: a hero for ever|date=23 March 2013|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|author=Air Marshal (r) Ayaz Ahmed Khan}}</ref><ref name="aqil"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/372943|title=Heroes not wanted|author=Dr Farid A Malik|date=4 April 2019|newspaper=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)]]}}</ref> motivated by loyalty and a strong commitment to integrity, Air Commodore [[M. M. Alam]] confronted Shamim directly and recommended that an investigation be conducted. Rather, Shamim authored a negative Annual Confidential Report (ACR) on Alam at the end of the year, questioning his character and combat record, and had him retired.<ref name="aqil"/>

In addition, Shamim also holds the distinction of being the second longest serving Chief of Air Staff of the [[Pakistan Air Force]].<ref name="Aaj News, Maliha 2013">{{cite news|last1=News Desk|first1=Maliha Ajj|title=Ex-Chief of Air Staff Anwar Shamim dies at 81|url=http://aaj.tv/2013/01/ex-chief-of-air-staff-anwar-shamim-dies-at-81/|access-date=11 January 2018|work=Aaj News|agency=Aaj News, 2013|publisher=Aaj News, 2013|date=4 January 2013|location=Islamabad|language=en-pk|archive-date=25 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825114503/http://aaj.tv/2013/01/ex-chief-of-air-staff-anwar-shamim-dies-at-81/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He died in January 2013 and was buried with full [[State funeral|state honours]].

==Biography==
===Early life and education===
Anwar Shamim was born in [[Haripur, Pakistan|Haripur]], [[Hazara District]], [[North-West Frontier Province]] in the [[British Indian Empire]], on 31 October 1931.<ref name="Dawn Newspaper, ''et.al'', 2013">{{cite news |title=Ex-chief of PAF Shamim dead|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/776364|access-date=11 January 2018 |publisher=Dawn Newspaper|date=5 January 2013|location=Islamabad|language=en-pk}}</ref> He came from an academic family, his parents were teachers at the local school.<ref name="The Nation, 2013" /> He received his early education and matriculated from [[Government Degree College (Attock)|Government College]] in [[Campbellpur]] ([[Attock]]) before becoming the member of the [[University Air Squadron]] of the [[Royal Air Force]].{{rp|221}}<ref name="Dawn Newspaper, ''et.al'', 2013" /><ref name="Pakistan Air Force publications 1982">{{cite book|last1=Hussain|first1=Syed Shabbir|last2=Qureshi|first2=M. Tariq|title=History of the Pakistan Air Force, 1947-1982|date=1982|publisher=Pakistan Air Force|location=Islamabad|page=332|isbn=978-0-19-648045-9|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aa8jAAAAMAAJ&q=early+education|access-date=11 January 2018|language=en}}</ref>

In 1950, he joined the [[RPAF College]] at Risalpur from where he was selected to attend the [[RAAF College|Royal Australian Air Force College]] at [[Point Cook]] where he completed the basic flying training course.{{rp|221}}<ref name="Pakistan Air Force publications 1982"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Excerpts from Page 221.|isbn = 978-0-19-648045-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aa8jAAAAMAAJ&q=Commissioned|access-date=11 January 2018|last1 = Hussain|first1 = Syed Shabbir|year = 1982| publisher=Pakistan Air Force }}</ref> Upon returning to Pakistan, he gained a [[Commissioned officer|commission]] as a [[Pilot Officer]] in [[List of Pakistan Air Force squadrons|No. 12 Squadron ''Globe Globe Trotters'']] in 1952.{{rp|15;134}}<ref name="Society for Aerospace Studies, 1991">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pushpindar|last2=Rikhye|first2=Ravi|last3=Steinemann|first3=Peter|title=Fiza'ya: psyche of the Pakistan Air Force|date=1991|publisher=Society for Aerospace Studies|isbn=9788170020387|page=207|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JS4AAAAIAAJ&q=Anwar+Shamim+|access-date=11 January 2018|language=en}}</ref> [[Flying Officer]] Shamim was sent to the [[United States]] to be trained to fly the [[F-104 Starfighter]], and was later directed to attend the [[Air Command and Staff College]] in [[Montgomery, Alabama|Montgomery]], [[Alabama]], in the 1960s where he gained degree in [[Defence studies]].{{rp|66}}<ref name="Shaheen: Journal of the Pakistan Air Force">{{cite journal|title=Shaheen: Journal of the Pakistan Air Force|journal=Shaheen: Journal of the Pakistan Air Force|date=1988|volume=35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV8owzvrKrkC&q=Anwar+Shamim+|access-date=11 January 2018|publisher=Air Headquarters.|language=en}}</ref>

In the 1970s, he went to attend the [[National Defence University, Pakistan]] in [[Islamabad]], and attained his [[master's degree]] in [[national security]].{{rp|221}}<ref name="Gazette of Pakistan" /><ref name="Shaheen: Journal of the Pakistan Air Force" />

===War and staff appointments in the military===
[[File:Lockheed F-104A Starfighter.jpg|thumb|left|A [[F-104 Starfighter|F-104A]] in flight in 1963: [[Wing Commander (rank)|Wing Commander]] Shamim commanded the [[Wing (military aviation unit)|wing]] against the [[Indian Air Force|Indian IAF]], leading bombing missions in [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|1965]].{{rp|contents}}<ref name="Vij Books India Pvt Ltd, 2017"/>]]
In 1963, [[Squadron leader|Squadron-Leader]] Shamim took over the command of the [[No. 11 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 11 Squadron ''Arrows'']], which he commanded until 1965.{{rp|47–48}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hussain|first1=Syed Shabbir|last2=Qureshi|first2=M. Tariq|title=History of the Pakistan Air Force, 1947-1982|date=1982|publisher=Pakistan Air Force|isbn=978-0-19-648045-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aa8jAAAAMAAJ&q=Anwar+Shamim+sq+ldr|access-date=11 January 2018|language=en}}</ref> While in the [[United States]], he qualified as a [[test pilot]], flying mostly the F-104 and F-86 while performing the combat maneuvering.{{rp|109–110}}<ref name="Pakistan Air Force publications 1982" />

In 1965, [[Wing commander (rank)|Wing-Commander]] (Wg Cdr) Shamim took over the command of [[List of Pakistan Air Force Bases|No. 33 (Tactical) Wing]] as its [[officer commanding]], and participated in the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965]] with India. During the [[Aerial warfare in 1965 India Pakistan War|aerial operations]], Shamim flew his [[Lockheed F-104 Starfighter]], along with [[North American F-86 Sabre]]s against the [[Indian Air Force]]'s [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21]].{{rp|contents}}<ref name="Vij Books India Pvt Ltd, 2017">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Mandeep|title=Baptism Under Fire: Anti Aircraft Artillery in India Pakistan War 1965|date=2017|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=9789386457134|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=atLHDgAAQBAJ&dq=Anwar+Shamim+1965+war&pg=PT69|access-date=11 January 2018|language=es}}</ref> His [[Wing (aviation)|combat wing]] led several attacking and bombing missions against the Indian Air Force's attempts for [[air superiority]].{{rp|contents}}<ref name="Routledge, 2017">{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Kaushik|title=Conventional Warfare in South Asia, 1947 to the Present|date=2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781351948678|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4NBDgAAQBAJ&dq=Anwar+Shamim+F-86&pg=PT55|language=en}}</ref>

After the war with India, [[Group Captain]] (Gp. Capt.) Shamim was posted with the [[Pakistan military presence in other countries|Pakistan Armed Forces–Middle East Command]], serving first as an [[air adviser]] to the [[Royal Jordanian Air Force]] in 1967.<ref name="The Nation, 2013" /> He played a crucial role in advising about the importance of [[air superiority]] to [[King Hussain of Jordan]] during the [[Six-Day War]] with Israel.<ref name="The Nation, 2013" /> In 1970, acting as a [[military adviser]] to the [[Jordanian Armed Forces]], Shamin played a decisive role in gathering [[military intelligence]] on the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) in support of the Pakistan Armed Forces, led by its [[Chief of Staff]] then [[Brigadier]] (later President) [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]].{{rp|9–11}}<ref name="Link 1984">{{cite book|title=North-West Challenges|date=1984|publisher=United India Periodicals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXNDAAAAYAAJ&q=Anwar+Shamim+Jordan|access-date=11 January 2018|language=en}}</ref> His efforts won praise from King Hussain of Jordan, who honoured him with a national decoration.<ref name="The Nation, 2013" />

In 1971, Shamim returned to Pakistan and was appointed as [[base commander]] of [[PAF Base Masroor|Masroor Air Force Base]], mainly focusing on [[Air Defence|aerial defence]], though he continued directing combat air operations.{{rp|222}}<ref name="Pakistan Air Force publications 1982" />

In 1974–76, [[Air Commodore]] Shamim was appointed [[Air Officer Commanding]] of the [[PAF Base Korangi Creek|Southern Air Command]], but was later posted as [[Assistant Chief of the Air Staff]] (ACAS) Air Operations at the [[Air Headquarters (Pakistan Air Force)|Pakistan Air Headquarters]] (AHQ) on a two-star rank, [[Air Vice Marshal]] (AVM).<ref name="The Nation, 2013" />

In 1978, Shamim was promoted to [[Air Marshal]] (AM).{{rp|231}}

==Chief of Air Staff==

On 23 July 1978, when ACM [[Zulfikar Ali Khan]] completed an extended tenure of four years, Air Commodore Anwar Shamim was promoted to ACM and appointed Chief of the Air Staff.

[[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry|Fazal Ilahi]] approved the elevation of the junior most [[air officer]], Anwar Shamim, to four-star rank, superseding several seniors for this appointment.<ref name="Defence Journal, 1999">{{cite web|last1=Amin|first1=A.H.|title=Group-Captain Cecil Chaudhry, SJ|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319662087|website=www.researchgate.net|publisher=Defence Journal|access-date=11 January 2018|language=en-pk|format=web cache|date=1999}}</ref>

Once appointed as Chief of Air Staff, [[Air Chief Marshal]] (ACM) Shamim began taking initiatives to modernize the air force by acquiring fighter jets from the [[United States]] and [[China]].<ref name="The Nation, 2013" />

Shamim's tenureship was subjected to two extension as a Chief of Air Staff, first in 1982 at the behest of President Zia-ul-Haq to supervise the complete induction of the [[F-16A/B Block 10 Fighting Falcon|F-16A/B]] fighter jets into the PAF.{{rp|cxxix}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Asian Recorder|date=1982|publisher=K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KdRtAAAAMAAJ&q=one-year++extension|access-date=13 January 2018|language=en}}</ref> In 1983, ACM Shamim was given another extension as an air chief for two more year.{{rp|636}}<ref>{{cite book|title=News Review on South Asia and Indian Ocean|date=1983|publisher=Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rZAgAQAAMAAJ&q=Anwar+Shamim+extension|access-date=13 January 2018|language=en}}</ref> Repeated extension of ACM Shamim as Chief of Air Staff made him the longest serving chief of the air force.{{rp|93}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Globe|date=1991|publisher=A. Mahmood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EChnAAAAMAAJ&q=Anwar+Shamim+extension+1985|access-date=13 January 2018|language=en}}</ref>

Under his command, the PAF was involved in combat sorties against the [[Soviet Air Forces]] in [[Communist Afghanistan]] in shooting down the fighter jets violating the airspace of Pakistan only, but he did not authorize the air force's F-16s for hot pursuit missions into Communist Afghanistan.<ref name="News International, 2013" />

===F-16 Fighting Falcon program===
{{Main|General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|Nanchang Q-5}}
[[File:PAF F-16A Lahore.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[F-16A]] in flight: ACM Shamim's tenure acquire F-16As from the United States in 1981.{{rp|18}}<ref name="Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University"/>]]
In 1979, ACM Shamim notified President General Zia-ul-Haq that Kahuta's [[Engineering Research Laboratories]] (ERL) was an indefensible site because it was at three minutes flying time for the [[Indian Air Force]] from the [[Indo-Pakistani border]], while the reaction time for the [[Pakistan Air Force]]'s fighter jets would be about eight minutes, resulting in the enemy completing the job and returning to their base safely.<ref name="[[Dawn (newspaper)|''Dawn Newspapers'']]">{{cite web
| last =Anwar, PAF
| first =Air Chief Marshal Shamim
| title =Threat to destroy indian N-plant stopped attack on Kahuta
| work =Air Chief Marshal (retired) Shamim Anwar, Chief of Air Staff of Pakistan Air Force
| publisher =[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn Newspapers]]
| date =17 May 2007
| url =https://www.dawn.com/news/889781
| access-date =12 May 2011 }}</ref> ACM Shamim explored the idea of defending their [[nuclear deterrence]] by suggesting acquiring American [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16s]], allowing the PAF to have a [[second strike]] capability to destroying the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] at [[Trombay]], India.<ref name="[[Dawn (newspaper)|''Dawn Newspapers'']]"/> ACM Shamim refused to acquire [[Northrop F-5E]] aircraft from the United States, and provided a strong advocacy for acquiring the F-16s.<ref name="[[Dawn (newspaper)|''Dawn Newspapers'']]"/> In 1980, ACM Shamim led successful talks with [[China]], and acquired [[Shenyang J-6]]s to be used to protect the facilities.{{rp|28}}<ref>{{cite book|title=New Delhi|date=1987|publisher=Ananda Bazar Patrika, Limited|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04jiAAAAMAAJ&q=Anwar+Shamim+F+6|access-date=13 January 2018|language=en}}</ref>

The [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|Pakistan Ministry of Defence]] and the [[United States Department of Defense]] entered into negotiations to acquire F-16s for the PAF, with Air Chief Marshal Shamim later launching [[F-16 Fighting Falcon operators|Project Falcon]], appointing AVM [[Hakeemullah Khan Durrani|H. Durrani]] as its [[Project manager|Project-Director]].<ref name="Vanguard Books">{{Cite book
| last =Anwar, PAF
| first =Air Chief Marshal Shamim
| title =Cutting Edge PAF: A Former Air Chief's Reminiscences of a Developing Air Force
| publisher =Vanguard Books
| chapter=§ Critical Years: Intelligence and Deception
| year =2010
| location =Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory
| page =351
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=vXf7cQAACAAJ
| isbn =978-969-402-540-7
}}</ref>

On 15 January 1983, three [[F-16A]]s in a single squadron, under the leadership of then-AVM [[Jamal A. Khan]] reached Pakistan.{{rp|37–38}}<ref name="Shaheen: Journal of the Pakistan Air Force" /> When the F-16As arrived, Shamim directed a secret memo to confirm that an Indian attack on the nuclear facilities in Pakistan will be met with retaliatory attack by the PAF, using the F-16s as their primary weapons.<ref name="[[Dawn (newspaper)|''Dawn Newspapers'']]" /><ref>In 1983, ACM Shamim wrote a memo stating: "I am now in a position to confirm that Indians will not attack Kahuta because it is amply clear to them that we will retaliate and launch an attack on their atomic station in Trombay, and knowing that they will suffer much more devastation than us, will desist from taking any unwise action".</ref> During this time, he maintained close relations with [[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]] [[Arnold W. Braswell]] of the [[United States Air Force]] on mutual security issues.<ref name="AZK Marwat"/>

After [[Israel]] successfully launched the [[Operation Opera]] surprise airstrike on the [[Iraq]]i [[Osirak Nuclear Plant]], the fears in Pakistan increased with their intelligence community asserting that India could similarly destroy the nuclear infrastructure in Pakistan.<ref name="Vanguard Books"/> Upon learning of the developments between Iraq and Israel, ACM Shamim tightened the security of the nuclear facilities by establishing the [[Air Force Strategic Command (Pakistan)|Air Force Strategic Command]] (AFSC).<ref name="Vanguard Books Publishers">{{Cite book
| last =Anwar, PAF
| first =Air Chief Marshal Shamim
| title =Cutting Edge PAF: A Former Air Chief's Reminiscences of a Developing Air Force
| publisher =Vanguard Books Publishers
| chapter=§The Lost Decade
| year =2010
| location =Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory
| page =351
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=vXf7cQAACAAJ
| isbn =978-969-402-540-7
}}</ref>

In 1980, Air Chief Marshal Shamim also witnessed the commissioning and induction of the [[Nanchang Q-5|A-5 Fantan]] into the PAF, acquiring the first squadron in 1981.{{rp|18}}<ref name="Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University">{{cite book|last1=Subramanian|first1=Ram Rajan|title=Nuclear Proliferation in South Asia: Security in the 1980s|date=1982|publisher=Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University|isbn=9780867840919|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-sbAAAAMAAJ&q=Anwar+Shamim+A-5+Fantan|access-date=13 January 2018|language=en}}</ref>

In 1982, ACM Shamim acquired an additional batch of [[Dassault Mirage 5]] that would provide support in aerial defence for the [[Pakistan Navy]].{{rp|239}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Daily Report: South Asia|date=1982|publisher=Foreign Broadcast Information Service|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04Hmo6BVJPgC&q=anwar+shamim+denied+extension|access-date=13 January 2018|language=en}}</ref>

===Air Force Strategic Command===

After Israel successfully launched its [[Operation Opera]] airstrike against Iraqs' [[Tuwaitha Nuclear Research Center|Osirak nuclear power plant]], fears in Pakistan increased with their [[Pakistani intelligence community|intelligence community]] asserting that [[India]] could also destroy the nuclear infrastructure in Pakistan.<ref name="Vanguard Books"/> Upon learning the development between [[Iraq]] and [[Israel]], ACM Shamim tightened the security of the nuclear facilities by establishing the [[Air Force Strategic Command (Pakistan)|Air Force Strategic Command]].<ref name="Vanguard Books Publishers"/><ref name="Vanguard Books Publishers Co.">{{Cite book
| last =Anwar, PAF
| first =Air Chief Marshal Shamim
| title =Cutting Edge PAF: Reminiscences
| publisher =Vanguard Books Publishers Co.
| chapter=§21st century Air Force
| year =2010
| location =Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory
| page =351
| isbn =978-969-402-540-7
}}</ref>

The Air Force Strategic Command was primary tasked with protecting and providing aerial defence of the country's clandestine [[Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear deterrence]].<ref name="Vanguard Books Publishers Co."/> The Air Force Strategic Command later took over satellite operations which ran under the [[Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission|Space Research Commission]], providing financial support for developing [[Badr-1]], the nation's first [[communication satellite]].<ref name="Vanguard Books Publishers Co."/>

==Retirement and later life==
In 1985, ACM Shamim refused to accept an extension as the Chief of Air Staff despite President Zia-ul-Haq approving a third extension.{{rp|99–100}}<ref name="Routledge, 2015">{{cite book|last1=Abbas|first1=Hassan|title=Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-46328-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHKsBwAAQBAJ&dq=anwar+shamim+air+chief++extension+Zia&pg=PA100|access-date=13 January 2018|language=en|format=google books|chapter={{small|Chapter 6: General Zia-ul-Haq}}}}</ref> ACM Shamim was eventually succeeded by Air Chief Marshal [[Jamal A. Khan|Jamal Khan]], and decided to settle in Islamabad, Pakistan.{{rp|99–100}}<ref name="Routledge, 2015" />

In 1986, President Zia appointed Shamin as the [[High commissioner (Commonwealth)|High Commissioner]] of Pakistan to [[Canada]] to lead [[High Commission of Pakistan, Ottawa|Pakistan's High Commission]] there, but the Canadian government refused take his appointment.{{rp|203–204}}<ref name="Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited, 2008">{{cite book|last1=Joshi|first1=P. C.|title=Main Intelligence Outfits Of Pakistan|date=2008|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited|isbn=9788126135509|page=414|edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3zfAAAAMAAJ&q=shamim+canada|access-date=13 January 2018|language=en}}</ref> In 1987, he was then attempted to be sent as a [[:Category:Ambassadors of Pakistan to Saudi Arabia|Pakistan Ambassador]] to [[Saudi Arabia]] but this was also refused by the [[Saudi Arabia]], citing unknown reasons.{{rp|203–204}}<ref name="Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited, 2008" />

During this time, his strong political advocacy and role in developing the [[Pakistan and Nuclear Weapons|nuclear weapons]] was exposed by [[investigative journalism]] in the United States, leading him to return to Pakistan and sell his home in the US to avoid federal inquires by the United States government.{{rp|203–204}}<ref name="Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited, 2008" /> In 1988–89, he joined the [[Dawn (newspaper)|''Dawn'']], writing and penning articles on [[Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)|security issues]] in [[Afghanistan]].

In 1999–2000, Shamim was implicated in several allegations in the corruption inquires conducted by [[National Accountability Bureau]] (NAB) but details of his assets were then marked as classified by President [[Pervez Musharraf]].{{rp|87}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Tasneem Ahmad|title=Dynamics of Social Change|date=2005|publisher=Sama |isbn=9789698784263|page=229|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOttAAAAMAAJ&q=anwar+shamim|access-date=13 January 2018|language=en}}</ref>

In 2010, he wrote and published his memoirs, ''Cutting Edge'', recounting his memories during this tenureship as an air chief.<ref name="Vanguard Books" />

==Death and State funeral==

On 3 January 2013, Shamim was admitted to the [[Combined Military Hospital Rawalpindi]] and died on 4 January 2013 after a prolonged illness.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2013%5C01%5C05%5Cstory_5-1-2013_pg12_7 |title=President condoles death of Anwar Shamim |publisher=dailytimes.com.pk |date=2013-01-05 |access-date=2013-01-05 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416145920/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2013%5C01%5C05%5Cstory_5-1-2013_pg12_7 |archive-date=2013-04-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His death was widely reported and, it was announced by the [[Government of Pakistan]] to give him the proper burial with state honors.

Shamim was given a [[state funeral]] that was attended by Air Chief Marshal [[Tahir Rafique Butt|Tahir Rafiq]], then-[[Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)|air chief]], Admiral [[Asif Sandila]], then-[[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|navy chief]], Gen. [[Ashfaq Parvez Kayani]], then-[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|army chief]], former air chiefs, war veterans, diplomatics, and other dignitaries.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Staff reporter|title=Ex-PAF chief Anwar Shamim laid to rest with military honours|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/01/06/ex-paf-chief-anwar-shamim-laid-to-rest-with-military-honours/|access-date=13 January 2018|work=www.pakistantoday.com.pk|date=5 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Former Air Chief Laid to Rest|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/06-Jan-2013/former-air-chief-laid-to-rest|magazine=The Nation|access-date=15 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112171637/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/islamabad/06-Jan-2013/former-air-chief-laid-to-rest|archive-date=12 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> President [[Asif Ali Zardari|Asif Zardari]] paid tribute to Shamins' services for the nation and prayed to Allah, the Almighty, to rest the departed soul in eternal peace and to give courage to the bereaved family to bear this loss with fortitude.
<ref>{{cite news|title=President Condoles Death of Anwar Shamim|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2013%5C01%5C05%5Cstory_5-1-2013_pg12_7|access-date=15 January 2013|newspaper=Dail Times|date=5 January 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416145920/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2013%5C01%5C05%5Cstory_5-1-2013_pg12_7|archive-date=16 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Anwar Shamim is buried in H-11 Graveyard, [[Islamabad]]; a [[granite]] memorial crowned by the [[Pakistan Air Force]] emblem marks his grave.

==Legacy==

[[Air Chief Marshal|ACM]] Anwar Shamim was noted as the second longest serving [[Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)|chief of air staff]], commanding the air force for nearly seven years whose tenureship saw the induction of the F-16s in the air force.<ref name="falcons">[http://www.paffalcons.com/cas/index.php PAF s' Chief of Air Staffs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225095224/http://paffalcons.com/cas/index.php |date=2009-02-25 }}</ref> While there were several allegations of nepotism<ref name=chowk2>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chowk.com/ilogs/65638/47736 |title=Cecil Choudhary Interview |access-date=2008-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522205901/http://www.chowk.com/ilogs/65638/47736 |archive-date=2008-05-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and improper conduct, But this has been fervently denied by his family<ref name=chowk>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chowk.com/interacts/u/47470 |title=S Iqbals Response at Chowk |access-date=2008-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105232235/http://www.chowk.com/interacts/u/47470 |archive-date=2007-11-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Air Chief Marshal|ACM]] Anwar Shamim started the air force's exercise that were integrated with the other branches of the [[Pakistani military]] in the 1980s for the leadership under [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]] to understand and appreciate exactly what the PAF could and could not do.<ref name="News International, 2013">{{cite news|last1=Editorial|first1=National|title=Air Chief Marshal Anwar Shamim and PAF|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/406032|access-date=13 January 2018|work=www.thenews.com.pk|agency=News International|publisher=News International|date=7 January 2013|language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and decorations ==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="4" |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=PAF GDP Red.png|width=250}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{ribbon devices|ribbon=Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}} {{ribbon devices|ribbon=Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Jurat.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Diffa.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War Ribbon.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Republic Medal 1956 (Pakistan).png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hijri Tamgha.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of Independence - Knight (Jordan).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of King Abdulaziz, 1st Class (Saudi Arabia).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=US Legion of Merit Commander ribbon.png|width=130}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="4" |'''[[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]]''' GD(P) Badge '''RED''' (More than '''3000''' Flying Hours)
|-
|'''[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]'''
'''[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|(Military)]]'''

''(Order of Excellence)''
| colspan="2" |'''[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|Hilal-e-Imtiaz]]'''
'''[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|(Military)]]'''

''(Crescent of Excellence)''
|'''[[Sitara-e-Jurat]]'''
''(Star of Courage)''

'''[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965 War]]'''
|-
|'''[[Sitara-i-Imtiaz|Sitara-e-Imtiaz]]'''
'''[[Sitara-i-Imtiaz|(Military)]]'''

''(Star of Excellence)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Diffa]]'''
''(General Service Medal'')

# '''[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965 War]] Clasp'''
# '''[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 War]] Clasp'''

|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War]]'''
''(War Star 1965)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War]]'''
''(War Star 1971)''
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War]]'''
''(War Medal 1965)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War]]'''
''(War Medal 1971)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-]]'''
'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam]]'''

''(100th Birth Anniversary of''

''[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]])''

'''1976'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Jamhuria]]'''
''(Republic Commemoration Medal)''

'''1956'''
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Hijri Tamgha]]'''
''(Hijri Medal)''

'''1979'''
|'''[[Order of Independence (Jordan)|Order of Independence]]'''
''(Wisam al-Istiqlal)''

'''([[Jordan]])'''
|'''[[Order of Abdulaziz al Saud|Order of King Abdul Aziz]]'''
'''[[Order of Abdulaziz al Saud|(1st Class)]]'''

'''([[Saudi Arabia]])'''
|'''[[Legion of Merit|The Legion of Merit]]'''
'''[[Legion of Merit|(Degree of Commander)]]'''

'''([[United States|USA]])'''
|}

=== Foreign Decorations ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" style="background:#006400; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" |'''Foreign Awards'''
|-
!'''{{flag|Jordan}}'''
|'''[[Order of Independence (Jordan)|Order of Independence (''Wisam al-Istiqlal)'']]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of Independence - Knight (Jordan).png|width=130}}
|-
!{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|'''[[Order of Abdulaziz al Saud|Order of King Abdul Aziz - Class I]]'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of King Abdulaziz, 1st Class (Saudi Arabia).png|width=130}}
|-
!'''{{flag|USA}}'''
|[[Legion of Merit|'''The Legion of Merit''' '''(Degree of Commander)''']]
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=US Legion of Merit Commander ribbon.png|width=130}}
|}

== Published works ==
*{{cite news|last1=Shamim, PAF`|first1=ACM (Gen.) M. Anwar|title=Afghanistan Problem: The End in Sight? Part-I|url=http://dawn.com|access-date=14 January 2018|work=M. A. Shamim, PAF|agency=Dawn Newspapers|publisher=M. Anwar Shamim at Dawn|date=12 March 1988|location=Islamabad|language=en-pk}}
*{{cite news|last1=Shamim, PAF`|first1=ACM (Gen.) M. Anwar|title=Afghanistan Problem: The End in Sight? Part-II|url=http://dawn.com|access-date=14 January 2018|work=M. A. Shamim, PAF|agency=Dawn Newspapers|publisher=M. Anwar Shamim at Dawn|date=13 March 1988|location=Islamabad|language=en-pk}}
*{{cite news|last1=Shamim, PAF`|first1=ACM (Gen.) M. Anwar|title=Implications of India's Naval Build-up|url=http://dawn.com|access-date=14 January 2018|work=M. A. Shamim, PAF|agency=Dawn Newspapers|publisher=M. Anwar Shamim at Dawn|date=27 March 1988|location=Islamabad|language=en-pk}}
*{{cite news|last1=Shamim, PAF`|first1=ACM (Gen.) M. Anwar|title=Dilemma of the Bureaucracy|url=http://dawn.com|access-date=14 January 2018|work=M. A. Shamim, PAF|agency=Dawn Newspapers|publisher=M. Anwar Shamim at Dawn|date=4 April 1989|location=Islamabad|language=en-pk}}
*{{cite news|last1=Shamim, PAF`|first1=ACM (Gen.) M. Anwar|title=What Does Agni Port End?|url=http://dawn.com|access-date=14 January 2018|work=M. A. Shamim, PAF|agency=Dawn Newspapers|publisher=M. Anwar Shamim at Dawn|date=20 May 1989|location=Islamabad|language=en-pk}}

===Memoirs===
*{{cite book|last1=Shamim|first1=M. Anwar|title=Cutting Edge PAF: A Former Air Chief's Reminiscences of a Developing Air Force|date=2010|publisher=Vanguard Books|location=Islamabad|isbn=978-9694025407|pages=351|edition=1st|url=http://www.vanguardbooks.com/browsetitle.php?isbn=9789694025407&subject=|access-date=14 January 2018|language=en-pk}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography}}
*[[Pakistan Air Force]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090225095224/http://paffalcons.com/cas/index.php PAF s' Chief of the Air Staffs]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100314014439/http://paffalcons.com/cas/anwar-shamim.php Bio of Air Chief Marshal Anwar Shamim]
*[http://fearlesswarriors.pk/ghazi/air-chief-marshal-anwar-shamim-nim-sj-ghazi-of-1965-war/ Air Chief Marshal Anwar Shamim – Ghazi of 1965 War]
{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Zulfiqar Ali Khan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Air Staff]]|years=1978–1985}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jamal A. Khan]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Recipients of Sitara-e-Jurat}}
{{Zia-ul-Haq's Government}}
{{Military of Pakistan}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shamim, Anwar}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Haripur District]]
[[Category:People from Attock District]]
[[Category:Pakistan Air Force Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistani expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Air Command and Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistani test pilots]]
[[Category:Pilots of the India–Pakistan war of 1965]]
[[Category:Air attachés for Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani expatriates in Jordan]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Independence (Jordan)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Military Merit (Jordan)]]
[[Category:Pilots of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Chiefs of the Air Staff (Pakistan)]]
[[Category:Foreign recipients of the Legion of Merit]]
[[Category:Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Recipients of Sitara-e-Jurat]]
[[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Military government of Pakistan (1977–1988)]]
[[Category:Pakistani memoirists]]
[[Category:People from Islamabad]]

FoodPharmer

2026-03-18T03:39:35Z

ErwinGholson17: Adding some pg from scratch

{{short description|Indian health and nutrition influencer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox social media personality
| name = Revant Himatsingka
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|2|29|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pfeffer |first=Jonathan |date=2018-10-30 |title=Real Humans of the Wharton MBA Class of 2020 |url=https://www.clearadmit.com/2018/10/real-humans-of-the-wharton-mba-class-of-2020/5/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=Clear Admit |language=en}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-20 |title=Unmasking the Truth: Revant Himatsingka's Quest for Food Transparency and Health Awareness in India via his initiative FoodPharmer |url=https://thestorywatch.com/unmasking-the-truth-revant-himatsingkas-quest-for-food-transparency-and-health-awareness-in-india-via-his-initiative-foodpharmer/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=The Story Watch |language=en-US}}</ref>
| image = FoodPharmer in 2024 on the Dr. YSR podcast.png
| image_caption = Himatsingka in 2024
| alt = Portrait photo of Himatsingka smiling in a yellow shirt
| education = [[NYU Stern School of Business]] [[The Wharton School]]
| occupation =
| website = 
| instagram_handle = foodpharmer
| instagram_display_name =
| instagram_years_active =
| instagram_genre = Health and nutrition
| instagram_followers = 4.85 million (Instagram, YouTube, X, Facebook, LinkedIn) (19 July 2025)
| youtube_handle = Foodpharmer
| youtube_display_name =
| youtube_years_active =
| youtube_genre =
| youtube_subscribers = 1,250,000
| youtube_views =
}}
'''Revant Himatsingka''', better known as '''FoodPharmer''',{{efn|name="pseudonym"|His pseudonym is variously formatted as "Food Pharmer", "Foodpharmer" or "FoodPharmer".}} is an [[India]]n [[Health advocacy|health advocate]]. He is known for spreading awareness of clean eating choices and reading food labels in a humorous manner. His notable achievements are starting the '<nowiki/>'''Sugar Boards'''<nowiki/>' and ''''Oil Boards'''<nowiki/>' that were adopted by Indian Schools.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Porecha |first=Maitri |date=2025-05-27 |title=Why are 'sugar boards' necessary in schools? {{!}} Explained |url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/why-are-sugar-boards-necessary-in-schools-explained/article69622522.ece |access-date=2025-07-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Ranked 15th in ''[[Forbes India]]''{{'s}} "Top 100 Digital Stars" of 2024, he began his career as an author and consultant before transitioning to social media. He gained prominence after a viral video in 2023 that criticised the high sugar content in [[Bournvita]], sparking regulatory actions and industry reforms. Operating independently, he campaigns against misleading food practices. His activism has influenced product reformulations and public discourse on food standards in India. He has also been at the centre of several legal battles filed by major [[FMCG]] companies in India.

== Early and personal life ==
Revant Himatsingka was born into a [[Kolkata]]-based upper-middle-class [[Marwari people|Marwari]] family. His father was a business owner and his mother was a homemaker. He completed his schooling from [[Don Bosco School, Park Circus]]. He graduated in finance from [[NYU Stern School of Business]] and did his [[MBA]] at [[The Wharton School]]. He then worked as a consultant at [[McKinsey & Company]], during which time he also completed a course in nutrition. He has authored a book and has delivered TEDx talks and speeches at several educational institutions.<ref name="TeleBio">{{Cite web |last=Karia |first=Vedant |date=5 February 2024 |title=Meet Revant Himatsingka aka Food Pharmer — the content creator propagating healthy eating with a dose of humour |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/kolkatas-revant-himatsingka-aka-food-pharmer-is-educating-people-about-healthy-eating-with-humour-on-social-media/cid/1998541 |access-date=21 October 2024 |website=The Telegraph |language=en |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522195140/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/kolkatas-revant-himatsingka-aka-food-pharmer-is-educating-people-about-healthy-eating-with-humour-on-social-media/cid/1998541 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ForbBio">{{Cite web |last=Balachandran |first=Manu |date=17 October 2024 |title=Revant Himatsingka: In A Battle Against Junk Food And False Marketing |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/digital-stars-2024/revant-himatsingka-in-a-battle-against-junk-food-and-false-marketing/94406/1 |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=Forbes India |language=en |archive-date=12 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112213358/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/digital-stars-2024/revant-himatsingka-in-a-battle-against-junk-food-and-false-marketing/94406/1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="TbiBio">{{Cite web |last=Mani |first=Sowmya |date=15 May 2024 |title=From 2 Cr Salary to 2 Million Followers: How 'FoodPharmer' Started A Food Revolution in India |url=https://thebetterindia.com/350012/revant-himatsingka-food-pharmer-nutrition-ingredient-list-read-label-padhega-india-mumbai/ |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=The Better India |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518033359/https://www.thebetterindia.com/350012/revant-himatsingka-food-pharmer-nutrition-ingredient-list-read-label-padhega-india-mumbai/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

He quit his job in April 2023 and returned to Kolkata after 13 years in the US and UK.<ref name="TeleBio"/> He has since moved to [[Mumbai]] due to its status as India's financial capital and due to the difficulty of travelling from Kolkata to speak at various functions and events there.<ref name="ForbBio"/> He has stated that he and his family feel concerned about him because of financial, legal, and potential physical threats due to the nature of his work.<ref name="TeleBio"/>

== Career as health advocate ==
Source:<ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/health/food-pharmer-suggests-3-things-he-would-change-as-health-minister-warning-labels-on-food-packets-101731139972146.html</ref>

Himatsingka initially began his social media career to promote his book, ''Selfienomics'', before transitioning to FoodPharmer.<ref name="TeleBio"/> His current pseudonym, "FoodPharmer",{{efn|name="pseudonym"}} is the concatenation of the words "Food" and "Pharmer", which itself is a portmanteau of "pharma" and "farmer".<ref name="Toi2">{{Cite web |last=Goradia |first=Abha |date=16 June 2024 |title=Kindly check the writing before biting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/kindly-check-the-writing-before-biting/articleshow/111034156.cms |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |language=en |archive-date=17 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617022113/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/kindly-check-the-writing-before-biting/articleshow/111034156.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

After quitting his US job, on 1 April 2023, he posted a video on [[Bournvita]]'s high sugar content and its impact on children. He claimed that the product marketed as a health drink for children contains almost 50% sugar and adversely impacts the health of children, is addictive, and promotes diabetes.<ref name="EtBourn">{{Cite web |date=17 April 2023 |title=Influencer shakes up consumer confidence in Bournvita with a reel - ET BrandEquity |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/business-of-brands/influencer-shakes-up-consumer-confidence-in-bournvita-with-a-reel/99541217 |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=ETBrandEquity.com |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207112951/https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/business-of-brands/influencer-shakes-up-consumer-confidence-in-bournvita-with-a-reel/99541217 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FpjBio">{{Cite web |last=Bhatnagar |first=Vanshika |date=24 June 2024 |title='Sweet' Victory of a One-Man Army |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/brandsutra/sweet-victory-of-a-one-man-army |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716163809/https://www.freepressjournal.in/brandsutra/sweet-victory-of-a-one-man-army |url-status=live }}</ref> He was served a legal notice from [[Mondelez]], the parent company of Bournvita, and forced to take the video down. His [[Twitter]] account was also permanently suspended.<ref name="BtTwtr">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2023 |title=Bournvita row: Twitter account of influencer 'Foodpharmer' suspended |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/bournvita-row-twitter-account-of-influencer-foodpharmer-suspended-378073-2023-04-19 |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=Business Today |language=en |archive-date=11 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511152022/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/bournvita-row-twitter-account-of-influencer-foodpharmer-suspended-378073-2023-04-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, his [[viral video|video went viral]] on social media and had over 12 million views on Instagram before being taken down.<ref name="ItBourn">{{Cite web |date=18 April 2023 |title=Bournvita controversy: Here's how company responded to influencer's viral video |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/bournvita-controversy-mondelez-india-responds-viral-video-rejects-claims-2361438-2023-04-18 |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101123420/https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/bournvita-controversy-mondelez-india-responds-viral-video-rejects-claims-2361438-2023-04-18 |url-status=live }}</ref> It also earned him over 100,000 followers within a few days on the platform. The video was shared by several celebrities, politicians and also featured on various TV news channels.<ref name="TeleBio"/><ref name="ForbBio"/><ref name="EtBourn"/> In response to this, the [[National Commission for Protection of Child Rights]] (NCPCR) ordered Bournvita to withdraw its misleading packaging and advertisements, and the Indian government ordered that it be removed from 'health drinks' category on e-commerce sites.<ref name="ItNcpcr">{{Cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Amit |date=27 April 2023 |title=Child rights body directs Bournvita to remove 'misleading' labels over its sugar content |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/child-rights-body-directs-bournvita-remove-misleading-labels-sugar-content-2365120-2023-04-27 |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426225716/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/child-rights-body-directs-bournvita-remove-misleading-labels-sugar-content-2365120-2023-04-27 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="EtBournGovt">{{Cite news |date=13 April 2024 |title=Govt directs e-commerce platforms to remove Bournvita, other similar beverages from 'health drink' category |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/centre-directs-e-commerce-platforms-to-remove-bournvita-from-health-drinks-category/articleshow/109269211.cms |access-date=22 October 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=19 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419210414/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/centre-directs-e-commerce-platforms-to-remove-bournvita-from-health-drinks-category/articleshow/109269211.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Bournvita eventually relented and reduced sugar content in the product.<ref name="FpjBio"/>

He continued making videos critical of several [[FMCG]]s such as [[Dabur]], [[Lay's]], [[Knorr (brand)|Knorr]], [[Nestle]], [[Kissan]], [[Nutella]], [[PepsiCo]], [[Red Bull]], among others, and earned more than a million followers on Instagram in six months. His movement has been backed by several experts and supported by some celebrities.<ref name="ForbBio"/><ref name="HtLiverDoc">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Poulomi |date=15 April 2023 |title=Doctor's tweet viral amid debate after influencer deletes health drink post |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/doctors-tweet-viral-amid-row-after-influencer-deletes-health-drink-post-101681572989430.html |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516122208/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/doctors-tweet-viral-amid-row-after-influencer-deletes-health-drink-post-101681572989430.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="MashKnorr">{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=James |date=31 January 2024 |title=After Bournvita, Food Pharmer Strikes Knorr Soup: 'Believed It Was Healthy But…' |url=https://in.mashable.com/culture/68671/after-bournvita-food-pharmer-strikes-knorr-soup-believed-it-was-healthy-but |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=Mashable India |language=en-in |archive-date=18 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118231406/https://in.mashable.com/culture/68671/after-bournvita-food-pharmer-strikes-knorr-soup-believed-it-was-healthy-but |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="18Ketch">{{Cite web |date=10 May 2023 |title=After Bournvita, influencer 'Foodpharmer' goes after Kissan and Maggi ketchup |url=https://www.storyboard18.com/how-it-works/after-bournvita-influencer-foodpharmer-goes-after-kissan-and-maggi-ketchup-7923.htm |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=Storyboard 18 |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103143840/https://www.storyboard18.com/how-it-works/after-bournvita-influencer-foodpharmer-goes-after-kissan-and-maggi-ketchup-7923.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Several companies have since reduced the sugar content of their products and marketers have changed their taglines as a response to his videos. However, he has also been served with numerous lawsuits from several brands including Dabur and PepsiCo.<ref name="TeleBio"/><ref name="Toi2"/><ref name="FpjBio"/><ref name="ForbOld">{{Cite web |last=Balachandran |first=Manu |date=28 July 2023 |title=How Revant Himatsingka Is Waging A Battle Against FMCG Companies And Bringing Them To Their Knees |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/how-revant-himatsingka-is-waging-a-battle-against-fmcg-companies-and-bringing-them-to-their-knees/87083/1 |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=Forbes India |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423130951/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/how-revant-himatsingka-is-waging-a-battle-against-fmcg-companies-and-bringing-them-to-their-knees/87083/1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some of his videos were also taken down by social media sites.<ref name="18Sting">{{Cite web |title=Food influencer Foodpharmer calls out PepsiCo for taking down video on Sting energy drink |url=https://www.storyboard18.com/how-it-works/food-influencer-foodpharmer-calls-out-pepsico-for-taking-down-video-on-sting-energy-drink-10027.htm |access-date=14 December 2024 |website=www.storyboard18.com |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103161210/https://www.storyboard18.com/how-it-works/food-influencer-foodpharmer-calls-out-pepsico-for-taking-down-video-on-sting-energy-drink-10027.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following a joint report by [[Public Eye (organization)|Public Eye]] and [[International Baby Food Action Network|IBFAN]] that Nestle's [[Cerelac]] has significantly higher sugar content in economically disadvantaged regions, such as India, compared to Europe, Himatsingka stressed the need for stricter enforcement rules in India as in Europe.<ref name="BtCerelac">{{Cite web |last=Das Sharma |first=Arnav |date=18 April 2024 |title='Companies feel they can get away with it': Influencer who took on Cadbury's Bournvita wades into the debate over Nestle's Cerelac |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/companies-feel-they-can-get-away-with-it-influencer-who-took-on-cadburys-bournvita-wades-into-the-debate-over-nestles-cerelac-426032-2024-04-18 |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=Business Today |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422130129/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/companies-feel-they-can-get-away-with-it-influencer-who-took-on-cadburys-bournvita-wades-into-the-debate-over-nestles-cerelac-426032-2024-04-18 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) recommends against added sugars for children below two years of age.<ref name="FpjBio"/> He also raised his concerns about the high sodium content of [[upma]], poha and dal chawal in [[IndiGo]] flights. He stated that high altitude reduces the sensitivity of taste buds, thus most airlines add excess salt to the food but also recognised that high sodium may result in [[hypertension]], heart and kidney issues. The airline said that its food products maintain strict quality standards and follow all [[Food Safety and Standards Authority of India|FSSAI]] guidelines.<ref name="BlIndi">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2024 |title=Indigo says it follows FSSAI norms after influencer Revant Himatsingka raised concerns of high sodium levels in meals |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/indigo-says-it-follows-fssai-norms-after-influencer-revant-himatsingka-raised-concerns-of-high-sodium-levels-in-meals/article68080373.ece |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=BusinessLine |language=en |archive-date=3 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503035725/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/indigo-says-it-follows-fssai-norms-after-influencer-revant-himatsingka-raised-concerns-of-high-sodium-levels-in-meals/article68080373.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HtIndi">{{Cite web |last=Javaid |first=Arfa |date=18 April 2024 |title=IndiGo upma contains 50% more sodium than Maggi? Airline responds to Food Pharmer's video |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/indigo-upma-contains-50-more-sodium-than-maggi-airline-responds-to-food-pharmers-video-101713423587077.html |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=24 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624063813/https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/indigo-upma-contains-50-more-sodium-than-maggi-airline-responds-to-food-pharmers-video-101713423587077.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He has also criticised the use of [[Maida (flour)|maida]] in bread and biscuits, the high sugar in ketchup, flavoured drinks for children, and energy drinks as well as the use of [[palm oil]], artificial [[food colouring]], and several other ingredients in food products.<ref name="18Sting"/><ref name="BsOther">{{Cite web |last=Nimje |first=Sonika |date=24 July 2023 |title=Food Pharmer takes on big bread brands, says brown, multigrain unhealthy |url=https://www.business-standard.com/lifestyle/food-pharmer-takes-on-big-bread-brands-says-brown-multigrain-unhealthy-123072400331_1.html |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=Business Standard |archive-date=10 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710204019/https://www.business-standard.com/lifestyle/food-pharmer-takes-on-big-bread-brands-says-brown-multigrain-unhealthy-123072400331_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NieOther">{{Cite web |last=Khanna |first=Rishita |date=12 April 2024 |title='Ketchup, flavoured drinks loaded with sugar': Food pharmer Revant Himatsingka |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Apr/12/ketchup-flavoured-drinks-loaded-with-sugar-food-pharmer-revant-himatsingka |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=24 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524195754/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Apr/12/ketchup-flavoured-drinks-loaded-with-sugar-food-pharmer-revant-himatsingka |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BtOther">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2023 |title=After Bournvita, influencer claims Tang drink contains 'absurd quantity of sugar' |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/after-bournvita-influencer-claims-tang-drink-contains-absurd-quantity-of-sugar-394779-2023-08-20 |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=Business Today |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418181904/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/after-bournvita-influencer-claims-tang-drink-contains-absurd-quantity-of-sugar-394779-2023-08-20 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HtDelete">{{Cite web |last=Javaid |first=Arfa |date=17 April 2023 |title=Man who criticised Cadbury's Bournvita deletes video, apologises. Here's why |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/man-who-criticised-cadbury-s-bournvita-deletes-video-apologises-here-s-why-101681728149960.html |access-date=26 October 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=25 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825050639/https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/man-who-criticised-cadbury-s-bournvita-deletes-video-apologises-here-s-why-101681728149960.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

He has accused pharmacies of selling fake [[oral rehydration solution]] (ORS). He claimed that pharmacies often sell drinks that do not follow WHO-recommended standards instead of actual ORS. He said that such drinks are often approved by the FSSAI but have higher sugar and lower electrolyte content compared to the standards recommended by the WHO.<ref name="IeOrs">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2024 |title=Fake ORS has penetrated the market; experts urge caution as it can lead to brain swelling |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/identify-fake-real-ors-risks-expert-tips-9298912/ |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002052520/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/identify-fake-real-ors-risks-expert-tips-9298912/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FpjOrs">{{Cite web |last=Mukesh |first=G R |date=1 May 2024 |title=Is Your ORS Solution Fake? Revant Himatsingka AKA The 'Food Pharmer' Accuses Pharmacies Of Selling Perfidious Products |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/business/is-your-ors-solution-fake-revant-himatsingka-aka-the-food-pharmer-accuses-pharmacies-of-selling-perfidious-products |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en |archive-date=14 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714162006/https://www.freepressjournal.in/business/is-your-ors-solution-fake-revant-himatsingka-aka-the-food-pharmer-accuses-pharmacies-of-selling-perfidious-products |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2024, he assisted [[Rajya Sabha]] MP [[Sudha Murty]] on the impact of food adulteration during the Monsoon and Winter sessions of the parliament.<ref name="IeMurty">{{Cite web |date=8 November 2024 |title='Biggest honour': Food Pharmer shares excitement as Sudha Murty reaches out to him for research |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/food-pharmer-sudha-murty-food-adulteration-research-rajya-sabha-9659835/ |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111031724/https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/food-pharmer-sudha-murty-food-adulteration-research-rajya-sabha-9659835/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="18Murty">{{Cite web |last=Javaid |first=Arfa |date=8 November 2024 |title=Food Pharmer Joins Sudha Murty For Research On Food Adulteration: 'WhatsApps Like A Friend' |url=https://www.news18.com/viral/food-pharmer-joins-sudha-murty-for-research-on-food-adulteration-whatsapps-like-a-friend-9113063.html |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=News18 |language=en }}</ref> He is known for spreading awareness on clean eating choices and reading of food labels in a humorous manner.<ref name="TeleBio" /> He has launched ''Label Padhega India'' campaign to encourage the practice of reading food labels on packaged products.<ref name="Toi2" /><ref name="EtLabel">{{Cite news |last=Somvanshi |first=Kiran Kabtta |date=24 May 2024 |title=Label padhega India: A key step to build consumer awareness |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/label-padhega-india-a-key-step-to-build-consumer-awareness/articleshow/110379178.cms |access-date=14 December 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=11 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711100300/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/label-padhega-india-a-key-step-to-build-consumer-awareness/articleshow/110379178.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He is operating his movement from his savings in the US.<ref name="TeleBio" /> He has declined offers from several companies to promote their products. He scripts and shoots his videos himself and has one employee. He relies upon pro-bono lawyers to fight the lawsuits against him.<ref name="ForbBio" /> Recently he launched a food startup called '''Only What's Needed™''', the startup has been in news for involving people in the decision making by giving their votes on social media asked by Food Pharmer or Revant Himatsingka. Surprisingly even the name of the startup "'''Only What’s Needed™'''" was decided by public votes.<ref>https://www.news18.com/business/food-pharmer-to-launch-a-health-focused-brand-own-only-whats-needed-ws-l-aa-9354781.html</ref>

== Impact and influence ==
Himatsingka was ranked 15th in ''[[Forbes India]]''{{'s}} "Top 100 Digital Stars" list of 2024.<ref name="Forb100">{{Cite web |title=Revant Himatsingka Creator Stats, Biography {{!}} About Revant Himatsingka - Forbes India Digital Stars 2024 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2024-digital-stars/profile/revant-himatsingka/15 |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=Forbes India |language=en |archive-date=18 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118230009/https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2024-digital-stars/profile/revant-himatsingka/15 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was one of the creators nominated in "Disrupter of the Year" category at the [[National Creators Award]] 2024, but he did not win.<ref name="ToiNom">{{Cite news |date=8 March 2024 |title=National Creators Award 2024: PM Modi to present the first-ever awards; Katrina Kaif, Kangana Ranaut, Jackie Shroff nominated |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pm-modi-to-present-first-ever-national-creators-awards-katrina-kaif-kangana-ranaut-jackie-shroff-earn-nominations/articleshow/108319281.cms |access-date=22 October 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404000431/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pm-modi-to-present-first-ever-national-creators-awards-katrina-kaif-kangana-ranaut-jackie-shroff-earn-nominations/articleshow/108319281.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HtNca">{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Lingamgunta |date=8 March 2024 |title=PM Modi presents first-ever National Creators Awards in Delhi {{!}} Full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-presents-first-ever-national-creators-awards-in-delhi-full-list-of-winners-101709876387420.html |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811093757/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-presents-first-ever-national-creators-awards-in-delhi-full-list-of-winners-101709876387420.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Some people have also expressed their willingness to donate to his cause.<ref name="TeleBio"/>

Following the virality of his first video in April 2023, critical of sugar and other contents in [[Bournvita]], which is marketed as a health drink for children, its parent company, [[Mondelez]], sent a legal notice to Himatsingka calling his video "unscientific" and accusing him of "distorting facts", forcing him to take the video down and to issue a public apology.<ref name="Toi2"/> The company further contended that Bournvita contains "vitamins A, C, D, Iron, Zinc, Copper, and Selenium which help build immunity" and that the suggested serving contains much less sugar than the recommended daily sugar intake for children. The company asserted that the formulation was created by food scientists and nutritionists and that all regulations have been followed.<ref name="BtTwtr"/><ref name="ItBourn"/><ref name="HtDelete"/><ref name="AbpBourn">{{Cite web |date=18 April 2023 |title=Bournvita Rejects Influencer's Claims Of High Sugar Content, Calls Video 'Unscientific' |url=https://news.abplive.com/business/bournvita-rejects-influencer-s-claims-of-high-sugar-content-calls-video-unscientific-1596283 |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425061248/https://news.abplive.com/business/bournvita-rejects-influencer-s-claims-of-high-sugar-content-calls-video-unscientific-1596283 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Mimansa |date=18 April 2023 |title=An Indian influencer has got under 200-year-old Cadbury's skin |url=https://qz.com/indians-are-talking-of-boycotting-cadburys-bournvita-1850347044 |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=Quartz |language=en |archive-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512211321/https://qz.com/indians-are-talking-of-boycotting-cadburys-bournvita-1850347044 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the Indian government and NCPCR intervened and ordered Bournvita to withdraw misleading promotional material.<ref name="ItNcpcr"/><ref name="EtBournGovt"/> The company eventually reduced sugar content in the drink by approximately 15%, from 37.4 grams of added sugar per 100 grams of powder to 32.2 grams per 100 grams, in December 2023.<ref name="TbiBio"/><ref name="FpjBio"/><ref name="ItBvReduce">{{Cite web |date=25 December 2023 |title=Bournvita reduces added sugar content after backlash. Influencer calls it 'big win' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/bournvita-reduces-added-sugar-content-after-backlash-influencer-calls-it-big-win-2480239-2023-12-25 |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118035750/https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/bournvita-reduces-added-sugar-content-after-backlash-influencer-calls-it-big-win-2480239-2023-12-25 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Regarding his videos on Mondelez's Bournvita and [[Tang (drink mix)|Tang]], the [[Delhi High Court]], in its interim order, has stated that Himatsingka may continue making factual statements in his videos or posts, but may not create "disparaging" videos on the company and its products.<ref name="NdtvHC">{{Cite web |last=Gakhar |first=Varun |date=23 October 2024 |title=FoodPharmer Vs Bournvita: Disparagement Not Allowed But No Embargo On Stating Facts, Says Delhi HC |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/law-and-policy/foodpharmer-vs-bournvita-delhi-high-court-says-no-embargo-on-stating-facts |access-date=23 October 2024 |website=NDTV Profit |language=en |archive-date=18 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118233252/https://www.ndtvprofit.com/law-and-policy/foodpharmer-vs-bournvita-delhi-high-court-says-no-embargo-on-stating-facts |url-status=live }}</ref> He has later stated in the court that he will request the takedown of an interview where he is alleged to have violated the court's injunction on making remarks against Bournvita.<ref name="BbHC">{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Bhavini |date=14 November 2024 |title=FoodPharmer tells Delhi HC he will request BeerBiceps to remove Bournvita references in podcast |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/foodpharmer-delhi-high-court-beerbiceps-bournvita-references-podcast |access-date=14 December 2024 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref> The NCPCR has prohibited the use of the term "health drink" for beverages consumed by children that have added flavours.<ref name="NieOther" /> This has resulted in the removal of Bournvita, [[Horlicks]], and several other beverages from the "health drink" category of [[E-commerce in India|E-commerce websites]].<ref name="TheHinduBournEcomm">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/government-directs-e-commerce-firms-to-remove-bournvita-and-other-drinks-from-health-drinks-category/article68062208.ece |title=Government directs e-commerce firms to remove Bournvita, other drinks from ‘health drinks’ category |date=14 April 2024 |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref name="18Health">{{Cite web |date=15 April 2024 |title=Revant Himatsingka (Food Pharmer) reacts to removal of Bournvita, Horlicks, etc, from ecomm platforms' 'health drinks' section |url=https://www.storyboard18.com/social-media/revant-himatsingka-food-pharmer-reacts-to-bournvitas-removal-from-health-drinks-section-of-e-commerce-platforms-29039.htm |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=Storyboard 18 |archive-date=15 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415115851/https://www.storyboard18.com/social-media/revant-himatsingka-food-pharmer-reacts-to-bournvitas-removal-from-health-drinks-section-of-e-commerce-platforms-29039.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

He criticised the usage of "100% juice" label used by Real to market its products despite not being [[Juice#100% fruit juice|100% fruit juice]]. Real's parent company [[Dabur]] reacted by sending him a legal notice. Meanwhile, [[Food Safety and Standards Authority of India]] banned the use of "100% juice" label on these products.<ref name="Toi2" /> As a response to his criticism of sugar content in [[Maggi]]'s Rich Tomato Ketchup, [[Nestle]] announced a change in the recipe of the product to reduce sugar by 22% and to have more tomatoes in it than sugar.<ref name="TbiBio" /><ref name="Toi2" /><ref name="ForbOld" /> His criticism of [[Lay's]] chips resulted in the company switching to [[sunflower oil]] for producing chips.<ref name="Toi2" /> Recently CBSE and ICSE Boards also made Sugar Board–a movement started by FoodPharmer or Revant Himatsingka as mandatory in all their affiliated schools. He was appreciated by notable figures like CEO of [[Zerodha]], Nithin Kamath for the same.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/social/zerodha-ceo-nithin-kamath-praises-cbses-sugar-board-initiative-now-to-figure-out-how-to-get-parents-to-/articleshow/121231621.cms</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Added sugar]]
** [[Sugary drink tax]]
* [[Food preservation]]
* [[List of food labeling regulations]]
* [[Nutrition facts label]]
* [[Standards of identity for food]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Himatsingka, Revant}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian YouTubers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Marwari people]]
[[Category:Mass media people from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Don Bosco schools alumni]]
[[Category:Wharton School alumni]]

Pulikkuthi Pandi

2026-03-17T14:26:16Z

ErwinGholson17: minor expand citations to improve readability and added references

{{Short description|2021 television film directed by Muthaiah}}
{{Distinguish|Kutti Puli}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Pulikkuthi Pandi.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[M. Muthaiah]]
| producer = {{ubl|[[Kalanithi Maran]]|[[M. Muthaiah]]}}
| writer = [[M. Muthaiah]]
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Vikram Prabhu]]|[[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]]}}
| music = [[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
| cinematography = [[R. Velraj]]
| company = {{ubl|[[M. Muthaiah|M Studios]]|[[Sun Pictures|Sun Entertainment]]}}
| network = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| released = {{Start date|2021|01|15|df=yes}}
| editor = Venkat Raajen
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Pulikkuthi Pandi''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Action drama film|action drama]] [[television film]] produced, written and directed by [[M. Muthaiah]]. The film stars [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]], [[Vikram Prabhu]] and [[Singampuli]], with [[Samuthirakani|Samuthrakani]], [[R. K. Suresh|R.K. Suresh]], [[Vela Ramamoorthy]] and [[Sujatha Sivakumar]] in supporting roles. The music for the film was composed by [[N. R. Raghunanthan]]. It was released as a television premiere directly in [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] on 15 January 2021 coinciding with [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] and Vikram Prabhu's birthday.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=7 January 2021 |title=பொங்கலன்று வெளியாகும் தமிழ் திரைப்படங்கள்! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/specialstories/2021/jan/07/tamil-movies-to-be-released-on-pongal-3539418.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109210721/https://www.dinamani.com/specialstories/2021/jan/07/tamil-movies-to-be-released-on-pongal-3539418.html |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=7 January 2021 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2021 |title=தியேட்டருக்கு பதில் டி.வி.யில் வெளியாகும் விக்ரம் பிரபு படம் |trans-title=Vikram Prabhu's film will release on TV instead of theatres |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/2021/01/01074003/2212916/Tamil-cinema-vikram-Prabhus-PulikuthiPandi-will-release.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112062642/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/2021/01/01074003/2212916/Tamil-cinema-vikram-Prabhus-PulikuthiPandi-will-release.vpf |archive-date=12 January 2021 |access-date=7 January 2021 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> This film marked Lakshmi Menon's comeback film after a 4-year hiatus from acting.

== Plot ==
In 2000, Sannasi Thevar begins issuing short-term loans to traders in a local market, threatening the business of the woman who holds the market lease. When she confronts him, Sannasi’s youngest and most violent son, Saravedi, murders her in public, enabling Sannasi to expand his criminal influence without resistance.

In 2019, Pulikkuthi Pandi, a young landowner known for confronting injustice, is frequently at odds with local authorities. During one arrest, he meets Seeni Servai, who has been detained for stabbing a con artist who swindled his sons, who are alcoholic gamblers. Pandi also meets Seeni’s daughter Pechi and quickly falls in love with her, although she disapproves of his aggressive behavior. After their release, Pandi approaches Seeni to propose marriage but is rejected by Pechi.

Seeni then reveals the truth about Pandi’s past. Years earlier, Pandi’s father Karumbalai Pandi, a respected activist, saved Seeni from a gangster. In the fight that followed, the gangster was mistakenly assumed to have been killed by Karumbalai. A corrupt police inspector used the incident to suppress Karumbalai’s activism, coercing Seeni into giving false testimony that led to a wrongful conviction. Karumbalai was executed, and Pandi’s mother died in shock, leaving young Pandi an orphan raised by an inept uncle. Determined to emulate his father’s ideals but hampered by a volatile temper, Pandi grew misunderstood by the villagers.

Moved by Seeni’s confession, Pechi agrees to marry Pandi if he abandons violence. Pandi attempts to find respectable work but is only offered jobs that require force, reinforcing his reputation. Vowing to change, he avoids conflict until he is forced to defend Pechi from a group of thugs. He soon learns they were hired by Sannasi, now a powerful crime lord in the nearby town of Sivagangai. Sannasi preys on Seeni's family through unpaid debts and is protected by his three older sons—a high-ranking police officer, a public prosecutor, and a political leader—while Saravedi remains feared as the clan’s most dangerous enforcer.

To free Seeni from debt, Pandi sells one of his ancestral homes to Sannasi and marries Pechi. Unbeknownst to them, Sannasi had planned to force Seeni into giving Pechi to Saravedi as repayment. When the marriage undermines his plan, Sannasi sends his mistress, Chittu, to live near Pandi’s home. After Pechi and her sister-in-law humiliate Chittu for proposing that the sister-in-law become Sannasi’s second mistress, Chittu manipulates Sannasi into escalating hostilities.

One night, a drunk Sannasi mistakenly enters Pechi’s home and attempts to assault her. Pandi helps drive him out. A newly appointed inspector, Ramanathan, seizes the opportunity to arrest Sannasi, hoping to dismantle the family’s criminal empire. Fearing that the arrest will expose decades of wrongdoing, the Thevar family offers reconciliation: if Pandi withdraws the case, they will return his ancestral property and grant him part of their land. Pandi agrees, and both families meet at the registrar’s office. After the documents are signed, Sannasi demands that Pandi bow down before him for forgiveness. As Pandi complies, Saravedi beheads him and parades the head through the village before surrendering.

That night, while Sannasi’s extended family celebrates at a temple festival, a bomb explosion triggers chaos. Pechi, her relatives, and Pandi’s friends use the confusion to kill Sannasi and his accompanying men. When Sannasi’s older sons learn of the killings, they attempt to capture Pechi but are cornered and killed one by one.

With Saravedi now the last surviving heir, the inspector attempts to protect him by transferring him to a safe house. Pechi, determined to avenge Pandi, intercepts the police van. Saravedi escapes his restraints and fights back, overpowering the group, but is eventually subdued and killed by Pechi.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vikram Prabhu]] as Pulikuthi Pandi
* [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]] as Pechi Pulikuthi Pandi
* [[Samuthirakani]] as Karumbalai Pandi, Pandi's father
* [[Singampuli]] as Pandi's uncle
* [[R. K. Suresh]] as Saravedi Thevar
* [[Vela Ramamoorthy]] as Sannasi Thevar, Saravedi Thevar's father
* R. Kaleeswaran as Seeni Servai, Pechi's father
* [[Dheena (actor)|KPY Dheena]] as Pandi's friend
* [[KPY Bala]] as Pandi's friend
* [[Sujatha Sivakumar]] as Pandi's mother
* [[Aruldoss]] as DSP, Saravedi Thevar's brother
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Inspector Ramanathan
* [[G. Marimuthu]] as Inspector Dhananchezhiyan
* C. Prabathvarman as Aalavandhan
* [[Namo Narayana]] as Rajakili
* [[Meenal]] as Chittu
* Rajasimman as Inspector Karungali
* Stalin as Pechi's brother
* Veeran Selvaraj as Pechi's brother
* Madurai Janaki as Pechi's sister-in-law
* Ramya Shankar as Pechi's sister-in-law
* Velmurugan as Sarattai
* Hello Kandasamy as Selvaraj
* Avan Ivan Ramarajan as Pachamuthu
* Naveen Saravana Kumar as Vakil
}}

== Production ==
The film was announced in September 2020 and the makers began production in the same month amid [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. [[Sun TV Network]] produced the film with a limited budget. The filmmakers initially titled the film as ''Pechi'' and began the [[principal photography]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 November 2020 |title=Vikram Prabhu and Lakshmi Menon's film titled Pechi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikram-prabhu-and-lakshmi-menons-film-titled-pechi/articleshow/79041728.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112062641/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikram-prabhu-and-lakshmi-menons-film-titled-pechi/articleshow/79041728.cms |archive-date=12 January 2021 |access-date=7 January 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> but was later changed to ''Pulikkuthi Pandi.''<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2020 |title=விக்ரம் பிரபு படத்தில் திடீர் மாற்றம் |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/2020/12/24233049/2191411/Tamil-Cinema-Vikram-prabhu-movie-title-changed.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112062642/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/2020/12/24233049/2191411/Tamil-Cinema-Vikram-prabhu-movie-title-changed.vpf |archive-date=12 January 2021 |access-date=7 January 2021 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> The film project marked the second collaboration between [[Vikram Prabhu]] and [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]] after ''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2020 |title=Vikram Prabhu and Lakshmi Menon to star in Muthaiah's 'Pechi' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vikram-prabhu-and-lakshmi-menon-star-muthaiah-s-pechi-133980 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112062644/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vikram-prabhu-and-lakshmi-menon-star-muthaiah-s-pechi-133980 |archive-date=12 January 2021 |access-date=7 January 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref> It also marked the first film project for Menon in four years after her last film ''[[Rekka (film)|Rekka]]'' (2016). Most of the portions of the film were predominantly shot in [[Madurai]] and [[Dindigul]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2020 |title=மாஸ் லுக்கில் விக்ரம் பிரபு.... வைரலாகும் 'புலிக்குத்தி பாண்டி' பர்ஸ்ட் லுக் |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/2020/12/31101600/2212706/Tamil-cinema-Pulikkuthi-Pandi-movie-first-look.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112062643/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/2020/12/31101600/2212706/Tamil-cinema-Pulikkuthi-Pandi-movie-first-look.vpf |archive-date=12 January 2021 |access-date=7 January 2021 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

Filming was completed during November 2020 at a time when [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] permitted theatres to open for public for the first time during the pandemic. The first look poster of the film was unveiled on 30 December 2020.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2020 |title='புலிக்குத்தி பாண்டி' ஃபர்ஸ்ட் லுக் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/617131-pulikuthi-pandi-first-look-released.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112062649/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/617131-pulikuthi-pandi-first-look-released.html |archive-date=12 January 2021 |access-date=7 January 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2020 |title=விக்ரம் பிரபு - லட்சுமி மேனனின் 'புலிக்குத்தி பாண்டி' ஃபர்ஸ்ட் லுக் ரிலீஸ் |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/pulikkuthi-pandi-movie-first-look-released-msb-387469.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112062651/https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/pulikkuthi-pandi-movie-first-look-released-msb-387469.html |archive-date=12 January 2021 |access-date=7 January 2021 |website=[[News18]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pulikkuthi Pandi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Cover Art
| released = 9 January 2021
| recorded = 2020
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 24:15
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sun Pictures|Sun Entertainment]] [[Divo (record label)|Divo]]
| producer = [[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
| prev_title = [[Utraan]]
| prev_year = 2020
| next_title = [[Nayae Peyae]]
| next_year = 2021
}}
The film's soundtrack and score was composed by [[N. R. Raghunanthan]]. The album features six tracks with lyrics written by [[Mohan Rajan]], Mani Amudhavan and Araikudi Bharathi Ganesan. It was released on 9 January 2021, six days before the film's release.<ref name=":3">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HRf6kkkTkRY |title=Pulikkuthi Pandi - Official Audio Jukebox {{!}} Vikram Prabhu {{!}} N.R.Raghunanthan |date=9 January 2021 |publisher=Sun TV |access-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124011928/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HRf6kkkTkRY |archive-date=24 January 2021 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:15
| all_music =
| title1 = Gothavula
| extra1 = Mahalingam
| length1 = 02:55
| lyrics1 = Mohan Raj
| title2 = Yammadiyamma
| extra2 = Jagadeesh Kumar
| lyrics2 = Mohan Raj
| length2 = 05:07
| title3 = Venaam Madhu Pazhakkam
| extra3 = Mahalingam
| lyrics3 = Araikudi Bharathi Ganesan
| length3 = 03:28
| title4 = Sollamathan
| extra4 = [[Srinisha Jayaseelan]]
| length4 = 04:58
| lyrics4 = Mohan Raj
| title5 = Alangalankuruvi
| extra5 = Vandana Srinivasan, Lijesh Kumar
| length5 = 04:33
| lyrics5 = Mani Amudhan
| title6 = Alam Uzhuthupotten
| extra6 = Mahalingam
| length6 = 03:17
| lyrics6 = Araikudi Bharathi Ganesan
| all_writing =
}}

== Release ==
The filmmakers initially planned it for [[Christmas]] release on 25 December 2020 but was postponed due delays in post-production. The filmmakers again insisted that the film would be released initially in theatres on 1 January 2021 coinciding with the [[New Year]] which also taunted to be the first [[List of Tamil films of 2021|Tamil film release of 2021]] but the theatrical release was cancelled in the last minute due to delays in post-production.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2020 |title=Vikram Prabhu's 'Puli Kutty Pandi' to be the first release of 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikram-prabhus-puli-kutty-pandi-to-be-the-first-release-of-2021/articleshow/79915919.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112062645/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikram-prabhus-puli-kutty-pandi-to-be-the-first-release-of-2021/articleshow/79915919.cms |archive-date=12 January 2021 |access-date=7 January 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film release was later finalised as a direct-to-television premiere via Sun TV on 15 January 2021 as a Pongal release and subsequently the film would be streamed via digital platform [[Sun NXT]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=25 December 2020 |title=Vikram Prabhu-Muthaiah film premiere on Sun NXT and Sun TV for Pongal! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-prabhu-muthaiah-film-premiere-on-sun-nxt-and-sun-tv-for-pongal-news-tamil-umzgV2haebcje.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112062646/https://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-prabhu-muthaiah-film-premiere-on-sun-nxt-and-sun-tv-for-pongal-news-tamil-umzgV2haebcje.html |archive-date=12 January 2021 |access-date=7 January 2021 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It became the second film to directly premiere via Sun TV after ''[[Naanga Romba Busy]]'' (2020).<ref name=":2" />

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film 3 stars out of 5 stars and said, "proverbial climactic twist saves this generic film".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=17 January 2021 |title=Pulikuthi Pandi Movie Review: Proverbial climactic twist saves this generic film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2021/jan/17/pulikuthi-pandi-movie-review-proverbial-climactic-twist-saves-this-generic-film-22292.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121053703/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2021/jan/17/pulikuthi-pandi-movie-review-proverbial-climactic-twist-saves-this-generic-film-22292.html |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=19 January 2021 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Thinkal Menon of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 2.5 out of 5 stars and said, "The action scenes in the latter half (though violent), cinematography and performances lift the film to a good extent till the climax. All the artists pull off their roles with ease – while Lakshmi Menon, Vela Ramamoorthy and RK Suresh stand out."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=20 January 2021 |title=PULIKKUTHI PANDI REVIEW : PULIKKUTHI PANDI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/pulikkuthi-pandi/ottmoviereview/80302281.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126005512/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/pulikkuthi-pandi/ottmoviereview/80302281.cms |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=26 January 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for ''[[Film Companion]]'', "Muthaiah has a good head for plot, but his screenwriting – the way he fleshes out these plot points – is like what you’d find in a TV serial...there’s no flavour in the lines. There’s no life in the performances."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=19 January 2021 |title=Pulikkuthi Pandi On SunNXT, With Vikram Prabhu, Lakshmi Menon: A Generic Rural Drama With A Solid Surprise |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/pulikkuthi-pandi-review-sun-nxt-a-generic-rural-drama-with-a-solid-surprise-vikram-prabhu-lakshmi-menon-tamil-movies-baradwaj-rangan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905122948/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/pulikkuthi-pandi-review-sun-nxt-a-generic-rural-drama-with-a-solid-surprise-vikram-prabhu-lakshmi-menon-tamil-movies-baradwaj-rangan/ |archive-date=5 September 2023 |access-date=8 August 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

=== Ratings ===
The film which had a direct TV premiere on Sun TV garnered a viewership of 13.284 million impressions and a rating of 17.05 TVR becoming the most watched Tamil television program in that week.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2021 |title=டி.ஆர்.பி-யில் தெறிக்க விட்ட 'புலிக்குத்தி பாண்டி'! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/pulikkuthi-pandi-beats-soorarai-pottru-in-sun-tv-trp-scs-397657.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210125070404/https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/pulikkuthi-pandi-beats-soorarai-pottru-in-sun-tv-trp-scs-397657.html |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=25 January 2021 |website=[[News18]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{M. Muthaiah}}

[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020s masala films]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2021 action drama films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 television films]]
[[Category:Action television films]]
[[Category:Drama television films]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. Muthaiya]]
[[Category:Films not released in theaters due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films scored by N. R. Raghunanthan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian television films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Rajamandala

2026-03-17T06:51:47Z

ErwinGholson17:

{{Short description|Ancient Indian political term}}

[[Image:Mandala theory concentric circles.png|thumb|right|Intersecting circles of friends and enemies centered on a kingdom.]]

The '''Rajamandala''' (or ''rāja-maṇḍala'' {{Literal translation|circle of kings}};<ref>{{Citation |author=Torkel Brekke |title=Between Prudence and Heroism: Ethics of war in the Hindu tradition |work=The Ethics of War in Ancient Asia |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |page=124}} {{Citation |author1=[[Hermann Kulke|Kulke]] |author2=Rothermund |title=A History of India |year=2004 |page=350}} {{Citation |author=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |publisher=Pearson Longman |year=2008 |page=349}} </ref> [[Raja|''raja'']] and ''[[Mandala|maṇḍala]]'' mean "king" and "circle" in Sanskrit respectively) theory, also known as the '''mandala theory of foreign policy''' or '''mandala theory''',
postulates<ref name=":0" /> that a neighboring state or neighbor of a natural friend is a natural enemy and that a neighbor of a natural enemy is a natural friend, resulting in alternating circles of enemies and allies centered on a given king's (''[[raja]]'') state.

It appears in the ancient Indian work on politics, ''[[Arthashastra]]'' (written between 4th century BCE and 2nd century CE) by [[Kautilya]], traditionally identified with [[Chanakya]], and the theory has been called one of Kautilya's most important postulations regarding foreign policy.<ref name="avari-2007">Avari, Burjor (2007). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1e2V_4Um10C India, the Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Sub-continent from C. 7000 BC to AD 1200]'' Taylor & Francis. {{ISBN|0415356156}}. pp. 188-189.</ref><ref>{{Citation |author=Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80q_hd7ASdEC |title=Kautilya: Theory of State |year=2011 |pages=11–13| publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn = 9788131758519}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Chakravarty|first=Amb (Retd) Pinak Ranjan|date=19 February 2016|title=Distinguished Lectures Details: Foreign Policy Challenges for National Development|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/distinguished-lectures-detail.htm?410|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Boesche|first=Roger|date=2003|title=Kautilya's Arthasastra on War and Diplomacy in Ancient India|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/journal_of_military_history/v067/67.1boesche.html|journal=The Journal of Military History|language=en|volume=67|issue=1|pages=9–37|doi=10.1353/jmh.2003.0006|s2cid=154243517|issn=1543-7795|quote=Kautilya is most famous for outlining the so-called Mandala theory of foreign policy, in which immediate neighbors are considered as enemies, but any state on the other side of a neighboring state is regarded as an ally [...]|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hali|first=Sultan M|date=22 August 2019|title=Chanakya's Mandala theory and Indian foreign policy|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2019/08/22/chanakyas-mandala-theory-and-indian-foreign-policy/|access-date=2020-10-06|website=www.pakistantoday.com.pk}}</ref>

==Terminology==
The term draws a comparison with the [[mandala]] of the [[Hindu]] and [[Buddhist]] [[Mount Meru|worldview]]; the comparison emphasises the radiation of power from each power center, as well as the non-physical basis of the system. In particular, it postulates that a neighboring state or neighbor of a natural friend is a natural enemy and that a neighbor of a natural enemy is a natural friend, such that one can visualize a set of concentric circles emanating from any given state, with alternating circles including enemies and allies of that state respectively.<ref name=":0" />

The terminology was revived two millennia later as a result of twentieth-century efforts to comprehend patterns of diffuse but coherent political power. [[Metaphors]] such as [[social anthropologist]] [[Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah|Tambiah]]'s idea of a "galactic polity",<ref>[[Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah|Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja]]. ''World Conqueror and World Renouncer : A Study of Buddhism and Polity in Thailand against a Historical Background''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976. {{ISBN|0-521-29290-5}}. Chapter 7, cited in Lieberman, ''Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context c. 800-1830''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003-2009 {{ISBN|978-0521804967}}. P. 33</ref> describe such political patterns as the mandala. [[Historian]] [[Victor Lieberman]] preferred the metaphor of a "solar polity,"<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.umich-cseas.org/faculty/biographies/lieberman.htm
|title = Victor B. Lieberman
|access-date = August 17, 2011
|date = February 4, 2005
|format = Biography
|work = Professor of History, Department of History, appointed 1984
|publisher = [[University of Michigan]]
|quote = Center for Southeast Asian Studies
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722094127/http://www.umich-cseas.org/faculty/biographies/lieberman.htm
|archive-date = July 22, 2011
}}</ref> as in the [[Solar System]], where there is one central body, the Sun, and the components or planets of the Solar System.<ref>Lieberman, 2003, p. 33</ref> The "Rajamandala" concept of ancient India was the prototype for the [[Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)|Mandala model of South East Asian political systems]] in later centuries, established by British historian [[O. W. Wolters]].<ref>{{Citation |author=Craig J. Reynolds |title=Seditious Histories: Contesting Thai and Southeast Asian Pasts |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=2006 |page=40}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |author=Dougald JW O'Reilly |title=Early Civilizations of Southeast Asia |publisher=AltaMira Press |year=2007 |page=194}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Mandala (political model)]]
* [[Indian political philosophy]]
* [[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)]]
* [[Greater India]]
* [[Indosphere]]
* [[Geopolitics]]
* [[History of Indian foreign relations]]
* [[The enemy of my enemy is my friend]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* ''King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India: Kauṭilya's Arthaśāstra,'' translated and annotated by [[Patrick Olivelle]], Oxford University Press, 2013
* {{Citation |author=M. B. Chande |title=Kautilyan Arthasastra |publisher=Atlantic |year=2004 |isbn=81-7156-733-9}}, especially Book Six: Circle of Kings as the Basis, pp. 305–312
* {{Citation |author=John Keay |title=India: A History |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2000 |pages=170–172}}
* {{Citation |author1=Hermann Kulke |author2=Dietmar Rothermund |title=A History of India |edition=fourth |publisher=Routledge |year=2004}}
* {{Citation |author=Vikas Kumar |title=Strategy in the Kautilya Arthasastra |journal=Homo Oeconomicus |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=289–320 |year=2010}}
* {{Citation |author=Mahendra Prasad Singh |title=Kautilya: Theory of State |work=Indian Political Thought: Themes and Thinkers |publisher=Pearson |isbn=978-81-317-5851-9 |year=2011 |pages=1–17}}

{{Indian philosophy}}

[[Category:Anthropology of religion]]
[[Category:Indian feudalism]]
[[Category:Social anthropology]]
[[Category:Economic anthropology]]
[[Category:Political theories]]

Doctor of Philosophy

2026-03-17T04:16:00Z

ErwinGholson17: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Postgraduate academic degree}}
{{Redirect|PhD|other uses|PHD (disambiguation)}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox examination
| name = Doctor of Philosophy
| image_name = Columbia University PhD.jpg
| image_size =
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| caption = Doctor of Philosophy degree certificate of [[Columbia University]]
| acronym = PhD DPhil
| type = [[Postgraduate education]]
| test_admin =
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| duration = 3 to 8 years
| score_range =
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A '''Doctor of Philosophy''' ('''PhD''', '''DPhil'''; {{langx|la|philosophiae doctor}} or {{Lang|la|doctor in philosophia}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tcd.ie/calendar/general-information/2017-18/degrees-and-diplomas.pdf|title=Degrees and Diplomas|website=Trinity College Dublin|access-date=9 September 2024}}</ref> is a [[terminal degree]] that usually denotes the highest level of academic achievement in a given discipline and is awarded following a course of [[Postgraduate education|graduate study]] and [[original research]]. The name of the degree is most often abbreviated PhD (or, at times, as Ph.D. in [[North American English|North America]]) and is pronounced as three separate letters ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|iː|eɪ|tʃ|ˈ|d|iː}} {{respell|PEE|aych|DEE}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=PhD |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/phd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507011809/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/phd |archive-date=7 May 2019 |access-date=27 January 2017 |website=Oxford Living Dictionaries – British and World English |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ph.D. |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/ph.d. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011095719/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/ph.d. |archive-date=11 October 2017 |access-date=27 January 2017 |website=Oxford Living Dictionaries – North American English |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=PhD |encyclopedia=[[Merriam-Webster]] |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/PhD |access-date=27 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031655/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/PhD |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[University of Oxford]] uses the alternative abbreviation "DPhil".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robert Currie |title=The History of the University of Oxford: The twentieth century |date=1994 |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |isbn=9780198229742 |editor-last=Brian Harrison |page=125 |chapter=The Arts and Social Studies, 1914–1939 |quote=Very few persons had received even an honorary DLitt by 1916 when the Reverend E. M. Walker, Senior Tutor of [[The Queen's College, Oxford|Queen's]], proposed, as the ''[[Oxford Magazine]]'' put it, that the University 'should divert the stream' of American aspirants to the German universities' degree of ''philosophiae doctor'' by opening the DLitt to persons offering a suitable dissertation nine terms after graduation. Apart from a successful move led by Sidney Ball, philosophy tutor at [[St John's College, Oxford|St John's]], to distinguish the proposed arrangement from both the DLitt and the German PhD by adopting the English title "doctor of philosophy" (DPhil), the scheme meet with little opposition |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OP5ePl7i5EIC&pg=PA125}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What is a DPhil? |url=https://uni-of-oxford.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/185 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017035026/https://uni-of-oxford.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/185 |archive-date=17 October 2015 |access-date=14 January 2014 |publisher=University of Oxford |quote=A DPhil is the Oxford term for a PhD.}}</ref>

PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. Since it is an earned research degree, those studying for a PhD are required to produce original research that expands the boundaries of knowledge, normally in the form of a [[Thesis|dissertation]], and, in some cases, defend their work before a panel of other experts in the field. In many fields, the completion of a PhD is typically required for employment as a [[university professor]], researcher, or scientist.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 December 2010 |title=The disposable academic |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2010/12/16/the-disposable-academic |url-status=live |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107202356/https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2010/12/16/the-disposable-academic |archive-date=7 January 2021}}</ref>

{{toc limit}}

==Definition==
In the context of the Doctor of Philosophy and other similarly titled degrees, the term "philosophy" does not refer to the field or academic discipline of [[philosophy]], but is used in a broader sense in accordance with its original Greek meaning, which is "love of wisdom".<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.1476|title=Love of Wisdom|first1=B. B.|last1=North|date=23 February 2021|journal=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education|via=oxfordre.com|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.1476|isbn=978-0-19-026409-3 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> In most of Europe, all fields (including history, philosophy, [[social science]]s, mathematics, and [[natural philosophy]] – later known as [[natural science]])<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chang |first=Sooyoung |title=Academic Genealogy of Mathematicians |publisher=World Scientific |year=2010 |isbn=978-981-4282-29-1 |page=183 |doi=10.1142/7420|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4siw31DPONUC&pg=PA183 }}</ref> other than [[theology]], [[law]], and [[medicine]] (the so-called professional, vocational, or technical [[curricula]]) were traditionally known as philosophy, and in Germany and elsewhere in Europe the basic faculty of [[liberal arts education|liberal arts]] was known as the "faculty of philosophy".<ref>[https://jgu.edu.in/opjgublog/what-is-liberal-arts/#:~:text=Today%2C%20the%20liberal%20arts%20meaning,chemistry%2C%20physics%2C%20and%20art. 'What is Liberal Arts? Definition, Scope, History & Importance']. 10 June 2025. [[O. P. Jindal Global University]]. [[Chhattisgarh]].</ref><ref>[https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/en/study/all-subjects/philosophy Faculty of Philosophy]. [[Heidelberg University]]. Germany.</ref><ref>[https://en.unistra.fr/study/faculties-schools-and-institutes/social-sciences-and-humanities/faculty-of-philosophy Faculty of Philosophy]. [[University of Strasbourg]]. France.</ref><ref>[https://www.ub.edu/portal/web/philosophy Faculty of Philosophy]. [[University of Barcelona]]. Spain.</ref>

A PhD candidate must submit a project, [[thesis]], or dissertation often consisting of a body of original academic [[research]], which is in principle worthy of publication in a [[Peer review|peer-reviewed]] journal.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last1=Dinham |first1=S. |title=The Experience of Disseminating the Results of Doctoral Research |last2=Scott |first2=C. |journal=Journal of Further and Higher Education |year=2001 |volume=25 |pages=45–55 |doi=10.1080/03098770020030498 |s2cid=146687739}}</ref> In many countries, a candidate must [[Thesis defense|defend]] this work before a panel of expert examiners appointed by the university. Universities sometimes award other types of doctorate besides the PhD, such as the [[Doctor of Musical Arts]] (DMA) for music performers, [[Doctor of Juridical Science]] (SJD) for legal scholars and the [[Doctor of Education]] (EdD) for studies in education. In 2005 the [[European University Association]] defined the "Salzburg Principles", 10 basic principles for third-cycle degrees (doctorates) within the [[Bologna Process]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kirsti Koch Christensen |date=2005 |title=BOLOGNA SEMINAR: DOCTORAL PROGRAMMES FOR THE EUROPEAN KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY |url=http://eua.be/eua/jsp/en/upload/Salzburg_Report_final.1129817011146.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011095904/http://eua.be/eua/jsp/en/upload/Salzburg_Report_final.1129817011146.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2017 |access-date=7 July 2017 |publisher=[[European Universities Association]]}}</ref> These were followed in 2016 by the "Florence Principles", seven basic principles for doctorates in the arts laid out by the [[European League of Institutes of the Arts]], which have been endorsed by the [[European Association of Conservatoires]], the [[International Association of Film and Television Schools]], the International Association of Universities and Colleges of Art, Design and Media, and the [[Society for Artistic Research]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE 'FLORENCE PRINCIPLES' ON THE DOCTORATE IN THE ARTS |url=http://www.elia-artschools.org/userfiles/File/customfiles/1-the-florence-principles20161124105336_20161202112511.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221161920/http://www.elia-artschools.org/userfiles/File/customfiles/1-the-florence-principles20161124105336_20161202112511.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2016 |access-date=21 December 2016}}</ref>{{stack|[[File:Phdposing.png|thumb|A group of new PhD graduates with their professors at [[Worcester Polytechnic Institute]] in [[Worcester, Massachusetts]]]]}}The specific requirements to earn a PhD degree vary considerably according to the country, institution, and time period, from entry-level research degrees to [[higher doctorate]]s. During the studies that lead to the degree, the student is called a ''doctoral student'' or ''PhD student''; a student who has completed any necessary coursework and related examinations and is working on their thesis/dissertation is sometimes known as a ''doctoral candidate'' or ''PhD candidate''. A student attaining this level may be granted a [[Candidate of Philosophy]] degree at some institutions or may be granted a [[master's degree]] ''en route'' to the doctoral degree. Sometimes this status is also colloquially known as "ABD", meaning "[[All But Dissertation|all but dissertation]]".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schuman |first=Rebecca |date=2014-08-01 |title=ABD Company |work=Slate |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/life/education/2014/08/abds_all_but_dissertation_ph_d_candidates_who_can_t_quite_finish.html |url-status=live |access-date=2018-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831192619/http://www.slate.com/articles/life/education/2014/08/abds_all_but_dissertation_ph_d_candidates_who_can_t_quite_finish.html |archive-date=31 August 2018 |issn=1091-2339}}</ref> PhD graduates may undertake a [[postdoc]] in the process of transitioning from study to [[academic tenure]].{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Individuals who have earned the Doctor of Philosophy degree use the title ''[[Doctor (title)|Doctor]]'' (often abbreviated "Dr" or "Dr."), although the [[etiquette]] associated with this usage may be subject to the professional ethics of the particular scholarly field, culture, or society. Those who teach at universities or work in academic, educational, or research fields are usually addressed by this title "professionally and socially in a salutation or conversation".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hickey |first=Robert |title=How address the holder of a Doctorate |url=http://www.formsofaddress.info/Doctorate.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625215731/http://www.formsofaddress.info/Doctorate.html |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=2018-08-23 |website=FormsOfAddress.info}}</ref> Alternatively, holders may use [[post-nominal letters]] such as "Ph.D.", "PhD", or "DPhil", depending on the awarding institution. It is, however, traditionally considered incorrect to use both the title and post-nominals together, although usage in that regard has been evolving over time.<ref>{{Cite news |title=How to Correctly Use the Titles Dr. & PhD With a Name {{!}} Synonym |url=https://classroom.synonym.com/how-to-correctly-use-the-titles-dr-phd-with-a-name-12082451.html |url-status=live |access-date=2018-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823105528/https://classroom.synonym.com/how-to-correctly-use-the-titles-dr-phd-with-a-name-12082451.html |archive-date=2018-08-23 }}</ref>

==History==


=== Medieval and early modern Europe ===
In the [[Medieval university|universities of Medieval Europe]], study was organized in four faculties: the basic faculty of arts, and the three higher faculties of theology, medicine, and laws ([[canon law]] and [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]]). All of these faculties awarded intermediate degrees (bachelors of arts, theology, laws and medicine) and final degrees. Initially, the titles of master and doctor were used interchangeably for the final degrees—the title ''Doctor'' was merely a formality bestowed on a Teacher/Master of the art—but by the late [[Middle Ages]] the terms Master of Arts and Doctor of Theology/Divinity, Doctor of Law, and Doctor of Medicine had become standard in most places (though in the German and Italian universities the term ''Doctor'' was used for all faculties).<ref>Ruano-Borbalan, Jean-Claude. (23 July 2022). [https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12522 ''Doctoral education from its medieval foundations to today's globalisation and standardisation'']. [[Wiley (publisher)]] online library.</ref>

The doctorates in the higher faculties were quite different from the current PhD degree in that they were awarded for advanced scholarship, not original [[research]]. No [[thesis|dissertation]] or original work was required, only lengthy residency requirements and examinations. Besides these degrees, there was the [[Licentiate (degree)|licentiate]]. Originally this was a license to teach, awarded shortly before the award of the [[Master degree|master's]] or doctoral degree by the diocese in which the university was located, but later it evolved into an [[academic degree]] in its own right, in particular in the continental universities.

According to Keith Allan Noble (1994), the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allan Noble |first=Keith |title=''Changing doctoral degrees: an international perspective'', Society for Research into Higher Education, 1994, p. 8; Bourner, T., Bowden, R., & Laing, S. (2001). "Professional doctorates in England |year=2001 |volume=26 |pages=65–88 |doi=10.1080/03075070020030724 |issue=1 |journal=Studies in Higher Education}}</ref> The doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany as the terminal [[teacher's credential]] in the 17th century (circa 1652).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://erhard-weigel-gesellschaft.de.dedi2970.your-server.de/biographie-weigels/ |title=Erhard-Weigel-Gesellschaft: Biographie Weigels |website=Erhard-weigel-gesellschaft.de |access-date=2016-10-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114124147/http://erhard-weigel-gesellschaft.de.dedi2970.your-server.de/biographie-weigels/ |archive-date=2016-11-14 }}</ref> There were no PhDs in Germany before the 1650s (when they gradually started replacing the MA as the highest academic degree; arguably, one of the earliest German PhD holders is [[Erhard Weigel]] (Dr. phil. hab., Leipzig, 1652).{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

The full course of studies might, for example, lead in succession to the degrees of [[Bachelor of Arts]], Licentiate of Arts, [[Master of Arts]], or [[Bachelor of Medicine]], Licentiate of Medicine, or [[Doctor of Medicine]], but before the early modern era, many exceptions to this existed. Most students left the university without becoming masters of arts, whereas regulars (members of monastic orders) could skip the arts faculty entirely.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pedersen |first=Olaf |title=The first universities: Studium generale and the origins of university education in Europe |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-521-59431-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=de Ridder-Symoens |first=Hilde |title=A history of the university in Europe: Universities in the Middle Ages |title-link=A History of the University in Europe |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-36105-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rashdall |first=Hastings |title=The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1964}}</ref>

=== Educational reforms in Germany ===
{{Self-contradictory|section|about=where the first modern PhDs were awarded|date=November 2024}}
This situation changed in the early 19th century through the educational reforms in [[Germany]], most strongly embodied in the model of the [[Humboldt University of Berlin|University of Berlin]], founded in 1810 and controlled by the [[Prussian government]]. The arts faculty, which in Germany was labelled the faculty of philosophy, started demanding contributions to research,<ref name="Redefining the Doctorate">{{Cite book |last=Park |first=C. |url=https://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/gradschool/about/external/publications/redefining-the-doctorate.pdf |title=Redefining the Doctorate |publisher=The Higher Education Academy |year=2007 |location=York, UK |page=4 |access-date=2 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006014331/https://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/gradschool/about/external/publications/redefining-the-doctorate.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> attested by a dissertation, for the award of their final degree, which was labelled Doctor of Philosophy (abbreviated as Ph.D.)—originally this was just the German equivalent of the Master of Arts degree. Whereas in the Middle Ages the arts faculty had a set curriculum, based upon the [[trivium (education)|trivium]] and the [[quadrivium]], by the 19th century it had come to house all the courses of study in subjects now commonly referred to as sciences and humanities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rüegg |first=Walter |title=A History of the University in Europe: Volume 3, Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800–1945) |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> Professors across the humanities and sciences focused on their advanced research.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Turner |first=R. Steven |title=The Growth of Professorial Research in Prussia, 1818 to 1848-Causes and Context |year=1971 |volume=3 |pages=137–182 |doi=10.2307/27757317 |jstor=27757317 |journal=Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences}}</ref> Practically all the funding came from the central government, and it could be cut off if the professor was politically unacceptable.{{Relevance inline|date=May 2015}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lenoir |first=Timothy |title=Revolution from above: The Role of the State in Creating the German Research System, 1810–1910 |year=1998 |volume=88 |pages=22–27 |jstor=116886 |issue=2 |journal=The American Economic Review}}</ref>

These reforms proved extremely successful, and fairly quickly the German universities started attracting foreign students, notably from the United States. The American students would go to Germany to obtain a PhD after having studied for a bachelor's degree at an American college. So influential was this practice that it was imported to the United States, where in 1861 [[Yale University]] started granting the PhD degree to younger students who, after having obtained the bachelor's degree, had completed a prescribed course of graduate study and successfully defended a [[thesis]] or dissertation containing original research in science or in the humanities.<ref>See, for instance, {{Cite journal |last=Rosenberg |first=R. P. |title=Eugene Schuyler's Doctor of Philosophy Degree: A Theory Concerning the Dissertation |year=1962 |volume=33 |pages=381–386 |doi=10.2307/1979947 |jstor=1979947 |issue=7 |journal=The Journal of Higher Education}}</ref> In Germany, the name of the doctorate was adapted after the philosophy faculty started being split up − e.g. Dr. rer. nat. for doctorates in the faculty of natural sciences − but in most of the English-speaking world the name "Doctor of Philosophy" was retained for research doctorates in all disciplines.

The PhD degree and similar awards spread across Europe in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The degree was introduced in France in 1808,{{contradictory inline|date=November 2024}} replacing [[diploma]]s as the highest academic degree; into Russia in 1819, when the ''[[Doktor Nauk]]'' degree, roughly equivalent to a PhD, gradually started replacing the [[specialist diploma]], roughly equivalent to the MA, as the highest academic degree; and in Italy in 1927, when PhDs gradually started replacing the [[Laurea]] as the highest academic degree.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

===History in the United Kingdom ===
[[File:PhD graduand shaking hands with Sir Dominic Cadbury, the Chancellor of the University of Birmingham - 20120705.jpg|thumb|A new PhD graduate from the [[University of Birmingham]], wearing a [[Tudor bonnet|doctor's bonnet]], shakes hands with the chancellor.]]
Research degrees first appeared in the UK in the late 19th century in the shape of the [[Doctor of Science]] (DSc or ScD) and other such "higher doctorates". The [[University of London]] introduced the DSc in 1860, but as an advanced study course, following on directly from the BSc, rather than a research degree. The first higher doctorate in the modern sense was [[Durham University]]'s DSc, introduced in 1882.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tina Barnes |url=http://www.ukcge.ac.uk/media/Download.aspx?MediaId=1328 |title=Higher Doctorates in the UK 2013 |date=2013 |publisher=UK Council for Graduate Education |isbn=978-0-9563812-7-9 |page=6 |format=PDF |quote=The UK higher doctorate has a long history with the first (a DSc) being offered by Durham University in 1882 |access-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020142801/http://www.ukcge.ac.uk/Media/Download.aspx?MediaId=1328 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

This was soon followed by other universities, including the [[University of Cambridge]] establishing its ScD in the same year and the [[University of London]] transforming its DSc into a research degree in 1885. These were, however, very advanced degrees, rather than research-training degrees at the PhD level. [[Harold Jeffreys]] said that getting a Cambridge ScD was "more or less equivalent to being proposed for the Royal Society."<ref name="maths PhD history">{{Cite web |last=John Aldrich |title=The Mathematics PhD in the United Kingdom: Historical Notes for the Mathematics Genealogy Project |url=http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Doc1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103452/http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Doc1.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=27 September 2016}}</ref>

In 1917, the current PhD degree was introduced, along the lines of the American and German model, and quickly became popular with both British and foreign students.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Simpson, Renate |title=How the PhD came to Britain: A Century of Struggle for Postgraduate Education |date=June 1983 |publisher=Open University Press |isbn=978-0-900868-95-5}}</ref> The slightly older degrees of Doctor of Science and Doctor of Literature/Letters still exist at British universities; together with the much older degrees of [[Doctor of Divinity]] (DD), [[Doctor of Music]] (DMus), [[Doctor of Civil Law]] (DCL), and [[Doctor of Medicine]] (MD), they form the higher doctorates, but apart from honorary degrees, they are only infrequently awarded.

In English (but not Scottish) universities, the Faculty of Arts had become dominant by the early 19th century. Indeed, the higher faculties had largely atrophied, since medical training had shifted to teaching hospitals,<ref>C. Singer and S.W.F. Holloway, Early Medical Education in England in Relation to the Pre-History of the University of London, Med Hist. 1960 January; 4(1): 1–17.</ref> the legal training for the common law system was provided by the [[Inns of Court]] (with some minor exceptions, see [[Doctors' Commons]]), and few students undertook formal study in theology. This contrasted with the situation in the continental European (and Scottish) universities at the time, where the preparatory role of the Faculty of Philosophy or Arts was to a great extent taken over by secondary education: in modern France, the [[Baccalauréat]] is the examination taken at the end of secondary studies. The reforms at the [[Humboldt University]] transformed the Faculty of Philosophy or Arts (and its more recent successors such as the Faculty of Sciences) from a lower faculty into one on a par with the Faculties of Law and Medicine.

Similar developments occurred in many other continental European universities, and at least until reforms in the early 21st century, many European countries (e.g., Belgium, Spain, and the Scandinavian countries) had in all faculties triple degree structures of bachelor (or candidate) − licentiate − doctor as opposed to bachelor − master − doctor; the meaning of the different degrees varied from country to country, however. To this day, this is also still the case for the pontifical degrees in theology and canon law; for instance, in [[sacred theology]], the degrees are [[Bachelor of Sacred Theology]] (STB), [[Licentiate of Sacred Theology]] (STL), and [[Doctor of Sacred Theology]] (STD), and in [[canon law]]: [[Bachelor of Canon Law]] (JCB), [[Licentiate of Canon Law]] (JCL), and [[Doctor of Canon Law]] (JCD).

===History in the United States ===
Until the mid-19th century, advanced degrees were not a criterion for professorships at most colleges. That began to change as the more ambitious scholars at major schools went to [[Germany]] for one to three years to obtain a PhD in the sciences or humanities.<ref>Carl Diehl, ''Americans and German scholarship, 1770–1870'' (1978).</ref><ref>Henry Geitz, Jürgen Heideking, and Jurgen Herbst, eds. ''German influences on education in the United States to 1917'' (1995).</ref> [[Graduate school]]s slowly emerged in the United States. In 1852, the first honorary PhD in the nation was given at [[Bucknell University]] in [[Lewisburg, Pennsylvania]] to Ebenezer Newton Elliott.<ref name="HonPhD">{{Cite book |last1=John Seiler Brubacher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0O1yXnXkWIsC&pg=PA192 |title=Higher Education in Transition: A History of American Colleges and Universities |last2=Willis Rudy |date=1 January 1997 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=9781412815383 |page=192 |access-date=30 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507011802/https://books.google.com/books?id=0O1yXnXkWIsC&pg=PA192 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nine years later, in 1861, [[Yale University]] awarded three PhDs: to [[Eugene Schuyler]] in philosophy and psychology, [[Arthur Williams Wright]] in physics, and [[James Morris Whiton|James Morris Whiton Jr.]] in classics.<ref name="Rosenberg">{{Cite journal |last=Rosenberg |first=Ralph P. |title=The First American Doctor of Philosophy Degree: A Centennial Salute to Yale, 1861–1961 |date=1961 |volume=32 |pages=387–394 |doi=10.2307/1978076 |jstor=1978076 |issue=7 |journal=Journal of Higher Education}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1915 |title=Phi Beta Kappa News and Notes |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42913509 |journal=The Phi Beta Kappa Key |volume=2 |issue=7 |pages=354–356 |jstor=42913509 |issn=2373-0331}}</ref>

Over the following two decades, [[Harvard University]], [[New York University]], [[Princeton University]], and the [[University of Pennsylvania]], also began granting the degree. Major shifts toward graduate education were foretold by the opening of [[Clark University]] in 1887, which offered only graduate programs, and the [[Johns Hopkins University]], which focused on its PhD program. By the 1890s, Harvard, Columbia, Michigan and Wisconsin were building major graduate programs, whose alumni were hired by new research universities. By 1900, 300 PhDs were awarded annually, most of them by six universities. It was no longer necessary to study in Germany.<ref>[[Roger L. Geiger]], "Research, graduate education, and the ecology of American universities: An interpretive history." in Lester F. Goodchild and Harold S. Weschler, eds., '' The History of Higher Education'' (2nd ed, 1997), pp 273–89</ref><ref>Laurence R. Veysey, ''The emergence of the American university'' (1970) is the standard history; see pp 121–79.</ref> However, half of the institutions awarding earned PhDs in 1899 were undergraduate institutions that granted the degree for work done away from campus.<ref name=HonPhD/> Degrees awarded by universities without legitimate PhD programs accounted for about a third of the 382 doctorates recorded by the US Department of Education in 1900, of which another 8–10% were honorary.<ref name=NSF/> The awarding of PhD as an honorary degree was banned by the [[Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York|Board of Regents]] of the [[University of the State of New York]] in 1897. This had a nation-wide impact, and after 1907, less than 10 honorary PhDs were awarded in the United States each year.<ref name="Lady 1967 197–205">{{Cite journal |last=Lady |first=R. Andrew |date=1967 |title=Honoris Causa: An Examination of the Doctor of Philosophy Degree |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1979043 |journal=The Journal of Higher Education |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=197–205 |doi=10.2307/1979043 |jstor=1979043 |issn=0022-1546|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The last authenticated PhD awarded ''honoris causa'' was awarded in 1937 to [[Bing Crosby]] by [[Gonzaga University]].<ref name="Lady 1967 197–205"/>

At the start of the 20th century, U.S. universities were held in low regard internationally and many American students were still traveling to Europe for PhDs. The lack of centralised authority meant anyone could start a university and award PhDs. This led to the formation of the [[Association of American Universities]] by 14 leading research universities (producing nearly 90% of the approximately 250 legitimate research doctorates awarded in 1900), with one of the main goals being to "raise the opinion entertained abroad of our own Doctor's Degree."<ref name="NSF">{{Cite web |last1=Lori Thurgood |last2=Mary J. Golladay |last3=Susan T. Hill |date=October 2006 |title=Historical Background |url=http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf06319/chap2.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028125236/http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf06319/chap2.cfm |archive-date=28 October 2006 |website=U.S. Doctorates in the 20th Century |publisher=[[National Science Foundation]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In Germany, the national government funded the universities and the research programs of the leading professors. It was impossible for professors who were not approved by Berlin to train [[graduate student]]s. In the United States, by contrast, private universities and state universities alike were independent of the federal government. Independence was high, but funding was low. The breakthrough came from private foundations, which began regularly supporting research in science and history; large corporations sometimes supported engineering programs. The postdoctoral fellowship was established by the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] in 1919. Meanwhile, the leading universities, in cooperation with the learned societies, set up a network of scholarly journals. "[[Publish or perish]]" became the formula for faculty advancement in the research universities. After World War II, state universities across the country expanded greatly in undergraduate enrollment, and eagerly added research programs leading to masters or doctorate degrees. Their graduate faculties had to have a suitable record of publication and research grants. Late in the 20th century, "publish or perish" became increasingly important in colleges and smaller universities.<ref>Christopher Jencks and David Riesman. The academic revolution (1968) ch 1.</ref>

== Requirements ==
[[File:BJCroome UCT PhD Graduation 2008.jpg|thumb|A South African PhD graduate (on the right, wearing a ceremonial gown)]]
Detailed requirements for the award of a PhD degree vary throughout the world and even from school to school. It is usually required for the student to hold an [[Honours degree]] or a [[Master's degree]] with high academic standing, in order to be considered for a PhD program.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} In the US, Canada, India, Sweden and Denmark, for example, many universities require coursework in addition to research for PhD degrees. In other countries (such as the UK) there is generally no such condition, though this varies by university and field.<ref>Indeed there is a 'new route' to the PhD in some UK institutions where in an individual may complete a series of postgraduate level taught courses as a part of the doctoral programme. This is called the 'New Route PhD', an integrated PhD that resembles somewhat the American PhD program. For a list of programmes and institutions offering the 'new route' see http://www.newroutephd.ac.uk/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706142804/http://www.newroutephd.ac.uk/ |date=6 July 2014 }}</ref> Some individual universities or departments specify additional requirements for students not already in possession of a [[bachelor's degree]] or equivalent or higher. In order to submit a successful PhD admission application, copies of academic transcripts, letters of recommendation, a research proposal, and a personal statement are often required. Most universities also invite for a special interview before admission.

A candidate must submit a project, [[thesis|thesis, or dissertation]] often consisting of a body of original academic research, which is in principle worthy of publication in a [[Peer review|peer-reviewed]] context.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Moreover, some PhD programs, especially in science, require one to three published articles in peer-reviewed journals. In many countries, a candidate must [[Thesis defense|defend]] this work before a panel of expert examiners appointed by the university; this defense is open to the public in some countries, and held in private in others; in other countries, the dissertation is examined by a panel of expert examiners who stipulate whether the dissertation is in principle passable and any issues that need to be addressed before the dissertation can be passed.

Some universities in the non-[[English language|English]]-speaking world have begun adopting similar standards to those of the anglophone PhD degree for their research doctorates (see the [[Bologna process]]).<ref>The term "doctor of philosophy" is not always applied by those countries to graduates in disciplines other than [[philosophy]] itself. These doctoral degrees, however, are sometimes identified in English as PhD degrees.</ref>

A PhD student or candidate is conventionally required to study on campus under close supervision. With the popularity of distance education and e-learning technologies, some universities now accept students enrolled into a distance education part-time mode.

In a "[[Sandwich degree|sandwich PhD]]" program, PhD candidates do not spend their entire study period at the same university. Instead, the PhD candidates spend the first and last periods of the program at their home universities and in between conduct research at another institution or [[field research]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2012 |title=Categories of PhD Candidates |url=https://www.wur.nl/en/Education-Programmes/PhD-Programme/Categories-of-PhD-Candidates.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126092704/https://www.wur.nl/en/Education-Programmes/PhD-Programme/Categories-of-PhD-Candidates.htm |archive-date=26 November 2018 |access-date=26 November 2018 |website=Wageningen University}}; {{cite web | url = http://www.rug.nl/fmns-research/career/PhDScholarships/GrantsPhD | title = PhD scholarship programmes | work = University of Groningen Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science | date = 7 January 2010 }}; {{cite web | url = http://www.informatik.uni-kl.de/en/studium/studiengaenge/promprog/sandwichprom | title = Sandwich PhD | work = echnissche Universitat Kaiserslautern }}</ref> Occasionally a "sandwich PhD" will be awarded by two universities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 February 2012 |title=Higher education: Agreement reached with Glasgow for 'sandwich' PhD |work=Express Tribune |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/334682/higher-education-agreement-reached-with-glasgow-for-sandwich-phd/ |url-status=live |access-date=12 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212163326/http://tribune.com.pk/story/334682/higher-education-agreement-reached-with-glasgow-for-sandwich-phd/ |archive-date=12 February 2012}}</ref>

It is possible to broaden the field of study pursued by a PhD student by the addition of a [[academic minor|minor subject]] of study within a different discipline.<ref>[[Stanford University]], [https://bulletin.stanford.edu/academic-polices/degree-requirements/phd-minor PhD Minor], accessed on 2 November 2024</ref><ref>[[Yuriko Saito]], [https://www.yurikosaito.com/_files/ugd/ee5194_82f673c071514559af4bb5e9431ddff6.pdf Curriculum Vitae], accessed on 2 November 2024</ref>

== Value and criticism ==
A career in academia generally requires a PhD, although in some countries it is possible to reach relatively high positions without a doctorate. In North America, professors are increasingly being required to have a PhD, and the percentage of faculty with a PhD may be used as a university ratings measure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2009 FT rankings table and criteria list |url=http://rankings.ft.com/exportranking/global-mba-rankings/pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408012200/http://rankings.ft.com/exportranking/global-mba-rankings/pdf |archive-date=8 April 2009 |access-date=8 May 2017}}</ref>

The motivation may also include increased salary, but in many cases, this is not the result. Research by Bernard H. Casey of the University of Warwick, U.K, suggests that, over all subjects, PhDs provide an earnings premium of 26% over non-accredited graduates, but notes that master's degrees already provide a premium of 23% and a bachelor's 14%. While this is a small return to the individual (or even an overall deficit when tuition and lost earnings during training are accounted for), he claims there are significant benefits to society for the extra research training.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a912992314 |title=The economic contribution of Ph.D.s |year=2009 |volume=31 |access-date=15 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109184245/https://taylorandfrancis.com/ |archive-date=9 January 2022 |url-status=live |issue=3 |journal=Journal of Higher Education Management and Policy}}</ref>
However, some research suggests that overqualified workers are often less satisfied and less productive at their jobs.<ref name="Economist" /> These difficulties are increasingly being felt by graduates of professional degrees, such as law school, looking to find employment. PhD students may need to take on debt to undertake their degree.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-05-06 |title=From Graduate School to Welfare |work=The Chronicle of Higher Education |url=http://www.chronicle.com/article/From-Graduate-School-to/131795/ |url-status=live |access-date=2017-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112131750/http://www.chronicle.com/article/From-Graduate-School-to/131795/ |archive-date=12 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Even A PhD Couldn't Keep This Man Off Food Stamps |work=Business Insider |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/this-mans-phd-hasnt-kept-him-off-food-stamps-or-the-unemployment-line-2012-5 |url-status=live |access-date=2017-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820030002/http://www.businessinsider.com/this-mans-phd-hasnt-kept-him-off-food-stamps-or-the-unemployment-line-2012-5 |archive-date=20 August 2017}}</ref>

A PhD is also required in some positions outside academia, such as research jobs in major international agencies. In some cases, the executive directors of some types of foundations may be expected to hold a PhD{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}. A PhD is sometimes felt to be a necessary qualification in certain areas of employment, such as in foreign policy think-tanks: ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' wrote in 2013 that "[i]f having a master's degree at the minimum is ''de rigueur'' in Washington's foreign policy world, it is no wonder many are starting to feel that the PhD is a necessary escalation, another case of costly [[Signalling (economics)|signaling]] to potential employers".<ref name="Alikhan">{{Cite news |last=Alikhan |first=Faris |date=2 October 2013 |title=The Peril of Credential Creep in Foreign Policy |work=U.S. News |url=https://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2013/10/02/the-peril-of-credential-creep-in-foreign-policy |url-status=live |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011095649/https://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2013/10/02/the-peril-of-credential-creep-in-foreign-policy |archive-date=11 October 2017}}]</ref> Similarly, an article on the Australian public service states that "[[Educational inflation|credentialism]] in the public service is seeing a dramatic increase in the number of graduate positions going to PhDs and masters degrees becoming the base entry level qualification".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hare |first=Julie |date=3 April 2014 |title=More PhDs enter public service |work=The Australian |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/more-phds-enter-public-service/story-e6frgcjx-1226872615004}}</ref>

''[[The Economist]]'' published an article in 2010 citing various criticisms against the state of PhDs. These included a prediction by economist [[Richard B. Freeman]] that, based on pre-2000 data, only 20% of life science PhD students would gain a faculty job in the U.S., and that in Canada 80% of [[Postdoctoral researcher|postdoctoral research]] fellows earned less than or equal to an average construction worker ($38,600 a year). According to the article, only the fastest developing countries (e.g. China or Brazil) have a shortage of PhDs.<ref name="Economist">{{Cite news |date=2010-12-18 |title=Doctoral degrees: The disposable academic |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2010/12/16/the-disposable-academic |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=25 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227202207/http://www.economist.com/node/17723223 |archive-date=27 December 2012}}</ref> In 2022, ''Nature'' reported that PhD students' wages in biological sciences in the US do not cover living costs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Woolston |first=Chris |date=2022-05-23 |title=PhD students face cash crisis with wages that don't cover living costs |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=605 |issue=7911 |pages=775–777 |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-01392-w|pmid=35606521 |bibcode=2022Natur.605..775W |s2cid=249015161 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The U.S. higher education system often offers little incentive to move students through PhD programs quickly and may even provide incentives to slow them down. To counter this problem, the United States introduced the [[Doctor of Arts]] degree in 1970 with seed money from the [[Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching]]. The aim of the Doctor of Arts degree was to shorten the time needed to complete the degree by focusing on pedagogy over research, although the Doctor of Arts still contains a significant research component. Germany is one of the few nations engaging these issues, and it has been doing so by reconceptualising PhD programs to be training for careers, outside academia, but still at high-level positions. This development can be seen in the extensive number of PhD holders, typically from the fields of law, engineering, and economics, at the very top corporate and administrative positions. To a lesser extent, the UK research councils have tackled the issue by introducing, since 1992, the [[Doctor of Engineering|EngD]].{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the Paragraph|date=January 2017}}{{clarify|reason=Appears to be conflating time to move through degrees in the U.S. and issues of training within PhDs in Germany and the U.K.|date=January 2017}}

[[Mark C. Taylor (philosopher)|Mark C. Taylor]] opined in 2011 in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' that total reform of PhD programs in almost every field is necessary in the U.S. and that pressure to make the necessary changes will need to come from many sources (students, administrators, public and private sectors, etc.).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=M. |title=Reform the PhD system or close it down |year=2011 |volume=472 |pages=261 |bibcode=2011Natur.472..261T |doi=10.1038/472261a |pmid=21512530 |doi-access=free |issue=7343 |journal=Nature}}</ref> Other articles in ''Nature'' have also examined the issue of PhD reform.<ref name="doi10.1038/nj7343-381a">{{Cite journal |last=Fiske |first=P. |title=What is a PhD really worth? |year=2011 |volume=472 |pages=381 |doi=10.1038/nj7343-381a |doi-access=free |issue=7343 |journal=Nature}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anon |title=Fix the PhD: No longer a guaranteed ticket to an academic career, the PhD system needs a serious rethink |year=2011 |volume=472 |pages=259–260 |bibcode=2011Natur.472R.259. |doi=10.1038/472259b |pmid=21512527 |issue=7343 |journal=Nature |s2cid=205063761|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cyranoski |first1=D. |title=Education: The PhD factory |last2=Gilbert |first2=N. |last3=Ledford |first3=H. |last4=Nayar |first4=A. |last5=Yahia |first5=M. |year=2011 |volume=472 |pages=276–279 |bibcode=2011Natur.472..276C |doi=10.1038/472276a |pmid=21512548 |doi-access=free |issue=7343 |journal=Nature}}</ref>

[[Freeman Dyson]], professor emeritus at the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]], was opposed to the PhD system and did not have a PhD degree.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lin |first=Thomas |date=26 March 2014 |title=A 'Rebel' Without a Ph.D. |work=Quanta Magazine |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-math-puzzle-worthy-of-freeman-dyson-20140326/ |url-status=live |access-date=2017-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112185340/https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-math-puzzle-worthy-of-freeman-dyson-20140326/ |archive-date=12 November 2017}}</ref> On the other hand, it was understood by all his peers that he was a world leading scientist with many accomplishments already under his belt during his graduate study years and he was eligible to gain the degree at any given moment.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

== Degrees by country ==
{{Main|List of doctoral degrees awarded by country}}
{{See also|Doctor (title)#Worldwide usage|Doctorate#National variations}}
The [[UNESCO]], in its [[International Standard Classification of Education]] (ISCED), states that: "Programmes to be classified at ISCED level 8 are referred to in many ways around the world such as PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar terms. However, it is important to note that programmes with a similar name to 'doctor' should only be included in ISCED level 8 if they satisfy the criteria described in Paragraph 263. For international comparability purposes, the term 'doctoral or equivalent' is used to label ISCED level 8."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paragraph 262 International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011 |url=http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=211619&set=4F3F2872_2_352&database=gctd&gp=0&lin=1&ll=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210050348/http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=211619&set=4F3F2872_2_352&database=gctd&gp=0&lin=1&ll=1 |archive-date=10 February 2016 |access-date=18 February 2012}}</ref>

=== National variations ===
In German-speaking nations, most Eastern European nations, successor states of the former Soviet Union, most parts of Africa, Asia, and many Spanish-speaking countries, the corresponding degree to a Doctor of Philosophy is simply called "Doctor" (''Doktor''), and the subject area is distinguished by a Latin suffix (e.g., "Dr. med." for ''{{lang|la|Doctor medicinae}}'', Doctor of Medicine; "Dr. rer. nat." for ''{{lang|la|Doctor rerum naturalium}}'', Doctor of the Natural Sciences; "Dr. phil." for ''{{lang|la|Doctor philosophiae}}'', Doctor of Philosophy; "[[Doctor of Laws#Germany|Dr. iur.]]" for ''{{lang|la|Doctor iuris}}'', Doctor of Laws).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Albrecht Behmel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oivuDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 |title=The Foreigner's Guide to German Universities: Origin, Meaning, and Use of Terms and Expressions in Everyday University Life |last2=Kelly Neudorfer |date=11 October 2016 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=9783838268323 |page=42 |author-link=Albrecht Behmel |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507011751/https://books.google.com/books?id=oivuDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Argentina ===
{{See also|Education in Argentina}}
==== Admission ====
In Argentina, the admission to a PhD program at public Argentine University requires the full completion of a [[Master's degree]] or a [[Licentiate (degree)|Licentiate]] degree. Non-Argentine Master's titles are generally accepted into a PhD program when the degree comes from a recognized university.

==== Funding ====
While a significant portion of postgraduate students finance their tuition and living costs with teaching or research work at private and state-run institutions, international institutions, such as the Fulbright Program and the Organization of American States (OAS), have been known to grant full scholarships for tuition with apportions for housing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scholarships in Argentina |url=http://spuweb.siu.edu.ar/studyinargentina/pages/study1203.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507074830/http://spuweb.siu.edu.ar/studyinargentina/pages/study1203.php |archive-date=7 May 2010 |access-date=2010-04-28 |publisher=Spuweb.siu.edu.ar}}</ref>

Others apply for funds to CONICET, the national public body of scientific and technical research, which typically awards more than a thousand scholarships each year for this purpose, thus guaranteeing many PhD candidates remain within the system.

==== Requirements for completion ====
Upon completion of at least two years' research and coursework as a graduate student, a candidate must demonstrate truthful and original contributions to their specific field of knowledge within a frame of academic excellence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GFME: Global Foundation for Management Education |url=http://www.gfme.org/global_guide/pdf/13-18%20Argentina.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061031095524/http://www.gfme.org/global_guide/pdf/13-18%20Argentina.pdf |archive-date=2006-10-31 |access-date=2010-04-28}}</ref> The doctoral candidate's work should be presented in a dissertation or thesis prepared under the supervision of a tutor or director and reviewed by a Doctoral Committee. This committee should be composed of examiners that are external to the program, and at least one of them should also be external to the institution. The academic degree of Doctor, respective to the correspondent field of science that the candidate has contributed with original and rigorous research, is received after a successful defense of the candidate's dissertation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Comisión Nacional de Evaluación y Acreditación Universitaria |url=http://www.coneau.edu.ar/index.php?item=29&apps=16&id=428&act=ver&idioma=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825184546/http://www.coneau.edu.ar/index.php?item=29&apps=16&id=428&act=ver&idioma=en |archive-date=25 August 2010 |access-date=2010-04-28 |publisher=Coneau.edu.ar |language=es}}</ref>

=== Australia ===
{{See also|Education in Australia|Australian Qualifications Framework}}
==== Admission ====
Admission to a PhD program in Australia requires applicants to demonstrate capacity to undertake research in the proposed field of study. The standard requirement is a bachelor honours degree with either first-class or upper second-class honours. Research master's degrees and coursework master's degrees with a 25% research component are usually considered equivalent. It is also possible for research master's degree students to "upgrade" to PhD candidature after demonstrating sufficient progress.

==== Scholarships ====
PhD students are sometimes offered a scholarship to study for their PhD degree. The most common of these was the government-funded [[Australian Postgraduate Award]] (APA) until its dissolution in 2017. It was replaced by Research Training Program (RTP), awarded to students of "exceptional research potential", which provides a living stipend to students of approximately A$34,000 a year (tax-free). RTPs are paid for a duration of 3 years, while a 6-month extension is usually possible upon citing delays out of the control of the student.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home, Graduate Research, University of Tasmania, Australia |url=http://www.utas.edu.au/graduate-research/scholarships/domestic-scholarships/australian-postgraduate-awards |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311085133/http://www.utas.edu.au/graduate-research/scholarships/domestic-scholarships/australian-postgraduate-awards |archive-date=11 March 2011 |access-date=2013-07-02 |publisher=Utas.edu.au}}</ref> Some universities also fund a similar scholarship that matches the APA amount. Due to a continual increase in living costs, many PhD students are forced to live under the poverty line.<ref>{{Cite news |author=ABC News|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/04/30/2231306.htm |title=PhD students living below poverty line |year=2008 |volume=2008 |pages=1–2 |access-date=11 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501102852/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/04/30/2231306.htm |archive-date=1 May 2008 |url-status=deviated |issue=April }}</ref> In addition to the more common RTP and university scholarships, Australian students have other sources of scholarship funding, coming from industry, private enterprise, and organisations.

==== Fees ====
Australian citizens, permanent residents, and New Zealand citizens are not charged course fees for their PhD or research master's degree, with the exception in some universities of the student services and amenities fee (SSAF) which is set by each university and typically involves the largest amount allowed by the Australian government. All fees are paid for by the Australian government, except for the SSAF, under the Research Training Program.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=HEIMSHELP: Information about requirements and procedures for higher education and VET providers |url=http://www.heimshelp.deewr.gov.au/2_Glossary/R/RESEARCH_TRAINING_SCHEME_RTS.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730123806/http://www.heimshelp.deewr.gov.au/2_Glossary/R/RESEARCH_TRAINING_SCHEME_RTS.htm |archive-date=2008-07-30 |publisher=DEEWR}}</ref> International students and coursework master's degree students must pay course fees unless they receive a scholarship to cover them.

==== Requirements for completion ====
Completion requirements vary. Most Australian PhD programs do not have a required coursework component. The credit points attached to the degree are all in the product of the research, which is usually an 80,000-word thesis<ref>[https://www.anu.edu.au/students/academic-skills/research-writing/introductions/length Current students » Academic skills » Research writing » Introductions » Length] [[Australian National University]].</ref> that makes a significant new contribution to the field. Recent pressure on [[Postgraduate education#Types of postgraduate degrees|higher degree by research (HDR)]] students to publish has resulted in increasing interest in [[Thesis by publication|PhD by publication]] as opposed to the more traditional PhD by dissertation, which typically requires a minimum of two publications, but which also requires traditional thesis elements such as an introductory [[exegesis]], and linking chapters between papers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Denise |url=https://ro.ecu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=ecuworks2013 |title=Completing a PhD by publication: a review of Australian policy and implications for practice |date=22 April 2013 |volume=32 |pages=355–368 |doi=10.1080/07294360.2012.692666 |ref=jackson2013completing |access-date=5 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429154004/https://ro.ecu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=ecuworks2013 |archive-date=29 April 2019 |url-status=live |issue=3 |journal=Higher Education Research & Development |s2cid=145372065|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The PhD thesis is sent to external examiners who are experts in the field of research and who have not been involved in the work. Examiners are nominated by the candidate's university, and their identities are often not revealed to the candidate until the examination is complete. A formal oral defence is generally not part of the examination of the thesis, largely because of the distances that would need to be travelled by the overseas examiners; however, since 2016, there is a trend toward implementing this in many Australian universities. At the University of South Australia, PhD candidates who started after January 2016 now undertake an oral defence via an online conference with two examiners.<ref>[https://i.unisa.edu.au/siteassets/policies-and-procedures/docs/academic/guideline-ab-58-ad8_2023.pdf ''Oral Defence of the Thesis in Research Degrees'']{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}. [[University of South Australia]].</ref>

=== Canada ===
{{See also|Education in Canada}}
==== Admission ====
Admission to a doctoral programme at a university in Canada typically requires completion of a [[Master's degree]] in a related field, with sufficiently high grades and proven research ability. In some cases, a student may progress directly from an [[Honours degree|Honours]] [[Bachelor's degree]] to a PhD program; other programs allow a student to fast-track to a doctoral program after one year of outstanding work in a Master's program (without having to complete the Master's).<ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/advice/how-apply-phd-canada ''How to apply for a PhD in Canada'']. ''[[Times Higher Education]]''.</ref>

An application package typically includes a research proposal, letters of reference, transcripts, and in some cases, a writing sample or [[Graduate Record Examinations]] scores. A common criterion for prospective PhD students is the comprehensive or qualifying examination, a process that often commences in the second year of a graduate program. Generally, successful completion of the qualifying exam permits continuance in the graduate program. Formats for this examination include oral examination by the student's faculty committee (or a separate qualifying committee), or written tests designed to demonstrate the student's knowledge in a specialized area (see below) or both.

At English-speaking universities, a student may also be required to demonstrate English language abilities, usually by achieving an acceptable score on a standard examination (for example the [[Test of English as a Foreign Language]]). Depending on the field, the student may also be required to demonstrate ability in one or more additional languages. A prospective student applying to French-speaking universities may also have to demonstrate some English language ability.

==== Funding ====
While some students work outside the university (or at student jobs within the university), in some programs students are advised (or must agree) not to devote more than ten hours per week to activities (e.g., employment) outside of their studies, particularly if they have been given funding. For large and prestigious scholarships, such as those from [[NSERC]] and Fonds québécois de la recherche sur la nature et les technologies, this is an absolute requirement.

At some Canadian universities, most PhD students receive an award equivalent to part or all of the tuition amount for the first four years (this is sometimes called a tuition deferral or tuition waiver). Other sources of funding include [[teaching assistant]]ships and research assistantships; experience as a teaching assistant is encouraged but not requisite in many programs. Some programs may require all PhD candidates to teach, which may be done under the supervision of their supervisor or regular faculty. Besides these sources of funding, there are also various competitive scholarships, bursaries, and awards available, such as those offered by the federal government via [[Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council|NSERC]], [[Canadian Institutes of Health Research|CIHR]], or [[Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council|SSHRC]].<ref>[https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/students-etudiants/pg-cs/cgsd-bescd_eng.asp ''Canada Graduate Scholarships — Doctoral program'']. [[Government of Canada]].</ref>

==== Requirements for completion ====
In general, the first two years of study are devoted to completion of coursework and the [[comprehensive examination]]s. At this stage, the student is known as a "PhD student" or "doctoral student." It is usually expected that the student will have completed most of their required coursework by the end of this stage. Furthermore, it is usually required that by the end of eighteen to thirty-six months after the first registration, the student will have successfully completed the comprehensive exams.

Upon successful completion of the comprehensive exams, the student becomes known as a "PhD candidate." From this stage on, the bulk of the student's time will be devoted to their own research, culminating in the completion of a PhD thesis or dissertation. The final requirement is an oral defense of the thesis, which is open to the public in some, but not all, universities. At most Canadian universities, the time needed to complete a PhD degree typically ranges from four to six years. It is, however, not uncommon for students to be unable to complete all the requirements within six years, particularly given that funding packages often support students for only two to four years; many departments will allow program extensions at the discretion of the thesis supervisor or department chair. Alternative arrangements exist whereby a student is allowed to let their registration in the program lapse at the end of six years and re-register once the thesis is completed in draft form. The general rule is that graduate students are obligated to pay tuition until the initial thesis submission has been received by the thesis office. In other words, if a PhD student defers or delays the initial submission of their thesis they remain obligated to pay fees until such time that the thesis has been received in good standing.<ref>(26 January 2021). [https://cca-reports.ca/reports/the-labour-market-transition-of-phd-graduates/ ''Degrees of Success: The Expert Panel on the Labour Market Transition of PhD Graduates'']. [[Council of Canadian Academies]].</ref>

=== China ===
In China, doctoral programs can be applied directly after obtaining a bachelor's degree or applied after obtaining a master's degree. Those who directly apply for a doctoral program after a bachelor's degree usually need four to five years to obtain a doctorate and will not be awarded a master's degree during the period.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=全日制研究生读几年？学费是多少？-中国教育在线 |url=https://www.eol.cn/ceici/kaoyan-214793.shtml#:~:text=%E5%9C%A8%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E4%B8%8A%EF%BC%8C%E7%9B%B4%E5%8D%9A%E7%94%9F,%E5%9C%A8%E5%81%9A%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%86%99%E8%AE%BA%E6%96%87%E3%80%82 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221211011421/https://www.eol.cn/ceici/kaoyan-214793.shtml |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.eol.cn}}</ref>

The courses at the doctoral level are mainly completed in the first and second years, and the remaining years are spent doing experiments/research and writing papers. At most universities, the maximum duration of doctoral study is 7 years. If a doctoral student does not complete their degree within 7 years, it is likely that they can only obtain a study certificate without any degree.<ref name=":1" />

China has thirteen statutory types of academic degrees, which also apply to doctorate degrees. Despite the naming difference, all these thirteen types of doctoral degrees are research and academic degrees that are equivalent to PhD degrees. These thirteen doctorates are:<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-14 |title=研究生教育学科专业目录（2022 年） |url=http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A22/moe_833/202209/W020220914572994461110.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211013449/http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A22/moe_833/202209/W020220914572994461110.pdf |archive-date=2022-12-11 |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China}}</ref>

* Doctor of Philosophy (for the discipline of philosophy)
* Doctor of Economics
* Doctor of Law
* Doctor of Education
* Doctor of Literature
* Doctor of History
* Doctor of Science
* Doctor of Engineering
* Doctor of Agriculture
* Doctor of Medicine (equivalent to a PhD in medical sciences)
* Doctor of Military
* Doctor of Management
* Doctor of Fine Arts.<ref name=":2" />

In international academic communication, Chinese doctoral degree recipients sometimes translate their doctorate degree names to ''PhD in Discipline'' (such as ''PhD in Engineering, Computer Science'') to facilitate peer understanding.

=== Colombia ===
==== Admission ====
In [[Colombia]], the PhD course admission may require a master's degree (Magíster) in some universities, specially public universities. However, it could also be applied for a direct doctorate in specific cases, according to the jury's recommendations on the thesis proposal.

==== Funding ====
Most of postgraduate students in Colombia must finance their tuition fees by means of teaching assistant seats or research works. Some institutions such as [[Colciencias]], Colfuturo, CeiBA, and Icetex grant scholarships or provide awards in the form of forgivable loans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colciencias Call for Scholarships in Colombia |url=http://www.colciencias.gov.co/newconvocatorias2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217025345/http://www.colciencias.gov.co/newconvocatorias2014 |archive-date=17 December 2014 |access-date=2015-03-04}}</ref>

==== Requirements for completion ====
After two or two and a half years, it is expected that the research work of the doctoral candidate be submitted in the form of oral qualification, where suggestions and corrections about the research hypothesis and methodology, as well as on the course of the research work, are performed. The PhD degree is only received after a successful defense of the candidate's thesis is performed (four or five years after the enrollment), most of the time also requiring the most important results having been published in at least one peer-reviewed high-impact international journal.

=== Finland ===
In Finland, the degree of ''filosofian tohtori'' (abbreviated ''FT'') is awarded by traditional universities, such as [[University of Helsinki]]. A Master's degree is required, and the doctorate combines approximately 4–5 years of research (amounting to 3–5 scientific articles, some of which must be first-author) and 60 ECTS points of studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/ml/jatko-opiskelu/jatkotutkinnot.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204034302/http://www.helsinki.fi/ml/jatko-opiskelu/jatkotutkinnot.html |archive-date=4 February 2015 |access-date=13 January 2015 |website=helsinki.fi}}</ref> Other universities such as [[Aalto University]] award degrees such as ''tekniikan tohtori'' (''TkT'', engineering), ''taiteen tohtori'' (''TaT'', art), etc., which are translated in English to [[Doctor of Science]] (D.Sc.), and they are formally equivalent. The [[Licentiate (degree)|licentiate]] (''filosofian lisensiaatti'' or ''FL'') requires only 2–3 years of research and is sometimes done before an FT.

=== France ===
==== History ====
{{See also|Doctorate#France}}
Before 1984 three research doctorates existed in [[France]]: the [[State doctorate]] (''doctorat d'État'', the old doctorate introduced in 1808), the third cycle doctorate (''doctorat de troisième cycle'', created in 1954 and shorter than the State doctorate) and the diploma of doctor-engineer (''diplôme de docteur-ingénieur ''created in 1923), for technical research. After 1984, only one type of doctoral degree remained, called "doctorate" (''Doctorat''). The latter is equivalent to the PhD.

==== Admission ====
Students pursuing the PhD degree must first complete a master's degree program, which takes two years after graduation with a bachelor's degree (five years in total). The candidate must apply to a doctoral research project associated with a [[doctoral advisor]] (Directeur de thèse or directeur doctoral) with a [[habilitation]] throughout the doctoral program.

The PhD admission is granted by a [[graduate school#France|graduate school]] (in French, "école doctorale"). A PhD candidate may follow some in-service training offered by the graduate school while continuing their research in a laboratory. Their research may be carried out in a laboratory,{{clarify|it appears that laboratory here is distinct from laboratories at universities, but in the next sentence it says that a candidate doing research at a laboratory may be hired by "the university"|date=July 2022}} at a university or in a company. In the first case, the candidates can be hired by the university or a research organisation. In the last case, the company hires the candidate and they are supervised by both the company's tutor and a lab's professor. Completion of the PhD degree generally requires 3 years after the master's degree but it can last longer in specific cases.

==== Funding ====
The financing of PhD research comes mainly from funds for research of the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research. The most common procedure is a short-term [[employment contract]] called doctoral contract: the institution of higher education is the employer and the PhD candidate the employee. However, the candidate can apply for funds from a company, which can host them at its premises (as in the case where PhD candidates do their research at a company). In another possible situation, the company and the institute can sign a funding agreement together so that the candidate still has a public doctoral contract but is works at the company on a daily basis (for example, this is particularly the case for the [[Foundation (nonprofit)|(French) Scientific Cooperation Foundation]]). Many other resources come from some regional/city projects, some associations, etc.

=== Germany ===
{{See also|Education in Germany}}
==== Admission ====
In Germany, admission to a doctoral program is generally on the basis of having an advanced degree (i.e., a [[master's degree]], ''[[diplom]]'', [[Magister (degree)|''magister'']], or ''[[staatsexamen]]''), mostly in a related field and having above-average grades. A candidate must also find a [[tenure]]d [[professor]] from a university to serve as the formal advisor and supervisor (''Betreuer'') of the [[dissertation]] throughout the doctoral program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Requirements – Research in Germany |url=http://www.research-in-germany.org/en/jobs-and-careers/info-for-phd-students/language-requirements.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222123034/http://www.research-in-germany.org/en/jobs-and-careers/info-for-phd-students/language-requirements.html |archive-date=22 February 2020 |access-date=22 February 2020 |website=Research-in-Germany.org |publisher=(German) Federal Ministry of Education and Research}}</ref> This supervisor is informally referred to as ''Doktorvater'' or ''Doktormutter'', which literally translate to "doctor's father" and "doctor's mother" respectively. The formal admission is the beginning of the so-called ''Promotionsverfahren'', while the final granting of the degree is called ''Promotion''.

The duration of the doctorate depends on the field. A doctorate in medicine may take less than a full-time year to complete; those in other fields, two to six years. Most doctorates are awarded with specific Latin designations for the field of research (except for engineering, where the designation is German), instead of a general name for all fields (such as the [[Ph.D.|PhD]]). The most important degrees are:
* ''[[Dr. rer. nat.]]'' (''rerum naturalium''; [[Natural science|natural]] and [[Formal science|formal]] sciences, i.e. physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, computer science and information technology, or psychology);
* ''Dr. phil.'' (''philosophiae''; humanities such as philosophy, philology, history, and social sciences such as sociology, political science, or psychology as well);
* ''Dr. iur.'' (''iuris''; law);
* ''Dr. oec.'' (''oeconomiae''; economics);
* ''Dr. rer. pol.'' (''rerum politicarum''; economics, business administration, political science);
* ''Dr. theol.'' (''theologiae''; theology);
* ''Dr. med.'' (''medicinae''; medicine);
* ''Dr. med. dent.'' (''medicinae dentariae''; dentistry);
* ''Dr. med. vet.'' (''medicinae veterinariae''; veterinary medicine);
* ''Dr. rer. med.'' (''rerum medicarum''; medical science; a researcher, not a physician);
* ''[[Doktoringenieur|Dr.-Ing.]]'' (engineering).

Over fifty such designations exist, many of them rare or no longer in use. As a title, the degree is commonly written in front of the name in abbreviated form, e.g., ''Dr. rer. nat. Max Mustermann'' or ''Dr. Max Mustermann'', dropping the designation entirely. However, leaving out the designation is only allowed when the doctorate degree is not an honorary doctorate, which must be indicated by ''Dr. h.c.'' (from Latin honoris causa).

While most German doctorates are considered equivalent to the PhD, an exception is the medical doctorate, where "doctoral" dissertations are often written alongside undergraduate study. The [[European Research Council]] decided in 2010 that those doctorates do not meet the international standards of a PhD research degree.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sarah Schmidt |date=1 October 2015 |title=Kommt ein Doktor zum Arzt ... |work=[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]] |url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/bildung/qualitaet-medizinischer-promotionen-kommt-ein-doktor-zum-arzt--1.2673150 |url-status=live |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406172355/http://www.sueddeutsche.de/bildung/qualitaet-medizinischer-promotionen-kommt-ein-doktor-zum-arzt--1.2673150 |archive-date=6 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bernd Kramer |date=28 September 2015 |title=Akademische Ramschware |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |url=http://www.spiegel.de/lebenundlernen/uni/von-der-leyen-in-der-kritik-schlechte-promotionen-sind-in-der-medizin-ueblich-a-1055039.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624133658/http://www.spiegel.de/lebenundlernen/uni/von-der-leyen-in-der-kritik-schlechte-promotionen-sind-in-der-medizin-ueblich-a-1055039.html |archive-date=24 June 2018}}</ref> There are different forms of university-level institution in Germany, but only professors from "Universities" (Univ.-Prof.) can serve as doctoral supervisors – "Universities of Applied Sciences" ([[Fachhochschule]]n) are not entitled to award doctorates,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Higher Education in Germany: Hochschulen vs. Universities |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/blog/higher-education-germany-hochschulen-vs-universities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210235135/http://www.topuniversities.com/blog/higher-education-germany-hochschulen-vs-universities |archive-date=10 February 2015 |access-date=2015-02-10 |publisher=Quacquarelli Symonds Limited}}</ref> although some exceptions apply to this rule.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZEIT ONLINE | Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder imPUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl. |url=https://www.zeit.de/zustimmung?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2F2016%2F48%2Fpromotion-fachhochschule-pro-contra |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709014141/https://www.zeit.de/zustimmung?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2F2016%2F48%2Fpromotion-fachhochschule-pro-contra |archive-date=9 July 2020 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=www.zeit.de}}</ref>

==== Structure ====
Depending on the university, doctoral students (''Doktoranden'') can be required to attend formal classes or lectures, some of them also including exams or other scientific assignments, in order to get one or more certificates of qualification (''Qualifikationsnachweise''). Depending on the doctoral regulations (''Promotionsordnung'') of the university and sometimes on the status of the doctoral student, such certificates may not be required. Usually, former students, research assistants or lecturers from the same university, may be spared from attending extra classes. Instead, under the tutelage of a single professor or advisory committee, they are expected to conduct independent research. In addition to doctoral studies, many doctoral candidates work as teaching assistants, research assistants, or lecturers.

Many universities have established research-intensive ''[[Graduiertenkolleg]]s'' ("graduate colleges"), which are [[graduate school]]s that provide funding for doctoral studies.

==== Duration ====
The typical duration of a doctoral program can depend heavily on the subject and area of research. Usually, three to five years of full-time research work are required. The average time to graduation is 4.5 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Academics.de: Zeitspanne der Promotion: Dauer im Durchschnitt |url=https://www.academics.de/ratgeber/promotion-dauer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115135643/https://www.academics.de/ratgeber/promotion-dauer |archive-date=15 January 2021 |access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref>

In 2014, the median age of new PhD graduates was 30.4 years.<ref name="occ">{{Citation |title=Bestandene Prüfungen |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/BildungForschungKultur/Hochschulen/Tabellen/BestandenePruefungenGruppen.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025160450/https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/BildungForschungKultur/Hochschulen/Tabellen/BestandenePruefungenGruppen.html |publisher=Statistisches Bundesamt |access-date=2016-03-30 |archive-date=25 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== India ===
{{see also|Education in India}}
In India, a master's degree is usually required to gain admission to a doctoral program. Direct admission to a PhD program after graduating to [[Bachelor of Technology|BTech]] may also be granted by the [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IITs]], the [[Indian Institutes of Information Technology|IIITs]], the [[National Institutes of Technology|NITs]], and the [[Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research]]. In some subjects, completing a [[Master of Philosophy]] (MPhil) is a prerequisite to obtaining funding/[[Research fellow|fellowship]] for a PhD.

According to new rules prescribed by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], universities must conduct Research Eligibility Tests in ability and the selected subject.<ref>[https://www.ugc.gov.in/pdfnews/4405511_Draft-UGC-PhD-regulations-2022.pdf ''Draft University Grants Commission (Minimum Standards and Procedures for Award of PhD Degree) Regulations, 2022'']. [[University Grants Commission (India)]]. [[NEW DELHI]] 110002</ref> After clearing these tests, the [[shortlisted]] candidates are required to appear for an interview with the available PhD supervisor and give presentations of their research proposal (plan of work or synopsis). During study, candidates must submit progress reports and after successful completion of the coursework, are required to give a pre-submission presentation and finally defend their [[thesis]] in an open defense [[wikt:viva voce|viva-voce]]. It is mandatory in India to qualify for the [[National Eligibility Test]] to apply for a professorship, lectureship or Junior Research Fellowship (NET for LS and JRF) conducted by the [[National Testing Agency]] (NTA).<ref name="Ugc.ac.in">{{Cite web |date=1988-07-22 |title=N E T, Inside H E, University Grants Commission |url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/net.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104111726/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/net.html |archive-date=4 January 2010 |access-date=2023-10-02 |publisher=Ugc.ac.in}}</ref>

=== Italy ===
==== History ====
The ''[[Dottorato di ricerca]]'' (research doctorate), abbreviated to "Dott. Ric." or "PhD", is an academic title awarded at the end of a course of not less than three years, admission to which is based on entrance examinations and academic rankings in the Bachelor of Arts ("[[Laurea]]", a three-year diploma) and Master of Arts ("Laurea Magistrale" a two-year diploma). While the standard PhD follows the [[Bologna process]], the [[MD–PhD]] programme may be completed in two years.

The first institution in [[Italy]] to create a doctoral program (PhD) was [[Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa]] in 1927 under the historic name ''"Diploma di Perfezionamento"''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 2012 |title=Student Guidebook, Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa |url=http://download.sns.it/SNSguida_eng.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426041947/http://download.sns.it/SNSguida_eng.pdf |archive-date=26 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="sns.it">{{Cite web |title=STATUTO DELLA SCUOLA NORMALE SUPERIORE DI PISA (legge 18 giugno 1986, n. 308) |url=http://atticd.sns.it/2004-05/aprile/all_08_A.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126143419/http://atticd.sns.it/2004-05/aprile/all_08_A.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2016 |access-date=31 August 2015 |website=sns.it}}</ref>
Further, the research doctorates or PhD (''{{lang|it|Dottorato di ricerca}}'') in Italy were introduced by law and Presidential Decree in 1980,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Law of February 21, 1980, No. 28 |url=http://www.italgiure.giustizia.it/nir/1980/lexs_88887.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104111953/http://www.italgiure.giustizia.it/nir/1980/lexs_88887.html |archive-date=4 November 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Decreto Presidente Repubblica 11 luglio 1980, n. 382 |url=http://www.edscuola.it/archivio/norme/decreti/dpr382_80.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929114656/http://www.edscuola.it/archivio/norme/decreti/dpr382_80.html |archive-date=29 September 2016 |access-date=2 February 2012 |website=www.edscuola.it}}</ref> referring to the reform of academic teaching, training and experimentation in organisation and teaching methods.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Law of 21 February 1980, No. 28 |url=http://www.italgiure.giustizia.it/nir/1980/lexs_88887.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104111953/http://www.italgiure.giustizia.it/nir/1980/lexs_88887.html |archive-date=4 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Decreto Presidente Repubblica 11 luglio 1980, n. 382 |url=http://www.edscuola.it/archivio/norme/decreti/dpr382_80.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929114656/http://www.edscuola.it/archivio/norme/decreti/dpr382_80.html |archive-date=29 September 2016 |access-date=2 February 2012 |website=edscuola.it}}</ref>

The [[Superior Graduate Schools in Italy]]<ref name="ricercaitaliana.it">{{Cite web |title=ResearchItaly, Pagina di transizione |url=http://www.ricercaitaliana.it/scuole_eccellenza.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307083252/http://www.ricercaitaliana.it/scuole_eccellenza.htm |archive-date=7 March 2013 |access-date=2 February 2012 |website=ricercaitaliana.it}}</ref> (''{{lang|it|Scuola Superiore Universitaria}}''),<ref name="bompard2000">{{Cite web |last=Bompard |first=Paul |date=18 February 2000 |title=Italy's big six form network for elite |url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=150222&sectioncode=26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923152548/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=150222&sectioncode=26 |archive-date=23 September 2012 |access-date=2 February 2012 |website=Times Higher Education}}</ref> also called ''Schools of Excellence'' (''{{lang|it|Scuole di Eccellenza}}'')<ref name="ricercaitaliana.it" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scuole, Scuole di Eccellenza |url=http://scuoledieccellenza.it/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130071944/http://scuoledieccellenza.it/ |archive-date=30 November 2020 |access-date=2 February 2012 |website=scuoledieccellenza.it}}</ref> such as [[Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa]] and [[Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies]] still keep their reputed historical ''"Diploma di Perfezionamento"'' PhD title by [[law]]<ref name="sns.it" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Article 3 of the Law of 14 February 1987, No.41 | L. 14 febbraio 1987, n. 41 Istituzione della Scuola superiore di studi universitari e di perfezionamento S. Anna di Pisa |url=http://www.sssup.it/UploadDocs/7768_Legge_istitutiva_SSSA.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214031210/http://www.sssup.it/UploadDocs/7768_Legge_istitutiva_SSSA.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2012 |access-date=2 February 2012}}</ref> and [[MIUR]] Decree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SITO IN MANUTENZIONE |url=https://www.istruzione.it/avviso_agli_utenti/non_valido.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123611/http://hubmiur.pubblica.istruzione.it/alfresco/d/d/workspace/SpacesStore/1964531c-595a-4c29-906b-978f7b0120c0/servizio_statistico_immatricolazioni2011_2012.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=www.istruzione.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Università in Italia, Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR) |url=http://guidalaureebiennali.miur.it/pdf/2008/05_Universita.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107000344/http://guidalaureebiennali.miur.it/pdf/2008/05_Universita.pdf |archive-date=7 January 2017 |access-date=2 February 2012}}</ref>

==== Admission ====
Doctorate courses are open, without age or citizenship limits, to all those who already hold a "[[Laurea|laurea magistrale]]" (master degree) or similar academic title awarded abroad which has been recognised as equivalent to an Italian degree by the Committee responsible for the entrance examinations.

The number of places on offer each year and details of the entrance examinations are set out in the examination announcement.

=== Poland ===
In Poland, a doctoral degree ([[Polish language|Pol.]] ''doktor''), abbreviated to PhD (Pol. ''dr'') is an advanced academic degree awarded by universities in most fields and by the [[Polish Academy of Sciences]], regulated by the [[Polish parliament]] acts and the government orders, in particular by the [[Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland]]. Students with a master's degree or equivalent are accepted to a doctoral entrance exam. The title of PhD is awarded to a scientist who has completed a minimum of three years of PhD studies (Pol. ''studia doktoranckie''; not required to obtain PhD), finished a theoretical or laboratory scientific work, passed all PhD examinations; submitted the [[Thesis (academic document)|dissertation]], a document presenting the author's research and findings,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Master A |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00623298/file/PEER_stage2_10.1016%252Fj.bbadis.2010.07.025.pdf |title=Untranslated regions of thyroid hormone receptor beta 1 mRNA are impaired in human clear cell renal cell carcinoma |year=2010 |volume=1802 |pages=995–1005 |doi=10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.07.025 |pmid=20691260 |display-authors=etal |access-date=27 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827113200/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00623298/file/PEER_stage2_10.1016%25252Fj.bbadis.2010.07.025.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2019 |url-status=live |doi-access=free |issue=11 |journal=Biochim Biophys Acta}}</ref> and successfully defended the doctoral thesis. Typically, upon completion, the candidate undergoes an oral examination, always public, by a supervisory committee with expertise in the given discipline.

=== Scandinavia ===
The doctorate was introduced in Sweden in 1477 and in [[Denmark–Norway]] in 1479 and awarded in theology, law, and medicine, while the [[Magister (degree)|magister's degree]] was the highest degree at the Faculty of Philosophy, equivalent to the doctorate.

Scandinavian countries were among the early adopters of a degree known as a doctorate of philosophy, based upon the German model. Denmark and Norway both introduced the Dr. Phil(os). degree in 1824, replacing the Magister's degree as the highest degree, while [[Uppsala University]] of Sweden renamed its Magister's degree ''Filosofie Doktor'' (fil. dr) in 1863. These degrees, however, became comparable to the German [[Habilitation]] rather than the doctorate, as Scandinavian countries did not have a separate Habilitation.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dommasnes |first1=Liv Helga |title=Excavating women: a history of women in European archaeology |last2=Else Johansen Kleppe |last3=Gro Mandt |last4=Jenny-Rita Næss |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-415-15760-5 |editor-last=Margarita Díaz-Andreu García and Marie Louise Stig Sørensen |location=London |chapter=Women archeologists in retrospect, The Norwegian case |quote=... a Dr. philos. degree, which is the highest academic degree in Norway, roughly equivalent to the German Doktor Habilitation. Traditionally, this degree, which was considered a prerequisite for obtaining top positions within academia, was earned rather late in life, often after one had passed 50 years of age.}}</ref>

The degrees were uncommon and not a prerequisite for employment as a professor; rather, they were seen as distinctions similar to the British (higher) doctorates ([[DLitt]], [[DSc]]). Denmark introduced an American-style PhD, the ph.d., in 1989; it formally replaced the [[Licentiate (degree)|Licentiate]]'s degree and is considered a lower degree than the dr. phil. degree; officially, the ph.d. is not considered a doctorate, but unofficially, it is referred to as "the smaller doctorate", as opposed to the dr. phil., "the grand doctorate." Holders of a ph.d. degree are not entitled to style themselves as "Dr."<ref name="cfa">{{Cite web |last=Vestergaard |first=Elisabeth |year=2006 |title=Den danske forskeruddannelse. Rapporter, evalueringer og anbefalinger 1992–2006 |url=http://www.cfa.au.dk/fileadmin/site_files/filer_forskningsanalyse/dokumenter/Notater/Notat_2006_3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719120623/http://www.cfa.au.dk/fileadmin/site_files/filer_forskningsanalyse/dokumenter/Notater/Notat_2006_3.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2011 |quote=Aarhus: Dansk Center for Forskningsanalyse}}</ref> Currently Denmark distinctions between the dr. phil. as the proper doctorate and a higher degree than the ph.d., whereas in Norway, the historically analogous dr. philos. degree is officially regarded as equivalent to the new ph.d. Today, the Norwegian PhD degree is awarded to candidates who have completed a supervised doctoral programme at an institution,<ref name="Lovdata AHO">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2011 |title=Forskrift for graden philosophiae doctor (ph.d.) ved Arkitektur- og designhøgskolen i Oslo (AHO) |url=https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2016-10-26-1442?q=ph.d. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507011733/https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2016-10-26-1442?q=ph.d. |archive-date=7 May 2019 |access-date=23 October 2018 |website=Lovdata}}</ref> while candidates with a master's degree who have conducted research on their own may submit their work for a Dr. Philos. defence at a relevant institution.<ref name="Lovdata UiO">{{Cite web |date=19 August 2011 |title=Forskrift for graden doctor philosophiae (dr.philos.) ved Universitetet i Oslo |url=https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2011-01-05-841?q=doctor%20philosophiae |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507011733/https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2011-01-05-841?q=doctor%20philosophiae |archive-date=7 May 2019 |access-date=23 October 2018 |website=Lovdata |language=no}}</ref> PhD candidates must complete one trial lecture before they can defend their thesis,<ref name="Lovdata AHO" /> whereas Dr. Philos. candidates must complete two trial lectures.<ref name="Lovdata UiO" />

In Sweden, the doctorate of philosophy was introduced at [[Uppsala University]]'s Faculty of Philosophy in 1863. In Sweden, the Latin term is officially translated into Swedish ''filosofie doktor'' and commonly abbreviated fil. dr or FD. The degree represents the traditional Faculty of Philosophy and encompasses subjects from biology, physics, and chemistry, to languages, history, and social sciences, being the highest degree in these disciplines. Sweden currently has two research-level degrees, the Licentiate's degree, which is comparable to the Danish degree formerly known as the Licentiate's degree and now as the ph.d., and the higher doctorate of philosophy, ''Filosofie Doktor''. Some universities in Sweden also use the term ''teknologie doktor'' for doctorates awarded by institutes of technology (for doctorates in engineering or natural science related subjects such as materials science, molecular biology, computer science etc.). The Swedish term fil. dr is often also used as a translation of corresponding degrees from e.g. Denmark and Norway.

=== Singapore ===
[[Singapore]] has six universities offering doctoral study opportunities: [[National University of Singapore]], [[Nanyang Technological University]], [[Singapore Management University]], [[Singapore Institute of Technology]], [[Singapore University of Technology and Design]], and [[Singapore University of Social Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mather-L'Huillier |first=Nathalie |title=Why do your PhD in Singapore? |url=https://www.findaphd.com/study-abroad/asia/phd-study-in-singapore.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313031441/https://www.findaphd.com/study-abroad/asia/phd-study-in-singapore.aspx |archive-date=13 March 2018 |access-date=13 March 2018 |website=FindAPhD}}</ref>

=== South Africa ===
The first doctoral degree in South Africa was issued in 1899 by the University of the Cape of Good Hope (now [[University of South Africa]] or [[University of South Africa|UNISA]]) and the first PhDs were conferred in the 1920s by the [[University of Cape Town]] and the [[University of the Witwatersrand]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Herman |first=Chaya |date=2015 |title=Looking back at doctoral education in South Africa |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/50511/1/Herman_Looking_2015.pdf |access-date=October 9, 2024 |website=University of Pretoria}}</ref> Owing to the influence of British colonialism, South African higher education bears profound similarities to the modern UK universities system. South Africa boasts twenty-six state universities, all of which offer doctoral degrees. Presently, only two private institutions offer accredited PhDs, including the [[South African Theological Seminary]] and [[St Augustine College of South Africa|St. Augustine College of South Africa]]. Typically, South African colleges and universities abbreviate Doctor of Philosophy with either PhD or DPhil.

==== Admission ====
South African PhD programs require both a four-year [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] and a relevant [[Postgraduate education|graduate degree]]. Certain PhD programs require preexisting knowledge of research languages or field experience. Some programs require applicants undergo an interview or provide references, a [[curriculum vitae]], and letters of recommendation. Typically, PhD applicants must furnish a provisional [[research proposal]] which discloses the basic trajectory of their area of interest. English competency is a universal requirement.

==== Structure and duration ====
Akin to PhD programs in the UK and in the Netherlands, South African PhD programs consist of a research [[thesis]] or [[dissertation]] produced under the supervision of a [[subject-matter expert]]. South African PhD programs are designed to result in a substantial piece of scholarship that has undergone critical evaluation through [[peer review]]. Unlike PhD programs in many other African countries or the US, South African PhD programs rarely involve coursework and are undertaken through rigorous and semi-independent research. Most South African PhD programs are designed to be completed within three to six years.

=== Spain ===
In Spain, doctoral degrees are regulated by ''Real Decreto'' (Royal Decree in Spanish) 99/2011 from the 2014/2015 academic year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BOE.es – Documento BOE-A-2011-2541 |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2011-2541 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706064604/https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2011-2541 |archive-date=6 July 2020 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=www.boe.es| pages=13909–13926 }}</ref> They are granted by a university on behalf of the King, and its diploma has the force of a public document. The Ministry of Science keeps a National Registry of Theses called TESEO.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teseo |url=https://www.educacion.gob.es/teseo/listarBusqueda.do |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121218020750/https://www.educacion.gob.es/teseo/listarBusqueda.do |archive-date=2012-12-18 |website=educacion.gob.es}}</ref>

All doctoral programs are of a research nature. The studies should include original results and can take a maximum of three years, although this period can be extended under certain circumstances to 5 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artículo 3.2 del Real Decreto 99/2011, de 28 de enero, por el que se regulan las enseñanzas oficiales de doctorado |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2011-2541#a3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705151959/https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2011-2541#a3 |archive-date=5 July 2018 |access-date=2018-07-04 |publisher=BOE.es}}</ref>

The student must write their thesis presenting a new discovery or original contribution to science. If approved by her or his "thesis director (or directors)", the study will be presented to a panel of 3–5 distinguished scholars. Any doctor attending the public presentations is allowed to challenge the candidate with questions on their research. If approved, they will receive the doctorate. Four marks can be granted: Unsatisfactory, Pass, Satisfactory, and Excellent. "Cum laude" (with all honours, in Latin) denomination can be added to the Excellent ones if all five members of the tribunal agree.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artículo 14 del Real Decreto 99/2011, de 28 de enero, por el que se regulan las enseñanzas oficiales de doctorado |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2011-2541#a14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705151959/https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2011-2541#a14 |archive-date=5 July 2018 |access-date=2018-07-04 |publisher=BOE.es}}</ref>

The social standing of doctors in Spain was evidenced by the fact that [[Philip III of Spain|Philip III]] let PhD holders to take seat and cover their heads during an act in the University of Salamanca in which the King took part so as to recognise their merits. This right to cover their heads in the presence of the King is traditionally reserved in Spain to [[Grandees]] and [[Duke]]s. The concession is remembered in solemn ceremonies held by the university by telling Doctors to take seat and cover their heads as a reminder of that royal leave.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raíces de las normas y tradiciones del protocolo y ceremonial universitario actual: las universidades del Antiguo Régimen y los actos de colación. Protocolo y Etiqueta | date=26 October 2007 |url=http://www.protocolo.org/gest_web/proto_Seccion.pl?rfID=459&arefid=2871&pag=8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304102729/http://www.protocolo.org/gest_web/proto_Seccion.pl?rfID=459&arefid=2871&pag=8 |archive-date=4 March 2008 |access-date=2010-04-28 |publisher=Protocolo.org |language=es}}</ref>

All Doctor Degree holders are reciprocally recognized as equivalent in Germany and Spain ("Bonn Agreement of November 14, 1994").<ref>{{Cite web |date=1995-05-24 |title=Boletín Oficial del Estado. Texto del Documento |pages=15188–15189 |url=http://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1995-12243 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126143419/http://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1995-12243 |archive-date=26 January 2016 |access-date=2015-11-11 |publisher=Boe.es}}</ref>

=== Ukraine ===
In Ukraine, starting in 2016,<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2016 |title=Урядовий портал – найновіші надходження документів КМУ |url=http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/ua/cardnpd?docid=248945529 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917233058/http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/ua/cardnpd?docid=248945529 |archive-date=17 September 2016}}</ref> in Ukraine Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, {{langx|uk|Доктор філософії}}) is the highest education level and the first science degree. PhD is awarded in recognition of a substantial contribution to scientific knowledge, origination of new directions and visions in science. A PhD degree is a prerequisite for heading a university department in Ukraine. Upon completion of a PhD, a PhD holder can elect to continue their studies and get a post-doctoral degree called "Doctor of Sciences" (DSc. {{langx|uk|Доктор наук}}), which is the second and the highest science degree in Ukraine.

=== United Kingdom ===
{{See also|Doctorate#United Kingdom|l1=Doctorates in the United Kingdom|Education in the United Kingdom}}
==== Admission ====
In the United Kingdom, universities admit applicants to PhD programs on a case-by-case basis; depending on the university, admission is typically conditional on the prospective student having completed an undergraduate degree with at least upper second-class honours or a postgraduate master's degree but requirements can vary even within institutions. For example, the [[University of Edinburgh]] requires a minimum of a 2:1 honours degree (or international equivalent) for a PhD in clinical psychology,<ref>[https://www.ed.ac.uk/health/subject-areas/clinical-psychology/postgraduate-research/phd-msc-research/entry ''Entry requirements for the PhD/MSc by Research in Clinical Psychology'']. [[University of Edinburgh School of Health in Social Science]].</ref> while its [[University of Edinburgh Business School|business school]] requires a master's degree with an average of 65% in the taught components and a distinction-level dissertation.<ref>[https://www.business-school.ed.ac.uk/phd/entry-requirements ''PhD Entry Requirements'']. [[University of Edinburgh Business School]].</ref>

For students who are not from English-speaking countries, [[UK Visas and Immigration]] requires universities to assess English proficiency. Many do this using [[IELTS]] tests, although the requirements may vary depending on the institution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://takeielts.britishcouncil.org/take-ielts/which-ielts-test/ukvi|title= Looking to work or study in the UK?|website=[[British Council]]|access-date=3 October 2023}}</ref><ref>[https://www.ucas.com/undergraduate/applying-university/international-and-eu-students/applying-university-international-student/what-level-english-do-i-need-get-uk-university "What level of English do I need to get into a UK university?"]. [[UCAS]].</ref><ref>[https://www.ukuni.net/articles/ielts-requirements-applying-uk-university IELTS requirements for applying to a UK university].</ref> 143 UK universities require applicants to undergo IELTS before admission,<ref>[https://www.ukuni.net/index.php/universities Universities in the UK requiring IELTS]. ukuni.net website.</ref> with minimum acceptable scores ranging from 4 to 6.5 and above. However, some universities are willing to accept students without IELTS.<ref>Cassandra Evangeline Benjamin. (20 Sep 2023). [https://edvoy.com/articles/is-it-possible-to-study-in-the-uk-without-ielts/ Is it possible to study in UK without IELTS?].</ref>

Students are first accepted onto an [[MPhil]] or [[MRes]] programme and may transfer to PhD regulations upon satisfactory progress, this is sometimes referred to as APG (Advanced Postgraduate) status. This is typically done after one or two years and the research work done may count towards the PhD degree. If a student fails to make satisfactory progress, they may be offered the opportunity to write up and submit for an MPhil degree, e.g. at [[King's College London]] and the [[University of Manchester]]. In many universities, the MPhil is also offered as a stand-alone research degree.

PhD students from outside the EU/EEA or other exempt countries are required to comply with the [[Academic Technology Approval Scheme]] (ATAS), which involves undergoing a security clearance process with the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|Foreign Office]] for courses in sensitive areas where research could be used for weapons development.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Academic Technology Approval Scheme (ATAS) |url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/academic-technology-approval-scheme |website=Gov.UK|access-date=3 October 2023|date=4 July 2023}}</ref> This requirement was introduced in 2007 due to concerns about overseas terrorism and weapons proliferation.<ref name="bbcatas">{{Cite web |date=12 March 2007 |title=Postgrad checks worry scientists |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/6441263.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217153348/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/6441263.stm |archive-date=17 December 2008 |access-date=16 September 2008 |website=BBC News}}</ref>

==== Funding ====
In the United Kingdom, funding for PhD students is sometimes provided by government-funded [[UK Research Councils|Research Councils]] (UK Research and Innovation – UKRI) or the [[European Social Fund]], usually in the form of a [[Income tax|tax-free]] [[bursary]] which consists of [[tuition fees]] together with a [[stipend]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Funding for research training |url=https://www.ukri.org/skills/funding-for-research-training/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921001409/https://www.ukri.org/skills/funding-for-research-training/ |archive-date=21 September 2020 |access-date=13 September 2020 |publisher=UK Research and Innovation}}</ref> Tuition fees are charged at different rates for "Home/EU" and "Overseas" students, generally £3,000–£6,000 per year for the former and £9,000–14,500 for the latter (which includes EU citizens who have not been normally resident in the [[European Economic Area|EEA]] for the last three years), although this can rise to over £16,000 at elite institutions. Higher fees are often charged for laboratory-based degrees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Postgraduate fees in the UK |url=https://www.postgrad.com/fees_and_funding/fees/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213173726/https://www.postgrad.com/fees_and_funding/fees/ |archive-date=13 December 2016 |access-date=12 April 2017 |website=Postgrad.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What is a PhD? |url=https://www.prospects.ac.uk/postgraduate-study/phd-study/what-is-a-phd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006014106/https://www.prospects.ac.uk/postgraduate-study/phd-study/what-is-a-phd |archive-date=6 October 2016 |access-date=12 April 2017 |website=Prospects |publisher=Graduate Prospects Ltd |at=How much does it cost?}}</ref> {{As of|2022/23}}, the national indicative fee for PhD students is £4,596, increasing annually, typically with inflation; there is no regulation of the fees charged by institutions, but if they charge a higher fee they may not require Research Council funded students to make up any difference themselves.<ref name="Funding for research training">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ukri.org/apply-for-funding/studentships-and-doctoral-training/get-a-studentship-to-fund-your-doctorate/|title=Get a studentship to fund your doctorate|website=www.ukri.org}}</ref>

{{As of|2022/23}}, the national minimum stipend for UKRI-funded students is £16,062 per year, increasing annually typically with inflation.<ref name="Funding for research training"/> The period of funding for a PhD project is between three and four years, depending on the research council and the decisions of individual institutions,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2016 |title=STFC TRAINING GRANTS (TGs) – ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQs) |url=https://stfc.ukri.org/files/tg-frequently-asked-questions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024065557/https://stfc.ukri.org/files/tg-frequently-asked-questions/ |archive-date=24 October 2020 |access-date=13 September 2020 |publisher=STFC |format=PDF}}</ref> with extensions in funding of up to twelve months available to offset periods of absence for maternity leave, shared
parental leave, adoption leave, absences covered by a medical certificate, and extended
jury service.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2020 |title=Terms and conditions of training grants |url=https://www.ukri.org/files/funding/ukri-training-grant-terms-and-conditions-pdf/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024143757/https://www.ukri.org/files/funding/ukri-training-grant-terms-and-conditions-pdf/ |archive-date=24 October 2020 |access-date=13 September 2020}}</ref> PhD work beyond this may be unfunded or funded from other sources. A very small number of scientific studentships are sometimes paid at a higher rate – for example, in London, Cancer Research UK, the ICR and the Wellcome Trust stipend rates start at around £19,000 and progress annually to around £23,000 a year; an amount that is tax and national insurance free. Research Council funding is distributed to Doctoral Training Partnerships and Centres for Doctoral Training, who are responsible for student selection, within the eligibility guidelines established by the Research Councils.<ref name=":0" /> The ESRC (Economic and Social Science Research Council), for example, explicitly state that a 2.1 minimum (or a master's degree) is required.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prospective students |url=https://esrc.ukri.org/skills-and-careers/doctoral-training/prospective-students/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809014052/https://esrc.ukri.org/skills-and-careers/doctoral-training/prospective-students/ |archive-date=9 August 2020 |access-date=13 September 2020 |at=Academic conditions}}</ref>

Many students who are not in receipt of external funding may choose to undertake the degree part-time, thus reducing the tuition fees. The tuition fee per annum for part-time PhD degrees are typically 50–60% of the equivalent full-time doctorate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-19 |title=Part Time PhD Guide – Fees, Durations, Benefits & Challenges |url=https://www.discoverphds.com/blog/part-time-phds |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109184218/https://www.discoverphds.com/advice/doctorates/part-time-phds |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-20 |website=DiscoverPhDs}}</ref> However, since the duration of a part-time PhD degree is longer than a full-time degree, the overall cost may be the same or higher.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-09 |title=Check Out UCAS Advice On Postgrad Fees And Funding... |url=https://www.ucas.com/postgraduate/postgraduate-fees-and-funding |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606141727/https://www.ucas.com/postgraduate/postgraduate-fees-and-funding |archive-date=6 June 2020 |access-date=2020-05-20 |website=UCAS}}</ref> The part-time PhD degree option provides free time in which to earn money for subsistence. Students may also take part in tutoring, work as research assistants, or (occasionally) deliver lectures, at a rate of typically £12–14 per hour, either to supplement existing low income or as a sole means of funding.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bray |first1=M. |title=Demand for private supplementary tutoring: Conceptual considerations, and socio-economic patterns in Hong Kong |last2=Kwok |first2=P. |year=2003 |volume=22 |pages=611–620 |doi=10.1016/S0272-7757(03)00032-3 |issue=6 |journal=Economics of Education Review}}</ref>

==== Completion ====
[[File:Ph.D. gown, Cambridge University.jpg|thumb|A PhD gown at the [[University of Cambridge]]. Reflecting the status of the PhD as a lower doctorate, it uses a black Master's gown with scarlet facings rather than the scarlet Doctor's gown of the higher doctorates at Cambridge.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.4148/2475-7799.1110 |last=Groves|first=Nicholas|title=The Academic Robes of Graduates of the University of Cambridge The Academic Robes of Graduates of the University of Cambridge from the End of the Eighteenth Century to the Present Day from the End of the Eighteenth Century to the Present Day |journal=Transactions of the Burgon Society|volume=13|year=2014}}</ref>]]
There is usually a preliminary assessment to remain in the program and the thesis is submitted at the end of a three- to four-year program. These periods are usually extended ''[[pro rata]]'' for part-time students. With special dispensation, the final date for the thesis can be extended for up to four additional years, for a total of seven, but this is rare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The PhD is in need of revision |url=http://www.universityaffairs.ca/the-phd-is-in-need-of-revision.aspx#latest_data |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731002541/http://www.universityaffairs.ca/the-phd-is-in-need-of-revision.aspx#latest_data |archive-date=31 July 2013 |access-date=5 June 2013 |website=UniversityAffairs.ca}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=Data is for Canada, not the UK|date=September 2020}} For full-time PhDs, a four-year time limit has now been fixed and students must apply for an extension to submit a thesis past this point. Since the early 1990s, British funding councils have adopted a policy of penalising departments where large proportions of students fail to submit their theses in four years after achieving PhD-student status (or pro rata equivalent) by reducing the number of funded places in subsequent years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESRC Society Today |url=http://www.esrcsocietytoday.ac.uk/ESRCInfoCentre/Images/res_grant_linked_studentships_tcm6-12550.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029194816/http://www.esrcsocietytoday.ac.uk/ESRCInfoCentre/Images/res_grant_linked_studentships_tcm6-12550.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2008 |access-date=2010-04-28 |publisher=ESRC Society Today}}</ref> Inadvertently, this leads to significant pressure on the candidate to minimise the scope of projects with a view on thesis submission, regardless of quality, and discourage time spent on activities that would otherwise further the impact of the research on the community (e.g., publications in high-impact journals, seminars, workshops). Furthermore, supervising staff are encouraged in their career progression to ensure that the PhD students under their supervision finalise the projects in three rather than the four years that the program is permitted to cover. These issues contribute to an overall discrepancy between supervisors and PhD candidates in the priority they assign to the quality and impact of the research contained in a PhD project, the former favouring quick PhD projects over several students and the latter favouring a larger scope for their own ambitious project, training, and impact.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

There has recently been an increase in the number of Integrated PhD programs available, such as at the University of Southampton. These courses include a Master of Research (MRes) in the first year, which consists of a taught component as well as laboratory rotation projects. The PhD must then be completed within the next three years. As this includes the MRes all deadlines and timeframes are brought forward to encourage completion of both MRes and PhD within four years from commencement. These programs are designed to provide students with a greater range of skills than a standard PhD, and for the university, they are a means of gaining an extra years' fees from public sources.

==== Other doctorates ====
Some UK universities (e.g. Oxford) abbreviate their Doctor of Philosophy degree as "DPhil", while most use the abbreviation "PhD"; but these are stylistic conventions, and the degrees are in all other respects equivalent.

In the United Kingdom, PhD degrees are distinct from other doctorates, most notably the [[higher doctorate]]s such as [[Doctor of Letters|DLitt]] (Doctor of Letters) or [[Doctor of Science|DSc]] (Doctor of Science), which may be granted on the recommendation of a committee of examiners on the basis of a substantial portfolio of submitted (and usually published) research. However, some UK universities still maintain the option of submitting a thesis for the award of a higher doctorate.

Recent years have seen the introduction of professional doctorates, which are the same level as PhDs but more specific in their field.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professional Doctorate |url=http://www.professionaldoctorates.com/explained.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528152539/http://www.professionaldoctorates.com/explained.asp |archive-date=28 May 2010 |access-date=2010-04-28}}</ref> Most tend not to be solely academic, but combine academic research, a taught component or a professional qualification. These are most notably in the fields of engineering ([[Engineering Doctorate|EngD]]), educational psychology (DEdPsych), occupational psychology (DOccPsych), clinical psychology (DClinPsych), health psychology (DHealthPsy), social work (DSW), nursing (DNP), public administration (DPA), business administration ([[Doctor of Business Administration|DBA]]), and music ([[Doctor of Musical Arts|DMA]]). A more generic degree also used is [[Doctor of Professional Studies|DProf or ProfD]]. These typically have a more formal taught component consisting of smaller research projects, as well as a 40,000–60,000-word thesis component, which together are officially considered equivalent to a PhD degree.

=== United States ===
{{Main|Graduate science education in the United States}}
{{Further|Doctorate#United States}}
In the United States, the PhD degree is the [[terminal degree|highest academic degree]] awarded by universities in most fields of study. There are more than 282 universities in the United States that award the PhD degree, and those universities vary widely in their criteria for admission, as well as the rigor of their academic programs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Listing of Research I Universities |url=http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/classifications/index.asp?key=63&search_flag=true&ref=783&start=783&BASIC2005=15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904034342/http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/classifications/index.asp?key=63&search_flag=true&ref=783&start=783&BASIC2005=15 |archive-date=4 September 2009 |access-date=26 January 2008 |website=[[Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching]] |quote=282 is the sum of all three categories of doctoral universities. Since some primarily undergraduate institutions also award the PhD, the number is greater than 282}}</ref>

==== Requirements ====
Typically, PhD programs require applicants to have a bachelor's degree in a relevant field, and, in many cases in the humanities, a master's degree, reasonably high grades, several letters of recommendation, relevant academic coursework, a cogent statement of interest in the field of study, and satisfactory performance on a graduate-level exam specified by the respective program (e.g., [[Graduate Record Exam|GRE]], [[Graduate Management Admission Test|GMAT]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-12-15 |title=Wharton Doctoral Programs: Application Requirements |url=http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/doctoral/admissions/apply/requirements.cfm#scores |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413174951/http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/doctoral/admissions/apply/requirements.cfm#scores |archive-date=13 April 2010 |access-date=2010-04-28 |publisher=Wharton.upenn.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Doctoral admissions |url=http://www2.gsb.columbia.edu/doctoral/admissions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019065016/http://www2.gsb.columbia.edu/doctoral/admissions |archive-date=19 October 2007 |website=Columbia University in the City of New York}}</ref>

==== Duration, age structure, statistics ====
Depending on the specific field of study, completion of a PhD program usually takes four to eight years of study after the [[bachelor's degree]]; those students who begin a PhD program with a master's degree may complete their PhD degree a year or two sooner.<ref name="usdoe">{{Cite news |date=2006-06-18 |title=Research Doctorate Programmes |publisher=US Department of Education |url=http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/edlite-research-doctorate.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303214708/http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/edlite-research-doctorate.html |archive-date=2007-03-03}}</ref> As PhD programs typically lack the formal structure of undergraduate education, there are significant individual differences in the time taken to complete the degree. Overall, 57% of students who begin a PhD program in the US will complete their degree within ten years, approximately 30% will drop out or be dismissed, and the remaining 13% of students will continue on past ten years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In humanities, ten years may not be enough to get a Ph.D. |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/in-humanities-10-years-may-not-be-enough-to-get-a-ph-d/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023010906/https://www.chronicle.com/article/in-humanities-10-years-may-not-be-enough-to-get-a-ph-d/ |archive-date=23 October 2020 |access-date=14 September 2020 |website=The Chronicle of Higher Education|date=27 July 2007 }}</ref>

The median age of PhD recipients in the US is 32 years. While many candidates are awarded their degree in their 20s, 6% of PhD recipients in the US are older than 45 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dance |first=Amber |title=Career change: It's never too late to switch |date=October 2017 |volume=550 |pages=289–291 |language=en |doi=10.1038/nj7675-289a |issue=7675 |journal=Nature|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The '''number of PhD diplomas''' awarded by US universities has risen nearly every year since 1957, according to data compiled by the US National Science Foundation. In 1957, US universities awarded 8,611 PhD diplomas; 20,403 in 1967; 31,716 in 1977; 32,365 in 1987; 42,538 in 1997; 48,133 in 2007,<ref>National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics. 2014. ''Doctoral Recipients from U.S. Universities, 2012. Survey of Earned Doctorates''. Washington, DC: National Science Foundation</ref> and 55,006 in 2015.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=PHD programmes: Doctorate deluge |year=2017 |volume=547 |pages=483 |doi=10.1038/nj7664-483b |doi-access=free |issue=7664 |journal=Nature}}</ref>

==== Funding ====
PhD students at US universities typically receive a tuition waiver and some form of annual stipend.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} Many US PhD students work as [[teaching assistant]]s or [[research assistant]]s. Graduate schools increasingly{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} encourage their students to seek outside funding; many are supported by fellowships they obtain for themselves or by their advisers' research grants from government agencies such as the [[National Science Foundation]] and the [[National Institutes of Health]]. Many [[Ivy League]] and other well-endowed universities provide funding for the entire duration of the degree program (if it is short) or for most of it,{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} especially in the forms of tuition waivers/stipends.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PhD Funding Opportunities |url=https://publichealth.yale.edu/admissions/programs/phd/funding.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407154948/http://publichealth.yale.edu/admissions/programs/phd/funding.aspx |archive-date=7 April 2018 |access-date=9 August 2018 |website=Yale (Public Health |publisher=Yale}}</ref>

=== USSR, Russian Federation and former Soviet Republics ===
==== Candidate of Science degree awarded by the State Higher Attestation Commission ====
In Russia, the degree of [[Candidate of Sciences]] ({{langx|ru|кандидат наук}}, Kandidat Nauk) was the first advanced research qualification in the former USSR (it was introduced there in 1934) and some [[Eastern Bloc]] countries ([[Czechoslovakia]], [[Hungary]]) and is still awarded in some post-Soviet states (Russian Federation, Belarus, and others). According to "Guidelines for the recognition of Russian qualifications in the other European countries,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Education in Russia for foreign citizens: Recognition and equivalence of documents of education and scientific degrees |url=http://en.russia.edu.ru/edu/inostr/prizn/900.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706064615/http://en.russia.edu.ru/edu/inostr/prizn/900.php |archive-date=6 July 2020 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=en.russia.edu.ru}}</ref>" in countries with a two-tier system of doctoral degrees (like Russian Federation, some post-Soviet states, Germany, Poland, Austria and Switzerland), should be considered for recognition at the level of the first doctoral degree, and in countries with only one doctoral degree, the degree of Candidate of Sciences should be considered for recognition as equivalent to this PhD degree.

Since most education systems only have one advanced research qualification granting doctoral degrees or equivalent qualifications (ISCED 2011,<ref name="par270">{{Cite web |title=International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011 |url=http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=211619&set=4F3F2872_2_352&database=gctd&gp=0&lin=1&ll=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210050348/http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=211619&set=4F3F2872_2_352&database=gctd&gp=0&lin=1&ll=1 |archive-date=10 February 2016 |access-date=18 February 2012}}</ref> par.270), the degree of Candidate of Sciences (Kandidat Nauk) of the former USSR countries is usually considered to be at the same level as the doctorate or PhD degrees of those countries.<ref name="IIEP2011">{{Cite Conference|last1=Varghese, N. V. |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0019/001915/191585e.pdf |title=UNESCO-IIEP |last2=Püttmann, V. |publisher=UNESCO-IIEP |year=2011 |location=Paris |pages=11–12 |type=IIEP research papers |access-date=27 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101144001/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0019/001915/191585e.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2013 |url-status=live |work=Trends in Diversification of Post-secondary Education}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Conference|url=http://www.unesco.org/education/pdf/24_245.pdf |title=The Doctorate in the Europe Region |work=CEPES Studies in Higher Education |publisher=UNESCO, CEPES |year=1994 |isbn=92-9069-133-6 |editor-last=Kouptsov, O. |location=Bucharest |page=199 |access-date=27 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915103524/http://www.unesco.org/education/pdf/24_245.pdf |archive-date=15 September 2012 |url-status=live}},</ref>

According to the Joint Statement by the Permanent Conference of the Ministers for Education and Cultural Affairs of the Länder of the Federal Republic of Germany ([[Kultusministerkonferenz]], KMK), [[German Rectors' Conference]] (HRK) and the [[Ministry of Education and Science (Russia)|Ministry of General and Professional Education of the Russian Federation]], the degree of Candidate of Sciences is recognised in Germany at the level of the [[#Germany|German degree of Doktor]] and the degree of [[Doktor Nauk]] at the level of German [[Habilitation]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hrk-bologna.de/de/download/dateien/HRK_Abkommen_Russland.pdf |title=Gemeinsame Erklärungzur gegenseitigen akademischen Anerkennungvon tudienzeiten und Abschlüssen im Hochschulbereichsowie von Urkunden über russische wissenschaftliche Gradeund deutsche akademische Qualifikationen zwischen HRK |year=1999 |access-date=27 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513213353/http://www.hrk-bologna.de/de/download/dateien/HRK_Abkommen_Russland.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=live |work=KMK und dem Ministerium für Allgemeine und Berufliche Bildungder Russischen Föderation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.russia.edu.ru/information/legal/law/inter/germ |title=Совместное заявление о взаимном академическом признании периодов обучения в высших учебных заведениях, документов о высшем образовании, российских ученых степенях и германских академических квалификациях |year=1999 |access-date=27 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304030800/http://www.russia.edu.ru/information/legal/law/inter/germ/ |archive-date=4 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Russian degree of Candidate of Sciences is also officially recognised by the Government of the [[French Republic]] as equivalent to [[#France|French doctorate]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-05-12 |title=Décret n° 2003-744 du 1er août 2003 portant publication de l'accord entre le Gouvernement de la République française et le Gouvernement de la Fédération de Russie – sur la reconnaissance mutuelle des documents sur les grades et titres universitaires, signé à Saint-Pétersbourg |url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000780537 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821122233/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000780537 |archive-date=21 August 2018 |access-date=27 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Соглашения об эквивалентности документов об образовании |url=http://www.russia.edu.ru/information/legal/law/inter/soglash/2538.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706104548/http://www.russia.edu.ru/information/legal/law/inter/soglash/2538.php |archive-date=6 July 2020 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=www.russia.edu.ru}}</ref>

According to the International Standard Classification of Education,<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=International Standard Classification of Education |url=http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=211619&set=4F3F2872_2_352&database=gctd&gp=0&lin=1&ll=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210050348/http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=211619&set=4F3F2872_2_352&database=gctd&gp=0&lin=1&ll=1 |archive-date=10 February 2016 |access-date=18 February 2012}}</ref> for purposes of international educational statistics, Candidate of Sciences belongs to ISCED level 8, or "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, DLitt, DSc, LLD, Doctorate, or similar. It is mentioned in the Russian version of ISCED 2011 (par.262) on the UNESCO website as an equivalent to PhD belonging to this level.<ref name="par270" /> In the same way as PhD degrees awarded in many English-speaking countries, Candidate of Sciences allows its holders to reach the level of the [[Docent]].<ref name="Luchuk">{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Лучук О. Коли ми діждемося Вашинґтона? Тоді ж і станем "докторами"! До питання про академічні посади, наукові ступені та вчені звання в українському та американському наукових дискурсах // Україна: культурна спадщина, національна свідомість, державність: Збірник наукових праць. Випуск 21. Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І.Крип'якевича НАН України |url=http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/soc_gum/Uks/2012_21/40LuchukO.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524231434/http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/soc_gum/Uks/2012_21/40LuchukO.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2013 |access-date=27 November 2012}}</ref> The second doctorate<ref name="IIEP2011" /> (or post-doctoral degree)<ref name="TechnopolisUA">{{Cite web |date=December 2010 |title=Study on the organisation of doctoral programmes in EU neighbouring countries |url=http://ec.europa.eu/education/external-relation-programmes/doc/doctoral/ukraine_en.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513134841/http://ec.europa.eu/education/external-relation-programmes/doc/doctoral/ukraine_en.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2013 |website=Technopolis Group, GHK. Ukraine}}</ref><ref name="TechnopolisRU">{{Cite web |date=December 2010 |title=Study on the organisation of doctoral programmes in EU neighbouring countries |url=http://ec.europa.eu/education/external-relation-programmes/doc/doctoral/russia_en.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513132634/http://ec.europa.eu/education/external-relation-programmes/doc/doctoral/russia_en.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref> in some [[post-Soviet states]] called [[Doctor of Sciences]] ({{langx|ru|доктор наук}}, [[Doktor Nauk]]) is given as an example of second advanced research qualifications or higher doctorates in ISCED 2011<ref name="par270" /> (par.270) and is similar to [[Habilitation]] in Germany, Poland and several other countries.<ref name="IIEP2011" /><ref name="TechnopolisRU" /> It constitutes a higher qualification compared to PhD as against the European Qualifications Framework (EQF)<ref>{{Cite web |author=European Commission |date=31 August 2018 |title=Development of skills |url=https://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/european-policy-cooperation/development-skills_en |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805091321/https://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/european-policy-cooperation/development-skills_en |archive-date=5 August 2020 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=Education and Training – European Commission}}</ref> or Dublin Descriptors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2004 |title=Shared Dublin Descriptors |url=http://www.tempus.ac.rs/here/tl_files/Dokumenti/Dublinski%20deskriptori.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102730/http://www.tempus.ac.rs/here/tl_files/Dokumenti/Dublinski%20deskriptori.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=10 June 2015 |website=www.tempus.ac.rs}}</ref><ref name="TechnopolisRU" />

About 88% of Russian students studying at state universities study at the expense of budget funds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Статистика Российского образования |url=http://stat.edu.ru/stat/tabl.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227090414/http://stat.edu.ru/stat/tabl.php |archive-date=27 December 2008 |access-date=21 May 2012 |website=stat.edu.ru}}</ref> The average stipend in Russia ({{as of|2011|August|lc=y}}) is $430 a year ($35/month).<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2011 |title=Стипендии на приоритетных специальностях составят от 2 до 4 тыс руб |trans-title=Scholarships for priority specialties will be from 2 to 4 thousand rubles |url=http://ria.ru/edu_news/20110804/411919327.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109224551/http://ria.ru/edu_news/20110804/411919327.html |archive-date=9 November 2013 |website=РИА Новости |language=ru}}</ref> The average tuition fee in graduate school is $2,000 per year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krut |first=Natalia |title=слово берет защита |trans-title=protection takes the floor |url=http://www.careerrussia.ru/detail_new.php?ID=5925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101115231/http://www.careerrussia.ru/detail_new.php?ID=5925 |archive-date=1 November 2012 |website=CareerRussia.ru}}</ref>

==== PhD degree awarded by university====
[[File:Spbu-phd-dimploma-sample-2013.jpg|thumb|PhD SPbSU certificate]]
On 19 June 2013, for the first time in the Russian Federation, defenses were held for the PhD degree awarded by universities, instead of the Candidate of Sciences degree awarded by the State Supreme Certification Commission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=N.V. Kuznetsov, P. Neittaanmäki, G.A. Leonov, Supervisors' manifest on the first PhD SPbSU (2013) |url=http://math.spbu.ru/user/nk/PDF/2013-First-PhD-SPbSU-Renat-Yuldashev-Supervisors.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126173800/https://math.spbu.ru/user/nk/PDF/2013-First-PhD-SPbSU-Renat-Yuldashev-Supervisors.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2020 |access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PhD SPbU – Saint Petersburg University |url=https://english.spbu.ru/news/135-phd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128204611/https://english.spbu.ru/news/135-phd |archive-date=28 January 2020 |access-date=28 January 2020 |website=english.spbu.ru}}</ref>
Renat Yuldashev, the graduate of the Department of Applied Cybernetics of the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of St. Petersburg State University, was the first to defend his thesis in field of mathematics according to new rules for the PhD SPbSU{{clarify |date=May 2024 |reason=What does 'SPbSU' refer to ?}} degree.<ref name="thesisRY-2013">{{Cite web |title=R. Yuldashev, Dissertation "Nonlinear Analysis and Synthesis of Phase-Locked Loops (supervisors: N. Kuznetsov, G. Leonov, P. Neittaanmäki), Saint-Petersburg State University Studies in Mathematics, Vol. 1, 2013 (PhD thesis) |url=http://apcyb.spbu.ru/wp-content/uploads/2013-Renat-Yuldashev-Firts-PhD-SPbU-Math-Studies-Vol-1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126173636/http://apcyb.spbu.ru/wp-content/uploads/2013-Renat-Yuldashev-Firts-PhD-SPbU-Math-Studies-Vol-1.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2020 |access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref>

For the defense procedure in the field of mathematics, it was used the experience of joint Finnish-Russian research and educational program organized in 2007 by the Faculty of Information Technology of the University of Jyväskylä and the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of St. Petersburg State University: co-chairs of the program — N. Kuznetsov, G. Leonov, P. Neittaanmäki, were organizers of the first defenses and co-supervisors of dissertations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=R.Yuldashev, Dissertation "Synthesis of Phase-Locked Loop" (supervisors: N. Kuznetsov, G. Leonov, P. Neittaanmäki, T. Tiihonen), Jyväskylä University Printing House, 2013 |url=https://jyx.jyu.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/42622/978-951-39-5490-1_vaitos18122013.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127191621/https://jyx.jyu.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/42622/978-951-39-5490-1_vaitos18122013.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2020 |access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref>

== Models of supervision ==
At some universities, there may be training for those wishing to supervise PhD studies. There is much literature available, such as Delamont, Atkinson, and Parry (1997). Dinham and Scott (2001) have argued that the worldwide growth in research students has been matched by the increase in the number of what they term "how-to" texts for both students and supervisors, citing examples such as Pugh and Phillips (1987). These authors report empirical data on the benefits to a PhD candidate from publishing; students are more likely to publish with adequate encouragement from their supervisors.

Wisker (2005) has reported that research into this field distinguishes two models of supervision:
The technical-rationality model of supervision, emphasising technique; and the negotiated order model, which is less mechanistic, emphasising fluid and dynamic change in the PhD process. These two models were first distinguished by Acker, Hill and Black (1994; cited in Wisker, 2005). Considerable literature exists on the expectations that supervisors may have of their students (Phillips & Pugh, 1987) and the expectations that students may have of their supervisors (Phillips & Pugh, 1987; Wilkinson, 2005) in the course of PhD supervision. Similar expectations are implied by the Quality Assurance Agency's Code for Supervision (Quality Assurance Agency, 1999; cited in Wilkinson, 2005).

== PhD in the workforce ==
PhD graduates represent a relatively small, elite group within most countries — around 1.1% of adults among OECD countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933941538|title=Figure 6.17. Share of doctorate holders in the population (2017)|doi=10.1787/888933941538}}</ref> Slovenia, Switzerland and Luxembourg have higher numbers of PhD Graduates per capita as illustrated here. For Slovenia, this is because MSc degrees before [[Bologna Process]] are ranked at the same level of education as PhD. Without the MSc, Slovenia has 1.4% PhD graduates, which is comparable to the average in OECD and EU-23 countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sever |first=Maja |title=Centennial celebration of the first doctorate awarded at Slovenian universities |url=https://www.stat.si/StatWeb/en/News/Index/8968 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106095619/https://www.stat.si/StatWeb/en/News/Index/8968 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |access-date=6 January 2022 |website=Republic of Slovenia, Statistical Office}}</ref>

 [[File:Share_of_doctorate_holders_in_the_population_(%25)_Horizontal.svg|alt=]]

== International PhD equivalent degrees ==
{{Columns-list|
* Afghanistan: دکتورا
* Albania: Doktorature.(Dr.)
* Algeria: Doctorat, دكتوراه
* Argentina: Doctorado (Dr.)
* Armenia: գիտությունների թեկնածու
* Austria: Doktor (Dr., plural: DDr.)
* Australia: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
* Azerbaijan: [[:az:Fəlsəfə doktoru|Fəlsəfə doktoru]] (Dr.)
* Bangladesh: [[Doctorate]]
* Belarus: кандидат наук
* Belgium (Dutch-speaking): [[Doctor (title)|Doctor]] (dr. or PhD)
* Belgium (French-speaking): [[Doctorat]] (dr. or PhD)
* Bosnia and Herzegovina: Doktor nauka
* Brazil: [[:pt:Doutorado|Doutorado]] (DSc)
* Bulgaria: [[:bg:Доктор|Доктор]]
* Burma: [[:my:ပါရဂူ|ပါရဂူ]]
* Canada: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
* China: [[:zh:博士|博士]] (Bó shì)
* Chile: Doctorado
* Colombia: Doctorado
* Costa Rica: PhD or Doctorado (Dr.)
* Croatia: Doktor znanosti (dr. sc.)
* Cuba: [[Doctorado]] (DrC)
* Czech Republic: kandidát věd ([[Candidate of Sciences|CSc.]]) was used until 1998, since 1998 doktor (Ph.D.) is used; doktorát (degree)
* Denmark: [[Licentiate (degree)|Licentiate]], [[Magister (degree)|Magister]], PhD (the ''doctorates'' are higher degrees)
* Dominican Republic: [[Doctorado]]
* Ecuador: Doctorado
* El Salvador: [[Doctorado]]
* Egypt: [[Doctorat]], [[:ar:دكتوراه|دكتوراه]]
* Estonia: Doktor (Dr)
* Ethiopia: [[:am:ዶክተር|ዶክተር]], Doctor (PhD, Dr.)
* Finland: [[:fi:Filosofian tohtori|Filosofian tohtori]] and any degree of tohtori
* France: [[Doctorate#Country-specific practice|Doctorat]]
* Georgia: დოქტორი
* Germany: [[:de:Doktor|Doktor]]
* Greece: [[:el:Διδακτορικό δίπλωμα|Διδακτορικό]]
* Hong Kong: [[:zh:博士|博士]] ([[Doctor (title)|Doctor]])
* Hungary: Doktor (Dr.)
* India: [[Doctorate]]
* Indonesia: Doktor (Dr.)
* Iran: [[:fa: دکترای تخصصی|دکتری تخصصی]], {{lang|fa|دکترای تخصصی}}, Doktor ({{lang|fa|دکتر}}), ({{lang|fa|پی‌اچ‌دی}} (PhD))
* Iraq: [[:ar:دكتوراه|دكتوراه]] (Duktorah)
* Ireland: an Doctúireacht
* Israel: [[:he: דוקטור|דוקטורט]] ("doctorat")
* Italy: [[Dottorato di ricerca]] (Dott. Ric. or Ph.D.)
* Japan: 博士 (''hakase'')
* Jordan: دكتوراه (Doctorah)
* Korea: 박사 (''baksa'')
* Kuwait: دكتوراه (Dektoraah)
* Kurdistan: دکتۆرا (Doctorah)
* Kyrgyzstan (Илим доктору)
* Latin America: [[Doctorado]]/[[Doctorate]]
* Latvia: [[:lv:Zinātņu doktors|Zinātņu doktors]]
* Lebanon: دكتوراه (doktorah)
* Lithuania: [[:lt:Daktaras|Daktaras]]
* Macau: 博士 (Doutoramento)
* North Macedonia: Докторат
* Malaysia: Doktor Falsafah
* Mauritius: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
* Mexico: [[Doctorado]]
* Mongolia: Эрдэмтэн
* Morocco: [[Doctorat]]
* Mozambique: Doutoramento
* Nepal: Doctor
* Netherlands: [[Doctor (title)|Doctor]] (dr. or PhD)
* New Zealand: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
* Nigeria: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
* Norway: [[Magister (degree)|Magister]], [[Licentiate (degree)|Licentiate]], [[doctorate]]s (traditionally considered higher degrees), PhD
* Pakistan: [[Doctor (title)|Doctor]]
* Palestine: [[:ar:دكتوراه|دكتوراه]] (doktorah)
* Paraguay: PhD or Doctorado (Dr.)
* Peru: [[Doctorado]]
* Philippines: Doktor
* Poland: [[:pl:Doktor (stopień naukowy)|Doktor]]
* Portugal: [[:pt:Doutorado|Doutorado]]
* Romania: [[Doctorat]]
* Russia: [[Candidate of Sciences|кандидат наук]] (PhD), [[:ru: доктор наук]] (Sc.D.)
* Saudi Arabia: [[:ar:دكتوراه|دكتوراه]]
* Singapore: [[Doctor (title)|Doctor]]
* Serbia: [[:sr:Доктор наука|Доктор наука]]
* Slovakia: Doktor filozofie (PhD)
* Slovenia: Doktor znanosti
* Somalia: Dhaqtarka Falsafada
* South Africa: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, Doctor)
* Spain: [[Doctorado]]
* Sweden: [[:sv:Filosofie doktor|Filosofie doktor]] (fil.dr., FD)
* Switzerland: [[Doctorate|Doctorat]] (Dr)
* Syria: [[:ar:دكتوراه|دكتوراه]] (doktorah)
* Taiwan: [[:zh:博士|博士]] (Mandarin: Bo-shi; Taiwanese: Phok-sū)
* Thailand: ดุษฎีบัณฑิต
* Tunisia: [[:ar:دكتوراه|دكتوراه]] (doktorah)
* Turkey: [[Doctorate|Doktora]]
* Uganda: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
* United Arab Emirates: [[:ar:دكتوراه|دكتوراه]] (doktorah)
* United Kingdom: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, doctor, the abbreviation DPhil is used by the [[University of Oxford]])
* United States: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
* Ukraine: [[:uk:Доктор філософії|Доктор філософії]] (PhD)
* Uruguay: Doctorado
* Uzbekistan: Fan nomzodi ([[Candidate of Sciences|CSc.]])
* Vatican City State: Doctor of Sacred Theology (STD) or Doctor of Canon Law (JCD)
* Venezuela: [[Doctorado]]
* Vietnam: [[:vi:Tiến sỹ|Tiến sỹ]]
* Yemen: [[:ar:دكتوراه|دكتوراه]] (doktorah)
:}}

==See also==
* [[History of higher education in the United States#Graduate schools|History of higher education in the United States]]
* [[List of fields of doctoral studies in the United States]]
* [[Doctor of Professional Studies]]
* ''[[Piled Higher and Deeper]]'', a comic strip
* [[Terminal degree]]
* [[Doctor of Philosophy by publication]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Portal bar|Education}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Geiger |first=Roger L. |title=To Advance Knowledge: The Growth of American Research Universities, 1900–1940 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1986}}
* {{Cite book |last=Geiger |first=Roger L. |title=Research and Relevant Knowledge: American Research Universities Since World War II |year=2001}}
* {{Cite book |last=Simpson |first=Renate |title=How the PhD came to Britain: A century of struggle for postgraduate education |publisher=Society for Research into Higher Education |location=Guildford |year=1983}}
{{refend}}

{{Academic degrees}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Doctoral degrees|Philosophy, Doctor of]]
[[Category:Titles]]

Ustad Ahmad Lahori

2026-03-15T21:13:49Z

ErwinGholson17: Article enhanced with better details

{{Short description|Architect of Mughal Empire (1580–1649)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox architect
| name = Ahmad Lahori
| image = Miniature painting of Ustad Ahmad Mimar Lahori.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Miniature painting of Ustad Ahmad Mimar Lahori
| birth_date = {{circa|1580}}
| death_date = {{circa|{{Death date and age|1649|1580|df=y}}}}
| death_place = [[Old Delhi|Shahjahanabad]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| nationality =
| alma_mater =
| significant_buildings = [[Red Fort]]
| significant_projects = *[[Taj Mahal]]
*[[Old Delhi|Shahjahanabad]]
**[[Red Fort]]
| significant_design =
| awards =
| honorific_prefix = [[Ustad]]
| native_name = 
| signature = Ustad Ahmad Lahori seal.png
}}
'''[[Ustad]] Ahmad Lahori''' ({{Lit|Master Ahmad of [[Lahore]]}}; {{circa}}1580–1649),<ref name=d>{{Cite book |last1=Curl |first1=James Stevens |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lu6BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture |last2=Wilson |first2=Susan |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-967498-5 |pages=11 |language=en}}</ref> also known as '''Ahmad Ma'mar Lahori''' ({{Lit|Ahmad the Architect}}), was an architect and engineer of the [[Mughal Empire]] who served as the chief architect during the reign of [[Shah Jahan]]. He designed the [[Red Fort]] in [[Delhi]] and was probably also responsible for the design of the [[Taj Mahal]] in [[Agra]], along with Mir Abd-ul Karim and Makramat Khan. He is regarded as one of the greatest architects of the [[17th century|17th-century]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Curl |first=James Stevens |title=Ahmad, Ustad |date=2006 |work=A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198606789.001.0001/acref-9780198606789-e-5245 |access-date=2025-02-27 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198606789.013.5245 |isbn=978-0-19-860678-9 |quote=Master Ahmad of Lahore, also known as Ahmad Mi'mar (Ahmad the Architect), became chief architect to Shah Jahan (reigned 1628–58). He is credited with the design of the huge Red Fort at Delhi (1639–48), and may have designed the Tâj Mahal (mausoleum of Arjumand Banu Begum, known as Mumtaz Mahal (d.1631) at Agra (1631–48 and later). If these and other attributions are correct, he was one of the greatest architects of C17.}}</ref>

He was also one of the leading architects responsible for the establishment of the imperial city of [[Old Delhi|Shahjahanabad]]. His architecture is a combination of [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]] and [[Persian architecture|Persian]] architectural styles, and thus, a major instance of [[Indo-Persian culture]].

== Life ==
[[File:Ustad Ahmad Lahori's deposit of "Five Qasidas" in Kitab Khana Amrao.jpg|thumb|Ustad Ahmad Lahori's deposit of "Five Qasidas" in Kitab Khana Amrao]]
Ahmad Lahori was from a family of [[Timurid Empire|Timurid]] architects, originally from [[Herat]]. Ustad Ahmad Lahori hailed from the city of [[Lahore]] in [[Pakistan]], as his ''[[nisba (onomastics)|nisba]]'' indicates.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Balasubramaniam |first=R. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qjdEi89Q34kC&q=ahmad |title=New insights on architects of Tāj|journal=Indian Journal of History of Science|volume= 44| issue=3 |date= 2009|issn=2454-9991|oclc=1398048453 |publisher= National Institute of Sciences of India|page=391|via=[[University of California]] }}</ref> He has been described as an [[Persians in the Mughal Empire|Indian of Iranian heritage]] and also as a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]].<ref name="Janin">{{cite book|last1=Janin|first1=Hunt|title=The Pursuit of Learning in the Islamic World, 610-2003|date=2006|isbn=978-0786429042|page=124|publisher=McFarland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTWDxDEY-Q0C&q=Ahmad+Lahori+Indian%7CPersian&pg=PA124|access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|page=89|oclc=85485369 |last=Chopra |first=Ravindra Mohan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyRuAAAAMAAJ |title=Indo-Iranian Cultural Relations Through the Ages |date=2005|via=[[University of Michigan]] |publisher=Iran Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Srivastava |first=Prof. R. P. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=g2FRAAAAYAAJ|title=Patiala: Its Artistic and Cultural Significance|location=London|journal= The Sikh Courier|oclc=265579842|issn=0037-511X |orig-year= |volume= 10 |issue=4 |date= 1981|via=[[University of Virginia]]|publisher= Sikh Cultural Society of Great Britain |page= 16 |quote=Nadir-ul-Asar Ahmad Mimar Lahori Shahjehani was also a Punjabi who designed the Taj Mahal of Agra.}}</ref> Even after his family's migration to [[Delhi]], his family is still referred to by the epithet "Lahori".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kanwar, H. I. S|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wn9CAAAAYAAJ&q= |title= Ustad Ahmed Lahori |journal= Islamic Culture| volume=48 |pages=11–32 |editor1= [[Marmaduke William Pickthall|Pickthall, Marmaduke William]] |editor2= [[Muhammad Asad|Asad, Muhammad]] |date=1974 |publisher=Islamic Culture Board| ISSN=0021-1834}}</ref> He was a skilled engineer who later in life was given the title of ''Nadir-ul-Asar'' ("wonder of the age") by [[Shah Jahan]].<ref name="s">{{Cite book |last=Necipoğlu |first=Gülru |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHXEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA155 |title=The Topkapi Scroll: Geometry and Ornament in Islamic Architecture |date=1996-03-01 |publisher=Getty Publications |isbn=978-0-89236-335-3 |language=en|page=155}}</ref> Two of his three sons,<ref>{{cite book |editor-first=David |editor-last=Pingree |editor-link=David Pingree |title=Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit Series A |volume=1 |publisher=American Philosophical Society |year=1970 |page=39 |url=https://archive.org/details/PingreeCESS/Pingree_CESS_A1_1970/ }}</ref> [[Ataullah Rashidi]] and [[Lutfullah Muhandis]], also became architects, as did some of his grandsons,<ref name="s" /> [[Shah Kalim Allah Jahanabadi]] one among them.<ref>{{cite book |first=Chanchal |last=Dadlani |chapter=Innovation, Appropriation, and Representation: Mughal Architectural Ornament in the Eighteenth Century |editor1=Gülru Necipoglu |editor2=Alina Payne |title=Histories of Ornament: From Global to Local |year=2016 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691167282 |page=183 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9nACCwAAQBAJ }}</ref> Ahmad Lahori was learned also in the arts of [[geometry]], [[arithmetic]] and [[astronomy]], and according to his son Lutfullah was familiar with the [[Euclid]]'s ''[[Euclid's Elements|Elements]]'' and [[Ptolemy]]'s ''[[Almagest]]''.<ref name=s/>

==Career==
In 1631, Shah Jahan appointed him for the construction of [[Taj Mahal]]. The construction project employed some 20,000 artisans under the guidance of a board of architects led by Ahmad Lahori. The project took twelve years to manifest into reality.<ref name=i>{{Cite book |last=Khan (Arshi) |first=I. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=teHRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT38 |title=BLACK TAJ MAHAL: The Emperor's Missing Tomb |date=2015-08-28 |publisher=Black Taj Project |isbn=978-81-927479-0-3 |language=en|page=38}}</ref> Afterwards, he was relocated to Delhi where the emperor commissioned him for the construction of the new imperial city, [[Shahjahanabad]]'','' in 1639.<ref name=i/> The building of the city, including the [[Red Fort]], was complete by 1648.

In writings by Lahori's son, Lutfullah Muhandis, two architects are mentioned by name: Ustad Ahmad Lahori<ref name="unesco">[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252/ Taj Mahal Description and Profile (Ahmad Lahori, architect of the emperor)] UNESCO.org website, Retrieved 17 November 2021</ref><ref name="B65">Begley and Desai (1989), p.65</ref> and Mir Abd-ul Karim.<ref name="A212">Asher, p.212</ref> Ustad Ahmad Lahori laid the foundations of the Red Fort at Delhi, which was built between 1638 and 1648. Mir Abd-ul Karim counted as the favourite architect of the previous emperor, [[Jahangir]], and is mentioned as a supervisor, together with Makramat Khan, for the construction of the Taj Mahal.<ref name="A212" />

<gallery heights="180" mode="packed" perrow="5" caption="Ahmad Lahori's major works">
File:Delhi fort.jpg|[[Red Fort]]'s [[Lahori Gate, Red Fort, Delhi|Lahori Gate]] in Delhi
File:Covered market past the Lahore gate entrance in Red Fort.jpg|Covered bazaar in [[Old Delhi]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Ustad Isa]], another architect of the Taj Mahal

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

*{{cite book| last = Asher | first = Catherine Ella Blanshard | title = [[The New Cambridge History of India]], Vol I:4 - Architecture of Mughal India | type = Hardback | edition = First published 1992, reprinted 2001, 2003 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 0-521-26728-5 | pages =368| year = 1992 | orig-year = 2003 }}
*{{cite journal | last = Begley | first = Wayne |date= March 1979 | title = The myth of the Taj-Mahal and a new theory of its symbolic meaning | journal = Art Bulletin | volume = 61| issue = 1
| pages = 7–37| doi = 10.2307/3049862| publisher = The Art Bulletin, Vol. 61, No. 1| jstor = 3049862 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/6191161 }}
*{{cite book| last = Begley | first = Wayne E. |author2=Desai, Z.A. | title = Taj Mahal - The Illumined Tomb| type = Hardback | publisher = University of Washington Press | isbn = 978-0-295-96944-2 | pages =392| year = 1989 | orig-year = 1989 }}
*{{cite web| url = http://archnet.org/library/documents/one-document.tcl?document_id=3688| title = Four Mughal Caravanserais Built during the Reigns of Jahangir and Shah Jahan| access-date = 2007-07-24| last = Begley| first = Wayne E.| editor = Grabar, Oleg| year = 1983| format = pdf| work = Muqarnas Volume I: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture| publisher = Yale University Press (Newhaven)| pages = 167–180| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060612235144/http://archnet.org/library/documents/one-document.tcl?document_id=3688| archive-date = 2006-06-12| url-status = dead}}
*{{cite book | last = Koch | first = Ebba | author-link = Ebba Koch | title = The Complete Taj Mahal: And the Riverfront Gardens of Agra | url = https://archive.org/details/completetajmahal0000koch/page/288 | url-access = registration | type = Hardback | edition = First | publisher = Thames & Hudson Ltd | isbn = 0-500-34209-1 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/completetajmahal0000koch/page/288 288 pages] | year = 2006 | orig-year = Aug 2006 }}
{{col-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lahori, Ahmad, Ustad}}
[[Category:Taj Mahal]]
[[Category:Architects from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Architects from Lahore]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian architects]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]

Navaratna (disambiguation)

2026-03-14T23:01:33Z

ErwinGholson17: started the details w/ sources

{{wikt|navaratna|navratna|नवरत्न}}
'''[[Navaratna]]''' is an Indian jewelry style consisting of nine jewels.

'''Navaratna''', a Sanskrit compound word meaning "nine gems", can also refer to the following:
* [[Navaratnas]], a group of nine extraordinary advisors in the court of legendary Indian emperor Vikramaditya, the term is later also applied to advisors of Mughal emperor Akbar and king Krishnachandra Roy of the Nadia Raj
* [[Navaratna (architecture)]], an Indian architectural style
* Navratna, a [[Public sector undertakings#Management|government-owned company of India which has certain financial autonomy]]
*''Navratan Bodh'', instructions given in [[Pushtimarg#Mahaprabhu Shri Vallabhacharya ji.E2.80.99s writings:|Mahaprabhu Shri Vallabhacharya ji's writings]] of the Hindu religious group Pushtimarg
* [[Navratan korma]], a mildly spiced Mughlai vegetable curry
* [[Navaratna Rama Rao]] (1877–1960), an Indian politician from Mysore

==See also==
*[[Ratna (disambiguation)]]
*[[Pancharatna (disambiguation)]]
*[[Navaratnam]], an Indian surname
*[[Navaratri]], a Hindu festival dedicated to the goddess Durga
*[[Navarathri (1964 film)|''Navarathri'' (1964 film)]], a 1964 Indian film by A. P. Nagarajan
*[[Navaratri (1966 film)|''Navaratri'' (1966 film)]], a 1966 Indian film
*''[[Navarathinam]]'', a 1977 Indian film by A. P. Nagarajan

{{disambiguation}}

Tamil Nadu Muslim Munnetra Kazhagam

2026-03-11T19:13:20Z

ErwinGholson17: created redirect page

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = Tamil Nadu Muslim Munnetra Kazhagam TMMK
|logo =
|colorcode =Green
|leader = MH Jawahirullah MLA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmmk.in/ |title=Home |website=tmmk.in |access-date=4 December 2010 |archive-date=2 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102024542/http://www.tmmk.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|secretary =

|publication =
|students = Samuga neethi Manavar Iyakkam (SMI)
|youth = TMMK Youth Wing
|women = Tamilnadu Muslim Magaleer Paeravai
|labour =
|peasants =
|ideology =[[Muslim nationalism]] [[Tamil nationalism]] [[Dravidianism]]
|international =
|colours =black and white
|position =
|eci =Registered
|symbol =
|website = {{url|http://www.tmmk.in}}
|flag = [[File:Flag of TMMK.svg|100px]]
|abbreviation=TMMK|foundation=1995|headquarters=[[Mannadi]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]}}
{{Islam}}
'''Tamil Nadu Muslim Munnetra Kazhagam''' (Tamil Nadu Muslim Progress Conference) or '''TMMK''' is a [[Muslim]] [[non-governmental organisation]] established in the [[State (country subdivision)|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] in India in 1995. The TMMK has described itself in [[news release]]s as "a mass based" organisation.<ref name="NewsReleaseTMMK">{{cite web |url= http://www.milligazette.com/IndMusStat/2004a/016-TMMK-5dec04.htm |title= 2004: Indian Muslim Statements |author= TMMK [[news release]] |work= The Milli Gazette |date= 5 December 2004 }}</ref>

==Background==
The objective of TMMK is to protect the rights of the Muslim community in a democratic manner.<ref name="Frontline">{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1425/14251120.htm|title=Navigation News - Frontline|work=frontline.in}}</ref> TMMK has its branch offices in all the districts of [[Tamil Nadu]] and in several villages of the state. It also has its foreign offices in [[Malaysia]], [[Kuwait]], [[Saudi Arabia]] and other [[Persian Gulf]] countries and has more than 1 lakh members. It was involved in [[Tsunami]] relief work<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/nm3/when-helping-mattered-most/article1-26441.aspx |title=When helping mattered most - Hindustan Times |accessdate=2014-12-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228104212/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/nm3/when-helping-mattered-most/article1-26441.aspx |archive-date=28 December 2014 }}</ref> and does social services including blood donation camps,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/blood-donation/article4281845.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Blood donation | date=7 January 2013}}</ref> eye camps<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/free-eye-camp-held-by-tn-muslim-munnetra-kazhagam/article2309718.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Free eye camp held by TN Muslim Munnetra Kazhagam | date=31 July 2011}}</ref> and free [[ambulance]] services for the poor. Dignified Burial and Cremation Services One of TMMK's most significant contributions was the management of deceased COVID-19 victims.Volunteers were trained to perform rituals according to the specific religious beliefs of the deceased, whether it involved a traditional burial or assistance with cremation at a crematorium.TMMK's existing network of free and low-cost ambulances became a lifeline during the pandemic.The TMMK medical wing's "108-style" ambulance service and their volunteer-led burial teams received formal appreciation from various district collectors and police officials across Tamil Nadu for their role in managing the crisis.

===Activities===

==Rallies and protests==
TMMK invites public to hold peaceful protests and demonstrations for demanding rights of Muslims.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/babri-masjid-anniversary-passes-off-peacefully-at-tiruchi/article4173764.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Babri Masjid anniversary passes off peacefully at Tiruchi | date=7 December 2012}}</ref> In February 2005, the TMMK urged the then-[[Chief Minister]] [[Jayalalithaa Jayaram]] to direct the [[Central Wakf Council, India|Wakf Board]] to send all its communications only in the [[Tamil language]] to the administrators of [[mosque]]s.<ref name="DemandTamilWakfBoard">{{cite news |url= http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/20/stories/2005022007200400.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050415081521/http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/20/stories/2005022007200400.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 15 April 2005 |title= TMMK demand |author= Staff reporter |work= [[The Hindu]] |date= 20 February 2005 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> A March 2007 rally organised by the TMMK in [[New Delhi]] drew support from the Association of Indian Muslims (AIM) of America.<ref name="name">{{cite web |url= http://www.indianmuslims.info/news/2007/march/07/indian_muslim/american_muslims_support_muslim_welfare_rally_at_the_indian_parliament.html |title= American Muslims Support Muslim Welfare Rally at the Indian Parliament |website= Association of Indian Muslims of America [[news release]] |date= 7 March 2007 |url-status= usurped |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071007150441/http://www.indianmuslims.info/news/2007/march/07/indian_muslim/american_muslims_support_muslim_welfare_rally_at_the_indian_parliament.html |archive-date= 7 October 2007 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> The TMMK has campaigned for the [[Reservation in India|reservation]] of seats in educational institutions and the ear-marking of [[entrepreneurship]] schemes for Muslims in Tamil Nadu as per the recommendations of the [[Sachar Committee]].<ref name="ReservationMuslimSeats">{{cite web |url= http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20070616/689639.html |title= TMMK appeals to Centre, state to stick to reservation |author= United News of India |author-link= United News of India |work= Webindia123.com |date= 16 June 2007 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Tamil Nadu Thawheedh Jamaath (TNTJ) has been termed "a breakaway group" of the organisation.<ref name="MosqueTensionTNTJ">{{cite news |url= http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/30/stories/2006083010940300.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070317212846/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/30/stories/2006083010940300.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 17 March 2007 |title= Wakf Board takes possession of mosque; tension at Melapalayam |author= Staff reporter |work= [[The Hindu]] |date= 30 August 2006 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

Every year TMMK observes the anniversary of [[Babri Masjid demolition|Babri Masjid]] demolition in a peaceful manner.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://twocircles.net/2009dec07/tmmk_holds_peaceful_rally_chennai_against_babri_masjid_demolition.html#.VGvnpjSUfkY|title = TMMK holds peaceful rally in Chennai against Babri Masjid demolition|date = 7 December 2009|accessdate=2014-11-19|website = TwoCircles.net|publisher = TwoCircles.net}}</ref> These protests draw huge number of people from across the [[Tamil Nadu]] state and demand the arrest of 68 perpetrators including [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], [[Balasaheb Thackeray]], [[LK Advani]] and [[Murli Manohar Joshi]] as implicated by [[Liberhan Commission|Liberhan commission]].<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/68-people-indicted-in-liberhan-report/105878-3.html|title = 68 people indicted in Liberhan report|date = 24 Nov 2009|work = IBN|accessdate = 2014-11-19|archive-date = 19 November 2014|archive-url = https://archive.today/20141119033453/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/68-people-indicted-in-liberhan-report/105878-3.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> The organisation has also stages many protests for the protection Tamil Nadu fishermen<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.ceylontoday.lk/16-684-news-detail-fishermen-strike-enters-fourth-day.html|title = Fishermen strike enters fourth day|date = 3 December 2011|accessdate = 2014-11-19|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141129052932/http://www.ceylontoday.lk/16-684-news-detail-fishermen-strike-enters-fourth-day.html|archive-date = 29 November 2014|df = dmy-all}}</ref> and [[dalits]].

==Manithaneya Makkal Katchi==
In early 2009, a new political party ''[[Manithaneya Makkal Katchi]]'' was launched after an amendment to the bylaws.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/06/stories/2010080664550500.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822052237/http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/06/stories/2010080664550500.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=22 August 2010 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=TMMK, MMK leaders call on Jayalalithaa | date=6 August 2010}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231128201149/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/chennai/hyder-ali-be-mmk-candidate?-539] </ref><ref>http://expressbuzz.com/Cities/Chennai/dmk-men-attack-mmk-cadre-six-injured/66815.html {{dead link|date=October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/08/stories/2009030859160800.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311070056/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/08/stories/2009030859160800.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 March 2009 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Manithaneya Makkal Katchi wants more than one seat | date=8 March 2009}}</ref> The party contested in the parliamentary election the same year in 4 constituencies and polled 68,346 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/14_PerformanceOfRegistered_UnRecognisedParties.pdf|title=MMK polled 68k votes across 4 parliamentary seats|work=eci.nic.in}}</ref> But in the 2011 Assembly election, MMK allied with AIADMK and won 2 of 3 seats contested.

==Views on terrorism==
TMMK has condemned several acts of terrorism in India and in foreign lands. When the [[Al-Qaeda]] released a video related to Indian sub-continent, TMMK condemned it and advised Indian Muslims to ignore such hate messages. The leader of TMMK said “this (message) will only help security agencies in country to further target Muslim youth in case a terrorist act does take place.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/muslim-outfits-lash-out-at-alqaeda-video/article6395835.ece|title = Muslim outfits lash out at al-Qaeda video|date = September 10, 2014|accessdate=2014-11-19|work = The Hindu}}</ref>” In several occasion, TMMK has also condemned [[Israel]] for its brutality against [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] People.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/tmmk-condemns-israels-action/article6215586.ece|title = TMMK condemns Israel's action|date = 16 July 2014|accessdate=2014-11-19|work = The Hindu}}</ref> It has also raised voices for [[UN]] intervention to stop genocide of Palestinians.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/parties-press-for-un-intervention-to-stop-genocide-of-palestinians/article6251495.ece|title = Parties press for UN intervention to stop genocide of Palestinians|date = 29 July 2014|work = The Hindu|accessdate=2014-11-19}}</ref> Similarly, TMMK has protested the genocide of Tamil people in [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.tamilnewsnetwork.com/2014/06/20/tamil-nadu-muslims-protest-against-genocidal-sri-lanka/|title = Tamil Nadu Muslims protest against genocidal Sri Lanka|date = 20 June 2014|accessdate=2014-11-19|website = Tamil News Network}}</ref>

==Criticism==

On 6 December 2003, 450 activists of the TMMK were arrested for attempting stage a protest rally.<ref>{{usurped|[https://archive.today/20130125054405/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2003/12/07/stories/2003120705180100.htm Anniversary ends peacefully]}} [[The Hindu]] - 7 December 2003</ref> Similar arrests were made earlier in 2000 where TMMK members were implicated.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001212/nation.htm Bandh against attack on mosque] The Tribune, Chandigarh - 12 December 2000</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.today/20070206042548/http://www.tmmkonline.org/english/index.htm Tamil Nadu Muslim Munnetra Kazagham] website
[https://www.facebook.com/share/1FAPH9NvRy/] Facebook
[https://www.instagram.com/tmmkhqofficial?igsh=MXgwMHdvODVkOGZ1bw==] Instagram
[https://x.com/tmmkhqofficial] Twitter
([[English language]] version).
{{IslamismSA}}

[[Category:Islamist groups]]
[[Category:Political parties in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Islamic organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Muslim politics in India]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Parichaya

2026-03-04T07:30:21Z

ErwinGholson17: added initial article more to come

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Parichaya (ಪರಿಚಯ)
| image =
| caption =
| director = K Sanjay
| producer = S G Krishna Murthy
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Tarun Chandra]]
*[[Rekha Vedavyas|Rekha]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Jassie Gift]]
| cinematography = P K H Das
| editing = K M Prakash
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|11|06}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Parichaya''''' ({{langx|kn|ಪರಿಚಯ}}) is a 2009 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by K Sanjay and Produced by S G Krishna Murthy starring [[Tarun Chandra]] and [[Rekha Vedavyas|Rekha]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=R G Vijayasarathy |date=5 November 2009 |title=Two original Kannada films this weekend! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-guttu-ondhu-sullu-ondhu-nija-parichaya/20091105.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906093506/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-guttu-ondhu-sullu-ondhu-nija-parichaya/20091105.htm |archive-date=6 September 2022 |access-date=6 September 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2009 |title=Tarun's Parichaya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/taruns-parichaya/articleshow/5105449.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906093555/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/taruns-parichaya/articleshow/5105449.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=6 September 2022 |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The movie is loosely inspired by the 2001 movie ''[[Serendipity (film)|Serendipity]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/bypassing-copycats-sandalwood-style/articleshow/21434657.cms|title=Bypassing copycats, Sandalwood style|access-date=17 April 2022|archive-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190329083728/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Bypassing-copycats-Sandalwood-style/articleshow/21434657.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Tarun Chandra]] as Jayanth
* [[Rekha Vedavyas|Rekha]] as Nirmala a.k.a. Nimmi
* [[Sindhu Lokanath]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deepa Sanidhi |date=11 August 2011 |title=Meet the new faces in Kannada films |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-kannada-girls-in-kannada-films/20110811.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613033705/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-kannada-girls-in-kannada-films/20110811.htm |archive-date=13 June 2021 |access-date=6 September 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
* Shally Khatri
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
* [[Shobaraj|Shobhraj]]
* Anand
* [[Sanketh Kashi]]
* Chidanand
* [[Bhargavi Narayan]]
* [[Sudha Belawadi]]
}}

==Music==
The music was composed by [[Jassie Gift]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=R G Vijayasarathy |date=7 January 2010 |title=Rocking Kannada hits of 2009 |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-rocking-kannada-albums-of-2009/20100107.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105205348/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-rocking-kannada-albums-of-2009/20100107.htm |archive-date=5 January 2017 |access-date=6 September 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Parichaya
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Jassie Gift]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = October 2009
| recorded = 2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 27:26
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2008
| year = 2009
| next_title =
| next_year = 2010
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| J2rQCuKOwC4| Parichaya - Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 27:26
| title1 = Jeo Jeenedo
| extra1 = [[Baba Sehgal]], [[Jassie Gift]]
| length1 = 4:36
| title2 = Nadedaaduva Kaamanabillu
| extra2 = [[KK (singer)|KK]], Rajalakshmi
| length2 = 5:21
| title3 = Jigi Jigi Jigidu
| extra3 = Alisha Chinai, [[Blaaze]], [[Jassie Gift]]
| length3 = 4:22
| title4 = Kudinotave Manamohaka
| extra4 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Shreya Goshal]]
| length4 = 4:05
| title5 = O Nanna Olave
| extra5 = [[Kailash Kher]]
| length5 = 5:46
| title6 = Kudinotave Manamohaka
| extra6 = Shaan
| length6 = 4:05
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

R G Vijayasarathy of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 2 out of 5 stars and says "Tarun is good in songs and dances but is expressionless in the emotional scenes. The dubbing work done by actor Dileep Raj does not suit his body language. Rekha should never weep like this in any film! Her new look is attractive, but she is still to attain a maturity in her performance. Avinash and Shobharaj provide some relief with their dialogues particularly Avinash who imitates a well known film director. Other artists are just passable".<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2009 |title=Parichaya disappoints |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-kannada-review-parichaya/20091106.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828122412/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-kannada-review-parichaya/20091106.htm |archive-date=28 August 2022 |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "A dragged out climax and the Kailash Kher song do mar the pleasure but chartbuster numbers shot well, dialogue and artwork that know today’s youths’ pulse all deserve a pat on the back. ‘Parichaya’ is one film worth knowing".<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2009 |title=Parichaya |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/34612/parichaya.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828122506/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/34612/parichaya.html |archive-date=28 August 2022 |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote "The first half of the film runs like a breeze. A trimmer second half would have taken Parichaya a notch higher. Tarun’s acting is not up to the standard of Dilip Raj who has dubbed for him. Parichaya is still worth getting acquainted with".<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2009 |title=Parichaya: More serendipity |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/parichaya-more-serendipity/articleshow/22001161.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828122531/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/parichaya-more-serendipity/articleshow/22001161.cms |archive-date=28 August 2022 |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2009 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jassie Gift]]

Madhuranombarakattu

2026-03-03T21:38:34Z

ErwinGholson17: expand article based on references and cleaned formatting per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Madhuranombarakattu
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]]
| producer = P. Nandakumar
| writer = [[Raghunath Paleri]]
| starring = [[Biju Menon]] [[Samyuktha Varma]]
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cinematography = [[P. Sukumar]]
| editing = K. Rajagopal
| studio = Jyothi Films
| distributor = Sagariga Release
| released = {{Film date|2000|09|07|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Madhuranombarakattu''''' ({{Translation|Sweet-melancholic wind}}) is a 2000 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]] and written by [[Raghunath Paleri]], starring [[Biju Menon]] and [[Samyuktha Varma]]. The music was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]. The film won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121110042458/http://www.hindu.com/2001/03/06/stories/0406211e.htm "Sayahnam bags seven awards"]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/malayalam/reviews/madhuranombarakaattu.html |title=Indiainfo: Malayalam: Movie Review - Madhuranombarakaattu |website=movies.indiainfo.com |access-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010211005956/http://movies.indiainfo.com/malayalam/reviews/madhuranombarakaattu.html |archive-date=11 February 2001 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
Vishnu is a government school teacher traveling with his children, Unni and Maya, after getting a transfer from his hometown. The bus meets with an accident, and Unni dies at the spot. Vishnu's wife, Priyamvada, is jailed after committing a murder. She kills someone who was molesting Vishnu's sister, Sreekutty.

Vishnu hides the death news of Unni from Priya and further tells the villagers that his wife has been admitted to the hospital following the accident. In the new place, Vishnu, along with his friend Shekharan, the Headmaster, and others, catch Kaatumaakan, who, with his friends, steals and kills hens and makes the school untidy, and hand him over to the police. In the jail, Kaatumakan learns of Priyamvada, Vishnu's wife, and plans vengeance.

After some days, Priyamvada is released from jail. They hope for a better life. However, Kaatumakan returns and tortures the villagers. On a windy day, Maya leaves with the neighbours in a horse cart. Priya wanders in search of Maya and gets noticed by Kaatumakan. He tries to hurt Priya, but the wind makes the school building collapse, and it falls on Kaatumakan, killing him. Vishnu finds a frightened Priya in the corner of the school and hugs her. He, along with other villagers, shares the happy news of the death of Kaatumaakan.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Biju Menon]] as Vishnu
* [[Samyuktha Varma]] as Priyamvadha
* Master Ashwin Thampi as Unni
* [[Manjima Mohan|Baby Manjima]] as Maya
* [[Sreenivasan]] as Sekharan
* [[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]] as Head Master
* [[Kavya Madhavan]] as Sunaina
* [[Sarath Das]] as Iqbal
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Bhagavathar
* [[Mala Aravindan]] as Abdulla
* Vimal Raj as Kattumakkan
* [[Augustine (actor)|Augustine]] as Jail Warden
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Kalki Parameswar
* [[T. P. Madhavan]]
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Mullathatha
* [[Sindhu Shyam]] as Seetha
* Megha as Sreekutty
* Master Vignesh as Hilal
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The film's soundtrack contains 6 songs, all composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] and Lyrics by [[Yusuf Ali Kecheri]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Dhwadasiyil"
| [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
| 2
| "Munthirichelulla"
| [[Biju Narayanan]], Sujatha Mohan
|-
| 3
| "Kadha Paranjurangiya"
| [[K. S. Chitra]]
|-
| 4
| "Kadha Paranjurangiya"
| K. J. Yesudas
|-
| 5
| "Prabhathathile"
| K. J. Yesudas, K. S. Chitra
|-
| 6
| "Sruthiyamma"
| K. J. Yesudas, K. S. Chitra
|-
| 7
| "Sruthiyamma"
| K. J. Yesudas, K. S. Chitra, [[Raveendran]] Master
|}

== Awards ==
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film]]
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] - [[Samyuktha Varma]]
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist]] - Master Ashwin Thampi, and Baby Manjima

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0333850}}

{{Kamal (director)}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2000 drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kamal (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Yasodha Krishna

2026-03-03T20:26:59Z

ErwinGholson17: starting first data first draft - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yasodha Krishna
| image = Yashoda Krishna.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[C. S. Rao]]
| producer = [[Mahija Prakasa Rao]]
| writer = [[Arudra]]
| starring = [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] [[Rohini (actress)|Baby Rohini]] [[Sridevi|Baby Sridevi]] [[Ramakrishna]] [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] [[S. Varalakshmi]]
| music = [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
| cinematography = G. K. Ramu
| editing = R. Surendranath Reddy
| studio = Premier Studios, [[Mysore]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|1975|1|20}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Yasodha Krishna''''' is a 1975 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film directed by [[C. S. Rao]]. The film features [[Sridevi|Baby Sridevi]] and [[Rohini (actress)|Baby Rohini]] portraying young [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]], with the latter making her on-screen debut as a child artiste at the age of five. The film also stars [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] as [[Yashoda|Yasodha]] and [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as [[Kamsa]]. ''Yasodha Krishna'' was later dubbed into [[Kannada]] under the same title. Notably, this film marked the final appearance of S. V. Ranga Rao, as it was released a year after his death, following the earlier release of his last Tamil film [[Sivagamiyin Selvan|''Sivakamiyin Selvan'']] (1974).

== Plot ==
The film depicts some of the events in the life of [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]]. It begins with the marriage of [[Devaki]] and [[Vasudeva]], the birth of Krishna, Krishna Leelalu and the killing of [[Kamsa]] by Krishna.

== Cast ==
*[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] as [[Yashoda|Yasodha]]
*[[S.V. Ranga Rao]] as [[Kamsa]]
*[[Rohini (actress)|Baby Rohini]] as [[Bala Krishna|Child Lord Krishna]]
*[[Sridevi|Baby Sridevi]] as Young Lord Krishna
*[[Ramakrishna (Telugu actor)|Ramakrishna]] as Lord Krishna
*[[S. Varalakshmi]]
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as [[Nanda Baba|Nanda]]
*[[Sreedhar|Sridhar]] as [[Vasudeva]]
*[[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] as [[Devaki]]
*[[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Yashoda Krishna Telugu Full Movie HD {{!}} Baby Sridevi {{!}} Jamuna {{!}} SV Ranga Rao {{!}} CS Rao {{!}} Divya Media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzupuHeEy5U |access-date=2024-01-22 |language=en}}</ref> as [[Ugrasena]]
*[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as [[Narada]]
*[[Manju Bhargavi]] as dancer
*[[Rajanala Kaleswara Rao]] as [[Indra]]
*Arja Janardhana Rao

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[S. Rajeswara Rao]].<ref>{{citation|title=Yashoda Krishna (1975) – Rajeswara Rao S|url=http://mio.to/album/Yashoda+Krishna+(1975)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224234208/http://mio.to/album/Yashoda+Krishna+%281975%29|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2014|access-date=2018-08-13}}</ref>

*"Anna Chamimpu Manna" (Singer: [[P. Susheela]])
*"Chakkani vaaDe bhale Takkari vaaDe" (Singer: Ghantasala)
*"Kalayo Vaishanava Mayayo" (Singer: P. Susheela)
*"Kalyaana Vaibhogame Ilalo Kannula Vaikuntamu" (Singers: P. Susheela, B. Vasantha)
*"Manasu Doche Doravu Neeve" (Singers: P. Susheela and Vijayalaxmi Sharma)
*"Nallani Vaadu Padma Nayanammula Vaadu" (Singers: P. Susheela, B. Vasantha)
*"Nela Moodu Vaanalu Nilichi Kuriseyi" (Singers: [[V. Ramakrishna]], B. Vasantha)
*"Nomu Pandindi Maa Nomu Pandindi" (Singer: P. Susheela)
*"Oogindi Nalo Ananda Dola" (Singers: P. Susheela, B. Vasantha)
*"Paaliya Vachina Padathi Pootana" (Singers: Madhavapeddi Satyam and P. Susheela)
*"Ponnalu Virise Velalo Vennela Kuruse Relalo" (Singers: B. Vasantha and Vijayalaxmi Sharma)
*"Sarasarammulu Gadiche" - P. Susheela
*"Srungara Vathulara Siggela" (Singer: P. Susheela)

== Reception ==
Reviewing the Tamil-dubbed version, Kousikan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated the photography, colour and music.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=கெளசிகன் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1977/apr/17-04-1977/p29.jpg|page=29|date=17 April 1977|lang=ta|title=யசோதா கிருஷ்ணா |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |access-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220806032246/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1977/apr/17-04-1977/p29.jpg|archive-date=6 August 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0187604}}

[[Category:1975 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1975 Indian films]]
[[Category:1975 films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Bhagavata Purana]]

Anjaane

2026-03-03T11:56:10Z

ErwinGholson17: New the info first draft

{{distinguish|Anjaan (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anjaane
| image = Anjane the unknown.jpeg

| caption = Film Poster
| director = Harry W. Fernandes
| producer = Anil K. Mehta
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Manisha Koirala]] [[Sanjay Kapoor]] [[Tejaswini Kolhapure]] [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] Tanwi Gouri Mehta Anand Mehta
| music = [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| cinematography = Rajan Kinagi
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2005|12|30|df=y}}
| runtime = 110 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/anjaane-the-unkown-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znjq3odk|title=Anjaane - The Unkown|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}1.50 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=728|title=Anjaane – Movie|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}13.50 lakh<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''Anjaane: The Unknown''''' is a 2005 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[horror film]] starring [[Manisha Koirala]], [[Sanjay Kapoor]], [[Tejaswini Kolhapure]] and [[Helen (actress)|Helen]]. Directed by Harry W. Fernandes, the film is based on [[Alejandro Amenábar]]'s film ''[[The Others (2001 film)|The Others]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/dec/30anjaane.htm|title=Manisha, we want Rajjo back!|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> which was already remade in Hindi and released as ''[[Hum Kaun Hai?]]'' with [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and [[Dimple Kapadia]] in 2004.

==Plot==
Aaditi and Aditya are a married couple with two children. They are wealthy and live in a mansion. Their idyllic life is shattered with the arrival of Sonia, who has an affair with Aditya. Eventually, Aditya leaves his family for Sonia, leaving the wife and two kids alone. When it is found out that Sonia is barren, Aditya demands custody of his children from Shivani and approaches the courts for a custody battle. Eventually, the courts ruled against Shivani and awarded custody to Aditya and Sonia. The movie changes its ambiance from the family dispute to one of suspense and horror shortly after.

==Cast==
* [[Manisha Koirala]] as aaditi
* [[Sanjay Kapoor]] as Aditya Malhotra
* [[Tejaswini Kolhapure]] as soniya
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]]
* Tanwi Gouri Mehta
* Anand Mehta
* Ekta Jain as vakil

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Anjaane
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2005
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Hindi
| label =
| producer = Himesh Reshammiya
| prev_title = [[Vaah! Life Ho Toh Aisi!]]
| prev_year = 2005
| next_title = [[Aksar]]
| next_year = 2006
}}

#"Kis Kadar Chahate Hai Ham Tumko Sanam" - [[Alka Yagnik]], Jayesh Gandhi
#"De Do Re De Do" - Jayesh Gandhi, [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
#"O Maahive Re O Maahive" - [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Udit Narayan]]
#"O Soni Re O Sayyoni Re" - [[K. K.]], [[Sapna Mukherjee]]
#"Anjaane" - [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
#"Mummy Cool Cool" - Baby Mohini Roy, Master Sohail

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0874854|Anjaane}}

[[Category:Hindi-language horror films]]
[[Category:Indian ghost films]]
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Himesh Reshammiya]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of English films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of Spanish films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian religious horror films]]
[[Category:Films about children]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Films about mother–daughter relationships]]
[[Category:Films about mother–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films about siblings]]
[[Category:Films about spirit possession]]
[[Category:Films set in country houses]]
[[Category:Indian haunted house films]]
[[Category:Indian horror drama films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:Supernatural drama films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural thriller films]]

{{2000s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{2000s-horror-film-stub}}

Thaaiku Oru Thaalaattu

2026-03-03T05:22:28Z

ErwinGholson17: fix citations based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thaaiku Oru Thaalaattu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Balachandra Menon]]
| writer = [[Vijay Krishnaraj]] (dialogues)
| story = [[Balachandra Menon]]
| producer = [[K. R. Gangadharan]]
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] [[Visu]] [[Pandiarajan]] [[Rajyalakshmi]] [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]]
| cinematography = [[Jayanan Vincent]]
| editing = K. P. Puthran
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = KRG Film Circuit
| distributor = [[K. R. Gangadharan|KRG Film Circuit]]
| released = {{Film date|1986|07|16|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thaaiku Oru Thaalaattu''''' ({{translation|Lullaby to the mother}}) is a 1986 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], directed by [[Balachandra Menon]] in his Tamil debut and produced by [[K. R. Gangadharan]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=27 July 1986 |title=தாய்க்கு ஒரு தாலாட்டு |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1986/jul/27-07-1986/p40.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220729123619/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1986/jul/27-07-1986/p40.jpg |archive-date=29 July 2022 |access-date=30 May 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=40 |language=ta}}</ref> The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], [[Visu]] and [[Pandiarajan]]. It was released on 16 July 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |title=261-270 |url=https://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp27.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223452/http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp27.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=30 May 2022 |website=nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref> The film was a remake of the director's own Malayalam film ''[[Oru Painkilikatha]]''.{{Cn|date=April 2024}}

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=October 2023}}
Rich industrialist Rajasekar is a loving husband to Dhanam and father to three children. Their oldest son is a Collector and married to a successful managing director of a company. Their youngest, Manju, is a brilliant college student aiming to become a doctor. Their middle child is the unambitious Kannan who couldn't succeed academically and is now working as a labourer in his father's factory. Rajasekar, though he loves his son, is also bitterly disappointed in Kannan and keeps him at an emotional distance. He hopes by withholding affection, he can spur Kannan into becoming more ambitious and successful in life. Dhanam, on the other hand, appreciates that Kannan is kind, funny and considerate of others. She showers him with affection and tries to bridge the divide between father and son. Kannan learns that Manju is in love with fellow college student Ramesh and is supportive. When Rajasekar arranges Manju's marriage to Kumar, Kannan objects. However, Manju is too intimidated to go against her strict father and sacrifices her love to marry Kumar. Kannan's own love affair with the maid, Chellakili comes to light when she becomes pregnant. Unlike Manju, Kannan chooses love despite his father's displeasure at his actions. He and Chellakili marry and move out with the help of family friend, Ponnambalam.

Although he left the family home, Kannan is still desperate for his father's love and approval. Pakkiri, a fellow worker at the factory who's looking to stir up trouble, senses Kannan's desperation and convinces him to join the union. Father and son clash when the workers agitate for better conditions. Padmavathi, a labour relations officer, is called in to mediate. Rajasekar is perturbed as he once knew Padmavathi before his marriage. Padmavathi grows closer to Kannan and Chellakili as Rajasekar continues to take a strict stand with his son. A family tragedy brings matters to a head, forcing Rajasekar to re-evaluate his priorities.

== Cast ==
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Rajasekar
*[[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] as Dhanam
*[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Padmavathi
*[[Pandiarajan]] as Kannan
*[[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Chellakili
*[[Visu]] as Ponnambalam
*[[Vijay Krishnaraj]] as Pakkiri
*[[Ilavarasi]] as Manju
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Kumar
*[[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandiyan]] as Ramesh
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Shankar
*[[Rajyalakshmi]] as Geetha
==Production==
The film marked the directorial debut of Balachandra Menon in Tamil cinema. The film saw [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] pairing after a long time after ''[[Iru Dhuruvam]]'' (1970).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-10-99|date=3 February 1985|page=4|work=Anna|language=ta|access-date=7 July 2025|title=மீண்டும் சிவாஜி-பத்மினி ஜோடி |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>
== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thaaikku Oru Thaalattu (1986) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0002948 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814145444/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0002948 |archive-date=14 August 2014 |access-date=14 August 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thaaikku Oru Thaalaattu Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/thaaikku-oru-thaalaattu-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530054443/https://mossymart.com/product/thaaikku-oru-thaalaattu-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-2/ |archive-date=30 May 2022 |access-date=30 May 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Aalaiyilla Piranthaval" || [[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[P. Susheela]] || 06:08
|-
| "Aarariroo" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || 04:25
|-
| "Ilamai Kaalam" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], P. Susheela || 04:35
|-
| "Kadhala Kadhala" || Ilaiyaraaja, [[K. S. Chithra]] || 04:41
|-
| "Thanni Thavikuthu" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], S. Janaki || 04:23
|}

== Critical reception ==
[[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' felt the film starts without a goal and continues without a goal, adding that the climax also ends tamely.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=3 August 1986 |title=தாய்க்கு ஒரு தாலாட்டு |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1986-08-03/page/62/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230622131948/https://archive.org/details/kalki1986-08-03/page/62/mode/2up |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=16 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=63 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Balachandra Menon}}

[[Category:1986 Indian films]]
[[Category:1986 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1986 drama films]]
[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films directed by Balachandra Menon]]
[[Category:Films produced by K. R. Gangadharan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Karpanai

2026-03-03T04:27:48Z

ErwinGholson17: enhance information

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Karpanai
| image =

| caption =
| director = Ashok Raj
| producer = V. Radha Krishnan
| writer = Prasanth Jayaraj (dialogues)
| screenplay = Ashok Raj
| story = Sudhi Nambiar
| starring = {{ubl|[[Harish Raghavendra]]|Keerthi|Sudhi Nambiar|Arpitha}}
| music = Santhosh Jayaraj Karun
| cinematography = K. C. Rajush
| editing = K. Madhu
| distributor =
| studio = Parvathi Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2005|09|16}}
| runtime = 110 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Karpanai''''' ({{translation|Imagination}}) is a 2005 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by Ashok Raj and produced by V. Radha Krishnan. The film stars [[Harish Raghavendra]], Keerthi, Sudhi Nambiar and Arpitha, with [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]], [[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]], [[Kadhal Sukumar]], [[Mayilsamy]], Nimmy, Srilatha, and Benjamin playing supporting roles. The music was composed by Santhosh Jayaraj with cinematography by K. C. Rajesh and editing by K. Madhu. The film was released on 16 September 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jointscene.com/movies/Kollywood/Karpanai/7843|title=Jointscene : Tamil Movie Karpanai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113044439/http://www.jointscene.com/movies/Kollywood/Karpanai/7843|archive-date=13 November 2011|access-date=2 March 2019|publisher=jointscene.com|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Plot==
Mathi ([[Harish Raghavendra]]), a happy-go-lucky youngster, returns to his village after studying at a hostel in [[Chennai]]. Upon his arrival, he falls under the spell of the college student and [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer Malar (Keerthi). Mathi was in love with Malar when he was a kid, and he even gave her a love letter. Malar's elder brother Sakthivel (Sudhi Nambiar) and Mathi then fought and started to hate each other. When Mathi's father knew about it, he punished his son by sending him to a hostel in the city.

Sakthi and Mathi's elder sister Selvi (Arpitha) are secretly in love for many years, and they want to get married with their parents' approval, whereas Malar reciprocates Mathi's love. As the years passed, the hatred intensifies between Sakthi and Mathi. One day, Sakthi witnesses Mathi and his sister romancing, and Sakthi scolded her. Thereafter, Malar gets a chance to play a sister role in a film. She accepts the role with the support of her family. Following the success of the film, a film manager gives her an opportunity to play a heroine role and compels her to come to Chennai. The two lovers have disappeared the same night, and Sakthi tries to track down the couple.

Many days later, a distraught Malar returns to her village alone. Malar's body is then found hanging from a tree, and her postmortem report reveals that she was sexually abused. Mathi returns home and then has a fight with Sakthi. Mathi then explains that he did not elope with her. That night, he and his friends decided to attend a birthday party in Chennai, so they went there without people knowing it. Sakthi then apologizes for mistaking him.

Later, Mathi gives the film manager a lift. During the talk, the manager confessed that he had brainwashed Malar to come to Chennai and that he had raped her. An outraged Mathi crashed the car into a rock and killed the manager, while also injuring himself in the process. In his hospital bed, Mathi begs Sakthi to take care of his sister Selvi and then dies of his injuries.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Harish Raghavendra]] as Mathi
*Keerthi as Malar
*Sudhi Nambiar as Sakthivel
*Arpitha as Selvi
*[[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] as Mathi's father
*[[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]] as Sakthivel's father
*[[Kadhal Sukumar]] as Nallakudiyan
*[[Mayilsamy]] as "Nalvaakku" Paramasivan
*Nimmy as Shenbagam
*Srilatha as Karpagam
*Benjamin as Vegetable Seller
*Ajish
*Smitha in a special appearance
}}

==Production==

Parvathi Films is producing a film called ''Karpanai'' directed by Ashok Raj in which the young playback singer cum actor, Harish Raghavendra, signed to play the lead role. The story has been penned by Sudhi Nambiar, and he will play the secondary hero. K. C. Rajush was selected to handle the camera, [[Suresh Urs]] the editing and Santhosh Jayaraj the music.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/News/30-3-05/harishragavendra_new.htm|title=Harish Ragavendra's new venture|date=30 March 2005|access-date=2 March 2019|website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/singer-in-soup-tamil-news-15806|title=Singer in soup|date=22 July 2005|access-date=2 March 2019|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album|
| name = Karpanai
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = Santhosh Jayaraj
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2005
| recorded = 2005
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 22:46
| label = New Music
| producer = Santhosh Jayaraj
}}

The soundtrack were composed by Santhosh Jayaraj. The soundtrack, released in 2005, features 5 tracks with lyrics written by Prasanth Jayaraj and Sudhi Nambiar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mio.to/album/Karpanai+(2005)|title=Karpanai (2005) - Santhosh Jayaraj|access-date=2 March 2019|publisher=MusicIndiaOnline}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/karpanai/9RUT4wYNMwE_|title=Karpanai Songs|date=January 2005 |access-date=2 March 2019|publisher=jiosaavn.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/Karpanai-songs-T0003357|title=Karpanai Songs Download|access-date=2 March 2019|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
|1 || "Kannaney" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || 3:56
|-
|2 || "Nandu Oruthu" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Malathy Lakshman]] || 3:36
|-
|3 || "Nenjil" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra || 5:41
|-
|4 || "Orukadal" || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] || 4:42
|-
|5 || "Pennai Naan" || [[Harish Raghavendra]], [[Sujatha Mohan]] || 4:51
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2005 Indian films]]
[[Category:2005 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers

2026-03-01T06:13:03Z

ErwinGholson17: added a details with sources

{{short description|Indian central public sector undertaking}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers Limited
| logo = Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Logo.svg
| logo_size = 180px
| caption =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|524230}} {{NSE|RCF}}
| industry = [[Agrochemical]]
| genre = 
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1978||}}
| founder =
| defunct = 
| location =
| location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| location_country = India
| area_served =
| key_people = S. C. Mudgerikar {{small|([[Chairman]] & [[Managing Director|MD]])}}
| products = {{Bulleted_list|[[Urea]]|[[Ammonia]]}}
| services =
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|16933.64|c}} (2025) <ref name="Balance Sheet 2025">[https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/q4-results-highlights-lic-reliance-communications-bosch-bdl-unimech-nmdc-steel-hindustan-copper-iti-goodyear-medplus-jindal-captial-gillette-snowman-logistics-kec-sundaram-finance-27-may-2025/article69623775.ece Q4 Results Highlights]</ref>
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|912|c}} (2021–22)<ref name="Balance Sheet 2020">[https://www.rcfltd.com/public/storage/investers/1590750963.pdf "Balance Sheet 31.03.2020"].</ref>
| profit = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|680|c}} (2021–22)<ref name="Balance Sheet 2020"/>
| assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|10472|c}} (2021–22)<ref name="Balance Sheet 2020"/>
| equity = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|3338.47|c}} (2020–21)<ref name="Balance Sheet 2020"/>
| owner = [[Government of India]] (75%)
| num_employees = 2556(July 2023)
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| footnotes =
| intl =
| homepage = {{URL|www.rcfltd.com}}
}}

'''Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd.''' ('''RCF''') is an Indian [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|central public sector undertaking]] which produces chemical and fertilizers and is based in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rcfltd.com/|title=Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers Limited|website=www.rcfltd.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rashtriya Chemicals And Fertilizers Pays Rs 167.16 Crore Dividend To Govt|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/rashtriya-chemicals-and-fertilizers-pays-rs-167-16-crore-dividend-to-govt-6535351.html|access-date=2021-03-17|website=Moneycontrol|date=17 February 2021 }}</ref> It is under the ownership of the [[Government of India]] and administrative control of the [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers]]. RCF is fourth largest government owned-fertilizer-producer in India.<ref name="rpt2018">{{cite web |title=Annual report for 2017–2018 |url=http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/en/investor-relations/annual-reports/9101-annual-report-for-2017-18 |website=RCF Official website |publisher=RCF}}</ref>

==History==
Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers Limited, was established in 1978 consequent to the reorganisation of [[Fertilizer Corporation of India]]. RCF manufactures Urea and Complex fertilizers (NPK) along with a wide range of Industrial Chemicals. It is 4th largest Urea manufacturer in India after [[Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative|IFFCO]], [[National Fertilizers|NFL]] and [[Krishak Bharati Cooperative|KRIBHCO]].<ref>{{cite news
| title = Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited
| url = https://dipam.gov.in/sites/default/files/Rashtriya%20Chemicals%20%26%20Fertilizers%20Ltd.%20Investor%20Presentation2016.pdf?download=1
| work = DIPAM Gov
| access-date = 8 January 2020
}}</ref>

The [[Government of India]] (through the [[President of India]]) holds 75% of the share capital of the company as of December 2018.<ref name="shareholding2018">{{cite web |title=Shareholding pattern 31 Dec 2018 |url=http://www.rcfltd.com/index.php/en/investor-relations/shareholding-pattern/10506-shareholding-pattern-as-on-31122018 |website=Official website |publisher=RCF |access-date=7 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-02-25|title=Volumes spurt at Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Ltd counter|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/volumes-spurt-at-rashtriya-chemicals-fertilizers-ltd-counter-121022500728_1.html|access-date=2021-03-17}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.rcfltd.com/ Official website]

{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}
{{Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers (India)}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers}}
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Fertiliser companies of India]]
[[Category:Chemical companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Chemical companies established in 1978]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Government-owned chemical companies of India]]

Anti-Terrorism Squad

2026-02-26T19:03:22Z

ErwinGholson17: fix intro and updated info

{{short description|Counterterrorism units of Indian Police Departments}}
{{for|the former name of the New Zealand Police tactical group|Anti-Terrorist Squad}}
{{Tone|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}

{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = An Anti-Terrorism Squad (ATS)
| country = India
| subdivname =
| legaljuris = {{flag|Republic of India}}
| governingbody = [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
| governingbodyscnd = [[Police forces of the states and union territories of India]]
| speciality1 = counter-terrorism
}}

An '''Anti-Terrorism Squad''' ('''ATS''') is an Indian special [[counterterrorism]] unit present in several [[police forces of the states and union territories of India|state police]] agencies of [[India]] including [[Maharashtra Police]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala train fire: Maharashtra Anti-Terrorism Squad nabs suspect near Ratnagiri |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/kerala-train-fire-maharashtra-anti-terrorism-squad-nabs-suspect-near-ratnagiri/cid/1927374 |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Gujarat Police]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Indo-Asian News |date=2023-05-22 |title=Gujarat ATS arrests suspected Al-Qaeda terrorist; frames charges against 4 people |url=https://www.siasat.com/gujarat-ats-arrests-suspected-al-qaeda-terrorist-frames-charges-against-4-people-2596001/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Kerala Police]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-11 |title=First time since formation, Kerala's anti-terrorism squad gets own posts |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/first-time-since-formation-kerala-s-anti-terrorism-squad-gets-own-posts-1.7863272 |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=English.Mathrubhumi}}</ref> [[Uttar Pradesh Police]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-07 |title=ATS raids different locations in Uttar Pradesh, detain 70 people over alleged links with PFI |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ats-raids-different-locations-in-uttar-pradesh-detain-70-people-over-alleged-links-with-pfi/article66823473.ece |access-date=2023-06-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Rajasthan Police]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-15 |title=Rajasthan ATS, SOG to probe Udaipur railway track blast from November 15 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/rajasthan-ats-and-sog-to-probe-train-udaipur-track-blast/article66138681.ece |access-date=2023-06-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Bihar Police]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Migrant workers attack row: Bihar's anti-terrorism squad makes first arrest in fake videos case - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Mar/07/migrant-workers-attack-row-bihars-anti-terrorism-squad-makes-first-arrest-in-fake-videos-case-2553810.html |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=www.newindianexpress.com|date=9 March 2023 }}</ref> [[Jharkhand Police]],<ref>{{Cite web |last1=PTI |last2=ThePrint |date=2023-05-16 |title=Gangster Aman Srivastava, wanted in 23 cases, arrested by Jharkhand ATS from Navi Mumbai |url=https://theprint.in/india/gangster-aman-srivastava-wanted-in-23-cases-arrested-by-jharkhand-ats-from-navi-mumbai/1577446/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>[[Tamil Nadu Police]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-27 |title=It's official: Tamil Nadu to get Anti-Terrorism Squad |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/its-official-tamil-nadu-to-get-anti-terrorism-squad/articleshow/100542373.cms |access-date=2023-06-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Madhya Pradesh Police]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-28 |title=Madhya Pradesh ATS carries out searches to nab terror suspect |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/ats-searches-to-nab-terror-suspect/articleshow/98289831.cms |access-date=2023-06-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and [[Chhattisgarh Police]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=ATS |first=Chhattisgarh ATS |title=Chhattisgarh anti terrorism squad ats |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/topic/chhattisgarh-anti-terrorism-squad-ats-}}</ref> These units are frequently involved in the investigative, intelligence and emergency response aspects related to [[terrorism]] and cooperate with other branches of their police departments, police forces from other states, and national agencies such as the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] and the [[National Investigation Agency]].<ref name="siq">
{{Cite web|url=https://www.mensxp.com/special-features/today/28798-the-anti-terrorism-squad-unsung-heroes-of-indian-counter-terrorism.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229153344/http://www.mensxp.com/special-features/today/28798-the-anti-terrorism-squad-unsung-heroes-of-indian-counter-terrorism.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 December 2015|title=The Anti-Terrorism Squad: Unsung Heroes of Indian Counter-Terrorism|date=28 December 2015}}
</ref>

== History ==
The first Anti-Terrorism Squad of India was founded in [[Maharashtra]] in 1990 by [[Aftab Ahmed Khan]], then the [[Additional Commissioner of Police]] in [[Mumbai Police|Mumbai]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ex-IPS Officer A A Khan, Who Founded Mumbai Anti-Terrorism Squad, Dies |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ex-ips-officer-aftab-ahmed-khan-who-founded-mumbai-anti-terrorism-squad-dies-2722519 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref> He was inspired by methods used in the [[SWAT]] teams of the [[Los Angeles Police Department]] to combat terrorism.<ref name="siq" /> Anti-Terrorism Squads have subsequently been integrated into the police departments of numerous states, with the original ATS of Maharashtra Police being terminated and then reconstituted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-11-27 |title=Unready then, worse now |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/20101206-unready-then-worse-now-744915-2010-11-26 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

The Mumbai ATS squad has been connected with many human rights violations, from extreme torture to public shootings. Following the [[1991 Lokhandwala Complex shootout]] and other similar [[Encounter killing|encounters]], the organization was terminated in January 1993. The leader of this program, A.A. Khan, was transferred from his position as the chief of Mumbai's ATD to the [[Inspector-general of police#India|IGP]] (Anti Naxalite division) to [[Nagpur]] on 29 January 1993 following the termination of the program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-Mumbai police officer A A Khan passes away |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/ex-mumbai-police-officer-a-a-khan-passes-away-1073354.html |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

The Anti Terrorism Squad of Maharashtra Police was later reinstated in the states police department by the Government of Maharashtra, vide G.R. No. SAS-10/03/15/SB-IV, dated 8 July 2004.<ref name="MUMATS">[https://mumbaipolice.maharashtra.gov.in/antiterrorismsquad.asp "ANTI – TERRORISM SQUAD"] mumbaipolice.maharashtra.gov.in retrieved on 23 January 2019</ref>

==By State==
===Maharashtra===
Maharashtra Police was the first police department in the country to set up an ATS unit. Although the unit was disbanded in 1993, it was later reintroduced to the state's police force in 2004 as a special unit of Maharashtra Police. In 2008 ATS chief [[Hemant Karkare]] was martyred in the [[line of duty death|line of duty]] fighting against terrorists in the [[26/11|26/11 Mumbai attacks]].The Anti Terrorism Squad of Maharashtra Police is frequently involved in combating the intelligence and investigation challenges related to terrorism but not armed anti terror operations, which are usually undertaken by other police units.

===Uttar Pradesh===
The Uttar Pradesh government created its own Anti-Terror Squad in 2007. Although the anti terrorism squad of U.P. generally deals with the intelligence aspects of terrorism it has been stepping up its tactical counterterrorism capabilities since 2017 with creation of [[Police tactical unit|tactical units]] called Special Police Operations Team (SPOT).<ref>{{Cite web |title=uppolice.gov.in{{!}} Official Website of Uttar Pradesh Police {{!}} Police Units {{!}} Anti Terrorist Squad (ATS) {{!}} About Us |url=https://uppolice.gov.in/pages/en/topmenu/police-units/anti-terrorist-squad-(ats)/en-about-us-ats |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=uppolice.gov.in}}</ref>

===West Bengal===
[[Kolkata Police]] had two anti-terrorist squads much before the police forces in Delhi and Mumbai came up with the idea. It is another matter that these two units turned out to be woefully inadequate in tackling modern-day terrorism. By the time, the administration realized this and merged them to set up the Special Task Force (STF).<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Jayanta |last2=Mandal |first2=Caeser |date=3 Dec 2008 |title=No training for anti-terror squad |work=[[The Times of India]] Dec 3, 2008, 00:36 IST |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/no-training-for-anti-terror-squad/articleshow/3785986.cms |url-status=live |access-date=3 Dec 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723155623/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/no-training-for-anti-terror-squad/articleshow/3785986.cms |archive-date=23 July 2023}}</ref>

==In popular culture ==
*In the 2006 [[Malayalam movie]] "[[Baba Kalyani (film)]]", [[Mohanlal]] portrays the role of an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer in ATS.
*In the 2009 [[Malayalam movie]] ''[[IG (film)|IG]]'', [[Suresh Gopi]] portrays the role of an officer who is the ''Anti-Terrorist Squad Chief''.
*In the 2024 [[Tamil movie]] ''[[The Greatest of All Time]]'', the lead characters portray the role as officers working for ''Special Anti-Terrorism Squad''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171202032843/http://mahapolice.gov.in/mahapolice/jsp/temp/ats.jsp Maharashtra ATS]
*[https://uppolice.gov.in/frmUnitOfficials.aspx?ats Uttar Pradesh ATS]

{{2008 Mumbai attacks}}
{{Law enforcement agencies of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anti-Terrorist Squad, Mumbai}}
[[Category:Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:People associated with the 2008 Mumbai attacks]]
[[Category:1991 Lokhandwala Complex shootout]]
[[Category:Counterterrorism in India]]
[[Category:Encounters in India]]
[[Category:Non-military counterterrorist organizations]]

Sarnath Express

2026-02-25T18:33:08Z

ErwinGholson17: starting a entry w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Sarnath Express
| image = Sarnath Express.jpg
| caption =
| type = [[Express train]]
| status =
| locale = [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] & [[Chhattisgarh]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1978|11|02}}
| last =
| operator = [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]
| start = {{rws|Chhapra Junction||Chhapra}} (CPR)
| stops = 42
| end = {{rws|Durg}} (DURG)
| distance = {{convert|1077|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 24 hours (Approx.)
| frequency = Daily
| trainnumber = 15159 / 15160
| line_used =
| class = AC first, AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack = No
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| speed = {{convert|45|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Sarnath Express (Durg - Chhapra) route map.png|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 15159 / 15160 '''Sarnath Express''' is a legendary [[express train]] belonging to [[Indian Railways|North Eastern Railway]] connecting {{rws|Chhapra Junction}} with {{rws|Durg Junction}}. Sarnath Express initially used to run between Varanasi Junction and Durg Junction, whereas at present, the service extended up to Chhapra Junction.

== Overview ==
Sarnath Express being numbered as No.15159 / 15160 running from {{rws|Chhapra Junction}} with {{rws|Durg Junction}}.<ref name="number">{{cite web|title=Train Number Index|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2016-17/Train_No-Index.pdf|website=[[Indian Railways]]|publisher=[[Government of India]]|accessdate=17 March 2017|page=52|date=1 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="name">{{cite web|title=Train Name Index|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2016-17/Train_Name_index.pdf|website=[[Indian Railways]]|publisher=[[Government of India]]|accessdate=17 March 2017|page=69|date=1 October 2016}}</ref> The then [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]], [[Pawan Kumar Bansal]] announced during [[Railway Budget]] for 2013–2014 that the service will be extended up to {{rws|Muzaffarpur Junction}} and {{rws|Gonda Junction}}.<ref name="rb1314">{{cite web|author1=Pawan Kumar Bansal|authorlink1=Pawan Kumar Bansal|title=Speech of Sh. Pawan Kumar Bansal introducing the Railway Budget, 2013-14|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/feb/d2013022603.pdf|website=[[Press Information Bureau]]|publisher=[[Government of India]]|accessdate=17 March 2017|page=36|date=26 February 2013}}</ref>

==Route & halts==
*'''{{rws|Chhapra Junction}}'''
*{{rws|Ballia}}
*{{rws|Ghazipur City}}
*{{rws|Varanasi Junction}}
*{{rws|Prayagraj Junction}}
*{{rws|Naini Junction}}
*{{rws|Manikpur Junction}}
*{{rws|Satna Junction}}
*{{rws|Maihar}}
*{{rws|Katni Junction}}
*{{rws|Shahdol}}
*{{rws|Anuppur Junction}}
*{{rws|Pendra Road}}
*{{rws|Uslapur}}
*{{rws|Raipur Junction}}
*{{rws|Bhilai}}
*'''{{rws|Durg Junction}}'''

==Traction==
Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Kanpur|Kanpur Loco Shed]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Itarsi|Itarsi Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Chhapra to Durg and vice versa.

==Rakes==
The service has one First A/C (HA1), two Second A/C (2A), eight Third A/C (3A) and 05 Sleeper Class (LS) of [[Couchette car]] type in addition to five General Class (UR/GS) of [[Corridor coach]] type and two Seating–Luggage rakes (SLR). During 16 March 2017, it was announced by [[North Eastern Railway zone]] that an additional Third A/C coach will be added to the existing for a period of three months from 19 March 2017 – 19 June 2017 for both up and down services.<ref name="senani">{{cite news|title=सेनानी आज रद|trans-title=Senani cancelled today|url=http://epaper.navbharattimes.com/details/6818-75027-2.html|accessdate=17 March 2017|work=[[Navbharat Times]]|date=16 March 2017|language=hi|archive-date=18 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318085408/http://epaper.navbharattimes.com/details/6818-75027-2.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="patali">{{cite news|title=पाटलीपुत्र एक्सप्रेस में अब वातानुकूलित कोच|url=http://epaper.jagran.com/mdetail/16-mar-2017-edition-Gorakhpur-City-page_4-95007-4283-56.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318084541/http://epaper.jagran.com/mdetail/16-mar-2017-edition-Gorakhpur-City-page_4-95007-4283-56.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 March 2017|trans-title=Pataliputra Express will have one more air-conditioned coach|accessdate=17 March 2017|work=[[Dainik Jagran]]|date=16 March 2017|location=[[Gorakhpur]]|language=hi}}</ref>{{efn|The coach composition is subject to change.}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;"| Loco
! scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 1
! scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 2
! scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 3
! scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 4
! scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 5
! scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 6
! scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 7
! scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 8
! scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 9
! scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 10
! scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 11
! scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 12
! scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 13
! scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 14
! scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 15
! scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 16
! scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 17
! scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 18
! scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 19
! scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 20
! scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 21
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] || EOG|| GEN|| GEN|| HA1|| A1||A2|| B6|| B5|| B4|| B3|| B2|| B1|| S7|| S6|| S5|| S4|| S3|| S2|| S1|| GEN|| EOG||
2
|}

==Route==
The service originates as Train.No.15159 from {{rws|Chhapra Junction}} and traverses through Ghazipur City, {{rws|Varanasi Junction}}, {{rws|Allahabad Junction}} {{rws|Katni Junction}} {{rws|Uslapur}}, a satellite station of Bilaspur, Raipur before it reaches final destination at {{rws|Durg Junction}}.<ref name="cprdurg">{{cite web|title=Train schedule of CPR–DURG|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2016-17/81A.pdf|website=[[Indian Railways]]|publisher=[[Government of India]]|accessdate=17 March 2017|page=283|date=1 October 2016}}</ref> The return journey commences as Train.No.15160 and follows the same route to the destination at {{rws|Chhapra Junction}}.<ref name="durgcpr">{{cite web|title=Train schedule of DURG–CPR|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2016-17/81.pdf|website=[[Indian Railways]]|publisher=[[Government of India]]|accessdate=17 March 2017|page=282|date=1 October 2016}}</ref>{{efn|The schedule and routes are subject to change for administrative reasons.}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarnath Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Chhapra]]
[[Category:Transport in Durg]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1978]]

Tandur

2026-02-16T18:03:23Z

ErwinGholson17: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tandur
| settlement_type = Town Municipal
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Tandur (Telangana)
| coordinates = {{coord|17.257600|77.587500|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vikarabad District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1950
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Municipal council (India)|Municipal Council]]
| leader_title2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name2 = Buyyani Manohar Reddy
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Municipal Council Tandur (MCT)
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Municipal council (India)|Municipal council]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency|Chevella]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[List of constituencies of the Telangana Legislative Assembly|Assembly constituency]]
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Tandur Assembly constituency|Tandur]]
| blank6_name_sec1 = [[Deputy Superintendent of Police]]
| blank6_info_sec1 = Shekar Goud
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 21.5
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 486
| population_total = 87859
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 501141
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]&[[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| area_code = 08411
| registration_plate = TG 34
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Tandur''' is a [[town]], Municipality and Mandal in [[Vikarabad district]] in the [[Indian State]] of [[Telangana]]. It is a municipality consisting of 36 wards, as well as the headquarters of Tandur Mandal in the Tandur Revenue Division. It is known for its production of [[Limestone]], [[Cement]], and [[Tandur Redgram|Redgram]] ([[Pigeon pea]]).
Drinking water is sourced from the River Kagna, a tributary of the [[Bhima River]], which is 4 km from the town.
The country's famous [[Tandur Redgram]] (Pigeon pea) has been awarded the Geographical Indication (GI) by The Central Department of Commerce and Industry.

== History ==
Tandur has a very different History, as some sources say that during the battle between the [[Qutub Shahi dynasty|Qutub Shahi Dynasty]] and [[Mughal dynasty|Mogul Dynasty]] the army of Mogul Dynasty passed through Tandur to besiege of [[Golconda|Golconda Fort]] of Hyderabad. Its thought that the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams]] of Hyderabad used to visit Tandur for hunting. A local grandee, Yusuf Seth used to arrange a grand welcome to the Nizam of Hyderabad{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}. The rich vegetation and varied wildlife were an attraction, but now deforestation has denuded the wildlife. The old houses of Tandur city were built of mud walls and stones slabs on wooden supports. The railway track divides old and new Tandur. There are still some remnants of the fortification of Tandur during the period of Nizam of Hyderabad known as "Naubath Khana" situated in the Old Tandur.

== Transport ==
The major railway station is located on the Secunderabad & Hyderabad – Wadi section of the Mumbai route. It is connected with neighbouring towns like [[Zaheerabad]] (60 km), [[Sangareddy]] (95 km), and [[Vikarabad]] (40 km) through roads and railways.<ref name="district">{{cite web|title=Medchal−Malkajgiri district|url=http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130690987248.Vikarabad.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012075154/http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130690987248.Vikarabad.pdf|archive-date=12 October 2016|access-date=11 October 2016|website=New Districts Formation Portal}}</ref>

Various buses are being served by [[TSRTC]] from Tandur to towns like [[Narayanpet]], [[Vikarabad]], [[Sadasivpet]], [[Sangareddy]], [[Zaheerabad]], [[Kodangal]], [[Kosgi]], [[Chevella]], [[Chincholi]] & cities like [[Mahbubnagar]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Hyderabad]].

== Demographics ==
According to the 2011 Indian census, Tandur had a population of 71,008, including 35,695 males and 35,310 females. The literacy rate is 78% (80.07% for men, 76.03% for women), which is higher than the state average of 67.02%.<ref name="tandurcensus">{{cite web|title=Tandur Telangana 2011 census data|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=610058}}</ref>


== Economy ==
Industries in Tandur include blue, green, and yellow-colored [[limestone]] that can be used for flooring, wall cladding, and slabs.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rao|first=C. chandra Kanth|date=21 January 2013 |title=Encyclopedia in Telugu (తెలుగులో విజ్ఞానసర్వస్వం): తాండూరు (Tandur)|url=https://cckraopedia.blogspot.com/2013/01/tandur.html|access-date=2021-05-24|website=Encyclopedia in Telugu (తెలుగులో విజ్ఞానసర్వస్వం)}}</ref> The town is known for cement factories, including the India Cements Limited (ICL), Cement Corporation of India (CCI), Penna Cements, Chettinad Cements, and Vicat Sagar. The cement industry, stone mines, quarries, pigeon pea(kandikaya in tandur) cultivation, and transportation are the main sources of employment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telangana pollution body fines Penna Cement for violating PM norms |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/cement-news/-telangana-pollution-body-fines-penna-cement-for-violating-pm-norms-/28241 |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=www.constructionworld.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Geographical indication==
[[Tandur Redgram]] was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]], under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]], on 6 December 2022.<ref name=":15">{{cite web |title=Tandur Redgram |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/706 |website=Intellectual Property India |access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Express News |title=Tandur Red Gram gets GI tag |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2022/Dec/14/tandur-red-gram-gets-gi-tag-2528270.html |access-date=18 January 2025 |work=The New Indian Express |date=14 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Yalal Farmers Producer Company Limited from [[Vikarabad]], proposed the GI registration of 'Tandur Redgram'.<ref>{{cite news |title=GI tag certificate for Tandur red gram handed over to Yalal FPO |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/gi-tag-certificate-for-tandur-red-gram-handed-over-to-yalal-fpo/article66454402.ece |work=The Hindu |date=31 January 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref> After filing the application in September 2020, the Pigeon pea was granted the GI tag in 2022 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Tandur Redgram" exclusive to the Pigeon pea cultivated in the region. It thus became the first pigeon pea variety from Telangana and the 17th type of goods from Telangana to earn the GI tag.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tandur redgram secures GI tag in Telangana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/tandur-redgram-secures-gi-tag-in-telangana/articleshow/96238032.cms |access-date=18 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=15 December 2022}}</ref>

The GI tag protects the Tandur Redgram from illegal selling and marketing, and gives it legal protection and a unique identity.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Duration
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| 1962–67
| [[Marri Chenna Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1967–72
| [[Marri Chenna Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1972–78
| M. Manik Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1978–83
| M. Manik Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1983–85
| M. Manik Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1985–89
| M. Chandra Shaker
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1989–94
| M. Chandra Shaker
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1994–99
| [[P. Mahender Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 1999–04
| [[P. Mahender Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 2004–09
| Malkud Narayan Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2009–14
| [[P. Mahender Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 2014–2018
| [[P. Mahender Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
| 2018–Incumbent
| [[Pilot Rohith Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2019-2023
| [[Pilot Rohith Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
|2023-Incumbent
| [[Buyyani Manohar Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! Duration
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| 2014-19
| [[Konda Vishweshwar Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
| 2019-24
| [[G. Ranjith Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
| 2024-Incumbent
| [[Konda Vishweshwar Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==See also==
*[[Tandur railway station]]

== References ==
{{commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Vikarabad district}}

[[Category: Cities and towns in Vikarabad district]]
[[Category: Mandal headquarters in Vikarabad district]]
<includeonly>Hybatpur Union Parishad (Bengali: হৈবতপুর ইউনিয়ন), officially spelled Haibatpur union from April 2018 is a union Parishad of Jashore Sadar Upazila, Jashore District in the Khulna, Division of Bangladesh.[1]</includeonly>

Abbas Irshad

2026-02-08T06:41:33Z

ErwinGholson17: New some entry from scratch

{{short description|21st-century Indian Shia cleric}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Syed Abbas Irshad Naqvi
| other_names =
| title = Khateeb-e Inqilab
| image = Abbas Irshad.jpg
| caption = Maulana Abbas Irshad Naqvi - Majlis 2022 - 15 Safar Amhat Sultanpur 2022
| image_size =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| lineage =
| father = Syed Hasan Irshad Naqvi
| children =
| relatives = [[Tahir Jarwali]], [[Syed Ali Nasir Saeed Abaqati]]
| region =
| era = [[Modern era]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| Maddhab = [[Ja'fari jurisprudence|Ja`fari]]
| school_tradition = [[Twelver]] [[Shi`a Islam]]
| main_interests = [[Azadari]], [[Tabarra]] Jumlabazi
| post = Joint Secretary - [[All India Shia Personal Law Board]]
| notable_ideas =
| works =
| influences =
| website =
}}
'''Syed Abbas Irshad Naqvi''', known as '''Khateeb-e-Inqilab''', is a [[Shia]] [[orator]] (''Zakir'') from [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name=PMI>{{cite news |title=MOULANA ABBAS IRSHAD QIBLA (LAKHNAVI) TO ADDRESS MAJALIS-E-SHAHADAT-E-SHAHZADI-E-KOUNAINs.a AT BAITUL QAYAMA.T.F - Pressmediaofindia |url=https://www.pressmediaofindia.com/moulana-abbas-irshad-qibla-lakhnavi-to-address-majalis-e-shahadat-e-shahzadi-e-kounains-a-at-baitul-qayama-t-f/ |access-date=6 March 2024 |work=Press media of India }}</ref>

==Family background==
He is nephew of [[Tahir Jarwali]].{{Cn|date=December 2024}}

==Religious activities==
He is a ''zakir'' and recites the ''majalis'' (religious lectures to commemorate the Martyrdom of [[Imam Hussain]]) not only in India but globally, especially in [[Lucknow]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Kolkata]], [[Bangalore]], etc.<ref name=PMI/><ref>{{cite book |title=Ebook Sibtainabad Through The Lens Of Time |date=11 August 2017 |page=31 |url=https://archive.org/stream/EbookSibtainabadThroughTheLensOfTime/Ebook_Sibtainabad%20through%20the%20Lens%20of%20Time_djvu.txt |access-date=6 March 2024 |quote=...Maulana Abbas Irshad saheb, Maulana Meesam Zaidi saheb and Maulana Saif Abbas sahib, besides a number of other eminent clerics have addressed thousands of devotees from the mimbar of Imambada Sibtainabad ever since.}}</ref> He is also joint-secretary of [[All India Shia Personal Law Board]]. He has written a book on comparative religion titled ''Aitrafat Sahih Bukhari'' in Urdu published in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ziaraat.com - Online Books |url=https://www.ziyaraat.net/findbook.asp?srchwhat=All&LibroID=32&AgregarVista=Si&page=1&Archivo=AiterafatSahihBukhari.pdf&escritor=Molana%20Syed%20Abbas%20Irshad%20Naqvi&tema=All&idioma=All&orderby=titulo |website=www.ziyaraat.net |access-date=6 March 2024}}</ref>

==Social activities==
===Against homosexuality===
In 2009 he attended in a special discussion organized by [[City Montessori School]] to put forth their views on the [[Delhi High Court]]'s [[Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi|judgement]] of legalizing [[homosexual]] behaviour. The leaders of all religions faiths unanimously criticized the Delhi High Court's judgement and urged the [[Supreme Court of India]], [[Government of India|Central Government]] and all [[State governments of India|state governments]] to intervene and review this judgement. While talking to media Abbas Irshad Naqvi said that, ''"''homosexual relations will crush all the relations that we own but we should enjoy it in other way''"''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Hari Om |title=We strongly oppose homosexuality — Say various religious heads |url=http://jagdishgandhi.org/press/pressconf05072009.html |access-date=6 March 2024 |work=jagdishgandhi.org |date=5 June 2009 |location=Lucknow |language=en |format=Press Release}}</ref>

===Against photo shoots at Bara Imambara complex===
In 2019, he alongside other Shia clerics like Imam-e-Juma of [[Asafi Mosque]] [[Kalbe Jawad]], senior cleric [[Agha Roohi]], president of the [[Shia Moon Committee]] [[Syed Saif Abbas Naqvi|Saif Abbas]], academic and cleric [[Kalbe Sibtain Noori]], spokesperson of [[All India Shia Personal Law Board]] [[Yasoob Abbas]], etc. signed the memorandum demanding the maintenance of sanctity and religious fibre of 235-year-old [[Bara Imambara]] precincts.<ref>{{cite news |title=Historians & clerics up in arms over ‘profane’ photo shoots at Bara Imambara, write to PM Modi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/historians-clerics-up-in-arms-over-profane-photo-shoots-at-bara-imambara-write-to-pm/articleshow/69697365.cms |access-date=28 February 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=8 June 2019 |location=Lucknow |language=en}}</ref>

===Restoration of Imambara Sibtainabad===
In 2020, he alongside other Shia clerics [[Kalbe Sadiq]], [[Syed Ali Nasir Saeed Abaqati|Agha Roohi]], [[Kalbe Jawad]], [[Yasoob Abbas]], [[Syed Saif Abbas Naqvi]], etc. requested [[Archaeological Survey of India]] for immediate assessment and time-bound restoration of the centrally protected monument [[Imambara Sibtainabad]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sibtainabad mutawalli for FIR against encroachers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/sibtainabad-mutawalli-for-fir-against-encroachers/articleshow/74975629.cms |access-date=28 February 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=4 April 2020 |location=Lucknow |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Islamic scholars]]
* [[Yasoob Abbas]]
* [[Kalbe Jawad]]
* [[Syed Saif Abbas Naqvi]]
* [[Kalbe Sadiq]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Irshad, Abbas}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Scholars from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Shia clerics]]
[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]

Chakravageswarar Temple, Chakkarappalli

2026-01-25T03:36:48Z

ErwinGholson17: Adding some place added tags

{{short description|Shiva temple in Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Chakravageswarar Temple, Chakkarappalli
| image = Charakkapalli3.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Chakkaravageeswarar Temple, [[Chakkarapalli]], [[Thanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10.9007|N|79.1968|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
| location = [[Chakkarapalli]], [[Pasupathikoil]]
| elevation_m = 62.48
| deity = Chakravageswarar ([[Shiva]]), Devanayagi ([[Parvathi]])
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals = [[Maha Shivaratri]]
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity = One
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Chakramangai''' or '''Chakravageswarar Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to Hindu deity [[Shiva]] and is located in [[Chakkarapalli]], [[Papanasam taluk]] of [[Thanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The temple is incarnated by the hymns of [[Thevaram]], the 7th century [[Tamil language|Tamil]] literature and is classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''. It is one of the 275 ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]s'', where the three of the most revered [[Nayanars]] ([[Saivite]] Saints), [[Appar]] and [[Campantar|Tirugnana Sambandar]] have glorified the temple with their verses during the 7th-8th century. The temple has been widely expanded by [[Chola]] kings during the 11th century.

The temple has six daily rituals at various times from 8:00 a.m. to 8 p.m., and four yearly festivals on its calendar. The Panguni Uthiram festival celebrated during the Tamil month of Panguni (March - April) is the major festival celebrated in the temple. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

== Legend ==
This temple is one of the seven shrines associated with ''[[Saptamartrikas]]'' (seven female deities in [[Shiva|Siva]] temple). The lord of this temple Shiva as Chakravageswarar. The ''[[Chakra]]'' (wheel) held by [[Vishnu]] has been acquired here as per ''[[saivite]]'' tradition. The name of the village is derived from the temple. As per one of the variants, Vishnu acquired the wheel after worshipping Amman in the temple. The place also seems to have acquired its name from Chakravala bird. The presiding deity of the temple is believed to have been worshipped by [[Surya]], the Sun god. Every year, Sun's rays fall directly on the image of the presiding deity is quoted as the instance of the prayer.<ref name=middle>{{cite book|title=Middle Chola temples Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I (AD. 985-1070)|last=S.R.|first=Balasubramanyam|year=1975|publisher=Thomson Press (India) Limited|url=http://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/62202.pdf|pages=401–5|isbn=978-9060236079}}</ref>

==Architecture==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=left
| total_width = 300
| width1 = 250 | height1 = 297
| width2 = 250 | height2 = 265
|direction=horizontal
|image1=Sakkarapalli sakkaravakesvarar temple5.jpg
|image2=Sakkarapalli sakkaravakesvarar temple5.jpg
|footer=Vimana of the presiding deities
}}
The temple is located in Chakrapalli, a village on the [[Thanjavur]] - [[Kumbakonam]] highway, located {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Kumbakonam. The village is located on the banks of [[Kudamurutti River]] and is located {{convert|9|km|mi|abbr=on}} away from [[Tiruvayyaru]]. The temple faces east and all the shrines are enclosed in a brick enclosure. The central shrine houses the image of Chakravgeeswarar in the form of [[Lingam]] (an iconic form of Shiva). The sanctum is square in shape with dimension of {{convert|4.75|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The ''ardhamandapa''', the hall preceding the sanctum has a dimension of {{convert|8.95|km|mi|abbr=on}} while the ''mukhamandapa'' is {{convert|15.21|km|mi|abbr=on}} long. The Devakoshta images of [[Durga]], [[Dakshinamurthy]] and [[Brahma]] are located in carinal directions on the walls around the sanctum. The entrance of the sanctum is flanked by [[Dvarapala]] dating back to the Chola period. The ''Vimana'', the pyramidal shrine over the sanctum is circular and has two ''talas''.<ref name=middle/>

==History==
The temple is believed to be present from the period of the medieval [[Chola]] emperor [[Aditya I]] (c. 870/71 – c. 907 CE). There are two inscriptions from the period of [[Rajaraja I]] (985–1014). The first one recorded as ARE 308 of 1965-66 indicates tax exemption of land of the temple. The epigraph written during the fifth regnal year also indicates the death of [[Sundara Chola]], the father of king Rajaraja, in a golden palace. The second inscription recorded as ARE 309 of 1965-66 during the regnal period of [[Rajendra I]] (1012–1044) indicates exemption of tax to several pieces of land belonging to the temple. It also mentions that the ministry met in front of the Ganapathi shrine of the temple. The inscriptions indicate the installation of the image of [[Surya]] in the temple. Historians also believe based on hagiographical evidence that the place around the temple was once surrounded by lush green fields. The place should have also been a [[Jain]] learning center as indicated by ''Palli''. Based on works from [[Sambandar]], it is also inferred that the place was inhabited by merchants.<ref name=middle/>

==Religious importance==
The temple is one of the shrines of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalams]] - [[Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu#Sthalams|Shiva Sthalams]] glorified in the early medieval ''[[Tevaram]]'' poems by Tamil Saivite [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] [[Sambandar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Chakkarapalli|url=http://www.thevaaram.org/thirumurai_1/koil_view.php?koil_idField=126|publisher=Thevaaram.org|year=2011|access-date=14 March 2016}}</ref> The temple is one of the seven shrines associated with ''[[Saptamartrikas]]'' (seven female deities in [[Shiva|Siva]] temple).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/religion/religion-news/2018/jun/14/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF---1-2939517.html|last= கடம்பூர் |first=விஜயன்|title= சப்தமங்கைத் தலங்கள், பகுதி 1, அரியமங்கை|publisher= தினமணி|date= 16 June 2018|language=Tamil}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://kungumam.co.in/APArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=2673&id1=94&id2=0&issue=20150601 |title=சப்தமாதர்களும் சக்தியின் அம்சங்களே ஆன்மிகம்|publisher=Kungumam}}</ref> Matrikas are the different forms [[Adi Parashakti]]. Matrikas are the personified powers of different [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]]. [[Brahmani (Matrika)|Brahmani]] emerged from [[Brahma]], [[Vaishnavi (Matrika goddess)|Vaishnavi]] from [[Vishnu]], [[Maheshvari]] from [[Shiva]], [[Sachi|Indrani]] from [[Indra]], [[Kaumari]] from [[Kartikeya|Skanda]], [[Varahi]] from [[Varaha]] and [[Chamunda]] from [[Devi]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Leeming |first1=David |last2=Fee |first2= Christopher|date=2016 |title=The Goddess: Myths of the Great Mother |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjO6CwAAQBAJ&q=matrikas&pg=PT33 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=9781780235387 }}</ref> and additionals are [[Narasimhi]], [[Vinayaki]]. This is one of the Saptamangai sthalams, seven sacred places devoted to Devi.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.dinakaran.com/Aanmeegam_Detail.asp?Nid=22478|title= சாதிக்க வைக்கும் சப்த மங்கை தலங்கள்!|publisher= தினகரன்|date= 12 October 2018|language= Tamil|access-date= 1 June 2020|archive-date= 3 June 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200603052847/http://www.dinakaran.com/Aanmeegam_Detail.asp?Nid=22478|url-status= dead}}</ref> They are also called as Saptastanam of Chakkarappalli.<ref>Ayyampet N.Selvaraj, Study on the Saptastanam (Seven Sacred Places) of Chakkarappalli in Thanjavur District, Nehru Trust for the Indian Collections at the Victoria & Albert Museum, New Delhi, May 2011</ref> They are [[Chakravageswarar Temple|Chakkarappalli]], [[Harimukteesvarar Temple, Ariyamangai|Ariyamangai]], [[Kiruthivakesvarar Temple, Sulamangalam|Sulamangalam]], [[Jambukesvarar Temple, Nallichery|Nallichery]], [[Pasupatheesvarar Temple, Pasupathikovil|Pasupathikovil]], [[Chandramouleesvarar Temple, Thazhamangai|Thazhamangai]] and [[Tirupullamangai|Pullamangai]].<ref name=middle/><ref>{{cite book|title=Concise classified dictionary of Hinduism|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|page=11|last=Kodayanallur Vanamamalai|isbn=9788170228578|year=2001 |first=Soundara Rajan}}</ref> The temple is counted as one of the temples built on the banks of [[River Kaveri]]. It is located on the banks of [[Kudamurutti River|Kudamurutti]], a tributary of river Kaveri.<ref name=Ka>{{cite book|title=River cauvery the most battl(r)ed|last=Ka. Vi.|first=Kannan|page=31|publisher=Notion Press|year=2019|isbn=9781684666041|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CGFDwAAQBAJ&q=thiruvavaduthurai}}</ref>

==Worship practices and festivals==
[[File:Charakkapalli2.jpg|Temple entrance|200x200px|thumb]]
The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Shaivism|Shaivaite]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed four times a day; Ushathkalam at Kalasanthi at 8:00 a.m., Uchikalam at 10:00 a.m., Sayarakshai at 6:00 p.m., and Ardha Jamam at 8:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''abhisheka'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Chakravageeswarar and Devanayagi. The worship is held amidst music with ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument), religious instructions in the [[Vedas]] read by priests and prostration by worshippers in front of the temple mast. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'', fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''.<ref name="dinamalar"/> Annabishekam during the Tamil month of ''Aipassi'' (October–November), Karthikai Deepan during November–December and Adi Sankaracharya Jayanti in ''Vaikasi'' (May–June) are the festivals celebrated in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=1028|title=Sri Chakravageeswarar temple|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Chakravageswarar Temple, Chakkarappalli}}
{{Hindu Temples of Kumbakonam|state=collapsed}}
{{Saptha Stana Temples}}

[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Thanjavur district]]

Eurekha!

2026-01-24T12:03:10Z

ErwinGholson17: Adding some pg w/ infobox

{{Short description|1999 biography of Rekha by Mohan Deep}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Eurekha!
| image = Eurekha!- The Intimate Life Story of Rekha.jpg
| caption =
| author = [[Mohan Deep]]
| country = India
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject = [[Rekha]]
| genre = Biography
| set_in =
| publisher = Shivani Publications
| published = 17 December 1999
| media_type = Print
| pages = 284
| isbn = 978-81-90107-90-7
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
}}

'''''Eurekha!''''' is a biography of the actress [[Rekha]] by the columnist and author [[Mohan Deep]]. The book details her [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]] acting career and her short-term marriage with the industrialist Mukesh Aggarwal. It was published on 17 December 1999 by Shivani Publications and later reprinted in a number of Indian languages, including a serialisation in the magazine ''[[Anandalok]]''. It received negative reviews from critics, who panned Deep's writing and the book's contents. Rekha herself was critical of the book due to its misinformation.

== Synopsis ==
''Eurekha!'' is out of print.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|date=8 September 2016|title='Rekha was honest about everything and Bollywood tried to tame her': biographer Yasser Usman|url=https://scroll.in/reel/815942/rekha-was-honest-about-everything-and-bollywood-tried-to-tame-her-biographer-yasser-usman|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217084335/https://scroll.in/reel/815942/rekha-was-honest-about-everything-and-bollywood-tried-to-tame-her-biographer-yasser-usman|archive-date=17 December 2020|access-date=29 November 2021|website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> It examines Rekha's acting career in [[Hindi cinema]] beginning at age 13 and her marriage to the industrialist Mukesh Aggarwal.<ref name="Tale of two authors" /> A thirteenth chapter of the book, titled "Temptations and Seductions", is provided on Deep's website. It investigates her alleged, romantic relationship with the actor [[Amitabh Bachchan]], positing that the affair began during the shooting of ''[[Do Anjaane]]'' (1976).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deep |first=Mohan |author-link=Mohan Deep |date=1999 |title=Temptations and Seductions |url=http://www.mohandeep.com/chapter.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010222203344/http://www.mohandeep.com/chapter.htm |archive-date=22 February 2001 |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=MohanDeep.com}}</ref><ref name="You Rekha">{{Cite news|last=Vetticad|first=Anna M. M.|author-link=Anna M. M. Vetticad|date=10 January 2000|title=You Rekha|work=[[India Today]]|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20000110-mohan-deeps-book-eurekha-reveals-all-about-bollywood-actress-rekha-776898-2000-01-10|url-status=live|access-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202125609/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20000110-mohan-deeps-book-eurekha-reveals-all-about-bollywood-actress-rekha-776898-2000-01-10|archive-date=2 December 2021}}</ref>

== Development and release ==
''Eurekha!'' was originally titled ''Re'', the way [[Rekha]] is addressed by her friends and fans. Deep's friend, the journalist Chaitanya Padukane, recommended him to change the title to ''Eurekha!'' (a combination the subject's name and the word ''[[Eureka (word)|eureka]]'').<ref name="Eureka">{{Cite web |last=Deep |first=Mohan |date=8 February 2013 |title=The Five Foolish Virgins |url=http://www.mohandeep.net/the-five-foolish-virgins/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421030857/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Merriweather%3A400%2C700%2C900%2C400italic%2C700italic%2C900italic%7CMontserrat%3A400%2C700%7CInconsolata%3A400&subset=latin%2Clatin-ext |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=21 April 2021 |website=MohanDeep.net}}</ref>{{efn|''[[Eureka (word)|Eureka]]'' ({{Translation|I have got it}}) is an interjection to celebrate a discovery or invention, which is the [[transliteration]] of an exclamation attributed to the Ancient Greek mathematician [[Archimedes]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eureka |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/eureka?q=Eureka |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203033940/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/eureka?q=Eureka |archive-date=3 December 2021 |access-date=3 December 2021 |website=[[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Joycee |first=O. J. |date=15 April 2012 |title=Are girls less than equal to boys? |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/are-girls-less-than-equal-to-boys/article3315385.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614144207/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/are-girls-less-than-equal-to-boys/article3315385.ece |archive-date=14 June 2013}}</ref>}} Deep said, "Like [[Archimedes]] who screamed 'eureka!' when he discovered [[Archimedes' principle|his principle]] ... I was supposed to have 'discovered' the real Rekha. So ''Eurekha!''"<ref name="Eureka" /> It was his first book chronicling a living person, attributing this to the criticism he got after publishing his previous books (about [[Madhubala]] and [[Meena Kumari]]) that critics panned for "raking up the past" of deceased people.<ref name="Tale of two authors" />

Published on 17 December 1999 by Shivani Publications in English, the book was reprinted in [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] under the title ''Rekha O Rekha!'';<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buy Online |url=http://bigbollywood.com/buyonline.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021011051849/http://bigbollywood.com/buyonline.htm |archive-date=11 October 2002 |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=BigBollywood.com}}</ref> it was also serialised in the [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language magazine ''[[Anandalok]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deep |first=Mohan |title=Eurekha!: The Intimate Life Story of Rekha |date=17 December 1999 |publisher=Shivani Publications |isbn=978-81-90107-90-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 September 1999 |title=Rekha: Sue That Biographer |work=[[Filmfare]] |url=http://filmfare.indiatimes.com/thebuzz/09_99_september/09_28_99a.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011106002947/http://filmfare.indiatimes.com/thebuzz/09_99_september/09_28_99a.htm |archive-date=6 November 2001}}</ref> The book generated controversy as soon as Rekha admitting she was angry at Deep for chronicling her life without her permission and claimed that most information in the book were misleading.<ref name="Furious!">{{Cite news |date=27 February 2000 |title=Rekha: Furious! |work=Filmfare |url=http://filmfare.indiatimes.com/thebuzz/feb2000/02_27_2000a.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020420160646/http://filmfare.indiatimes.com/thebuzz/feb2000/02_27_2000a.htm |archive-date=20 April 2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 March 2000 |title=Rekha dismisses biography as false |work=[[India Abroad]] |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79276801.html |url-status=dead |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411023155/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79276801.html |archive-date=11 April 2013|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}</ref> In an interview with ''[[Deccan Herald]]'', she expressed her astonishment of how he collected "all those hearsay account" and criticised the title.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raaj |first=Shaheen |date=12 June 2005 |title=Rekha: timeless beauty |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jun122005/enter165418200569.asp |url-status=dead |access-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820053003/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jun122005/enter165418200569.asp |archive-date=20 August 2014}}</ref> Rekha believed that "the kind of language used by the man only reflects his personality". Deep was prepared for a lawsuit from Rekha in response to the book,<ref name="reviews" /> but she did not file one.<ref name="Furious!" /> She informed ''[[Filmfare]]'' in March 2000:

<blockquote>"So many myths have circulated about me. God bless all those who want to make fast buck out my life... or at my expense. Whatever I've done in life, has been tucked away in my memory files for posterity. I have a photographic memory about everything—be it my profession, my achievements, my relationships. And if truth be told, no one is really interested in the real me except my family and close friends. At best, only the prurient or personal aspects grab attention in public. Whether I decide to get married, have a baby, or even plant a tree in my garden, that's purely my personal business. And I pray that it stays that way."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Jitesh |author-link=Jitesh Pillai |date=March 2000 |title=Experiences and Shows |work=[[Filmfare]] |url=http://filmfare.indiatimes.com:80/site/march2000/ivw7_.html |url-status=dead |access-date=18 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010212142349/http://filmfare.indiatimes.com/site/march2000/ivw7_.html |archive-date=12 February 2001}}</ref></blockquote>

== Critical reception ==
Upon release, ''Eurekha!'' had reviews that were generally scathing due to Deep's writing and the book's contents. Tara Patel of ''[[The Afternoon Despatch & Courier]]''<ref name="reviews" /> described it as "an arrogant, crude example of how a woman, who happens to be a film star, can be victimised and exploited even while she lives." ''[[Mid-Day]]'' expressed similar thoughts, writing that Deep failed to chronicle his subject's life and career in a proper writing style.<ref name="Tale of two authors">{{Cite news |last=Gangadhar |first=V. |date=27 February 2000 |title=Tale of two authors, three books |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000227/spectrum/main4.htm |url-status=live |access-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101011624/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000227/spectrum/main4.htm |archive-date=1 January 2014}}</ref> ''India Today'' referred to ''Eurekha!'' as a "shoddily-[written] biography".<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 November 1999 |title=New releases |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19991122-latest-book-releases-the-american-papers-homes-in-emptiness-eurekha-781515-1999-11-22 |url-status=live |access-date=11 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811075506/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19991122-latest-book-releases-the-american-papers-homes-in-emptiness-eurekha-781515-1999-11-22 |archive-date=11 August 2021}}</ref> In contrast, ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]''{{'s}} [[Ashok Banker]] wrote that Deep "has the guts to grab the tigress by the tail", believing his narration of Rekha's marriage to Agarwal is readable and entertaining.<ref name="reviews" /> V. Gangadhar from ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' felt the book is full of details of her personal life,<ref name="Tale of two authors" /> while ''Movie Mag International'' praised its authenticity.<ref name="reviews" />

''[[The Asian Age]]'' observed that Deep "has her life in a no-holds-barred-manner", and the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' opined his prose is "[[Purple prose|purple]]". Another writer from ''The Afternoon Despatch & Courier'' was more positive, thinking that Deep had not got any credits he deserved for his works and praising his effort of researching her life. The [[Mumbai]]-based magazine ''Savvy'' said the book is "unputdownable", complimenting the fluidity in his narration which the reviewer thought would "[spur] your own vicarious curiosity for a fascinating film legend". ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' commented, "... the enigma lies exposed as her life reflects the complexed, confused meanderings of a sharp and gifted individual." [[Behram Contractor]] labelled it the book version of the ''[[Sunset Boulevard (film)|Sunset Boulevard]]'' of "the biggest and definitely the most intriguing actress in Bollywood's history".<ref name="reviews">{{Cite web |last=Deep |first=Mohan |date=1999 |title=Rekha Sore at Mohan Deep!!! |url=http://www.mohandeep.com:80/main.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000709124707/http://www.mohandeep.com/main.htm |archive-date=9 July 2000 |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=MohanDeep.com}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Google Books|id=mxcDHQAACAAJ}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1999 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Biographies about actors]]
[[Category:Indian biographies]]
[[Category:Unauthorized biographies]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:English-language non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Hindi cinema]]

Temptation Island India

2026-01-23T13:07:26Z

ErwinGholson17: starting a data initial version - done

{{short description|Indian dating reality television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Temptation Island India.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = {{ubl|[[Reality television|Reality]]|[[Dating game show]]}}
| creator =
| developer =
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter = {{ubl|[[Karan Kundrra]]|[[Mouni Roy]]}}
| starring =
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 42
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Deepak Dhar
| editor =
| location = Alibaug
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime = 60 minutes
| company = [[Banijay|Banijay Asia]]
| channel = [[JioCinema]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|11|03}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2023|12|14}}
| related =
}}
'''''Temptation Island India: Pyaar Ki Pariksha''''' ({{Translation|Temptation Island India: Test of Love}}) is an Indian [[Reality television|reality]] [[dating game show]] based on ''[[Temptation Island (TV series)|Temptation Island]]'' premiered on [[JioCinema]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/temptation-island-india-release-date-when-where-to-watch-mouni-roys-reality-show/cb30d574dd812 | title=Temptation Island India release date: When, where to watch Mouni Roy's reality show | archive-date=5 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105193556/https://www.ottplay.com/news/temptation-island-india-release-date-when-where-to-watch-mouni-roys-reality-show/cb30d574dd812 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/dating-reality-show-temptation-island-to-get-an-indian-adaptation-details-2445535-2023-10-06 | title=Dating reality show 'Temptation Island' to get an Indian adaptation. Details | archive-date=7 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007000729/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/dating-reality-show-temptation-island-to-get-an-indian-adaptation-details-2445535-2023-10-06 | url-status=live }}</ref> Produced by Deepak Dhar under [[Banijay|Banijay Asia]], the series is filmed in [[Alibag|Alibaug]], [[Maharashtra]] and is hosted by [[Karan Kundrra]] and [[Mouni Roy]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/karan-kundrra-to-host-indian-adaptation-of-temptation-island-calls-it-a-thrilling-journey-8633258.html | title=Karan Kundrra to Host Indian Adaptation of Temptation Island, Calls It a 'Thrilling Journey' | date=25 October 2023 | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025121251/https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/karan-kundrra-to-host-indian-adaptation-of-temptation-island-calls-it-a-thrilling-journey-8633258.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/mouni-roy-roped-in-to-host-indian-adaptation-of-temptation-island-report-2450112-2023-10-17 | title=Mouni Roy roped in to host Indian adaptation of 'Temptation Island'. Report | archive-date=23 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023172046/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/mouni-roy-roped-in-to-host-indian-adaptation-of-temptation-island-report-2450112-2023-10-17 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/indian-adaptation-of-global-reality-series-temptation-island-in-the-making-8970926/ | title=Indian adaptation of global reality series Temptation Island in the making | date=6 October 2023 | archive-date=7 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007211015/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/indian-adaptation-of-global-reality-series-temptation-island-in-the-making-8970926/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
In the show, several couples agree to live with a group of singles of the opposite sex, in order to test the strength of their relationships.

== Series overview ==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #87CEFA
| link1 = Temptation Island India (season 1)
| episodes1 = 42
| start1 = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|11|03}}
| end1 = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|12|14}}
}}

== Contestants ==
===Season 1===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; font-size: 90%; width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" | #
! scope="col" |Couple
! scope="col" | Age
! scope="col" | Occupation
! scope="col" | Hometown
! scope="col" | Dating
! scope="col" | Status
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2"| 1
|[[Chetna Pande]]
|33
| Actress
| [[Nainital]]
| rowspan="2" | 3 years
| rowspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" | ''In a relationship after show''
| Left the island alone.
|-
|Nishank Swami
|37
| Director
| [[Mumbai]]
| Chetna declined; Left the island alone.
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2"| 2
|Nidhi Kumar
|28
| Dancer
| [[Dubai]]
| rowspan="2" | 2 years
| rowspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" | ''Married''<ref>{{cite news|title=Temptation Island couple Nidhi Kumar and Mohak Malhotra ties the knot; share dreamy pictures from their wedding|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/temptation-island-couple-nidhi-kumar-and-mohak-malhotra-ties-the-knot-share-dreamy-pictures-from-their-wedding/articleshow/125049596.cms |access-date=23 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 November 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260123121139/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/temptation-island-couple-nidhi-kumar-and-mohak-malhotra-ties-the-knot-share-dreamy-pictures-from-their-wedding/articleshow/125049596.cms |archive-date=23 January 2026}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" style="background:gold;" | Left the island together.
|-
| Mohak Malhotra
|34
| Businessman
| [[London]]
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2"| 3
| Nikita Bhamidipati
|22
| Reality Show Alumni
| [[Mumbai]]
| rowspan="2" | {{nowrap|4 months}}
| rowspan="2" style="background:lightpink;"| ''Split''
| rowspan="2" | {{nowrap|They ended their relationship mid-journey.}} Hence, In episode 25, during special bonefire they had to leave the island.
|-
|Tayne Devilliers
|22
| Boxer
| [[South Africa]]
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2"| 4
| Cheshta Bhagat
|33
| Actress
| [[Delhi]]
| rowspan="2" | 11 years
| rowspan="2" style="background:lightpink;" |''Split''
| Left the island with Nikhil.
|-
|Arjun Aneja
|36
| Actor
| [[Gurgaon ]]
| Cheshta declined; Left the island alone.
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2"| *
|Gargee Nandy
|26
|Model
|[[Shillong]]
| rowspan="2" |11 years
| rowspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" | ''In a relationship''
| Left the island alone.
|-
|Ronak Gupta
|29
|Businessman
|[[Shillong]]
| Gargee declined; Left the island alone.
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; font-size: 90%; width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" | #
! colspan="2" |Tempter
! scope="col" | Age
! scope="col" | Occupation
! scope="col" | Hometown
! scope="col" | Status
|-
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"| 1
| bgcolor="cyan" |
|Satyam Tyagi
| 26
| Lawyer
| [[Delhi]]
| style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated ''{{nowrap|(Episode 14)}}''
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"| 2
| bgcolor="cyan" |
|Aryan Arora
| 25
| Actor
| [[Mumbai]]
| style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated ''{{nowrap|(Episode 39)}}''
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"| 3
| bgcolor="cyan" |
|Faiz Baloch
| 25
| Social Media Influencer
| [[Mumbai]]
| style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated ''{{nowrap|(Episode 39)}}''
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"| 4
| bgcolor="cyan" |
|Samadh Choudhary
| 30
| Sales Professional
| [[Jammu]]
| style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated In Finale ''{{nowrap|(Episode 41)}}''
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"| 5
| bgcolor="cyan" |
|Zen Sajnani
| 22
| Software Engineer
| [[Mumbai]]
| style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated ''{{nowrap|(Episode 39)}}''
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"| 6
| bgcolor="cyan" |
|Vaibhav "Jimmy" Gandhi
| 23
| Content Creator
| [[Gurgaon]]
| style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated ''{{nowrap|(Episode 39)}}''
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"| 7
| bgcolor="cyan" |
|Nikhil Mehta
| 32
| Music Producer / DJ
| [[Chandigarh]]
| style="background:gold;" | {{Nowrap|Left the island with Cheshta.}}
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"| 8
| bgcolor="cyan" |
|Jad Hadid
|37
| Model
| [[Dubai]]
| style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated ''{{nowrap|(Episode 39)}}''
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"| *
|Bgcolor=cyan|
|Akshay Bindra
|35
|Fitness Trainer
|[[Delhi]]
| style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated In Finale ''{{nowrap|(Episode 42)}}''
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; font-size: 90%; width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" | #
! colspan="2" |Temptress
! scope="col" | Age
! scope="col" | Occupation
! scope="col" | Hometown
! scope="col" | Status
|-
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"| 1
| bgcolor="#FFC0CB" |
|Rajvi Brahmbhatt
| 21
| Model
| [[Surat]]
| style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated ''{{nowrap|(Episode 40)}}''
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"| 2
| bgcolor="#FFC0CB" |
|Shraddha Tiwari
| 24
| Flight Attendant
| [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]
| style="background:salmon;" | {{Nowrap|Eliminated In Finale}} ''{{nowrap|(Episode 42)}}''
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"| 3
| bgcolor="#FFC0CB" |
|Navisha Raj Kashyap
| 25
| Model
| [[Kolhapur]]
| style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated In Finale ''{{nowrap|(Episode 41)}}''
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"| 4
| bgcolor="#FFC0CB" |
|Urvi Shetty
| 28
| Model
| [[Mumbai]]
| style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated In Finale ''{{nowrap|(Episode 41)}}''
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"| 5
| bgcolor="#FFC0CB" |
|Shagun Daggar
| 21
| Beauty Pageant
| [[Indore]]
| style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated ''{{nowrap|(Episode 21)}}''
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"| 6
| bgcolor="#FFC0CB" |
|Mahima Seth
| 23
| Content Creator
| [[Delhi]]
| style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated ''{{nowrap|(Episode 40)}}''
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"| 7
| bgcolor="#FFC0CB" |
|Neha Anand
| 32
| Commercial Pilot
| [[Mumbai]]
| style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated ''{{nowrap|(Episode 40)}}''
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="1"| 8
| bgcolor="#FFC0CB" |
|Ruma Sharma
| 28
| Social Media Influencer
| [[Delhi]]
| style="background:salmon;" | Eliminated ''{{nowrap|(Episode 40)}}''
|-
|}

== Production ==
===Broadcast===
Viewers had access to 24×7 live footage at ''The Temptation Channel'' & to chats of some contestants at ''Temptation Island India: Leaked Chats'' on [[JioCinema]] along with daily episodes.

=== Casting ===
In July 2021, [[Kangana Ranaut]] was in talks to host the series.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/kangana-ranaut-to-make-ott-debut-indian-adaptation-of-temptation-island-7404124/ | title=Kangana Ranaut to make OTT debut with the Indian adaptation of Temptation Island | date=14 July 2021 | archive-date=8 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008155944/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/kangana-ranaut-to-make-ott-debut-indian-adaptation-of-temptation-island-7404124/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2023, Akash Choudhary was approached to participate in the series, but he declined.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/akash-choudhary-declines-temptation-island-offer-im-seeing-someone-and-it-would-be-very-disrespectful-exclusive/articleshow/103305377.cms | title=Akash Choudhary declines Temptation Island offer: I'm seeing someone and it would be very disrespectful (Exclusive) | newspaper=The Times of India | date=2 September 2023 | archive-date=8 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008154319/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/akash-choudhary-declines-temptation-island-offer-im-seeing-someone-and-it-would-be-very-disrespectful-exclusive/articleshow/103305377.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 2023, [[Mouni Roy]] and [[Karan Kundrra]] joined as host.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/jiocinema-confirms-mouni-roy-as-host-of-indian-adaptation-of-temptation-island/cid/1974746 | title=JioCinema confirms Mouni Roy as host of Indian adaptation of Temptation Island | archive-date=22 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022164714/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/jiocinema-confirms-mouni-roy-as-host-of-indian-adaptation-of-temptation-island/cid/1974746 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/temptation-island-india-karan-kundrra-joins-mouni-roy-as-the-host-of-the-jiocinema-reality-show/34e969f744642 | title=Temptation Island India: Karan Kundrra joins Mouni Roy as the host of the JioCinema reality show | archive-date=25 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025104148/https://www.ottplay.com/news/temptation-island-india-karan-kundrra-joins-mouni-roy-as-the-host-of-the-jiocinema-reality-show/34e969f744642 | url-status=live }}</ref>

In few episodes, Abhishek Malhan entered the villa to interact with contestants.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-02 |title='Bigg Boss OTT 2' fame Abhishek Malhan to enter 'Temptation Island India' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-ott-2-fame-abhishek-malhan-to-enter-temptation-island-india-101698911490897.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108124144/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-ott-2-fame-abhishek-malhan-to-enter-temptation-island-india-101698911490897.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Elvish Yadav]] also entered the villa to interact with contestants.{{fact|date=December 2023}}

=== Development ===
In December 2022, it was reported that [[Banijay|Banijay Asia]] was planning to launch the Indian adaption.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://variety.com/2022/global/asia/banijay-asia-indian-adaptation-house-suits-1235453828/ | title=Banijay Asia Sets Indian Adaptations of 'House,' 'Suits,' India to be Hub for Pan-Asian Content | date=8 December 2022 | archive-date=3 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203111808/https://variety.com/2022/global/asia/banijay-asia-indian-adaptation-house-suits-1235453828/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2023, Deepak Dhar stated that the development of the series was in its early stages.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://deadline.com/2023/03/banijay-asia-deepak-dhar-the-night-manager-suits-the-good-wife-1235270065/ | title=Banijay Asia CEO Deepak Dhar on 'The Night Manager', Remaking 'Suits' and 'The Good Wife', and Making India a Regional Production Hub | date=March 2023 | archive-date=8 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008154318/https://deadline.com/2023/03/banijay-asia-deepak-dhar-the-night-manager-suits-the-good-wife-1235270065/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2023, [[Banijay|Banijay Asia]] confirmed production of the series.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/asia/survivor-temptation-island-india-production-hub-banijay-asia-1235670300/ | title='Survivor,' 'Temptation Island' Set India as International Production Hub as Banijay Takes Full Ownership of Endemol Shine India (EXCLUSIVE) | date=17 July 2023 | archive-date=8 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008154318/https://variety.com/2023/tv/asia/survivor-temptation-island-india-production-hub-banijay-asia-1235670300/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

The series was announced by [[JioCinema]] on 6 October 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://deadline.com/2023/10/temptation-island-jiocinema-india-reality-dating-format-1235564703/ | title='Temptation Island': JioCinema Emerges as Indian Buyer of Reality Dating Format | date=5 October 2023 | archive-date=8 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008154319/https://deadline.com/2023/10/temptation-island-jiocinema-india-reality-dating-format-1235564703/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Reception==
Satish Sundaresan of [[OTT Play]] called the first episode "not at all worth the hype which had been built about the show since many days." He also wrote that the show "seems to be heavily inspired by [[MTV Splitsvilla]]."<ref>{{cite web |last=Sundaresan |first=Satish |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/temptation-island-india-review-karan-kundrra-mouni-roy-hosted-show-seems-inspired-by-mtv-splitsvilla/6776dd5de9489 |title=Temptation Island India review: Karan Kundrra, Mouni Roy hosted show seems inspired by MTV Splitsvilla |date=4 November 2023 |website=OTT Play |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116072146/https://www.ottplay.com/news/temptation-island-india-review-karan-kundrra-mouni-roy-hosted-show-seems-inspired-by-mtv-splitsvilla/6776dd5de9489 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/temptation-island-india/3841464 ''Temptation Island India''] on [[JioCinema]]
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt29418391/?ref_=ra_sb_ln Temptation Island India] on [[IMDb]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]

Neelam (organisation)

2026-01-21T10:51:06Z

ErwinGholson17:

{{promotional tone|date=November 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian human rights organisation}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Neelam
| formation = 2015
| logo = NEELAM LOGO.png
| founder = [[Pa. Ranjith]]
| headquarters = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| leader_title = [[Pa. Ranjith]]
| publication = Neelam
| subsidiaries = Neelam Foundation Neelam Productions Neelam Cultural Center Neelam Social
| website = https://theneelam.com/
}}

'''Neelam''' (Tamil: நீலம்) is an Indian socio-cultural [[NGO]] founded by filmmaker [[Pa. Ranjith]], based in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. The organisation works towards anti-caste social justice, [[Dalit]]-[[Bahujan]] cultural expression and community activism across cinema, journalism, literature, performance art and public debate. It functions through different branches such as Neelam Productions, Neelam Panpaatu Maiyam (Neelam Cultural Centre), Neelam Foundation, Neelam Social and a literary magazine titled ''Neelam''. The organisation draws inspiration from the [[Ambedkarism]] philosophy of [[B. R. Ambedkar]] and aims to generate a Dalit-perspective platform for art, politics and culture.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jane |first=Sinduja |date=2015-01-12 |title=Taking Slum Kids the 'Extra' Mile |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2015/Jan/12/taking-slum-kids-the-extra-mile-704377.html |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-10 |title=The Dalit filmmaker challenging India’s caste discrimination |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/06/10/india-dalit-filmmaker-caste-paranjith/ |access-date=2025-10-18 |work=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnan |first=Revathi |date=2022-03-09 |title=Films, YouTube, Ambedkar — Pa Ranjith is building a new world and it won't be sidelined |url=https://theprint.in/feature/films-youtube-ambedkar-pa-ranjith-is-building-a-new-world-and-it-wont-be-sidelined/865011/ |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
Around 2015, Pa. Ranjith and his associates formed the Neelam Foundation, focused on the educational upliftment of [[marginalized]] children in Chennai slums.<ref name=":0" /> The foundation runs "Neelam Educational Centers," which provide children with extra-curricular training in art, culture, and sports.<ref name=":0" /> This foundational work in community activism subsequently expanded into the broader, more public-facing socio-cultural organisation comprising Neelam Productions, Neelam Panpaatu Maiyam, and Neelam Social aimed at anti-caste politics in media and the arts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2024-09-08 |title=Pa. Ranjith: For me, everything is political |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/pa-ranjith-for-me-everything-is-political-802886 |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2019-12-07 |title=Neelam Foundation to hold arts camp for marginalised kids in TN: How you can help |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/neelam-foundation-hold-arts-camp-marginalised-kids-tn-how-you-can-help-113653 |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

== Organisation and structure ==
Neelam functions as an umbrella organisation with multiple divisions focused on different forms of outreach:

* '''Neelam Foundation:''' A dedicated [[NGO]] to social work and the upliftment of marginalized communities, with a particular focus on empowering children and women.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2019-12-07 |title=Neelam Foundation to hold arts camp for marginalised kids in TN: How you can help |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/neelam-foundation-hold-arts-camp-marginalised-kids-tn-how-you-can-help-113653 |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Neelam Productions''': A film and media production arm that backs cinema and documentaries with anti-caste and socially conscious themes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajpal |first=Roktim |date=2022-12-08 |title=Happy Birthday Pa Ranjith: 4 reasons why his brand of counterculture stands above the rest |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/happy-birthday-pa-ranjith-4-reasons-why-his-brand-of-counterculture-stands-above-the-rest-2306782-2022-12-08 |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Neelam Panpaatu Maiyam (Neelam Cultural Centre)''': A cultural centre dedicated to performance, art festivals, public debates, and community engagement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TK |first=Smitha |date=2018-12-31 |title=Pa Ranjith’s ‘Vaanam’ Aims to Convey Sensitive Issues Through Art |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/pa-ranjith-arts-festival-gaana-music-dance-casteless-collective-vaanam |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Neelam Social''': A media and journalism wing producing documentaries, interviews and digital content on oppressed communities, caste politics and social issues.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-08-16 |title=Neelam Social releases documentary on conservancy workers’ protests |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/neelam-social-releases-documentary-on-conservancy-workers-protests/article69941033.ece |access-date=2025-10-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* '''Neelam (magazine)''': A Tamil-language literary and socio-political journal aiming to create space for new voices, art forms and critique from a Dalit-perspective.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghu |first=Archita |date=2023-04-27 |title=Reimagining book stores: Neelam carves out space for anti-caste literature |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2023/Apr/27/reimagining-book-stores-neelam-carves-out-space-for-anti-caste-literature-2569697.html |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Neelam Foundation ==
The Neelam Foundation is dedicated to social work and the upliftment of marginalized communities, with a particular focus on empowering children and women. It is an NGO initiative under the broader organization founded by filmmaker Pa. Ranjith.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jane |first=Sinduja |date=2015-01-12 |title=Taking Slum Kids the 'Extra' Mile |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2015/Jan/12/taking-slum-kids-the-extra-mile-704377.html |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The Foundation's primary work revolves around running Neelam Educational Centers across Tamil Nadu, which offer training programs and creative opportunities for children from marginalized groups, aiming to nurture their talents in areas like folk art, photography, mime, rap, filmmaking, and theatre.<ref name=":6" /> Beyond the centers, it organizes residential arts camps for these children to enhance their skills and build community. Furthermore, the Foundation extends its social justice mission by launching programs to provide workshops and professional opportunities for aspiring filmmakers who are women and [[queer]] from marginalized backgrounds, thereby addressing issues of representation and social equity within the media industry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghu |first=Archita |date=2022-12-28 |title=Daring to dream: Neelam Trust’s five-day free winter annual camp hopes to delight, teach and educate children |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/Dec/28/daring-to-dreamneelam-trusts-five-day-free-winter-annual-camp-hopes-to-delight-teach-and-educate-chi-2532308.html |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Neelam Productions ==
Neelam Productions is the film-production banner under Neelam. It has supported feature films and documentaries directed or produced by Pa. Ranjith and his associates like it co-produced a comedy-drama project with associate director Dhinakaran Sivalingam.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Rajpal |first=Roktim |date=2022-12-08 |title=Happy Birthday Pa Ranjith: 4 reasons why his brand of counterculture stands above the rest |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/happy-birthday-pa-ranjith-4-reasons-why-his-brand-of-counterculture-stands-above-the-rest-2306782-2022-12-08 |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The production wing contributes to the organisation’s mission by leveraging mainstream cinema and media to address caste, identity and representation issues.<ref name=":2" />

In August 2025, Neelam Productions publicly alerted the public about fake audition calls circulating in its name, reaffirming that only its official handles should be trusted.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wadhwa |first=Aman |title=Pa Ranjith's Neelam Productions alerts public of fake audition calls, issues statement: 'We would like to declare...' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-pa-ranjith-neelam-productions-alerts-public-of-fake-audition-calls-issues-statement-3177438 |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

Theatrical film productions by Neelam Productions:
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Film
! Notes
|-
| 2018 ||''[[Pariyerum Perumal]]'' ||
|-
| 2019 ||''[[Irandam Ulagaporin Kadaisi Gundu]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pa-ranjith-announces-his-second-production-attakathi-dinesh-lead-93004|title=Pa Ranjith announces his second production, Attakathi Dinesh in the lead|date=8 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Kuthiraivaal]]''
|
|-
|''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]''
|
|-
|''[[Writer (film)|Writer]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022 ||''[[Seththumaan]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Natchathiram Nagargiradhu]]''
|
|-
|2023 ||''[[Bommai Nayagi]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024 ||''[[Blue Star (film)|Blue Star]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pa-ranjiths-next-production-starring-ashok-selvan-and-shanthnu-titled-blue-star/article66874002.ece|title = Pa Ranjith's next production, starring Ashok Selvan and Shanthnu, titled 'Blue Star'| newspaper=The Hindu |date = 20 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
|''[[J Baby]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/director-pa-ranjith-announces-his-third-production-venture-100443|title = Director Pa Ranjith announces his third production venture|date = 21 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Thangalaan]]''
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2025 ||''[[Bottle Radha]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/19/bottle-radha-trailer-the-consequences-of-alcoholism-explored-in-a-lighter-vein|title = Pa Ranjith's next production, starring Guru Somasundaram, Sanchana Natarajan, John Vijay, Lollu Sabha Maaran, titled 'Bottle Radha'| newspaper=cinema express |date = 19 Jan 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Papa Buka]]''
| Papua New Guinea-India co-production<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2025/film/awards/papua-new-guinea-first-ever-oscar-submission-papa-buka-1236498808/ |title=Papua New Guinea Makes First-Ever Oscar Submission With 'Papa Buka' (Exclusive) |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=26 August 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Thandakaaranyam]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-18 |title=Kalaiyarasan and Dinesh's Thandakaaranyam gets September release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/18/kalaiyarasan-and-dineshs-thandakaaranyam-gets-september-release |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bison Kaalamaadan]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=பிரிவு |first=இணையதளச் செய்திப் |date=2025-10-18 |title=பைசன், டியூட், டீசல் முதல்நாள் வசூல்... தீபாவளி வெற்றியாளர் யார்? |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Oct/18/bison-dude-diesel-films-first-day-collection-details-who-is-the-winner |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref>
|}

== Neelam Panpaatu Maiyam (Neelam Cultural Centre) ==
Neelam Panpaatu Maiyam actively organises art festivals, public gatherings, and cultural programmes aimed at reclaiming Dalit history, culture, and voice through artistic expression. Its flagship event, the [[Vaanam Art Festival]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Athimuthu |first=Soundarya |date=2022-04-20 |title=Pa Ranjith on Organising 'Vaanam Art Festival' During Dalit History Month |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/pa-ranjith-interview-about-vaanam-art-festival-in-dalit-history-month |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> is held annually during Dalit History Month, celebrating marginalized identities and fostering community dialogue.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2018-12-21 |title=Cultural fest on social justice by Pa Ranjith {{!}} Cultural fest on social justice by Pa Ranjith |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/211218/cultural-fest-on-social-justice-by-pa-ranjith.html |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> The cultural centre also launched initiatives such as the Women & Trans Persons Cinema Forum and media campaigns like #VoteOutHate to promote social justice and inclusivity. Notably, it took legal action in 2021 when a song was falsely associated with its festival, underscoring its commitment to authenticity and respect for marginalized voices.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=TK |first=Smitha |date=2018-12-31 |title=Pa Ranjith’s ‘Vaanam’ Aims to Convey Sensitive Issues Through Art |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/pa-ranjith-arts-festival-gaana-music-dance-casteless-collective-vaanam |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-13 |title=Art and music is equal to political power: Pa Ranjith |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/art-and-music-is-equal-to-political-power-pa-ranjith/articleshow/62475313.cms |access-date=2025-10-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In collaboration with filmmaker Pa. Ranjith, Neelam Panpaatu Maiyam helped launch [[The Casteless Collective]], an indie band blending Gaana, hip-hop, rock, rap, and folk music to raise socio-political awareness. The band, formed in 2017, emerged from auditions aimed at uniting musicians driven by both artistic skill and social motivation, It consists of popular artists such as [[Arivu]], [[Tenma (musician)|Tenma]] and [[Isaivani]].<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Govindarajan |first=Vinita |date=2018-01-11 |title=The Casteless Collective: A music band’s debut has caught the attention of Chennai and the internet |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/864285/the-casteless-collective-a-music-bands-debut-has-caught-the-attention-of-chennai-and-the-internet |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Neelam Social ==
Neelam Social is a digital media platform associated with Neelam. It produces documentaries and digital content exploring issues of caste, gender, sexuality, [[colorism]] and labour and releases most of their documentaries on their [[YouTube]] channel.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2023-11-06 |title=Documentary ‘Chaityabhumi’ reveals Ambedkar memorial’s centrality in the Dalit imagination |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1058670/new-documentary-chaityabhumi-reveals-ambedkar-memorials-centrality-in-the-dalit-imagination |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> In March 2024, Neelam Social produced and released ''Kalli Paal-la Oru Tea'' (''Coffee with Cactus Milk''), an anthology film, directly on its YouTube channel. The project featured four short films by women directors focusing on the issues women face in a [[patriarchal society]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-03-19 |title=Neelam Social's Kalli Paal La Oru Tea gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Mar/19/neelam-socials-kalli-paal-la-oru-tea-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2024-03-19 |title=‘Kalli Paal-la Oru Tea’: Neelam Social’s anthology to release on YouTube on March 20 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kalli-paal-la-oru-tea-neelam-socials-anthology-to-release-on-youtube-on-march-20/article67967573.ece |access-date=2025-10-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In August 2022, it co-hosted a global virtual concert “Radical Rhythms” with Dalit artists from around the world to highlight caste-based oppression in global workplaces.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2022-08-10 |title=Neelam Social to host global concert against caste-based oppression |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/Aug/10/neelam-social-to-host-global-concert-against-caste-based-oppression-2485983.html |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=U |first=Saradha |date=2022-08-10 |title=Equality Labs and Neelam join hands for concert against casteism in big tech |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/equality-labs-and-neelam-join-hands-concert-against-casteism-big-tech-166697 |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

== Neelam (magazine) and Bookstore ==
The Neelam magazine (sometimes referred to as ''Neelam Itazhl'' or simply “Neelam magazine”) presents Tamil-language essays, poems, short stories, writing on painting, music, performance, criticism and culture from a Dalit-perspective. The editorial vision emphasises not only discussing Dalit issues but using the Dalit lens to understand all social, cultural and political phenomena.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Raghu |first=Archita |date=2023-04-27 |title=Reimagining book stores: Neelam carves out space for anti-caste literature |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2023/Apr/27/reimagining-book-stores-neelam-carves-out-space-for-anti-caste-literature-2569697.html |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Raghu |first=Archita |date=2023-04-27 |title=Neelam Bookstore & Cultural Space: Democratic designs to assemble accessibility |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2023/Apr/27/neelam-bookstore--cultural-space-democraticdesigns-to-assembleaccessibility-2569698.html |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Neelam Bookstore and Cultural Space ===
Neelam Bookstore and Cultural Space, located in Egmore, Chennai, is an Ambedkarite anti-caste literary and cultural venue. It offers works by Ambedkar, Dalit writers like [[Bama (writer)|Bama]], graphic novels such as ''[[Bhimayana]]'', and Tamil translations of prominent authors, often absent from mainstream bookstores.<ref name=":4" />

The space is designed to be flexible, hosting events like concerts, discussions, and exhibitions with movable furniture. It supports emerging Dalit and Bahujan writers through mentorship and affordable, quality publications.<ref name=":5" />

Filmmaker Pa. Ranjith and academic [[V. Geetha]] recognize Neelam’s role in promoting anti-caste literature and inclusive cultural discourse. Architect Iraianbu Murugavel designed the space to challenge elitist norms and foster accessibility.<ref name=":4" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://theneelam.com/ Neelam magazine Website]
*[https://x.com/officialneelam Neelam Productions Twitter handle]
*[https://x.com/NeelamSocial Neelam Social Twitter handle]
*[https://www.youtube.com/@neelam_social Neelam Social YouTube Channel]
*[https://x.com/neelam_culture Neelam Panpaatu Maiyam (Neelam Cultural Centre) Twitter handle]

[[Category:Organisations based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Human rights organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Tamil organisations]]
[[Category:Film distributors of India]]
[[Category:Film production companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Anti-capitalist organizations]]
[[Category:Left-wing politics in India]]
[[Category:Anti-imperialist organizations]]

Vedavati

2026-01-17T13:58:53Z

ErwinGholson17: typo fix

{{short description|Previous birth of Sita in Hinduism}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| name = Vedavati
| image = Vedavathi refuses Ravana.jpg
| caption = Vedavati thwarts the advances of Ravana
| deity_of = Possessor of the Vedas<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rViYDwAAQBAJ&dq=vedavati+goddess+of&pg=PA601 | isbn=9780691182926 | title=The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India, Volume VII: Uttarakāṇḍa | date=11 September 2018 | publisher=Princeton University Press }}</ref>
| affiliation = {{hlist|[[Devi]]|[[Sita]]|[[Lakshmi|Sri]]|[[Padmavati (Hinduism)|Padmavati]]}}
| texts = [[Puranas]], [[Ramayana]]
| father = [[Kushadhvaja (Brahmarishi)|Kushadhvaja]]
| mother = Malyavati
}}

'''Vedavati''' ([[Sanskrit]]: वेदवती, [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Vedavatī'') is the previous birth of the goddess [[Sita]] in [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-02-15 |title=Vedavati, Vedavatī: 5 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/vedavati |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> She is an avatar of the mother goddess [[Lakshmi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dowson |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=leH7AQAAQBAJ&dq=Vedavati+goddess+meaning&pg=PA295 |title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History and Literature |date=2013-11-05 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-39029-6 |pages=295 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharmaao |first=N. Raganatha |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Lakshmi/8RLDAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=lakshmi&pg=PT14&printsec=frontcover |title=Lakshmi |last2=Litent |date=2014-01-01 |publisher=Litent |language=en}}</ref>

==Legend==

=== Birth ===
Vedavati was the daughter of [[Kushadhvaja (Brahmarishi)|Brahmarishi Kushadhvaja]], who was the son of [[Brihaspati]], the guru of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]]. Having spent his life chanting and studying the sacred [[Vedas]], he named his daughter ''Vedavati'', as the one who possesses all the knowledge of the Vedas, for she was born to him as the divine fruit of his [[bhakti]] and intense [[tapasya]] towards goddess Lakshmi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muir |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SfWAAAAAQBAJ&dq=Vedavati+goddess+meaning&pg=PA309 |title=Metrical Translations from Sanskrit Writers |date=2013-08-21 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-38637-4 |language=en}}</ref> Vedavati had uttered the Vedic mantras the moment she was born, radiating divine purity and tapas from her very first breath.<ref>{{Citation |last=Kaligotla |first=Subhashini |title=Dasharatha's Oil Vat in the Mewar Ramayana |date=2024-02-28 |work=The Routledge Companion to Literature and Art |pages=313–325 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003273356-28 |access-date=2025-11-13 |place=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-27335-6}}</ref>

=== Dedication to Vishnu ===
Vedavati's father wanted his child to have the preserver god [[Vishnu]] as her husband. He thus rejected many powerful kings and celestial beings who sought his daughter's hand. Outraged by his rejection, King Sambhu murdered her parents in the middle of a moonless night.

Vedavati continued to live in the [[ashram]] of her parents, meditating night and day and performing a great [[tapasya]] to win Vishnu for her husband.

The ''Ramayana'' describes her as wearing the hide of a black antelope, her hair matted in a ''jata'', like a [[rishi]]. She is inexpressibly beautiful, in the bloom of her youth, enhanced by her tapasya.

=== Immolation ===
[[Ravana]], the king of [[Lanka]] and the [[rakshasa]] race, found Vedavati sitting in meditation as a ''tapasvini'' and was captivated by her incredible beauty. He proposed his hand in marriage to her, and was rejected. Ravana, firmly rejected at every turn, grabbed her hair and tried assaulting her.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uXCYDwAAQBAJ&dq=ravana+rape+Vedavati&pg=PA907 |title=The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India, Volume VI: Yuddhakāṇḍa |date=2017-01-24 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-17398-6 |pages=907 |language=en}}</ref> The furious Vedavati cursed Ravana that she would be born once more, and would be the cause of his death.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Stuti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3oEEAAAQBAJ&dq=Vedavati+ravana&pg=PA42 |title=Magical Mythology |date=2020-11-10 |publisher=Sristhi Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-947908-6-0 |language=en}}</ref> She subsequently leapt into the ritual [[Homa (ritual)|havan]] that was present in her vicinity, immolating herself.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Stuti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3oEEAAAQBAJ&dq=Vedavati+havan&pg=PA42 |title=Magical Mythology |date=2020-11-10 |publisher=Sristhi Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-947908-6-0 |language=en}}</ref> Vedavati would be born again as [[Sita]], and as proclaimed, she was the triggering cause of Ravana and his relatives's death, though her husband [[Rama]] would be the agent.<ref>[http://www.mythfolklore.net/india/encyclopedia/vedavati.htm Vedavati, The Encyclopaedia for Epics of Ancient India]</ref>

=== Rebirth ===
According to the ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]'', Vedavati encountered the goddess [[Parvati]] during the duration of her penance. Pleased by her devotion, the goddess offered Vedavati a boon of her choice. Vedavati desired [[Narayana]] as her husband in his every incarnation on earth, and sought the devotion of his lotus feet. Cognisant of Vedavati's true identity as a manifestation of [[Lakshmi]], Parvati promised that she would have all that she sought, informing her that Narayana would assume the avatar of [[Rama]] to cleanse the earth of its evil during the [[Treta Yuga]], and that she would be his consort.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yadava |first=Babu Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1foQAAAAMAAJ&q=Vedavati+Parvati |title=A Critical Study of the Sources of Kalidasa |date=1974 |publisher=Bhavana Prakashan |language=en}}</ref> Lakshmi reincarnated herself as a child upon a farm in the kingdom of Mithila, where she was discovered by the King [[Janaka]]. Stupified by the sight of the infant whose skin shone like molten gold, Janaka heard an ''akashvani'', a celestial announcement from the heavens that the child would become the bride of Narayana. Overjoyed, Janaka raised her as his own daughter Janaki, better known as [[Sita]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Books |first=Kausiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sJg3EAAAQBAJ&dq=Vedavati+goddess&pg=PT30 |title=Brahma Vaivartha Purana: 5 Sri Krishna Janana Khanda Part 2: English Translation only without Slokas: English Translation only without Slokas |date=2021-07-09 |publisher=Kausiki Books |language=en}}</ref>

=== Maya Sita ===
Another variant in the ''Brahma Vaivarta Purana,''<ref>Doniger (1999) p. 23</ref> the ''[[Devi-Bhagavata Purana|Devi Bhagavata Purana]],''<ref>Mani p. 722</ref> the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] text ''[[Legend of Tirumala|Sri Venkatachala Mahatyam]]''<ref>Doniger (1999) p. 16</ref> and the [[Malayalam]] ''[[Adhyathmaramayanam|Adhyatma Ramayana]]<ref name="Pattanaik2008">{{cite book |author=Devdutt Pattanaik |title=The Book of Ram |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-8475-332-5 |chapter=10: Valmiki's inspiration}}</ref>'' associates Vedavati with [[Maya Sita]], an illusionary duplicate of Sita. When Vedavati enters the fire to immolate herself, the fire-god [[Agni]] provides her refuge. When Sita is to be kidnapped by Ravana, Sita seeks shelter in the fire and exchanges places with Maya Sita, who is Vedavati in her previous birth. Ravana abducts Maya Sita, mistaking her to be Sita. After death of Ravana by Sita's husband [[Rama]], Sita and Maya Sita switch places in the [[Agnipravesham]].

In other stories, which follow the idea of Vedavati as Maya Sita, it is said that during the Agni Pariksha, Maya Sita's existence and identity as Vedavati (essentially an amshavatara of Lakshmi) is revealed by Agni. Having been abused by Ravana and won by Rama, Vedavati asked the king to be her husband. Rama, being of utmost loyalty to Sita, declines, but promises her his hand in another incarnation. This similarly occurs with [[Jambavan]], whose daughter [[Jambavati]] becomes Krishna's wife, and a naga princess named Chandrasena (an incarnation of [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhudevi]]) while in Lanka, who was born Krishna's third wife, [[Satyabhama]]. Vedavati was born to Akasha Raja as [[Padmavathi|Padmavati]], when she married [[Lord Venkateswara|Venkateswara]].

== See also ==
*[[Vedavathi River]]
*[[Padmavati (Hinduism)|Padmavati]]
*[[Draupadi]]
*[[Maya Sita]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
** {{cite book |author=Doniger, Wendy |title=Splitting the Difference: Gender and Myth in Ancient Greece and India |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-226-15641-5 |chapter=The Shadow Sita and the Phantom Helen |author-link=Wendy Doniger}}
** {{cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft |title=Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0 |location=Delhi |author-link=Vettam Mani}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-ramayana-of-valmiki/d/doc424778.html Story of Vedavati - Ramayana]

* [https://www.tirumala.org/srk11.aspx The Srinivasa Kalyanam Story]. ''Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams''
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rViYDwAAQBAJ&dq=Vedavati&pg=PA608|title=The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India, Volume VII: Uttarakāṇḍa|date=2018-09-11|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-18292-6|language=en}}
{{Ramayana}}

[[Category:Characters in the Ramayana]]

Lish language

2026-01-01T11:31:07Z

ErwinGholson17: started first article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Language spoken in Northeast India}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Lish
|altname=Lishpa, Khispi
|nativename=
|region=[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|ethnicity=[[Lishipa tribe|Lishipa]]
|speakers=1,500
|date=2017
|ref=<ref name="Lieberherr-Bodt"/>
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam1=[[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]
|fam2=[[Kho-Bwa languages|Kho-Bwa]]
|iso3=lsh
|glotto=lish1235
|glottorefname=Khispi
}}

'''Lish''' (also called '''Lishpa''' or '''Khispi''') is a [[Kho-Bwa languages|Kho-Bwa]] language of [[West Kameng district]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in India. It is a dialect of the same language as [[Chug language|Chug]] and Gompatse.

The Lish (population 1,567 in 1981) live in Dirang village, a few miles from Chug village, and in Gompatse. The Gompatse variety is not Lish proper, but is rather a lect closely related to Lish.<ref name="Blench2015">Blench, Roger. 2015. [https://www.academia.edu/15108029/The_Mey_languages_and_their_classification ''The Mey languages and their classification'']. Presentation given at the University of Sydney.</ref>

Lish is also spoken in Khispi village.<ref name="Blench2015"/> Despite speaking languages closely related to Mey ([[Sherdukpen language|Sherdukpen]]), the people identify as Monpa, not Mey.

According to Lieberherr & Bodt (2017),<ref name="Lieberherr-Bodt">Lieberherr, Ismael; Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus. 2017. [https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4t27h5fg Sub-grouping Kho-Bwa based on shared core vocabulary]. In ''Himalayan Linguistics'', 16(2).</ref> Lish is spoken by 1,500 people in 3 main villages.

==Phonology==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Consonants
! colspan="2"|
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive]]
!oral
|{{IPA link|p}} {{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|t}} {{IPA link|d}}
|
|{{IPA link|k}} {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|{{IPA link|q}} {{IPA link|ɢ}}
|
|-
![[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
|{{IPA link|pʰ}}
|{{IPA link|tʰ}}
|
|{{IPA link|kʰ}}
|{{IPA link|qʰ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate]]
!oral
|
|
|{{IPA link|tɕ}} {{IPA link|dʑ}}
|
|
|
|-
![[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|tɕʰ}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2"|[[Fricative]]
|
|{{IPA link|s}} {{IPA link|z}}
|{{IPA link|ɕ}} {{IPA link|ʑ}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|h}}
|-
! colspan="2"|[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|{{IPA link|ɲ}}
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|{{IPA link|ɴ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2"|[[Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|w}}
|{{IPA link|r}}, {{IPA link|l}}
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Vowels
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|High]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|
|{{IPA link|o}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Low]]
|
|{{IPA link|a}}
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Arunachal languages}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kho-Bwa languages]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:Articles citing ISO change requests]]

{{st-lang-stub}}

Mohiuddin Hajni

2025-12-24T08:23:57Z

ErwinGholson17: general adjust page per sources and added references

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{short description|Kashmiri writer, critic}}
{{Infobox writer
| embed =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Prof. Mohiuddin Hajni
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Mohiuddin Hajni.jpeg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Ghulam Mohiuddin Hajni
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pseudonym = Mohiuddin Hajni
| birth_name = Ghulam Mohiuddin Hajni
| birth_date = {{Birth date |1917|08|21}}
| birth_place = Hajin, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|J&K]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1993|01|21|1917|08|21}}
| death_place = Bandipora, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|J&K]], India 
| resting_place = Hajin, Bandipora
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|Poet|Critic|Political activist}}
| language = {{Plainlist|Kashmiri|Urdu|Persian|Arabic|English}}
| residence =
| nationality =
| citizenship =
| education = LLB Diploma in Journalism
| alma_mater = [[Sri Pratap College|S.P College]] [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
| home_town =
| period =
| subjects = Language, Art, Literature, Culture, Politics
| movement =
| notable_works =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| years_active =
| module =
| portaldisp = 
}}

'''Ghulam Mohiuddin Hajni''' (21 June 1917 {{endash}} 21 January 1993<ref name="gk"/>) was a Kashmiri writer, critic,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://brighterkashmir.com//news/prof-mohiuddin-hajni-remembered-on-his-103rd-anniversary|title=Prof Mohiuddin Hajni remembered on his 103rd Anniversary|website=Brighter Kashmir}}</ref> political activist and teacher.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.knskashmir.com/Soz-hails-AMK-For-Solemnizing103rd-anniversary-of-Hajni-47611|title=Soz hails AMK For Solemnizing 103rd anniversary of Hajni|date=June 22, 2020|website=KNS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/intellectuals-scholars-should-come-forward-to-rediscover-kashmir-identity-speakers|title=Intellectuals, scholars should come forward to rediscover Kashmir identity: Speakers|website=Rising Kashmir|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728170529/http://risingkashmir.com/news/intellectuals-scholars-should-come-forward-to-rediscover-kashmir-identity-speakers|url-status=dead}}</ref> He wrote in regional and foreign languages such as [[Urdu]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and primarily in [[Kashmiri language]]. In 1970, he became the recipient of [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his research publication titled ''Maqalati Hajini''.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}}

He translated ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]'' (often known as ''Alif Laila''), into Kashmiri language, and sometimes used to wrote [[radio drama]]s and poetry. During his career, he criticised the political doctrine of [[Sheikh Abdullah]], 3rd [[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|chief ministers]] and 2nd prime minister of Jammu and Kashmir.

== Education and background ==
He was born on 21 June 1917 at Hajin village of [[Bandipora district]] in the [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], within [[British India]].{{citation needed|date= August 2022}} He attended Sopore School and then obtained Bachelor’s degree from [[Sri Pratap College]] in [[Srinagar]].{{citation needed|date= August 2022}} He later went to [[Uttar Pradesh]] where he obtained master’s degree in Arabic from [[Aligarh Muslim University]].{{citation needed|date= August 2022}} After completing master's, he obtained [[Bachelor of Laws]] degree and diploma in [[Journalism]].<ref name="gk">{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/prof-hajini-a-literary-giant-of-kashmir/|title=Prof. Hajini: A Literary giant of Kashmir|date=June 20, 2020|website=Greater Kashmir}}</ref> He also taught at S.P College until he retired from the service.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}}

== Literary work ==
Besides his appearance in Kashmiri and other non-native literatures, he was involved in [[resistance literature]], writing in protest of Dogra rule.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/amk-dedicates-2-day-annual-conference-to-mohiuddin-hajini|title=AMK dedicates 2-day annual conference to Mohiuddin Hajini|website=Rising Kashmir|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728130335/http://risingkashmir.com/news/amk-dedicates-2-day-annual-conference-to-mohiuddin-hajini|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2017/10/17/meet-pledges-to-work-for-protection-of-kashmiri-language/|title=Meet pledges to work for protection of Kashmiri language|date=October 17, 2017}}</ref> He wrote ''Grees Sund Ghara (Peasant's House)'', the first resistance radio play written in Kashmiri language, which was published in 1917. Later, it appeared in 1939 in a journal and fifteen years later in a book. The play is also known for its [[Shakespeare's writing style]] ever written in Kashmiri literature.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&dq=Mohiuddin+Hajini&pg=PA151|title=History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy|first=Sisir Kumar|last=Das|date=July 28, 2005|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788172017989|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DES3CgAAQBAJ&dq=Mohiuddin+Hajini&pg=PT304|title=Kashur the Kashmiri Speaking People: Analytical Perspective|first=Mohini Qasba|last=Raina|date=November 1, 2013|publisher=Partridge Publishing Singapore|isbn=9781482899474|via=Google Books}}</ref>

In 1954, he wrote ''Koshur Reader'' for the
Directorate of School Education. In later years following his 1954 publications, he wrote a monograph titled ''Wahab Parray, in 1959'' which was published by [[Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages|Jammu and Kashmir Art and Cultural Academy]]. In 1960, he wrote a book titled
''Kashir Shairi'', comprising a collection of Kashmiri poetry published by the [[Sahitya Akademi]]. Later in 1961, his another book titled ''Kashiri Nasrach Kitab'' was the bestselling book of that time. In 1962, he wrote ''Gaman Manz Pheeri Pheeri (travelling through the villages)'' which depicted him as
journalist travelling across the Kashmiri villages. In 1967, he wrote a research book titled ''Maqalat'', comprising a collection of essays that revolves around different aspects of Kashmiri literature and language.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}}

===Work===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Books that have not yet been released}}
| Remarks denote a short description of the work where available.
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" width=100%
!scope="col" width=2%|#
!scope="col" width=25%| Title<ref name="kashmirlife.net"/><ref name="gk"/>
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | Type/Credited as
!scope="col" | Remarks
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |1||''Grees Sund Ghara''
||1917
||Radio play
|| The first play written in [[Literature of Kashmir|Kashmiri literature]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Greater Kashmir|title=His Grees Sund Ghara (Peasant's House) published in 1952, is the first play in Kashmiri literature.|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/gk-magazine/a-forgotten-legend-of-kashmir|website=Greater Kashmir}}</ref> The play describes writer's feelings against [[Dogra dynasty]].{{citation needed|date= August 2022}}
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |2||''Koshur Reader''
||1954
||Research
|{{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |3||''Wahab Parray, in 1959''
||1959
||Research
|{{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |4||''Kashir Shairi''
||1960
||Poetry
||Comprising a collection of Kashmiri poetry
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |5||''Kashiri Nasrach Kitab''
||1961
||Book
||Bestselling book during 1960s in Kashmir
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |6||''Gaman Manz Pheeri Pheeri''
||1962
||Book
|{{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |7||''Maqalat''
||1967
||Book
||Comprising a collection of essays about Kashmiri language and literature. The book won [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Kashmiri|1970 Sahitya Akademi Award]]
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |8||''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]''
||1969
||Translator
||Often known as ''Alif Laila''<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/publications/kashmiri.pdf |title=Kashmiri - Sahitya Akademi |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |9||''Kalam e Assad Parray''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RwFAQAAQBAJ&dq=Mohiuddin+Hajni&pg=PA232|title=Sheikh Abdullah-A Biography: The Crucial Period 1905-1939. 2019 Edition|first=Syed Taffazull|last=Hussain|date=July 13, 2019|publisher=Syed Taffazull Hussain|isbn=9781604816037|via=Google Books}}</ref>
|{{n/a}}
||Book
|{{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |10||''The Quran and the fundamentals of science: A concordance''
|{{n/a}}
||Research book
|{{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |11||''Medieval legacy to Modern Inorganic Chemistry''
|{{n/a}}
||Research book
|{{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row" align="left" |12||''Historical Background of Kashmiri Language''
|{{n/a}}
||Research book
|{{n/a}}
|}

== Political activities ==
During the 1930s, the [[princely state]], in modern-day [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir union territory]] witnessed protests against Dogra dynasty. He participated in protests during his school days. He was later arrested and is claimed was "lashed 24 times on his buttocks”. His activities were also reported to [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]], 2nd prime minister of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="kashmirlife.net">{{Cite web|url=https://kashmirlife.net/legendry-hajni-39769/|title=Legendry Hajni|date=August 19, 2013}}</ref> The authorities detained him between 1948 and 1965 for his involvement in political activities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/more/news/hajni-man-with-a-difference/|title=Hajni-man with a difference|date=March 13, 2015|website=Greater Kashmir}}</ref>

== Death ==
He died on 21 January 1993. He is buried in a cemetery located in his village Hajin, Bandipora.<ref name="gk"/> In 2019, the [[government of Jammu and Kashmir]] proposed the establishment of two degree colleges in Hajin and Ajas areas and named the two after him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenewsnow.co.in/newsdet.aspx?q=73299|title=Asgar Samoon lays foundation of GDCs at Hajin, Ajas - The News Now|website=www.thenewsnow.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/asgar-samoon-lays-foundation-of-gdcs-at-hajin-ajas/|title=Asgar Samoon lays foundation of GDCs at Hajin, Ajas|date=March 10, 2019|website=Greater Kashmir}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hajini, Ghulam Mohiuddin}}

[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bandipore district]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Social workers from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Poets from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Kashmiri]]

The Daughter of the Childless King

2025-12-23T21:00:41Z

ErwinGholson17: starting initial data nd citations - done

{{Short description|Indian folktale collected in Bihar}}
'''The Daughter of the Childless King''' is an [[India]]n [[Folklore of India|folktale]] collected in [[Bihar]]. In it, a queen devises a ruse to trick the king into believing she gave birth to the child he desired. She goes to great lengths to keep the deceit until the daughter's marriage, when the false princess is to be presented to her potential bridegroom. At the marriage, an animal takes the place of the false image, or is presented as the royal child, but eventually gains human form permanently.

The tale is classified in the international [[Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index]] as tale type ATU 459, "The Make-Believe Son (Daughter)", wherein a queen tricks the king by fashioning an image of a human child or placing an animal to keep up appearances that she gave birth to an heir, but eventually her creation gains human life. According to scholars, the tale type is mostly attested in [[North India]] and in Asia.

== Summary ==

In this tale, a king lives in Bihar. Since he is childless, he performs rites in order to sire a child, to no avail. One day, a sweeper woman passes by his palace and spits at him. He sends for the woman, who tries to dismiss her actions, but is forced to explain that she saw a childless person by daybreak, which can bring misfortune for the rest of the day. The king decides to not punish the sweeper woman and decides to leave the palace in the dead of the night. However, one of the queen's maids sights him and says that he should not leave now that the queen is expecting a child.

The queen hires an astrologer to divine the future: the astrologer predicts the queen shall bear a daughter that will be very lucky, but the king cannot visit the queen until the baby is born, lest she gives birth to a dead child. Even when the princess is born, the astrologer forbids the king from meeting his daughter, only at her marriage. The king obeys the interdictions to avoid dangers, per the astrologer's predictions. To keep up appearances, the queen buys a bird and ties jingling bells to its feet, then the maids tell the king the princess is moving with ''ghungrus'' on her feet. The king keeps buying ornaments for his "daughter" and waits impatiently for the chance to see her, so, after twelve years, he arranges a marriage.

The ''barat'', the musicians and the retinue come to prepare to take the princess, but the queen, worried, consults with the astrologer. The astrologer advises that the princess should not be seen in person, due to the risk of dying, so they place a ''lota'' in place of the bride and celebrate the marriage. At the moment of the ''bida'' (carrying the bride to the bridegroom's house), the queen goes to talk to the prince and shows him the bird which she says she reared as a daughter, so she is entrusting the animal to him. The prince promises to take care of the queen's bird, and its birdcage is secretly placed in the [[Doli (vehicle)|doli]] by the queen's apartment.

The prince goes home with his "bride", places the birdcage in his quarters, on the bed, and asks that his bride is not to be seen by anyone. His mother agrees to the terms of his strange request. In his chambers, the prince feeds the birdwife. Later, the prince's youngest brother is to be married, and the whole palace is afoot with preparations. The prince's mother goes to talk to him to let his "wife" out of the room. The prince asks if other servants can replace her, but the queen explains that the women of the house are needed for this task (dehusking the rice). The prince tells his mother he will ask his "wife" is she can do it, and explains the task to the bird. The bird agrees to dehusk the rice, goes into the forest and summons other birds to help in the task.

Lastly, the prince has to take a leave of absence and worries about who is going to feed and give water to the bird. The bird advises the prince to place a week worth of food and water, and it will be fine. However, after the prince leaves, the bird accidentally tumbles its water, so it decides to replenish its water: it opens its cage and carries the pot to a pond to draw water. The bird fills the pot with water, but cannot fly with it since the pot is too heavy, try as it might. Suddenly, deities Shiva and Parvati pass by, and the goddess takes pity on the bird's plight, so she asks Shiva to help the animal. Shiva tells Parvati she needs to make a cut on her little finger and anoint the bird's head. By doing this, the bird turns into a beautiful young girl. Now human, the girl kneels in gratitude in front of the Devi, who gives her blessings to the girl's marriage.

The prince returns home, but finds only the empty birdcage, worrying about his birdwife. However, he notices a beautiful girl taking the dust off his feet, and realizes she ''is'' the birdwife, now human. He introduces her to his family, who admire their daughter-in-law's beauty.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Folk Tales of Bihar |first=Mira |last=Pakrasi |publisher=Sterling Publishers |date=1973 |pp=104-107 (tale nr. 27)}}</ref>

== Analysis ==
=== Tale type ===
The tale is classified in the international [[Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index]] as tale type ATU 459, "The Make-Believe Son (Daughter)": a queen fashions a false image of a child (son or daughter) or a servant finds an animal to convince her husband, the childless king, that she gave birth,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sircar |first=Sanjay |title=Shashthi's Land: Folk Nursery Rhyme in Abanindranath Tagore's 'The Condensed-Milk Doll' |journal=[[Asian Folklore Studies]] |volume=57 |issue=1 |date=1998 |pages=25–49 [27] |doi=10.2307/1178995|jstor=1178995 }} Accessed 06 Nov. 2025.</ref> and continues the ruse until it is time to marry the royal child; the queen worries that the king will discover the deceit and thinks of killing herself, but deities take pity on the queen and transform the image or [[Shapeshifting|animal into a human person]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Stith |last2=Roberts |first2=Warren Everett |title=Types of Indic Oral Tales: India, Pakistan, And Ceylon |location=Helsinki |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia |date=1960 |pages=65–66)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jason |first=Heda |author-link=:de:Heda Jaeson |title=Types of Indic Oral Tales: Supplement |publisher=Academia Scientiarum Fennica |date=1989 |page=27 (entry "1. Bihar 27") |isbn=9789514105968}}</ref><ref>Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. ''The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography''. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1961. pp. 155-156.</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The International Index. Vol. 1: Tales of Magic|first=Hans-Jörg|last=Uther|publisher=Kalevala Society Foundation |year=2011 |page=269 |isbn=978-951-41-1054-2 |series=Folklore Fellows’ Communications |issn=0014-5815 |url=https://edition.fi/kalevalaseura/catalog/book/763}}</ref>

=== Motifs ===
According to [[Stith Thompson]] and {{ill|Jonas Balys|lt|Jonas Balys}} study of motifs of Indian literature and oral folklore, the tale contains the [[Motif-Index of Folk-Literature|motif]] D350., "Transformation: bird to person".<ref>Thompson, Stith; Balys, Jonas. ''The Oral Tales of India''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1958. p. 103.</ref>

== Variants ==
According to scholarship, tale type ATU 459 is "widespread throughout [[North India]] and other Asian areas, but never found in Europe".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Flora |first1=Giuseppe |title=Fantasy Fictions from the Bengal Renaissance: Abanindranath Tagore, 'The Make-Believe Prince' – Gaganendranath Tagore, 'Toddy-Cat the Bold' . Sanjay Sircar |journal=International Research in Children's Literature |date=February 2021 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=123–125 |doi=10.3366/ircl.2021.0388 |s2cid=234091187 }}</ref><ref>Islam, Mazharul. ''[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=KFG3NjdeBMoC&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA166&dq=%22the+make-believe+son%22&hl=pt-BR&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22the%20make-believe%20son%22&f=false Folklore, the Pulse of the People: In the Context of Indic Folklore]''. Concept Publishing Company, 1985. pp. 165-166.</ref>

=== The Story of Ghose ===
Author Alice Elizabeth Dracott collected an Indian tale in [[Simla]] with the title ''The Story of Ghose''. In this tale, a Ranee has no children, but has a pet squirrel she feeds and takes care of. One day, she has an idea to trick her husband, the Rajah, she gave birth to an heir: she bribes the nurse to tell the king a daughter was born to him. The Brahmin goes to see the princess for himself, but the Ranee persuades him to keep up the lie that she had a daughter, where there is only the squirrel as the Ranee's pet. The Brahmin tells the Rajah father and daughter must not see each other for twelve yeare, otherwise they will both die. After twelve years, the Ranee convinces the Rajah to arrange a marriage between their "daughter" and a prince of a good family, and their daughter must not be seen until after the marriage. The Brahmain finds a royal family of seven sons in another city, and arranges a wedding between the youngest prince, called Shahzadah, with the false princess. A feast is held, and the Ranee hides the squirrel inside the dooly or bridal litter that is to carry the bride to her bridegroom. Prince Shahzadah welcomes the bride and sees who she is inside the dooly: a little squirrel, to his sadness. Despite the situation, the prince keeps up appearances of a good marriage, but asks to live with his wife away from his brothers and any woman from the palace, in another house. The prince's family agrees to his terms, but believe that this is to keep his beautiful wife hidden. One day, the prince's elder sister-in-law complains about doing all the hard work and wants her newest sister-in-law to help them. Prince Shahzadah worries about the little squirrel doing any work, but she offers to do it: first, she is to plaster fhe floor (''leepo''), then, to grind corn in the handmill; thirdly, to prepare [[Gulgula (doughnut)|goolgoolah]], a dish made with goor, flour, and water and fried in ghee. The squirrel wife manages to plaster the floor with her tail and grind the corn with her teeth. When she tries to prepare the goolgoolah, she cannot do it due to her small size. Deities [[Shiva|Mahadeo]] and [[Parvati|Parbatti]] ([[sic]]) are walking by sunrise when Parbatti sees the squirrel and asks her husband Mahadeo to turn the squirrel into a human person. Mahadeo refuses it at first, but agrees to do it: he cuts his finger and sprinkles his blood on the squirrel, turning her into a beautiful princess.{{efn|This element is classified, according to [[Stith Thompson]] and {{ill|Jonas Balys|lt|Jonas Balys}} study of motifs of Indian literature and oral folklore, as [[Motif (folkloristics)|motif]] [[Motif-Index of Folk-Literature|D315.2]], "Transformation: [[squirrel]] to person".<ref>Thompson, S., Balys, J. (1958). ''The oral tales of India''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 102.</ref>}} The now human princess finishes preparing the dish to serve everyone, and the royal family marvels at her beauty. Prince Shahzadah worries about the little squirrel, calling her "Ghose", when his sisters-in-law mock him, saying that his wife is with them at the palace. The prince thinks they are mocking him, and the princess appears to him in person, explaining she was the squirrel. The prince rejoices at this turn of events, and the princess writes to her human parents to come visit them. The Rajah sees his "daughter" for the first time and is pleased at her beauty.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dracott |first=Alice Elizabeth |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/58816/58816-h/58816-h.htm#ch11 |title=Simla Village Tales, or Folk Tales from the Himalayas |location=England, London |publisher=John Murray |date=1906 |pages=40-46}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Stith |last2=Roberts |first2=Warren Everett |title=Types of Indic Oral Tales: India, Pakistan, And Ceylon |location=Helsinki |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia |date=1960 |page=66 (entry "Dracott, 40—45")}}</ref>

=== The Cat Who Became a Queen ===
British reverend [[James Hinton Knowles]] published a [[Kashmir]]i folktale collected from an informant named Rází, a panditani who lived in [[Srinagar]]. In this tale, titled ''The Cat Who Became a Queen'', a monarch in Kashmir bemoans the fact that he has no heirs, goes to his ''zánana'' and threatens his co-wives with banishment if any of them fail to bear a son within a year. The women pray to [[Shiva]] for any of them to give birth, to no avail, thus they decide to formulate a ruse: a female cat gives birth to a litter of kittens, so they take one and pretend that one of the queens gave birth to a princess. The king wishes to see his daughter, but the co-wives lie that the Brahmins have advised that the princess can only be seen by her father on her wedding day. Still, the king agrees to the terms, but checks on her development from time to time, and sends his councillors to arrange a marriage between the princess and a suitable bridegroom. The co-queens take into account the bridegroom, a prince, would know of the ruse, and decide to reveal it to him, making him promise not to tell his parents about it. Their marriage is celebrated, and the cat princess is brought on a palanquin to the prince's country. The prince takes care of the cat and places her inside him room, not allowing even his parents to see her. One day, the prince is away and the cat is inside his room, when the prince's mother knocks on the door and laments that her mysterious daughter-in-law cannot leave. The cat understands the queen's words and laments that she is but an animal. Goddess Párvatí listens to the cat's woes and asks her husband Shiva to help her. Shiva advises the cat to smear some oil in her fur, which she can find in the same room. The cat spreads the oil on her fur, turning herself into a beautiful human princess,{{efn|This element is classified, according to [[Stith Thompson]] and {{ill|Jonas Balys|lt|Jonas Balys}} study of motifs of Indian literature and oral folklore, as [[Motif (folkloristics)|motif]] [[Motif-Index of Folk-Literature|D342]], "Transformation: cat to person".<ref>Thompson, S., Balys, J. (1958). ''The oral tales of India''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 102.</ref>}} leaving only a spot of fur to indicate she ''was'' the cat. After the prince returns, he meets his wife, now a beautiful princess, and travels to his parents-in-law kingdom to show her to her "parents". The king sees his "daughter" for the first time, and the co-queens are happy and relieved that their prayers were answered.<ref>{{cite book |last=Knowles |first=James Hinton |title=Folk-tales of Kashmir |location=London |publisher=Trübner |date=1888 |pp=8-10 |url=https://archive.org/details/folktalesofkashm00knowuoft/page/8/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Stith |last2=Roberts |first2=Warren Everett |title=Types of Indic Oral Tales: India, Pakistan, And Ceylon |location=Helsinki |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia |date=1960 |page=66 (entry "Knowles, 8—10")}}</ref>

=== Male children ===
Author Cecil Henry Bompas collected a tale titled ''The Sham Child'', in [[Santal Parganas district|Santal Parganas]]. In this tale, a raja has two Ranis and each queen has a maidservant who is also the raja's concubine. Despite this, the king has sired no heir. The ladies begin to quarrel, and the king banishes the elder queen to a palm leaf hut outside the palace and on the edge of town. The elder Rani's loyal maidservant joins her and they beg for a living. Sometime later, the first Rani's maidservant decides to play a trick on the king: she returns to the palace to inform the elder queen is expecting and has to beg for a living, so the king provides her with food and other provisions. After a while, the maidservant returns to report the queen bore a son to him, so the monarch allows her to take more provisions for them. This goes on for some time, which elevates the economic conditions of both woman. To further the deception, the maidservant asks the monarch to bring some anklets with bells to trick the king there is a boy running about in the elder queen's palace, when in actuality the maidservant tells the rani to rattle the bells. Eventually, the king arranges his false son's wedding, and neither the king nor the bride's friends come to see the bridegroom. The rani fears for the ruse to be discovered, but the maidservant assuages her fears and asks her to make a paste of mowah flowers and fashion the image of a child. The false image is placed in a [[Litter (vehicle)|palki]] and the marriage retinue departs, with the maidservant going in another palki. The retinue stop to rest near a bazar where a shrine to a saint is located. The maidservant goes to the shrine and calls on the spirit (''bonga'') that lives there, asking for a boon: she lies that she was carrying her son to his marriage, when he was transformed into paste, so the spirit needs to grant her another child, lest she spits and curses him. The spirit gives her a male child from somewhere, for which the maidservant is thankful and places the boy in the palki. The boy marries the bride, and the maidservant sends two men to warn the elder rani of the events and for her to prepare a feast. The Raja leaves the second rani's palace and goes to live with the elder one, whom he despised earlier.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bompas |first=Cecil Henry |title=Folklore of the Santal Parganas |location=London |publisher=David Nutt |date=1909 |pp=248-251 (Tale nr. LXXXIII) |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/11938/pg11938-images.html#t83}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Mitra |first=Kalipada |title=Originals and Parallels of Some Santal Folk Tales |journal=Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=25 |date=1932 |pages=115–148 [143] |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.232653/page/143/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Stith |last2=Roberts |first2=Warren Everett |title=Types of Indic Oral Tales: India, Pakistan, And Ceylon |location=Helsinki |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia |date=1960 |page=66 (entry "Bompas, 248—251")}}</ref> The tale has been compared to Shovona Devi's ''The Wax Prince'' and Kashmiri tale ''The Cat Who Became a Queen''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mitra |first=Kalipada |title=Originals and Parallels of Some Santal Folk Tales |journal=Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=25 |date=1932 |pages=115–148 [143-144] |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.232653/page/143/mode/1up}}</ref>

In a tale collected from a source named Bhagwati Pandey in [[Kanpur]] City with the title ''The Childless King'', a childless king is mocked by a sweeper woman about his lack of heirs and suffers for this, so he lies in bed more than usual. The maidservant notices the king's tardiness and questions him, and the monarch reveals his grief. The maidservant then says that the king's worries will soon end, for the queen is pregnant and will bear him a son. After nine months, the maidservant tells the king that the queen has born a son, but the boy must not be seen until the ''chaṭhī'' rite. The maidservant keeps delaying the king's meeting his son through every ritual and ceremony (''barahoň'', ''pasanī'', ''munḍan''), until the ''janeū'' ceremony, wherein the maidservant tells the king mother and son must be behind a curtain near the altar. After the ceremony, the maidservant tells the prince must only be seen after the wedding. Marriage envoys come to see the prince, but the king says they can only see his turban and his sword. After a wedding is arranged with the prince, the bridegroom's marriage retinue is ready to visit the future bride. The queen fears the she and the maidservant will be killed, but the maidservant fashions an image of a child with sesame seeds, [[Ghee|ghi]] and guḍ, places it in the palanquin and departs with them. On the road, the maidservant insists the party stop to rest near the temple of goddess Sakaṭh, and the palanquin be placed inside. It happens thus, but the smell of sesame, ghi and gud from the statue whets goddess Sakath's appetite, who swallows the image in a gulp. The maidservant discovers this and scolds the deity, asking her to provide a boy for her, lest she exposes her as a gluttonous goddess. The seven sisters{{efn|According to the collector, goddess Sakath is supposed to be seven sisters in one body.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Splendor of Worship: Women's Fasts, Rituals, Stories and Art |first=Laxmi G. |last=Tewari |date=1991 |publisher=The Riverdale Company |p=119, note 5}}</ref>}} blame one another for eating the image, but give the maidservant a boy of twelve donning wedding clothes. The maidservant the bids the king see his son; the monarch sees the boy and faints at his beauty, then comes to and comments with the maidservant that he now understands why she hid him all this time. The marriage rites are done between the boy and his bride, and the marriage retinue returns home. The maidservant departs ahead to prepare the queen to meet her son, and tells the whole story. The queen finally meets her son, bows before the maidservant and performs the ''parachan''.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Splendor of Worship: Women's Fasts, Rituals, Stories and Art |first=Laxmi G. |last=Tewari |date=1991 |publisher=The Riverdale Company |pages=105-107 (text for tale nr. 43)}}</ref> The tale was also classified as type 459, "The Make-Believe Son (Daughter)".<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Splendor of Worship: Women's Fasts, Rituals, Stories and Art |first=Laxmi G. |last=Tewari |date=1991 |publisher=The Riverdale Company |p=140 (classification)}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Khirer Putul]]
* [[The Wax Prince]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Daughter of the Child}}
[[Category:Indian fairy tales]]
[[Category:Fictional princes]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about princes]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about princesses]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Female characters in fairy tales]]
[[Category:ATU 400-459]]

Jorai railway station

2025-12-10T00:08:15Z

ErwinGholson17:

{{Short description|Railway Station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Jorai Railway Station
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|25px]] [[Indian Railways]] Station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = National Highway 31C , Jorai , Dist - Coochbehar
State: West Bengal
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.4561|89.8048|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|53|m|ft}}
| line =
[[Barauni–Guwahati line]], [[New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon section]]
| other =
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 3
| tracks = 4 (broad gauge)
| parking = Available
| bicycle =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = JOQ
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| division = [[Alipurduar railway division|Alipurduar]]
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_dot_label = '''Jorai Railway Station'''
| map_size = 300
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_caption = Location in [[West Bengal]]##Location in India
}}

'''Jorai Railway Station''' serves the areas of [[Jorai]], [[Cooch Behar district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. This station lies on the border of [[West Bengal]] and [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Departures from JOQ/Jorai (3 PFs)|url=http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/departures/jorai-joq/7256|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
The station lies on the [[New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon section]] of [[Barauni–Guwahati line]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway]]. This station falls under [[Alipurduar railway division]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Alipurduar railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Cooch Behar district]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Chennai Story

2025-12-01T06:04:03Z

ErwinGholson17: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Philip John]]

Nimmaluru

2025-11-29T06:51:18Z

ErwinGholson17: added a data needs work

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=January 2025}}
{{one source|date=March 2023}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nimmakuru
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.2703|N|80.9967|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Krishna district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Guntur |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2816_PART_B_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=18 January 2015|page=16,418|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1000
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census" />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 521158
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-(0)8674]]
| registration_plate = AP-16
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Nimmakuru''' is a village in [[Krishna district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Pamarru, Krishna district|Pamarru]] [[mandal]] of [[Gudivada revenue division]].<ref name=census />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Krishna district]]

{{Krishna-geo-stub}}

Alboe By The Beach

2025-11-19T18:05:09Z

ErwinGholson17: New some post basic info...

{{Short description|Cancelled music festival}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox festival
| name = Alboe By The Beach
| status = Cancelled
| genre = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[Indie pop|Indie]], [[Jazz music|Jazz]]
| date = 9th, 10th, 11th February 2024
| location = [[Varkala|Varakala, Kerala]]
| country = India
}}

'''Alboe By The Beach''' was a planned three-day music festival scheduled to take place in [[Varkala|Varkala, Kerala]]. the event was promoted as one of South India’s first major beach music festivals.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaur |first=Amarjot |date=2024-01-19 |title=Three-day beach festival Alboe by the Beach at Varkala Beach in Kerala brings hip-hop talent from South India alongside indie stars like Arivu, Brodha V, Taba Chake and The F16s |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/south-gets-a-new-contemporary-beach-music-festival-alboe-by-the-beach-at-varkala/article67743864.ece |access-date=2025-06-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Background ==
The Alboe By The Beach festival was founded by Vishnu Shyamaprasad. The event was announced as a multi-genre beach carnival, Alboe By The Beach was set to feature a lineup of artists across genres such as [[Rock music|rock]], [[jazz]], [[India Arie|indie]], and [[hip-hop]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-01-08 |title=New music festival, Alboe by the Beach, to pop up in Varkala in February 2024 |url=https://boldoutline.in/new-music-festival-alboe-by-the-beach-to-pop-up-in-varkala-in-february-2024.html |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Bold Outline : India's leading Online Lifestyle, Fashion & Travel Magazine. |language=en-US}}</ref> The artist lineup included notable names such as [[Brodha V]], [[Arivu]], [[Taba Chake]], The F16s, Pineapple Express, [[Hanumankind]], and [[Paal Dabba]], among others. The festival was expected to host flea markets, handicraft stalls, and focused to position itself as a "plastic-free festival."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soji |first=Alwin Benjamin |date=2024-01-25 |title=Alboe by the Beach, Kerala's newest music festival features several Bengaluru bands |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2024/Jan/25/alboe-by-the-beach-keralas-newest-music-festival-features-several-bengaluru-bands-57182.html |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alboe by the Beach |url=https://www.platform-mag.com/music/alboe-by-the-beach.html |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=www.platform-mag.com}}</ref>

=== Cancellation ===
The festival was cancelled just one day prior to its scheduled commencement. The announcement was made through the event’s official Instagram page, causing disappointment among ticketholders, many of whom had already made travel and accommodation arrangements.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-02-09 |title=Kerala music festival cancelled on eve of kick-off |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2024/Feb/09/kerala-music-festival-cancelled-on-eve-of-kick-off |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Indulge |first=Team |date=2024-02-08 |title=Varkala's Alboe By The Beach cancelled [DEETS] |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2024/Feb/08/varkalas-alboe-by-the-beach-cancelled-deets-57579.html |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref>

According to statements made by a member of the organizing team to media outlets, the cancellation was caused due to event’s primary sponsor backing off, and unforeseen financial losses and high operational expenses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trivedi |first=Aaryaman |date=2024-02-08 |title=Varkala's Alboe By The Beach Festival Called Off a Day Before Kickoff |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/varkalas-alboe-by-the-beach-cancelled-one-day-before-festival/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Cancelled music festivals]]
[[Category:2024 music festivals]]
[[Category:Music festivals in India]]

Ashish Avikunthak

2025-10-30T19:15:54Z

ErwinGholson17: New new info w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker, film theorist, and archaeologist (born 1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
'''Ashish Avikunthak''' (born 1972) is an Indian [[avant-garde]] filmmaker, [[film theorist]], archaeologist and cultural anthropologist.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bengali-film-makes-it-to-berlin-festival/articleshow/56708734.cms|title=Bengali film makes it to Berlin festival - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=22 January 2017 |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://today.uri.edu/news/uri-associate-professors-experimental-film-to-be-screened-at-berlin-film-festival-in-february/|title=URI associate professor's experimental film to be screened at Berlin Film Festival in February|website=today.uri.edu}}</ref> His works have been screened at art galleries and private screenings, including [[Tate Modern]], [[Centre Pompidou|Centre George Pompidou]], [[Pacific Film Archive]];<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wire |first=A. B. |date=2014-10-21 |title=Ashish Avikunthak's innovative film 'Rati Chakravyuh' to be screened at the Aicon Gallery in New York |url=https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2014/10/21/ashish-avikunthaks-innovative-film-rati-chakravyuh-screened-aicon-gallery-new-york/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=The American Bazaar |language=en-US}}</ref> along with [[International Film Festival Rotterdam|Rotterdam]], [[Locarno Film Festival|Locarno]], [[BFI London Film Festival|London]] film festivals, among others.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ashish Avikunthak |url=https://chatterjeeandlal.com/artists/ashish-avikunthak/ |website=[[Chatterjee & Lal]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashish Chadha |url=https://web.uri.edu/harrington/meet/ashish-chadha/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> He is a professor of film media at Harrington School of Communication, [[University of Rhode Island]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ashish Avikunthak by Arun A.K. - BOMB |url=https://bombmagazine.org/articles/2022/11/07/ashish-avikunthak/ |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashish Chadha |url=https://www.uri.edu/features/ashish-chadha/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-22 |title='Devastated' world premiere at Rotterdam film festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/devastated-world-premiere-at-rotterdam-film-festival-kolkata-ashish-avikunthaks-political-film-vidhvastha-devastated/articleshow/106196514.cms |access-date=2024-06-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2025, he received the Ground Glass Award from Prismatic Ground, the New York–based festival of experimental documentary and avant-garde film, in recognition of his "outstanding contributions to the field of experimental media."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Srikanth |date=2025-04-28 |title=Film Comment Recommends: Kumar Shahani and Ashish Avikunthak at Prismatic Ground |url=https://www.filmcomment.com/blog/film-comment-recommends-kumar-shahani-and-ashish-avikunthak-at-prismatic-ground/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Film Comment |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Swapnil Dhruv |date=2025-04-28 |title=Ritualistic ruminations: An Ashish Avikunthak retrospective |url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/ritualistic-ruminations-ashish-avikunthak-retrospective/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=faroutmagazine.co.uk |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Film Professor Ashish Avikunthak wins the[sic] The Ground Glass Award at Prismatic Ground |url=https://web.uri.edu/artsci/uncategorized/film-professor-ashish-avikunthak-wins-the-the-ground-glass-award-at-prismatic-ground/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

He is considered to be an iconoclastic film artist<ref>{{cite web|url= https://artreview.com/vidvastha-devastated-ashish-avikunthak-review/|title= Vidvastha (Devastated) Review: The Bizarre and the Bhagavad Gita - ArtReview|publisher=}}</ref> who works outside Indian mainstream cinema.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/ashish-avikunthak-making-cinema-from-margins/|title= Far Out Meets: Ashish Avikunthak on making cinema from the margins - Far Out|date= 18 November 2021|publisher=}}</ref> His films explore [[Indian philosophy]] and [[existentialism]] and are categorized by their use of unorthodox cinematography and editing. Avikunthak films are rooted in Indian religion, epistemology, ritual and form.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/eyes-wide-open-2/|title=Eyes Wide Open|date=29 July 2015|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatnagar |first=Tanushi |date=2021-08-17 |title=Art-House Filmmaker Ashish Avikunthak On How Philosophy Influences His Work |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/art-house-filmmaker-ashish-avikunthak-interview/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref> Mythical, metaphysical, metaphorical and mundane elements are found in his work.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-i-m-disillusioned-with-modernity-says-filmmaker-ashish-avikunthak-2090754|title=I'm disillusioned with modernity, says filmmaker Ashish Avikunthak|date=31 May 2015|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=To Kill A Thinking Bird: A Brief Retrospective On Ashish Avikunthak's Films {{!}} Grazia India |url=https://www.grazia.co.in/people/to-kill-a-thinking-bird-a-brief-retrospective-on-ashish-avikunthaks-films-8111.html |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=www.grazia.co.in |language=en}}</ref> [[ArtReview]] describes his works as: "Avikunthak's works insist on an Indian epistemology while utilising a rigorously formal visual language that is clearly aware of Western avant-garde practices such as those of [[Andrei Tarkovsky]] and [[Samuel Beckett]]. These are self-consciously difficult works that are filmed in a self-consciously beautiful way."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://artreview.com/features/2014_futuregreats_ashish_avikunthak/|title=Ashish Avikunthak by Niru Ratnam / ArtReview|first=Site|last=name|website=artreview.com}}</ref> In his essay "Cinema of ''Prayoga''", [[Amrit Gangar]] names Avikunthak's films as an example of his eponymous strain of filmmaking.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Srikanth |date=2012-06-02 |title=Cinema of Prayoga |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-of-prayoga/article3483118.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Cinema of Prayoga |url=https://experimenta.in/cinema-of-prayoga/ |website=experimenta.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Laali |date=2015 |title=CINEMA OF PRAYOGA: INDIAN AVANT-GARDE CINEMA |url=https://mubi.com/en/lists/cinema-of-prayoga-indian-avant-garde-cinema |website=[[MUBI]]}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ashish Avikunthak was born in Jabalpur in 1972<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=AN IDIOM UNTO ITSELF: AN ASHISH AVIKUNTHAK RETROSPECTIVE |url=https://mubi.com/en/in/collections/avikunthak |website=[[MUBI]]}}</ref> and was raised in [[Kolkata]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Sawyer |first=Frances |date=2009-01-16 |title=Profile – A Split Existence |url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2009/01/16/profile-a-split-existence/ |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=Yale Daily News |language=en}}</ref> He did his B.A. in [[social work]] from [[Bombay University]] in 1994, during this time worked with [[Narmada Bachao Andolan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-18 |title=Far Out Meets: Ashish Avikunthak on cinema from the margins |url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/ashish-avikunthak-making-cinema-from-margins/ |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=faroutmagazine.co.uk |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CinemaSpeak: Ashish Avikunthak on cinema as art |url=https://mediaindia.eu/tv-video/cinemaspeak-ashish-avikunthak-on-cinema-as-art/ |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=Media India Group |language=en}}</ref> He later studied [[archaeology]] in [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute|Deccan College, Pune]]. He did his PhD from [[Stanford University]] in [[cultural anthropology]]<ref name=":0" /> and then taught at [[Yale University|Yale]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Gargi |date=2017-12-05 |title=I'm disillusioned with modernity, says filmmaker Ashish Avikunthak |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-i-m-disillusioned-with-modernity-says-filmmaker-ashish-avikunthak-2090754 |website=DNAIndia}}</ref>

== Short films ==
Avikunthak began his filmmaking career with [[short film]]s made between 1995 and 2010. He created a body of work that explored ideas of ceremonial rituals, banality and the inter-relationships between selves and the concepts of 'community' and 'politicality' by challenging conventional forms of representations.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.debordements.fr/Ashish-Avikunthak-V-O/|title= Ashish Avikunthak: East By Northwest |date=31 March 2013|publisher= Débordements}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://thebigindianpicture.com/2013/06/their-experiments-with-truth//|title= Their experiments with truth |date=1 June 2013|publisher= The Big Indian Picture}}</ref> His first film ''Et Cetera'' was a [[tetralogy]] consisting of four [[One shot (film)|one-shot]] films made on [[16mm]], between 1995-97 - Renunciation, Soliloquy, Circumcision and, The Walk.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-16 |title=Outside the boundaries |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/outside-the-boundaries/article7109597.ece |access-date=2024-06-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Each of these films explores the dialectic between screen/film time and real time to examine actions as ritual. His next [[16mm]] film, ''Kalighat Fetish'' won the best documentary award at the [[Tampere Film Festival]] in 2001, which dealt with rituals of [[animal sacrifice]] and [[cross-dressing]] in the context of [[Kalighat Kali Temple]] in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Competition Winners |url=https://tamperefilmfestival.fi/en/about-us/archive/international-competition-awards/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Tampere Film Festival |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2002, Avikunthak adapted [[Samuel Becket]]'s enigmatic dramaticule ''[[Come and Go]]'' into a [[16mm]] [[short film]] in [[Hindi]] called ''Antaral'' (End Note).<ref>{{Citation |last=Chakraborty |first=Thirthankar |title=Translating Silence: Ashish Avikunthak's Cinematographic Version of Come and Go |date=2021-07-27 |work=Beckett's Voices / Voicing Beckett |pages=221–234 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004468382/BP000020.xml |access-date=2024-06-28 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/9789004468382_017 |isbn=978-90-04-46838-2|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Artdaily |title=Two Solo Exhibitions by Ashish Avikunthak and Sakti Burman |url=https://artdaily.cc/news/33330/Two-Solo-Exhibitions-by-Ashish-Avikunthak-and-Sakti-Burman |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=artdaily.cc |language=English}}</ref> In an analysis of the film in relationship to the play Arka Chattaopadhya writes: "Ashish Avikunthak's adaptation introduces a fascinating element of play into the Beckettian structure of this displacement and illumines significant nuances about its potential continuation…Avikunthak's deconstructive play unmakes Beckett's structure on the one hand, then on the other, the precision of the Beckettian structure responds to this element of play by implicating Avikunthak's structure in the braiding principle central to its own operation."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Arka |date=2017-02-23 |title=Exhausting the inexhaustible: reading the structure of Samuel Beckett's Come and Go through Ashish Avikunthak's Endnote |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0950236X.2016.1187667 |journal=Textual Practice |language=en |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=399–415 |doi=10.1080/0950236X.2016.1187667 |issn=0950-236X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

His 2010 film, ''Vakratunda Swaha'' premiered at the [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vakratunda Swaha |url=https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2011/films/vakratunda-swaha |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=IFFR EN |language=en-GB}}</ref> was featured at the Taipei Biennial 2012<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.taipeibiennial.org/2023 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=TFAM-2023TaipeiBiennial |language=en}}</ref> and was long listed for [[The Skoda Prize]] in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-22 |title=Skoda Prize 2011 announces Top Twenty |url=https://www.carwale.com/news/skoda-prize-2011-announces-top-twenty/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=CarWale |language=en}}</ref> Maurizio Calbi of [[University of Salerno]], Italy writing about Avikunthak's practice of this period notes that in his films, "(a) ritual quasi-mythical quality of everyday life emerge(s); of letting the 'ordinary' continually re-mark itself in its singularity as 'extra-ordinary.'"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Calbi |first=Maurizio |date=2011 |title=Postcolonial Entanglements: Performing Shakespeare and Kathakali in Ashish Avikunthak's Dancing Othello |journal=Anglistica |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=27–32}}</ref>

== Feature films ==
Avikunthak's first feature film ''Nirakar Chhaya'' (Shadows Formless) had its world premiere at the [[Locarno Film Festival]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.pardo.ch/filmdetails.do?oc=192224|title=NIRAKAR CHHAYA|website=archive.pardo.ch}}</ref> It is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language film that was adapted from [[Sethu (writer)|Sethumadhavan]]'s award winning [[Malayalam]] language novel ''Pandavapuram'', translocated to [[Kolkata]] from [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2013/may/21/Charmed-by-transcendental-magic-479295.html|title= Charmed by transcendental magic |date=21 May 2013|publisher= [[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2013/may/22/Reinventing-the-mythical-world-479580.html|title= Reinventing the mythical world|date=22 May 2013|publisher= [[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> His 2010 [[Hindi]] language film, ''Katho Upanishad'' was an adaptation that transformed 6th century BCE [[Sanskrit]] language philosophical treatise [[Katha Upanishad]] into a [[triptych]] of three [[one shot (film)|one-shots]], with the longest being a 58-minute single-shot.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.mid-day.com/articles/the-secret-of--death/171664|title= The secret of death |date=9 July 2012|publisher= Mid Day, Mumbai}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.sunday-guardian.com/artbeat/should-high-art-evolve-with-the-times-to-stay-in-the-race|title= Should 'high art' evolve with the times to stay in the race? |date=12 July 2012|publisher= Sunday Guardian, Mumbai}}</ref>

In 2013, Avikunthak made India's first [[one shot (film)|one-shot]] feature film – ''Rati Chakravyuh.'' The entire film was made in a single-shot measuring 102 minutes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.artslant.com/ind/articles/show/40024 |title=Circling Time |last=Sorabjee |first=Deepika |date=2014-07-06 |website=ArtSlant |publisher= |access-date=2015-10-07 |quote=}}</ref> Made in [[Kolkata]], it is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language film, in which six newlywed couples on their wedding night sit in a circle with a priestess in an ancient temple and have a protracted exchange before they commit [[mass suicide]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/temporal-universe/ |title= Temporal Universe |date=3 July 2014|publisher= Indian Express}}</ref> The film had its world premiere at the 2014 [[Shanghai Biennale]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shanghaibiennale.org/en/artist/detail/54/11.html|title=Ashish Avikunthak |publisher= Shanghai Biennale|date=2014-12-12 |website= Shanghai Biennale 2014 |access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref>

In 2015, Avikunthak released ''Kalkimanthakatha'' that was shot on location in the [[Allahabad Kumbh Mela]] in 2013. In this feature film, [[Samuel Beckett]]'s celebrated play ''[[Waiting for Godot]]'' is transplanted from its European context to [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language and the [[Hindu]] pilgrimage site of the [[Kumbh Mela]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/eyes-wide-open-2/|title= Eyes Wide Open |date=29 July 2015|publisher= [[Indian Express]]}}</ref> This film was stopped from a private screening in a [[Kolkata]] art gallery by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/uncertified-film-screening-at-kolkata-gallery-miffs-cbfc/articleshow/57688357.cms/|title= Uncertified film screening at Kolkata gallery miffs CBFC |date=17 March 2017|publisher= [[Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/censor-board-stops-screening-of-independent-film-kalkimanthakatha-directed-by-ashish-avikunthak-dgtl-1.581844|title= Censor board stops screening of independent film Kalkimanthakatha |date=18 March 2017|publisher= [[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref> In a review published in [[Artforum]], art critic Murtaza Vali, writes that: "through this film, Avikunthak orchestrates a somewhat unexpected encounter between opposing perspectives or bodies of knowledge—sacred/secular, modernity/tradition, philosophy/politics—the friction between them forcing each to open up to the wisdom of the other. And by using an uncompromisingly difficult avant-garde form and structure to explore Hindu thought and ritual practice, the film troubles ongoing attempts by fundamentalists to assert definitive orthodox interpretations onto a religion defined by its rich multiplicities."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vali |first=Murtaza |date=2015-11-01 |title=Ashish Avikunthak |url=https://www.artforum.com/events/ashish-avikunthak-214415/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Artforum |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2017, Avikunthak's film ''Kali of Emergency'' which he made a year before had its world première in Forum Expanded in [[Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/NitmPqXhStfdcLqZQ3Ol8I/Goddess-in-the-details-Aapothkalin-Trikalika.htm|title= Goddess in the details: 'Aapothkalin Trikalika'|date=24 June 2017|publisher= [[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aapothkalin Trikalika {{!}} The Kali of Emergency |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/2017/programme/201712410.html |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=www.berlinale.de |language=en}}</ref> In the screening of this film at [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]] in 2023, it noted that: "Kali of Emergency juxtaposes two kinds of [[Hindu iconography]], mingling the elaborately costumed, stylised gods of popular representations with the austere forms found in pre-modern paintings and temple sculptures...Filled with incandescent images, Kali of Emergency is of a piece with Avikunthak's singular, personal body of work."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kali of Emergency |url=https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2023/films/kali-of-emergency |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=IFFR EN |language=en-GB}}</ref>
''Glossary of Non-Human Love'' was shown at [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-23 |title=India at IFFR 2021: 'Glossary of Non-human Love' and 'Everything is Cinema' |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//how-to-lounge/movies-tv/india-at-iffr-2021-glossary-of-non-human-love-and-everything-is-cinema-111624378650892.html |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Mintlounge |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Glossary of Non-Human Love |url=https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2021/films/glossary-of-non-human-love |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=IFFR EN |language=en-GB}}</ref> It is a film that "is set in a [[Parallel universes in fiction|parallel universe]] where [[artificial intelligence]] has usurped humanity's reign over the planet…Glossary of Non-Human Love can also be viewed as an ecocritical commentary on technological evolution. Due to the fragmented [[glossary]] structure and its exploration of AI, it almost feels like code is being parsed while the film itself becomes a dynamic entity."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title='Glossary of Non-Human Love': Ashish Avikunthak and sci-fi |url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/glossary-of-non-human-love-ashish-avikunthak-sci-fi/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=faroutmagazine.co.uk |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2024, ''Vidvastha'' (Devastated) had its world premiere at the [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devastated |url=https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2024/films/devastated |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=IFFR EN |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-22 |title='Devastated' world premiere at Rotterdam film festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/devastated-world-premiere-at-rotterdam-film-festival-kolkata-ashish-avikunthaks-political-film-vidhvastha-devastated/articleshow/106196514.cms |access-date=2024-06-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> which is a film "that is not afraid to directly confront the increasingly authoritarian national trajectory while also paving the way for future generations of Indian filmmakers to think in terms of cinematic linguistics that do not conform to the derivative form that plagues contemporary Indian movies."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-03 |title='Devastated': Ashish Avikunthak and Indian political cinema |url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/devastated-ashish-avikunthak-indian-political-cinema/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=faroutmagazine.co.uk |language=en-US}}</ref> In a review of the film in [[ArtReview]] ''Devastated'' is described as a: "commentarial film that examines the double life of a middle-aged Hindu policeman… through its complex and probing discourses, grittily examines the nature of violence in its diverse forms."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidvastha (Devastated) Review: The Bizarre and the Bhagavad Gita |url=https://artreview.com/vidvastha-devastated-ashish-avikunthak-review/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=artreview.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+<ref name=":0" />
!Year
!Original title
!International title
!Language(s)
!Notes
|-
|1997
|Et cetera
|Et cetera
|English
|
|-
|1999
|Kalighaat Fetish
|Kalighaat Fetish
|Hindi
|
|-
|2000
|Performing Death
|Performing Death
|No spoken language
|
|-
|2001
|Rummaging for Pasts
|Rummaging for Pasts: Excavating Sicily, Digging Bombay
|English
|film essay; partly based on [[Monte Polizzo]] excavations in Sicily<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Swapnil Dhruv |date=2023-10-17 |title='Rummaging for Pasts': an Ashish Avikunthak exhibition at Chatterjee and Lal |url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/rummaging-for-pasts-ashish-avikunthak-exhibition/ |website=Far Out Magazine}}</ref>
|-
|2002
|Brihannala ki Khelkali
|Dancing Othello
|English
|
|-
|2005
|Antaral
|End Note
|Bengali
|
|-
|2007
|Nirakar Chhaya
|Shadows Formless
|English
|debut feature; based on Malayalam novella ''[[Sethu (writer)|Pandavapuram]]'' by [[Sethu (writer)|Sethu]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=A.K. |first=Arun |date=2021 |title=An Idiom Unto Itself: An Ashish Avikunthak Retrospective |url=https://www.screenslate.com/articles/idiom-unto-itself-ashish-avikunthak-retrospective |website=[[Screen Slate]]}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|Vakratunda Swaha
|Vakratunda Swaha
|Hindi
|
|-
|2011
|Katho Upanishad
|Katho Upanishad
|Hindi
|based on the dialogue between [[Yama]] and [[Nachiketa]], from the [[Katha Upanishad]]<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Treasures of the Yale Film Archive: Katho Upanishad |url=https://web.library.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Katho%20Upanishad%20Notes.pdf |website=[[Yale Film Archive]]}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|Rati Chakravyuh
|Rati Chakravyuh
|Bengali
|
|-
|2015
|Kalkimanthankatha
|The Churning of Kali
|Bengali
|inspired by [[Waiting for Godot]] by [[Samuel Beckett]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-04 |title=Kalkimanthankatha |url=https://blogs.kent.ac.uk/beckettworldlit/kalkimanthankatha/ |website=[[University of Kent]]}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|Aapothkalin Trikalika
|The Kali of Emergency
|Bengali
|
|-
|2018
|Vrindavani Vairagya
|Dispassionate Love
|Bengali
|
|-
|2021
|Na Manush Premer Kothamala
|Glossary of Non-Human Love
|Bengali
|
|-
|2024
|Vidhvastha
|Devastated
|Bengali
|
|}

== Academic career ==
In 2021, he wrote a book, ''Bureaucratic Archaeology: State, Science and Past in Postcolonial India,'' published by [[Cambridge University Press]], dealing with the intersection of politics and archaeology in India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Avikunthak |first=Ashish |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009067119/type/book |title=Bureaucratic Archaeology: State, Science, and Past in Postcolonial India |date=2021-09-30 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-06711-9 |edition=1 |doi=10.1017/9781009067119|s2cid=243742619 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Rajat |date=2022-11-19 |title=Bureaucratic Archaeology is a scholarly investigation of the history and hierarchical structure of the ASI |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/bureaucratic-archaeology-scholarly-investigation-of-history-hierarchical-structure-8275688/ |website=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Uzma Z. Rizvi]] in the review of this book in [[Antiquity (journal)|Antiquity]] writes: "Avikunthak successfully argues that [[Archaeological Survey of India|Archaeological Survey of India's]] bureaucracy, and the religious politics that inform the structures of those offices, run so deep in archaeological practice in India that it cannot but impact the very nature of the archaeological evidence that it produces and presents as scientific fact."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rizvi |first=Uzma Z. |date=2022-10-06 |title=Archaeology, ethnography and epistemic critiques of the nation |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/abs/archaeology-ethnography-and-epistemic-critiques-of-the-nation/73FFED2CDABBA3B2190E271C954535E9 |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=96 |issue=390 |pages=1634–1637 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2022.131 |issn=0003-598X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Controversy==
In July 2017, a social-media outrage erupted when Avikunthak was debarred from entering the upmarket [[Quest Mall]] in [[Kolkata]] because he was wearing a [[dhoti]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/denied-entry-to-kolkata-quest-mall-in-dhoti-filmmaker-ashish-avikunthak-4752618/lite/|title=Denied entry to Kolkata mall in dhoti: Filmmaker Ashish Avikunthak - India News, The Indian Express|website=indianexpress.com|date=16 July 2017 }}</ref> He was eventually allowed after he spoke in English.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/844091/social-apartheid-i-was-barred-from-entering-a-kolkata-mall-because-i-was-wearing-a-dhoti|title=Social apartheid: I was barred from entering a Kolkata mall because I was wearing a dhoti|date=17 July 2017|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyo.in/voices/kolkata-quest-mall-denies-entry-dhoti-filmmaker-public-spaces-racial-profiling/story/1/18776.html|title=Denied entry to Kolkata mall in dhoti: Filmmaker Ashish Avikunthak on 'public space'|date=4 August 2017|publisher=}}</ref> In a Facebook post that went viral he wrote: "This is unambiguously a new low for this city. Private clubs have always created hierarchies and distinctions because of clothing. Now public spaces are also threatened and a culture of segregation based on class is being practiced unhindered. I write this with a sense of deep disgust."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/kolkata-news/denied-entry-for-wearing-dhoti-claims-filmmaker-kolkata-mall-counters-charge-1725237|title=Was Denied Entry Into Kolkata Mall For Wearing Dhoti, Alleges Filmmaker|date=16 July 2017|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/all-doors-should-open-for-those-in-traditional-indian-wear-delhi-restaurateurs/story-43RVXPsXF4Wo8koy1usK9N.html|title=All doors should open for those in traditional Indian wear|work=Hindustan Times |date=24 July 2017|publisher=}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He married twice; his second marriage is to Debleena Sen Chadha, an actress in Bengali-language films. He has a daughter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saini |first=Bhavya |date=2022-03-02 |title=I Fell In Love With Ashish Despite The 17-Year Age Gap, Says Debleena Sen Chadha |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/personal-stories/i-fell-in-love-with-ashish-despite-the-17-year-age-gap-says-debleena-sen-chadha/ |website=[[SheThePeople]]}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Amrit Gangar]]
* [[Amit Dutta]]
* [[Film and Television Institute of India]]
* [[Mubi (streaming service)|MUBI]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|3820149}}
* [https://mubi.com/en/cast/ashish-avikunthak MUBI page]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Avikunthak, Ashish}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian anthropologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]

Sabahuddin Abdur Rahman

2025-10-15T03:49:38Z

ErwinGholson17: added initial article basic info

{{Short description|Indian historian and writer (1911–1987)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Syed Sabahuddin Abdur Rahman
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ur
| birth_name = Abdur Rahman
| birth_date = {{circa|1911}}
| birth_place = [[Bihar Sharif]], Nalanda district, Bihar
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1987|11|8|1911}}
| death_place = [[Lucknow]], Uttar Pradesh
| alma_mater = [[Nalanda College, Bihar|Nalanda College]], [[Langat Singh College]]
| children = 4
}}

'''Syed Sabahuddin Abdur Rahman''' ({{circa|1911}} — 18 November 1987) was an Indian historian and writer. He was the editor of ''[[Ma'arif]]'', a monthly journal. He had served as the director and secretary of [[Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy]], a research academy founded by [[Shibli Nomani]] and based in [[Azamgarh]].

He has authored many books including ''Bazm-i Sufiya: Ahd-i Taimuri se Qabl Akabir Sufiya'', ''Bazm-e-Mamlukiya'', ''Bazm-e-Taimuriya'', ''Hindustan Ke Salatin'', ''Ulama aur Masha’ikh ke T‘alluqat par ek Nazar'' and ''Musalman Hukmaranon ki Mazhabi Rawadari''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aquil |first=Raziuddin |author-link=Raziuddin Aquil |date=2015-07-10 |title=The Marginalised Historian From Azamgarh |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/9/4331/The-Marginalised-Historian-From-Azamgarh |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=www.thecitizen.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Syed Sabahuddin Abdur Rahman was born in 1911 in [[Desna, Bihar|Desna]] near [[Bihar Sharif]] area of [[Nalanda district]] of Bihar. His ancestors belonged to Desna but he later shifted to the Lucknow.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcRHAAAAMAAJ |title=A Peep Into Seventyfive Years of Bihar: Souvenir, 75th Annual Session of Numismatic Society of India |date=1987 |publisher=Bihar Research Society |pages=70 |language=en}}</ref>

Together with [[Syed Sulaiman Nadvi]], he received his primary education at Madrasa Al-Islah, in Desna,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadvi |first=Sayyid Sulaimān |author-link=Syed Sulaiman Nadvi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2QQgAAAAMAAJ&q=Sabahuddin+abdur+rahman+bihar |title=The Living Prophet |date=1968 |publisher=Pak Academy |language=en}}</ref> and then enrolled at Mohammadan Anglo-Arabic School, in Patna in 1920 under the tutelage of his maternal uncle Syed Qamrul Hoda, who was a Mathematics teacher there.{{Sfn|Khan|1996|p=8-9}} Following his studies at Mohammadan Anglo-Arabic School, he enrolled at [[Nalanda College, Biharsharif|Nalanda College]] in July 1925 and completed matriculation in the same year. He later received a B.A. from [[Langat Singh College]] in 1927, and an M.A from [[Patna University]], after which he moved to [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] as a researcher under the supervision of Muhammad Mujeeb.{{Sfn|Khan|1996|p=8-9}}

== Career ==
In January 1935, Sabahuddin was appointed a teacher in [[Shibli National College, Azamgarh|Shibli College, Azamgarh]], but he wanted to serve [[Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy]] as a researcher. He was called to Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy by Syed Sulaiman Nadvi and he was also included in the Editorial board of ''Risala Ma'roon'' in April 1951.{{Sfn|Khan|1996|p=8-9}} He also edit ''[[Ma'arif]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadwi |first=Abul Hasan Ali |author-link=Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yBlEAAAQBAJ |title=Muslims in India |date=2019-04-30 |publisher=Claritas Books |isbn=978-1-905837-53-3 |pages=113–114 |language=en}}</ref>

== Books ==
One of his works, ''Babri Masjid: Tarikhi Pasmanzar Aur Peshmanzar Ki Roshni Mein'', a treatise quoted in the Babri Masjid case. Syed Sabahuddin Abdur Rahman has written in his book ''Babri Masjid: Tarikhi Pasmanzar Aur Peshmanzar Ki Roshni Mein'' that [[Babri Masjid]] was built by Babar after demolishing Ram Janam Bhumi Mandir.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prasath |first=S. Padmavathi, D. G. Hari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cbHDwAAQBAJ |title=Supreme Court Judgement On Ayodhya Issue: Ram Janmabhoomi – Babri Masjid Land Title Dispute |date=2020-01-03 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64733-972-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahman |first=Syed Sabahuddin Abdur |title=Babri Masjid |pages=5, 22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ps4XAAAAIAAJ |title=Islamic Perspective |date=1989 |publisher=Institute of Islamic Studies |pages=15 |language=en}}</ref> His books include:
* ''Bazm-e-Taimuriya'', 1948
* ''Hindustan Ke Ahd-e-Usta Ka Fauzi Nizam'', 1960
* ''Sachchi Kahaniyan'', 1968
* ''Dr. Syed Mahmood'', 1972
* ''Bazm-e-taimuriya'', 1973
* ''Ghalib Madh-e-Qadah Ke Roshni Mein'', 1979
* ''Ameer Khusrow Dehlavi: Hayat Aur ShayariIdara'', 1979
* ''Saleebi Jung'', 1980
* ''Islam Aur Mustashriqeen'', 1985
* ''Maulana Shibli Naumaani Par Ek Nazar'', 1985
* ''Babri Masjid: Tarikhi Pasmanzar Aur Peshmanzar Ki Roshni Mein'', 1986
* ''Bazm-e-rafta ki sachchi kahaniyan'', 1990
*''Sufi Ameer Khusrau'', 1992
* ''Bazm-e-Mamlukiya'', 1999
* ''Madhyakaleen Bharat Ke Musalman Shashakon Ki Dharmik Udarta'', 2008
* ''Zaheeruddin Mohammad Babar'', 2015
* ''Bazm-e-Raftagam Volume 2''
* ''Arshi Sahib''
* ''Hazrat Abul Hasan Ali Hujveri''
*''Hazrat Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti''
* ''Majalis-e-Sufiya''
* ''Yar-e-azeez''

== Personal life ==
Abdur Rahman was father of 4 children including Ishrat Afroz, Musharrat Afroz, Syed Ehteshamur Rahman and Syed Shakirur Rahman.{{Sfn|Khan|1996|p=8-9}}

== Death ==
Syed Sabahuddin Abdur Rahman died on 18 November 1987 in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.

== References ==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}
===Works cited===
* {{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Mohammad Hamid Ali |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/sabahuddin-abdurrahman-mohammad-hamid-ali-khan-ebooks |title=Syed Sabahuddin Abdur Rahman |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1996 |location=Delhi |language=hi}}

== Further reading==

* {{Cite journal |year=1987 |title=Shajarat |journal=Ma'arif |publisher=Matba Maarif |volume=6 |issue=140}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Siddiqi |first=Ameer Ahmad |year=1988 |title=Yad-e-raftagan Number |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/naya-daur-lucknow-shumara-number-001-006-ameer-ahmad-siddiqi-magazines-1 |journal=Naya Daur, Lucknow |location=Lucknow |publisher=Ashok Priyadarshi |volume=43 |issue=1, 6 |issn=0548-0663 |via=[[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]}}
* {{Cite book |last=Desnavi |first=Syed Shihabuddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPFtAAAAMAAJ |title=Indo-iranica Volume 45 |publisher=Iran Society. |year=1992 |pages=77–97 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Shaharyar |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/syed-sabahuddin-abdur-rahman-hayat-o-khidmat-shaharyar-ahmad-ebooks |title=Syed Sabahuddin Abdur Rahman: Hayat-o-khidmat |year=1999 |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Alam |first=Dr. Khursheed |title=Sayyed Sabahuddin Abdul Rahman Hayaat Aur Karnaamey |publisher=[[Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy]] |year=2009 |edition=1st |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE8RB2unZXkC |title=K̲h̲udā Bak̲h̲sh Lāʼibreri jarnal |date=2011 |publisher=K̲h̲udā Bak̲h̲sh Oriyanṭal Pablik Lāʼibreri |pages=82–101 |language=ur}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Ijaz |first=Hafiz Muhammad Bilal |title=سیّد صباح الدین عبدالرحمٰن کی تصنیفات کا تحقیقی و تنقیدی جائزہ |degree=Master of Arts |publisher=[[University of the Punjab]] |url=https://thesis.asianindexing.com/thesis.php?ari_id=1676732883707&title=%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%91%D8%AF%20%20%20%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%20%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%B0%D9%86%20%20%20%DA%A9%DB%8C%20%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%DA%A9%D8%A7%20%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C%20%D9%88%20%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%20%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2%DB%81&q= |language=ur}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.rekhta.org/authors/syed-sabahuddin-abdur-rahman/profile Syed Sabahuddin Abdur Rahman] on [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]
* [https://sufinama.org/poets/syed-sabahuddin-abdul-rahman/profile Syed Sabahuddin Abdur Rahman] on Sufinama

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdur Rahman, Syed Sabahuddin}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Nalanda district]]
[[Category:People from Lucknow district]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Bihar]]
[[Category:Urdu-language writers from British India]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]