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Tabeer (album)

2026-04-30T06:23:20Z

ErnestLithgow16: creating first article first draft

{{Infobox album
| name = Tabeer
| type = Studio album
| artist = [[Shafqat Amanat Ali]]
| cover = Album Tabeer Cover.jpeg
| alt =
| released = September 2008
| recorded = Karachi, Pakistan
| venue =
| studio = Couple of Good Studios
| genre = Pop, Sufi, Devotional, Folk
| length = 42:45
| label = Music Today, Fire Records
| producer = Shani (Zeeshan) Haider
| prev_title = [[Saagar (album)|Saagar]]
| prev_year = 2002
| next_title = [[Kyun Dooriyan]]
| next_year = 2010
}}
'''''Tabeer''''' ({{Langx|ur|تعبیر}}, {{Langx|hi|ताबीर}}; {{Translation|Interpretation or manifestation of dreams}}) is the debut solo studio album by Pakistani classical and pop singer, songwriter, and composer [[Shafqat Amanat Ali]], released in India on September 9, 2008<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008|title=Tabeer by Shafqat Amanat Ali|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/tabeer/290800013|access-date=Feb 8, 2022|website=music.apple.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2008|title=Tabeer {{!}} Shafqat Amanat Ali|url=https://gaana.com/album/tabeer-hindi-2008|access-date=Feb 8, 2022|website=gaana.com}}</ref> by the Music Today label.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=September 23, 2008 |first1=Kevin |last1=Lobo |title=Parting shots|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/parting-shots/articleshow/15854793.cms|access-date=2021-08-30|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sabeeh|first=Maheen|title=The Second Coming of Shafqat|url=https://jang.com.pk/thenews/oct2008-weekly/nos-19-10-2008/instep/article1.htm|access-date=2021-08-30|website=INSTEP Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-06-14|title=Pak singer Shafqat launches new album in India {{!}} news.outlookindia.com|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=611896|access-date=2021-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614062256/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=611896|archive-date=2012-06-14}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Shafqat Amanat Ali - 'With Tabeer, my dream of making my own album with some soulful music comes true!'|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/just-talk/shafqat-amanat-ali-with-tabeer-my-dream-making-my-own-album-with-some-soulful-music-comes-tr|access-date=2021-08-30|website=www.radioandmusic.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Background==
After leaving the band [[Fuzön (band)|Fuzön]] in 2006,<ref>{{Cite web|title=I didn't get my due: Shafqat Amanat Ali - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/i-didnt-get-my-due-shafqat-amanat-ali/articleshow/5646726.cms|access-date=2021-12-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Ali chose to focus on his solo career as a vocalist. Based on traditional folk and [[Sufi poetry|Sufi]] works, his first solo album ''Tabeer'' was commissioned and released in India in September 2008 by the Music Today label. The album was also released in Pakistan by the [[Fire Records (Pakistan)|Fire Records]] label as their mega Eid release. [[Rohail Hyatt]], the co-creator of [[Coke Studio (Pakistani TV program)|Coke Studio]], was initially roped in to produce ''Tabeer'' but was not ultimately able to work on it.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Syed|first=Madeeha|date=2008-10-11|title=First Person: Creating his own legacy?|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/423072/first-person-creating-his-own-legacy|access-date=2021-08-30|website=Dawn.com|language=en}}</ref>

''Tabeer'' amassed significant critical acclaim<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|last=Borthakur|first=Ahir Bhairab|date=July 31, 2010|title=Khan Do|volume=122|page=31|work=Billboard Magazine|issue=26|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWxbO-SGG7AC&dq=kyun+dooriyan+%22shafqat+amanat+ali&pg=RA4-PA31|access-date=Dec 29, 2021}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|date=2008-10-18|title=ALBUM REVIEW: On the right track|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/424313/album-review-on-the-right-track|access-date=Jan 18, 2022|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|last3=|first3=|date=Sep 12, 2008|title=Tabeer: Shafqat Excels|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/tabeer-shafqat-excels/articleshow/22416075.cms|access-date=2021-12-27|website=Bangalore Mirror|language=en}}</ref> in both India and Pakistan and received praise for mixing "the earthy with the refined."<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=Nov 1, 2008 |title=Chords and notes |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/11/01/stories/2008110150330100.htm |access-date=2022-01-21 |website=hindu.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123023928/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/11/01/stories/2008110150330100.htm |archive-date=23 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ali garnered praise for his "powerful vocals,"<ref name=":11" /> his "command over the classical idiom and modern music,<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=Ranjit|first=S. Sahaya|date=September 22, 2008|title=Music — Notes of Ecstasy|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20080922-your-week-737595-2008-09-12|access-date=Dec 29, 2021|website=India Today}}</ref> and for blending catchy pop melodies with folk vocals.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|last=Ferreira|first=Verus|date=Sep 9, 2013|title=Tabeer – Shafqat Amanat Ali (Music Today)|url=https://www.musicunplugged.in/reviews/cd_reviews_info/191/0|access-date=2022-02-18|website=musicunplugged.in|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Nadir|date=2008-11-08|title=Tried and Tested|url=https://newslinemagazine.com/tried-and-tested/|access-date=2022-02-18|website=newslinemagazine.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Music and style ==
''Rolling Stone'' (India) described Ali’s vocal stylings in ''Tabeer'' as "cull[ing] from Pakistan’s inherent ''Sufiana'' (mystical) traces and his traditional [[Patiala gharana|Patiala Gharana]] heritage,"<ref name=":5" /> while ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' magazine characterized the album as a modern reworking of "traditional Sufi poetry."<ref name=":9" /> Ali described the album as having "soulful music with some Sufi elements."<ref name=":0" /> He stated that ''Tabeer'' was "a very personal piece of work" for him<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2010-04-10|title=Looking for Attention -|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/looking-for-attention/|access-date=2021-11-02|website=Rolling Stone India|language=en-US}}</ref> and that the album was about establishing his own distinct identity as a vocalist: "these were the songs that I always thought I'd do someday, and when I was approached by the Indian record label Music Today, I thought I'd sing those songs."<ref name=":3" /> He further shared that his goal with ''Tabeer'' was to experiment "with the contemporary way of music, a mix of earthy and traditional tones, to give music lovers something fresh."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-06-14|title=Pak singer Shafqat launches new album in India {{!}} news.outlookindia.com|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=611896|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614062256/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=611896|archive-date=2012-06-14|access-date=2021-08-30}}</ref>

== Recording and production ==
''Tabeer'' was recorded, mixed, and mastered by Shani (Zeeshan) Haider<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":11" /> at Couple of Good Studios in [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]]. ''Rolling Stone'' (India) characterized ''Tabeer'' as having "compellingly softer tones,"<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2008-11-10|title=Restoring Dreams -|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/shafqat-amanat-ali/|access-date=2021-12-21|website=Rolling Stone India|language=en-US}}</ref> which was a marked departure from Ali's previous work with [[Fuzön (band)|Fuzön]] in ''[[Saagar (album)|Saagar]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hotstepper of the week - Shafqat Amanat Ali Khan|url=https://jang.com.pk/thenews/sep2008-weekly/nos-28-09-2008/instep/article5.htm|access-date=2021-12-25|website=INSTEP Magazine}}</ref> Ali remarked that he enjoyed having a greater degree of creative control and artistic freedom while working on ''Tabeer'' as a solo artiste, compared to working on ''[[Saagar (album)|Saagar]]'' with [[Fuzön (band)|Fuzön]], stating: "with [[Fuzön (band)|Fuzön]], we had to use a fixed set of instruments even when they were not needed for a song. On this album, I had the freedom to incorporate only those instruments that are needed."<ref name=":1" /> ''Tabeer'' features guitar work by [[Imran Muhammad Akhoond]] and flute work by Sajid Ali.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|last=Sabeeh|first=Maheen|date=July 20, 2008|title=The big five|url=https://jang.com.pk/thenews/jul2008-weekly/nos-20-07-2008/instep/mainissue.htm|access-date=2022-01-21|website=jang.com.pk}}</ref>

Although ''Tabeer'' was designed to cater to Indian musical sensibilities<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> and was also released first in India,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Country music - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/country-music/360583/|access-date=2021-12-22|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> Ali asserted in an interview that he was determined to record and produce the album in Pakistan "because Pakistani musicians and recordings [have] their own distinct sound,"<ref name=":3" /> which he wanted to highlight in the album, while also trying to avoid the Bollywood music mold.<ref name=":13" /> Ali has mentioned that he ended up excluding some of the songs he originally wrote and composed for ''Tabeer'' because they were thematically "very dark"<ref name=":3" /> and he did not deem them commercially viable at the time.

== Composition and songwriting ==
Ali worked on developing tracks for ''Tabeer'' for a period of about ten months<ref name=":0" /> and mentioned: "I like to compose using [[raga|''ragas'']] because that is my base and my foundation."<ref name=":10"/> Referring to his songwriting process for the album, he noted: "the music I make doesn't have rock tones anymore. I like sounds that relate to humanity, like [[Sufi music]]."<ref name=":4" /> Accordingly, several songs in the album have noticeably spiritual and devotional overtones.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":16" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Baig|first=Amina|title=Kyun Dooriyan: A musical tale|url=https://jang.com.pk/thenews/oct2010-weekly/nos-03-10-2010/instep/article1.htm|access-date=2021-12-25|website=INSTEP Magazine}}</ref>

"Khaireyan De Naal" was the lead single and opening track on ''Tabeer''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Celebrity playlist|url=https://jang.com.pk/thenews/sep2009-weekly/nos-06-09-2009/instep/turntable.htm|access-date=2021-12-26|website=INSTEP Magazine}}</ref> and was used heavily to promote the album across music channels in both India and Pakistan. Ali borrowed the primary chorus line of the song from [[Tufail Niazi]]'s folk song of the same name<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Citation|title=Shafqat Amanat Ali Faced A Lot Of Hurdles Before Making It Big {{!}}Part 1 {{!}} Rewind With Samina Peerzada|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rh4s51aSkCQ|language=en|access-date=2021-08-28}}</ref> and wrote and composed the song around it.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> The song tells the story of the tragic romance of ''[[Heer Ranjha]],''<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2012-08-14|title=Shafqat Amanat Ali disappoints with Raaz 3|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/422034/shafqat-amanat-ali-disappoints-with-raaz-3|access-date=2021-12-26|website=The Express Tribune|language=en}}</ref> a [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] folktale written in 1766 by the poet [[Waris Shah]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Love Story of Hir and Ranjha|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000065860|access-date=2021-12-26|website=unesdoc.unesco.org|page=32}}</ref> Ali received significant critical acclaim for "Khaireyan De Naal"<ref name=":8"/><ref name=":6"/><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Sutar|first=Chirag|title=Tabeer|url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/content/reviews/non-film-music-reviews/tabeer|access-date=2021-12-26|website=www.radioandmusic.com|language=en}}</ref> and has mentioned that it is his favorite track in the album.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-09-22|title='I can connect to God through Sufi'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/i-can-connect-to-god-through-sufi/story-wtIgpMthH4Qh47zOVGUZbM.html|access-date=2021-12-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> He also composed and sang a version of this song for the soundtrack of the 2015 Hindi movie, ''[[Tevar]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Music Review: Tevar - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/music-review-tevar/articleshow/45562564.cms|access-date=2021-12-26|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shafqat Amanat Ali Khan: I don't worry if my song doesn't catch on - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/shafqat-amanat-ali-khan-i-dont-worry-if-my-song-doesnt-catch-on/articleshow/46623663.cms|access-date=2021-12-26|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

The album has strong [[Sufi philosophy|Sufi]] overtones<ref name=":5" /> and features five Sufi tracks – "Rang Le," "Bulleh Shah," "Dum Ali Ali Dum," "Rohi," and "Pagalpan":

* "Rang Le" is based on the well-known Sufi devotional song, ''Mohe Apne Hi Rang Mein Rang De,'' written by Sufi poet [[Amir Khusrau]] as a supplication to his spiritual guide — the Sufi saint [[Nizamuddin Auliya]] — beseeching him to dye Khusrau in the colors of divine love. The theme of immersive colors, dyes, and hues is a prominent motif in [[Sufi poetry]] and imagery and symbolizes union and oneness between the seeker and God (as the Beloved).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sufism - Symbolism in Sufism {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sufism/Symbolism-in-Sufism|access-date=2021-12-15|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Ali incorporated guitar- and accordion-led jazz improvisations into his arrangement of this track<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /> to lend it softer, romantic tones.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12"/>
* The song "Bulleh Shah" is based on the Sufi devotional [[Kafi]] ''Aao Saiyo Ral Deo Ni Wadhai'' written by the 18th-century poet and philosopher, [[Bulleh Shah]], in which he celebrates the ecstasy of finding his ''[[murshid]]'' (spiritual teacher) – the Sufi saint [[Shah Inayat Qadiri]]. Ali chose to name the song eponymously in honor of its writer. He also performed a version of this song for Season 2 of [[MTV Unplugged (Indian TV program)|MTV Unplugged]] in 2012.
* Ali composed and wrote additional lyrics for the track "Dum Ali Ali Dum"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thombare|first=Suparna|date=Nov 19, 2013|title='Singing in India has its charm'|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-singing-in-india-has-its-charm-1192089|access-date=2021-12-30|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> which is a variation of the popular 600-year-old [[qawwali]], "[[Dama Dam Mast Qalandar]],"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan's Sufis Preach Faith and Ecstasy|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/pakistans-sufis-preach-faith-and-ecstasy-92998056/|access-date=2021-12-20|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en}}</ref> originally written by [[Amir Khusrau]] and modified further by [[Bulleh Shah]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharjeel|first=Shahzad|date=2019-12-06|title=The myriad interpretations of Sufi anthem 'Mast Qalandar'|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/columnists/061219/the-myriad-interpretations-of-sufi-anthem-mast-qalandar.html|access-date=2021-10-18|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> The song is a much-celebrated and widely-sung tribute to the Sufi mystic and saint [[Lal Shahbaz Qalandar|Hazrat Lal Shahbaz Qalandar]] and is part of the Indian subcontinent's cultural zeitgeist.
* "Rohi" is an adaptation of a [[Kafi]] titled "Jindri Luti Te Yaar Sajan" (also known as "Dilri Luti Te Yaar Sajan") written by the 19th-Century Sufi poet [[Khwaja Ghulam Farid]].<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Kaafi of Khwaja Ghulam Farid |url=https://sufinama.org/poets/khwaja-ghulam-farid/kaafi |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=Sufinama |publisher=Rekhta Foundation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abbas |first=Nazar |date=December 2, 2017 |title=Khwaja Ghulam Fareed's message of peace & love still echoes in Rohi |url=https://pakvoices.pk/khwaja-ghulam-fareeds-message-peace-love-still-echoes-rohi/ |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=pakvoices.pk |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahmood |first=Parvez |date=October 15, 2021 |title=Poet Of The Desert: Khwaja Ghulam Farid |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/2021/10/15/poet-of-the-desert-khwaja-ghulam-farid/ |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=The Friday Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The Kafi was originally sung by [[Zahida Parveen (singer)|Zahida Parveen]],<ref name=":11" /> and various renditions of it have also been performed by Ustad [[Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]], [[Pathanay Khan]], [[Mehdi Hassan]], and [[Abida Parveen]] among others. The original verses are written in the little-known [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] dialect from a remote region of Pakistan, which led Ali to alter some of the lyrics to make the song easier to understand.<ref name=":1" /> He also modified the composition of the original song to render it in a more contemporary style<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7" /> while retaining the traditional folk sounds of the original.<ref name=":11" />
* "Pagalpan" is inspired by [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] folk music<ref name=":3" /> and plays with the familiar Sufi theme of seeking a path to God and enlightenment while also acknowledging that God is within oneself.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Paths to God in Sufism|url=https://ibnarabisociety.org/the-paths-to-god-souad-hakim/|access-date=2021-12-26|website=Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi Society|language=en-GB}}</ref>

The song "Kartar," set in ''[[raga]]'' [[Darbari Kanada|Darbari]], is based on a time-honored [[Patiala gharana|Patiala Gharana]] ''[[bandish]]'', originally sung by Ali's father [[Ustad]] [[Amanat Ali Khan]] and uncle [[Ustad]] [[Bade Fateh Ali Khan]].<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|date=Feb 27, 2010|title=Shafqat Amanat Ali's 'Kyon Dooriyan' finally out|url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/shafqat-amanat-alis-kyon-dooriyan-finally-out|access-date=2022-01-23|website=radioandmusic.com|language=en}}</ref> Ali described the track as an "old traditional family song"<ref name=":2" /> and has shared that he extended the ''[[sthayi]]'' of the original ''bandish'' to develop it into a song.<ref name=":14" /> In 2009, Ali delivered a live performance of "Ajab Khail" ''—'' a modified rendition of "Kartar" — for [[Coke Studio (Pakistani season 2)|Season 2]] of [[Coke Studio (Pakistani TV program)|Coke Studio Pakistan]], produced by [[Rohail Hyatt]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010|title=Coke Studio Sessions: Season 2|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/coke-studio-sessions-season-2/392874890|access-date=Jan 23, 2022|website=music.apple.com|archive-date=January 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123085531/https://music.apple.com/us/album/coke-studio-sessions-season-2/392874890|url-status=dead}}</ref> "Kartar" is particularly noted for its rock riffs<ref name=":15" /> and high-octane orchestration,<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":16" /> and it was featured again as a bonus track in Ali's second solo album, ''[[Kyun Dooriyan]]'' (2010), with a slightly different arrangement.

==Track listing==
Most tracks are written, composed, and arranged by [[Shafqat Amanat Ali]]. "Naina" is composed by Shani (Zeeshan) Haider.<ref name=":16" /> "Rohi" is written by [[Khwaja Ghulam Farid]].<ref name=":17" /> The track "Tu Hi Tu Hai" was initially released as part of [[Zubeen Garg]]'s debut (compilation) album, [[Zindagi (album)|''Zindagi'']],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007|title=Zindagi by Various Artists|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/zindagi/fP91N47wokE_|access-date=Feb 18, 2022|website=jiosaavn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014|title=Zindagi {{!}} Zubeen Garg|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/zindagi/fP91N47wokE_|access-date=Feb 18, 2022|website=gaana.com}}</ref> in 2007 but was later re-released as part of ''Tabeer'' with a modified arrangement.
{{Track listing
| title1 = Khaireyan De Naal
| title6 = Pagalpan
| title10 = Manqabat (Ya Ali)
| length9 = 4:55
| title9 = Tu Hi Tu Hai
| length8 = 3:36
| title8 = Kartar (Darbari)
| length7 = 3:55
| title7 = Rohi
| length6 = 4:43
| length5 = 3:55
| length1 = 4:36
| title5 = Bulleh Shah
| length4 = 4:07
| title4 = Rang Le
| length3 = 5:52
| title3 = Dum Ali Ali Dum
| length2 = 4:13
| title2 = Naina
| total_length = 42:45
| length10 = 2:53
}}

== See also ==

* ''[[Saagar (album)|Saagar]]''
* ''[[Kyun Dooriyan]]''
* ''[[Muh Dikhai]]''
* [[Sufi music]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2008 albums]]
[[Category:Pop albums by Pakistani artists]]
[[Category:Sufi music albums]]

Nadeem Khan (activist)

2026-04-23T05:11:08Z

ErnestLithgow16: added stub.

{{Short description|Indian human rights activist}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = National Secretary of the [[Association for Protection of Civil Rights|APCR]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1977|December|15}}
| image = Nadeem Khan in a workshop.jpg
| birth_name = Mohammad Wasiq Nadeem Khan
| birth_place = Fatehpur, [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| education = [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]]
| occupation = Human Rights Activist
| term_start = 2021
| office2 = Founder of United Against Hate.<ref name="ht-bd">{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/civil-rights-group-fights-hate-crimes-members-arrested-under-indias-controversial-anti-terror-law-uapa-umar-khalid-united-against-hate/|publisher=Vice Media|title=This Civil Rights Group Fights Hate Crimes. Now, Its Members Are Being Arrested Under India's Controversial Anti-Terror Law.|access-date=2025-03-10}}</ref>
| term_start2 = 2019
| name = Nadeem Khan
}}
'''Nadeem Khan''' (born '''Mohammad Wasiq Nadeem Khan'''; December 15, 1977) is a human rights activist in India serving as the National Secretary of [[Association for Protection of Civil Rights]] and Founder of UAH (United Against Hate),<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 October 2021 |title=305 attacks on Christians in Indian in first nine months of 2021, only 30 FIRs: fact-finding report |work=theleaflet.in |url=https://theleaflet.in/305-attacks-on-christians-in-indian-in-first-nine-months-of-2021-only-30-firs-fact-finding-report/}}</ref> actively contributing to its cause.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 November 2019 |title=Hello, can you help me fight hate? |work=lifestyle.mitnt.com |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/hello-can-you-help-me-fight-hate-111642582517422.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vincent |first=Pheroze L. |date=15 July 2019 |title=Helpline on hate crimes |work=telegraphindia.com |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/helpline-on-hate-crimes/cid/1694574 |access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 October 2020 |title=Indian anti-hate group 'victim of hate' after leaders arrested |work=arabnews.com |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1754591/world}}</ref> His activism extends various communal violence incidents across India including the Bihar Communal Violence, [[Ram Navami riots|Ram Navami Violence]], and [[Kasganj violence]] of 2018. He also aligned the victims with others for sponsorship.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 September 2021 |title=Activists, intellectuals condemn ED raids at Harsh Mander's office, home |work=Indianexpress.com |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/harsh-mander-ed-raids-activists-condemnation-7512994/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 April 2018 |title=Bihar riots: fact-finding team alleges violence was staged by BJP and Bajrang Dal |work=twocircles.net |url=https://twocircles.net/2018apr10/422443.html}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Khan was born in Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh. He received his primary education in his hometown. Khan's Father Mohammad Wasim Khan was a [[farmer]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asif Tanha: A Muslim activist hoping to restore India's democracy |url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/asif-tanha-a-muslim-activist-hoping-to-restore-india-s-democracy-47789 |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=Asif Tanha: A Muslim activist hoping to restore India’s democracy |language=en}}</ref>

== United Against Hate ==
United Against Hate (UAH) is an India-based civil rights campaign against [[hate crime]] & mob violence; the campaign is run by students, lawyers and intellectuals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Fatima |date=2020-06-20 |title=United Against Hate, the 'fact-finding' group accused of conspiracy in Delhi riots |url=https://theprint.in/india/united-against-hate-the-fact-finding-group-accused-of-conspiracy-in-delhi-riots/442438/ |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Launched in July 2017 in response to a surge in hate crimes and mob lynchings targeting marginalized communities, it has been founded by activists, journalists, and concerned citizens. UAH works to document incidents of [[communal violence]], provide legal and financial aid to victims, and mobilize grassroots resistance against systemic discrimination. The campaign has played a crucial role in organizing protests, fact-finding missions, and public awareness drives against divisive policies, including the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA)]] and the National Register of Citizens (NRC). With a commitment to justice and pluralism, United Against Hate continues to be a powerful voice against religious intolerance and state repression in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radiance |date=2023-01-09 |title=Social, Human Rights Activists, Students Recall Police Brutality during Anti-CAA Movement |url=https://radianceweekly.net/social-human-rights-activists-students-recall-police-brutality-during-anti-caa-movement/ |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=Radiance Viewsweekly |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Justice for Najeeb movement ==
After the disappearance of [[Disappearance of Najeeb Ahmed|Najeeb Ahmed]], a Muslim student from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University|JNU]], Khan with other activists demonstrated several times at the CBI Headquarters and [[Jantar Mantar, New Delhi|Jantar Mantar]] led by Najeeb's mother Fatima Nafees to take the matter of Najeeb's disappearance seriously in view of the police inaction. Apart from this, Khan had also launched a signature campaign in Najeeb's case.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Maktoob |date=2022-12-20 |title=Students, activists, journalists recount police terror and arrests during anti-CAA movement |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/india/students-activists-journalists-recount-police-terror-and-arrests-during-anti-caa-movement/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=Maktoob media |language=en-US}}</ref>

== CAA protests ==
Khan played an important role in documenting the consequences of the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship Amendment Act]] (CAA) in Assam by releasing the first comprehensive report in 2018. The report focused on 14 districts of Assam affected by NRC and was released in various Indian states including Telangana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BUREAU |first=THE CITIZEN |date=2023-01-06 |title=“It's A Human Issue” |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/india/its-a-human-issue-554543 |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=www.thecitizen.in |language=en}}</ref> He released a second report recognizing the flaws in Foreign Tribunals in the context of Assam’s NRC in 2019- highlighting loopholes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Indo-Asian News |date=2024-03-08 |title=HRC approaches Telangana HC to stop release of Razakar movie |url=https://www.siasat.com/hrc-approaches-telangana-hc-to-stop-release-of-razakar-movie-2988916/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-08-03 |title=Jamaat-e-Islami delegation visits violence-hit areas in Haryana |url=https://www.siasat.com/jamaat-e-islami-delegations-visits-violence-hit-areas-in-haryana-2658736/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=APCR hosts Symposium on Legal Justice System and APCR |url=https://radianceweekly.net/apcr-hosts-symposium-on-legal-justice-system-and-apcr/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Radiance Weekly |language=en-US}}</ref>

Khan emerged as a community leader during [[Shaheen Bagh protest|anti-CAA protests]], offering guidance and support for the peaceful movement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-01 |title=अकोला हिंसा के आरोप में गिरफ्तार 17 मुसलमानों को मिली ज़मानत, APCR ने की थीं पैरवी {{!}} Journo Mirror |url=https://journomirror.com/17-muslims-arrested-on-charges-of-akola-violence-got-bail-apcr-lobbied/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> His activism extends to all prominent cases of the Delhi riots where he actively engaged with victims and advocated for at least 350 cases. Nadeem Khan has continuously raised his voice to uphold human rights through his activism such as in [[2022 Jahangirpuri violence|Jahangirpuri]], [[Himatnagar|Himmat Nagar]], [[2022 Khargone violence|Khargone]], [[Ranchi]], and recently in [[2024 Haldwani riots|Haldwani]] and others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Noor |first=Aliza |date=2024-02-16 |title=Haldwani: Fact-Finding Team Allege 'Police Set Up Detention Centres', Cops Deny |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/haldwani-uttarakhand-police-set-up-detention-centres-many-held-captive-report |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2024-03-08 |title=Telangana HC moved to stop release of Razakar, controversial movie produced by BJP leader |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/telangana-hc-moved-to-stop-release-of-razakar-controversial-movie-produced-by-bjp-leader |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==

* JanMitra Samman by [[People's Vigilance Committee on Human Rights]] (PVCHR).<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rzBwxymZ5n8</ref>
* National Muslim Social Leadership Award for Civil Liberties by Movement for Empowerment of Muslim Indians (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-09 |title=Jamaat welcomes Supreme Court's stay order on mass eviction in Haldwani {{!}} The Indian Awaaz |url=https://theindianawaaz.com/jamaat-welcomes-supreme-courts-stay-order-on-mass-eviction-in-haldwani/ |access-date=2023-03-21 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Voice of People Award by Pal Pal News.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2019 |title=UU Baru India Semua Agama Boleh Kecuali Islam |url=https://pojoksatu.id/news/internasional/2019/12/16/uu-baru-india-semua-agama-boleh-kecuali-islam/ |access-date=15 March 2023 |archive-date=15 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315082314/https://pojoksatu.id/news/internasional/2019/12/16/uu-baru-india-semua-agama-boleh-kecuali-islam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* [https://www.facebook.com/wasiq.nadim Nadeem Khan] on [[Facebook]]
* [https://twitter.com/nadeemkhanuah Nadeem Khan] on [[Twitter]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Nadeem}}
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1977 births]]

T. V. Somanathan

2026-04-18T23:26:29Z

ErnestLithgow16:

{{Short description|Cabinet Secretary of India}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = T. V. Somanathan
| image = TV Somanathan IAS.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1965|05|10}}
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| alma_mater = [[Panjab University]] ([[Bachelor of Commerce|BCom]]) ([[Master of Arts|M.A]]) [[University of Calcutta]] (PhD Economics) [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India ]] ([[Chartered Accountant]])
| office = 33rd [[Cabinet Secretary of India]]
| appointer1 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| term_start = 30 August 2024
| term_end =
| prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor = [[Rajiv Gauba]]
| successor =
| appointer = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| minister1 = [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
| occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]]
| office2 = Expenditure Secretary of India
| term_start2 = {{Start date|2019|12|13|df=yes}}
| term_end2 = 30 August 2024
| predecessor2 = [[Girish Chandra Murmu]]
| successor2 = Manoj Govil<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-16 |title=Centre unveils major bureaucratic reshuffle; Manoj Govil to be new Expenditure Secretary - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/centre-unveils-major-bureaucratic-reshuffle-manoj-govil-to-be-new-expenditure-secretary-19461084.htm |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>
| office1 = [[Finance Secretary (India)|Finance Secretary]] of India
| term_start1 = {{Start date|2021|04|28|df=yes}}
| term_end1 = 30 August 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Ajay Bhushan Pandey]]
| successor1 = [[Tuhin Kanta Pandey]]
}}
'''T. V. Somanathan''' (born 10 May 1965) is an Indian [[bureaucrat]] and [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer who is serving as the [[Cabinet Secretary of India]] since 30 August 2024.<ref name="ndtv.com">{{Cite web |title=Senior IAS Officer T V Somanathan Appointed Cabinet Secretary |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/senior-ias-officer-t-v-somanathan-appointed-cabinet-secretary-6308186 |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Before this, he served as the [[Finance Secretary (India)|Finance Secretary of India]] (Department of Expenditure).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Business-Standard: Somanathan Appointed as Finance secretary|date=29 April 2021 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/t-v-somanathan-named-finance-secy-in-place-of-ajay-bhushan-pandey-121042900056_1.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Economic Times|date=28 April 2021 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/expenditure-secretary-t-v-somanathan-designated-finance-secretary/articleshow/82295758.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NDTV: TV Somanathan appointed as Finance Secretary|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/expenditure-secretary-tv-somanathan-appointed-finance-secretary-2423906}}</ref> Prior to this appointment, he served as [[Additional secretary to the Government of India|Additional Secretary]] and [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary]] in the Prime Minister's Office (PMO). He also worked as Director at the [[World Bank|World Bank Group]], Washington D.C., where he initially joined under its Young Professionals Program.<ref name=":0" /> He is a 1987 batch [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer of the [[Tamil Nadu]] cadre.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Dr. T. V Somanathan Executive Record sheet|url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?PageId=}}</ref>

== Education ==
Somanathan holds a Ph.D. in economics from [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Ideas For India|url=https://www.ideasforindia.in/profile/tv.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Money Control|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/new-finance-secretary-tv-somanathan-an-articulate-economic-voice-trusted-by-the-top-leadership-6832171.html}}</ref> an Executive Development Program diploma from [[Harvard Business School]],<ref name=":0" /> Master of Arts and Bachelor of Commerce degrees from [[Panjab University]]. He is also a Fellow of the [[Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales|Institute of Chartered Accountants in England & Wales]] (FCA), the [[Chartered Institute of Management Accountants]], London, [[Chartered Governance Institute|the Institute of Chartered Secretaries]], London, the [[Association of Chartered Certified Accountants]], London, the [[Institute of Company Secretaries of India]] and the [[Institute of Cost Accountants of India]].<ref name=":0" /> Somanathan has published numerous articles and papers on economics, finance, governance and public policy in academic journals and in the Hindu, Business Standard, Business Line, Indian Express, Fortune India, Yojana, Kurukshetra etc.<ref name=":1" /> He also was a [https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/careers/programs-and-internships/young-professionals-program Young Professional for the World Bank Group] (1996).

== Career ==
Somanathan appeared for the 1987 [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC) Civil Services Examination and secured an All India Rank of 2nd behind [[Amir Subhani]], who was the topper of the 1987 [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]] Civil Services Examination. Somanathan joined [[Indian Administrative Service]] getting posted in the Tamil Nadu Cadre.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Chennai's 'metro man' to one of Modi's most trusted, TV Somanathan is more economist than generalist|publisher= [[The Print]]|date= 5 April 2025 |url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/chennais-metro-man-to-one-of-modis-most-trusted-tv-somanathan-is-more-economist-than-generalist/2578154/?amp}}</ref>

Somanathan has served in various positions for both the [[Government of India]] and the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]],<ref name=":0" /> including as Secretary to the [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]], [[Managing director|Managing Director]] of the [[Chennai Metro|Chennai Metro Rail Corporation]], [[Principal secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] in Special Initiatives department and Planning & Development department, [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary]] in the [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs]], [[Additional secretary to the Government of India|Additional Secretary]] in the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister’s Office]] (PMO), Commissioner for Commercial Taxes, Tamil Nadu and served as the [[Finance Secretary (India)|Finance Secretary of India]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dept Of Expenditure : Ministry of Finance|url=https://www.doe.gov.in/whoswho/dr-t-v-somanathan}}</ref>

=== Cabinet Secretary of India ===
T.V Somanathan took charge as [[Cabinet Secretary]] from [[Rajiv Gauba]] on 30 August 2024 after serving as Officer on Special Duty in the Cabinet Secretariat.<ref name="ndtv.com"/>

== Publications ==

* {{Cite book |last=Somanathan |first=T. V. |title=Derivatives |publisher=[[McGraw Hill Education]] |year=1998 |isbn=1108402712}}<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Amazon|url=https://www.amazon.in/Books-T-V-Somanathan/s?rh=n%3A976389031%2Cp_27%3AT.+V.+Somanathan}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |last=Somanathan |first=T. V. |title=Public Institutions in India Chapter entitled Civil Service An Institutional Perspective |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2005}}<ref name=":0" />
* Somanathan, T. V. & [[V. Anantha Nageswaran|Anantha Nageswaran, V]] (2015). [https://www.amazon.in/Economics-Derivatives-T-V-Somanathan/dp/1107091500/ref=sr_1_3?dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.n1y0MkWAA8K5d6f2N19UDQBC3JK2RnA0jjeXcqIqEDnGjHj071QN20LucGBJIEps.tUVsukdARYjB_56laNLYLx1ZhbJZ2zeLnEtSEmpVWWs&dib_tag=se&qid=1723277963&s=books&sr=1-3 ''The Economics of Derivatives'', Cambridge University Press].

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Somanathan, T. V.}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]

Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-18T18:31:54Z

ErnestLithgow16: created a post from scratch...

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Punjab}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Fatehgarh Sahib {{Small|PB-8}}
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Punjab/Fatehgarh Sahib.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 2008
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| mp = [[Amar Singh (Punjab politician)|Amar Singh]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| assembly_cons = [[Bassi Pathana Assembly Constituency|Bassi Pathana]] [[Fatehgarh Sahib Assembly Constituency|Fatehgarh Sahib]] [[Amloh Assembly Constituency|Amloh]] [[Khanna Assembly Constituency|Khanna]] [[Samrala Assembly Constituency|Samrala]] [[Sahnewal Assembly Constituency|Sahnewal]] [[Payal Assembly Constituency|Payal]] [[Raikot Assembly Constituency|Raikot]] [[Amargarh Assembly Constituency|Amargarh]]
| reservation = SC
}}

'''Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 13 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] state in northern [[India]]. This constituency came into existence as a part of the implementation of [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary and assembly constituencies in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080216/main8.htm|title=3 Parliament, 16 assembly seats get new names|author=Singh, Prabhjot|date=16 February 2008|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|accessdate=2009-04-19}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
The nine [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments of Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceopunjab.nic.in/English/ElectoralRolls/ACPCROERO/PCACLIST.html|title=List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Punjab website}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2"| Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|54
|[[Bassi Pathana Assembly Constituency|Bassi Pathana]] (SC)
| rowspan="3" |[[Fatehgarh Sahib district|Fatehgarh Sahib]]
|[[Rupinder Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=9}}
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|55
|[[Fatehgarh Sahib Assembly Constituency|Fatehgarh Sahib]]
|[[Lakhbir Singh Rai]]
|-
|56
|[[Amloh Assembly Constituency|Amloh]]
|[[Gurinder Singh Garry]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|57
|[[Khanna Assembly Constituency|Khanna]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]]
|[[Tarunpreet Singh Sond]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|58
|[[Samrala Assembly Constituency|Samrala]]
|[[Jagtar Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|59
|[[Sahnewal Assembly Constituency|Sahnewal]]
|[[Hardeep Singh Mundian]]
|-
|67
|[[Payal Assembly Constituency|Payal]] (SC)
|[[Manwinder Singh]]
|-
|69
|[[Raikot Assembly Constituency|Raikot]] (SC)
|[[Hakam Singh Thekedar]]
|-
|106
|[[Amargarh Assembly Constituency|Amargarh]]
|[[Malerkotla district|Malerkotla]]
|[[Jaswant Singh Gajjan Majra]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|}

Before delimitation, Amloh, Khanna and Samrala assembly segments were in [[Ropar Lok Sabha constituency|Ropar]], Payal was in [[Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency|Ludhiana]] and Raikot was in [[Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency|Sangrur]]. Bassi Pathana, Fatehgarh Sahib, Amargarh and Sahnewal assembly segments were created as a part of delimitation of assembly constituencies in 2008.

== Members of Parliament ==
{{Pie chart|value1=75|value2=25|label1=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC '''(3 Times)]]|label2=[[Aam Aadmi Party|'''AAP''' (1 Time)]]|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color2={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}|caption=Most Successful parties from Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year!!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fatehgarh Sahib Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/punjab/parliamentary-constituencies/fatehgarh-sahib.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2008 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[Sukhdev Singh Libra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| [[Harinder Singh Khalsa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Indian general elections|2019]]
| rowspan=2|[[Amar Singh (Punjab politician)|Amar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2024===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Fatehgarh Sahib]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate =[[Amar Singh (Punjab politician)|Dr. Amar Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:332591}}
|percentage = 34.14
|change = {{decrease}}7.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Gurpreet Singh GP
|votes = {{formatnum:298389}}
|percentage = 30.63
|change = {{Increase}}24.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gejja Ram Valmiki
|votes = {{formatnum:127521}}
|percentage = 13.09
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Bikramjit Singh Khalsa|Bikramjit Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:126730}}
|percentage = 13.01
|change = {{decrease}}19.22
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = [[Raj Jatinder Singh Bittu]]
|votes = {{formatnum:43644}}
|percentage = 4.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:9188}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:34202}}
|percentage = 3.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:974256}}
|percentage = 62.53
|change =
}}

{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = AAP
|swing = {{decrease}}7.61
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Fatehgarh Sahib]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Amar Singh (Punjab politician)|Dr. Amar Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:411651}}
|percentage = 41.75
|change = {{increase}}11.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Darbara Singh Guru]]
|votes = {{formatnum:318161}}
|percentage =32.23
|change = {{increase}}1.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party =Lok Insaaf Party
|candidate =[[Manwinder Singh Giaspura]]
|votes = {{formatnum:142274}}
|percentage = 14.43
|change =''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Bandeep Singh Dullo
|votes = {{formatnum:62881}}
|percentage = 6.38
|change ={{decrease}}29.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:13045}}
|percentage = 1.32
|change ={{increase}}0.94
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:93490}}
|percentage = 9.52
|change = {{increase}}4.27
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:987161}}
|percentage =65.69
|change = {{decrease}}8.12
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner =Indian National Congress
|loser = Aam Aadmi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: [[Fatehgarh Sahib]]
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Harinder Singh Khalsa]]
|votes = {{formatnum:367237}}
|percentage = 35.62
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sadhu Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:313149}}
|percentage = 30.37
|change = {{decrease}}16.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Kulwant Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:312815}}
|percentage = 30.34
|change ={{decrease}}12.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sarabjeet Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:12683}}
|percentage = 1.23
|change = {{decrease}}6.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = {{formatnum:4005}}
|percentage = 0.38
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:54088}}
|percentage = 5.25
|change = {{increase}}1.16
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:1031030}}
|percentage =73.81
|change ={{increase}}4.40
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{increase}}26.11
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: [[Fatehgarh Sahib]]
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sukhdev Singh Libra]]
|votes = 393,557
|percentage = 46.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Charanjit Singh Atwal
|votes = 359,258
|percentage = 42.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rai Singh
|votes = 65,459
|percentage = 7.81
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate =Kulwant Singh Sandhu
|votes = 5,262
|percentage =0.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate =Lachchman Singh
|votes = 5,123
|percentage =0.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 34,299
|percentage = 4.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 838,146
|percentage =69.41
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Ropar Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/punjab/fatehgarh_sahib/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Fatehgarh Sahib lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Punjab}}

{{coord|30.65|76.39|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Fatehgarh Sahib district]]
[[Category:Ludhiana district]]

Panchla Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:25:18Z

ErnestLithgow16: Started details

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Panchla
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Panchla.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Panchla Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Gulsan Mullick]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
| constituency_no = 175
| established = 1962
| electors = 206,646
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Panchla Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Howrah district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 175 Panchla Assembly constituency (SC) is composed of the following: [[Panchla (community development block)|Panchla]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] and Gobindapur, Islampur, Laskarpur, Polegustia [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Jagatballavpur (community development block)|Jagatballavpur]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 25 July 2015|work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Panchla Assembly constituency is part of No. 25 [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/> Panchla was earlier part of [[Sreerampur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 2010-11-01 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2| Party
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[Apurba Lal Mazumdar]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| A.P. Mukhopadhyay
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| Kanai Lal Bhattacharya
| {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| Ashoke Kumar Ghose
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Sk Anwar Ali
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Santosh Kumar Das
| {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| Anwar Ali Sheikh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| rowspan="2"|Sailen Mondal
| {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Gulsan Mullick]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| Sailen Mondal
| {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| Doli Roy
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Gulsan Mullick]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Panchla}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Gulsan Mullick]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ranjan Kumar Paul
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Farid Molla
|party = All India Forward Block
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rahul Pandey
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Panchla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Gulsan Mullick]]
|votes = 1,04,572
|percentage = 48.19
|change = {{down}}4.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mohit Lal Ghanti
|votes = 71,821
|percentage = 33.10
|change = {{up}}24.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Secular Front
|candidate = Abdul Jalil Sheikh
|votes = 35,576
|percentage = 16.39
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|votes = 2,411
|percentage = 1.11
|change = {{up}}0.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Amra Bangali
|candidate = Amar Chatterjee
|votes = 1,411
|percentage = 0.65
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shyamal Mondal
|votes = 1,218
|percentage = 0.56
|change = {{increase}}0.03
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 32,751
|percentage = 15.09
|change = {{decrease}}1.64
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,17,009
|percentage = 81.53
|change = {{increase}}0.41
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Panchla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Gulsan Mullick]]
|votes = 1,01,126
|percentage = 52.98
|change = {{increase}}7.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Doli Roy
|votes = 69,199
|percentage = 36.25
|change = {{decrease}}2.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bhabani Prasad Ray
|votes = 16,066
|percentage = 8.42
|change = {{increase}}3.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|votes = 1,852
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shyamal Mondal
|votes = 1,018
|percentage = 0.53
|change = {{decrease}}0.45
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 31,927
|percentage = 16.73
|change = {{increase}}9.5
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,90,868
|percentage = 81.12
|change = {{increase}}0.1
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Panchla<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=175| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519163512/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=175| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 19 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Panchla| publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 1 May 2011 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Gulsan Mullick]]
|votes = 76,628
|percentage = 45.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Doli Roy
|votes = 64,510
|percentage = 38.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mohit Lal Ghanti
|votes = 14,487
|percentage = 8.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shyamal Kumar Adak
|votes = 7,523
|percentage = 4.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shakirul Islam Sheikh
|votes = 1,870
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shyamal Mondal
|votes = 1,637
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = PDCI
|candidate = Mohiuddin Mollah
|votes = 785
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 12,118
|percentage = 7.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,67,440
|percentage = 81.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = All India Forward Bloc
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Doli Roy of [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]] won the Panchla assembly seat defeating her nearest rival Abul Kassem Molla of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Sailen Mondal of Forward Bloc defeated Sk. Nazrul Islam of Trinamool Congress in 2001.<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> [[Gulsan Mullick]] of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] defeated Sailen Mondal of Forward Bloc in 1996.<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref> Sailen Mondal of Forward Bloc defeated Prafulla Santra of Congress in 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and Anwar Ali Sheikh of Congress in 1987.<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Anwar Ali Sheikh of Congress defeated Santosh Kumar Das of Forward Bloc in 1982.<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Santosh Kumar Das of Forward Bloc defeated Anwar Ali Sheikh of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp168.htm |title =168 - Panchla Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 November 2010}}</ref>

===1962-1972===
Sk Anwar Ali of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Asoke Kumar Ghosh of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won in 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No ?|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Kanai Lal Bhattacharya of Forward Bloc won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> A.P.Mukhopadhyay of Congress won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Apurba Lal Majumdar of Forward Bloc won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> The Panchla seat did not exist prior to that.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Howrah topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Howrah district]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]

Shahabuddin Razvi

2026-04-11T07:45:48Z

ErnestLithgow16: creating a post more to come - done

{{short description|20th century Indian scholar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Islam]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| creed =
| main_interests =
| notable_ideas =
| notable_works =
| module =
| website =
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| honorific_prefix =
| birth_place = [[Bahraich]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| name = Maulana Shahabuddin Razvi Bareilvi
| image = Maulana shahabuddin razvi.jpg
| birth_year =
| father_name =
| nationality = Indian
| ethnicity =
}}

'''Shahabuddin Razvi''', known with his honorific as '''''Maulana Shahabuddin Razvi Bareilvi'''''<ref name="Live">{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-04-23 |title=ब्रिटिश MP को भारतीय स्कॉलर की दो टूक, कहा- भारत में शांति से रह रहे हैं मुसलमान |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/muslims-in-india-live-with-peace-says-muslim-scholar-shahabuddin-razvi-bareilvi-trashing-uk-mp-s-charges-2108440 |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423203116/https://www.abplive.com/news/india/muslims-in-india-live-with-peace-says-muslim-scholar-shahabuddin-razvi-bareilvi-trashing-uk-mp-s-charges-2108440 |url-status=live }}</ref> (''urdu'': مولانا شہاب الدین رضوی) (born 4 April 1974, in [[Bahraich]], [[Uttar Pradesh|U.P]]) is an [[Islamic scholar|Indian Islamic scholar]], historical writer and social worker.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=सुब्हानी मियां ने शहाबुद्दीन रज़वी की लिखी एतिहासिक किताब मुफ़्ती आज़म हिंद और उनके खुल्फ़ा का विमोचन किया |url=https://www.wpnews18.com/2021/10/subhani-miya-promote-shahabuddin-razvi-book.html |access-date=29 March 2022 |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122170006/https://www.wpnews18.com/2021/10/subhani-miya-promote-shahabuddin-razvi-book.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He is working on Pasmanda cause since last Ten Years. He is also the President of [[All India Muslim Jamaat]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=मिश्रा|first=अनूप|date=2022-09-16|title=बरेली: ऑल इंडिया मुस्लिम जमात के राष्ट्रीय अध्यक्ष बनाए गए मौलाना शहाबुद्दीन रिज़वी|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/bareilly-news-maulana-sahabuddin-rizvi-said-we-will-forward-the-message-of-love-ann-2217311|access-date=2022-12-04|website=www.abplive.com|language=hi|archive-date=4 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204065819/https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/bareilly-news-maulana-sahabuddin-rizvi-said-we-will-forward-the-message-of-love-ann-2217311|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=बरेली: उर्स-ए-रजवी पर उलेमा ने जारी किया मुस्लिम एजेंडा, बैठक में कहीं खास बातें, जानें|url=https://www.amritvichar.com/article/285949/bareilly-ulema-released-muslim-agenda-on-urs-e-rajvi-some-special-things-in-the-meeting-know|access-date=2022-12-04|website=www.amritvichar.com|date=21 September 2022 |language=hi|archive-date=4 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204065819/https://www.amritvichar.com/article/285949/bareilly-ulema-released-muslim-agenda-on-urs-e-rajvi-some-special-things-in-the-meeting-know|url-status=live}}</ref> and the founder of Islamic Research Center,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamic Research Center Dargah Aala Hazrat |url=https://www.wpnews18.com/2021/04/islamic-research-center-dargah-aala-hazrat-bareilly.html |access-date=29 March 2022 |archive-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123024908/https://www.wpnews18.com/2021/04/islamic-research-center-dargah-aala-hazrat-bareilly.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and National General Secretary of the [[All India Tanzeem Ulama-e-Islam|All India Tanzeem Ulma e Islam.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=मौलाना शहाबुद्दीन रजवी बोले, देश में नफरत बढ़ाएगी कांग्रेस नेता सलमान खुर्शीद की किताब |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly-city-maulana-shahabuddin-razvi-said-congress-leader-salman-khurshids-book-will-increase-hatred-in-country-22205444.html |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329193132/https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly-city-maulana-shahabuddin-razvi-said-congress-leader-salman-khurshids-book-will-increase-hatred-in-country-22205444.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tauqeer Raza Khan]] criticized Razvi during a press conference over [[Salman Khan]] watch controversy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Salman Khan wearing Ram edition watch is haram, should seek forgiveness, says cleric |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/salman-khan-wearing-ram-edition-watch-is-haram-should-seek-forgiveness-says-cleric20250329061340/ |work=ANI News |date=29 March 2025 |language=en |access-date=25 October 2025}}</ref>

He was general secretary of the [[Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa|All India Jamat raza-e-Mustafa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maulana Shahbuddin Razvi-General Secretary-All India Jamat Raza-E-Mustafa {{!}} Mpositive.in |date=10 July 2016 |url=https://www.mpositive.in/tag/maulana-shahbuddin-razvi-general-secretary-all-india-jamat-raza-e-mustafa/ |access-date=6 April 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=23 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223125437/http://www.mpositive.in/tag/maulana-shahbuddin-razvi-general-secretary-all-india-jamat-raza-e-mustafa/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Priyangi Agarwal |date=1 December 2016 |title=Will offer namaz at Babri site on demolition anniversary, says Muslim outfit {{!}} Bareilly News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/will-offer-namaz-at-babri-site-on-demolition-anniv-says-muslim-outfit/articleshow/55712125.cms |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=6 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406032405/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/will-offer-namaz-at-babri-site-on-demolition-anniv-says-muslim-outfit/articleshow/55712125.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==As a Writer==
He is the author of books on [[History of Islam|Islamic History]], theology and thought in English, [[Urdu]], and Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=राम मंदिर पर किताब लिख रहे हैं बरेलवी उलेमा शहाबुद्दीन रजवी |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/meerut/barelvi-ulema-shahabuddin-razvi-is-writing-books-on-history-of-ram-mandir/articleshow/77397398.cms |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209160940/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/meerut/barelvi-ulema-shahabuddin-razvi-is-writing-books-on-history-of-ram-mandir/articleshow/77397398.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="thelibrarypk.com">{{Cite web |date=14 May 2021 |title=Tareekh Jamat e Raza e Mustafa By Shahabuddin Rizvi Pdf |url=https://www.thelibrarypk.com/tareekh-jamat-e-raza-e-mustafa/ |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=The Library Pk |language=en-US |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122180034/https://www.thelibrarypk.com/tareekh-jamat-e-raza-e-mustafa/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
His books include:

* ''Tareekh Jamat Raza e Mustafa'' (Hindi/Urdu)<ref name="thelibrarypk.com"/>
* ''Mufti E Azam Hind Ke Khulfa'' (Urdu)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mufti E Azam Hind Ke Khulfa Book |url=https://www.wpnews18.com/2021/07/mufti-e-azam-hind-ke-khulfa-book.html |access-date=7 April 2022 |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122093802/https://www.wpnews18.com/2021/07/mufti-e-azam-hind-ke-khulfa-book.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" />
* ''Hayate Tajushshariya'' (Hindi/Urdu)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hayate Tajushshariya Biography book pdf download – wpnews18 |url=https://www.wpnews18.com/2019/04/hayate-tajushshariya.html |access-date=7 April 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002134810/https://www.wpnews18.com/2019/04/hayate-tajushshariya.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Rasayle Tajushshariya (Urdu)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wpnews18:- ताजुश्शरीय़ह की लिखी हुई 20 कितबो का सेट "रसायले ताजुश्शरीय़ह" का विमोचन किया हाजी शकिल कुरेशी ने{{!}} |url=https://www.wpnews18.com/2020/06/bareilly-Second-urs-tajushahriya.html |access-date=7 April 2022 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407084620/https://www.wpnews18.com/2020/06/bareilly-Second-urs-tajushahriya.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Activities ==
Razvi held a press conference at the time of [[Uttar Pradesh assembly elections, 2007|Uttar Pradesh assembly elections]] and appealed to all political parties to stop spreading hatred among communities, maintain peace and communal harmony.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Maria Khan |date=4 October 2021 |title=AITUI appeals for communal harmony on first day of Urs e-Razvi in Bareilly {{!}} Bareilly News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/aitui-appeals-for-communal-harmony-on-first-day-of-urs-e-razvi/articleshow/86736376.cms |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329195357/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/aitui-appeals-for-communal-harmony-on-first-day-of-urs-e-razvi/articleshow/86736376.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He further said that [[Samajwadi Party|SP]] wants Muslim votes but not Muslim leaders.<ref name="jagran.com">{{Cite web |title=बरेली में मौलाना शहाबुद्दीन का बड़ा बयान, बोले- न करे भाजपा का विरोध, मुस्लिम नेता करें सपा छोड़ने का एलान |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly-city-bareilly-maulana-shahabuddin-big-statement-said-dont-oppose-bjp-muslim-leaders-should-announce-to-leave-sp-22623585.html |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413065041/https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/bareilly-city-bareilly-maulana-shahabuddin-big-statement-said-dont-oppose-bjp-muslim-leaders-should-announce-to-leave-sp-22623585.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In a press conference Shahabuddin Razvi targeted [[Akhilesh Yadav]] and said that the [[Samajwadi Party]] is built on the basis of [[Muslims]], and does not even talk about Muslim issues, now the time has come that we should think about some other party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=शहाबुद्दीन रज़वी ने अखिलेश यादव को घेरा कहा मुसलमानों के दम पर खड़ी पार्टी मुस्लिम मुद्दो पर खमोश क्यों? |url=https://www.wpnews18.com/2022/04/shahabuddin-razvi-surrounded-akhilesh-yada-said-why-the-party-standing-on-the-basis-of-muslims-is-silent-on-muslim-issues.html |access-date=13 April 2022 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413125726/https://www.wpnews18.com/2022/04/shahabuddin-razvi-surrounded-akhilesh-yada-said-why-the-party-standing-on-the-basis-of-muslims-is-silent-on-muslim-issues.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=अखिलेश यादव को दाढ़ी वालों से नफरत, यूपी में इस्लामी संगठन ने लगाए आरोप; मुसलमानों को दी नसीहत |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-akhilesh-yadav-hates-muslim-all-india-tanzim-ulama-e-islam-maulana-shahabuddin-razvi-6253059.html |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413075728/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-akhilesh-yadav-hates-muslim-all-india-tanzim-ulama-e-islam-maulana-shahabuddin-razvi-6253059.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="jagran.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2022 |title=अब मुस्लिम समाज एंटी बीजेपी राग छोड़े, मुस्लिम धर्मगुरु शहाबुद्दीन रिजवी ने की अपील |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/india/article/now-muslim-society-should-leave-anti-bjp-rage-muslim-religious-leader-shahabuddin-rizvi-appeals/400001 |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=www.timesnowhindi.com |language=hi |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209160846/https://www.timesnowhindi.com/india/article/now-muslim-society-should-leave-anti-bjp-rage-muslim-religious-leader-shahabuddin-rizvi-appeals/400001 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=सपा का समर्थन करें बंद, अखिलेश मुसलमानों को कर रहे नजरअंदाज- बोले मौलाना; BJP को लेकर कही यह बात |url=https://www.jansatta.com/rajya/maulana-shahabuddin-rizvi-said-muslims-should-stop-support-samajwadi-party-and-drop-anti-bjp-tag/2130550/ |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=Jansatta |date=14 April 2022 |language=hi |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415123706/https://www.jansatta.com/rajya/maulana-shahabuddin-rizvi-said-muslims-should-stop-support-samajwadi-party-and-drop-anti-bjp-tag/2130550/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=मौलाना शहाबुद्दीन रिजवी ने क्यों कहा मुसलमान छोड़ें BJP का विरोध, तलाशें सपा का विकल्प? |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/hindi/india/report-maulana-shahabuddin-rizvi-all-muslim-leaders-leave-samajwadi-party-4019701 |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416043510/https://www.dnaindia.com/hindi/india/report-maulana-shahabuddin-rizvi-all-muslim-leaders-leave-samajwadi-party-4019701 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In an interview with [[CNN-News18]] TV channel in December 2021, Razvi said that we will start a movement, The [[Akhand Bharat]], which aims to unite India and make a strong country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Akhand Bharat Dream {{!}} Maulana Shahabuddin Razvi Exclusive {{!}} TheRightPerspective {{!}} CNN News18 |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/lifestyle/women/the-akhand-bharat-dream-maulana-shahabuddin-razvi-exclusive-therightperspective-cnn-news18/vp-AARIk6H |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=MSN |language=en-IN |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416041711/https://www.msn.com/en-in/lifestyle/women/the-akhand-bharat-dream-maulana-shahabuddin-razvi-exclusive-therightperspective-cnn-news18/vp-AARIk6H |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Muslim Barelvi sect to start Akhand Bharat movement |url=https://www.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2021/12/2/Muslim-Barelvi-Akhand-Bharat.html |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=newsbharati.com |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202074840/https://www.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2021/12/2/Muslim-Barelvi-Akhand-Bharat.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lokmat |first=Times |title=Muslim Barelvi sect to start Akhand Bharat movement |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/politics/muslim-barelvi-sect-to-start-akhand-bharat-movement/ |access-date=16 April 2022 |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209160855/https://www.lokmattimes.com/politics/muslim-barelvi-sect-to-start-akhand-bharat-movement/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=तंजीम उलमा-ए-इस्लाम को चाहिए 1658 ईस्वी जैसा भारत; अखंड भारत पर कह डाली यह बात |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeesalaam/news/ulema-e-islam-start-campaigning-to-make-india-like-1658-they-talked-about-akhand-bharat/1050705 |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=Zee News |language=hi |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416042807/https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeesalaam/news/ulema-e-islam-start-campaigning-to-make-india-like-1658-they-talked-about-akhand-bharat/1050705 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=मुसलमानों के सूफी पंथ का लक्ष्य मुत्तहिदा हिंदुस्तान |url=https://m.bhaskarhindi.com/city/news/muttahida-hindustan-the-goal-of-the-sufi-sect-of-muslims-323026 |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=दैनिक भास्कर हिंदी |date=18 December 2021 |language=hindi |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209160900/https://www.bhaskarhindi.com/state/news/muttahida-hindustan-the-goal-of-the-sufi-sect-of-muslims-323026 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rejecting UK Labour [[Naz Shah|MP Naz Shah]] tweet on [[human rights in India]], Indian scholar Maulana Shahabuddin Razvi Barelvi<ref name="Live"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-23 |title=Muslims in India live with peace, says Muslim scholar, trashing UK MP's charges |url=https://theprint.in/world/muslims-in-india-live-with-peace-says-muslim-scholar-trashing-uk-mps-charges/927536/ |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423203430/https://theprint.in/world/muslims-in-india-live-with-peace-says-muslim-scholar-trashing-uk-mps-charges/927536/ |url-status=live }}</ref> said in his official statement that Muslims live here peacefully and interference of any [[Foreign national|foreign nation]] in India's internal matter is not justified.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-23 |title=Muslims in India live with peace, says Muslim scholar, trashing UK MP's charges – Articles |url=https://www.zee5.com/articles/muslims-in-india-live-with-peace-says-muslim-scholar-trashing-uk-mps-charges |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=ZEE5 |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423203116/https://www.zee5.com/articles/muslims-in-india-live-with-peace-says-muslim-scholar-trashing-uk-mps-charges |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-23 |title=World News {{!}} Muslims in India Live with Peace, Says Muslim Scholar, Trashing UK MP's Charges |url=https://www.latestly.com/agency-news/world-news-muslims-in-india-live-with-peace-says-muslim-scholar-trashing-uk-mps-charges-3623913.html |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=LatestLY |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423202726/https://www.latestly.com/agency-news/world-news-muslims-in-india-live-with-peace-says-muslim-scholar-trashing-uk-mps-charges-3623913.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-23 |title=भारत में सभी मुसलमान शांति से रहते हैं, हमारे साथ भेदभाव नहीं होता है, ब्रिटेन के सांसद को मुस्लिम स्कॉलर का जवाब |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/india/article/all-muslims-live-peacefully-in-india-not-discriminate-with-us-muslim-scholars-reply-to-uk-mp/402000 |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=www.timesnowhindi.com |language=hi |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423092344/https://www.timesnowhindi.com/india/article/all-muslims-live-peacefully-in-india-not-discriminate-with-us-muslim-scholars-reply-to-uk-mp/402000 |url-status=live }}</ref> Razvi further advises Naaz Shah not to try to convert his 'India Phobia' into '[[Islamophobia]]'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=2022-04-23 |title=ब्रिटिश सांसद के 'इस्लामोफोबिया' वाले बयान को भारतीय स्कॉलर ने किया खारिज, कहा- यहां शांति से रहते हैं मुसलमान |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/india/indian-muslim-scholar-dismissing-uk-mp-naz-shah-comment-on-islamophobia-said-muslims-in-india-live-with-peace-1190820.html |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423093443/https://www.tv9hindi.com/india/indian-muslim-scholar-dismissing-uk-mp-naz-shah-comment-on-islamophobia-said-muslims-in-india-live-with-peace-1190820.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=ANI |title=Muslims in India live in peace, says Muslim scholar, trashing UK MP's charges |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/muslims-in-india-live-with-peace-says-muslim-scholar-trashing-uk-mps-charges20220423115352/ |date=23 April 2022 |accessdate=28 March 2023 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813093920/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/muslims-in-india-live-with-peace-says-muslim-scholar-trashing-uk-mps-charges20220423115352/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ਬ੍ਰਿਟਿਸ਼ ਸਾਂਸਦ ਦੇ ਬਿਆਨ ਨੂੰ ਮੁਸਲਿਮ ਸਿੱਖਿਆ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰੀ ਨੇ ਦੱਸਿਆ ਗ਼ਲਤ – ਭਾਰਤ 'ਚ ਘੱਟ ਗਿਣਤੀਆਂ ਨਾਲ ਕੋਈ ਵਿਤਕਰਾ ਨਹੀਂ |url=https://www.punjabijagran.com/national/general-the-statement-of-the-british-mp-was-called-wrong-by-the-muslim-educationist-there-is-no-discrimination-against-minorities-in-india-ajan-namaz-and-prom-are-exempted-9062013.html |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=Punjabi Jagran News |date=23 April 2022 |language=pa |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423144530/https://www.punjabijagran.com/national/general-the-statement-of-the-british-mp-was-called-wrong-by-the-muslim-educationist-there-is-no-discrimination-against-minorities-in-india-ajan-namaz-and-prom-are-exempted-9062013.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Razvi, Shahabuddin}}
[[Category:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian Sufi religious leaders]]
[[Category:Sunni Sufis]]
[[Category:Barelvis]]
[[Category:Islam in India]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bareilly]]

Hindu dietary law

2026-04-08T07:05:25Z

ErnestLithgow16: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Vegetarianism in Hinduism]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from merge}}
}}

Udai Singh of Jhabua

2026-03-31T05:32:12Z

ErnestLithgow16: creating some bio basic info - done

{{short description|Raja of Jhabua from 1895 to 1942}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Udai Singh
| title = [[Raja]]
| image = Udai_Singh.png
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Jhabua State|Jhabua]]
| reign = 22 January 1895 – {{circa|1942}}
| predecessor = [[Gopal Singh of Jhabua|Gopal Singh]]
| successor = [[Dileep Singh of Jhabua|Dileep Singh]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1875|05|06|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{circa|1942}}
| spouse =
| house = {{flagicon image|Jhabuaflag.png}} [[Jhabua State|Jhabua]]
| father = [[Gopal Singh of Jhabua|Gopal Singh]] (adoptive) Raghunath Singh (biological)
| dynasty = [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]]
}}
'''Udai Singh''' was the [[Raja]] of [[Jhabua State|Jhabua]] from the year 1895 until his death in 1942.
==Early life and family==
He was born on 6 May 1875 as the second son of Raghunath Singh, [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of Khawasa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=C E Luard |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284475/ |title=The Ruling Families And Persons Of Note In The Central Indian Agency |pages=49}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=India |first=Central |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_4bAQAAIAAJ |title=The Central India State Gazetteer Series |date=1908 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |pages=523–524 |language=en}}</ref> He was adopted by [[Gopal Singh of Jhabua|Gopal Singh]], the [[Raja]] of [[Jhabua State|Jhabua]], sometime before the Raja's death, and his adoption was sanctioned by the [[British government of India|Government of India]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=Thos |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.1808 |title=Who's Who In India Burma Amp Ceylon (1939) |date=1939 |publisher=The Sun Publishing House, Bombay |pages=60}}</ref> He was the twelfth in line of descent from Kesho Das, the founder of the [[Jhabua State|Jhabua]].<ref name=":1" /> He married four times.<ref name=":0" /> First, in 1907, to the sister of the [[Raja]] of [[Sant State|Sant]]; second, in 1912, to the daughter of the [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of [[Dhariawad|Dhariyawad]]; and third, also in 1912, to the daughter of the [[Raja]] of Sheopur-Baroda.<ref name=":2" />

== Succession ==
Upon the death of his adoptive father, he succeeded him as [[Raja]] of [[Jhabua State|Jhabua]] on 22 January 1895.<ref name=":1" />

== Reign ==
He was granted full administrative powers in 1898.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rp92JkMbiaIC |title=Memoranda on Native States in India, Together with a List of Independent Ruling Chiefs, Chiefs of Frontier States, and Other Notables with Their Proper Forms of Address |date=1911 |publisher=Superintendent Government Print., India |pages=44 |language=en}}</ref> During the [[Indian famine of 1899–1900]], he had to borrow Rs. 100,000 from the Maharaja [[Scindia]] of [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]] through the [[British government of India|British government]] and Rs. 377,000 directly from the [[British government of India|British government]] to sustain the administration.<ref name=":1" /> Due to the disastrous effects of famine and mismanagement on the state's monetary resources, his powers were curtailed in 1900, and he was required to follow the advice of his [[Dewan|Diwan]].<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Aitchison C.u. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.1311/ |title=A Collection Of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Vol - Iv (1933) |date=1933 |publisher=Central Publication Branch Government Of India, Calcutta |pages=158}}</ref> His powers were restored in 1918 under certain conditions.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/ |title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1940 |date=1940 |pages=95–96}}</ref> They were curtailed again in 1928 and later restored in 1931.<ref name=":4" /> He was forced to retire from the administration of the state and was required to reside in [[Indore]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Khosla K. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.1706/ |title=The States Estates and Who's Who In India and Burma |date=1942 |publisher=The Imperial Publishing Co., Railway Road, Lahore |pages=45,213}}</ref> From 29 September 1934, his nephew, [[Dileep Singh of Jhabua|Dileep Singh]] from Khawasa, was appointed to the Council of Administration by the [[British government of India|Government of India]] to manage state affairs.<ref name=":5" />

==Death==
He died in 1942 and was succeeded by [[Dileep Singh of Jhabua|Dileep Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WD0WAQAAMAAJ |title=Indian Information |date=1943 |publisher=Bureau of Public Information of the Government of India |pages=152 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references />
[[Category:1875 births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Madhya Pradesh]]

Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-29T06:12:55Z

ErnestLithgow16:

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Rae Bareli {{Small|UP-36}}
| constituency_no =
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Raebareli.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1952–present
| party = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] [[Indian National Congress]]
| mp = [[Rahul Gandhi]] {{Small|[[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha]]}}
| incumbent_image = Rahul Gandhi.jpg
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh|2024]]
| preceded_by = [[Sonia Gandhi]] [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] [[Indian National Congress]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| assembly_cons = [[Bachhrawan Assembly constituency|Bachhrawan]] [[Harchandpur Assembly constituency|Harchandpur]] [[Rae Bareli Assembly constituency|Rae Bareli]] 
[[Sareni Assembly constituency|Sareni]] [[Unchahar Assembly constituency|Unchahar]]
| reservation = None
}}
{{Pie chart
| caption = Each election in the Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency has been won by a different political party (1952–2024)
| value1 = 85.71
| label1 = [[Indian National Congress|'''INC''']] (18 term)
| color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| value2 = 9.52
| label2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']] (2 term)
| color2 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| value3 = 4.76
| label3 = [[Janata Party|'''JP''']] (1 term)
|colour3 = {{party color|Janata Party}}
}}
'''Rae Bareli''' is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in the northern [[India]]n state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is considered to be a bastion of the [[Indian National Congress]]. The first Member of Parliament was [[Baijnath Kureel]]. From 1967 to 1977, the seat was held by former Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]], and from 2004 until her appointment to the [[Rajya Sabha]] in 2024, by [[Sonia Gandhi]].

It is currently represented by Rahul Gandhi, the [[leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha]].

==Demographics and assembly segments==
The constituency has an electorate of 9.59 lakhs in 2019 of which nearly 30% belongs to [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]], 12% Muslims,16% [[Yadav|Yadavs]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Mayank |date=2024-05-17 |title=Priyanka leads Congress bid to protect its Rae Bareli bastion, eyeing a bigger victory margin with SP on its side |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/priyanka-leads-congress-bid-to-protect-its-rae-bareli-bastion-eyeing-a-bigger-victory-margin-with-sp-on-its-side/article68186682.ece |access-date=2024-05-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Presently, Rae Bareli comprises five [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/036_PC_Statistics_English.aspx|title=Information and Statistics-Parliamentary Constituencies-36-Rae Bareli|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh website}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|177
|[[Bachhrawan Assembly constituency|Bachhrawan]] (SC)
|rowspan="5"| [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
|[[Shyam Sunder Bharti]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|179
|[[Harchandpur Assembly constituency|Harchandpur]]
|[[Rahul Rajpoot|Rahul Lodhi Rajput]]
|-
|180
|[[Rae Bareli Assembly constituency|Rae Bareli]]
|[[Aditi Singh (politician)|Aditi Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|182
|[[Sareni Assembly constituency|Sareni]]
|[[Devendra Pratap Singh (UP politician, born 1958)|Devendra Pratap Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|183
|[[Unchahar Assembly constituency|Unchahar]]
|[[Manoj Kumar Pandey (politician)|Manoj Kumar Pandey]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Members of Lok Sabha==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|rowspan=2|[[Feroze Gandhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1951-election-results.html | title=1951 India General (1st Lok Sabha) Elections Results }}</ref>
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
| 1960^
| R P Singh
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| Baijnath Kureel
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Indira Gandhi]]
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| [[Raj Narain]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| [[Indira Gandhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| 1980^
| rowspan="2"| [[Arun Nehru]]
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Sheila Kaul]]
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Ashok Singh (politician, born 1955)|Ashok Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| [[Satish Sharma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| rowspan="5"| [[Sonia Gandhi]]
|-
| 2006^
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Rahul Gandhi]]

|}
^By-Poll

==Election results==
===General Election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Rae Bareli<ref name="Rahul Gandhi wins Rae Bareli LS seat by over 3.9 lakh votes">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |title=Rahul Gandhi wins Rae Bareli LS seat by over 3.9 lakh votes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/rahul-gandhi-wins-rae-bareli-lok-sabha-seat-uttar-pradesh-election-results/article68251586.ece |access-date=4 June 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604164946/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/rahul-gandhi-wins-rae-bareli-lok-sabha-seat-uttar-pradesh-election-results/article68251586.ece |archive-date=4 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="2024 Raebareli Loksabha Election Result">{{cite news |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Raebareli Loksabha Election Result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2436.htm |access-date=4 June 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604165157/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2436.htm |archive-date=4 June 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Rahul Gandhi]]|votes=687,649|percentage=66.17|change={{increase}}10.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Dinesh Pratap Singh]]|votes=297,619|percentage=28.64|change={{decrease}}9.72}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Thakur Prasad Yadav|votes=21,624|percentage=2.08|change={{up}}2.08}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=7,872|percentage=0.76|change={{down}}0.31}}
{{Election box majority||votes=390,030|percentage=37.61|change={{up}}20.17}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,369,97|percentage=58.04|change={{increase}}1.70}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Rae Bareli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sonia Gandhi]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =534,918
|percentage = 55.80
|change = -8.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Dinesh Pratap Singh]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=367,740|percentage=38.36|change=+17.31}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=10,252|percentage=1.07|change=+0.41}}

{{Election box majority||votes=167,178|percentage=17.44|change=-25.39}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=959,022|percentage=56.34|change=+4.61}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress

|swing = -8.00
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Rae Bareli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sonia Gandhi]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 526,434
|percentage = 63.80
|change = -8.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ajay Agarwal]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=173,721|percentage=21.05|change=+17.23}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pravesh Singh|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=63,633|percentage=7.71|change=-8.69}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Archana Srivastava|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=10,383|percentage=1.26|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Shakil Ahamad
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 7,914
|percentage = 0.96
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=5,409|percentage=0.66|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=352,713|percentage=42.75|change=-13.08}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=825,142|percentage=51.73|change=+3.40}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = -8.43
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Rae Bareli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sonia Gandhi]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 4,81,490
|percentage = 72.23
|change = -8.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[R S Kushwaha|R. S. Kushwaha]]|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=109,325|percentage=16.40|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=R. B. Singh|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=25,444|percentage=3.82|change=+0.49}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)|candidate=Anil Kumar Maurya|votes=12,321|percentage=1.85|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Hori Lal
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 10,073
|percentage = 1.51
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority||votes=372,165|percentage=55.83|change=-15.00}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=666,648|percentage=48.33|change=+5.03}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = -8.26
}}
{{Election box end}}

===By-election 2006===
{{Election box begin | title=By-election, 2006: Rae Bareli<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/rae-bareli.html|title=Rae Bareli Lok Sabha|work=Elections.in|access-date=21 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/election/2006/may/11prae.htm|title=Sonia strides to victory with record margin|work=Rediff|date=11 May 2006}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sonia Gandhi]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 4,74,891
|percentage = 80.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Raj Kumar|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=57,003|percentage=9.66|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Vinay Katiyar]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=19,657|percentage=3.33|change=}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Rastriya Janashakti Party|RJP]]
|candidate = Deepa
|votes = 8,336
|percentage = 1.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sunder Lal|party=Independent (politician)|votes=6,780|percentage=1.15|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4,17,888|percentage=70.83|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=5,90,033|percentage=43.30|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Rae Bareli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sonia Gandhi]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 378,107
|percentage = 58.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ashok Singh (politician, born 1955)|Ashok Kumar Singh]]|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=128,342|percentage=19.94|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Rajesh Yadav|votes=57,543|percentage=8.94|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Girish Narayan Panday|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=31,290|percentage=4.86|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Hori Lal|party=Independent (politician)|votes=15,160|percentage=2.36|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)|candidate=Indra Pal Singh|votes=9,969|percentage=1.55|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=249,765|percentage=38.81|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=643,560|percentage=48.42|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: Rae Bareli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Satish Sharma|Capt. Satish Sharma]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 224,202
|percentage = 32.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Gajadhar Singh|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=150,653|percentage=22.01|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Anand Prakash Lodhi|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=137,775|percentage=20.13|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Arun Nehru|Arun Kumar Nehru]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=136,217|percentage=19.90|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Babu Lal Kushwaha|party=Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)|votes=8,058|percentage=1.18|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Arshad Ali Khan|party=Independent (politician)|votes=7,466|percentage=1.09|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=73,549|percentage=10.75|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=684,461|percentage=58.27|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: Rae Bareli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ashok Singh (politician, born 1955)|Ashok Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 237,204
|percentage = 36.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Surendra Bahadur Singh|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=196,482|percentage=29.94|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ramesh Kumar Maurya|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=130,342|percentage=19.86|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Deepa Kaul]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=49,615|percentage=7.56|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ram Kishore|party=Independent (politician)|votes=18,787|percentage=2.86|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ram Harsh Verma|party=Janata Dal|votes=12,106|percentage=1.85|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=40,722|percentage=6.21|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=656,147|percentage=56.04|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: Rae Bareli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ashok Singh (politician, born 1955)|Ashok Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 163,390
|percentage = 33.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ashok Singh|party=Janata Dal|votes=129,503|percentage=26.90|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Babulal Lodhi|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=119,422|percentage=24.80|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vikram Kaul|party=Indian National Congress|votes=25,457|percentage=5.29|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ravendra Bahadur Singh|party=Independent (politician)|votes=8,752|percentage=1.82|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=33,887|percentage=7.03|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=481,482|percentage=41.38|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1980===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election]]: Rae Bareli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Indira Gandhi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:223903}}
|percentage = 58.27%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vijayaraje Scindia]]
|votes = {{formatnum:50249}}
|percentage = 12.58%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party (Secular)
|candidate = Mahipal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:48353}}
|percentage = 13.08%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:173654}}
|percentage = 45.19%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:384249}}
|percentage = 56.68%
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:699064}}
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}
Gandhi was also elected from Medak. She retained her seat in Medak and resigned from Rae Bareli.

====By-poll in 1980====
* [[Arun Nehru]] [[Indian National Congress|INC]] : 176,456
* [[Janeshwar Mishra]] [[JNP(S)]] : 69,166
* Details of some elections (1984 to 1991) missing from this page

===General Election 1977===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Indian general election]]: Rae Bareli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = [[Raj Narain]]
|votes = 177,719
|percentage = 53.51
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Indira Gandhi]]|votes=122,517|percentage=36.89|change={{decrease}}29.46}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=P. Nallathampy Terah|votes=9,311|percentage=2.80|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Kamal Ahamad Khan|votes=7,467|percentage=2.25|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Krishna Prasad|votes=4,083|percentage=1.23|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=55,202|percentage=16.62|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=332,122|percentage=52.48|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

This time the incumbent Prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]] lost to her opponent, the only such instance to date.

===General Election 1971===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1971 Indian general election]]: Rae Bareli<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4115-general-election-1971-vol-i-ii/ |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date= 9 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Indira Gandhi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:183309}}
|percentage = 66.35%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samyukta Socialist Party
|candidate = [[Raj Narain]]
|votes = {{formatnum:71499}}
|percentage = 25.88%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Swami Adwaita Nand
|votes = {{formatnum:16627}}
|percentage = 6.02%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)
|candidate = Rameshwar Dutta Manav
|votes = {{formatnum:4839}}
|percentage = 1.75%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:111810}}
|percentage = 39.26%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:284752}}
|percentage = 55.22%
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:515711}}
}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

* Gandhi's election was [[State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain|annulled by the Allahabad High Court]] in June 1975 on a technicality, but the [[Supreme Court of India]] overturned the decision following an amendment to the constitution.

===General Election 1957===
* Winner 1/2 [[Feroze Gandhi]] (INC) : 162,595 votes <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1957-election-results.html | title=1957 India General (2nd Lok Sabha) Elections Results }}</ref>
* - - - defeated Nand Kishore (IND) : 133,342
** AND
* Baij Nath Kureel (INC) : 126,318 votes
* - - - defeated Chhote Lal (Jana Sangh) : 100,651

====By-poll 1960====
* R.P. Singh (INC) : 104,840 votes
* N.B. Singh (JS) : 62,809

==See also==
* [[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Raebareli district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|last=[[Sabarkantha Lok Sabha constituency|Sabarkantha]]|reason=since 1966 ''(Prime Minister in Rajya Sabha)''}}
{{s-ttl|title=Constituency represented by the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]]|years=1967–1977}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Surat Lok Sabha constituency|Surat]]}}
{{s-vac | last = [[Vidisha Lok Sabha constituency|Vidisha ]] | reason = since 2014 No [[Official opposition]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Constituency represented by the [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|leader of the opposition]]|years=2024 – present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Lucknow division topics}}
{{Coord|26.23|81.25|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Raebareli district]]
[[Category:Rahul Gandhi]]

Karma

2026-03-28T01:32:27Z

ErnestLithgow16: expand formatting for consistency and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Concept about individuals' intent and actions influencing those individuals' future}}
{{About|the Indian religious concept}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| footer = Karma symbols such as the [[endless knot]] (above) are common cultural motifs in Asia. Endless knots symbolize interlinking of cause and effect, a karmic cycle that continues eternally. The endless knot is visible in the center of the [[prayer wheel]].
| image1 = EndlessKnot03d.png
| caption1 = Endless knot
| width1 = 140
| image2 = Hand made prayer wheel from Nepal.jpg
| caption2 = Endless knot on Nepalese temple prayer wheel
| width2 = 165
}}
{{Spirituality sidebar}}

'''Karma''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɑr|m|ə}}, from {{langx|sa|कर्म|}}, {{IPA|sa|ˈkɐɾmɐ|IPA|Karma.ogg}}; {{langx|pi|kamma|italic=yes}}) is an ancient Indian concept that refers to an action, work, or deed, and its effect or consequences.<ref>See:
* Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 15, New York, pp 679–680, Article on Karma; Quote – "Karma meaning deed or action; in addition, it also has philosophical and technical meaning, denoting a person's deeds as determining his future lot."
* The Encyclopedia of World Religions, Robert Ellwood & Gregory Alles, {{ISBN|978-0-8160-6141-9}}, pp 253; Quote – "Karma: Sanskrit word meaning action and the consequences of action."
* Hans Torwesten (1994), Vedanta: Heart of Hinduism, {{ISBN|978-0-8021-3262-8}}, Grove Press New York, pp 97; Quote – "In the Vedas the word karma (work, deed or action, and its resulting effect) referred mainly to..."</ref> In [[Indian religions]], the term more specifically refers to a principle of [[cause and effect]], often descriptively called the '''principle of karma''', wherein individuals' intent and actions (cause) influence their future (effect):<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/312474/karma |title=Karma |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |last=Olivelle |first=Patrick |year=2012 |access-date=23 June 2022 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503134927/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/312474/karma |url-status=live}}</ref> Good intent and good deeds contribute to good karma and happier [[Reincarnation|rebirths]], while bad intent and bad deeds contribute to bad karma and worse rebirths. In some scriptures, however, there is no link between rebirth and karma.<ref name=halbfass2000>{{cite book| last=Halbfass| first=Wilhelm| language=de| year=2000| title=Karma und Wiedergeburt im indischen Denken| publisher=Diederichs| location=Munich, Germany| isbn=978-3-89631-385-0}}</ref><ref>Lawrence C. Becker & Charlotte B. Becker, Encyclopedia of Ethics, 2nd edition (2001), {{ISBN|0-415-93672-1}}, Hindu Ethics, pp 678</ref>

In [[Hinduism]], karma is traditionally classified into four types: [[Sanchita karma]] (accumulated karma from past actions across lifetimes), [[Prarabdha karma|Prārabdha karma]] (a portion of Sanchita karma that is currently bearing fruit and determines the circumstances of the present life), Āgāmi karma (future karma generated by present actions), and [[Kriyamana karma|Kriyamāṇa karma]] (immediate karma created by current actions, which may yield results in the present or future).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Agus |first=Nyoman |title=Karma on Hinduism Philosophy Perspective |journal=International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Culture |volume=5 |issue=2 |year=2019 |pages=52–58 |url=https://sloap.org/journals/index.php/ijllc/article/download/850/1375/1693 }}</ref>

Karma is often misunderstood as fate, destiny, or predetermination.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wasserman |first=Danuta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zqkPEAAAQBAJ&dq=sanchit+karma&pg=PA23 |title=Oxford Textbook of Suicidology and Suicide Prevention |date=2021-01-08 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-883444-1}}</ref> Fate, destiny or predetermination have specific terminology in Sanskrit and are called [[Prarabdha karma|Prarabdha]].

The concept of karma is closely associated with the idea of rebirth in many schools of Indian religions (particularly [[Karma in Hinduism|in Hinduism]], [[Karma in Buddhism|Buddhism]], [[Karma in Jainism|Jainism]], and [[Sikhism]]),<ref name="KarmaParveshSingla">{{cite book|author=Parvesh Singla |title=The Manual of Life – Karma |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_1mXR35jX-TsC |access-date=4 June 2011 |publisher=Parvesh singla |pages=5–7 |id=GGKEY:0XFSARN29ZZ}}</ref> as well as [[Taoism]].<ref name="evawong">Eva Wong, Taoism, Shambhala Publications, {{ISBN|978-1-59030-882-0}}, pp. 193</ref> In these schools, karma in the present affects one's future in the current life as well as the nature and quality of future lives—one's ''[[saṃsāra]]''.<ref name="jbowker" /><ref name="jamesloch" />

Many [[New Agers]] believe in karma, treating it as a law of cause and effect that assures cosmic balance, although in some cases they stress that it is not a system that enforces punishment for past actions.{{sfn|Hanegraaff|1996|p=286}}

==Definition==
The term ''karma'' ({{langx|sa|कर्म|}}; {{langx|pi|kamma|italic=yes}}) refers to both the executed 'deed, work, action, act' and the 'object, intent'.<ref name=halbfass2000/>

[[Wilhelm Halbfass]] (2000) explains karma (''karman'') by contrasting it with the [[Sanskrit]] word ''[[Kriyā|kriya]]'':<ref name=halbfass2000/> whereas ''[[Kriyā|kriya]]'' is the activity along with the steps and effort in action, ''karma'' is (1) the executed action as a consequence of that activity, as well as (2) the intention of the actor behind an executed action or a planned action (described by some scholars<ref>[[Julius J. Lipner|Julius Lipner]] (2010), Hindus: Their religious beliefs and practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-45677-7}}, pp 261–262</ref> as metaphysical residue left in the actor). A good action creates good karma, as does good intent. A bad action creates bad karma, as does bad intent.<ref name=halbfass2000/>

Difficulty in arriving at a definition of karma arises because of the diversity of views among the [[Schools of hinduism|schools of Hinduism]]; some, for example, consider [[Karma in Hinduism|karma]] and [[Reincarnation in Hinduism|rebirth]] linked and simultaneously essential, some consider karma but not rebirth to be essential, and a few discuss and conclude karma and rebirth to be flawed fiction.<ref name="wkasrb">see:

* Kaufman, W. R. (2005), Karma, rebirth, and the problem of evil, Philosophy East and West, pp 15–32;
* Sharma, A. (1996), On the distinction between Karma and Rebirth in Hinduism, Asian Philosophy, 6(1), pp 29–35;
* Bhattacharya, R. (2012), Svabhāvavāda and the Cārvāka/Lokāyata: A Historical Overview, Journal of Indian Philosophy, 40(6), pp 593–614</ref> [[Karma in Buddhism|Buddhism]] and [[Karma in Jainism|Jainism]] have their own karma precepts. Thus, karma has not one, but multiple definitions and different meanings.<ref name=Coward-Karma>{{cite encyclopedia |author=[[Harold Coward]] |year=2003 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Science of Religion |publisher=MacMillan Reference |isbn=978-0-02-865704-2 |title=Karma}}</ref> It is a concept whose meaning, importance, and scope varies between the various traditions that originated in India, and various schools in each of these traditions. According to Manu Doshi, all Aryan philosophies accept karma but Jainism has gone deeper into this subject.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/atmasiddhi1/page/n70/mode/1up | title=Atmasiddhi–The Jain Path of Enlightenment | date=28 December 2008 }}</ref> [[Wendy Doniger|Wendy O'Flaherty]] claims that, furthermore, there is an ongoing debate regarding whether karma is a theory, a model, a paradigm, a metaphor, or a [[Metaphysics|metaphysical]] stance.<ref name="wdointro" />

=== Principle of karma ===
''Karma'' also refers to a conceptual principle that originated in India, often descriptively called the ''principle of karma'', and sometimes the ''karma-theory'' or the ''law of karma''.<ref name="karlpotter">Karl Potter (1964), The Naturalistic Principle of Karma, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Apr. 1964), pp. 39–49</ref>

In the context of theory, ''karma'' is complex and difficult to define.<ref name="wdointro">{{harvc|author=Wendy D. O'Flaherty |c=Introduction |in=O'Flaherty |year=1980 |pp=xi–xxv}}.</ref> Different schools of [[Indology]] derive different definitions for the concept from ancient Indian texts; their definition is some combination of (1) causality that may be [[Ethics|ethical]] or non-ethical; (2) ethicization, i.e., good or bad actions have consequences; and (3) rebirth.<ref name="wdointro"/><ref name=wdochapter1>{{harvc|author=Wendy D. O'Flaherty |c=Karma and rebirth in the Vedas and Purāṇas |in=O'Flaherty |year=1980 |pages=3–37}}.</ref> Other Indologists include in the definition that which explains the present circumstances of an individual with reference to their actions in the past. These actions may be those in a person's current life, or, in some schools of Indian traditions, possibly actions from their past lives; furthermore, the consequences may result in the current life, or a person's future lives.<ref name="wdointro" /><ref>{{harvc|author=Karl Potter |c=The karma theory and its interpretation in some Indian philosophical systems |in=O'Flaherty |year=1980 |pp=241–267}}.</ref> The law of karma operates independent of any deity or any process of divine judgment.<ref>See:
* For Hinduism view: Jeffrey Brodd (2009), World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery, Saint Mary's Press, {{ISBN|978-0-88489-997-6}}, pp. 47;
* For Buddhism view: Khandro Rinpoche (2003), This Precious Life, Shambhala, pp. 95
</ref>

==== Causality ====
[[File:Karma AS.jpg|upright=0.8|thumb|right|Karma as action and reaction: if we show goodness, we will reap goodness]]A common theme to theories of karma is its [[principle of causality]].<ref name="karlpotter"/> This relationship between karma and causality is a central motif in all schools of [[Karma in Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Karma in Buddhism|Buddhist]], and [[Karma in Jainism|Jain]] thought.<ref name="brucer">Bruce R. Reichenbach, The Law of Karma and the Principle of Causation, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 38, No. 4 (Oct. 1988), pp. 399–410</ref> One of the earliest associations of karma to causality occurs in the ''[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]]'' verses 4.4.5–6:

{{Blockquote|
1=<poem>
Now as a man is like this or like that,
according as he acts and according as he behaves, so will he be;
a man of good acts will become good, a man of bad acts, bad;
he becomes pure by pure deeds, bad by bad deeds;

And here they say that a person consists of desires,
and as is his desire, so is his will;
and as is his will, so is his deed;
and whatever deed he does, that he will reap.
</poem>
|2=[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]]|3=<ref>{{Citation
|year=2013 | orig-date= 1879
| publisher= Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs
| translator= Max Müller
|title=Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 4.4.5-6
|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/quotes/brihadaranyaka-upanishad-4-4-5-6|access-date=2023-01-14
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413042723/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/quotes/brihadaranyaka-upanishad-4-4-5-6 |archive-date=13 April 2013 }}</ref>{{refn|group=note|The words "deed", "acts" above are rendered from ''karma''.<ref name=jbbu>{{Cite web|url=https://mywebspace.wisc.edu/jrblack/web/SKT/DL/upanishads.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140107061016/https://mywebspace.wisc.edu/jrblack/web/SKT/DL/upanishads.html|archive-date=2014-01-07|access-date=2023-01-14
| first = James| last= Black
| title=Brihadaranyaka Original Sanskrit & Müller Oxford English Translations
| publisher= University of Wisconsin
| year=2011
}}</ref>}}
}}

The theory of karma as causation holds that: (1) executed actions of an individual affects the individual and the life he or she lives, and (2) the intentions of an individual affects the individual and the life he or she lives. Disinterested actions, or unintentional actions do not have the same positive or negative karmic effect, as interested and intentional actions. In Buddhism, for example, actions that are performed, or arise, or originate without any bad intent, such as covetousness, are considered non-existent in karmic impact or neutral in influence to the individual.<ref>Anguttara-Nikaya 3.4.33, Translator: Henry Warren (1962), Buddhism in Translations, Atheneum Publications, New York, pp 216–217</ref>

Another causality characteristic, shared by karmic theories, is that ''like deeds'' lead to ''like effects''. Thus, good karma produces good effect on the actor, while bad karma produces bad effect. This effect may be material, moral, or emotional – that is, one's karma affects both one's happiness and unhappiness.<ref name="brucer" /> The effect of karma need not be immediate; the effect of karma can be later in one's current life, and in some schools it extends to future lives.<ref>see:
* {{harvc|author=James McDermott |c=Karma and Rebirth in Early Buddhism |in=O'Flaherty |year=1980 |pp=165–192}}
* {{harvc|author=Padmanabh Jaini |c=Karma and the problem of rebirth in Jainism |in=O'Flaherty |year=1980 |pp=217–239}}
* {{harvc|author=Ludo Rocher |c=Karma and Rebirth in the Dharmasastras |in=O'Flaherty |year=1980 |pp=61–89}}</ref>

The consequence or effects of one's karma can be described in two forms: ''[[phala]]'' and ''[[Samskara (Indian philosophy)|samskara]]''. A ''phala'' ({{Literal translation|fruit' or 'result}}) is the visible or invisible effect that is typically immediate or within the current life. In contrast, a ''samskara'' ({{Langx|sa|संस्कार}}) is an invisible effect, produced inside the actor because of the karma, transforming the agent and affecting their ability to be happy or unhappy in their current and future lives. The theory of karma is often presented in the context of ''samskaras''.<ref name="brucer" /><ref>Damien Keown (1996), Karma, character, and consequentialism, The Journal of Religious Ethics, pp 329–350.</ref>

Karl Potter and [[Harold Coward]] suggest that karmic principle can also be understood as a principle of psychology and habit.<ref name="karlpotter"/><ref name=coward1983>[[Harold Coward]] (1983), "Psychology and Karma", ''Philosophy East and West'' 33 (Jan): 49–60.</ref>{{refn|group=note|Karl Potter's suggestion is supported by the Bhagavad-Gita, which links good bondage and bad bondage to good habits and bad habits respectively. It also lists various types of habits – such as good (sattva), passion (rajas) and indifferent (tamas) – while explaining karma.<ref name="karlpotter"/> In Yoga Sutras, the role of karma to creating habits is explained with ''Vāsanās''.<ref>{{cite book |first=Ian |last=Whicher |title=The Integrity of the Yoga Darsana: A Reconsideration of Classical Yoga |publisher=State University of New York |isbn=0-7914-3816-3 |chapter=Chapter 3 |date=13 November 1998 |pages=102–105}}</ref>}} Karma seeds habits (''[[vāsanā]]''), and habits create the nature of man. Karma also seeds [[Self-perception theory|self perception]], and perception influences how one experiences life-events. Both habits and self perception affect the course of one's life. Breaking bad habits is not easy: it requires conscious karmic effort.<ref name="karlpotter"/><ref>{{cite journal|first=Ian |last=Whicher |date=1998 |title=The final stages of purification in classical yoga |journal=Asian Philosophy |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=85–102|doi=10.1080/09552369808575474 }}</ref> Thus, psyche and habit, according to Potter and Coward, link karma to causality in ancient Indian literature.<ref name="karlpotter"/><ref name=coward1983/> The idea of karma may be compared to the notion of a person's 'character', as both are an assessment of the person and determined by that person's habitual thinking and acting.<ref name="jamesloch" />

====Ethicization====
The second theme common to karma theories is ethicization. This begins with the premise that every action has a consequence,<ref name="jbowker" /> which will come to fruition in either this life or a future life; thus, morally good acts will have positive consequences, whereas bad acts will produce negative results. An individual's present situation is thereby explained by reference to actions in his present or in previous lifetimes. Karma is not itself "[[Reward system|reward and punishment]]", but the law that produces consequence.<ref>Francis X. Clooney, Evil, Divine Omnipotence, and Human Freedom: Vedānta's Theology of Karma, The Journal of Religion, Vol. 69, No. 4 (Oct. 1989), pp. 530–548</ref> [[Wilhelm Halbfass]] notes that good karma is considered as ''[[dharma]]'' and leads to ''[[Punya (Hinduism)|punya]]'' ('merit'), while bad karma is considered ''[[adharma]]'' and leads to ''[[Pāpa|pāp]]'' ('demerit, sin').<ref name=halbfass1998>Wilhelm Halbfass (1998), "Karma and Rebirth (Indian Conceptions)", ''Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', Routledge, London.</ref>

Reichenbach (1988) suggests that the theories of karma are an [[ethical theory]].<ref name="brucer" /> This is so because the ancient scholars of India linked intent and actual action to the merit, reward, demerit, and punishment. A theory without ethical premise would be a pure [[causal relation]]; the merit or reward or demerit or punishment would be same regardless of the actor's intention. In ethics, one's intentions, attitudes, and desires matter in the evaluation of one's action. Where the outcome is unintended, the moral responsibility for it is less on the actor, even though causal responsibility may be the same regardless.<ref name="brucer" /> A karma theory considers not only the action, but also the actor's intentions, attitude, and desires before and during the action. The karma concept thus encourages each person to seek and live a moral life, as well as avoid an immoral life. The meaning and significance of karma is thus as a building-block of an ethical theory.<ref>see:
* James Hastings et al. (1915), Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics (Hymns-Liberty), Volume VII, Article on Jainism, pp 469–471;
* [[Christopher Chapple|Chapple, Christopher]] (1975), Karma and the path of purification, in Virginia Hanson et al. (Editors) – Karma: Rhythmic Return to Harmony, {{ISBN|978-0-8356-0663-9}}, Chapter 23;
* Krishan, Y. (1988), The Vedic origins of the doctrine of karma, South Asian Studies, 4(1), pp 51–55</ref>

====Rebirth====
The third common theme of karma theories is the concept of [[reincarnation]] or the cycle of rebirths (''[[saṃsāra]]'').<ref name="jbowker" />{{Sfn|Obeyesekere|2005|pp=1-2, 108, 126–128}}{{Sfn|Juergensmeyer|Roof|2011|pp=272–273, 652–654}} Rebirth is a fundamental concept of [[Reincarnation in Hinduism|Hinduism]], [[Rebirth (Buddhism)|Buddhism]], Jainism, and Sikhism.<ref name="jamesloch">James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Rosen Publishing, New York, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, pp 351–352</ref> Rebirth, or ''saṃsāra'', is the concept that all life forms go through a cycle of reincarnation, that is, a series of births and rebirths. The rebirths and consequent life may be in different realm, condition, or form. The karma theories suggest that the realm, condition, and form depends on the quality and quantity of karma.<ref>James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 2, Rosen Publishing, New York, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, pp 589</ref> In schools that believe in rebirth, every living being's soul transmigrates (recycles) after death, carrying the seeds of Karmic impulses from life just completed, into another life and lifetime of karmas.<ref name="jbowker" /><ref name=Coward-Karma/> This cycle continues indefinitely, except for those who consciously break this cycle by reaching ''[[moksha]]''. Those who break the cycle reach the realm of gods, those who do not continue in the cycle.

The concept has been intensely debated in ancient literature of India; with different schools of Indian religions considering the relevance of rebirth as either essential, or secondary, or unnecessary fiction.<ref name="wkasrb" /> Hiriyanna (1949) suggests rebirth to be a necessary corollary of karma;<ref>M. Hiriyana (1949), Essentials of Indian Philosophy, George Allen Unwin, London, pp 47</ref> Yamunacharya (1966) asserts that karma is a fact, while reincarnation is a hypothesis;<ref>M Yamunacharya (1966), Karma and Rebirth, Indian Philo. Annual, 1, pp 66</ref> and Creel (1986) suggests that karma is a basic concept, rebirth is a derivative concept.<ref>Austin Creel (1986), in Editor: Ronald Wesley Neufeldt, Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-87395-990-2}}, Chapter 1</ref>

The theory of "karma and rebirth" raises numerous questions – such as how, when, and why did the cycle start in the first place, what is the relative Karmic merit of one karma versus another and why, and what evidence is there that rebirth actually happens, among others. Various schools of Hinduism realized these difficulties, debated their own formulations – some reaching what they considered as internally consistent theories – while other schools modified and de-emphasized it; a few schools in Hinduism such as [[Charvaka]]s (or Lokayata) abandoned the theory of "karma and rebirth" altogether.<ref name=halbfass2000/><ref name=halbfass1998/><ref name="ReferenceA">Ronald Wesley Neufeldt, Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-87395-990-2}}</ref><ref>A. Javadekar (1965), Karma and Rebirth, Indian Philosophical Annual, 1, 78</ref> Schools of Buddhism consider karma-rebirth cycle as integral to their theories of [[soteriology]].<ref>Damien Keown (2013), Buddhism: A very short introduction, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-966383-5}}</ref><ref>Étienne Lamotte(1936), Le traité de l'acte de Vasubandhu: Karmasiddhiprakarana, in Mélanges chinois et bouddhiques 4, pp 151–288</ref>

== Early development ==
[[File:Tema Nezahat Gokyigit Park 1060584 nymphaea.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Lotus symbolically represents karma in many Asian traditions. A blooming lotus flower is one of the few flowers that simultaneously carries seeds inside itself while it blooms. Seed is symbolically seen as cause, the flower effect. Lotus is also considered as a reminder that one can grow, share good karma and remain unstained even in muddy circumstances<ref>Maria I. Macioti, The Buddha Within Ourselves: Blossoms of the Lotus Sutra, Translator: Richard Maurice Capozzi, {{ISBN|978-0-7618-2189-2}}, pp 69–70</ref>]]
{{anchor|Etymology}}
The [[Vedic Sanskrit]] word [[:wikt:कर्मन्#Sanskrit|{{IAST|kárman-}}]] ([[Nominative case|nominative]] {{IAST|kárma}}) means 'work' or 'deed',<ref name="krishan" /> often used in the context of [[Srauta]] rituals.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
| quote = a neuter ''n''-stem, {{lang|sa|कर्म}} from the root ''{{IAST|√kṛ}}'' {{lang|sa|कृ}} "to do, make, perform, accomplish, cause, effect, prepare, undertake"
| url = http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0300/mw__0334.html
| title = kṛ,कृ
| year = 1899
| page = 301
| place = Delhi
| dictionary = Monier-Williams Sanskrit–English Dictionary
| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
| editor1 = Monier Monier-Williams
| editor2 = E. Leumann
| editor3 = C. Cappeller
| display-editors = etal
| access-date = 7 January 2014
| archive-date = 24 September 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924134232/http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0300/mw__0334.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref> In the ''[[Rigveda]]'', the word occurs some 40 times.<ref name="krishan">{{cite journal|last=Krishan |first=Y.|year=1988 |title=The Vedic Origins of the Doctrine of Karma|journal=South Asian Studies|volume=4 |issue=1|pages=51–55 |doi=10.1080/02666030.1988.9628366}}; 
{{cite book|author=Krishan, Yuvraj |title=The Doctrine of Karma: Its Origin and Development in Brāhmaṇical, Buddhist, and Jaina Traditions|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1997|isbn=978-81-208-1233-8|pages=4, 12, 17–19, for context see 1–27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Bi6FWX1NOgC |access-date=11 October 2016|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111060833/https://books.google.com/books?id=_Bi6FWX1NOgC|url-status=live}}</ref> In ''[[Satapatha Brahmana]]'' 1.7.1.5, ''sacrifice'' is declared as the "greatest" of works; ''Satapatha Brahmana'' 10.1.4.1 associates the potential of becoming [[Immortality|immortal]] (''amara'') with the karma of the ''[[agnicayana]]'' sacrifice.<ref name="krishan" />

In the early Vedic literature, the concept of karma is also present beyond the realm of rituals or sacrifices. The Vedic language includes terms for sins and vices such as āgas, agha, enas, pāpa/pāpman, duṣkṛta, as well as for virtues and merit like sukṛta and puṇya, along with the neutral term karman.

{{Blockquote|text=Whatever good deed man does that is inside the Vedi; and whatever evil he does that is outside the Vedi.|source=[[Shatapatha Brahmana]] 11.2.7.33}}

The verse refers to the evaluation of virtuous and sinful actions in the afterlife. Regardless of their application in rituals (whether within or outside the Vedi), the concepts of good and evil here broadly represent merits and sins.

{{Blockquote|text=What evil is done here by man, that it (i.e. speech = [[Brahman]]) makes manifest. Although he thinks that he does it secretly, as it were, still it makes it manifest. Verily, therefore one should not commit evil.|source=[[Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana]] 2.13.5}}{{Blockquote|text=This is the eternal greatness of the Brahmin. He does not increase by kárman, nor does he become less. His [[Ātman (Hinduism)|ātman]] knows the path. Knowing him (the ātman) one is not polluted by evil karman.|source=[[Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa]] 3.12.9, 7–8}}

The Vedic words for "action" and "merit" in pre-Upaniṣadic texts carry moral significance and are not solely linked to ritual practices. The word karman simply means "action," which can be either positive or negative, and is not always associated with religious ceremonies; its predominant association with ritual in the Brāhmaṇa texts is likely a reflection of their ritualistic nature. In the same vein, sukṛta (and subsequently, puṇya) denotes any form of "merit," whether it be ethical or ritualistic. In contrast, terms such as pāpa and duṣkṛta consistently represent morally wrong actions.<ref>{{cite book | last=Bodewitz | first=Henk | editor-first1=Dory | editor-first2=Jan | editor-first3=Karel | editor-last1=Heilijgers | editor-last2=Houben | editor-last3=Van Kooij | title=Vedic Cosmology and Ethics | chapter=Non-ritual kárman in the Veda | publisher=BRILL | date=2019-05-15 | isbn=978-90-04-39864-1 | doi=10.1163/9789004400139_020 | pages=253–261}}</ref>

The earliest clear discussion of the karma doctrine is in the ''[[Upanishads]]''.<ref name="jbowker">"Karma" in: John Bowker (1997), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Oxford University Press.</ref><ref name="krishan" /> The doctrine occurs here in the context of a discussion of the fate of the individual after death.{{sfn|Tull|1989|p=28}} For example, causality and ethicization is stated in [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad|''Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad'']] 3.2.13:{{Sfn|Juergensmeyer|Roof|2011|p=653}}{{sfn|Tull|1989|p=31}}<blockquote>Truly, one becomes good through good ''deeds'', and evil through evil ''deeds''. </blockquote>Some authors state that the ''[[Saṃsāra|samsara]]'' (transmigration) and karma doctrine may be non-Vedic, and the ideas may have developed in the "[[shramana]]" traditions that preceded [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]].<ref>see:
*Y. Masih (2000) ''A Comparative Study of Religions'', Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Delhi, {{ISBN|81-208-0815-0}}, page 37, Quote – "This confirms that the doctrine of transmigration is non-aryan and was accepted by non-vedics like Ajivikism, Jainism and Buddhism. The Indo-aryans have borrowed the theory of re-birth after coming in contact with the aboriginal inhabitants of India. Certainly Jainism and non-vedics [..] accepted the doctrine of rebirth as supreme postulate or article of faith."
*Gavin D. Flood (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, [[Cambridge University Press]]: UK {{ISBN|0-521-43878-0}}, page 86, Quote – "The origin and doctrine of Karma and Saṃsāra are obscure. These concepts were certainly circulating amongst sramanas, and Jainism and Buddhism developed specific and sophisticated ideas about the process of transmigration. It is very possible that the karmas and reincarnation entered the mainstream brahaminical thought from the sramana or the renouncer traditions."
*Bimala Law (1952, Reprint 2005), The Buddhist Conception of Spirits, {{ISBN|81-206-1933-1}}, Asian Educational Services; in particular, see Chapter II</ref> Others state that some of the complex ideas of the ancient emerging theory of karma flowed from Vedic thinkers to Buddhist and Jain thinkers.<ref name="wdointro"/><ref>Krishan, Y. (1985), The doctrine of Karma and Śraddhas, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 66, No. 1/4, pages 97–115</ref> The mutual influences between the traditions is unclear, and likely co-developed.<ref>{{harvc|author=Wendy D. O'Flaherty |c=Introduction |in=O'Flaherty |year=1980 |pp=xvii–xviii}}; Quote – "There was such constant interaction between Vedism and Buddhism in the early period that it is fruitless to attempt to sort out the earlier source of many doctrines, they lived in one another's pockets, like Picasso and Braque (who, in later years, were unable to say which of them had painted certain paintings from their earlier, shared period)."</ref>

Many philosophical debates surrounding the concept are shared by the Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist traditions, and the early developments in each tradition incorporated different novel ideas.<ref name="wendydonigerpxii">{{harvc|author=Wendy D. O'Flaherty |c=Introduction |in=O'Flaherty |year=1980 |pp=xii–xxiii}}</ref> For example, Buddhists allowed karma transfer from one person to another and sraddha rites, but had difficulty defending the rationale.<ref name="wendydonigerpxii"/><ref>{{harvc|author=James McDermott |c=Karma and rebirth in early Buddhism |in=O'Flaherty |year=1980 |pages=165–192 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C/page/n188}}.</ref> In contrast, Hindu schools and Jainism would not allow the possibility of karma transfer.<ref>{{harvc|author=Padmanabh Jaini |c=Karma and the problem of rebirth in Jainism |in=O'Flaherty |year=1980 |pages=217–239 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C/page/n240}}.</ref><ref>{{harvc|author=Ludo Rocher |c=Karma and rebirth in the Dharmaśāstras |in=O'Flaherty |year=1980 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C/page/n86 |pages=61–89}}.</ref>

==In Hinduism==
{{Main|Karma in Hinduism}}
The concept of karma in Hinduism developed and evolved over centuries. The earliest ''[[Upanishads]]'' began with the questions about how and why man is born, and what happens after death. As answers to the latter, the early theories in these ancient Sanskrit documents include ''[[Panchagni Vidya|pancagni vidya]]'' (the five fire doctrine), ''pitryana'' (the cyclic path of fathers), and ''devayana'' (the cycle-transcending, path of the gods).<ref>Colebrooke, H. T. (1829), Essay on the Philosophy of the Hindus, Part V. Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 2(1), 1–39</ref> Those who perform superficial rituals and seek material gain, claimed these ancient scholars, travel the way of their fathers and recycle back into another life; those who renounce these, go into the forest and pursue spiritual knowledge, were claimed to climb into the higher path of the gods. It is these who break the cycle and are not reborn.<ref name="wmahony">{{cite book |author=William Mahony |year=1987 |chapter=Karman: Hindu and Jain Concepts |editor=Mircea Eliade |title=Encyclopedia of Religion |publisher=Collier Macmillan |place=New York}}</ref> With the composition of the Epics – the common man's introduction to [[dharma]] in Hinduism – the ideas of causality and essential elements of the theory of karma were being recited in folk stories. For example:
{{Blockquote|
1=As a man himself sows, so he himself reaps; no man inherits the good or evil act of another man. The fruit is of the same quality as the action.
|2=[[Mahabharata]]|3= xii.291.22<ref>E. Washburn Hopkins, Modifications of the Karma Doctrine, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, (Jul., 1906), pp. 581–593</ref>
}}

The 6th chapter of the ''[[Anushasana Parva]]'' (the Teaching Book), the 13th book of the ''Mahabharata'', opens with [[Yudhishthira]] asking [[Bhishma]]: "Is the course of a person's life already destined, or can human effort shape one's life?"{{sfn|Chapple|1986|loc=Chapter 3 and Appendix 1}} The future, replies Bhishma, is both a function of current human effort derived from free will and past human actions that set the circumstances.{{sfn|Chapple|1986|pp=60–64}} Over and over again, the chapters of Mahabharata recite the key postulates of karma theory. That is: intent and action (karma) has consequences; karma lingers and doesn't disappear; and, all positive or negative experiences in life require effort and intent.<ref>{{harvc|author=J. Bruce Long |c=The concepts of human action and rebirth in the Mahābhārata |in=O'Flaherty |year=1980 |pages=38–60}}.</ref> For example:
{{Blockquote|
1=<poem>
Happiness comes due to good actions, suffering results from evil actions,
by actions, all things are obtained, by inaction, nothing whatsoever is enjoyed.
If one's action bore no fruit, then everything would be of no avail,
if the world worked from fate alone, it would be neutralized.
</poem>
|2=[[Mahabharata]]|3=xiii.6.10 & 19{{sfn|Chapple|1986|p={{page needed|date=September 2023}}}}<ref>Manmatha Nath Dutt, ed. (1896), "Vana Parva", ''A prose English translation of the Mahabharata'', Elysium Press, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy0MAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA46 46-47].</ref>{{refn|group=note|There is extensive debate in the Epic Mahabharata about karma, free will and destiny across different chapters and books. Different characters in the Epic take sides, some claiming destiny is supreme, some claiming free will is.<ref>[[Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Sr.|Daniel H. H. Ingalls]], Dharma and Moksa, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 7, No. 1/2 (Apr–Jul 1957), pp. 44–45; Quote – "(...) In the Epic, free will has the upper hand. Only when a man's effort is frustrated or when he is overcome with grief does he become a predestinarian (believer in destiny)."; Quote – "This association of success with the doctrine of free will or human effort (purusakara) was felt so clearly that among the ways of bringing about a king's downfall is given the following simple advice: 'Belittle free will to him, and emphasize destiny.{{'"}} (Mahabharata 12.106.20)</ref>}}
}}

Over time, various schools of Hinduism developed many different definitions of karma, some making karma appear quite deterministic, while others make room for free will and moral agency.<ref name=Coward-Karma/> Among the six most studied schools of Hinduism, the theory of karma evolved in different ways, as their respective scholars reasoned and attempted to address the internal inconsistencies, implications and issues of the karma doctrine. According to Professor [[Wilhelm Halbfass]],<ref name=halbfass2000/>
* The [[Nyaya]] school of Hinduism considers karma and rebirth as central, with some Nyaya scholars such as [[Udayana]] suggesting that the Karma doctrine implies that God exists.<ref>Sharma, C. (1997). ''A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, {{ISBN|81-208-0365-5}}, pp. 209–10</ref>
* The [[Vaisheshika|Vaisesika]] school does not consider the karma from past lives doctrine very important.
* The [[Samkhya]] school considers karma to be of secondary importance (second to [[Prakṛti|''prakrti'']]).
* The [[Mīmāṃsā|Mimamsa]] school gives a negligible role to karma from past lives, disregards ''[[samsara]]'' and ''[[moksa]]''.<ref>{{harvc|author=Wilhelm Halbfass |c=Karma, apūrva, and "natural" causes: observations on the growth and limits of the theory of samsara |in=O'Flaherty |year=1980 |pages=268–302}}.</ref>
* The [[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga]] school considers karma from past lives to be secondary, one's behavior and psychology in the current life is what has consequences and leads to entanglements.<ref name="wmahony" />
* The [[Vedanta]] schools (including [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita]]) accept the doctrine of karma, and they hold that it does not function on its own power, instead they think that God ([[Ishvara|Isvara]]) is the dispenser of the fruit (phala) of karma. This idea is defended in the [[Brahma Sutras|''Brahmasutras'']] (3.2.38).<ref>Francis X Clooney (1993), ''Theology After Vedanta: An Experiment in Comparative Theology,'' State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-1365-4}}, pages 68-71</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brahma Sutras (Shankara Bhashya) |date=2014-03-05 |title=Chapter III, Section II, Adhikarana VIII |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/brahma-sutras/d/doc74952.html |access-date=2022-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307164709/https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/brahma-sutras/d/doc74952.html |archive-date=7 March 2023 |url-status=live |website=www.wisdomlib.org}}</ref>

The above schools illustrate the diversity of views, but are not exhaustive. Each school has sub-schools in Hinduism, such as that of non-dualism and dualism under Vedanta. Furthermore, there are other schools of Indian philosophy, such as [[Charvaka]] (or Lokayata; the [[Materialism|materialists]]), that denied the theory of karma-rebirth, as well as the existence of God; to this non-Vedic school, the properties of things come from the nature of things. [[Causality]] emerges from the interaction, actions, and nature of things and people, making determinative principles such as karma or God unnecessary.<ref>{{cite thesis
|title=Lokayata: la philosophie dite matérialiste dans l'Inde classique
|author=Franco, Élie
|url=https://www.sudoc.fr/041081900
|access-date=2023-01-14
|type=Dissertation
|publisher=Université Paris Nanterre
|year=1981
|oclc=490451138
|archive-date=7 March 2023
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307164709/https://www.sudoc.fr/041081900
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>Franco, Élie (1998), "Nyaya-Vaisesika", ''Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', Routledge, London.</ref>

==In Buddhism==
{{Main|Karma in Buddhism}}
Karma and ''karmaphala'' are fundamental concepts in Buddhism,{{sfn|Kragh|2006|p=11}}{{sfn|Lamotte|1987|p=15}} which explain how our intentional actions keep us tied to rebirth in ''[[Saṃsāra|samsara]]'', whereas the Buddhist path, as exemplified in the [[Noble Eightfold Path]], shows us the way out of ''samsara''.<ref>{{cite book|author=P. T. Raju |title=Structural Depths of Indian Thought |url=https://archive.org/details/structuraldepths0000raju |url-access=registration |year=1985| publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-88706-139-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/structuraldepths0000raju/page/147 147]–151 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Charles Eliot |title=Japanese Buddhism |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-79274-1 |pages=39–41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIzsAgAAQBAJ}}</ref>

The cycle of rebirth is determined by karma, literally 'action'.{{sfn|Buswell|2004|p=712}}{{refn|group=note|In early Buddhism rebirth is ascribed to craving or ignorance,{{sfn|Vetter|1988|p=xxi}}{{sfn|Buswell|2004|p=416}} and the theory of karma may have been of minor importance in early Buddhist soteriology.{{sfn|Matthews|1986|p=124}}{{sfn|Schmithausen|1986|pp=206-207}}{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1998|p=13}}}} ''Karmaphala'' (wherein ''[[phala]]'' means 'fruit, result'){{sfn|Kalupahana|1992|p=166}}{{sfn|Keown|2000|pp=36-37}}{{sfn|Gombrich|2009|p=19}} refers to the 'effect' or 'result' of karma.{{sfn|Kopf|2001|p=141}}{{sfn|Kragh|2006|p=11}} The similar term ''karmavipaka'' (wherein ''[[vipāka]]'' means 'ripening') refers to the 'maturation, ripening' of karma.{{sfn|Keown|2000|pp=36-37}}{{sfn|Keown|2000|pp=810-813}}{{sfn|Klostermaier|1986|p=93}}

In the Buddhist tradition, ''karma'' refers to actions driven by intention (''[[cetanā]]''),{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1998}}{{sfn|Gethin|1998|pp=119-120}}{{sfn|Gombrich|2009|p=19}}{{refn|group=note|Rupert Gethin: "[Karma is] a being's intentional 'actions' of body, speech, and mind—whatever is done, said, or even just thought with definite intention or volition";{{sfn|Gethin|1998|p=119}} "[a]t root karma or 'action' is considered a mental act or intention; it is an aspect of our mental life: 'It is "intention" that I call karma; having formed the intention, one performs acts (karma) by body, speech and mind.'"{{sfn|Gethin|1998|p=120}}}} a deed done deliberately through body, speech or mind, which leads to future consequences.{{sfn|Gombrich|1997|p=55}} The ''Nibbedhika Sutta'', [[Anguttara Nikaya]] 6.63:
{{blockquote|Intention (''[[cetana]]'') I tell you, is kamma. Intending, one does kamma by way of body, speech, & intellect.<ref>{{Cite web
| translator = Thanissaro Bhikkhu
| year= 1997
| at = AN 6.63, PTS: A iii 410
|title=Nibbedhika Sutta: Penetrative
|url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an06/an06.063.than.html|access-date=2023-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813042845/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an06/an06.063.than.html |archive-date=13 August 2014}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|There are many different translation of the above quote into English. For example, Peter Harvey translates the quote as follows: "It is will (''cetana''), O monks, that I call karma; having willed, one acts through body, speech, and mind." (A.III.415).{{sfn|Harvey|1990|pp=39–40}}}}}}
How these intentional actions lead to rebirth, and how the idea of rebirth is to be reconciled with the doctrines of [[Anicca|impermanence]] and [[Anatta|no-self]],{{sfn|Dargyay|1986|p=170}}{{refn|group=note|Dargray: "When [the Buddhist] understanding of karma is correlated to the Buddhist doctrine of universal impermanence and No-Self, a serious problem arises as to where this trace is stored and what the trace left is. The problem is aggravated when the trace remains latent over a long period, perhaps over a period of many existences. The crucial problem presented to all schools of Buddhist philosophy was where the trace is stored and how it can remain in the ever-changing stream of phenomena which build up the individual and what the nature of this trace is."{{sfn|Dargyay|1986|p=170}}}} is a matter of philosophical inquiry in the Buddhist traditions, for which several solutions have been proposed.{{sfn|Buswell|2004|p=712}} In early Buddhism, no explicit theory of rebirth and karma is worked out,{{sfn|Matthews|1986|p=124}} and "the karma doctrine may have been incidental to early Buddhist soteriology."{{sfn|Schmithausen|1986|pp=206-207}}{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1998|p=13}} In early Buddhism, rebirth is ascribed to craving or ignorance.{{Sfn|Vetter|1988|p=xxi}}{{sfn|Buswell|2004|p=416}}
Unlike that of Jains, Buddha's teaching of karma is not strictly deterministic, but incorporated circumstantial factors such as other [[Niyama]]s.{{sfn|Kalupahana|1975|p=127}}<ref name="Bhikkhu 2010"/>{{refn|group=note|[[Thanissaro Bhikkhu]]: "Unlike the theory of [[causality|linear causality]] — which led the [[Vedas|Vedists]] and [[Jainism|Jains]] to see the relationship between an act and its result as predictable and tit-for-tat — the principle of ''[[Idappaccayatā|this/that conditionality]]'' makes that relationship inherently complex. The results of kamma ("kamma" is the Pali spelling for the word "karma") experienced at any one point in time come not only from past kamma, but also from present kamma. This means that, although there are general patterns relating habitual acts to corresponding results [MN 135], there is no set one-for-one, tit-for-tat, relationship between a particular action and its results. Instead, the results are determined by the context of the act, both in terms of actions that preceded or followed it [MN 136] and in terms one's state of mind at the time of acting or experiencing the result [AN 3:99]. [...] The feedback loops inherent in ''this/that conditionality'' mean that the working out of any particular cause-effect relationship can be very complex indeed. This explains why the Buddha says in AN 4:77 that the results of kamma are [[Acinteyya|imponderable]]. Only a person who has developed the mental range of a Buddha—another imponderable itself—would be able to trace the intricacies of the kammic network. The basic premise of kamma is simple—that skillful intentions lead to favorable results, and unskillful ones to unfavorable results—but the process by which those results work themselves out is so intricate that it cannot be fully mapped. We can compare this with the [[Mandelbrot set]], a mathematical set generated by a simple equation, but whose graph is so complex that it will probably never be completely explored."<ref name="Bhikkhu 2010"/>}} It is not a rigid and mechanical process, but a flexible, fluid and dynamic process.{{sfn|Harvey|1990|p=42}} There is no set linear relationship between a particular action and its results.<ref name="Bhikkhu 2010"/> The karmic effect of a deed is not determined solely by the deed itself, but also by the nature of the person who commits the deed, and by the circumstances in which it is committed.<ref name="Bhikkhu 2010"/>{{sfn|Kalupahana|1975|p=131}} ''Karmaphala'' is not a "judgement" enforced by a God, Deity or other supernatural being that controls the affairs of the Cosmos. Rather, ''karmaphala'' is the outcome of a natural process of cause and effect.{{refn|group=note|[[Khandro Rinpoche]]: "Buddhism is a nontheistic philosophy. We do not believe in a creator but in the causes and conditions that create certain circumstances that then come to fruition. This is called karma. It has nothing to do with judgement; there is no one keeping track of our karma and sending us up above or down below. Karma is simply the ''wholeness'' of a cause, or first action, and its effect, or fruition, which then becomes another cause. In fact, one karmic cause can have many fruitions, all of which can cause thousands more creations. Just as a handful of seed can ripen into a full field of grain, a small amount of karma can generate limitless effects."{{sfn|Khandro Rinpoche|2003|p=95}}}}
Within Buddhism, the real importance of the doctrine of karma and its fruits lies in the recognition of the urgency to put a stop to the whole process.{{sfn|Gombrich|2009|pp=21-22}}{{sfn|Vetter|1988|pp=79-80}} The ''Acintita Sutta'' warns that "the results of karma" is one of the four incomprehensible subjects (or ''[[acinteyya]]''),{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|p=14}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acintita Sutta: Unconjecturable|at=4.77 |url=https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an04/an04.077.than.html |work=Anguttara Nikaya|access-date=2023-01-14 |url-status=live|archive-date=22 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122020618/https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an04/an04.077.than.html}}</ref> subjects that are beyond all conceptualization,{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|p=14}} and cannot be understood with logical thought or reason.{{refn|group=note|Dasgupta explains that in Indian philosophy, acintya is "that which is to be unavoidably accepted for explaining facts, but which cannot stand the scrutiny of logic."{{sfn|Dasgupta|1991|p=16}} See also the ''[[Aggi-Vacchagotta Sutta]]'' "Discourse to Vatsagotra on the [Simile of] Fire," Majjhima Nikaya 72,{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|p=852}}<ref name="MN72">{{cite web |url=https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.072.than.html |access-date=2023-09-09|title=Aggi-Vacchagotta Sutta: To Vacchagotta on Fire |translator=Thanissaro Bhikkhu |website=www.accesstoinsight.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606055741/https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.072.than.html|archive-date=6 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> in which the Buddha is questioned by Vatsagotra on the "ten indeterminate question,"{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|p=852}} and the Buddha explains that a [[Tathagata]] is like a fire that has been extinguished, and is "deep, boundless, hard to fathom, like the sea".<ref name="MN72"/>}}

[[Nichiren Buddhism]] teaches that transformation and change through faith and practice changes adverse karma—negative causes made in the past that result in negative results in the present and future—to positive causes for benefits in the future.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fowler |first= Jeaneane and Merv |date=2009 |title= Chanting in the Hillsides |page=78}}</ref>

== In Jainism ==
{{Main| Karma in Jainism}}
{{See also|Causes of Karma (Jainism)|God in Jainism}}
[[File:Types of Karma.JPG|thumb|[[Types of Karma (Jainism)|Types of ''Karmas'']] as per Jain philosophy]]

In [[Jainism]], karma conveys a totally different meaning from that commonly understood in [[Hindu philosophy]] and western civilization.<ref name="autogenerated1">Hermann Kuhn, Karma, the Mechanism, 2004</ref> [[Jain philosophy]] is one of the oldest Indian philosophy that completely separates body (matter) from the soul (pure consciousness).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/dravya|title=dravya—Jainism|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> In Jainism, karma is referred to as karmic dirt, as it consists of very subtle particles of matter that pervade the entire universe.<ref>Acharya Umasvati, Tattvartha Sutra, Ch VIII, Sutra 24</ref> Karmas are attracted to the karmic field of a soul due to vibrations created by activities of mind, speech, and body as well as various mental dispositions. Hence the karmas are the [[subtle matter]] surrounding the [[consciousness]] of a soul. When these two components (consciousness and karma) interact, we experience the life we know at present. [[Jain texts]] expound that seven ''[[Tattva (Jainism)|tattvas]]'' (truths or fundamentals) constitute reality. These are:<ref>{{cite book|first=Acharya |last=Pujyapada |translator=S. A. Jain|title=Reality|date=1992|publisher=Jwalamalini Trust|url=https://archive.org/details/Reality_JMT |page=[https://archive.org/details/Reality_JMT/page/n34 7]}} {{open access}}</ref>

# ''[[Jīva (Jainism)|Jīva]]'': the soul which is characterized by consciousness
# ''[[Ajiva|Ajīva]]'': the non-soul
# ''[[Asrava|Āsrava]]'': inflow of auspicious and evil karmic matter into the soul.
# ''[[Bandha (Jainism)|Bandha]]'' (bondage): mutual intermingling of the soul and karmas.
# ''[[Samvara]]'' (stoppage): obstruction of the inflow of karmic matter into the soul.
# ''[[Nirjara]]'' (gradual dissociation): separation or falling off of part of karmic matter from the soul.
# ''[[Moksha (Jainism)|Mokṣha]]'' (liberation): complete annihilation of all karmic matter (bound with any particular soul).

According to [[Padmanabh Jaini]],

<blockquote>This emphasis on reaping the fruits only of one's own karma was not restricted to the Jainas; both Hindus and Buddhist writers have produced doctrinal materials stressing the same point. Each of the latter traditions, however, developed practices in basic contradiction to such belief. In addition to ''shrardha'' (the ritual Hindu offerings by the son of deceased), we find among Hindus widespread adherence to the notion of divine intervention in ones fate, while Buddhists eventually came to propound such theories like boon-granting bodhisattvas, transfer of merit and like. Only the Jainas have been absolutely unwilling to allow such ideas to penetrate their community, despite the fact that there must have been tremendous amount of social pressure on them to do so.{{sfn|Jaini|2000|p=137}}</blockquote>

[[File:Thirthankara Suparshvanath Museum Rietberg RVI 306.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Shrivatsa]] or the karmic knot depicted on the chest of the [[Tirthankara]]]]

The relationship between the soul and karma, states Padmanabh Jaini, can be explained with the analogy of gold. Like gold is always found mixed with impurities in its original state, Jainism holds that the soul is not pure at its origin but is always impure and defiled like natural gold. One can exert effort and purify gold, similarly, Jainism states that the defiled soul can be purified by proper refining methodology.{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=107}} Karma either defiles the soul further, or refines it to a cleaner state, and this affects future rebirths.{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=107–115}} Karma is thus an [[efficient cause]] (''[[nimitta]]'') in Jain philosophy, but not the [[Material Cause|material cause]] (''[[Upādāna|upadana]]''). The soul is believed to be the material cause.{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=117–118}}

The key points where the theory of karma in Jainism can be stated as follows:

* Karma operates as a self-sustaining mechanism as natural universal law, without any need of an external entity to manage them. (absence of the exogenous '[[Divine entity]]' in Jainism)
* Jainism advocates that a soul attracts ''karmic'' matter even with the thoughts, and not just the actions. Thus, to even think evil of someone would endure a ''karma-bandha'' or an increment in bad karma. For this reason, Jainism emphasise on developing [[Ratnatraya]] (The Three Jewels): ''samyaka darśana'' ('Right Faith'), ''samyaka jnāna'' ('Right Knowledge') and ''samyaka charitra'' ('Right Conduct').
* In Jain theology, a soul is released from worldly affairs as soon as it is able to emancipate from the ''karma-bandha''.<ref name="FN2M">{{cite encyclopedia | title=From Nigoda to Moksa: The Story of Marudevi | encyclopedia=Jainism and Early Buddhism: Essays in Honor of Padmanabh S. Jaini | publisher=Asian Humanities Press (an imprint of Jain Publishing Company) | author=Jaini, Padmanabh S. | editor=Qvarnström, Olle | year=2003 | volume=I | location=Fremont CA | pages=1–28}}</ref> In Jainism, ''nirvana'' and ''moksha'' are used interchangeably. ''Nirvana'' represents annihilation of all karmas by an individual soul and ''moksha'' represents the perfect blissful state (free from all bondage). In the presence of a ''[[Tirthankara]]'', a soul can attain ''[[Kevala Jnana]]'' ('omniscience') and subsequently nirvana, without any need of intervention by the Tirthankara.<ref name="FN2M" />
* The karmic theory in Jainism operates endogenously. Even the ''Tirthankaras'' themselves have to go through the stages of emancipation, for attaining that state.
* Jainism treats all souls equally, inasmuch as it advocates that all souls have the same potential of attaining nirvana. Only those who make effort really attain it, but nonetheless, each soul is capable on its own to do so by gradually reducing its karma.<ref>Sancheti Asoo Lal, Bhandari Manak Mal, ''First Steps to Jainism (Part Two): Doctrine of Karma, Doctrine of Anekant and Other Articles with Appendices'', Catalogued by [[Library of Congress|Library of U.S. Congress]], Washington, Card No. 90-232383</ref>

===Eight Karmas===
There are eight types of Karma which attach a soul to Samsara (the cycle of birth and death):{{sfn|Jaini|2000|p={{page needed|date=September 2023}}}}<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Shiv |last1=Sharma |title=The Soul of Jainism: Philosophy and Teachings of Jain Religion |isbn=978-81-288-1343-6 |date=30 March 2016 |publisher=Fusion Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JDPjCwAAQBAJ&q=eight+karmas+in+jainism&pg=PT109}}</ref>

# '''''Jnanavarniya''''' (knowledge-obstructing): like a veil prevents a face and its features from being seen, this karma prevents the soul from knowing an object along with details about that object. This karma obstructs the soul from realizing its essential quality of knowledge. In its absence, a soul is omniscient. There are five sub-types of ''jnanavarniya'' karma which prevents the five types of knowledge: ''mati jnana'' (sensory knowledge), ''shruta jnana'' (articulate knowledge), ''avadhi jnana'' ([[clairvoyance]]), ''mana paryaya jnana'' ([[telepathy]]) and ''kevala jnana'' ([[omniscience]]).
# '''''Darshanavarniya''''' (perception-obstructing): like a gatekeeper prevents the sight of the king, this karma prevents an object from being perceived, hiding it. This karma obstructs the soul from realizing its essential quality of perception. In its absence, a soul completely perceives all substances in the universe. There are nine sub-types of this karma. Four of these prevent the four types of perception; visual perception, non-visual perception, clairvoyant perception and omniscient perception. The other five sub-types of darshanavarniya karma bondage induce five kinds of sleep causing reduction in consciousness: light sleep, deep sleep, drowsiness, heavy drowsiness, and sleep-walking.
# '''''Vedaniya''''' (sensation-producing): like licking honey from a sword gives a sweet taste but cuts the tongue, this karma makes a soul experience pleasure and pain. The soul's bliss is continuously disturbed by experiences of external sensual pleasure and pain. In the absence of the vedaniya karma, the soul experiences undisturbed bliss. There are two sub-types of this karma; pleasure-producing and pain-producing.
# '''''Mohniya''''' (deluding): like a bee becoming infatuated with the smell of a flower and is attracted to it, this karma attracts the soul to the objects that it considers favorable while repelling it from objects it considers unfavorable. It creates a delusion in the soul that external objects can affect it. This karma obstructs the soul's essential quality of happiness and prevents the soul from finding pure happiness in itself.
# '''''Ayu''''' (lifespan-determining): like a prisoner remains trapped by iron chains (around his legs, hands, etc.) this karma keeps a soul trapped in a particular life (or birth).
# '''''Nama''''' (body-producing): like a painter creates various pictures and gives them various names, this karma gives souls various types of bodies (that are classified based on various attributes). It is the ''namakarma'' which determines the body of living organism into which the soul must enter.
# '''''Gotra''''' ([[Gotra|status-determining]]): like a potter makes short and tall pots, this karma bestows a low or high (societal) status on the body of soul. It creates social inequalities and in its absence, all souls are equal. There are two sub-types of gotra karma: high status and low status.
# '''''Antaraya''''' (power-obstructing): like a treasurer obstructs a king from spending his wealth, this karma prevents the soul from using its innate power for acts of charity, profit, enjoyment, repeated enjoyment and will-power. It obstructs and prevents the soul's essential quality of infinite power from manifesting. In its absence, a soul has infinite power.

==Reception in other traditions==
===Sikhism===
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
In [[Sikhism]], all living beings are described as being under the influence of the three qualities of ''[[Maya (illusion)|maya]]''. Always present together in varying mix and degrees, these three qualities of ''maya'' bind the soul to the body and to the earth plane. Above these three qualities is the eternal time. Due to the influence of three modes of ''maya's'' nature, ''[[jiva]]s'' (individual beings) perform activities under the control and purview of the eternal time. These activities are called ''karma'', wherein the underlying principle is that karma is the law that brings back the results of actions to the person performing them.

This life is likened to a field in which our karma is the seed. We harvest exactly what we sow; no less, no more. This infallible law of karma holds everyone responsible for what the person is or is going to be. Based on the total sum of past karma, some feel close to the Pure Being in this life and others feel separated. This is the law of karma in [[Gurbani]] ([[Sri Guru Granth Sahib]]). Like other Indian and oriental schools of thought, the Gurbani also accepts the doctrines of karma and reincarnation as the facts of nature.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gurbani.org/webart40.htm |title=Gurbani.org |access-date=5 October 2008 |archive-date=29 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070129135407/http://www.gurbani.org/webart40.htm }}</ref>

===Falun Gong===
David Ownby, a scholar of Chinese history at the University of Montreal,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kahn|first=Joseph|date=22 August 2008 |title=Book Review {{!}} 'Falun Gong and the Future of China,' by David Ownby|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/24/books/review/Kahn-t.html|access-date=14 March 2019|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923121905/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/24/books/review/Kahn-t.html |url-status=live}}</ref> asserts that [[Falun Gong]] differs from Buddhism in its definition of the term "karma" in that it is taken not as a process of award and punishment, but as an exclusively negative term. The Chinese term ''[[De (Chinese)|de]]'', or 'virtue', is reserved for what might otherwise be termed 'good karma' in Buddhism. Karma is understood as the source of all suffering – what Buddhism might refer to as 'bad karma'. According to [[Li Hongzhi]], the founder of Falun Gong: "A person has done bad things over his many lifetimes, and for people this results in misfortune, or for cultivators, its karmic obstacles, so there's birth, aging, sickness, and death. This is ordinary karma."{{sfn|Ownby|2008|p={{page needed|date=September 2023}}}}

Falun Gong teaches that the spirit is locked in the cycle of rebirth, also known as ''[[Saṃsāra|samsara]]'',<ref name="TRAN">{{cite book |translator=Li Hongzhi |chapter=Lecture 2:Transcending the Five Elements and Three Realms |title=Zhuan Falun (English Version) |chapter-url=https://www.falundafa.org/book/eng/lecture2.html#4 |url=http://www.falundafa.org/book/eng/zflus.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609043918/http://www.falundafa.org/book/eng/zflus.html|archive-date=9 June 2011 |access-date=31 December 2007 |date=5 January 1996 |url-status=live}}</ref> due to the accumulation of karma.<ref name="kar">{{cite book |translator=Li Hongzhi |date=5 January 1996 |chapter=Lecture 4: Transformation of Karma, Zhuan Falun |title=Zhuan Falun (English Version) |chapter-url=https://www.falundafa.org/book/eng/lecture4.html#2 |access-date=2008-01-01}}</ref> This is a negative, black substance that accumulates in other dimensions lifetime after lifetime, by doing bad deeds and thinking bad thoughts. Falun Gong states that karma is the reason for suffering, and what ultimately blocks people from the truth of the universe and attaining [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|enlightenment]]. At the same time, karma is also the cause of one's continued rebirth and suffering.<ref name="kar"/> Li says that due to accumulation of karma, the human spirit upon death will reincarnate over and over again, until the karma is paid off or eliminated through cultivation, or the person is destroyed due to the bad deeds he has done.<ref name="kar"/>

Ownby regards the concept of karma as a cornerstone to individual moral behaviour in Falun Gong, and also readily traceable to the Christian doctrine of "one reaps what one sows". Others say [[Matthew 5:44]] means no unbeliever will not fully reap what they sow until they are judged by God after death in Hell. Ownby says Falun Gong is differentiated by a "system of transmigration", although, "in which each organism is the reincarnation of a previous life form, its current form having been determined by karmic calculation of the moral qualities of the previous lives lived." Ownby says the seeming unfairness of manifest inequities can then be explained, at the same time allowing a space for moral behaviour in spite of them.{{sfn|Ownby|2008|p=110}} In the same vein of Li's ''[[monism]]'', matter and spirit are one, karma is identified as a black substance which must be purged in the process of cultivation.{{sfn|Ownby|2008|p={{page needed|date=September 2023}}}}

According to Li, <blockquote>Human beings all fell here from the many dimensions of the universe. They no longer met the requirements of the Fa at their given levels in the universe, and thus had to drop down. Just as we have said before, the heavier one's mortal attachments, the further down one drops, with the descent continuing until one arrives at the state of ordinary human beings.<ref name="ZFLII">{{ cite web
| author = Li Hongzhi
| author-link= Li Hongzhi | url=http://www.falundafa.org/book/eng/zfl2.htm
| title = Zhuan Falun, Volume II |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821023901/http://www.falundafa.org/book/eng/zfl2.htm|archive-date=21 August 2011
| orig-date= 1996 | year= 2008
}}</ref></blockquote>He says that, in the eyes of higher beings, the purpose of human life is not merely to be human, but to awaken quickly on Earth, a "setting of delusion," and return. "That is what they really have in mind; they are opening a door for you. Those who fail to return will have no choice but to [[reincarnation|reincarnate]], with this continuing until they amass a huge amount of karma and are destroyed."<ref name="ZFLII" />

Ownby regards this as the basis for Falun Gong's apparent "opposition to practitioners' taking [[medication|medicine]] when ill; they are missing an opportunity to work off karma by allowing an illness to run its course (suffering depletes karma) or to fight the [[illness]] through cultivation." [[Benjamin Penny]] shares this interpretation. Since Li believes that "karma is the primary factor that causes sickness in people," Penny asks: "if disease comes from karma and karma can be eradicated through cultivation of ''xinxing'', then what good will medicine do?"<ref name="Fellow">{{cite web |url= http://www.nla.gov.au/grants/haroldwhite/papers/bpenny.html |author=[[Benjamin Penny]] |title=The Past, Present and Future of Falun Gong – A lecture by Harold White Fellow, Benjamin Penny, at the National Library of Australia, Canberra, 2001 |publisher=Harold White Fellowships |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325202921/http://www.nla.gov.au/grants/haroldwhite/papers/bpenny.html |archive-date=25 March 2008 |access-date=31 December 2007 }}</ref> Li himself states that he is not forbidding practitioners from taking medicine, maintaining that "What I'm doing is telling people the relationship between practicing cultivation and medicine-taking." Li also states that "An everyday person needs to take medicine when he gets sick."<ref>Lectures in United States, 1997, Li Hongzhi.{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}}</ref> Danny Schechter (2001) quotes a Falun Gong student who says "It is always an individual choice whether one should take medicine or not."<ref name="schechter">Danny Schechter, ''Falun Gong's Challenge to China: Spiritual Practice or Evil Cult?'', Akashic books: New York, 2001, pp. 47–50.</ref>

===Taoism===
{{Taoism}}
Karma is an important concept in [[Taoism]]. Every deed is tracked by deities and spirits. Appropriate rewards or retribution follow karma, just like a shadow follows a person.<ref name="evawong" />

The karma doctrine of Taoism developed in three stages.<ref name="lkohn">{{cite journal |author=Livia Kohn |date=1998 |url=http://www.languages.ufl.edu/EMC/subscribers/vol4/vol4kohn.pdf |title=Steal holy food and come back as a Viper: Conceptions of Karma and Rebirth in Medieval Daoism |journal=Early Medieval China|volume=4|pages=1–48|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109063052/http://www.languages.ufl.edu/EMC/subscribers/vol4/vol4kohn.pdf |archive-date=9 January 2014 }}</ref> In the first stage, causality between actions and consequences was adopted, with supernatural beings keeping track of everyone's karma and assigning fate (''ming''). In the second phase, transferability of karma ideas from Chinese Buddhism were expanded, and a transfer or inheritance of Karmic fate from ancestors to one's current life was introduced. In the third stage of karma doctrine development, ideas of rebirth based on karma were added. One could be reborn either as another human being or another animal, according to this belief. In the third stage, additional ideas were introduced; for example, rituals, repentance and offerings at Taoist temples were encouraged as it could alleviate Karmic burden.<ref name="lkohn"/><ref>Erik Zurcher (1980), Buddhist influence on early Taoism, T'oung Pao, Vol. 66, pp 84–147</ref>

===Shinto===
Interpreted as {{nihongo|''musubi''|産霊}}, a view of karma is recognized in [[Shinto]] as a means of enriching, empowering, and affirming life.<ref>{{cite book|author=Aidan Rankin|date=3 February 2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rg8UWWZPxw4C&pg=PA133|title=Shinto: A Celebration of Life|isbn=978-1-84694-438-3|page=133| publisher=John Hunt }}</ref> ''Musubi'' has fundamental significance in Shinto, because creative development forms the basis of the Shinto worldview.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Terms of Shinto: M |url=https://www2.kokugakuin.ac.jp/ijcc/wp/bts/bts_m.html#:~:text=Musubi,of%20the%20Shinto%20world%20view. |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=www2.kokugakuin.ac.jp |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202163120/https://www2.kokugakuin.ac.jp/ijcc/wp/bts/bts_m.html#:~:text=Musubi,of%20the%20Shinto%20world%20view. |url-status=live }}</ref>

Many deities are connected to musubi and have it in their names.

==Discussion==
===Free will and destiny===

One of the significant controversies with the karma doctrine is whether it always implies [[destiny]], and its implications on free will. This controversy is also referred to as the [[moral agency]] problem;<ref name=wrkaufman>Kaufman, W. R. (2005), Karma, rebirth, and the problem of evil, Philosophy East and West, pp 15–32</ref> the controversy is not unique to karma doctrine, but also found in some form in [[Monotheism|monotheistic religions]].<ref>[Moral responsibility] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford University (2009); Quote – "Can a person be morally responsible for her behavior if that behavior can be explained solely by reference to physical states of the universe and the laws governing changes in those physical states, or solely by reference to the existence of a sovereign God who guides the world along a divinely ordained path?"</ref>

The free will controversy can be outlined in three parts:<ref name=wrkaufman/>

# A person who kills, rapes or commits any other unjust act, can claim all his bad actions were a product of his karma: he is devoid of free will, he can not make a choice, he is an agent of karma, and he merely delivers necessary punishments his "wicked" victims deserved for their own karma in past lives. Are crimes and unjust actions due to free will, or because of forces of karma?
# Does a person who suffers from the unnatural death of a loved one, or rape or any other unjust act, assume a moral agent is responsible, that the harm is gratuitous, and therefore seek justice? Or, should one blame oneself for bad karma over past lives, and assume that the unjust suffering is fate?
# Does the karma doctrine undermine the incentive for moral education—because all suffering is deserved and consequence of past lives, why learn anything when the balance sheet of karma from past lives will determine one's action and sufferings?<ref>Herman, Arthur (1976), The Problem of Evil in Indian Thought, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas</ref>

The explanations and replies to the above free will problem vary by the specific school of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. The schools of Hinduism, such as [[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga]] and [[Advaita Vedanta]], that have emphasized current life over the dynamics of karma residue moving across past lives, allow free will.<ref name=Coward-Karma/> Their argument, as well of other schools, are threefold:

# The theory of karma includes both the action and the intent behind that action. Not only is one affected by past karma, one creates new karma whenever one acts with intent – good or bad. If intent and act can be proven beyond reasonable doubt, new karma can be proven, and the process of justice can proceed against this new karma. The actor who kills, rapes or commits any other unjust act, must be considered as the moral agent for this new karma, and tried.
# Life forms not only receive and reap the consequence of their past karma, together they are the means to initiate, evaluate, judge, give and deliver consequence of karma to others.
# Karma is a theory that explains some evils, not all (cf. [[moral evil]] versus [[natural evil]]).<ref>Reichenbach, Bruce (1990), The Law of Karma, University of Hawaiʻi Press, Honolulu, {{ISBN|978-0-333-53559-2}}</ref><ref name="mdeb" />

Other schools of Hinduism, as well as Buddhism and Jainism that do consider cycle of rebirths central to their beliefs and that karma from past lives affects one's present, believe that both free will (''[[cetanā]]'') and karma can co-exist; however, their answers have not persuaded all scholars.<ref name="wrkaufman" /><ref name="mdeb">Matthew Dasti and Edwin Bryant (2013), Free Will, Agency, and Selfhood in Indian Philosophy, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-992275-8}}</ref>

===Psychological indeterminacy===
Another issue with the theory of karma is that it is psychologically indeterminate, suggests Obeyesekere (1968).<ref name=goerl>G. Obeyesekere (1968), Theodicy, sin and salvation in a sociology of Buddhism, Practical religion, Editor: E.R. Leach, Cambridge University Press</ref> That is, if no one can know what their karma was in previous lives, and if the karma from past lives can determine one's future, then the individual is psychologically unclear what if anything he or she can do now to shape the future, be more happy, or reduce suffering. If something goes wrong, such as sickness or failure at work, the individual is unclear if karma from past lives was the cause, or the sickness was caused by curable infection and the failure was caused by something correctable.<ref name=goerl/>

This psychological indeterminacy problem is also not unique to the theory of karma; it is found in every religion adopting the premise that God has a plan, or in some way influences human events. As with the karma-and-free-will problem above, schools that insist on primacy of rebirths face the most controversy. Their answers to the psychological indeterminacy issue are the same as those for addressing the free will problem.<ref name=mdeb/>

===Transferability===
Some schools of Indian religions, particularly within [[Buddhism]], allow transfer of karma merit and demerit from one person to another. This transfer is an exchange of non-physical quality conceptualized in transactional terms, just like an exchange of physical goods between two human beings. The practice of karma transfer, or even its possibility, is controversial.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>see:
* Charles Keyes (1983), Merit-Transference in the Kammic Theory of Popular Theravada Buddhism, In Karma, Editors: Charles Keyes and [[Valentine Daniel]], Berkeley, University of California Press;
* F.L. Woodward (1914), The Buddhist Doctrine of Reversible Merit, The Buddhist Review, Vol. 6, pp 38–50</ref> Karma transfer raises questions similar to those with [[substitutionary atonement]] and vicarious punishment. It undermines the ethical foundations, and dissociates the causality and ethicization in the theory of karma from the moral agent. Proponents of some Buddhist schools suggest that the concept of karma merit transfer encourages religious giving and that such transfers are not a mechanism to transfer bad karma (i.e., demerit) from one person to another.

In Hinduism, Sraddha rites during funerals have been labelled as karma merit transfer ceremonies by a few scholars, a claim disputed by others.<ref>Ronald Wesley Neufeldt, Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-87395-990-2}}, pp 226, see Footnote 74</ref> Other schools in Hinduism, such as the [[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga]] and [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita Vedantic]] philosophies, and Jainism hold that karma can not be transferred.<ref name=wdointro/><ref name=wdochapter1/>

===The problem of evil===
There has been an ongoing debate about karma theory and how it answers the [[problem of evil]] and related problem of [[theodicy]]. The problem of evil is a significant question debated in monotheistic religions with two beliefs:<ref>{{cite book |author=R. Green |year=2005 |chapter=Theodicy |title=The Encyclopedia of Religion |edition=2nd |editor=Lindsay Jones |volume=12 |publisher=Macmillan Reference |isbn=978-0-02-865733-2}}</ref>

# There is one God who is absolutely good and compassionate ([[Omnibenevolence|omnibenevolent]]); and
# That one God knows absolutely everything ([[Omniscience|omniscient]]) and is all powerful ([[Omnipotence|omnipotent]]).

The problem of evil is then stated in formulations such as, "why does the omnibenevolent, omniscient and omnipotent God allow any evil and suffering to exist in the world?" Sociologist [[Max Weber]] extended the problem of evil [[Sociology of Religion (book)|to Eastern traditions]].<ref>Max Weber (Translated by Fischoff, 1993), The Sociology of Religion, Beacon Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8070-4205-2}}, pp. 129–153</ref>

The problem of evil, in the context of karma, has been long discussed in Eastern traditions, both in theistic and non-theistic schools; for example, in ''[[Uttara Mīmāṃsā]]'' Sutras Book 2 Chapter 1;<ref>Francis Clooney (2005), in The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism (Editor: [[Gavin Flood]]), Wiley-Blackwell, {{ISBN|0-631-21535-2}}, pp. 454–455</ref><ref>Francis Clooney (1989), "Evil, Divine Omnipotence and Human Freedom: Vedanta's theology of Karma", ''Journal of Religion'', Vol. 69, pp 530–548</ref> the 8th century arguments by [[Adi Shankara|Adi Sankara]] in [[Brahma Sutras|''Brahma Sutra'']] ''[[Bhashya|bhasya]]'' where he posits that God cannot reasonably be the cause of the world because there exists moral evil, inequality, cruelty and suffering in the world;<ref name="bilimoria">P. Bilimoria (2007), Karma's suffering: A Mimamsa solution to the problem of evil, in Indian Ethics (Editors: Bilimoria et al.), Volume 1, Ashgate Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0-7546-3301-3}}, pp. 171–189</ref><ref>See Kumarila's ''Slokavarttika''; for English translation of parts and discussions: P. Bilimoria (1990), "Hindu doubts about God {{en dash}} Towards a Mimamsa Deconstruction", ''International Philosophical Quarterly'', 30(4), pp. 481–499</ref> and the 11th century theodicy discussion by [[Ramanuja]] in ''[[Sri Bhasya]]''.<ref name="bilimoria2013" /> Epics such as the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', for example, suggest three prevailing theories in ancient India as to why good and evil exist {{en dash}} one being that everything is ordained by God, another being karma, and a third citing chance events (''yadrccha'', यदृच्छा).<ref name="ehudson" /><ref>Manmatha Nath Dutt (1895), English translation of The Mahabharata, Udyoga Parva, Chapter 159, verse 15</ref> The ''Mahabharata'', which includes Hindu deity [[Vishnu]] in the [[Vishnu#Avatars|avatar]] of [[Krishna]] as one of the central characters, debates the nature and existence of suffering from these three perspectives, and includes a theory of suffering as arising from an interplay of chance events (such as floods and other events of nature), circumstances created by past human actions, and the current desires, volitions, dharma, adharma and current actions (''purusakara'') of people.<ref name="ehudson" /><ref>Gregory Bailey (1983), Suffering in the Mahabharata: Draupadi and Yudhishthira, Purusartha, No. 7, pp. 109–129</ref><ref>[[Alf Hiltebeitel]] (2001), Rethinking the Mahabharata: A Reader's Guide to the Education of the Dharma King, University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|978-0-226-34053-1}}, Chapters 2 and 5</ref> However, while karma theory in the ''Mahabharata'' presents alternative perspectives on the problem of evil and suffering, it offers no conclusive answer.<ref name="ehudson">Emily Hudson (2012), Disorienting Dharma: Ethics and the Aesthetics of Suffering in the Mahabharata, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-986078-4}}, pp. 178–217</ref><ref>P.B. Mehta (2007), The ethical irrationality of the world {{en dash}} Weber and Hindu Ethics, in Indian Ethics (Editors: Billimoria et al.), Volume 1, Ashgate, {{ISBN|978-0-7546-3301-3}}, pp. 363–375</ref>

Other scholars<ref>Ursula Sharma (1973), Theodicy and the doctrine of karma, ''Man'', Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 347–364</ref> suggest that [[Nontheism|nontheistic]] Indian religious traditions do not assume an omnibenevolent creator, and some<ref>The Nyaya-Vaisesika school of Hinduism is one of the exceptions where the premise is similar to the Christian concept of an omnibenevolent, omnipotent creator</ref> theistic schools do not define or characterize their God(s) as monotheistic Western religions do and the deities have colorful, complex personalities; the Indian deities are personal and cosmic facilitators, and in some schools conceptualized like Plato's [[Demiurge]].<ref name="bilimoria2013">P. Bilimoria (2013), Toward an Indian Theodicy, in The Blackwell Companion to the Problem of Evil (Editors: McBrayer and Howard-Snyder), 1st Edition, John Wiley & Sons, {{ISBN|978-0-470-67184-9}}, Chapter 19</ref> Therefore, the problem of theodicy in many schools of major Indian religions is not significant, or at least is of a different nature than in Western religions.<ref>G. Obeyesekere (I968), Theodicy, sin and salvation in a sociology of Buddhism, in Practical religion (Ed. Edmund Leach), Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-521-05525-3}}</ref> Many Indian religions place greater emphasis on developing the karma principle for first cause and innate justice with Man as focus, rather than developing religious principles with the nature and powers of God and divine judgment as focus.<ref>B. Reichenbach (1998), Karma and the Problem of Evil, in Philosophy of Religion Toward a Global Perspective (Editor: G.E. Kessler), Wadsworth, {{ISBN|978-0-534-50549-3}}, pp. 248–255</ref> Some scholars, particularly of the [[Nyaya|Nyaya school]] of Hinduism and Sankara in ''Brahma Sutra bhasya'', have posited that karma doctrine implies existence of god, who administers and affects the person's environment given that person's karma, but then acknowledge that it makes karma as violable, contingent and unable to address the problem of evil.<ref>Bruce R. Reichenbach (1989), Karma, Causation, and Divine Intervention, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 135–149</ref> Arthur Herman states that karma-transmigration theory solves all three historical formulations to the problem of evil while acknowledging the theodicy insights of Sankara and Ramanuja.<ref>Arthur Herman, The problem of evil and Indian thought, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, {{ISBN|81-208-0753-7}}, pp. 5 with Part II and III of the book</ref>

Some theistic Indian religions, such as Sikhism, suggest evil and suffering are a human phenomenon and arises from the karma of individuals.<ref>P. Singh, Sikh perspectives on health and suffering: A focus on Sikh theodicy, in Religion, Health and Suffering (Editors: John Hinnells and Roy Porter), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-7103-0611-1}}, pp. 111–132</ref> In other theistic schools such as those in Hinduism, particularly its Nyaya school, karma is combined with [[dharma]] and evil is explained as arising from human actions and intent that is in conflict with dharma.<ref name=bilimoria2013/> In nontheistic religions such as Buddhism, Jainism and the Mimamsa school of Hinduism, karma theory is used to explain the cause of evil as well as to offer distinct ways to avoid or be unaffected by evil in the world.<ref name=bilimoria/>

Those schools of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism that rely on karma-rebirth theory have been critiqued for their theological explanation of suffering in children by birth, as the result of their sins in a past life.<ref>Whitley Kaufman (2005), Karma, rebirth, and the problem of evil, Philosophy East & West, Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 15–32</ref> Others disagree, and consider the critique as flawed and a misunderstanding of the karma theory.<ref>Chadha and Trakakis (2007), Karma and the Problem of Evil: A Response to Kaufman, Philosophy East & West, Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 533–556</ref>

==Comparable concepts==
{{further|Poetic justice|Mills of God}}
[[File:It Shoots Further Than He Dreams.jpg|alt=|thumb|''It Shoots Further Than He Dreams'' by John F. Knott, March 1918]]
[[Western culture]], influenced by Christianity,<ref name=KarmaParveshSingla/> holds a notion similar to karma, as demonstrated in the phrase "[[wikt:what goes around comes around|what goes around comes around]]".

=== Christianity ===
Mary Jo Meadow suggests karma is akin to "Christian notions of [[Christian views on sin|sin]] and its effects."<ref name="Meadow2007">{{cite book|last=Meadow|first=Mary Jo|title=Christian Insight Meditation|date=28 August 2007|publisher=Wisdom Publications Inc|isbn=978-0-86171-526-8|page=199}}</ref> She states that the Christian teaching on a [[Last Judgment]] according to one's charity is a teaching on karma.<ref name="Meadow2007"/> Christianity also teaches morals such as [[wikt:reap what one sows|one reaps what one sows]] ([[Epistle to the Galatians|Galatians]] 6:7) and [[live by the sword, die by the sword]] ([[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 26:52).<ref>{{cite book|title=Karma, rhythmic return to harmony |author=Haridas Chaudhuri|year=2001 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|isbn=978-81-208-1816-3|pages=78 & 79 |quote=The Meaning of Karma in Integral Philosophy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ve_Nim-MChcC&pg=PA78}}</ref> Most scholars, however, consider the concept of Last Judgment as different from karma, with karma as an ongoing process that occurs every day in one's life, while Last Judgment, by contrast, is a one-time review at the end of life.<ref>Raymond Collyer Knox and Horace Leland Friess, The Review of Religion, Volume 1, Columbia University Press, pp 419–427</ref>

===Judaism===
There is a concept in Judaism called in Hebrew ''midah k'neged midah'', which is often translated as "measure for measure".<ref>{{citation |url=https://kotar.cet.ac.il/kotarapp/index/Page.aspx?nBookID=99643983&nTocEntryID=99646212&nPageID=99643996 |title=Measure for measure in the storytelling Bible |author=Jonathan Jacobs |isbn=965-7086-28-0 |publisher=Tvunot |year=2006 |access-date=30 January 2022 |archive-date=30 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130055316/https://kotar.cet.ac.il/kotarapp/index/Page.aspx?nBookID=99643983&nTocEntryID=99646212&nPageID=99643996 |url-status=live }}</ref> The concept is used not so much in matters of law, but rather in matters of [[divine retribution]] for a person's actions. [[David Wolpe]] compared ''midah k'neged midah'' to karma.<ref>{{Cite AV media
|title = Toldot - Training the Hands of Esau with the Voice of Jacob
|last = Wolpe
|first = David
|place = Los Angeles
|date = 18 November 2017
|chapter = Drash
|url = https://www.sinaitemple.org/worship/sermons/toldot-training-hands-esau-voice-jacob/
|access-date = 2023-01-14
|publisher = Sinai Temple
|archive-date = 1 December 2017
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042355/https://www.sinaitemple.org/worship/sermons/toldot-training-hands-esau-voice-jacob/
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

===Psychoanalysis===
[[Carl Jung]] once opined on unresolved emotions and the [[synchronicity]] of karma;
{{Blockquote|When an inner situation is not made conscious, it appears outside as fate.<ref>Jung, C.G. and Wolfgang Pauli, The Interpretation of Nature and Psyche, New York: Pantheon Books, 1955</ref>}}

Popular methods for negating [[cognitive dissonance]] include [[meditation]], [[metacognition]], [[counselling]], [[psychoanalysis]], etc., whose aim is to enhance emotional self-awareness and thus avoid negative karma. This results in better emotional hygiene and reduced karmic impacts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.speakingtree.in/blog/what-is-karma-223607|title=What is Karma?|date=September 3, 2013 |access-date=2020-05-23|website=www.speakingtree.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802235655/https://www.speakingtree.in/blog/what-is-karma-223607|url-status=live |archive-date=2 August 2020}}</ref> Permanent neuronal changes within the [[amygdala]] and left [[prefrontal cortex]] of the human brain attributed to long-term meditation and metacognition techniques have been proven scientifically.<ref>Davidson, Richard J.; Kabat-Zinn, Jon; Schumacher, Jessica; Rosenkranz, Melissa; Muller, Daniel; Santorelli, Saki F.; Urbanowski, Ferris; Harrington, Anne; Bonus, Katherine; and Sheridan, John F. (2003) "Alterations in Brain and Immune Function Produced by Mindfulness Meditation." ''Psychosomatic Medicine'' '''65''': 564–570.</ref> This process of emotional maturation aspires to a goal of [[Individuation]] or [[self-actualisation]]. Such [[peak experiences]] are hypothetically devoid of any karma ([[nirvana]] or [[moksha]]).

=== Theosophy ===
The idea of karma was popularized in the [[Western world]] through the work of the [[Theosophical Society]]. In this conception, karma was a precursor to the [[Neopaganism|Neopagan]] ''law of return'' or ''[[Rule of Three (Wicca)|Threefold Law]],'' the idea that the beneficial or harmful effects one has on the world will return to oneself. Colloquially this may be summed up as 'what goes around comes around.'

Theosophist [[I. K. Taimni]] wrote, "Karma is nothing but the Law of Cause and Effect operating in the realm of human life and bringing about adjustments between an individual and other individuals whom he has affected by his thoughts, emotions and actions."<ref>I.K. Taimni ''Man, God and the Universe'' Quest Books, 1974, p. 17</ref> [[Theosophy]] also teaches that when humans reincarnate they come back as humans only, not as animals or other organisms.<ref>E.L. Gardner ''Reincarnation: Some Testimony From Nature'' 1947</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Adrsta]]
* ''[[Amor fati]]''
* [[Anantarika-karma]]
* [[Causes of karma in Jainism]]
* [[Consequentialism]]
* [[Divine retribution]]
* [[Ethic of reciprocity]] ( = "Golden Rule")
* {{slink|Hoʻoponopono#Freedom from karma|}}
* [[Instant Karma!]]
* [[Judgement (afterlife)]]
* [[Just-world fallacy]]
* [[Karma yoga]]
* [[Luck]]
* [[Moksha]]
* [[My Name Is Earl]]
* [[Nishkam Karma]]
* [[Pratītyasamutpāda]]
* [[Saṅkhāra]]
* [[Self-fulfilling prophecy]]
* [[Tibetan Buddhist Philosophy of Karma]]
* [[Types of Karma]]
* [[Unintended consequence]]
* [[Vāsanā]]
* [[Work (Christian theology)]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|30em}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="Bhikkhu 2010">{{Citation |translator=Thanissaro Bhikkhu |title=Wings to Awakening: Part I |year=2010 |publisher=Metta Forest Monastery |place=Valley Center, CA |url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/wings.pdf |access-date=14 April 2015 |pages=47–48 |url-status=live |archive-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123014508/https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/wings.pdf}}</ref>
}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}

* {{Citation |last=Bronkhorst |first=Johannes |author-link=Johannes Bronkhorst |year=1998 |title=Did the Buddha Believe in Karma and Rebirth? |journal=Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |url=http://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/view/8869/2776 |access-date=14 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-date=29 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229052732/https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/view/8869/2776}}
* {{Citation |editor-last=Buswell |editor-first=Robert E. |year=2004 |title=Encyclopedia of Buddhism |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA}}
* {{Citation |editor-last1=Buswell |editor-first1=Robert E. |editor-last2=Lopez |editor-first2=Donald S. Jr. |year=2013 |title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |publisher=Princeton University Press}}
* {{Citation| last=Chapple| first=Christopher| year=1986| title=Karma and Creativity| publisher=State University of New York Press| isbn=0-88706-250-4 |author-link=Christopher Chapple}}
* {{Citation| last =Dargyay | first =Lobsang | year= 1986 | chapter =Tsong-Kha-Pa's Concept of Karma | editor-last =Neufeldt | title =Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments | publisher =State University of New York Press |isbn=0-87395-990-6 }}
* {{Citation | last =Dasgupta | first =Surendranath | year =1991 | title =A History of Indian Philosophy, Volume 4 | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publishers}}
* {{Citation| last =Gethin | first = Rupert | year =1998 | title =Foundations of Buddhism | publisher =Oxford University Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Gombrich | first =Richard F. | year =1997 | title =How Buddhism Began. The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings | place =New Delhi | publisher =Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers}}
* {{Citation | last =Gombrich | first =Richard | year =2009 | title =What the Buddha Thought | publisher =Equinox}}
* {{cite book |title=New Age Religion and Western Culture: Esotericism in the Mirror of Secular Thought |last=Hanegraaff |first=Wouter |author-link=Wouter Hanegraaff |year=1996 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-9004106956 }}
* {{Citation| last =Harvey | first =Peter | year =1990 |title =Introduction to Buddhism | publisher =Cambridge University Press}}
* {{citation |last=Jaini |first=Padmanabh S. |title=The Jaina Path of Purification |url={{Google books|wE6v6ahxHi8C|plainurl=yes}} |date=1998 |orig-date=1979 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] Publishers |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-1578-0 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Jaini |first=Padmanabh S. |year=2000 |title=Collected Papers on Jaina Studies |location=Delhi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-1691-6 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPggiM7y1aYC&q=eight+karmas+in+jainism}}
* {{cite book |last1=Juergensmeyer |first1=Mark |last2=Roof |first2=Wade Clark |year=2011 |title=Encyclopedia of Global Religion |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-4522-6656-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ |access-date=11 October 2016 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111060832/https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation| last =Kalupahana | first =David | year =1975 |title =Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism | publisher =University of Hawaii Press | author-link=David Kalupahana}}
* {{Citation | last =Kalupahana | first =David J. | year =1992 | title =The Principles of Buddhist Psychology | place =Delhi | publisher =ri Satguru Publications }}
* {{Citation |last=Keown |first=Damien |year=2000 |title=Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction |edition=Kindle |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6a7b5f4d7c23daf707742ddd592ccef00c988a8e |access-date=14 April 2015 |archive-date=8 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408032916/http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6a7b5f4d7c23daf707742ddd592ccef00c988a8e |url-status=live}}
* {{Citation| last =Khandro Rinpoche | year=2003| title= This Precious Life| publisher=Shambhala}}
* {{Citation |last=Klostermaier |first=Klaus K. |year=1986 |chapter=Contemporary Conceptions of Karma and Rebirth Among North Indian Vaisnavas |editor-last=Neufeldt |editor-first=Ronald W. |title=Karma and Rebirth: Post-classical Developments |publisher=Sri Satguru Publications}}
* {{Citation |last=Kopf |first=Gereon |year=2001 |title=Beyond Personal Identity: Dōgen, Nishida, and a Phenomenology of No-self |publisher=Psychology Press}}
* {{Citation | last= Kragh| first=Ulrich Timme | year= 2006 |title =Early Buddhist Theories of Action and Result: A Study of Karmaphalasambandha, Candrakirti's Prasannapada, verses 17.1–20 | publisher =Arbeitskreis für tibetische und buddhistische Studien, Universität Wien|isbn=3-902501-03-0}}
* {{Citation| last =Lamotte | first =Etienne | year =1987 | title =Karmasiddhi Prakarana: The Treatise on Action by Vasubandhu | publisher =Asian Humanities Press }}
* {{Citation | last=Matthews|first=Bruce|chapter=Chapter Seven: Post-Classical Developments in the Concepts of Karma and Rebirth in Theravada Buddhism| editor-last =Neufeldt| editor-first=Ronald W. | year= 1986 |title =Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments | publisher =State University of New York Press |isbn=0-87395-990-6 }}
* {{cite book|last=O'Flaherty |first=Wendy Doniger |year=1980 |title=Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-03923-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C}}
* {{cite book| last=Obeyesekere| first=Gananath| title=Karma and Rebirth: A Cross Cultural Study |editor=Wendy D. O'Flaherty |year=2005 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-2609-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Ownby |first=David |year=2008 |title=[[Falun Gong and the Future of China]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}
* {{Citation |last=Schmithausen |first=Lambert |year=1986 |chapter=Critical Response |editor=Ronald W. Neufeldt |title=Karma and rebirth: Post-classical developments |publisher=SUNY}}
* {{cite book |last=Tull |first=Herman W. |year=1989 |title=The Vedic Origins of Karma: Cosmos as Man in Ancient Indian Myth and Ritual |series=SUNY Series in Hindu Studies}}
* {{Citation |last=Vetter |first=Tilmann |year=1988 |title=The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism |publisher=BRILL}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation | last1 =Lichter | first1 =David | last2 =Epstein | first2 =Lawrence | year =1983 | chapter =Irony in Tibetan Notions of the Good Life | editor-last1 =Keyes | editor-first1 =Charles F. | editor-last2 =Daniel | editor-first2 =E. Valentien | title =Karma: An Anthropological Inquiry | publisher =University of California Press}}
* {{Citation |last=Padmakara Translation group |year=1994 |chapter=Translators' Introduction |title=The Words of My Perfect Teacher |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{EB1911 poster|Karma}}
*[https://www.britannica.com/topic/karma Karma] – Encyclopedia Britannica

{{Indian philosophy}}
{{Spirituality-related topics}}
{{Soteriology}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Karma| ]]
[[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Jain philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Reincarnation]]

Chennai Suburban Railway

2026-03-24T08:47:52Z

ErnestLithgow16: enhance layout further and cleaned formatting after review

{{Short description|Commuter rail in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox Public transit
| name = Chennai Suburban Railway
| image = Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg
| imagesize = 75px
| image2 = A 15 Car Fast local train bound for Tambaram in Chennai Suburban Railway network.jpg
| imagesize2 = 330px
| caption2 = A 15 car fast local train at perungulathur heading towards [[Tambaram railway station|Tambaram]]
| locale = [[Chennai metropolitan area|Chennai Metropolitan Area]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| transit_type = [[Commuter rail|Suburban rail]]
| began_operation = {{start date and age|1931}}
| train_length = 12/9 coaches
| system_length = {{ubl
| {{convert|1211.81|km|abbr=on}} (unique)
| {{convert|509.71|km|abbr=on}} true suburban
| {{convert|702.1|km|abbr=on}} MEMU service
}}
| lines = 8 routes, all with 4 tracks
| stations = 300+
| ridership = 2.5 million
| el = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| average_speed = {{convert|50|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
| top_speed = {{convert|100|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
| track_gauge = {{Track gauge|indian|al=on|lk=on}}
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways]]
| area served = '''Tamil Nadu:''' [[Chennai metropolitan area|Greater Chennai]], [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]], [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]], [[Kancheepuram district|Kancheepuram]], [[Ranipet district|Ranipet]], [[Vellore district|Vellore]], [[Tirupattur district|Tirupattur]], [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]], [[Villupuram district|Villupuram]] '''Andhra Pradesh:''' [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]], [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]], [[Sullurpeta]], [[Nellore]] '''Puducherry:''' [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]
| start = {{start date and age|1995}}
| annual_ridership = 912.57 million/year (2018–2019)<ref>{{cite news
| url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/may/11/mtcs-loss-not-big-gain-for-suburban-rly-1975326.html
| access-date = 11 May 2019
| title = MTC's loss not big gain for suburban rly- the New Indian Express
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190511034656/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/may/11/mtcs-loss-not-big-gain-for-suburban-rly-1975326.html
| archive-date = 11 May 2019
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
| character = At-grade, elevated
| map = [[File:Chennai suburban rail and bus interconnectivity map.png|330px]]
| map_state = show
| website = https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in
| line_number = {{color box|#{{rail color|Chennai Suburban|North}}; font-size:100%|[[North Line, Chennai Suburban|North Line]]|}} {{color box|#{{rail color|Chennai Suburban|West}}; font-size:100%|[[West Line, Chennai Suburban|West Line]]|}} {{color box|#{{rail color|Chennai Suburban|South}}; font-size:100%|[[South Line, Chennai Suburban|South Line]]|}} {{color box|#{{rail color|Chennai Suburban|West}}; font-size:100%|[[West North Line, Chennai Suburban|West-North Line]]|}} {{color box|#{{rail color|Chennai Suburban|West}}; font-size:100%|[[West South Line, Chennai Suburban|West-South Line]]|}} {{color box|#{{rail color|Chennai Suburban|South}}; font-size:100%|[[South West Line, Chennai Suburban|South-West Line]]|}} {{color box|#{{rail color|Chennai MRTS|1}}; font-size:100%|[[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System|Chennai MRTS]]|}} {{color box|#000000; font-size:100%|[[Chennai Suburban Railway#Circular line|Circular Line]]|}}
| native_name =
| headquarters = [[Southern Railway Headquarters, Chennai]]
| map_name = Chennai Suburban Railway Network
}}

The '''Chennai Suburban Railway''' is a [[commuter rail]] system in the city of [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India, operated by the Southern Railways branch of [[Indian Railways]]. It is India's second largest suburban rail network in terms of route length and the third largest in terms of commuters. Around 1,000 services are operated daily between 4:00 a.m. and midnight. It is the longest suburban circular route in India covering of {{Convert|235.5|km|abbr=on}}.

Chennai has a complex railway network. It is the third busiest suburban rail system in India after [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata Suburban Railway|Kolkata]]. It has separate tracks for local and express trains. The system extensively uses [[electrical multiple units]] (EMUs) operating on [[alternating current]] (AC) drawn from overhead wires through the catenary system. The total system spans around {{convert|1211.81|km}}, of which only {{convert|509.71|km}} have dedicated dual tracks for suburban EMUs; the rest share tracks with other trains and are called [[MEMU|mainline EMUs]] (MEMUs). As of 2013, the suburban sector has 1,000 services, including 250 in the [[Chennai Beach|Beach]]–[[Chengalpattu]] section, 240 services in the [[Chennai Central]]–[[Arakkonam]] section, and 90 in the Chennai Central–[[Gummidipoondi]] section.<ref name="TOI_CityNeedsMoreWheels">{{cite news
| last = Hemalatha
| first = Karthikeyan
| title = City Needs More Wheels
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| date = 5 July 2013
| url = http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH%2F2013%2F07%2F05&ViewMode=GIF&PageLabel=4&EntityId=Ar00400&AppName=1
| access-date = 6 July 2013
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140416183049/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH%2F2013%2F07%2F05&ViewMode=GIF&PageLabel=4&EntityId=Ar00400&AppName=1
| archive-date = 16 April 2014
| url-status = dead}}</ref> As of 2020, 2.5 million people use the suburban train services daily and 401.72 million passenger every year.<ref name="TOI_CityNeedsMoreWheels" /> This includes 8,20,000 in the Beach–Tambaram section, 5,50,000 in the Central–Tiruvallur section, and 2,00,000 in the Central–Gummidipoondi section and 2,00,000 in the [[Chennai MRTS|MRTS section]].<ref name="TOI_CityNeedsMoreWheels"/> This is a 13.2 percent increase over the previous year. A total of 65 stations in the suburban section have bicycle stands.<ref name="Hindu_5MoreTrainServices">{{cite news|date=19 March 2012|title=Five more train services to Chennai's suburbs|newspaper=The Hindu|location=Chennai|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3009933.ece|url-status=live|access-date=8 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421123845/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3009933.ece|archive-date=21 April 2012}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:ParkTownHistorical.jpg|thumb|A MG EMU at Park Station with Ripon Building and Victoria Hall at the background (c: IRFCA)]]
[[File:PIX032.jpg|thumb|A MG EMU at Tirusulam (c: IRFCA)]]
[[File:Chennai train station.jpg|left|thumb|320x320px|[[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai Central Railway Station]], one of the prime destinations of the Chennai Suburban Railway system]]
[[File:A Suburban train arrives at Mambalam Railway Station.jpg|left|thumb|A suburban train arrives at Mambalam Railway Station.]]

Chennai has a fairly extensive suburban [[electric multiple unit]] (EMU) service. It was in the 1920s that the then British government felt the necessity of connecting the northern part of the city, which was mainly commercial, with the chiefly residential southwestern parts. In 1928, work began on constructing two [[meter gauge]] (MG) lines connecting the harbour with the southern suburb of Tambaram to run services using [[steam locomotives]].<ref name="IRFCA_ElectricTraction1"/> In early 1930, however, the government decided to electrify the lines, including the mainline starting from [[Chennai Egmore|Egmore]].<ref name="IRFCA_ElectricTraction1"/> The plan to electrify railway lines in Madras was first initiated in 1923 by Sir Percy Rothera, an agent of the South Indian Railways. This was on account of the city's rapid expansion, with largely agricultural areas such as [[Saidapet]], [[St. Thomas Mount]] and [[Tambaram]] developing into residential quarters. The plan to build a new line between Beach and Egmore and two lines between Egmore and Tambaram was announced as part of the suburban remodelling initiative of South Indian Railways.<ref name="Hindu_83YearsOfService"/> The rolling stock, consisting of rigid wooden-bodied coaches, were built by [[Metro-Cammell]].<ref name="IRFCA_ChennaiGaugeConversion"/> On 27 December 1930, the first consignment of 25 electric carriages from [[England]] was received by the railway. The trains were painted in dull green with a black wheel base and featured wide sliding doors, a better-designed seating arrangement, and thick glass fronts. The new carriages were parked in Tambaram station.<ref name="Hindu_83YearsOfService">{{cite news
| last = Menon
| first = Nitya
| title = 83 years of electric suburban rail
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 18 April 2014
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/83-years-of-electric-suburban-rail/article5923173.ece
| access-date = 18 Apr 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140418091548/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/83-years-of-electric-suburban-rail/article5923173.ece
| archive-date = 18 April 2014
| url-status = live
}}</ref> By March 1931, the construction works were completed,<ref name="IRFCA_ElectricTraction1"/> and the first electrically operated rail service in Madras began on 2 April 1931 between Madras Beach and [[Tambaram railway station|Tambaram]], which became the earliest metre gauge to be electrified in the country. It was launched by [[George Fredrick Stanley|Sir George Fredrick Stanley]], the then governor of Madras, who at the opening ceremony was reported to have said that the new train services would transform "desolate south Madras into burgeoning garden cities".<ref name="Hindu_83YearsOfService"/>

However, the suburban services were opened to the public only a month later on 11 May 1931.<ref name="IRFCA_ElectricTraction1"/> The section was electrified on 15 November 1931, with the first MG EMU services running on 1.5 kV DC.<ref name="IRFCA_ElectricTraction1">{{cite web
| title = Electric Traction – I
| publisher = IRFCA.org
| url = http://irfca.org/faq/faq-elec.html#vol
| access-date = 17 November 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121105135017/http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-elec.html#vol
| archive-date = 5 November 2012
| url-status = live
}}</ref> The Madras Electricity Supply Corporation, which powered the railway lines, was aided by sub-stations in Egmore and Meenambakkam. Soon, the number of trains shuttling passengers was increased to 45 a day, running every 10 minutes at peak hours, and every 30 minutes, otherwise. The running time between Madras Beach and Tambaram stations, which was 2 hours until then, was reduced to 49 minutes. The train service was made available from 4:00 in the morning up to 12:00 at night.<ref name="Hindu_83YearsOfService"/>

In the same year, mainline DC locomotives ([[Indian locomotive class YCG-1|YCG-1]]) were introduced to haul freight from the port.<ref name="IRFCA_ChennaiGaugeConversion">{{cite web|last=Moro|first=Bharath|url=http://www.irfca.org/docs/chennai-gc.html|title=Chennai Area Gauge Conversion|publisher=Irfca.org|date=May 2005|access-date=13 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028165446/http://irfca.org/docs/chennai-gc.html|archive-date=28 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The system had the [[meter gauge|meter-gauge]] (MG) EMUs (YAU series) until the gauge conversion. Since then, the system has only the [[broad-gauge]] (BG) EMUs running.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-metro.html#mad |title=Metro – Urban – Suburban Systems |publisher=Irfca.org |access-date=13 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104064610/http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-metro.html#mad |archive-date=4 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 1960s, the line from Madras Beach to [[Villupuram]] was converted to 25 kV AC traction.<ref name="IRFCA_ChennaiGaugeConversion"/> This began with the conversion of the Madras Beach–Tambaram section on 15 January 1967.<ref name="IRFCA_HistoryOfElectrification">{{cite web
| title = IR Electrification Chronology up to 31.03.2004
| work = History of Electrification
| publisher = IRFCA.org
| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html
| access-date = 17 November 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131019225702/http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html
| archive-date = 19 October 2013
| url-status = live
}}</ref> The rolling stock was changed to EMUs with motors and electricals from [[Toshiba]] or [[Hitachi]]. These were built by the Integral Coach Factory based in the city. Services too were extended to Chengleput with two daily services. In the late 1967, a Toshiba/Hitachi/[[Mitsubishi]] combine model YAM-1 21904 locomotive was introduced, which became the first MG 25 kV AC locomotive. Work on additional MG track between Tambaram and Chengleput began in 1969 and was completed in January 1971.<ref name="IRFCA_ChennaiGaugeConversion"/>

In 1986 or 1987, suburban services to northern and western parts of the city began from the newly built Moore market terminal exclusively built for suburban services, which were earlier operating from the central station terminal (First BG Suburban Services in Chennai). With the growth in suburban traffic and the existing gauge lacking sufficient carrying capacity, the Indian Railway decided to convert the entire section between Beach and Tambaram, which by then had three MG lines, to BG in early 1991, with a 50:50 joint venture with the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state government]]. The first BG line was laid in the section in 1992 parallel to the existing MG lines. The work was completed in February 1993. Of the three existing MG lines, two were exclusively used for suburban service and the third one was used for mainline express and passenger trains. The newly laid BG line started handling suburban trains supplementing the MG suburban lines.<ref name="IRFCA_ChennaiGaugeConversion"/>

In 1998, further to the Chengleput–Villupuram–Tiruchirapalli gauge conversion project, the railway decided to convert one of the MG lines in the section between Tambaram and Chengleput. However, the decision was soon changed due to large-scale protests by suburban commuters. This resulted in the conversion of the 'down' MG line (the easternmost line out of Tambaram) to BG, in addition to laying of a new parallel MG line. Within a year, work on the new BG was completed. By late 1999, there were two MG lines and one BG line between Tambaram and Chengleput, and the new BG line was electrified by late 2000.<ref name="IRFCA_ChennaiGaugeConversion"/> The conversion of the mainline MG line between Egmore and Tambaram began in 2000, resulting in Tambaram station temporarily acting as terminal point for mainline express and passenger trains originally originating from and terminating at Egmore. This resulted in increase in traffic at Tambaram station, where two additional MG lines were built. In March 2001, the gauge conversion project in the Madras–Madurai section was completed and BG passenger services began, and the Beach–Tambaram section featured two MG and two BG lines. In December 2001, electrification work of the Chengleput–Villupuram BG line commenced. Gauge conversion work of two MG lines between Beach and Egmore began in December 2002 and was completed by February 2003. This resulted in increased BG EMU services between Beach and Tambaram and the MG services from Tambaram terminating at Egmore. The spur MG lines in the Beach–Washermanpet section were dismantled.<ref name="IRFCA_ChennaiGaugeConversion"/>

In February 2003, one of the MG lines between Tambaram and Chengalpet was taken up for conversion and was completed in December 2003, which was used for BG EMU services and by mainline express trains. This resulted in 2 BG lines and 1 MG line in the Tambaram–Chengleput section by the end of 2003. The last MG EMU services between the {{convert|30|km|adj=on}} Egmore–Tambaram section were run on 1 July 2004, marking the end of the regular service of the YAM-1 locomotives, and the gauge conversion work in this section began. All MG mainline trains were switched over to diesel traction.<ref name="IRFCA_ChennaiGaugeConversion"/>

On 1 November 2004, with the completion of the gauge-conversion work in this section, BG EMU services were inaugurated in the Beach-Chengalpattu Section with the addition of 15 new rakes from [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]].<ref name="IRFCA_ChennaiGaugeConversion"/>

In September 2020, the conversion of the third meter-gauge line between Singaperumal Koil and Guduvancherry on the Tambaram–Chengalpattu stretch to broad gauge was completed and opened for traffic.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

In February 2021, with the opening of four lines between [[Chennai Beach]] and [[Attipattu]] at a cost of {{INR}} 2.9 billion, all the eight routes in the Chennai section have four lines each.<ref name="IRJ">{{cite web
| url = https://www.railjournal.com/regions/asia/chennai-metro-inaugurates-blue-line-extension/
| title = Chennai Metro inaugurates Blue Line extension
| last = Cuenca
| first = Oliver
| date = 16 February 2021
| website = International Railway Journal
| publisher = IRJ
| access-date = 18 February 2021
| quote = }}</ref>

== Lines ==
[[File:Chennai Openstreetmap Public Transport Density Map.png|thumb|Heat-map of the coverage of public transportation in Chennai City]]
Fundamentally, Chennai has four suburban railway lines, namely, North line, West line, South line and the [[Chennai MRTS|MRTS]] line.<ref name="CMRL pdf">{{cite web|title=Project Brief of Chennai Metro Rail |url=http://chennaimetrorail.gov.in/pdf/project_brief_updated_aug08.pdf |work=CMRL |publisher=Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL) |access-date=24 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308045622/http://chennaimetrorail.gov.in/pdf/project_brief_updated_aug08.pdf |archive-date= 8 March 2014 }}</ref> The South West line, West North line and West South line are merely minor extensions or modifications of the aforementioned suburban lines. The [[Chennai MRTS|MRTS]] is a suburban railway line that chiefly runs on an elevated track exclusively used for running local [[Electric multiple unit|EMUs]] or suburban local trains. No express trains or passenger trains run on MRTS line.

===North Line===
{{Main|North Line, Chennai Suburban}}
This line runs from the city towards the north, hence the name.

Chennai city region stations: [[Chennai Beach railway station|Chennai Beach]] – [[Royapuram railway station|Royapuram]] – [[Washermanpet railway station|Washermanpet]] – [[Moore Market|Chennai Central MMC]] – [[Basin Bridge railway station|Basin Bridge]] – [[Korukkupet (Chennai Suburban Railway)|Korukkupet]] – [[Tondiarpet railway station|Tondiarpet]] – [[V. O. C. Nagar railway station|V.O.C.Nagar]] – [[Tiruvottiyur railway station|Tiruvottiyur]] – [[Wimco Nagar railway station|Wimco Nagar]] – [[Kathivakkam railway station|Kathivakkam]] – [[Ennore railway station|Ennore]] – [[Athipattu Pudhunagar railway station|Athipattu Pudhunagar]] – [[Athipattu railway station|Athipattu]] – [[Nandiambakkam railway station|Nandiambakkam]]

Tiruvallur District stations: [[Minjur railway station|Minjur]] – [[Anuppampattu railway station|Anupambattu]] – [[Ponneri railway station|Ponneri]] – [[Kavaraipettai railway station|Kavaraipettai]] – [[Gummidipoondi railway station|Gummidipoondi]] – [[Elavur railway station|Elavur]] – [[Arambakkam railway station|Arambakkam]]

Outside state regions ([[Andhra Pradesh]]): [[Tada railway station|Tada]] – [[Akkampeta railway station|Akkampeta]] – [[Sullurupeta railway station|Sullurupeta]] - [[Polireddipalem railway station|Polireddipalem]] - [[Doravarichatram railway station|Doravarichatram]] - [[Nayudupeta railway station|Nayudupeta]] - [[Pedapariya railway station|Pedapariya]] - [[Odur railway station|Odur]]

Outside state regions ([[Andhra Pradesh]] - SCoR): [[Gudur railway station|Gudur]] - [[Nellore railway station|Nellore]] - [[Bitragunta railway station|Bitragunta]]

A few train services originate from [[Chennai Beach railway station|Chennai Beach]] instead of [[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai Central]]. Trains originating from Chennai Beach pass through [[Royapuram railway station|Royapuram]] and [[Washermanpet railway station|Washermanpet]] to reach [[Korukkupet (Chennai Suburban Railway)|Korukkupet]]. From Korukkupet the route is same as listed above.

* The total length of North Line Suburban Services is {{convert|83|km|abbr=off}} (Chennai Central to Sulurpetta)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://erail.in|access-date=22 September 2013|title=Indian Railways IRCTC Timetable PNR Status Fare Live Status - eRail.in (Better Way to Search Trains)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828182119/http://erail.in/|archive-date=28 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Suburban EMU services terminate at Sullurpeta (AP).
* MEMU service is up to Nellore.
* Currently 83 train services run on the North Suburban line, whose split up is as follows<ref name=erail>{{cite web |title=Chennai suburban train time table |url=http://erail.in |access-date=7 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828182119/http://erail.in/ |archive-date=28 August 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
** 37 services begin from Chennai Central towards Northern suburbs, while another 37 services originate from the Northern suburbs proceeding to Chennai Central.
** Only 5 train services are run from Chennai Beach towards Northern suburbs, and there are 7 services in the return direction towards Chennai Beach.
* This is the only route in India where a suburban train is operated outside the state.

=== South Line ===
{{Main|South Line, Chennai Suburban}}

'''(along [[GST Road]] from St. Thomas Mount to Chengalpattu)'''

Chennai city region stations: [[Chennai Beach railway station|Chennai Beach]] – [[Chennai Fort railway station|Chennai Fort]] – [[Chennai Park railway station|Chennai Park]] – [[Chennai Egmore]] – [[Chetpet railway station|Chetpet]] – [[Nungambakkam railway station|Nungambakkam]] – [[Kodambakkam railway station|Kodambakkam]] – [[Mambalam Railway Station|Mambalam]] – [[Saidapet railway station|Saidapet]] – [[Guindy railway station|Guindy]] – [[St. Thomas Mount railway station|St. Thomas Mount]] – [[Pazhavanthangal railway station|Pazhavanthangal]] – [[Meenambakkam (Chennai Suburban Railway)|Meenambakkam]] – [[Tirusulam railway station|Tirisulam]] – [[Pallavaram railway station|Pallavaram]] – [[Chromepet railway station|Chromepet]] – [[Tambaram Sanatorium railway station|Tambaram Sanatorium]] – [[Tambaram Railway Station|Tambaram]] – [[Perungalathur railway station|Perungalathur]] – [[Vandalur railway station|Vandalur]] - [[Kilambakkam railway station|Kilambakkam]]

Stations outside Chennai city regions below:

[[Urapakkam railway station|Urapakkam]] – [[Guduvancheri railway station|Guduvancheri]] – [[Potheri railway station|Potheri]] – [[Kattangulathur railway station|Kattankulathur]] – [[Maraimalai Nagar railway station|Maraimalai Nagar]] – [[Singaperumal Koil railway station|Singaperumal Koil]] – [[Paranur railway station|Paranur]] – [[Chengalpattu railway station|Chengalpattu]]

Stations in the South line after Chengalpattu below:
[[Tirumani railway station|Tirumani]] - [[Ottivakkam railway station|Ottivakkam]] - [[Padalam railway station|Padalam]] - [[Karunguzhi railway station|Karunguzhi]] - [[Madurantakam railway station|Madurantakam]] - [[Pakkam railway station|Pakkam]] - [[Melmaruvathur railway station|Melmaruvathur]] - [[Acharapakkam railway station|Acharapakkam]] - [[Tozhuppedu railway station|Tozhuppedu]] - [[Karasangal railway station|Karasangal]] - [[Olakur railway station|Olakur]] - [[Panchalam railway station|Panchalam]] - [[Tindivanam railway station|Tindivanam]] - [[Mailam railway station|Mailam]], [[Perani railway station|Perani]] - [[Vikravandi railway station|Vikravandi]] - [[Mundiyampakkam railway station|Mundiyampakkam]] - [[Villupuram Junction railway station|Villupuram]] -[[Valavanur railway station]] - [[Chinna Babu Samudram railway station|Chinna Babu Samudram]] - [[Villianur railway station|Villianur]] and terminates at [[Puducherry railway station|Puducherry]]

Stations in the South West line after Chengalpattu below:

[[Reddipalayam railway station|Reddipalayam]] – [[Villiambakkam railway station|Villiambakkam]] – [[Palur (Chennai Suburban Railway) railway station|Palur]] – [[Palayaseevaram railway station|Palayaseevaram]] – [[Walajabad railway station|Walajabad]] – [[Nathapettai railway station|Nathapettai]] – [[Kanchipuram railway station|Kanchipuram]] – [[Tirumalpur railway station|Tirumalpur]] – [[Takkolam railway station|Takkolam]] - [[Arakkonam Junction railway station|Arakkonam]]

* Suburban trains are operated till Arakkonam via Chengalpattu in South West Line.
* Suburban electric trains on Southern line route are terminated at Chengalpet station.
* MEMU services proceed in the southern direction from Chengalpet on the line towards Villupuram and Puducherry. The Chennai Beach to Melmaruvathur MEMU halts at Ottivakkam, Padalam, Karunkuzhi, Maduranthakam to reach Melmaruvathur, which is {{convert|90|km}} from Chennai Beach.<ref name=erail />
* Puducherry MEMU service runs from Chennai Egmore and halts at Mambalam, Guindy, Tambaram, Guduvancheri, Singaperumal Koil, Chengalpattu Junction, Madurantakam, Melmaruvathur, Tindivanam, Mailman, Vikravandi, Mundiyampakkam, Villupuram Junction, Valavanur, Chinna Babu Samudram, Villianur and terminates at Puducherry.
* Circular train running between Chennai Beach to Chennai Beach – via Tambaram, Chengalpattu, Tirumalpur, Arakkonam, Tiruvallur and Perambur
* [[File:Chennai Park railway station View1.jpg|thumb|[[Chennai Park railway station]]]]Currently 240 services are being run on the South Suburban line.
:Important stations on the South Line:
* Chennai Beach – Terminal Station for all South and MRTS line trains and a few north and west line trains. Close to Chennai Port and Harbour, easily accessible to Marina Beach, Anna Memorial Square.
* Chennai Fort – established near Fort St. George, the chief Secretariat of the state, Close to the commercial hub of Parry's Corner or Broadway.
* Chennai Park – Lies opposite Chennai Central which is a terminus for long distance and suburban trains. Also close to Park Town MRTS station.
* Chennai Egmore – A major terminal of Southern Railways, serving as terminal for south bound and south east bound railroute of Tamil Nadu.
* Mambalam – Lies in the commercial and textile hub of T. Nagar. Halt station for several long-distance express trains.
* [[File:Tambaram railway station.jpg|thumb|A [[Chennai Beach]] bound EMU in its original livery to start from Tambaram]]Guindy – an interchange with Mount Road metro Line (blue line). Close to Guindy Industrial Estate, Guindy National Park, and bus terminus.
* St Thomas Mount – an interchange for 100 feet Road Metro Line (blue and red lines) and MRTS line, Easily accessible to Pallavaram Millitary Cantonment, Military Canteen and Hospital.
* Tirusulam – Lies opposite to Chennai International Airport
* Chromepet – Lies nearby to Chromepet Bus Stand, Madras Institute of Technology and nearby to Saravana Stores
* Tambaram – A terminus for several local suburban trains and a halt for long-distance express trains. Tambaram is also the Southern Gateway of Chennai. Tambaram Railway Station is a 3rd terminal of Chennai city. Several South bound Expresses originate here.
* Perungulathur station which is located on the main intersection junction on GST road which is the major gateway entry to Chennai city and also located proximity to Perungulathur Bus stop and IT Hub nearby. It is also one of the top revenue generating station in entire Southern Railway network.
*Paranur Station which is near to Mahindra world city, home for more than 100 multinational companies including Infosys, Renault Nissan, Wipro and much more. This is the busiest station in Tambaram to Chengalpattu line.
* Chengalpet Junction – A junction with three lines and a halt station for long-distance express trains. From here Suburban EMU Trains towards Kancheepuram and Arakkonam diverges and proceeds their way.

=== West Line ===
{{Main|West Line, Chennai Suburban}}

[[Chennai Beach railway station|Chennai Beach]] – [[Royapuram (Chennai Suburban Railway)|Royapuram]] - [[Washermanpet railway station|Washermanpet]] – [[Moore Market|Chennai Central MMC]] – [[Basin Bridge railway station]] – [[Vyasarpadi Jeeva railway station|Vyasarpadi Jeeva]] – [[Perambur railway station|Perambur]] – [[Perambur Carriage Works railway station|Perambur Carriage Works]] – [[Perambur Loco Works railway station|Perambur Loco Works]] – [[Villivakkam railway station|Villivakkam]] – [[Korattur railway station|Korattur]] – [[Pattaravakkam railway station|Pattaravakkam]] – [[Ambattur railway station|Ambattur]] – [[Thirumullaivoyal railway station|Thirumullaivoyal]] – [[Annanur railway station|Annanur]] – [[Avadi railway station|Avadi]] – [[Hindu College railway station|Hindu College]] – [[Pattabiram railway station|Pattabiram]] – [[Pattabiram West railway station|Pattabiram Military Siding]] – [[Pattabiram East Depot railway station|Pattabiram East Depot]] – [[Nemilichery railway station|Nemilichery]] – [[Thiruninravur railway station|Thiruninravur]] – [[Veppampattu railway station|Veppampattu]] – [[Sevvapet Road railway station|Sevvapet Road]] – [[Putlur railway station|Putlur]] – [[Tiruvallur railway station|Tiruvallur]] – [[Egattur railway station|Egattur]] – [[Kadambattur railway station|Kadambattur]] – [[Senjipanambakkam railway station|Senjipanambakkam]] – [[Manavur railway station|Manavur]] – [[Thiruvalangadu railway station|Thiruvalangadu]] – [[Mosur railway station|Mosur]] – [[Puliyamangalam railway station|Puliyamangalam]] – [[Arakkonam Junction railway station|Arakkonam]] - [[Ichiputtur railway station|Ichiputtur]] – [[Tiruttani railway station|Tiruttani]] - [[Ponpadi railway station|Ponpadi]] - [[Venkatanarasimharajuvaripeta railway station|Venkatanarasimharajuvaripeta]] - [[Nagari railway station|Nagari]] - [[Ekambarakuppam railway station|Ekambarakuppam]] - [[Vepagunta railway station|Vepagunta]] - [[Puttur railway station|Puttur]] - [[Taduku railway station|Taduku]] - [[Sri Venkata Perumal Raju Puram railway station|Sri Venkata Perumal Raju Puram]] - [[Pudi railway station|Pudi]] - [[Renigunta railway station|Renigunda]] - [[Tiruchanur railway station|Tiruchanur]] terminates at [[Tirupati railway station|Tirupati]]

[[Jolarpettai Junction railway station|Jolarpettai]] - [[Kettandapatti railway station|Kettandapatti]] - [[Vaniyambadi railway station|Vaniyambadi]] - [[Vinnamangalam railway station|Vinnamangalam]] - [[Ambur railway station|Ambur]] - [[Pachchakuppam railway station|Pachchakuppam]] - [[Melpadi railway station|Melpadi]] - [[Valathoor railway station|Valathoor]] - [[Mel-Alattur railway station|Mel-Alattur]] - [[Gudiyattam railway station|Gudiyattam]] - [[Kavanoor railway station|Kavanoor]] - [[Virinchipuram railway station|Virinchipuram]] - [[Latteri railway station|Latteri]] - [[Katpadi Junction railway station|Katpadi]] - [[Seevur railway station|Seevur]] - [[Thiruvalam railway station]] - [[Mukundarayapuram railway station|Mukundarayapuram]] - [[Walajah Road railway station|Walajah Road]] - [[Marudhalam railway station|Marudhalam]] - [[Thalangai railway station]] - [[Sholinghur railway station|Sholinghur]] - [[Mahendravady railway station|Mahendravady]] - [[Anavardhikhanpettai railway station|Anavardhikhanpettai]] - [[Chitteri railway station|Chitteri]] - [[Melpakam railway station|Melpakam]] terminates at [[Arakkonam Junction railway station|Arakkonam]]

[[Viluppuram Junction railway station|Viluppuram]] - [[Venkatesapuram railway station|Venkatesapuram]] - [[Teli railway station|Teli]] - [[Mambalapattu railway station|Mambalapattu]] - [[Ayandur railway station|Ayandur]] - [[Mugaiyur railway station|Mugaiyur]] - [[Tirukoilur railway station|Tirukoilur]] - [[Adhichchanur railway station|Adhichchanur]] - [[Andampallam railway station|Andampallam]] - [[Tandarai railway station|Tandarai]] - [[Velanandal railway station|Velanandal]] - [[Tiruvannamalai railway station|Tiruvannamalai]] - [[Turijapuram railway station|Turijapuram]] - [[Agaram Sibbandi railway station|Agaram Sibbandi]] - [[Polur railway station|Polur]] [[Arani Road railway station|Arani Road]] - [[Sedarampattu railway station|Sedarampattu]] - [[Kannamangalam railway station|Kannamangalam]] - [[Vellore Cantonment railway station|Vellore Cantonment]] - [[Vellore Town railway station|Vellore Town]] - [[Katpadi Junction railway station|Katpadi]] - [[Seevur railway station|Seevur]] - [[Thiruvalam railway station|Thiruvalam]] - [[Mukundarayapuram railway station|Mukundarayapuram]] - [[Walajah Road railway station|Walajah Road]] - [[Marudhalam railway station|Marudhalam]] - [[Thalangai railway station|Thalangai]] - [[Sholinghur railway station|Sholinghur]] - [[Mahendravady railway station|Mahendravady]] - [[Anavardhikhanpettai railway station|Anavardhikhanpettai]] - [[Chitteri railway station|Chitteri]] - [[Melpakam railway station|Melpakam]] terminates at [[Arakkonam Junction railway station|Arakkonam]]

* Suburban EMU train services terminate at [[Tiruttani]].
* However, MEMU services run up to Tirupati, Vellore Cantonment, Tiruvannamalai, and Jolarpettai.
*Arakkonam Junction is the important terminus for other trains coming to Chennai.
* Few trains operate from Chennai Beach. These trains from Chennai Beach cover a distance of {{convert|5.64|km}} via [[Royapuram]] and [[Washermanpet]] stations to reach Vysarpadi, beyond which the alignment is the same as the trains from Chennai Central. Most beach-bound trains operate from Arakkonam via Chengalpattu, Tambaram line, which is the southern line.
* There is a separate loop line divided from the Hindu College railway station just after crossing Avadi railway station in the western line. It is called Pattabiram East Depot Railway Station. Suburban trains are available from this station to Chennai Central with a service frequency of one and a half hours.

=== MRTS line ===
{{Main|Chennai MRTS}}

The MRTS line is an exclusive line of the Chennai suburban railway as it runs elevated for most of its section and it was the first elevated non-metro railway line constructed in Indian Railways and it is the longest elevated railway section in Indian Railways at present. Moreover, the route is unique as it is exclusively used to run suburban EMU trains. No Freight, express trains, MEMU trains or passenger trains ply on the MRTS route.

The MRTS currently runs from Chennai Beach to St Thomas Mount where it will intersect with the South line and Metro line (Phase 1 Green line and Phase 2 Red line) will house South line suburban trains at grade level, MRTS trains at level 1 and Metro trains at level 2.

Between Chennai Beach and Park Town, the MRTS alignment runs parallel to the South Suburban line. Beyond this, the MRTS climbs up on a gradient to reach the Chindadripet station which is elevated. The alignment remains elevated till Perungudi beyond which it slopes down to reach the Velachery station which is at grade level and will be elevated back from Velachery to St. Thomas Mount again. Beyond Thirumayilai MRTS station, the entire section is constructed as a Ballastless track till St. Thomas Mount, with exemptions at Velachery due to track crossover. Stations in Chennai MRTS include [[Chennai Beach railway station|Chennai Beach]], [[Chennai Fort (Chennai Suburban Railway)|Chennai Fort]], [[Park Town, Chennai|Park Town]], [[Chintadripet (Chennai MRTS)|Chintadripet]], [[Chepauk (Chennai MRTS)|Chepauk]], [[Triplicane (Chennai MRTS)|Triplicane]], [[Light House (Chennai MRTS)|Light House]], [[Mundakanniamman Koil (Chennai MRTS)|Mundakanniamman Koil]], [[Thirumayilai (Chennai MRTS)|Thirumayilai]], [[Mandaveli (Chennai MRTS)|Mandaveli]], [[Greenways Road (Chennai MRTS)|Greenways Road]], [[Kotturpuram (Chennai MRTS)|Kotturpuram]], [[Kasturba Nagar railway station|Kasturbai Nagar]], [[Indira Nagar (Chennai MRTS)|Indira Nagar]], [[Tiruvanmiyur (Chennai MRTS)|Tiruvanmiyur]], [[Taramani (Chennai MRTS)|Taramani]], [[Perungudi (Chennai MRTS)|Perungudi]], [[Velachery (Chennai MRTS)|Velachery]], [[Puzhuthivakkam railway station|Puzhuthivakkam]] , [[Adambakkam (Chennai MRTS)|Adambakkam]], and [[St. Thomas Mount railway station|St. Thomas Mount]].

=== Circular line ===
At {{convert|232.5|km}}, the Chennai Suburban Railway has the longest circular rail route in India. The circular rail line was proposed in the CMDA SMP.<ref name="Master plan" />

Stations on this route include [[Chennai Beach]], [[Chennai Egmore|Egmore]], [[Tambaram Railway Station|Tambaram]], [[Chengalpattu|Chengalpattu Junction]], [[Kanchipuram]], [[Arakkonam Junction]], [[Kadambathur ]], [[Tiruvallur]], [[Avadi]], [[Vyasarpadi Jeeva (Chennai Suburban Railway)|Vyasarpadi Jeeva]], [[Washermanpet (Chennai Suburban Railway)|Washermanpet]], [[Royapuram Railway Station|Royapuram]], and [[Chennai Beach]].

After finishing the complete the last leg of electrification project Takkolam – Arakkonam stretch, Chennai Beach – Chennai Egmore — Tambaram — Chengalpattu – Kanchipuram – Arakkonam – Tiruvallur – Avadi – Vysarpadi Jeeva — Washermanpet — Royapuram – Chennai Beach became India's longest circular route.

The newly laid electrified line was inspected by the Commissioner of Railway Safety (CRS) on January 25, 2019,

The first train on the circular route ran on 23 April 2019.

Initially, two trains are being operated:
# MSB-MSB via MSB-AVD-TRL-AJJ- KPM-CGL-TBM-MSB
# MSB-MSB via MSB-TBM-CGL-KPM-AJJ-TRL-AVD-MSB

===Defunct lines===
;Villivakkam – Anna Nagar West Railway line

This line is one of the two branch lines of the western line (the other one is Pattabiram east depot line, which is still operational) and gets divided from Villivakkam.

This is one of the two lines that ends within the Chennai city limits (the other one is the MRTS corridor, which is still operational).

Total length of this line from Villivakkam junction to Anna Nagar West railway station is 5 km. This line consist of two stations, namely,

# [[Padi railway station]]
# [[Anna Nagar railway station|Anna Nagar West railway station]]

This railway line is owned by the [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]] for testing its coaches and trail runs. Later it is converted to passenger traffic. This line started its service at 2003 from Chennai Beach to Anna Nagar West via Royapuram, Villivakkam, and Padi. But the train service have been with drawn at 2007 due to many reasons and never restored till date.

Some of the reasons are:

# The construction of the Padi flyover
# Heavy rail traffic as it has a single railway line only
# Poor patronage

Now this line is used by the ICF for trail runs and also used as a parking lots for empty rakes of express trains.

== Current services ==
[[File:Split of suburban train services in Chennai (2013).jpg|right|440px|Split of suburban train services in Chennai (2013)]]

By 2006, the suburban system carried about 500,000 commuters daily,<ref name="Hindu_DelayInLaunchingMRTS">{{cite news
| title = Delay in launch of Tiruvanmiyur-Velachery MRTS service
| location = Chennai
| date = 24 December 2006
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/24/stories/2006122416500400.htm
| access-date = 9 December 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131029215046/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/24/stories/2006122416500400.htm
| archive-date = 29 October 2013
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> which rose to about 700,000 by 2009.<ref name="Hindu_SuburbanStationsNeedMoreFacilities"/> By 2011, this has increased to 960,000 passengers a day.<ref name="Hindu_SuburbanStationsNeedMoreFacilities">{{cite news
| title = Suburban railway stations need more facilities
| location = Chennai
| date = 18 March 2011
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/18/stories/2011031851190300.htm
| access-date = 18 Apr 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131114012102/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/18/stories/2011031851190300.htm
| archive-date = 14 November 2013
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

As of 2006, 24 rakes, each with 9 cars, are operated every day between Tambaram and Chennai Beach, with a plan to increase the fleet to 30 rakes.<ref name="Hindu_DelayInLaunchingMRTS"/>

By the end of 2013, all the 9-unit EMU services in Chennai Beach–Tambaram–Chengalpattu section were expected to be converted into 12-unit services. With this the carrying capacity of the suburban services would be enhanced by another 25 percent.<ref>{{cite news
|last = Venkatasubramanian
|first = V.
|title = Four suburban rail services extended to Kancheepuram
|newspaper = The Hindu
|location = Chennai
|date = 10 December 2013
|url = http://www.samachar.com/Four-suburban-rail-services-extended-to-Kancheepuram-nmkeLjaicbb.html
|access-date = 14 January 2014
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140115091543/http://www.samachar.com/Four-suburban-rail-services-extended-to-Kancheepuram-nmkeLjaicbb.html
|archive-date = 15 January 2014
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

As of 2017, a total of 1,180,000 passengers use the suburban services every day, including 400,000 in the western route, 560,000 in the southern route, 120,000 in the northern route, and 100,000 in the MRTS route.<ref name="Hindu_PoorPublicTransLeavesOnSlowLane">{{Cite news
| last = Srikanth
| first = R.
| title = Poor public transport leaves them on slow lane
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 27 June 2017
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/poor-public-transport-leaves-them-on-slow-lane/article19151343.ece
| access-date = 2 July 2017
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191226133009/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/poor-public-transport-leaves-them-on-slow-lane/article19151343.ece
| archive-date = 26 December 2019
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

===West line===
Chennai Central via Vysarpadi Junction and Avadi (destined to any of Pattabiram, Tiruvallur, Kadambattur, Arakkonam, Tirutani and Tirupathi): 90 services of which there are only three fast suburban locals on this route.
* From any of these source terminal stations to Chennai Central UP: 91 services. Of this only four are fast trains.
* Chennai Beach via WST-Vysarpadi DOWN:24 services of which only one is a fast local.
* In return to Chennai Beach UP: 25 services of which two are fast.
* Total for WEST Line = 229 services (towards suburbs = 151; towards MAS/MSB = 116)

===South Line===
* Chennai Beach via Egmore (to destined to any of Tambaram, Chengalpattu, Tirumalpur, Kanchipuram, Arakkonam): 121 services (weekdays). Of this only four are fast trains.
* South Line terminals to Chennai Beach UP:119 services (weekdays). Of this only eight are fast trains
* Total for South line = 240 services weekday (121 towards suburbs, 119 towards beach)

===North Line===
* Chennai Central via Korukkupet (to destined to any of Ennore, Gummidipundi, Sullurupeta): 37 services
* Return direction to MAS UP: 37 services
* No differentiation w.r.t Sundays.
* No fast trains
* Chennai Beach via Royapuram, Washermanpet, Korukupet Junction and beyond DOWN: four train services only.
* Return direction to MSB UP: five train services only.
* Total for North line = 83 services (41 towards suburbs, 42 towards MAS/MSB)

===MRTS Line===
As of 2026

A total of 96 electric train services will operate on this corridor: [https://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=78856]
* Chennai Beach to St Thomas Mount DOWN: 43 services
* STM to MSB UP: 43 services
* MSB - VLCY (UP & DOWN) : 4 pairs
* VLCY - STM (UP & DOWN) : 6 pairs
* Total for MRTS line = 86 services weekday (43 in each direction)
* There are slow trains on the MRTS line too

===Unusual services===
* On Korukkupet-Vysarpadi Line: three (two inbound and one return)
* Avadi to Ennore (without touching Basin Bridge Jn and MAS) via Korukkupet directly to Vysarpadi Jeeva
* Similarly there is a Tiruvallur to Ponneri (and reverse) (without touching Basin Bridge Jn and MAS) via Korukkupet directly to Vysarpadi Jeeva
*. One daily service from Chennai beach to Chennai Central station in the evening only one way.

== Interchange stations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S.No. !! Station !! Status !! Connections !! Details
|-
| 1 || Chennai Beach || Existing interchange station || North line, West line, South line and MRTS line || Chennai Beach station is close to Chennai Harbour. It is a terminal station for few of the North and West bound suburban trains and a terminal station for all south line and MRTS line suburban trains.
|-
| 2 || Chennai Fort || Existing interchange station || MRTS line, South line, [[Chennai Metro#Lines|Blue Metro Line]] || Chennai Fort is close to the commercial hub of Parry's corner and Broadway. It is a common station for MRTS line and South suburban line. High court station of the [[Chennai Metro#Lines|Blue line]] of upcoming Metro rail is near Fort suburban railway station
|-
| 3 || Chennai Central || Existing interchange station || North line, West line, MRTS line, South line, [[Chennai Metro#Lines|Green and Blue Metro Lines]] || Chennai Central's main building is a terminal for outstation express trains and mails. Chennai Central's Moore Market Complex is a terminal for suburban trains on North and West lines. Park station of South line and Park Town station of MRTS line lie opposite to Chennai Central on the Poonamalle High Road. Both the lines of the upcoming metro rail passes through Chennai Central Metro station which is underneath the Poonamalle High Road.
|-
| 4 || Park || Existing interchange station || MRTS,South line, North Line, West line, [[Chennai Metro#Lines|Green and Blue Metro Lines]] || Park is a suburban station on the south line while Park Town is a station on the MRTS line. Both stations are nearby and are also opposite to Chennai Central.
|-
| 5 || Guindy || Existing interchange station || [[Chennai Metro#Lines|Blue Metro Line]], South suburban line || The Guindy metro station lies abutting the Guindy suburban railway station
|-
| 6 || St. Thomas Mount || Existing interchange station || South Suburban line, MRTS line, [[Chennai Metro#Lines|Green Metro Line]] || The MRTS line and Metro line 2 is housed in different floors of a common station complex, which lies abutting the existing south line suburban railway station. MRTS is being extended from Velachery to St Thomas Mount
|-
| 7 || Chengalpet Junction || Existing interchange station || || Chengalpet is beyond the suburbs of Chennai, {{convert|60|km}} away from the urban precinct or downtown. Three lines from Melmaruvathur, Tambaram and Thirmalpur converge at Chengalpet Junction. Chengalpet Junction is also a halt for long-distance express trains and mails.
|-
| 8 || Egmore || Existing interchange Station || || Egmore is also an interchange station for metro and mainline express southbound station.
|}

==New lines==
[[File:ChennaiEMUold.JPG|thumb|Unrefurbished EMU passing bridge over [[Ennore Creek]]]]

The following new lines have been proposed in the Second Master Plan by CMDA as a long-term urban transportation scheme.<ref name="Master plan">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume1_English_PDF/Vol1_Chapter04_Transport.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=19 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183726/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume1_English_PDF/Vol1_Chapter04_Transport.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

* [[Avadi]] – [[Sriperumbudur]] – [[Kanchipuram]]
* [[Saidapet]] – [[Sriperumbudur]] – [[Kanchipuram]] (Partly Elevated)
* [[Sriperumbudur]] – [[Oragadam]] – [[Chengalpattu]]
* [[Kelambakkam]] – [[Vandalur]]
* [[St.Thomas Mount]] – [[Porur]]
* [[Avadi railway station|Avadi]] - [[Sriperumbudur]] - [[Irungattukottai|Irugattukottai]] - [[Guduvancheri railway station|Guduvancheri]] ( DRP under preparing )

The Avadi–Sriperumbudur line will cover a distance of {{convert|26.65|km}} at a cost of {{INR}} 2,550 million. The railways also plan to lay a {{convert|179|km|adj=on}} Perungudi–Cuddalore railway line via Mahabalipuram.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Ayyappan
| first = V.
| title = Chennai waiting for Metro rail
| location = Chennai
| date = 29 August 2008
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-29/chennai/27910143_1_chennai-metro-rail-southern-railway-washermanpet
| access-date = 2 February 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140203211806/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-29/chennai/27910143_1_chennai-metro-rail-southern-railway-washermanpet
| archive-date = 3 February 2014
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

===Comprehensive Transportation Study===
The following new lines have been proposed in the Comprehensive Transportation Study of the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/28/stories/2010022850220100.htm |title=Front Page : Big plans for transport infrastructure for Chennai |date=28 February 2010 |access-date=24 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219034513/http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/28/stories/2010022850220100.htm |archive-date=19 February 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref> These lines will provide a circumferential travel network for the city.

* [[Perungudi]] – [[Sholinganallur]] – Scrapped due to metro rail project
* [[Mamallapuram]] – [[Chengalpattu]] – Pending
* [[Chengalpattu]] – [[Tindivanam]] – Considering extending some Chengalpattu bound EMUs to Tindivanam
* [[Korattur]] – [[Sholinganallur]] – Scrapped due to metro rail project

==Fares and ticketing==
Per the 2013 [[Railway Budget]], the railway increased the Chennai suburban ticket fare by eight paise per kilometre, although the railway ministry has hiked it by two paise per kilometre. The number of fare schedules has also been reduced to four—{{INRConvert|5|}},{{INRConvert|10|}}, {{INRConvert|15|}} and {{INRConvert|20|}}—from the eight tables earlier. Also ticket denominations have been rounded off to multiples of {{INRConvert|5|}}. As per the revised rates, a person traveling up to {{convert|20|km}} will have to pay {{INRConvert|5|}}, between {{convert|21|and|45|km}} {{INRConvert|10|}}, between {{convert|46|and|70|km}} {{INRConvert|15|}} and between {{convert|71|and|100|km}} {{INRConvert|20|}}.<ref name="DC_2013FareHike">{{cite news
| last = Karthikeyan
| first = K.
| title = Passengers outraged at suburban rail fare hike
| newspaper = Deccan Chronicle
| location = Chennai
| date = 27 January 2013
| url = http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130127/news-current-affairs/article/passengers-outraged-suburban-rail-fare-hike
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230819081020/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/130127/news-current-affairs/article/passengers-outraged-suburban-rail-fare-hike
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 19 August 2023
| access-date = 3 February 2013}}</ref>

In 2012 (January–December), the Chennai division of Southern Railway zone generated {{INRConvert|142.9|m}} through penalties imposed on ticketless and irregular travellers, which is marginally higher than {{INRConvert|136|m}} generated during the previous fiscal (April 2011–March 2012).<ref>{{cite news
| last = Karthikeyan
| first = K.
| title = Rs 14.29 cr penalty from ticketless travellers
| newspaper = Deccan Chronicle
| location = Chennai
| date = 4 January 2013
| url = http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130104/news-current-affairs/article/rs-1429-cr-penalty-ticketless-travellers
| access-date = 7 January 2013
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130107015616/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130104/news-current-affairs/article/rs-1429-cr-penalty-ticketless-travellers
| archive-date = 7 January 2013
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

==Rolling stock==
{{Expand section|date=September 2012}}
[[File:Chennai Suburban Train Inside.jpg|thumb|Interior of a Chennai Suburban train]]

The current rolling stock is the broad-gauge WAU-4 built in the [[Integral Coach Factory]] of Chennai, to replace the YAU-x (x=1, 2, 3, 4) series meter gauge EMUs that ran till 2004 (on the South Line; they were also built by the [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]]), which in turn were made to replace wooden-bodied rakes built by the British manufacturer [[Metro-Cammell]]. Electrical equipment and motors were provided by the Japanese manufacturers [[Toshiba]] and [[Hitachi]]. All trains have a maximum speed of {{convert|100|km/h}} and typically run in nine- or 12-coach formations. They were originally delivered in a cream and brown livery though they have been modernised in recent years. Most notably the brown stripe has been changed to green and the front end design has changed on some trains, as well as the addition of electronic destination displays. Like most suburban trains around India, they have manually operated sliding doors which are often left open. As with most suburban railways around India, trains have designated women's cars and compartments. There have also been women-only trains which run occasionally. Trains do not have gangways/vestibules between cars. Modernised versions of the WAU-4 stock also run on the suburban rail systems of other notable cities like [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|Mumbai]], [[Delhi Suburban Railway|Delhi]], [[Kolkata Suburban Railway|Kolkata]], [[Pune Suburban Railway|Pune]] and [[Hyderabad MMTS|Hyderabad]].

The current WAU-4 rolling stock includes ICF rakes, BEML rakes and Siemens rakes (MRVC look-alikes).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trainspo.com/model/698/|title = WAU-4 — Trainspo}}</ref> However, newer 3-Phase Medha EMUs have also been introduced to ply along the routes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cheers for a new three-phase EMU train |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cheers-for-a-new-three-phase-emu-train/article22837362.ece |work=The Hindu|date=23 February 2018 |last1=Venkat |first1=Vaishali R. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trainspo.com/class/10538/|title=IR MEDHA EMU — Trainspo}}</ref>
On April 19, 2025, after extensive research and planning, Southern Railways introduced Air-Conditioned Suburban Trains to ply on the South (MSB-CGL) Line. These trains are based on the Medha rakes (Similar to Mumbai's AC Local), but with Automatic doors and Air-Conditioned and interconnected (articulated) carriages.<ref>{{cite news|title=Southern Railway introduces AC EMU Service in Chennai Suburban network First service of AC EMU commences operation in Chennai Beach - Chengalpattu section today|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=17850&id=0,4,268}}</ref>

==Maintenance==
The suburban network has EMU car sheds at Avadi, Tambaram and Velachery where maintenance of EMUs is done. Electrical loco sheds of the Southern Railway are located at Royapuram, Arakkonam and Erode where maintenance of electrical locomotives is done. It also has workshops at Perambur Carriage Works and Perambur Loco Works where periodical overhauling of coaching stock is done. Periodical overhauling of electrical rolling stock is done at Perambur Loco Works and the EMU car sheds at Avadi and Tambaram.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Implementation of Right to Information Act 2005
| publisher = Southern Railway
| url = http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,372,434,440
| access-date = 9 December 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130120213026/http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,372,434,440
| archive-date = 20 January 2013
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

==Accidents and incidents==
{{Expand section|date=September 2012}}
On 29 April 2009, a suburban EMU train from [[Moore Market Complex|Chennai Central suburban terminal]] was hijacked by an unidentified man, who rammed it with a stationary goods train at [[Vyasarpadi Jeeva railway station]], killing four passengers and injuring 11 others. A major portion of the platform at the station, a footbridge and the railway track were damaged by the collision.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Vijaya Kumar
| first = S.
| author2 = S. Vydhianathan
| title = Hijack leads to train collision, 4 die
| location = Chennai
| date = 30 April 2009
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/30/stories/2009043058200100.htm
| access-date = 22 September 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090601020610/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/30/stories/2009043058200100.htm
| archive-date = 1 June 2009
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> The train was scheduled to start at 5:15 am but started at 4:50 am by the perpetrator.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Bizarre Rail Accident in Chennai Kills 4
| newspaper = Outlook India
| location = Chennai
| publisher = OutlookIndia.com
| date = 29 April 2009
| url = http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=659124
| access-date = 22 September 2012
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140416175943/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=659124
| archive-date = 16 April 2014
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref> The speed of the EMU train at the time of the collision was estimated to be {{convert|92|km/h}}. There were approximately 35 passengers on board at the time of the accident.<ref>{{cite news
| title = 7 killed in train accident in vysarpadi chennai (Tamil Nadu)
| newspaper = India Today
| location = Chennai
| publisher = IndiaToday.in
| date = 29 April 2009
| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/7-killed-in-train-accident-in-tamil-nadu-45948-2009-04-28
| access-date = 22 September 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140416180709/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/7+killed+in+train+accident+in+Tamil+Nadu/1/39342.html
| archive-date = 16 April 2014
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

===Accident rates===
Of the entire stretch of the South line, the [[Guindy]]–[[Chengalpet]] suburban section, comprising 17 stations, suffers from more fatal accidents with about 30 people a month,<ref>{{cite news
| last = Madhavan
| first = D.
| title = 402 deaths on suburban tracks in 2011
| location = Chennai
| date = 5 December 2011
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-05/chennai/30477246_1_crore-subway-southern-railway-railway-police
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130216074711/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-05/chennai/30477246_1_crore-subway-southern-railway-railway-police
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 16 February 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 19 January 2013}}</ref> peaking at the [[Chromepet]]–[[Tambaram]] stretch with at least 15 accidents a month as of 2011.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Madhavan
| first = D.
| title = Pedestrians still cross tracks at Tambaram
| newspaper = The Times of India epaper
| location = Chennai
| date = 27 August 2011
| url = http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQ0gvMjAxMS8wOC8yNyNBcjAwNTAx
| access-date = 16 October 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120910232106/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQ0gvMjAxMS8wOC8yNyNBcjAwNTAx
| archive-date = 10 September 2012
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> Of the 181 people killed on the tracks between Guindy and Chengalpet in 2011, one-fourth were killed on the tracks between Chromepet and Tambaram stations. Almost all of these accidents took place at [[Level crossing|rail-road crossings]]. Measures are being taken to prevent these accidents. Several projects are already under way to convert all the rail-road crossings into Subways or overpasses.<ref name="TOI_NoSubwayStaircases">{{cite news
| last = Madhavan
| first = D.
| title = No subway, staircases at Tambaram, Chromepet put commuters at risk
| location = Chennai
| date = 18 May 2012
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-18/chennai/31765145_1_mudichur-main-road-tambaram-municipality-chairman-limited-use-subway
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130216064002/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-18/chennai/31765145_1_mudichur-main-road-tambaram-municipality-chairman-limited-use-subway
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 16 February 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 19 January 2014}}</ref>

==Security==
In 2013, seven important stations, including [[Chennai Central railway station|MGR Chennai Central]], [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Chennai Egmore]], [[Chennai Beach railway station|Chennai Beach]], [[Tambaram railway station|Tambaram]], [[Mambalam railway station|Mambalam]], [[Tiruvallur railway station|Tiruvallur]] and [[Basin Bridge railway station|Basin Bridge Junction]], in the suburban section were brought under the Integrated Security System (ISS) of the Southern Railway.<ref>{{cite news
| title = 16 cameras to beef up security at Beach station
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 14 August 2013
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/16-cameras-to-beef-up-security-at-beach-station/article5019847.ece
| access-date = 24 Apr 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140424095039/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/16-cameras-to-beef-up-security-at-beach-station/article5019847.ece
| archive-date = 24 April 2014
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name="IBNLive_CCTVSurveillance">{{cite news
| title = Chennai: Suburban railway stations to come under CCTV surveillance
| newspaper = IBN Live
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The New Indian Express
| date = 18 July 2012
| url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/chennai-suburban-railway-stations-to-come-under-cctv-surveillance/272054-62-130.html
| access-date = 14 Jan 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140116065654/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/chennai-suburban-railway-stations-to-come-under-cctv-surveillance/272054-62-130.html
| archive-date = 16 January 2014
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Transport in Chennai]]
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]
* [[Mass Rapid Transit System (Chennai)|Chennai MRTS]]
* [[Arakkonam Junction railway station]]
{{Portal bar|India|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,2,1429 Suburban time table]
* [http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1373015352986-SUBURBAN%20PASSENGER%20FARE%20LIST.pdf Suburban fare list]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110109161238/http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/sr/sutt/index.htm Suburban train codes]
* [http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1373017335193-SUBURBAN%20PASSENGER%20FARE%20LIST-ST.pdf Suburban season ticket – fare list]
* http://erail.in/ChennaiSubUrbanTrains.htm

{{Chennai Topics|left}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}
{{Urban transit in Chennai}}
{{Suburban railways in India}}
{{Indian Railways}}
{{Transport in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Chennai Suburban Railway| ]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1931]]
[[Category:Suburban rail in India]]
[[Category:1931 establishments in India]]

List of companies based in Gurgaon

2026-03-23T08:19:12Z

ErnestLithgow16: further enhanced content for accuracy also and updated info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
This is a '''list of companies based in Gurgaon'''. [[Gurgaon]], also known as Gurugram, is a city in the Indian state of [[Haryana]], located immediately south of the [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]], {{convert|32|km}} southwest of New Delhi and {{cvt|268|km}} southeast of [[Chandigarh]], the capital of both the Indian states of Haryana and Punjab. {{as of|2011}} Gurgaon had a population of 876,969.<ref name="census2011coin">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/46-gurgaon.html|title=Gurgaon City Census 2011 data|accessdate=2016-05-26}}</ref> Witnessing rapid urbanisation, Gurgaon has become a leading financial and industrial hub with the highest [[per capita income]] in India.<ref name=percapita3>{{cite news |last=Julka |first= Harsimran |title=IT firms looking beyond Gurgaon, Noida, Greater Noida to other cities in north India |url= http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-30/news/30228817_1_gurgaon-satellite-towns-noida|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130427165645/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-30/news/30228817_1_gurgaon-satellite-towns-noida|url-status= dead|archive-date= 27 April 2013|accessdate=2 October 2013 |newspaper= The Economic Times |date= 30 September 2011 |agency= ET Bureau}}</ref>

== Companies based in Gurgaon==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Agilus Diagnostics]]
* [[Air India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.airindia.com/in/en/corporate-information.html|title=Corporate Information|publisher=Air India|access-date=2025-06-19|quote=Registered Office Address: Block-4, Vatika One on One, Sector-16, NH-48 Industrial Estate, Gurugram HR 122007 INDIA|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907151434/https://www.airindia.com/in/en/corporate-information.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Amartex]]
* [[Amdocs]]
* [[Apollo Tyres]]
* [[Aristocrat Leisure]]
* [[Artemis Hospital]]
* [[Aviva India]]
* [[Ballarpur Industries]]
* [[Meenakshi Sargogi|Balrampur Chini Mills]]
* [[Bharti Airtel]]
* [[Blinkit]]
* [[BluSmart]]
* [[Ciena]]
* [[Colt Technology Services]]
* [[Comviva]]
* [[Delhivery]]
* [[DLF (company)|DLF]]
* [[DreamFolks]]
* [[Dunzo]]
* [[Eicher Motors]]
* [[Employees' State Insurance|Employees State Insurance Corporation]]
* [[Engineers India]]
* [[English Indian Clays|English Indian Clays Ltd (EICL)]]
* [[FabFurnish]]
* [[FabHotels]]
* [[Fortis Healthcare]]
* [[Freecharge]]
* [[Goibibo]]
* [[Hero MotoCorp]]
* [[Housing.com]]
* [[Hughes Systique Corporation]]
* [[Hyundai Motor India]]
* [[Ibibo]]
* [[ICRA Limited]]
* [[Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services|IL&FS Technologies Limited]]
* [[Indiabulls]]
* [[Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative]]
* [[IndiGo]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goindigo.in/contact-us.html|title=Contact us|publisher=[[IndiGo]]|accessdate=2025-06-19|quote=Corporate Office Third floor, Emaar Capital Tower 2, Mehrauli - Gurgaon Road, Gurugram, Haryana – 122002}}</ref>
* [[Indus Towers]]
* [[Info Edge]]
* [[ixigo]]
* [[IYogi]]
* [[Jabong.com]]
* [[Jaquar]]
* [[Maruti Suzuki|JBM Group (Jay Bharat Maruti Ltd.)]]
* [[Jindal Stainless Limited|Jindal Stainless]]
* [[Jindal Steel and Power]]
* [[Lemon Tree Hotels]]
* [[Lenskart]]
* [[Limeroad]]
* [[Lybrate]]
* [[MakeMyTrip]]
* [[Mankind Pharma]]
* [[Mavenir]]
* [[Max Healthcare]]
* [[Max Life Insurance]]
* [[Medanta]]
* [[Mettl]]
* [[Micromax Informatics]]
* [[MobiKwik]]
* [[MullenLowe Lintas Group]]
* [[NIIT]]
* [[NTT Data]]
* [[Oyo Rooms]]
* [[Paper Boat]]
* [[Paras Healthcare]]
* [[Policybazaar]]
* [[Power Grid Corporation of India]]
* [[Pristyn Care]]
* [[Punj Lloyd]]
* [[PVR Cinemas]]
* [[Raheja Developers]]
* [[RailTel]]
* [[Ranbaxy Laboratories]]
* [[Rapido (company)|Rapido]]
* [[ReNew Power]]
* [[Revv Cars]]
* [[Rail India Technical and Economic Service|RITES]]
* [[Roposo]]
* [[REC Limited|Rural Electrification Corporation]]
* [[Satya Paul]]
* [[SBI Cards]]
* [[Shalimar Paints]]
* [[ShopClues]]
* [[Shuttl]]
* [[Snapdeal]]
* [[SpiceJet]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://corporate.spicejet.com/ContactUsInv.aspx|title=Contact Information|publisher=[[SpiceJet]]|access-date=2025-06-19|quote=Legal & Company Affairs SpiceJet Limited, 319, Udyog Vihar, Phase IV, Gurgaon- 122 016 Haryana, India}}</ref>
* [[SRF Limited]]
* [[Sterlite Technologies]]
* [[Stryker Corporation|Stryker]]
* [[Su-Kam Power Systems]]
* [[Tejas Networks]]
* [[Tex Corp]]
* [[Times Internet]]
* [[Tower Research]]
* [[Transport Corporation of India]]
* [[Varun Beverages]]
* [[Verint Systems]]
* [[WAPCOS Limited]]
* [[Xerox India]]
* [[Yatra (company)|Yatra]]
* [[Yebhi]]
* [[Zomato]]
* [[Zostel]]
* [[ZS Associates]]
{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{portal|Companies|India|Lists}}
* [[List of companies based in Hyderabad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Companies based in Gurgaon| 01]]
[[Category:Lists of companies of India by city|Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Haryana-related lists|companies based in Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Gurgaon]]

Sengalam

2026-03-14T07:22:11Z

ErnestLithgow16:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Sengalam_official_poster.jpg
| caption = Sengalam official poster
| genre = [[Political cinema|Political]] [[Crime thriller|Thriller]]
| director = S. R. Prabhakaran
| writer = [[S. R. Prabhakaran]]
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vani Bhojan]]
* [[Kalaiyarasan]]
}}
| country = India
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 
| language = Tamil
| music = [[Dharan Kumar]]
| cinematography = Vetrivel Mahendran
| editor = Biju V Don Bosco
| producer = Abinesh Elangovan
| runtime = 25-30 minutes
| company = Abi and Abi Productions
| network = [[ZEE5]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|03|24|df=yes}}
| last_aired =
}}

'''''Sengalam''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] [[Political cinema|political]] [[Crime thriller|thriller]] streaming Web-series written and directed by [[S. R. Prabhakaran]] for [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{cite web |date=18 March 2023|title=செங்களம் எனும் இணையத் தொடர்|url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/150847|website=www.virakesari.lk|language=ta}}</ref> The show producer by Abinesh Elangovan under the banner of Abi and Abi Productions.

The principal characters of the series include [[Vani Bhojan]] and [[Kalaiyarasan]].<ref>{{cite web |date=18 March 2023|title=The official trailer of Kalaiyarasan & Vani Bhojan's new web series is promising!|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kalaiyarasan-vani-bhojan-new-web-series-sengalam-zee5-official-trailer-release-review-latest-update-tamil-news-334367|website=www.indiaglitz.com|language=en}}</ref> The nine episodic series is premiere on [[ZEE5]] on 24 March 2023.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 March 2023|title=Sengalam OTT Release Date : When and Where To Watch |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/top-listing/sengalam-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-5-1228.html|website=www.filmibeat.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 March 2023|title=அரசியல் திரில்லராக உருவாகியுள்ள 'செங்களம்' இணையத் தொடர்! - மார்ச் 24 ஆம் தேதி ஜீ5 தளத்தில் வெளியாகிறது|url=https://www.cinemainbox.com/new-cinemadetail/political-thriller-web-series-sengalam-release-in-zee-5-8880.html|website=www.cinemainbox.com|language=ta}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vani Bhojan]] as Surya Kala
* [[Kalaiyarasan]] as Rayar
* [[Sharath Lohithaswa]] as Sivagnyanam
* [[Manasa Radhakrishnan]] as Mathiyarasi
* Shali Nivekas as Naachiyar
* [[Viji Chandrasekhar]] as Velayi
* [[Vela Ramamoorthy]] as Ganesamoorthy MLA
* [[Bagavathi Perumal]] as MLA Personal Assistant
* Muthu Kumar as Ravi Sellappa
* [[Daniel Annie Pope]] as Veera
* [[Arjai]] as Jayaram
* [[Prem Kumar (Tamil actor)|Prem Kumar]] as Natesan
* [[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]] as Rajamanickam
* Gajaraj as Senthamilan
* Rajapandi
* [[Pooja Vaidyanath]] as Maragatham
* [[Kamalesh]] as Maragatham's husband
}}

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#222222 |overall= |season= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |seasonT = Episode |airdateT= Date of Broadcast |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = On the Run
|DirectedBy = SR Prabhakaran
|WrittenBy = SR Prabhakaran
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|24|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Rayar and his brothers are hiding in a forest after committing three murders. Meanwhile in a parallel timeline Rajamanikkam, the 3rd generation chairman is going to marry Suriyakala, the daughter of a businessman. The state party in power devises a strategy to dethrone Rajamanikkam.
|LineColor = 222222
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Honeymoon Journey
|DirectedBy = SR Prabhakaran
|WrittenBy = SR Prabhakaran
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|24|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = When Rayar is on the verge of killing his next Target, the inspector's smart move pushes Rayar into an emotional dilemma. In the parallel timeline, Rajamanikkam re-establishes his power by countering the MLA's plan to overpower him.
|LineColor = 222222
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Revenge
|DirectedBy = SR Prabhakaran
|WrittenBy = SR Prabhakaran
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|24|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Rayar has to save his wife from trouble. In the parallel timeline, the ruling government initiates its plan of action to topple Sivanganam family from chairman post in Rajapalayam. Aware of the plots to dethrone his family, Sivagnanam starts to think of the next successor to the post from within his family.
|LineColor = 222222
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Election Game
|DirectedBy = SR Prabhakaran
|WrittenBy = SR Prabhakaran
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|24|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Rayar is always a step ahead of the cops but danger arrives from someone else. In the parallel timeline, election for the new chairman ends favourable for Sivanyanam. Suriyakala's name emerges
|LineColor = 222222
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Funeral
|DirectedBy = SR Prabhakaran
|WrittenBy = SR Prabhakaran
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|24|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Police plan to catch Rayar and brothers as they are forced to come to their town. In the parallel timeline, the power struggle begins, Suryakala decides that she needs some support to fight her relatives in the power struggle. She chooses a trustworthy aide. Characters from both timeline cross paths.
|LineColor = 222222
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Ruse
|DirectedBy = SR Prabhakaran
|WrittenBy = SR Prabhakaran
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|24|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = The minister gives the cops an ultimatum to the cops who try to capture Rayar though his trusted friend. In the parallel timeline, Naachiyar agrees to sen. Naachiyar is sister of Rayar. Rayar and his brothers travel with Naachiyar to be with Suriyakala.
|LineColor = 222222
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = Oath of Office
|DirectedBy = SR Prabhakaran
|WrittenBy = SR Prabhakaran
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|24|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Rayar interrogates Ravi Chellappa to reveal everything he knows. In the parallel timeline, with the help of Naachiyar's brilliance, Suriyakala successfully challenges her father-in-law.
|LineColor = 222222
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = Conspiracy
|DirectedBy = SR Prabhakaran
|WrittenBy = SR Prabhakaran
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|24|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Suriyakala handles power in an effective way and people are pleased with her. Her growth doesn't go very well with her father in law.
|LineColor = 222222
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9
|Title = Crown
|DirectedBy = SR Prabhakaran
|WrittenBy = SR Prabhakaran
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|03|24|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Suriyakala's secret relationship is revealed while Rayar accomplishes his mission only to realize he is caught before knowing about the mastermind in the process.
|LineColor = 222222
}}
}}

==Development==
===Production===
The series is produced by Abinesh Elangovan under the production house of Abi and Abi Productions, with music composed by [[Dharan Kumar]] and screenplay and director by [[S. R. Prabhakaran]]. S. R. Prabhakaran marked his web series debut with this series.

===Casting===
[[Vani Bhojan]]<ref>{{cite web |date=19 March 2023|title=அரசியல் பிரவேசம் வாய்க்குமா? - வாணி போஜனின் அதிரடி பதில்!|url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/actress-vani-bhojan-speech-in-sengalam-trailer-launch-131679213788953.html|website=tamil.hindustantimes.com|language=ta}}</ref> was cast in the female lead role, [[Kalaiyarasan]]<ref>{{cite web |date=19 March 2023|title=கலையரசன் நடிப்பில் 'செங்களம்' சீரிஸ் ட்ரெய்லர் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.thanthitv.com/latest-news/kalaiyarasan-starrer-sengalam-series-trailer-release-174424|website=www.thanthitv.com|language=ta}}</ref> plays the male lead alongside her.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 March 2023|title=When and Where to watch Kalaiyarasan and Vani Bhojan's political drama|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sengalam-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-kalaiyarasan-and-vani-bhojans-political-drama/69a4bc5fdc974|website=www.ottplay.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Release==
It was announced on Wednesday 18 March 2023 that the series will be released on 24 March 2023 in Tamil and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{cite web |date=19 March 2023|title="செங்களம்" இணைய தொடர் ட்ரெய்லர் வெளியீட்டு விழா - இது ஒரு பொலிடிகல் திரில்லர்: இயக்குநர்|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/ott-platform/ott-news/962644-prabhakaran-talk-about-sengalam-webseries.html|website=www.hindutamil.in|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=16 March 2023|title=South India contributes more than 50% of our total subscription: Zee5's Manish Kalra |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/south-india-contributes-more-than-50-of-our-total-subscription-zee5s-manish-kalra/article66627567.ece|website=www.thehindubusinessline.com|language=en}}</ref> The first Trailer was unveiled on 18 March 2023.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 March 2023|title="சாகும் வரை அரசியல் பேசுவேன்.. ஆனால் கட்சி தொடங்கமாட்டேன்" - இயக்குநர் அமீர் பரபரப்பு பேச்சு|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/director-ameer-talks-about-his-political-stunt-in-sengalam-web-series-trailer-launch-function-107157|website=tamil.abplive.com|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 March 2023|title=Kalaiyarasan's Sengalam trailer out|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/mar/19/kalaiyarasans-sengalam-trailer-out-41248.html|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 March 2023|title=ஓடிடி ரிலீஸ்.. கவனம் ஈர்க்கும் செங்களம் ட்ரெய்லர் - பொறாமைப்பட்ட அமீர்|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/ott/sengalam-web-series-trailer-was-released-streaming-on-march-24-at-zee5-106214.html|website=tamil.filmibeat.com|language=ta}}</ref>

==Reception==
[[The New Indian Express|''Cinema Express'']] rated it 2 {{Fraction|1|2}} out of 5 and commented, "There is no doubt that politics cannot be without the influence of class and caste, and Sengalam subtly brings in these angles in the exploration of how innocent individuals are often caught in the crossfire of devious plots."<ref>{{cite web |date=19 March 2023|title=Sengalam Series Review: Effective performances elevate this predictable tale of power play |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/mar/24/sengalam-series-review-kalaiyarasan-vani-bhojans-effective-performances-elevate-this-predictable-41479.html|website=CinemaExpress|language=en}}</ref> ''SouthFirst'' called it "A riveting political thriller that leaves you wanting more."<ref>{{cite web |date=19 March 2023|title=Sengalam review: A riveting political thriller that leaves you wanting more |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/sengalam-web-series-review/|website=SouthFirst|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id= tt27139477 }}
* [https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/sengalam/0-6-4z5327682 ''Sengalam''] on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language political television series]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]

T. R. Abhilashi Memorial Institute of Engineering and Technology

2026-03-12T23:39:49Z

ErnestLithgow16: creating basic article initial version

{{Short description|Education institution in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date = October 2014}}
{{Infobox university
|name = T. R. Abhilashi Memorial Institute of Engineering and Technology
|motto = विद्या ददाति विनयम्
|mottoeng = Knowledge generates humility
|established = 2009
|type = [[Private university|Private]]
|undergrad = 1500
|postgrad = 50
|city = [[Mandi, India|Mandi]]
|state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|country = [[India]]
|campus = [[Rural area|Rural]], {{convert|18|acre|km2}}
|other_name = Abhilashi Engineering College
|affiliations = [[Himachal Pradesh Technical University]] & [[Himachal Pradesh University]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.himtu.ac.in/list-of-affiliating-engineering-colleges/ |title=Himachal Pradesh Technical University |access-date=25 March 2014 |archive-date=25 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325190150/http://www.himtu.ac.in/list-of-affiliating-engineering-colleges/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[AICTE]]
| chairman = Dr. R. K. Abhilashi
| director = Dr. S. K. Shukla
|website = {{URL|www.tramiet.in}}
}}

'''T. R. Abhilashi Memorial Institute Of Engineering And Technology''' ('''TRAMIET''') is a private engineering institution established in the year 2009, situated in the [[Mandi, India|Mandi]] District of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and affiliated to [[Himachal Pradesh Technical University]] & [[Himachal Pradesh University]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.engineering.careers360.com/tr-abhilashi-memorial-institute-engineering-and-technology-mandi |title=TR Abhilashi Memorial Institute of Engineering and Technology, Mandi |access-date=25 March 2014 |archive-date=25 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325175300/http://www.engineering.careers360.com/tr-abhilashi-memorial-institute-engineering-and-technology-mandi |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
The college was started in 2009 and it took its first batch of students in 3 disciplines then affiliated to the [[Himachal Pradesh University]], [[Shimla]]. Later it came under [[Himachal Pradesh Technical University]] after the latter was formed. It is [[AICTE]] approved.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tramiet 2013 |url=http://www.tramiet.in/download/TRAMIET2013-14%5B2%5D.pdf |website=www.tramiet.in}}</ref>

==Campus==
The institute is located 200 km from [[Chandigarh]] via [[National Highway 21 (India)]], 140 km from [[Shimla]] towards [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]]. It is a residential campus.

===Facilities===
* The college has {{convert|12|acre|m2}} of campus housing the academic departments as well as providing residential facilities to students and faculty. The campus has class rooms, laboratories, drawing hall, workshops, library, conference hall, and student support facilities like hostels, canteen, stationery shop, medical support, transport. It has a playground where all the sporting events take place.

==Organisation and administration==
The college is managed by Abhilashi Educational Society.

==Academics==
===Academic programmes ===
The college imparts [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] accredited undergraduate courses in six streams of engineering:
* [[Civil Engineering]] (Separate Block)
* [[Mechanical Engineering]] (Separate Block Under Construction)
* [[Electrical Engineering]] (Separate Block Under Construction)
* [[Computer Science & Engineering]]
* [[Electronics & Communication Engineering]]

===Admissions===
Students are admitted through counselling based on [[Joint Entrance Examination]] ranks, Himachal Pradesh Common Entrance Test (HPCET) and Management Quotas.

==Student life==
College marks presence of students from different states of India. Most of them belong to the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. There is a student-led organization named UV Club (Unique Vision Club) in the college which is an extra curricular activities organizing club. HillFest is an annual two Day Technical Festival being organized by student's body of the Institute since 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tramiet.in/facilities.php|title=T.R. Abhilsahi Memorial Institute of Engineering and Technology Ner Chowk, Mandi}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=November 2022}}

==See also==
* [[Engineering]]
* [[Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[Himachal Pradesh University]]
* [[AICTE]]
* [[Coalition to Uproot Ragging from Education]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tramiet.in Official website]
* [http://fb.com/tramiet.edu]
* [http://himtu.ac.in HPTU website]

{{coord missing|Himachal Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:T. R. Abhilashi Memorial Institute Of Engineering And Technology}}
[[Category:Private engineering colleges in India]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Education in Mandi district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2009]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

Gyan Mukherjee

2026-03-11T06:46:32Z

ErnestLithgow16:

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gyan Mukherjee
| image = Gyan Mukherji.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Mukherjee in November 1945
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1909|09|30}}
| birth_place = [[Benares]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1956|11|13|1909|09|30}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| years_active = 1930s–1956
| occupation = film director and screenwriter
| known_for =
}}

'''Gyan Mukherjee''' (30 September 1909 – 13 November 1956) was an Indian film director and screenwriter, who worked in [[Hindi cinema]], best known for the hits ''[[Jhoola (1941 film)|Jhoola]]'' (1941) and ''[[Kismet (1943 film)|Kismet]]'' (1943).

== Early life ==
Mukherjee was born on 30 September 1909 in [[Varanasi|Benares]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]] (now [[Uttar Pradesh]]), [[British India]].

==Career==

=== Early career ===
Mukherjee started his career with [[New Theatres]] in [[Calcutta]] (now Kolkata), and subsequently joined [[Bombay Talkies]] as a supervising technician. Soon became a trendsetter of "formula film" starting with first directorial venture ''Geeta'' (1940) based on the theme, "Crime-doesn't-pay", "Boy meets girl" was used in ''[[Jhoola (1941 film)|Jhoola]]'' (1941).<ref name=Ranade2006 />

=== 1943—1956 ===
In 1943, he reused the formula of ''Geeta'' to direct the biggest hit of his career, ''[[Kismet (1943 film)|Kismet]]'' (1943), which also add another formula of "lost-and-found", which remained popular for several decades in Hindi films.<ref name="Ranade2006">{{cite book|author=Ashoka Da Ranade|title=Hindi Film Song: Music Beyond Boundaries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZI1wqkWsIjYC&pg=PA95|access-date=17 June 2013|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Bibliophile South Asia|isbn=978-81-85002-64-4|page=95}}</ref> The film had [[Ashok Kumar]], the leading star of the era, playing an [[anti-hero]] and also appearing in a double role. The film had a strong-anti British sentiment and also featured the noted patriotic song, "Door hato O Duniya walon, Hindustan Hamara Hai" (Leave People of World, India is Ours) by [[Kavi Pradeep]],<ref name="Jaikumar2006">{{cite book|author=Priya Jaikumar|title=Cinema at the End of Empire: A Politics of Transition in Britain and India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pq_kryQIkQkC&pg=PA236|access-date=17 June 2013|date=3 May 2006|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-3793-5|page=236}}</ref><ref name="hindu11">{{Cite web |title = Blast From The Past: Kismet (1943) | url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article2555738.ece | work = The Hindu | date =20 October 2011 | access-date = 19 June 2013 }}</ref> and went on to run at [[Roxy Cinema (Kolkata)|Roxy Cinema]] in Calcutta for 3 years and 8 months.<ref name="Bhattacherje2009">{{cite book|author=S. B. Bhattacherje|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&pg=SL1-PA207|access-date=18 June 2013|date=1 May 2009|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-4074-7|page=1}}</ref><ref name="Gulzar5">[[#Gu|Gulzar, p. 5]]</ref><ref name="SaranAlvi2008"/> Subhash K. Jha has called ''Kismet'' as one of the most influential films of all times" in [[Indian cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |author = Subhash K. Jha |author-link =Subhash K. Jha | title = The ones who dared | url = http://www.sify.com/movies/the-ones-who-dared-news-bollywood-kkfv51dacba.html | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130620041953/http://www.sify.com/movies/the-ones-who-dared-news-bollywood-kkfv51dacba.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 20 June 2013 | website = Sify.com, Movies | date = 20 April 2005 | access-date = 19 June 2013 }}</ref>

After death of [[Himanshu Rai]], founder of [[Bombay Talkies]] Studio in 1940, a group led by producer [[Sashadhar Mukherjee]] along with production controller Rai Bahadur Chunilal,<ref>Father of music composer Madan Mohan.</ref> actor [[Ashok Kumar]] and Mukherjee, broke away to establish the [[Filmistan]] studio in March 1943 at the premises of old Sharada Movietone studios in [[Goregaon]], Mumbai.<ref name="Gulzar593">[[#Gu|Gulzar, p. 593]]</ref><ref>[[#Ka|Kabir, p. 29]]</ref> He retouched the concept of anti-hero in ''Sangram'' (1950), today his works are seen as early depictions of the underworld and the anti-hero in Indian cinema.<ref name="Ranade2006"/>

While working at Bombay Talkies, auteur [[Guru Dutt]] trained under him, though he also assisted [[Amiya Chakravarty (director)|Amiya Chakravarty]], Dutt emulated Mukherjee's formula-based film style in his early films and eventually dedicated his classic, ''[[Pyaasa]]'' (1957) to Mukherjee,<ref name="Ranade2006"/><ref name="SaranAlvi2008">{{cite book|author1=Santhya Saran|author2=Abrar Alvi|title=Ten Years With Guru Dutt: Abrar Alvi's Journey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVD7dajMt3YC&pg=PA37|access-date=17 June 2013|year=2008|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08221-6|page=37}}</ref> Another noted director, who assisted him at Bombay Talkies, was [[Shakti Samanta]], who later made ''[[Aradhana (1969 film)|Aradhana]]'' (1969) and ''[[Amar Prem]]'' (1972).<ref name="timesofindia">{{Cite web | title = Veteran film-maker S Samanta passes away | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-10/mumbai/28044642_1_hindi-films-amar-prem-kati-patang | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121023165914/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-10/mumbai/28044642_1_hindi-films-amar-prem-kati-patang | url-status = dead | archive-date = 23 October 2012 | date =10 April 2009 | work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 17 June 2013 }}</ref>

== Death ==
Mujherjee died on 13 November 1956 in Calcutta (now Kolkata), at the age of 47. Guru Dutt's ''[[Kaagaz Ke Phool]]'' (1959) is considered to be a homage to Mukherjee.<ref name="Miguel2012">{{cite book|author=Helio San Miguel|title=World Film Locations: Mumbai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0_v3jr6TCAC&pg=PA22|year= 2012|publisher=Intellect Books|isbn=978-1-84150-632-6|pages=22}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2"| Year !! rowspan="2"|Film !! colspan="2"|Work
|-
! Direction !! Screenplay
|-
| rowspan="2"|1940 || ''Geeta'' || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Bandhan (1940 film)|Bandhan]]'' ||  || {{Yes}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|1941 || ''[[Jhoola (1941 film)|Jhoola]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
| ''[[Naya Sansar (1941 film)|Naya Sansar]]'' ||  || {{Yes}}
|-
| 1943 || ''[[Kismet (1943 film)|Kismet]]'' || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1944 || ''[[Chal Chal Re Naujawan]]'' || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1950 || ''[[Sangram (1950 film)|Sangram]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
| 1953 || ''Shamsheer '' || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Sardar (1955 film)|Sardar]]'' || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1956 || ''Shatranj (1956 film) '' || {{Yes}} ||
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|author1=Gulzar|author2=Govind Nihalani|author3=Saibal Chatterjee|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT617|year=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-066-5|ref= Gu}}
* {{cite book|author=Nasreen Munni Kabir|title=Guru Dutt: a life in cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zit2BHnq_f4C|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-567233-6|ref=Ka}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0611527}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|22295}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Gyan}}
[[Category:Film directors from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:Artists from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindi-language screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Chhinch

2026-03-07T17:29:21Z

ErnestLithgow16: created initial article w/ infobox...

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2022}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chhinch
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Chheench. brahmpuri
| nickname = Brahmdham Chhinch
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Banswara district|Banswara]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat, Chhinch]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5700
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = [[Languages]] = [[Wagdi language|Wagdi]] [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 327603
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02968
| registration_plate = RJ-03
| blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|0|km|mi}}
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank2_info_sec1 = Banswara, Udaipur
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Banswara
| blank4_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Gram Panchayat, Chhinch
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Even]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|40|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|11|°C|°F}}
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| footnotes =

Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.467|N|74.317|E|display=inline}}
}}

'''Chhinch''' is a village in [[Banswara District]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. The village is home to a temple to Lord Brahma, dating from the 12th Century.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brahma Temple, Cheench |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/statue-of-unity-takes-yet-another-step-to-gain-more-fame/articleshow/70912932.cms |website=Times of India Travel |access-date=22 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The main occupation of the people is agriculture including the production of wheat, maize, and soybeans.

==Brahmaji Mandir Chhinch==

{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Brahmaji Mandir Chhinch
|country =[[India]]
|state =[[Rajasthan]]
|district =[[Banswara]]
| location =Chhinch
|image =
File:BRAHMAJI TEMPLE CHHINCH.jpg
}}
[[Category:Folk deities of Rajasthan]]

==History Of Chhinch Village==

==Place to see==

*Brahmaji Temple, Chhinch (12th century Temple)
*Shirsha Mata (Amba mata)Temple
*Mankameshvar mahadev Temple
*Guru Aashram
*Vahrai mata Temple
*Laxminarayan Temple
*Govardhan Nath Temple
*Ramji Temple
*Radhakrashan Temple
*Mahalaxmi Temple
*Ganesh ji Temple
*Aamaliya Lake
*Bramah Sarovar
*Jwalamukhi mata Temple
*Rin mukteshvar Mahadev Temple
*Ananpurana Mata Temple
*Bhuneshvar Mahadev
*Ranchodray Temple
*Hasthinapur Dham (Lok devta)

[[File:Brahma15.jpg|thumbnail]]

== Demographics==

Chhinch is a large village located in Bagidora of Banswara district, Rajasthan containing 1138 families. The population as of the 2011 census was 5,662 (2936 males, 2726 females).

In Chhinch village population of children with age 0-6 is 771 which makes up 13.62% of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Chhinch village is 928 which is equal than Rajasthan state average of 928. Child Sex Ratio for the Chheench as per census is 853, lower than Rajasthan average of 888.

Chhinch village has higher literacy rate compared to Rajasthan. In 2011, literacy rate of Chhinch village was 76.18% compared to 66.11% of Rajasthan. In Chheench Male literacy stands at 89.64% while female literacy rate was 61.87%.

==References==

{{Reflist}}
http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/99376-chheench-rajasthan.html

[[Category:Cities and towns in Banswara district]]

Shakal Sandhya

2026-03-04T03:45:07Z

ErnestLithgow16: adjusted article based on references further and fixed typos to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shakal Sandhya
| image = ShakalSandhya.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Swapan Saha]]
| producer = Subrato Saha Ray
| writer = Snehashish Chakraborty
| screenplay = Snehashish Chakraborty
| story = [[Vikraman]]
| based_on = ''[[Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen]]'' (Tamil)
| narrator =
| starring = Prosenjit Chatterjee Rachana Banerjee Abhishek Chatterjee Subhasish Mukhopadhyay
| music = [[Ashok Bhadra]]
| cinematography = K V RAMANNA
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2005|04|29|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Shakal Sandhya''''' ({{translation|Morning Evening}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Bengali (language)|Bengali]]-language [[romantic film|romantic]] [[drama (film and television)|drama]] film directed by [[Swapan Saha]]. It stars [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] and [[Rachana Banerjee]], with music composed by [[Ashok Bhadra]].<ref name="main details">{{cite web|title=Shakal Sandhya (2005)|url=http://www.gomolo.com/sakal-sandhya-movie/15401}}</ref> The film is a remake of the 1998 [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]] film ''[[Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen]]''.

== Plot ==
This is a story about an innocent girl Anjali who stayed with her father Binoy Roychowdhury and her stepmother Madhobi. Anjali was a poor girl. On the other hand, a thief, Joy, stole a golden statue of a god with his assistant Bhoja and they take shelter at Anjali's house. Joy stayed three days at Anjali's house and he fell in love with her. Joy came to know about Anjali's past life from her diary. On the other hand Madhobi blamed Anjali as the thief, and threw her out of the home. Joy helped Anjali to become a singer. One day Madhobi realised her fault and came to meet Anjali. Joy convinced every one of Anjali's family to stay with her. Another guy Sandip liked Anjali. Anjali's family fixed her marriage with Sandip. Madhobi blamed Joy as the thief and threw him out of her house. Anjali tried to find Joy. At the moment of a function Anjali told the whole story of her life to the audience and proposed to Joy and accepted him.

== Cast ==
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as Joy
* [[Rachana Banerjee]] as Anjali
* [[Subhasish Mukhopadhyay]] as Bhoja (Joy's Friend)
* [[Abhishek Chatterjee]] as Sandip
* Bodhisattwa Majumdar as Binoy Roy Choudhury, Anjali's father
* [[Bhaswar Chattopadhyay]]
* [[Kanchan Mullick]] as Bheema, the local goon
* Premjit Mukherjee as News Anchor
* [[Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay]] as Madhobi Roy Choudhury, Anjali's step-mother
* [[Shantilal Mukherjee]]

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shakal Sandhya
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ashok Bhadra]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 28:44
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| label = [[Eskay Movies|Eskay Music]]
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
| {{YouTube|CX1UuSbyewE&t|Shakal Sandhya - Full Album}}
}}}}

The music of the film is composed by [[Ashok Bhadra]]. Lyrics are written by Goutam Sushmit.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Akashe Surjo Othe
| length1 = 4:41
| extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| title2 = Kichhu Kichhu Kotha
| length2 = 5:04
| extra2 = [[Alka Yagnik]]
| title3 = Gane Gane Sobar
| length3 = 4:25
| extra3 = Sadhana Sargam
| title4 = Ami Hero Hobo
| length4 = 4:49
| extra4 = [[Kumar Sanu]]
| title5 = Mon Meteche Mon
| length5 = 4:30
| extra5 = Udit Narayan, Sadhana Sargam
| title6 = Kichhu Kichhu Kotha (Male)
| length6 = 5:15
| extra6 = [[Udit Narayan]]
| total_length = 28:44
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4245432}}

{{Swapan Saha}}
[[Category:2005 Indian films]]
[[Category:2005 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2005 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali remakes of Tamil films]] [[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Swapan Saha]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

{{2000s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Paras (1971 film)

2026-03-03T23:33:01Z

ErnestLithgow16: Started new details.

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paras
| image =
| caption =
| director = C.P Dixit
| producer = {{ubl|N.N Sippy|M.A Madhu}}
| writer = [[S. M. Abbas]]
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sanjeev Kumar]]|[[Raakhee]]|[[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]]|[[Farida Jalal]]|[[Shatrughan Sinha]]}}
| music = [[Kalyanji Anandji]]
| cinematography = K.H Kapadia
| editing = {{ubl|Waman Bhosle|Guru Dutt}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1971|07|06|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}
'''Paras''' is a 1971 Indian Hindi-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by C.P Dixit<ref>{{Cite news |title=ParasU |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/paras/movieshow/61344833.cms |access-date=2024-03-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> starring [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Raakhee]], [[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]], [[Farida Jalal]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]] and [[Madan Puri]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Paras (1971) |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/paras-1971-hindi-movie |access-date=2024-03-22 |publisher=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Songs booklet of Hindi Film - Paras (1971 film) |url=http://archive.org/details/scan0002_20210807 |access-date=2024-03-22}}</ref>

==Plot==
Dharam Singh is an honest farmer in rural India, and lives with his sister, Bela, who is now of marriageable age. One day both brother and sister witness a murder, and haul the killer to the nearest police station, where the killer is charged, arrested, and held for court. The killer is none other than the powerful and influential Arjun Singh's brother. When Arjun learns that Dharam and Bela are the only witnesses to this murder, he attempts to bribe them, albeit in vain, and his brother is sentenced to be hanged. In order to escape Arjun's wrath, Dharam relocates to the city, to earn a living, and thereby help his sister get married. Arjun sets fire to Dharam's house in the village, abducts Bela, and attempts to rape her, but she escapes, and searches for Dharam. After several months, she spots Dharam in the city in the company of a rich woman, Barkha. When she approaches Dharam, he refuses to recognize her, and has nothing to do with her.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-07 |title=Paras {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/paras |access-date=2024-03-22 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Sanjeev Kumar]] as Dharam Singh
* [[Raakhee]] as Barkha Singh
* [[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]] as Munna Sarkar
* [[Farida Jalal]] as Bela Singh
* [[Shatrughan Sinha]] as Thakur Arjun Singh
* [[Madan Puri]] as Thakur Prithvi Singh
* [[Mukri]] as Manager
* [[Murad (actor)|Murad]] as Judge
* [[Viju Khote]] as Munna Sarkar friend

==Music==
The film's music was composed by the duo [[Kalyanji Anandji]] and the film's songs were written by [[Indeevar]], [[Qamar Jalalabadi]] and [[Verma Malik]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paras Movie Trailer, Star Cast, Release Date, Box Office, Movie Review {{!}} Paras Movie budget and Collection {{!}} Paras |url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/movie/paras-2 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=indianfilmhistory.com |language=en}}</ref>

#"Gali Gali Aur Gaon Gaon Me Pito Aaj Dhindhora" – [[Kishore Kumar]]
#"Man Mera Tujhko Mange, Dur Dur Tu Bhage" – [[Suman Kalyanpur]]
#"Tere Honthon Ke Do Phul Pyaare Pyaare" – [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
#"Sajna Ke Samne Main To Rahungi Chup" – [[Asha Bhosle]]
#"O Jugni Kehti Hai Baat Pate Ki, Yaad Rakhna Ye" – Asha Bhosle
#"Suno Saathiyon, Sacchai Se Bad Kar Dharm Nhi Koi Duja" – Asha Bhosle, [[Mahendra Kapoor]]

==Awards and nominations==
* [[Filmfare Best Comedian Award]] for [[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for [[Farida Jalal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0246842}}

[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:1971 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kalyanji Anandji]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Yadavs in Bihar

2026-02-23T12:12:14Z

ErnestLithgow16: basic refined section for accuracy and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian caste}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox caste
|caste_name=Bihari Yadav|languages={{unbulleted list|[[Hindi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Bajjika]], [[Magahi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]] & [[Angika]]}}|religions=[[Hindu]]|state=[[Bihar]]|region=[[East India]]}}
'''Yadavs in Bihar''' refers to the people of [[Yadav]] community of the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Yadav |first1=Kripal Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn3aAAAAMAAJ&q=ahir+yadav+bihar |title=India's Unequal Citizens: A Study of Other Backward Classes |last2=Singh |first2=Rajbir |date=1994 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-069-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Makhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&dq=majraut+goria&pg=PA34 |title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective |date=1997 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-034-4 |language=en}}</ref> They are also known by other names such as [[Ahir]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malik |first=S. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8vCaEAAAQBAJ&dq=ahirs+in+bihar&pg=PT197 |title=Indian Movements: Some Aspects of Dissent Protest and Reform |date=2022-11-08 |publisher=DK Printworld (P) Ltd |isbn=978-81-246-1123-4 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Yadav]]s form nearly 14.26 % of the state's population and are included in the [[Other Backward Class]] category in the [[Bihar]] state of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar Elections 2015: In Yadav strongholds, Lalu's charm still endures|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-bihar-elections-2015-in-yadav-strongholds-lalu-s-charm-still-endures-2141744|access-date=2022-02-24|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

==Origin and history==
=== Origin ===
In the [[Census in British India|1931 census of India]], the Ahirs and several other pastoral and cow-keeping communities such as Goalas and Gopas began to adopt the collective identity of ''Yadav'' or ''Yadubansi'', claiming descent from the ancient [[Yadava|Yadu tribe]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pinch|first=William R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEP-ceGYsnYC&pg=PA91|title=Peasants and Monks in British India|date=1996-06-18|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91630-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkkK6SZOo_gC&pg=PA1551 |title=People of India: Uttar Pradesh |date=2005 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-7304-114-3 |pages=1551 |language=en |quote=These Ahir of past, now identify themselves as Yadav or Yadubansi and to support this claim use the surname, Yadav, and thus try to distinguish themselves from other constituent groups forming the large Ahir caste.}}</ref><ref name="Hutton1969"/> Anthropologist J. H. Hutton noted that this process involved an attempt to project a noble origin, which he regarded as "of extremely doubtful authenticity".<ref name="Hutton1969">{{cite book|last=Hutton|first=John Henry|author-link=John Henry Hutton|title=Caste in India: its nature, function and origins|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3_YNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA113|year=1969|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=113|quote=In a not dissimilar way the various cow-keeping castes of northern India were combining in 1931 to use the common term of Yadava for their various castes, Ahir, Goala, Gopa, etc., and to claim a Rajput origin of extremely doubtful authenticity.}}</ref>

===History===
The Ahir tribe was the dominant group in the Bihar section of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Gangetic valley]] during the later prehistoric period. The Ahiri country extended from around [[Varanasi|Banaras]] eastward to the [[Kosi River]], primarily lying north of the Ganges.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chattopadhyaya |first=Haraprasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DsvpAAAAIAAJ&q=ahiri |title=Internal Migration in India: A Case Study of Bengal |date=1987 |publisher=K.P. Bagchi & Company |isbn=978-81-7074-008-7 |pages=531 |language=en}}</ref>
====List of dynasties, chieftaincy and zamindari====
In [[Bihar]], there were many zamindars belonging to [[Yadav]] (Ahir) community.<ref name=":1" /> These [[Zamindar|zamindars]] belonged to the difficult geographical regions, mostly diara land of the rivers. In the diara regions their rule continued with the help of their militia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barik |first=Radhakanta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGNuAAAAMAAJ&q=Militia+Kurmi |title=Land and Caste Politics in Bihar |date=2006 |publisher=Shipra Publications |isbn=978-81-7541-305-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Congress |first=Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfltAAAAMAAJ&q=ahir+ |title=Proceedings |date=1997 |publisher=Indian History Congress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fDUjw2kFwvIC&q=%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B5 |title=Bihar men samajik parivartan ke kuchh ayam |date=2001 |publisher=Vani Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7055-755-5 |language=hi}}</ref>

*Rati Raut, an Ahir chief of Rati Paragana in north Bihar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Sachchidanand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Us08AAAAMAAJ&q=Rati+Raut+Ahir |title=Caste System: Myths, Reality, Challenge |date=1982 |publisher=Intellectual Publishing House |isbn=978-0-8364-0791-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Sachidanand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_1DLeE9DnMC&dq=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0&pg=PA102 |title=Jati Vyavstha |date=2009-09-01 |publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan |isbn=978-81-267-1414-8 |language=hi}}</ref>
*Daso Ahir, Raja of Bhojpur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Durga Shanker Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=snR8pvl5siEC&q=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0 |title=Bhoja, Bhojapura aura Bhojapurī pradeśa |date=1964 |publisher=Nava Sāhitya-Mandira |language=hi}}</ref>
*Ahir chief of Ruidas-Patna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=R. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmDRNTYw49EC&dq=ahir+chief+ruidas&pg=PA129 |title=Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes |date=1996 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7141-298-3 |language=en}}</ref>
*Ahir Rajas of Gawror Fort, Patna.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAO2AAAAIAAJ&q=ahir++rajas |title=Historical Researches Series |date=1963 |language=en}}</ref>
*Ahir chieftain of [[Murho Estate]] (Madhepura).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Śāstrī |first=Mahendra Nārāyaṇa Paṅkaja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdpGAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F |title=Apamāna |date=1994 |publisher=Tūlikā Prakāśana |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A village that symbolises Bihar |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2005/feb/11spec2.htm |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
*Kishnaut Ahir zamindars of Parasadi Estate and Parsauna (Saran).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LP4sAQAAIAAJ&q=kishnaut+ahir+zamindar |title=The National Geographical Journal of India |date=1975 |publisher=National Geographical Society of India. |language=en}}</ref>
*Babu Girwar Narayan Mandal, Zamindar of Ranipatti (Madhepura).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Shashi Shekhar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVTMNbEDp8EC&q=ranipatti+ |title=Political Elite in Bihar |date=1972 |publisher=Vora |isbn=9780842603652 |language=en}}</ref>
*Zamindars of Pipra estate in erstwhile [[Munger district]] (Now in Shambhuganj block of [[Banka district]], Bihar).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=Jayaprakash |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4s8-AQAAIAAJ&q=pipra+zamindar |title=Jayaprakash Narayan: 1946-1948 |date=2000 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-518-9 |language=en}}</ref>
*Kanaujia Ahir landlords of Mohan Tola, [[Saran division|Saran]], Bihar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Rana P. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=py-UTg8GaJIC&q=Kanaujia+Ahir |title=Clan Settlements in the Saran Plain (Middle Ganga Valley): A Study in Cultural Geography |date=1977 |publisher=National Geographical Society of India, Banaras Hindu University |language=en}}</ref>

===Occupation===
At one time the main occupation of the Yadavs of Bihar was rearing cattle, but now most of them are cultivator.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Shiva Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0iWcAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Majhraut%22+-Bharatpedia |title=Educational Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to 1206 A.D. with Special Reference to Mithilā |date=1998 |publisher=Ramanand Vidya Bhawan |isbn=978-81-85205-71-7 |language=en}}</ref>

==Culture==
=== Caste deities ===
In [[Kosi division]] of Bihar, people of the Yadav caste worship their caste deity Bisu Raut, whose temple is situated on the banks of the Gogri river.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bihar (India)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DStuAAAAMAAJ&q=bisu+raut|title=Bihar District Gazetteers: Saharsa|last2=Choudhury|first2=Pranab Chandra Roy|date=1965|publisher=Superintendent, Secretariat Press, Bihar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Byrne|first=Joseph|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ddsA_RIgg78C&dq=bisu+raut&pg=PA48|title=Bhagalpur|date=2011|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7268-203-3|language=en}}</ref> Baba Karu Khirhari, who was born among Yadavs, is another folk god revered by people not only in Kosi but also in the parts of Nepal.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B1cdp3hsUXgC&q=karu+khirhari |title=Monuments of Bihar |date=2011 |publisher=Department of Art, Culture & Youth, Government of Bihar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NBoMAAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81+%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0 |title=Kathā-kośī |date=1997 |publisher=Racanākāra Prakāśana |language=hi}}</ref> His temple is located in Mahpura village of [[Saharsa district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=संत बाबा कारू खिरहरी मंदिर, मह्पुरा {{!}} सहरसा जिला {{!}} India |url=https://saharsa.nic.in/hi/tourist-place/%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a4-%e0%a4%ac%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%ac%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%82-%e0%a4%96%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%b9%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%bf/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

Gobanai Baba is worshipped by [[Ahir]] families of [[Darbhanga district]]. His temple is situated in village Mahulia.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm4LAAAAIAAJ&q=gobanai+baba+darbhanga |title=Folk-lore |date=1974 |publisher=Indian Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Vidyarthi |first1=Lalita Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=veAiAAAAMAAJ&q=gobanai+baba+darbhanga |title=Bihar in Folklore Study: An Anthology |last2=Chaubey |first2=Ganesh |date=1971 |publisher=Indian Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Sankar Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20GBAAAAMAAJ&q=gobanai+baba+darbhanga |title=Folklore and Folklife in India ; an Objective Study in Indian Perspective |date=1975 |publisher=Indian Publications |language=en}}</ref>

==Politics==
Around 1933–1934, the Yadavs joined with the Kurmis and Koeris to form the [[Triveni Sangh]], a caste federation that by 1936 claimed to have a million supporters. This coalition followed an alliance for the 1930 local elections which fared badly at the polls. The new grouping had little electoral success: it won a few seats in the 1937 elections but was stymied by a two-pronged opposition which saw the rival [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] wooing some of its more wealthy leading lights to a newly formed unit called the "''Backward Class Federation''" and an effective opposition from upper castes organised to keep the lower castes in their customary place. Added to this, the three putatively allied castes were unable to set aside their communal rivalries and the Triveni Sangh also faced competition from the [[All India Kisan Sabha]], a peasant-oriented socio-political campaigning group run by the Communists. The appeal of the Triveni Sangh had waned significantly by 1947<ref name="Jaffrelot197">{{cite book |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |edition=Reprinted |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC |pages=197–198}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |page=44 |title=Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar |first=Ashwani |last=Kumar |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA44 |isbn=978-1-84331-709-8}}</ref> but had achieved a measure of success away from the ballot box, notably by exerting sufficient influence to bring an end to the [[Veth (India)|begar]] system of forced unpaid labour and by providing a platform for those voices seeking reservation of jobs in government for people who were not upper castes.<ref>{{cite book |page=36 |title=Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar |first=Ashwani |last=Kumar |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA36 |isbn=978-1-84331-709-8}}</ref> Many years later, in 1965, there was an abortive attempt to revive the defunct federation.<ref>{{cite book |page=62 |title=Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar |first=Ashwani |last=Kumar |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA62 |isbn=978-1-84331-709-8}}</ref>

In the post Mandal phase Kurmi, Koeri and Yadav, the three backward castes who constitute the upper-OBC due to their advantageous position in the socio-economic sphere of agrarian society became the new political elite of the state.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kumar|first=Sanjay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVxODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT27|title=Post-Mandal Politics in Bihar: Changing Electoral Patterns|date=2018-02-19|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-93-5280-586-0|language=en}}</ref>

==Notable people==
===Politics===
* [[B.P. Mandal]], ex-CM of Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=Bindeshwari Prasad Mandal Biography In Hindi : बिन्देश्वरी प्रसाद मंडल की जीवनी |url=https://www.newstrend.news/339989/bindeshwari-prasad-mandal-biography-hindi/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Bali Ram Bhagat]], ex-Speaker of Lok Sabha and MP.
* [[Bhupendra Narayan Mandal]], Indian politician
* [[Daroga Prasad Rai]], ex-CM of Bihar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Santosh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VzQPEAAAQBAJ&dq=daroga+prasad+rai&pg=PA137 |title=JP to BJP: Bihar after Lalu and Nitish |date=2020-12-01 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5388-667-7 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Hukmdev Narayan Yadav|Hukumdev Narayan Yadav]], Indian politician
* [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], ex-CM of Bihar.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Yadav |first1=Laloo Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzdgxgEACAAJ |title=Gopalganj to Raisina: My Political Journey |last2=Verma |first2=Nalin |date=2019 |publisher=Rupa |isbn=978-93-5333-313-3 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Nityanand Rai]], BJP leader, [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India) |Union Minister of State for Home Affairs]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Santosh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VTQPEAAAQBAJ&dq=Nityanand+Rai&pg=PT215 |title=JP to BJP: Bihar after Lalu and Nitish |date=2020-12-01 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5388-666-0 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Pappu Yadav]], Independent MP from [[Purnia Lok Sabha constituency|Purnia]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=Jyotindra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XESHDwAAQBAJ&dq=Pappu+Yadav&pg=PA126 |title=My Date with Editors |date=2019-02-28 |publisher=Educreation Publishing |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2024 {{!}} Independent Pappu Yadav wins Purnia in Bihar |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/india/lok-sabha-elections-2024-independent-pappu-yadav-wins-purnia-in-bihar-3052558 |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav]], former MP<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rMW03l_gx0C&dq=Ram+Lakhan+Singh+Yadav&pg=PA235 |title=India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India |date=2003 |publisher=Hurst |isbn=978-1-85065-398-1 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ram Jaipal Singh Yadav]], ex-Deputy CM of Bihar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Committee |first=Indian National Congress All India Congress |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gxa2AAAAIAAJ&dq=Ram+Jaipal+Singh+Yadav&pg=PA14 |title=Report of the General Secretaries |date=1971 |publisher=All India Congress Committee |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Rabri Devi]], ex-CM of Bihar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=S.H |first=Patil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34akDwAAQBAJ&dq=Rabri+Devi&pg=PA474 |title=The Constitution, Government and Politics in India |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-93-259-9411-9 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Tejashwi Yadav]], ex-Deputy CM of Bihar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Aaku |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEeHEAAAQBAJ&dq=Tejashwi+Yadav&pg=PT106 |title=Sensex Of Regional Parties: Sensex Of Regional Parties by Aaku Srivastava: Understanding the Dynamics of Regional Politics in India |date=2022-09-06 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5521-236-8 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Tej Pratap Yadav]], former Cabinet Minister and MLA.

=== Military ===
* Air Marshal [[Awadhesh Kumar Bharti|AK Bharti]]<ref>{{Cite news |title="World Knows Whose Son Made India Proud": Air Marshal Bharti's Mother |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ak-bharti-awadhesh-kumar-bharti-operation-sindoor-india-pakistan-bihar-world-knows-whose-son-made-india-proud-air-marshal-bhartis-mother-8405427 |access-date=2025-05-29 |work=[[NDTV]] |language=en|date=13 May 2025|last=Kumar|first=Prabhakar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-15 |title=Small-town roots, sky-high valour: Bihar's sons at the helm of Operation Sindoor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/small-town-roots-sky-high-valour-bihars-sons-at-the-helm-of-operation-sindoor/articleshow/121170360.cms |access-date=2025-05-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257|last=Pandey|first=Jainarain}}</ref>

===Others===
*[[Rash Bihari Lal Mandal]], zamindar of Madhepura, philanthropist and leader of freedom movement.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ambastha |first=Gouri Shankar P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FnhuAAAAMAAJ |title=Freedom Movement and Role of Congress Leaders |date=1995 |publisher=Classical Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7054-163-9 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ahir]]
*[[Ahir clans]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Ahir|Yadav]]
[[Category:Bihari Ahirs]]
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]

Bengal Renaissance

2026-02-21T15:37:34Z

ErnestLithgow16: small changes

{{short description|Cultural period of the 1800s to the 1930s in the Bengal region}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Culture of Bengal}}
{{Bengalis}}
The '''Bengal Renaissance''' ({{langx|bn|বাংলার নবজাগরণ|Baṅlar Nôbôjagôrôṇ}}), also known as the '''Bengali Renaissance''', was a cultural, social, intellectual, and artistic movement that took place in the [[Bengal region]] of the [[British Raj]], from the late 18th century to the early 20th century.<ref name="Dasgupta2011" /> Historians have traced the beginnings of the movement to the victory of the [[British East India Company]] at the 1757 [[Battle of Plassey]], as well as the works of reformer [[Raja Rammohan Roy]], considered the "Father of the Indian Renaissance," born in 1772.<ref name="Samanta2008">{{cite conference |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/33413137.pdf |title=The Bengal Renaissance : a critique |last1=Samanta |first1=Soumyajit |year=2008 |conference=20th European Conference of Modern South Asian Studies Manchester (UK), 8th – 11th July 2008 |page=2 |access-date= |archive-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205162900/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/33413137.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nitish Sengupta]] stated that the movement "can be said to have … ended with [[Rabindranath Tagore]]," Asia's first [[Nobel Prize|Nobel laureate]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sengupta |first1=Nitish |title=History of the Bengali-speaking People |year=2001 |publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors |location=New Delhi, Delhi |isbn=978-81-7476-355-6 |page=211}}</ref>

For almost two centuries, the Bengal Renaissance saw the radical transformation of Indian society, and its ideas have been attributed to the rise of Indian anticolonialist and nationalist thought and activity during this period.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Panikkar |first1=K N |title=Three phases of Indian renaissance |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/three-phases-of-indian-renaissance/article9541139.ece |access-date=19 April 2021 |work=Frontline |agency=The Hindu Group |publisher=Publishing Private Limited |date=3 March 2017 |archive-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428211440/https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/three-phases-of-indian-renaissance/article9541139.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> The philosophical basis of the movement was its unique version of liberalism and modernity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sartori |first1=Andrew |title=Bengal in Global Concept History |year=2009 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=68}}</ref> According to [[Sumit Sarkar]], the pioneers and works of this period were revered and regarded with nostalgia throughout the 19th and 20th centuries; however, due to a new focus on its colonialist origins, a more critical view emerged in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Sumit |title=Writing Social History |year=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Delhi |page=104}}</ref>

The Bengali Renaissance was predominantly led by [[Bengali Hindus]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Naranyan Dhar |first1=Pulak |title=Bengal Renaissance: A Study in Social Contradictions |journal=Social Scientist |date=1987 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=26–45 |doi=10.2307/3517400 |jstor=3517400}}</ref> who at the time were socially and economically more affluent in colonial Bengal, and therefore better placed for higher education as a community. Well-known figures include the social reformer [[Raja Rammohan Roy]], philanthropist [[Rani Rashmoni]], writer [[Rabindranath Tagore]], confectioner [[Nobin Chandra Das]] and the physicist [[Satyendra Nath Bose]].

== Background ==
The Bengal Renaissance was a movement marked by a sociopolitical awakening across the arts, literature, music, philosophy, religion, science, and other spheres of intellectual pursuit.<ref name="Dasgupta2011">{{cite book |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Subrata |author-link=Subrata Dasgupta |title=Awakening: The Story of the Bengal Renaissance |year=2011 |publisher=Random House India |page=2 |isbn=978-81-8400-183-9}}</ref> The movement questioned the existing customs and rituals in Indian society – most notably, the caste system, and the practice of sati, idolatry – as well as the role of religion and colonial governance. In turn, the Bengal Renaissance advocated for societal reform – the kind that adhered to secularist, humanist and modernist ideals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Aishik |last2=Purkayastha |first2=Rahul |date=May 2020 |title=Bengal Renaissance and its Impact on the Common Law System |url=https://thelawbrigade.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Aishik-Rahul-IJLDAI.pdf |journal=International Journal of Legal Developments and Allied Issues |volume=6 |issue=3 |page=241 |issn=2454-1273 |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205162855/https://thelawbrigade.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Aishik-Rahul-IJLDAI.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> From [[Rabindranath Tagore]] to [[Satyendra Nath Bose]], the movement saw the emergence of important figures, whose contributions still influence cultural and intellectual works today.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Subrata |author-link=Subrata Dasgupta |title=The Bengal Renaissance: Identity and Creativity from Rammohun Roy to Rabindranath Tagore |url=https://archive.org/details/bengalrenaissanc0000dasg |year=2009 |publisher=Permanent Black |page=1 |isbn=978-81-7824-177-7}}</ref>

Although the Bengal Renaissance was led and dominated by upper caste Hindus, Bengali Muslims played a transformative role in the movement, as well as the shaping of colonial and postcolonial Indian society.<ref name="De1995">{{cite journal |last1=De |first1=Amalendu |date=April–June 1995 |title=The Social Thoughts and Consciousness of the Bengali Muslims in the Colonial Period |journal=Social Scientist |volume=23 |issue=4/6 |pages=16–37 |doi=10.2307/3520213 |jstor=3520213}}</ref> Examples of Bengali Muslim renaissance men and women include [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], [[Ubaidullah Al Ubaidi Suhrawardy]], and [[Rokeya Sakhawat Hussain]].<ref name="De1995" /> When it came to cultural and religious reform, the [[Freedom of Intellect Movement]] was established in 1926 to challenge the social customs and dogmas in Bengali Muslim society.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Khan |first=Shahadat H. |year=1997 |title=The Freedom of Intellect Movement (Buddhir Mukt Andolan) in Bengali Muslim Thought, 1926–1938 |url=https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.item?id=NQ27977&op=pdf&app=Library |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Toronto}}</ref>

From the mid-eighteenth century, the [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]], and more specifically, its capital city of [[Calcutta]], was the centre of British power in India. The region was the base for British imperial rule until the capital was moved to Delhi in 1911.<ref name="Killingley38">{{cite book |last1=Killingley |first1=Dermot |editor1-last=Brekke |editor1-first=Torkel |title=The Oxford History of Hinduism: Modern Hinduism |year=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |page=38 |chapter=Rammohun Roy and the Bengal Renaissance |isbn=978-0-19-879083-9}}</ref> Prior to Crown control, British power was in the hands of the East India Company, which in course of time, became increasingly profitable and influential, politically, establishing diplomatic relations with local rulers as well as building armies to protect its own interests.<ref name="Killingley38" />

During this time, partly through the 1757 Battle of Plassey against the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies, and in part through the fall of the [[Mughal Empire]], the company was able to acquire extensive territory in the Bengal and [[Ganges basin]].<ref name="Killingley38" /> The expense of these wars, however, threatened the company's financial situation, and the [[Regulating Act 1773]] was passed to stabilise the EIC as well as subject it to some parliamentary control.<ref name="Killingley38" /> Further legislation over the next several decades progressively brought about tighter controls over the company, but the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] forced the British parliament to pass the [[Government of India Act 1858]], which saw the liquidation of the EIC and the transfer of power to the British Crown.<ref name="Killingley38" />

==Origins==
[[File:Raja Ram Mohan Roy (রামমোহন রায়) অথবা রাজা রাম মোহন রায়.jpg|thumb|Ram Mohan Roy is considered the Father of the Bengali Renaissance]]
The Bengali Renaissance originated in the [[Bengal Presidency]] of the British Indian Empire, but more specifically, its capital city of [[Kolkata]], then known as Calcutta.<ref name=Sarkar1990>{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Sumit |author-link=Sumit Sarkar |editor1-last=Chaudhury |editor1-first=Sukanta |title=Calcutta: The Living City, Volume I: The Past |year=1990 |publisher=Oxford University Press |chapter=Calcutta and the Bengal Renaissance |isbn=978-0-19-563696-3}}</ref> This colonial metropolis was the first non-Western city to use British methods of teaching in their school system.<ref name=Sarkar1990/> In 1817, the urban elite led by [[Raja Ram Mohan Roy]] cofounded the Hindu or Presidency College in Kolkata (now known as the [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency University]]), the only European-style institution of higher learning in Asia at the time.<ref name="SastriLethbridge1972">{{cite book |last1=Sastri |first1=Sivanath |last2=Lethbridge |first2=R |title=A History of the Renaissance in Bengal: Ramtanu Lahiri: Brahman and Reformer. |year=1972 |pages=40–52 |edition=Indian |chapter=The Introduction of English Education into Bengal; and the Early History of the Hindu College}}</ref> The city was also home to a public library, the Imperial Library, now the [[National Library of India]], and newspapers and books were being published regularly in both Bengali and English.<ref name="Ghosh2002">{{cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=Anindita |title=Revisiting the 'Bengal Renaissance': Literary Bengali and Low-Life Print in Colonial Calcutta. |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=2002 |volume=42 |issue=37 |pages=4329–4338 |jstor=4412747}}</ref> "Print language and literature played a vital role in shaping ideas and identities in colonial Bengal from the 18th century onwards," writes Anindita Ghosh, continuing that "… commercial print cultures that emanated from numerous cheap presses in Calcutta and its suburbs disseminated wide-ranging literary preferences that afforded a space to different sections of the Bengali middle classes to voice their own distinctive concerns."<ref name="Ghosh2002" />

The Bengal Province was the base for [[British East India Company]] rule until the overthrow of the [[Nawab of Bengal]] at the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757, which marked the Crown's consolidation of power in India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dalrymple |first1=William |title=Anarchy: The East India Company, Corporate Violence, and the Pillage of an Empire |year=2019 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=London}}</ref> Many postcolonial historians source the origins of the Bengal Renaissance to these events, arguing that the movement was both a reaction to the violence and exploitation by the [[British Raj]], as well as a product of the Empire's promotion of English education in the region as part of its "[[civilising missions]]".<ref name="SastriLethbridge1972" /> For instance, Sivanath Sastri notes that [[Charles Grant (British East India Company)|Charles Grant]], a British politician influential in Indian affairs who also served as Chairman of the East India Company, "moved "that a thorough education be given to the different races inhabiting the country, [and] that the Gospel be preached to them… .""<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sastri |first1=Sivanath |editor-last=Lethbridge |editor-first=Roper |title=A History of the Renaissance in Bengal: Ramtanu Lahiri: Brahman and Reformer |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924022941714/page/n99/mode/1up |year=1907 |page=56 |publisher=Swan Sonnenschein & Co.}}</ref> Moreover, Arabinda Poddar contends that the English education of Bengalis was intended to create "mere political slaves," arguing that, "the civilising role of English education, stressed the need of creating a class of Anglophiles who would have a somewhat in-between existence between the rulers and the ruled."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Poddar |first1=Arabinda |title=Renaissance in Bengal: Quests and Confrontations, 1800–1860 |year=1970 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |location=Simla |page=89 |chapter=IV. Education and Social Mobility}}</ref>

Other historians cite the works of Raja Rammohun Roy as the start of the Bengal Renaissance.<ref name="Samanta2008" /> By 1829, Roy co-founded the Brahmo Sabha movement, which was later renamed the [[Brahmo Samaj]] by [[Debendranath Tagore]].<ref name="Kopf2015">{{cite book |last1=Kopf |first1=David |author-link=David Kopf |year=1979 |title=The Brahmo Samaj and the Shaping of the Modern Indian Mind |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=15 |isbn=978-0-691-03125-5}}</ref> It was an influential socioreligious reform movement that made significant contributions to the renaissance, as well as the makings of modern Indian society.

==Education==
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| caption1 = [[Radhakanta Deb]] was a prominent Indian scholar and [[social reformer]] of the early nineteenth century
| image2 = Ishwarchandra_Vidyasagar.jpg
| caption2 = [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]] was a prominent Indian educator and [[social reformer]] of the nineteenth century
}}
Among the many changes brought about by the Bengal Renaissance in India was the development of education, both in the Bengali language and in English. Colonial provisions at the time consisted mainly of village schools teaching literacy and numeracy, Arabic and Islamic studies being taught to Muslims in [[madrasas]], and tols, where pandits instructed [[Sanskrit]] texts to [[Brahmins]], which were supported by endowments.<ref name="Killingley">{{cite book |surname=Killingley |given=Dermot |chapter=Rammohun Roy and the Bengal Renaissance |title=The Oxford History of Hinduism: Modern Hinduism |year=2019 |pages=36–53 |place=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0198790839 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198790839.003.0003}}</ref> These institutions were exclusively male, and in the rare cases where girls could get an education, it was in the home.<ref name="Killingley41">{{cite book |last1=Killingley |title=Rammohun Roy and the Bengal Renaissance |year=2019 |page=41}}</ref> The work of Christian missions also had more of an influence on Indian students than the initiatives of the government.<ref name="Killingley41" /> While the [[East India Company Act 1813]] (the Charter Act) allotted 100,000 rupees from the government's surplus to be "applied to the revival and improvement of literature, and the encouragement of the learned natives of India, and for the introduction and promotion of a knowledge of the sciences," it did not lead to any coherent provision of public education.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Laird |first1=M. A. |title=Missionaries and Education in Bengal 1793–1837 |year=1972 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |page=68}}</ref>

According to Dermot Killingley, the surplus mentioned in this Charter Act was "an aspiration, not a budget item," and even if the money had been provided for, there was uncertainty about how it should be spent.<ref name="Killingley41" /> Recurring questions arose over whether to invest on a few advanced institutions or to promote widespread elementary education, what language to use, and particularly whether to support traditional methods of learning in India, which had declined due to the loss of patronage, or to introduce a new system based on Western education.<ref name="Killingley41" /> Rammohan Roy contributed to this last debate by writing to the Governor-General in 1823 expressing his opposition to the establishment of a Sanskrit College that would foster traditional learning and advocating for Western scientific education; this effort failed without effect.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Banerjee |first1=Lyric |title=Religious Reformation in the Bengal Renaissance: Prelude to Science Museums in India |journal=Marburg Journal of Religion |date=2020 |volume=22 |issue=2 |page=3}}</ref> [[Missionaries]] began teaching young women in 1816, but a systematic education policy was not established until 1854.<ref name="Killingley41" /> However, Sengupta and Purkayastha point out that even during the 1860s and 1870s, "the project of female education was wholly tied to the purpose of enabling women to better discharge their domestic duties."<ref name="Killingley41" />

Despite the East India Company's initial hostility to missionaries, the colonial government later saw the advantages of their contribution to educating and training the local population. This was especially because, as Killingley noted, "in the innovations of the early nineteenth century, government initiative had less impact than the work of Christian missions, and of individuals … who responded to the demand for literacy, numeracy and related skills created by growing commercial and administrative activity."<ref name="Killingley41" /> In 1800, the Baptist Missionary Society established a centre in [[Serampore|Srirampur]], West Bengal, from which it ran a network of schools that taught literacy, mathematics, physics, geography, and other so-called "useful knowledge."<ref name="Killingley41-42">{{cite book |last1=Killingley |title=Rammohun Roy and the Bengal Renaissance |year=2019 |pages=41–42}}</ref> Other missionary societies followed soon after, working along similar lines.<ref name="Killingley42">{{cite book |last1=Killingley |title=Rammohun Roy and the Bengal Renaissance |year=2019 |page=42}}</ref> These missionaries, which were largely dependent on local, indigenous teachers and families, and the colonial government, which sometimes supported them with grants, were also cautious about introducing Christian teachings or the Bible.<ref name="Killingley42" />

Education was also believed to be necessary in reversing the apparent moral decline many colonial administrators saw in Bengal society. To give an example, a British judge in Bengal recommended the London Missionary Society's schools, "for the dissemination of morality and general improvement of society among natives of all persuasion without interfering with their religious prejudices."<ref name="Killingley42"/> Missionaries, however, were not the only channels through which education was promoted. For instance, individuals in [[Calcutta]] such as conservative Hindu scholar [[Rammohan Roy]], [[Radhakanta Deb]], atheist philanthropist [[Shib Chandra Sarkar]], [[David Hare (philanthropist)|David Hare]], and other British officials, often collaborated in the [[Calcutta School Book Society]] and the Calcutta School Society.<ref name="Killingley42" /> Some of the other institutions of learning established during this period include the [[Chittagong College]]; [[Indian Statistical Institute]]; the [[Hindu School]], the oldest modern educational institution in Asia; [[Jadavpur University]]; [[Presidency University, Kolkata]]; the [[University of Calcutta]], the [[University of Dhaka]], the oldest university in Bangladesh; and [[Visva-Bharati University]].

==Science==
{{multiple image|perrow=3|total_width=320
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| title =
| image1 = J.C.Bose.JPG
| caption1 = [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]] was one of the [[List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field|fathers]] of radio science.
| image2 = AatyenBose1925.jpg
| caption2 = [[Satyendra Nath Bose]] was one of the pioneers of [[quantum mechanics]].
| image3 = আত্মচরিত (প্রফুল্লচন্দ্র রায়) 005.tif
| caption3 = [[Prafulla Chandra Ray]] was an eminent Bengali chemist, educationist, historian, industrialist and philanthropist.
}}
{{expand section|date=August 2022}}
During the Bengal Renaissance, science was integrated into the broader intellectual and educational reforms. Institutions such as [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency University]], [[Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata|Calcutta Medical College]], the [[University of Calcutta]], and the [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science|IACS]] were pivotal in spreading modern scientific thought in British India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Presidency University |url=https://www.presiuniv.ac.in/web/introduction.php |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=www.presiuniv.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQZ2ni_Bn5sC&q=Indian+Association+for+the+Cultivation+of+Science&pg=PA85 |title=Science and Society |date=1978 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |language=en}}</ref> Lectures, Bengali-language textbooks, and the establishment of high schools such as the [[Hindu School, Kolkata|Hindu School]], contributed to making science more accessible to urban and upper middle-class families.

Major advancements were made during this time by scientists such as [[Satyendra Nath Bose]], [[Ashutosh Mukherjee]], [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis]], [[Anil Kumar Gain]], [[Prafulla Chandra Ray]], [[Debendra Mohan Bose]], [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]], [[Jnan Chandra Ghosh]], [[Gopal Chandra Bhattacharya]], [[Kishori Mohan Bandyopadhyay]], [[Jnanendra Nath Mukherjee]], [[Sisir Kumar Mitra]], [[Upendranath Brahmachari]], and [[Meghnad Saha]], among others.

Jagadish Chandra Bose (1858–1937) was a [[polymath]]: a physicist, biologist, botanist, archaeologist, and a science fiction writer.<ref>[http://frontlineonnet.com/fl2124/stories/20041203003009100.htm A versatile genius] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203202750/http://frontlineonnet.com/fl2124/stories/20041203003009100.htm |date=3 February 2009 }}, ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]'' '''21''' (24), 2004.</ref> He pioneered the investigation of radio and [[microwave]] [[optics]], made very significant contributions to botany, and laid the foundations of experimental science in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Santimay |last2=Chatterjee |first2=Enakshi |title=Satyendra Nath Bose |year=1976 |location=New Delhi |publisher=National Book Trust |oclc=3017431 |page=6}}</ref> He is considered one of the fathers of radio science, and is also considered the father of [[Bangla science fiction|Bengali science fiction]]. He also invented the [[crescograph]].

== Arts ==
[[File:Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Satyajit Ray]] was an Indian motion-picture director, writer, and illustrator who brought the Indian cinema to world recognition with ''[[Pather Panchali]]''. He was one of the pioneers of [[Parallel Cinema]].]]
{{Main|Bengal School of Art|Music of Bengal}}
{{expand section|date=August 2022}}
The Bengal School of Art was an [[art movement]] and a style of [[Indian painting]] that originated in Bengal and flourished throughout British India in the early 20th century. Also known as 'Indian style of painting' in its early days, it was associated with [[Indian nationalism]] ([[swadeshi]]) and led by [[Abanindranath Tagore]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ngmaindia.gov.in/sh-bengal.asp |title=Bengal School |website=National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022113236/http://ngmaindia.gov.in/sh-bengal.asp |archive-date=2018-10-22 |url-status=live |access-date=2019-02-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chitralekha.org/articles/mukul-dey/which-way-indian-art |title=Which Way Indian Art? |last=Dey |first=Mukul |website=chitralekha.org |access-date=2019-02-13 |archive-date=14 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214002940/http://www.chitralekha.org/articles/mukul-dey/which-way-indian-art |url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the influence of Indian spiritual ideas in the West, the British art teacher [[Ernest Binfield Havell]] attempted to reform the teaching methods at the [[Calcutta School of Art]] by encouraging students to imitate [[Mughal painting|Mughal miniatures]]. This caused controversy, leading to a strike by students and complaints from the local press, including from nationalists who considered it to be a retrogressive move. Havell was supported by the artist [[Abanindranath Tagore]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/20/arts/design/20bose.html |title='Rhythms of India' Exhibition at the Philadelphia Museum of Art: Indian Modernism Via an Eclectic, Elusive Artist |last=Cotter |first=Holland |date=2008-08-19 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2019-02-13 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003160332/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/20/arts/design/20bose.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Literature==
{{multiple image|perrow=3|total_width=360
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| title =
| image1 = Rabindranath_Tagore_in_1909.jpg
| caption1 = [[Rabindranath Tagore]] was a poet and artist. Awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in 1913
| image2 = Nazrul.jpg
| caption2 = [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], the national poet of [[Bangladesh]]
| image3= Bankim Chattapadhyay.jpg
| caption3 = [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]] was the first successful novelist in the history of Bengali Literature
}}
{{Main|Bengali literature}}
{{expand section|date=August 2022}}
According to historian [[Romesh Chunder Dutt]]:

{{blockquote|text=The conquest of Bengal by the English was not only a political revolution, but ushered in a greater revolution in thoughts and ideas, in religion and society … From the stories of gods and goddesses, kings and queens, princes and princesses, we have learnt to descend to the humble walks of life, to sympathise with the common citizen or even common peasant … Every revolution is attended with vigour, and the present one is no exception to the rule. Nowhere in the annals of Bengali literature are so many or so bright names found crowded together in the limited space of one century as those of Ram Mohan Roy, Akshay Kumar Dutt, Isvar Chandra Vidyasagar, Isvar Chandra Gupta, Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Hem Chandra Banerjee, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and Dina Bandhu Mitra. Within the three quarters of the present century, prose, blank verse, historical fiction and drama have been introduced for the first time in the Bengali literature.}}

==Sports==
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| image1 =
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| caption1 = [[Jatindra Charan Guho]] Or, "Gobor Goho" was a prominent Indian wrestler and world champion of nineteenth century
| image2 =
Nagendra-Prasad-Sarbadhikary.jpg
| caption2 = [[Nagendra Prasad Sarbadhikari]] was a prominent Indian football pioneer and [[educationist]] of the nineteenth century
}}

==Religion and spirituality==
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| caption1 = [[Swami Vivekananda]]
| image2 = Paramahansa_Yogananda_Standard_Pose.jpg
| caption2 = [[Paramahansa Yogananda]]
| image3 = Sri aurobindo.jpg
| caption3 = [[Sri Aurobindo]]
| image4 = Holy mother sarada.jpg
| caption4 = [[Sarada Devi]]
| image5 = Ramakrishna.jpg
| caption5 = [[Ramakrishna]]
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| caption6 = [[Lahiri Mahasaya]]
}}

The Bengali Renaissance also led to religious reform movements. Some notable religious and spiritual leaders associated with these reform movements are [[Rani Rashmoni]], [[Ram Mohan Roy]], [[Debendranath Tagore]], [[Keshab Chandra Sen]], [[Bijoy Krishna Goswami]], [[Ramakrishna]], [[Sarada Devi]], [[Mathurmohan Biswas]], [[Swami Vivekananda]], [[Aurobindo]], [[Bamakhepa]], Lokenath Brahmachari, [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]], [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur]], [[Paramahansa Yogananda]], [[Lahiri Mahasaya]], [[Nigamananda Paramahansa]], [[Ram Thakur]], [[Sitaramdas Omkarnath]], and [[Anandamayi Ma]].

The religious reform movements and organizations associated with the Bengali Renaissance are:
* [[Brahmoism]] ([[Brahmo Samaj]])<ref name="McDermott">{{cite encyclopedia |surname=McDermott |given=Rachel Fell |title=Bengali religions |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion: 15 Volume Set |editor=Lindsay Jones |edition=2nd |place=Detroit, Mi |publisher=MacMillan Reference USA |year=2005 |volume=2 |pages=828 |isbn=0-02-865735-7}}</ref>
** [[Adi Brahmo Samaj]]
** [[Sadharan Brahmo Samaj]]
* [[Gaudiya Math]]
* [[Mahanam Sampraday]]
* [[Ramakrishna Mission]]
** [[Ramakrishna Math]]
* [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]]
* [[Yogoda Satsanga Society of India]]
** [[Self-Realization Fellowship]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Pranab |year=2010 |title=A Story of Ambivalent Modernization in Bangladesh and West Bengal: The Rise and Fall of Bengali Elitism in South Asia |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-1-4331-0820-4}}
* [[Bashabi Fraser|Fraser, Bashabi]] edited Special Issue on Rabindranath Tagore, ''Literary Compass'', Wiley Publications. Volume 12, Issue 5, May 2015. ''See'' Fraser's [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/lic3.12231/full Introduction] pp. 161–172. {{ISSN|1741-4113}}.
* {{cite book |last=Kabir |first=Abulfazal M. Fazle |year=2011 |title=The Libraries of Bengal, 1700–1947: The Story of Bengali Renaissance |publisher=Promilla & Co. Publishers |isbn=978-8185002071}}
* {{cite book |last=Kopf |first=David |year=1969 |title=British Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance: The Dinamics of Indian Modernization, 1773–1835 |url=https://archive.org/details/britishorientali0000kopf |url-access=registration |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-00665-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Kumar |first=Raj |title=Essays on Indian Renaissance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubRkhPM0ETMC |year=2003 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7141-689-9}}
* {{cite journal |last=Mandal |first=Mahitosh |date=2022 |title=Dalit Resistance during the Bengal Renaissance: Five Anti-Caste Thinkers from Colonial Bengal, India |journal=Caste: A Global Journal on Social Exclusion |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=11–30 |doi=10.26812/caste.v3i1.367 |s2cid=249027627 |url=https://journals.library.brandeis.edu/index.php/caste/article/view/367/96 |access-date=19 August 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809123730/https://journals.library.brandeis.edu/index.php/caste/article/view/367/96 |url-status=live |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book |last=Marshall |first=P. J. |year=2006 |title=Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740–1828 (The New Cambridge History of India) |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0521028226}}
* {{cite book |last=Mittra |first=Sitansu Sekhar |year=2001 |title=Bengal's Renaissance |publisher=Academic Publishers |isbn=978-81-87504-18-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPFeBY9YEAQC |access-date=30 March 2017 |archive-date=28 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228175744/https://books.google.com/books?id=WPFeBY9YEAQC |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pal |first1=Bipin Chandra |last2=Cakrabartī |first2=Jagannātha |year=1977 |title=Studies in the Bengal renaissance |location=the University of California |publisher=National Council of Education, Bengal |edition=2nd |oclc=5945802}}
* {{cite book |last=Sen |first=Amit |year=2011 |title=Notes on the Bengal Renaissance |publisher=Nabu Press |isbn=978-1-179-50139-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Travers |first=Robert |year=2007 |title=Ideology and Empire in Eighteenth-Century India: The British in Bengal |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0521059688}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bengali renaissance}}
* {{cite book |last=Copf |first=David |year=2012 |chapter=Bengal Renaissance |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bengal_Renaissance |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}

{{Bengal Renaissance}}
{{West Bengal topics}}
{{Bangladesh topics}}
{{Renaissance navbox}}
{{India topics}}

[[Category:Bengal Renaissance| ]]
[[Category:Brahmoism]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Culture of Bangladesh| ]]
[[Category:Culture of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Hindu movements]]
[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:History of social movements]]
[[Category:19th century in India]]
[[Category:20th century in India]]
[[Category:National revivals]]

Nagaland Zoological Park

2026-02-15T23:40:13Z

ErnestLithgow16: added pg

{{short description|Zoo in Nagaland, India}}
{{Infobox zoo
|zoo_name=Nagaland Zoological Park
|logo=Nagaland Zoological Park logo.png
|logo_width=200px
|logo_caption=Nagaland Zoological Park logo
|image=
|image_caption=
|image_width=250px
|date_opened=2008<ref name="zoo_main"/>
|location= Rangapahar, [[Chümoukedima]], [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]], Nagaland
|area={{Convert|176|ha|abbr=on}}<ref name="zoo_main"/>
|coordinates= {{coord|25.853371|N|93.724281|E|display=inline,title}}
|num_species=40<ref name="zoo_main"/>
|publictransit=
|num_animals=325<ref name="zoo_main"/>
|exhibits = [[great hornbill|great indian hornbill]], [[bengal tiger|royal bengal tiger]], [[hoolock gibbon]]
|annual_visitors = 67,367 (2017)
|members= [[Central Zoo Authority|CZA]]<ref name="cza_list"/>
}}
The '''Nagaland Zoological Park''' is a {{Convert|176|ha|adj=on}} [[zoo]] located at Rangapahar in the [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]] of [[Nagaland]]. It is Nagaland's biggest zoo and was opened to public in August 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/nagaland/zoological-park.html|title=Nagaland Zoological Park|website=Tour My India|access-date=December 21, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/environment/nagaland-zoological-park-the-emerging-biodiversity-hotspot-in-north-east-region-1990375.html|title=Nagaland Zoological Park - The emerging biodiversity hotspot in North-East region|date=March 27, 2017|website=[[Zee News]]|access-date=December 21, 2021}}</ref> Its part of [[Rangapahar Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Land encroachment issues continue to plague Nagaland Zoologi |url=https://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/land-encroachment-issues-continue-to-plague-nagaland-zoological-park |access-date=2025-12-12 |website=www.easternmirrornagaland.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160">
File:Great Indian Hornbill at Nagaland Zoological park.jpg|Great Indian Hornbill at Nagaland Zoological Park
File:Hornbill at Nagaland Zoological Park (2).jpg|Hornbill at NZP
File:Hornbill at Nagaland Zoological Park.jpg|Hornbill at Nagaland Zoological Park
</gallery>

==References==
<references>

<ref name="zoo_main">
{{Cite web
|url=https://forest.nagaland.gov.in/nagaland-zoological-park/
|title=About Nagaland Zoological Park
|work=forest.nagaland.gov.in
|publisher=Nagaland Zoological Park
|access-date=21 December 2021
}}</ref>

<ref name="cza_list">{{ZooOrg|cza|zoos|accessdate=December 21, 2021}}
</ref>

</references>

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}
*[https://forest.nagaland.gov.in/nagaland-zoological-park/ Nagaland Zoological Park] Official website
{{Zoos of India|state=collapsed}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Nagaland Zoological Park|*]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Chümoukedima district]]
[[Category:Zoos in Nagaland]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Zoos established in 2008]]

{{Nagaland-geo-stub}}
{{India-protected-area-stub}}
{{Zoo-stub}}

Viju Mane

2026-02-12T06:12:54Z

ErnestLithgow16: creating the entry initial version

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Viju Mane
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 26 July {{year missing|date=August 2025}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Happy Birthday, Viju Mane: 'Gojiri' to 'Rege'; A look at the best Marathi movies of the actor-director |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/happy-birthday-viju-mane-gojiri-to-rege-a-look-at-the-best-marathi-movies-of-the-actor-director/photostory/84756965.cms |website=Entertainment Times |date=26 July 2021 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| known_for = Bioscope, Rege
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Director}}
| yearsactive = 2007–present
| othername =
| spouse =
| children = 1
| website =
}}

'''Viju Mane''' is a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film screenwriter, director, lyricist, producer, and actor from [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] who is well known for his movies such as ''Shikari'', ''Bioscope'', ''Pandu'', ''Monkey Baat'', and ''[[Rege]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Viju Mane's 'Shikari' to release on April 20 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/viju-manes-shikari-to-release-on-april-20/articleshow/63330280.cms |website=Entertainment Times |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/pravin-tarde-turns-politician-for-viju-manes-pandu/articleshow/87712406.cms |website=ETIMES |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd |access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=It is time we cultivate children's tastes: Viju Mane |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/it-is-time-we-cultivate-children-s-tastes-viju-mane/story-2FlcLJieaVZwDUgueL3NRJ.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=26 April 2018 |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Spruha's poetic connect with Bioscope |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/spruha-joshi-ek-hota-kau-saumitra-kishor-kadam-gajendra-ahire-ravi-jadhav-viju-mane-and-girish-mohite/articleshow/30159593.cms |website=Entertainment Times |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Magic of Four |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/the-magic-of-four-2/ |website=The Indian Express |date=6 February 2015 |publisher=The Indian Express [P] Ltd. |access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pune Mirror |url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-monkey-baat/cid5087958.htm |website=FILM: MONKEY BAAT |access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref> Apart from direction and writing, Viju has also acted in many films such as ''Rege''and ''Prabho Shivaji Raja''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prabho Shivaji Raja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/prabho-shivaji-raja/movie-review/62969411.cms |website=Times of India |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rege (Marathi) / The curious tale of the underworld |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/rege-marathi-the-curious-tale-of-the-underworld/ |website=The Indian Express |date=22 August 2014 |publisher=The Indian Express [P] Ltd |access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref>

== Film career==
Viju Mane's directorial debut ''Gojiri'' (2007) starred [[Sunil Barve]], [[Abhijeet Chavan]], [[Arun Nalawade]] and [[Madhura Velankar]]. In 2012, he tackled a sensitive subject in ''Khel Mandala'' which addressed human relationships, disability, and the manipulative nature of the media starring Mangesh Desai and [[Urmilla Kothare|Urmila Kanetkar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Review: 'Khel Mandala' (Marathi) |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-khel-mandala-marathi-1681236 |website=DNA India |publisher=Diligent Media Corporation Ltd. |access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref>

He made his acting debut in Abhijit Panse's crime drama ''Rege'' (2014). It starred Viju Mane, Mahesh Manjrekar and Santosh Juvekar. The Mahesh Manjrekar produced ''Shikari'' (2018) - a tribute to Dada Kondke and his adult comedies were directed by him. It marked the debut of [[Neha Khan]] and [[Suvrat Joshi|Survat Joshi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/the-return-of-erotic-comedy-in-marathi-industry-with-shikari/articleshow/63879976.cms |website=Entertainment Times |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |access-date=9 April 2022|title=The return of erotic comedy in Marathi industry with Shikari - Times of India }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Actor
! Director
! Writer
!Producer
!Language
!class="unsortable" | Notes
!class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
|2021 || ''[[Pandu (film)|Pandu]]'' || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || ||

|-
|2018 || ''Monkey Baat'' || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || ||

|-
|2015 || ''Shikari'' || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || ||

|-
|2015 || ''Bioscope'' || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || ||

|-
|2013 || ''Daughter'' || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || ||

|-
|2011 || ''[[Khel Mandala (film)|Khel Mandala]]'' || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || ||

|-
|2011 || ''[[Sharyat]]'' || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || ||

|-
|2010 || ''Tee Ratra'' || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || ||

|-
|2007 || ''Gojiri'' || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || ||

|}

=== Television ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!TV Series
!Actor
! Director
! Writer
!Producer
!Language
!class="unsortable" | Notes
!class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
|2016-2019 || ''Struggler Saala'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || ||

|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm2906682/ Viju Mane] at [[IMDb]]
* [https://twitter.com/vijumane Viju Mane] at [[Twitter]]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mane, Viju}}
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kolhapur]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi television]]
[[Category:Film directors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Marathi film producers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mohak Hospital

2026-02-11T19:49:17Z

ErnestLithgow16: added post

{{Infobox hospital
| name = Mohak Hi‑Tech Speciality Hospital
| location = Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| affiliation = Sri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences (SAIMS)
| type = Multi‑specialty hospital
| region = Indore Ujjain Highway, SAIMS campus
| country = India
| coordinates={{coord}}
}}
'''Mohak Hospital''' (also known as '''Mohak Hi‑Tech Speciality Hospital''') is a multi‑specialty and [[bariatric surgery]] centre located within the [[Sri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences]] (SAIMS) campus in [[Indore|Indore, Madhya Pradesh]], India. The hospital is noted for its use of robotic techniques in bariatric surgery and its integration with medical education infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiamart.com/bhandari-group/aboutus.html|title=Bhandari Group|publisher=[[IndiaMART]]|accessdate=11 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apdmcmp.com/02_aurobindo_institute_of_medical.pdf|title=Bhandari Group of Hospitals and Institutions, Indore|publisher=Association of Private Medical and Dental Colleges of Madhya Pradesh|accessdate=11 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/bariatric-surgery-performed-on-six-year-old-boy-in-indore-25516.html|title=Bariatric Surgery Performed on Six Year Old Boy in Indore|date=25 July 2013 |publisher=[[India TV]]|accessdate=11 July 2017}}</ref>

== Notable achievements ==

In June 2023, Mohak Hospital performed a record-breaking series of 25 consecutive robotic bariatric surgeries within 10 hours utilizing Da Vinci robotic systems and supported by international surgical teams, led by Mohit Bhandari and Mahak Bhandari.<ref>[https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/indore-mohak-hospital-creates-record-of-25-robotic-bariatric-surgeries-in-10-hours Indore: Mohak Hospital Creates Record Of 25 Robotic Bariatric Surgeries In 10 Hours], The Free Press Journal.</ref><ref>[https://punemirror.com/pune-mirror-explore/mohak-hospital-sets-record-with-25-robotic-bariatric-surgeries-in-10-hours/ Mohak Hospital sets record with 25 robotic bariatric surgeries in 10 hours], Pune Time Mirror.</ref>

In January 2018, Mohak Bariatrics and Robotics, a division of Mohak Hospital, performed bariatric surgery on a Mauritian patient weighing approximately 410 kg, believed to be among the heaviest individuals to undergo the procedure in India at the time. The surgery involved specialized equipment and post-operative care to manage high-risk conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, and respiratory issues. The patient lost 30 kg in the first month following surgery, and the medical team projected a total weight loss of up to 250 kg over two to three years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indore: 410kg man goes under scalpel, loses 30kg in a month |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/indore-410kg-man-goes-under-scalpel-loses-30kg-in-a-month/articleshow/62855254.cms
|newspaper=The Times of India |date=9 February 2018 |access-date=5 October 2025}}</ref>

== Partnerships and personnel ==
In 2023, Manoel Galvao Neto (of Brazil) joined Mohak Bariatrics & Robotics in a role as Director of Innovation and Clinical Research, affiliated also with SAIMS. His appointment was described as part of efforts to expand bariatric endoscopy and elevate the hospital's research and training capabilities.<ref>[https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/infotainment/article/professor-manoel-galvao-neto-joins-mohak-bariatrics-and-robotics-india-23192513 Professor Manoel Galvao Neto joins Mohak Bariatrics and Robotics, India], Mid Day.</ref>

== Recognition ==
In 2025, Mohit Bhandari, associated with Mohak Hospital, received the International Surgeon Award from the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) Global Congress, reflecting the hospital's prominence in the field of metabolic and bariatric surgery.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/indore-based-surgeon-mohit-bhandari-to-receive-prestigious-international-surgeon-award-in-us-all-you-need-to-know-about-him/articleshow/121886374.cms Indore based surgeon Mohit Bhandari to receive prestigious International Surgeon Award in US; all you need to know about him], The Times of India.</ref>

== Affiliation ==
Mohak Hospital is located on the campus of SAIMS, a private medical college established in 2003 in Indore. SAIMS formally includes several clinical and educational institutions on its campus, including Mohak Hi‑Tech Speciality Hospital.

== Network and accessibility ==
The hospital is listed in the Universal Sompo cashless insurance network, indicating its integration into major healthcare financing systems.<ref>[https://www.policyx.com/health-insurance/network-hospitals/universal-sompo-indore-madhya-pradesh/#:~:text=E%201%20Hig%20Main%20Road,Universal%20Sompo%20Health%20Insurance%20Plans Universal Sompo Health Insurance Network Hospitals List in Indore, Madhya Pradesh], PolicyX.</ref>

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
*{{official}}

[[Category:Hospitals in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indore]]

D. Vijayamohan

2026-02-06T06:23:48Z

ErnestLithgow16: created basic article w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Indian journalist and editor (1955–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = D. Vijayamohan
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_upright =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1955|02|28}}
| birth_place = [[Nedumangadu]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2020|12|15|1955|02|28}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| education =
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Mar Ivanios College]]|[[University College Thiruvananthapuram]]}}
| occupation = Journalist, writer
| years_active =
| era =
| employer = [[Malayala Manorama]]
| organization =
| known_for =
| notable_works = {{ubl|''Chentharkazhal''|''A. Ramachandrante Varamozhikal''|''Ee Lokam, Athiloru Mukundan''|''Humour in Parliament''|''Swami Ranganathananda''}}
| spouse = S. Jayashree
| children = One son
| parents =
| awards = {{ubl|1986 [[Kerala Press Academy]] V. Karunakaran Nambiar Award|1987 [[Press Club, Thiruvananthapuram]] M. Sivaram Award|1995 [[Malayala Manorama]] Chief Editor's Gold Medal|2004 [[Government of Kerala]] Developmental Journalism Award|2005 [[Kerala Lalithakala Akademi]] Award|2007 P. K. Parameshwaran Nair Award}}
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
'''D. Vijayamohan''' (1955–2020) was an Indian journalist, writer, and the senior coordinating editor at the Delhi bureau of the [[Malayala Manorama]]. Known for his journalistic coverage of the politics in New Delhi since 1985, he was a [[Harry Brittain]] fellow of the [[Commonwealth Press Union]] and a recipient of several honors, including the Award for Developmental Journalism of the [[Government of Kerala]], V. Karunakaran Nambiar Award of [[Kerala Press Academy]], and the [[Kerala Lalithakala Akademi|Kerala Lalitha Kala Akademi]] Award.

== Biography ==
D. Vijayamohan was born on 28 February 1955 at Karingayil Karakkattukonathu house in [[Nedumangad]], in [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] of the south Indian state of [[Kerala]] to P. K. Damodaran Nair and S. Maheswari Amma.<ref name="മനോരമ ഡൽഹി സീനിയർ കോഓർഡിനേറ്റിങ് എഡിറ്റർ ഡി. വിജയമോഹൻ അന്തരിച്ചു">{{Cite web |title=മനോരമ ഡൽഹി സീനിയർ കോഓർഡിനേറ്റിങ് എഡിറ്റർ ഡി. വിജയമോഹൻ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2020/12/15/malayala-manorama-delhi-senior-co-ordinating-editor-d-vijayamohan-passes-away.html |access-date=2020-12-16 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> After completing his schooling at Kairalee Nikethan School, [[Bengaluru]] and Government High School, Nedumangad, he secured a bachelor's degree in economics from Mar Ivanios College and followed it up with a master's degree from the [[University College Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name="Malayala Manorama Delhi Senior Coordinating Editor D Vijayamohan passes away - News Deal">{{Cite web |title=Malayala Manorama Delhi Senior Coordinating Editor D Vijayamohan passes away - News Deal |url=https://newsdeal.in/malayala-manorama-delhi-senior-coordinating-editor-d-vijayamohan-passes-away/ |access-date=2020-12-16 |website=NewsDeal |language=en-US |archive-date=18 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218131849/https://newsdeal.in/malayala-manorama-delhi-senior-coordinating-editor-d-vijayamohan-passes-away/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Subsequently, he joined [[Malayala Manorama]] in 1978 and worked at their [[Kozhikode]], [[Kollam]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] bureaus before moving to the Indian capital in 1985 to join the [[New Delhi]] bureau of the newspaper.<ref name="Veteran journalist from Kerala D Vijayamohan passes away at 65">{{Cite web |date=2020-12-15 |title=Veteran journalist from Kerala D Vijayamohan passes away at 65 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/veteran-journalist-kerala-d-vijayamohan-passes-away-65-139657 |access-date=2020-12-16 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> It was during this time, he obtained a [[Harry Brittain]] fellowship of the [[Commonwealth Press Union]] and completed higher studies in journalism in the UK.<ref name="Senior journalist D Vijayamohan (65) passes away">{{Cite web|date=2020-12-16 |title=Senior journalist D Vijayamohan (65) passes away |url=https://indusscrolls.com/senior-journalist-d-vijayamohan-65-passes-away/ |access-date=2020-12-16 |website=Indus Scrolls |language=en-US}}</ref> He was associated with Malayala Manorama ever since.<ref name="Senior journalist D Vijayamohan (65) passes away - Mathribhumi">{{Cite web |title=Senior journalist D Vijayamohan (65) passes away - Mathribhumi |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/senior-journalist-d-vijayamohan-65-passes-away-1.5281621 |access-date=2020-12-16 |website=Mathrubhumi |date=15 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

Vijayamohan was the founder president of the New Delhi unit of the Kerala Union of Working Journalists.<ref name="Veteran journalist from Kerala D Vijayamohan passes away at 65" /> He also served as a member of the Press Advisory Council of the [[Lok Sabha]] and sat in the [[Central Board of Film Certification]]. He has written a number of books, starting with ''Chentharkazhal'', an anthology of poems.<ref name="മുതിര്‍ന്ന മാധ്യമപ്രവര്‍ത്തകന്‍ ഡി. വിജയമോഹന്‍ അന്തരിച്ചു">{{Cite web |title=മുതിര്‍ന്ന മാധ്യമപ്രവര്‍ത്തകന്‍ ഡി. വിജയമോഹന്‍ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/senior-journalist-d-vijayamohan-passes-away-1.5281502 |access-date=2020-12-16 |website=Mathrubhumi |date=15 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> ''A. Ramachandrante Varamozhikal'', a book on the life and works of the noted painter, [[A. Ramachandran]], ''Ee Lokam, Athiloru Mukundan'', ''Humour in Parliament'', and ''Swami Ranganathananda'', a biography of the [[Swami Ranganathananda]], are his other works.<ref name="'Malayala Manorama' Delhi senior coordinating editor D Vijayamohan passes away - The Week">{{Cite web |title='Malayala Manorama' Delhi senior coordinating editor D Vijayamohan passes away - The Week |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/12/15/malayala-manorama-delhi-senior-coordinating-editor-d-vijayamohan-passes-away.amp.html |access-date=2020-12-16 |website=www.theweek.in}}</ref>

During the [[COVID pandemic]], Vijayamohan contracted the disease<ref name="Veteran scribe D Vijayamohan from Kerala dies at 65">{{Cite web |title=Veteran scribe D Vijayamohan from Kerala dies at 65 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/veteran-scribe-d-vijayamohan-from-kerala-dies-at-65/1993663 |access-date=2020-12-16 |website=outlookindia.com}}</ref> and was hospitalized at [[St Stephen's Hospital, Delhi]] and it was here, he died on 15 December 2020, at the age of 65, due to post-Covid complications.<ref name="Malayala Manorama Delhi Senior Coordinating Editor D Vijayamohan passes away" /> He was survived by his wife, S. Jayashree, son, V. M. Vishnu, an advocate and Neenu, his daughter-in-law.<ref name="മനോരമ ഡൽഹി സീനിയർ കോഓർഡിനേറ്റിങ് എഡിറ്റർ ഡി. വിജയമോഹൻ അന്തരിച്ചു" />

== Awards and honors ==
Vijayamohan received the V. Karunakaran Nambiar Award of [[Kerala Press Academy]] in 1986, and a year later, he received the M. Sivaram Award of the [[Press Club, Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name="Malayala Manorama Delhi Senior Coordinating Editor D Vijayamohan passes away">{{Cite web |title=Malayala Manorama Delhi Senior Coordinating Editor D Vijayamohan passes away |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2020/12/15/malayala-manorama-delhi-senior-co-ordinating-editor-d-vijayamohan-passes-away.html |access-date=2020-12-16 |website=OnManorama |language=en}}</ref> When Malayala Manorama instituted a Chief Editor's Gold Medal for excellence in journalism in 1995, he was the first recipient of the honor.<ref name="മനോരമ ഡൽഹി സീനിയർ കോഓർഡിനേറ്റിങ് എഡിറ്റർ ഡി. വിജയമോഹൻ അന്തരിച്ചു" /> He received the Award for Developmental Journalism of the [[Government of Kerala]] in 2004 and the next year, his book on [[A. Ramachandran]] fetched him the [[Kerala Lalithakala Akademi]] Award. The book on [[Swami Ranganathananda]] was selected for P. K. Parameshwaran Nair Award in 2007.<ref name="Malayala Manorama Delhi Senior Coordinating Editor D Vijayamohan passes away" />

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=D. Vijayamohan |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/സ്വാമി-രംഗനാഥാനന്ദ/7242/ |title=Swami Ranganaathaananda |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |year=2016 |isbn=9788182666931 |page=180 |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |last=D. Vijayamohan |url=https://dcbookstore.com/books/chentharkkazhal |title=Chentharkazhal |publisher=Current Books |year=2015 |page=55 |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |last=D. Vijayamohan |url=http://catalogue.keralauniversity.ac.in:8040/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=134571 |title=A. Ramachandrante Varamozhikal |publisher=Rainbow Books |year=2006 |isbn=8188146579 |language=ml }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite book |last=D. Vijayamohan |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/241214 |title=Ee Lokam Athiloru Mukundan |publisher=Current Books |year=2004 |isbn=9788182666931 |page=180 |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |last=D. Vijayamohan |title=Humour in Parliament |language=en}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Ranganathananda]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|Journalism}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Veteran journalist D Vijayamohan from Kerala dies at 65 |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=454120&u=veteran-journalist-d-vijayamohan-from-kerala-dies-at-65 |access-date=2020-12-16 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GkVWLqwzjss |title=D Vijayamohan Passes away |date=15 December 2020 |type=YouTube video |language=ml}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iUfhwUVX8Xw |title=D. Vijayamohan Death |date=15 December 2020 |type=YouTube video |language=ml |publisher=Manorama News}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bvM68X_zmvM |title=D Vijayamohan on Assembly Election |date=10 March 2017 |type=YouTube video |language=ml |publisher=Manorama News}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayamohan, D,}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian poets]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:University College Thiruvananthapuram alumni]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

Bahadrabad

2026-01-30T10:12:31Z

ErnestLithgow16:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bahadurabad
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.96|N|78.16|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[List of states and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Haridwar district|Haridwar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 294
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 249402
| area_code = 01334
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = UK 08
| website = {{URL|haridwar.nic.in}}
| footnotes = [http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/39/Bahadrabad.html][http://haridwar.nic.in/history.htm#Geography][http://www.euttaranchal.com/uttaranchal/haridwar.php]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| demographics1_title2 = Native
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kauravi dialect|Khariboli]]<ref> {{cite web |title=Languages of Uttarakhand |url=https://www.ofuttarakhand.com/what-is-language-of-uttarakhand/}}</ref>
}}

'''Bahadrabad''' is an intermediate Village [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]<ref name=panch>{{Cite web |url=http://offerings.nic.in/directory/adminreps/viewpansum.asp?selstate=5&pno=55&ptype=V&parenttype=S |title=Village Panchayats of Uttaranchal |access-date=21 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410184546/http://offerings.nic.in/directory/adminreps/viewpansum.asp?selstate=5&pno=55&ptype=V&parenttype=S |archive-date=10 April 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=geo>{{Cite web |url=http://haridwar.nic.in/history.htm |title=Geography of Haridwar |access-date=21 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210151555/http://haridwar.nic.in/history.htm#Geography |archive-date=10 December 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> in the [[Haridwar district]] of [[Uttarakhand]], India. It is one of the six development blocks in [[Haridwar district]]<ref name=geo/> under which many developed villages come, including Atmalpur Bongla, Rohalki-Kishanpur, Alipur, Garhmeerpur, Khedli, Sitapur.<ref name=panch/>

It was also a [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Haridwar district]] before 2012.<ref>[http://haridwar.nic.in/publicrepresentatives.htm List of Public Representatives from Haridwar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219054751/http://haridwar.nic.in/publicrepresentatives.htm |date=19 February 2008 }} and MOHD SHAHZAD ALI is the M.L.A Of BAHADRABAD Official website.</ref><ref>[http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/affidavits2007/25/AC25CANDIDATE.htm State Assembly Elections 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410002645/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/affidavits2007/25/AC25CANDIDATE.htm |date=10 April 2009 }} Office of Chief Electoral Officer - Uttarakhand.</ref>

Bahadrabad is situated at a distance of 11 km from [[Haridwar]], between the towns of [[Haridwar]] and [[Roorkee]] on the [[National Highway 58 (India)|National Highway 58]], between [[Delhi]] and Manna Pass. It is neighbouring towns are, [[Pathri (Uttarakhand)|Pathri]], [[Jhabrera]], Narsan, Jwalapur and [[Mohanpur Mohammadpur]]

==History==
Bahadrabad, formerly known as Bahadurabad, after the founder of the village Thakur Bahadur Singh, who moved the village from a few miles south and established it at this point after a river turned its course and destroyed the previous settlement. The village was established in the late 19th Century with the temple premises at the heart of the village.

==Education==
* [[Uttarakhand Sanskrit University]]
*[[Mount Litera, Alipur]]
*[[Royal Public School]]
*[[Rastriye Inter College]]
*[[Bal Sadan Junior high school]]
*[[Maa Saraswati Public Sr. Sec. School]]
*[[Maa Saraswati Junior High School]]

==Demographics==
According to 2011 census total population is 10232.
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Bahadarabad
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|darkorange|50}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|49}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jains]]|brown|0.5}}
{{bar percent|Others†|black|0.5}}
|caption=Distribution of religions 
†Includes [[Sikh]]s (0.2%), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (<0.2%).
}}

==Irrigation==
Close by, in village Pathri, lies the [[Pathri Power Plant]] on the [[Upper Ganges Canal]], which started in 1955.<ref>[http://www.uttaranchaljalvidyut.com/newsite/old_hydroplants1.htmUttaranchal Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited]{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Official website.</ref>

Uttarakhand Irrigation Research Institute, founded in 1928 in [[Lucknow]], was shifted here in 1946. Later its research unit in [[Roorkee]] was established as a full-fledged institute in 1954. Today, hydraulics model studies are carried out at its Hydraulic Research Station at Bahadrabad.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080328102100/http://www.uttaranchalirrigation.com/iri/iri-home.htm Irrigation Research Institute]}} Official website</ref><ref>[http://www.rti.gov.in/Members/uttranchal/general/copy_of_suo-motu-dissemination-of-information-under-section-4-i-b/copy_of_irrigation-department/15.pdf/ Irrigation Dept.]{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Irrigation Research Institute, Roorkee, 6.0.</ref>

==Industry==
Integrated Industrial Estate of the ([[State Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarankhand]]) is situated close to Bahadrabad. Bahadrabad also has a small but old industrial setup known as the Bahdrabad Industrial Area, which has Indane Gas Plant and Modern Bread Factory.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060516025846/http://www.sidcul.com/sidculweb/inner_pages.aspx?cat_id=3&art_id=6 Integrated Industrial Estate - Haridwar]}} SIDCUL Official website.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Haridwar district]]
[[Category:Haridwar]]

Arthur Neve

2026-01-29T02:43:12Z

ErnestLithgow16: done - done

{{Short description|Anglican doctor in Kashmir (1859–1919)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arthur Neve
| image = Dr Arthur neve .jpg
| caption = Dr. Arthur Neve, a medical missionary who served the people of Kashmir for 37 years
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1859|12|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = Brighton, England
| occupation = Doctor and Medical Missionary
| known_for = Build and ran the Kashmir Medical Missionary
| death_date = {{death date|1919|9|5|df=y}}
| death_place = Kashmir
| relatives = Dr. Ernest Neve, Brother;
Nora Neve, niece
}}

'''Arthur Neve, MD''' (1859–1919) was a doctor and Christian medical missionary who felt the call to serve abroad early on in life. As a well distinguished medic, Neve willingly left home at a young age when he was called to [[Kashmir]] to continue the medical missions of Dr. Theodore Maxwell and Dr. William Elmsie. He moved to [[Asia]] and never looked back, soon becoming the head of the Kashmir Medical Mission where he would go on to serve the sick in Kashmir for the next thirty four years by building the Kashmir Mission Hospital with his brother, Ernest. Influenced by his strong roots in his religion, Neve served the people of Kashmir while also spreading his [[Christianity|Christian]] message to a predominantly [[Muslim]] and [[Brahmin]] area.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

He also served in [[World War I]] as a Major at the military hospitals in [[Brighton]] and [[France]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last= |first= |date=1919-11-01 |title=ARTHUR NEVE, F.R.C.S.Edin |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/2/3070/584.1 |journal=Br Med J |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3070 |pages=584 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.3070.584 |issn=0007-1447 |pmc=2343778}}</ref> He was praised for his extraordinary work serving for his home and the injured of the war.

Neve is also remembered as an avid mountaineer for his excursions in the rural outskirts of Kashmir, as traveling and geographical research became one of his favorite hobbies while living abroad. After finishing his time serving in the war, he returned to Kashmir in 1919 where he died shortly after.

== Background ==
=== Early life and family ===
Arthur Neve was born on 24 December 1859 in Brighton, England. His parents were strongly devoted to the [[Church of England]], and were interested in the medical missionary work that the Church was doing abroad at the time.<ref name=":0" /> His parents worked to incorporate religion into their daily lives, and growing up in a religious environment with parents who were interested in medical missionary work heavily influenced his yearn to serve abroad and his evangelical work throughout the rest of his career and his life.

Neve had one younger brother named Ernest, who was two years younger than him.<ref name=":1">Mir, NA. "Inspirational People and Care for the Deprived: Medical Missionaries in Kashmir." Royal College of Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Mar. 2008. Web. 14 Oct. 2015.</ref> Because they were so close in age, they grew up doing everything together and attended the same schools. They ultimately had the same passions, and eventually [[Ernest Frederic Neve|Ernest Neve]] grew up to follow in his brother's footsteps and joined Arthur's medical mission work in Kashmir.<ref name=":0" /> There, he became an honorary surgeon at the Kashmir Mission Hospital where he lived with his brother and remained until his death.<ref name=":1" /> The Neve brothers also inspired their niece, [[Nora Neve]], to join them as a nurse in missionary service.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t4rj5170p?urlappend=%3Bseq=272|title=Kashmir in sunlight & shade; a description of the beauties of the country, the life, habits and humour of its inhabitants|last=Tyndale-Biscoe|first=Cecil Earle|website=HathiTrust|hdl=2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t4rj5170p?urlappend=%3Bseq=272|language=en|access-date=2019-10-28}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0LY_AQAAMAAJ&q=%22mary+nora+neve%22&pg=PR42|title=Proceedings of the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East...|date=1900|publisher=Church Missionary House|language=en}}</ref>

=== Education ===
Neve began his schooling at the [[Brighton Grammar School]], where he attended with his brother, Ernest. He then went on to attend [[University of Edinburgh Medical School|The University of Edinburgh]] in 1876.<ref name=":0">Neve, Ernest Frederic. A Crusader in Kashmir. London: Seeley, Service, 1928. Print.</ref> Having felt the call to serve early in his life, he entered his studies at the University level knowing he wanted to become a medical missionary, and completed his initial medical training there.

After graduating from the University of Edinburgh he proceeded to work as a house physician in the [[Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh]].<ref name=":0" /> After gaining experience at the Infirmary, he was appointed the Resident Medical Officer to the Livingstone Memorial Dispensary and Training Society under the [[EMMS International|Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society]] where he continued to train and gain experience.<ref name=":0" /> This society had organized and participated in a fair amount of work with medical missions in the past, thus, it is here that Neve began preparing and training for his medical work abroad.<ref name=":0" />

In 1881, Neve became a resident physician at 39 Cowgate, which was one of many dispensaries and hostels for senior medical students that were dispersed throughout the poor districts of [[Edinburgh]].<ref name=":1" /> With his district, Neve had his first exposure to working with people in need. He lived amongst the poor in the area where he was stationed for two years, and his daily tasks included medical, surgical, and maternity cases.<ref name=":0" /> He also worked to keep his religion alive and in practice throughout his time at 39 Cowgate, and did so by leading and planning events such as outdoor meetings and Sunday masses.<ref name=":0" /> Gaining this experience at 39 Cowgate became the impetus that prepared and trained Neve for his life's work serving in the poor rural areas of Kashmir.

== Medical Missionary Work In Kashmir ==
=== The Journey ===
Knowing from an early age that he wanted to serve abroad in an area where he could live and serve among other [[Christians]], Neve began reading books on [[Africa]] while at Livingstone in the hopes of working there after he finished his medical training.<ref name=":0" /> He even went as far as to inquire about working and offer to lend his services in [[Uganda]] during this time.<ref name=":0" /> Yet one day he received a call one day from Dr. [[Edmund Downes|Downes]], a doctor in Kashmir who was in an urgent need for a doctor to come to Kashmir who could succeed him.<ref name=":0" />

Suddenly, Neve found himself accepting Downes request and decided to leave his life in the United Kingdom and move to [[Kashmir]]. Despite changing his initial plans of working and living amongst other Christians, Neve saw this choice as an opportunity not only to fulfill his passion of helping those in need but also to spread his message of Christianity to two groups living in Kashmir who strongly opposed his religion, [[Muslim]]s and [[Brahmin|Brahmans]].<ref name=":0" />

Soon after accepting Downes offer, Neve joined the Church Missionary Society and found himself heading to Kashmir.<ref name=":1" /> Upon his arrival to Asia, he spent his first few weeks traveling around India to places like Bombay, [[Ajmer]], [[Jeypore]], and [[Delhi]].<ref name=":0" /> Starting his travels, he set his aim at meeting many different doctors and priests in order to build friendships and alliances with them. During these first few weeks he also sought to discover the cooperation between and presence of Anglican [[Baptists]] and [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterians]] in the area, as well as gaining insight into the different medical missions already in place around the different cities he was visiting.<ref name=":0" /> One of his biggest take aways from this initial tour of [[India]] was his first glimpses of the types of sicknesses and diseases he would face in this part of the world, and he discovered there was a large presence of choleraic [[malaria]] at the time.<ref name=":0" />

After his tour of India, Neve arrived in Kashmir in 1882 where he began his work that picked up where his predecessors, Dr. [[William Jackson Elmslie|William Jackson Elmsie]], Dr. [[Theodore Maxwell]] and Dr. [[Edmund Downes]] left off. Within the next two years, he was joined by Ernest, who completed his medical training and was now a doctor.<ref name=":2">Longstaff, Tom G. "Obituary: Arthur Neve." The Geographical Journal 54.6 (1919): 396-98. JSTOR. Web. 18 Oct. 2015.</ref> In 1898, he was joined by his niece [[Nora Neve]], who had completed her nursing training with the Church Missionary Society.<ref name=":12" />

=== Medical Missionary Work ===
==== The Kashmir Mission Hospital ====
{{Split section|date=January 2022}}
Upon his arrival to the rural town of [[Srinagar]] where he was sent to work in Kashmir, he discovered that there was already a mission hospital there that had been established by Elmsie and Maxwell and upheld by Dr. Downes since their deaths.<ref name=":0" /> Although he was impressed by the efficiency of what was already in place, he believed the current conditions of the hospital—leaking barns and mud huts, patients laying on the floor, and an undertrained staff—were unsuitable for effective treatment and large scale surgery.<ref name=":0" /> Thus, Neve immediately knew that the first step to helping the people of Srinagar was going to be to build a new hospital that could accommodate both the procedures and patients as well as improve the training for the nurses in [[Srinagar]]. Yet due to lack of funds, lack of assistance, and initial lack of government support or complete government approval, this plan faced initial setbacks.<ref name=":0" />

Over the course of eight years, Neve worked with his brother to gather funds from local donors, save up money from medical service fees, and gain the approval of the Kashmiri government in order to build and open the Kashmir Mission Hospital. Although this was an extensive process, once built, the hospital became (according to Ernest), "one of the most important public institutions in Kashmir".<ref name=":0" /> The project began in 1888 and was fully completed and running in 1896.<ref name=":0" /> Replacing the mud roofs, mud walls, and mud floors, the new hospital featured Italian-style buildings complete with red roofs and picturesque verandas. There were also wings that resembled most developed hospitals, like an outpatient wing that included: waiting rooms, consulting rooms, dispensaries, laboratories, and x-ray and operating rooms.<ref name=":0" /> Not only were these rooms developed and sufficient, they were also all equipped with the proper medical tools and a now well-trained Kashmiri staff.<ref name=":0" /> The upkeep of the hospital remained in the hands of British visitors to the hospital, service fees from patients, and once the success of the hospital became apparent, the Kashmiri gentry.<ref name=":2" />

The people of Kashmir immediately flocked to the new hospital, as most people who lived in Srinagar had never been offered this type of sophisticated care. The most common diseases that Neve treated were [[cholera]], [[tuberculosis]], and eye diseases.<ref name=":2" /> By 1893, even before being fully completed, the hospital featured 135 beds and had treated upwards of 20,606 patients.<ref name=":1" /> As the years went on, the success of the hospital began to rise. Within the first ten years of its opening, annually, Neve and his staff were treating 30,000 patients, feeding 1,200 patients gratuitously, and operating on 3,000-4,000 patients per year.<ref name=":0" /> As the popularity of the hospital began to grow throughout Kashmir, people came from all over the area to get treated by Neve and his staff. The scope of the popularity of the hospital became apparent when the patient demographic was considered, as Ernest reported that if one was to walk through the wings of the hospital at any given time, there could be over a hundred different villages or towns represented.<ref name=":0" />

During the cold winters in Kashmir, Neve worked to keep his Christianity alive and placed importance on his evangelical work. He did this by having Christian pastors visit with patients in the hospital wards to offer prayers or words of comfort.<ref name=":0" /> He made it a point to offer this service to each and every patient, with no discrimination to any patient's religious affiliation.<ref name=":0" />

=== Travels and other activities in Kashmir ===
==== Mountaineering ====
During times when he was able to take time off from the hospital, Neve found great enjoyment in discovering the outlying parts of Kashmir for either travel, medical work for people who could not reach his hospital, or evangelical work.<ref name=":0" /> His first tour in 1882 to the outskirts of Kashmir sparked this passion, as it allowed him to see other tribes, villages, people, and terrains. This first tour also led him to believe that there was more medical need and work to be done throughout these different parts of Kashmir, and this mentality contributed to what drove him to begin the long process of building the hospital.<ref name=":0" />

While on these excursions, Neve travelled to places like the Hindus Valley, the [[Saltoro Valley]], and Tagur.<ref name=":0" /> He became a reputable mountaineer, and some of his notable climbs include a climb to [[Nun Kun]] at 23,000 feet, as well as The Nubra Valley in the [[Himalayas]].<ref name=":0" />

In his down time, Neve also enjoyed many different types of music and water color sketching.<ref name=":0" />

== Recognition, accomplishments, and time in the war ==
=== Medical recognitions ===
Upon answering the call to serve abroad, Neve spent thirty four years in Kashmir as the head of the Kashmir Medical Mission<ref>"A Crusader in Kashmir." Rev. of A Crusader in Kashmir, by Ernest Neve. The Bookman 75.445 (1928): 89. British Periodicals. Web. 18 Oct. 2015.</ref> and was the head of his self-built Kashmir Mission Hospital for thirty-seven years. He served this position right up until his death, after which his brother took it over for him. Due to the respect he gained from his medical accomplishments in the communities in Kashmir and throughout India, he was granted the position of President of the Medical Missionary Association of India from 1908-1910, and in 1909 he served as the Vice President of the Indian Medical Congress.<ref name=":2" /> He was awarded the [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal|Kaiser-I-Hind Gold Medal]] by the British Government in India in 1901.<ref name=":2" /> Neve was also known for his description of the unique [[Kangri cancer]], a skin cancer found only in Kashmir.<ref name=Neve1900>Neve A (1900) Indian med. Gaz. 35, 81</ref>

=== Other achievements ===
Neve was an avid author and wrote often about Kashmir. He wrote books such as ''Kashmir, Ladakh and Tibet'' (1899), ''Picturesque Kashmir'' (1900), ''Thirty Years in Kashmir''(1913), ''The Tourist’s Guide to Kashmir, Ladakh and Skardo'' (1923),<ref name=":0" /> which were all works that chronicled his expeditions that he took while on holidays from the hospital. His passion for mountaineering and geography led him to receive the [[Back Award]] in 1911 from the [[Royal Geographical Society]] due to his study of glaciology and his original geographical research of the Himalayas.<ref name=":0" />

=== Medical Work in [[World War I]] ===
In 1914, Neve was due for a [[furlough]], thus, he returned to Brighton and decided to offer his services and serve for the British war effort in World War I.<ref name=":0" /> He quickly became a Major, R.A.M.C at the Kitchener Hospital in Brighton and continued this ranking later at the [[Dartford]] Military hospital. At these hospitals, his skills helped serve not only all the injured in the war, but also the Indian troops serving for the British, as his knowledge of India and his ability to communicate with them served as a major asset.<ref name=":0" /> With many years experience under his belt, Neve was praised for the work he did at this war hospital, and was sent to [[France]] in 1918 to serve in their war hospital.<ref name=":0" /> There, Neve's work was equipped with an insufficient staff and long, strenuous days. After a year in France, Neve was able to return to his home in Kashmir where a [[cholera]] outbreak was just beginning to spread.<ref name=":0" />

==Death and legacy==
Exhausted after serving for the British for four years and returning to Kashmir to immediately start treating a cholera epidemic, Dr. Arthur Neve was struck with a fever in the early fall of 1919 that resulted from an [[influenza]] he had acquired while living in France the previous year.<ref name=":0" /> Unable to recover, he died on 5 September 1919.<ref name=":0" />

Neve's loss was felt far and wide throughout Kashmir by many different people across many different religions. His funeral, according to Ernest, was a showing of the "...immense concourse of those of many races and religions, rich and poor, high and low, who followed—all these were signs, we may well believe, of something deeper and of more lasting importance, a true recognition of the beauty of a life spent in witness and service."<ref name=":0" />

In his death, the Hindu and Muslim community acknowledged his loss, as a member of the Hindu society claimed, "...he had a special and sincere love of the country and its inhabitants, [and he] served all...without difference of race or sex.".<ref name=":0" /> Sir Aurel Stein, a distinguished authority on central Asia, spoke of Neve as a "...beacon of hope in this land which has suffered so much...".<ref name=":0" /> His legacy and life's work was summed up in a statement by the former Resident British Political Agent in Kashmir who said, "...no man living has done so much for Kashmir as he has done, and the memory of his saintly and unselfish life, and of his high skill of a surgeon will remain for many years to come, not only in Srinagar, but in nearly every village in Kashmir."<ref name=":0" />

In honor of his death, many people donated to the Kashmir Medical Hospital where Ernest continued Neve's legacy until his own death in 1946.<ref>Shade, Chinar. "Dr. ARTHUR NEVE AND Dr. EARNEST NEVE :THEY BROUGHT MODERN ALLOPATHIC MEDICINES AND SURGERY TO KASHMIR." Literary and Cultural Write-ups. N.p., 22 Apr. 2013. Web.</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neve, Arthur}}
[[Category:English Anglican missionaries]]
[[Category:Christian medical missionaries]]
[[Category:1859 births]]
[[Category:1919 deaths]]
[[Category:Anglican missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Church Mission Society missionaries]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh Medical School]]
[[Category:Writers about Kashmir]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Royal Army Medical Corps officers]]
[[Category:British missionaries in India]]
[[Category:British medical missionaries]]

Patilwa

2026-01-21T08:28:32Z

ErnestLithgow16: Started details.

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Patilwa
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.19935|N|83.62735|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="Geonames">{{Cite web|url=https://www.geonames.org/10509560/patilwa.html|title=Geonames.org. ''Patilwa''|accessdate=3 February 2021}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kaimur district|Kaimur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.46
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="Geonames"/>
| elevation_m = 81
| population_total = 541<ref name="Census 2011"/>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Patilwa''' is a small village in [[Mohania]] block of [[Kaimur district]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]. As of 2011, its population was 541, in 68 households.<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Bihar District Census Handbook - Kaimur, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=344–423|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/BiharA.html |website=Census 2011 India|accessdate=3 February 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Kaimur district]]

{{Kaimur-geo-stub}}

Manchireddy Kishan Reddy

2026-01-05T13:54:06Z

ErnestLithgow16: added pg

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Manchireddy Kishan Reddy''' is a three time member of [[Legislative assembly]] having served one term in the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|United Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from 2009 to 2014 as a member of [[Telugu Desam Party]] and later as a member of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] from 2014 to 2023 representing [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] from [[Ibrahimpatnam Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite news |title= Is Manchireddy facing a three-term incumbency factor in Ibrahimpatnam?|date=21 November 2023 |url=https://www.primepost.in/manchireddy-facing-3-term-incumbency/}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]

{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}

1958 Sikkimese general election

2025-12-15T00:58:34Z

ErnestLithgow16: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1958 Sikkimese general election
| country = Kingdom of Sikkim
| type = legislative
| previous_election = 1953 Sikkimese general election
| previous_year = 1953
| next_election = 1967 Sikkimese general election
| next_year = 1967
| election_date = 1958
| seats_for_election = 14 of the 20 seats in the [[State Council (Sikkim)|State Council]]

| party1 = Sikkim State Congress
| last_election1 = 6
| seats1 = 7
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 1

| party2 = Sikkim National Party
| last_election2 = 6
| seats2 = 6
| seat_change2 = {{steady}}

| party3 = [[Independent politician|IND]]
| last_election3 = 0
| seats3 = 1
| seat_change3 = {{increase}} 1
}}

'''General elections''' were held in [[Kingdom of Sikkim|Sikkim]] in 1958 to elect members of the [[State Council (Sikkim)|State Council]].<ref name=HB>Hamlet Bareh (2001) ''Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Sikkim'' Mittal Publications, p17</ref> The [[Sikkim State Congress]] emerged as the largest party, winning seven of the 14 elected seats.<ref name=HB/> Voter turnout was around 35%.<ref name=HB/>

==Electoral system==
The [[State Council (Sikkim)|State Council]] was established in 1953 by the [[Chogyal]].<ref name=HB2>Bareh, p16</ref> It originally had 18 members, of which 12 were elected and six (including the President) appointed by the Chogyal.<ref name=HB2/> Of the 12 elected members, six were for the [[Nepali Indian|Nepali community]] and six for the [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]] and the [[Bhutia]] communities.<ref name=HB2/> For the 1958 elections the number of seats was increased to 20. One seat for the [[Sangha (Buddhism)|Sangha]] was added, together with an unreserved seat.<ref name=HB2/><ref name="NamgyalProclamation">{{cite web |url=http://districtcourtsnamchi.nic.in/laws/oldsikkim/sikkimcodevol5.pdf |title=Proclamation of His Highness Sir Tashi Namgyal, KCSI, KCIE, Maharaja of Sikkim, Dated the 16th March, 1958 |date=16 March 1958 |page=102 |author=Tashi Namgyal |access-date= 16 June 2021}}</ref>

Candidates for election to the Council had to be at least 30 years old, whilst the voting age was set at 21.<ref name=HB/> Around 55,000 voters registered for the election.<ref name=HB/>

==Results==
{{Election results
|seattype1=Bhutia-Lepcha|seattype2=Nepali|seattype3=Others|seattype4=Total|seattype5=+/–
|party1=[[Sikkim State Congress]]|votes1=|st1t1=1|st2t1=6|st3t1=0|st4t1=7|st5t1=+1
|party2=[[Sikkim National Party]]|votes2=|st1t2=5|st2t2=0|st3t2=1|st4t2=6|st5t2=0
|party3=Independent|votes3=|st1t3=0|st2t3=0|st3t3=1|st4t3=1|st5t3=+1
|row4=Appointed members|st1t4=–|st2t4=–|st3t4=–|st4t4=6|st5t4=0
|total_st1t=6|total_st2t=6|total_st3t=2|total_st4t=20|total_st5t=+2
|source=Hamlet Bareh
}}

===Constituency-wise===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Constituency
!Reservation
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|1
|rowspan=3 |Gangtok
|rowspan=2 | [[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
|Sonam Tshering Lepcha
|
|
|-
|2
|Kesang Wangdi
|
|
|-
|3
|[[Nepali people|Sikkimese Nepali]]
|Narendra Nar Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim State Congress}}"|
|[[Sikkim State Congress]]
|-
|4
|rowspan=3 |North-Central
|rowspan=2 | [[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
|Martam Topden
|
|
|-
|5
|Thendup Bhutia
|
|
|-
|6
|[[Nepali people|Sikkimese Nepali]]
|[[Nahakul Pradhan]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim State Congress}}"|
|[[Sikkim State Congress]]
|-
|7
|rowspan=3 |Namchi
|[[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
|Kazi Norbu Wangdi
|
|
|-
|8
|rowspan=2 | [[Nepali people|Sikkimese Nepali]]
|Sangkhaman Rai
|rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim State Congress}}"|
|rowspan=2 | [[Sikkim State Congress]]
|-
|9
|[[Kashiraj Pradhan|Kashi Raj Pradhan]]
|-
|10
|rowspan=3 |Pemayangtse
|[[Bhutia-Lepcha]]
|Gaden Tashi
|
|
|-
|11
|rowspan=2 | [[Nepali people|Sikkimese Nepali]]
|Sher Bahadur Gurung
|rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim State Congress}}"|
|rowspan=2 | [[Sikkim State Congress]]
|-
|12
|Bhujit Mukhia
|-
|13
|rowspan=2|[[At-large|General]]
|[[General]]
|Chaksung Bhutia
|
|
|-
|14
|[[Sangha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sangha]]
|Lharipa Rinzing Lama
|style="background-color: {{party color|Sikkim National Party}}"|
|[[Sikkim National Party]]
|- class="sortbottom"
|colspan=6 |Source: Sikkim Darbar Gazette<ref name=sdg1958>{{cite journal |journal=Sikkim Darbar Gazette |volume=8 |number=7 |title=Results of elections - 1958 |date=December 1958 }}</ref><ref name=TenzingThesis>{{cite thesis |url=http://dspace.cus.ac.in/jspui/handle/1/6961 |title=Monarchy to Democracy Understanding Political Development in Sikkim, 1970-1994 |date=July 2019 |author=Pem Choden Tenzing |access-date= 17 June 2021 |pages=149}}</ref>
|}

===Appointed members===
In addition to the elected members, six others were appointed to the Sikkim State Council by the [[Chogyal]], on 15 March; Rai Bahadur Densapa, Rev. Chotuk Tsering Pazo, Indra Prasad Subba, Bhairap Bahadur Lamchaney, Atal Singh Dewan and Hon Lt Prem Bahadur Basnet.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP880-1-1-34 |title=Nominations to State Council |page=54 |date=22 February 1959 |author=Tashi Namgyal |access-date= 17 June 2021}}</ref>

==Executive Council==
The Executive Council was chosen from among the elected members, in addition to the Dewan of Sikkim, who was its President:
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Name
!Responsibility
|-
|N. K. Rustomji
|President
|-
|[[Kashiraj Pradhan|K. R. Pradhan]]
|Senior Executive Councillor
|-
|Martam Topden
|Executive Councillor
|-
|[[Nahakul Pradhan]]
|Deputy Executive Councillor
|-
|Norbu Wangdi
|Deputy Executive Councillor
|-
|Chuksung Bhutia
|Deputy Executive Councillor
|-class="sortbottom"
|colspan=2|Source: Proceedings of the Executive Council<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP880-1-1-58 |page=94 |title=Proceedings of the Executive Council - 7th April, 1959 |date=7 April 1959 |author=N. K. Rustomji |access-date= 22 June 2021}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sikkimese elections}}

[[Category:Elections in Sikkim]]
[[Category:1958 elections in Asia|Sikkim]]
[[Category:1950s in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Election and referendum articles with incomplete results]]

Indian National Airways

2025-11-30T22:00:02Z

ErnestLithgow16:

{{Short description|Defunct Indian airline, 1933–1953}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}

[[File:Indian National Airways.jpg|thumb|Time Table cover of Indian National Airways c. 1933]]

'''Indian National Airways Ltd''' was an airline based in [[Delhi]], India.<ref name=kholsa>{{cite book|last=Khosla|first=Gopal Das|title=Award on the industrial dispute between Air-India and their workmen|year=1966|publisher=India. National Industrial Tribunal (Airlines Disputes), Manager of Publications|pages=288|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JeVXAAAAMAAJ}}Page 15</ref> The founder of the airline was [[R. E. Grant Govan]], a [[Delhi]] based British industrialist who also co-founded the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] and the [[Cricket Club of India]].<ref name=asian>{{cite book|last=(London, England)|first=East India Association|title=Asian review|year=1957|publisher=East & West Ltd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=36kbAAAAMAAJ}}Page 105</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Aeroplane directory of British aviation|publisher=Published by the English Universities for Temple Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7MgpAQAAIAAJ|year=1953}}Page 458</ref><ref name=rd>{{cite book|last=Vasant Raiji|first=Anandji Dossa|title=CCI & the Brabourne Stadium, 1937-1987|year=1987|publisher=Cricket Club of India|pages=114|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hoVLAAAAYAAJ}}Page 22</ref> The airline was formed on the basis of a government airmail contract.<ref name=joseph>{{cite book|title=India today and tomorrow, Volume 5|year=1973|publisher=V.J. Joseph.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3RjoAAAAMAAJ}}Page 7-9</ref>

== History ==
The company was started by Govan Bros Ltd. in May 1933 with a capital of Rs. 3 million.<ref name=hpc>{{cite book|title=Aviation news, Volume 67|year=2005|publisher=HPC Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUkpAQAAIAAJ}}Page 845</ref> It became the second airline to start operations in India in December 1933, with weekly passenger and freight services from [[Calcutta]] to [[Rangoon]] and [[Dhaka]].<ref name=pns>{{cite book|last=Seth|first=Pran Nath|title=Successful Tourism: Volume II: Tourism Practices|year=2006|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=81-207-3200-6|pages=431|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vs4GM5e-0c8C}}Page 93-96</ref> It also started a weekly service between [[Karachi]] and [[Lahore]], a feeder service for [[Imperial Airways]].<ref name=kholsa/> The company then had a fleet made up of light single-engined aircraft.<ref>{{cite book|title=India: annual review|year=1960|publisher=Information Service of India.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIcsAAAAMAAJ}}Page 92</ref> By 1937 the airline had clocked over a million miles and made a slender annual profit.<ref name=aviationnews>{{cite book|title=Aeroplane and commercial aviation news|year=1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qq09AQAAIAAJ}}Page 796</ref>

The airline was awarded another government contract in 1938 under the ''[[Empire Air Mail Scheme]]'' for carrying first class mail on the [[Karachi]] - [[Lahore]] and [[Karachi]] - [[Colombo]] routes for a period of ten years along with [[Air India#As Tata Airlines|Tata Airlines]]. This was a major boost for aviation in India. As this contract promised a minimum income along with an operating subsidy, the company was able to expand and renovate its fleet.<ref name=pns/><ref name=boulger>{{cite book|last=Boulger|first=Demetrius Charles|title=Asian review|year=1970|publisher=East & West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VzMsAQAAIAAJ}}Page 106</ref> During [[World War II]], all mail contracts were suspended and aircraft put under government disposal. Only spare capacity was allowed for commercial use, which affected the industry on the whole.<ref name=pns/>

It was one of the four major airlines in India at the time of [[Partition of India|Indian Independence]] in 1947.<ref name=bme>{{cite book|last=Dr.SC Aggarwal|first=Dr. RK Rana|title=Basic Mathematics for Economists|publisher=FK Publications|pages=654|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MuY5tzLIMGQC|isbn=9788187139553}}Page 472</ref> Govan Bros Ltd. and all its businesses, including Indian National Airways Ltd, was sold to the Ramkrishna Dalmia led [[Dalmia Group]] on 4 July 1946. As of 1947, the airline had a fleet of six [[Vickers Viking]]s with another nine [[De Havilland Dove|De Havilland Doves]] on order.<ref name=mcg>{{cite book|last=Hudson Wood|first=Robert|title=Aviation news, Volume 7|year=1947|publisher=McGraw-Hill Pub. Co|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nv4fAAAAMAAJ}}Page 32</ref> The company also bought some war-surplus [[Douglas DC-3]] aircraft from the United States of America at the end of the war.<ref>{{cite book|last=Reed|first=Sir Stanley|title=The Times of India directory and year book including who's who, Volume 35|year=1949|publisher=Bennett, Coleman.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B6sSAAAAIAAJ}}Page 275</ref> In 1953, Indian National Airways was nationalised and merged into [[Indian Airlines]].<ref name=pns/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portalbar|India|Companies|Aviation}}
{{Airlines of India}}

[[Category:Airlines established in 1933]]
[[Category:Airlines disestablished in 1953]]
[[Category:Defunct airlines of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1933]]
[[Category:1953 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Delhi]]

M. K. Anwar

2025-11-29T08:25:50Z

ErnestLithgow16: updated page

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. K. Anwar
| office = [[Ministry of Agriculture (Bangladesh)|Minister of Agriculture]]
| term_start = 28 October 2001
| term_end = 27 October 2006
| predecessor = [[Matia Chowdhury]]
| successor = Matia Chowdhury
| office1 = Member of parliament
| constituency1 = [[Comilla-1]]
| term_start1 = 5 March 1991
| term_end1 = 27 October 2006
| predecessor1 = Mohammad Mobarak Ali
| successor1 = [[Mohammad Shubid Ali Bhuiyan]]
| constituency2 = [[Comilla-2]]
| term_start2 = 25 January 2009
| term_end2 = 24 January 2014
| predecessor2 = [[Khandaker Mosharraf Hossain (BNP)|Khandokar Mosharraf Hossain]]
| successor2 = [[Mohammed Amir Hossain]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1933|1|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Homna Upazila|Homna]], [[Comilla District|Tipperah district]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| birth_name = Mohammad Khorshed Anwar
| nationality = Bangladeshi
| occupation = [[Cabinet Secretary]], politician
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|10|24|1933|1|1|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| party = [[Bangladesh National Party]]
| native_name = এম কে আনোয়ার
| native_name_lang = bn
}}
'''Mohammad Khorshed Anwar'''<ref name=passes>{{Cite news |title=BNP leader and former minister MK Anwar passes away|url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/2017/10/24/bnp-leader-and-former-minister-mk-anwar-passes-away|access-date=2020-09-07|date=2017-10-24|work=bdnews24.com}}</ref> (known as '''M. K. Anwar'''; 1 January 1933 – 24 October 2017) was a [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] politician and a government minister of Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news |title=Govt takes hardline|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/govt-takes-hardline-5882|work=The Daily Star|access-date=18 April 2017|language=en|date=8 January 2014}}</ref> He was a five-term [[Jatiya Sangsad]] member representing the [[Comilla-1]] and [[Comilla-2]] constituencies.

==Early life and education==
Anwar was born on 1 January 1933 in [[Homna Upazila|Homna]], [[Comilla District|Tipperah district]], [[Bengal Presidency]]. He passed his matriculation in 1948. He completed his Intermediate of Science (I. Sc.) from [[Dhaka College]] in 1950. He obtained an [[Bachelor of Science|Bachelor of Science (Honours)]] degree in Statistics from the [[University of Dhaka]]. Furthermore, he completed an [[Master of Science]] degree in Statistics from the same university.<ref>https://www.bd-pratidin.com/last-page/2017/10/25/275035</ref>

==Career==
Anwar entered government service in 1956 as an officer of the Civil Service of Pakistan (CSP).<ref>https://www.bd-pratidin.com/last-page/2017/10/25/275035</ref> He served as the finance secretary and cabinet secretary.<ref name=passes/> He joined [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] (BNP) in 1991.<ref name=bss>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bssnews.net/?p=5809|title=BNP leader MK Anwar passes away |publisher= Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha|language=en-US|access-date=30 May 2018}}</ref>

Anwar was first elected as a [[Jatiya Sangsad]] member for [[Comilla-1]] at the [[1991 Bangladeshi general election|1991 general election]]. He was re-elected at the [[June 1996 Bangladeshi general election|1996]] and [[2001 Bangladeshi general election|2001 general elections]]. He was a standing committee member of the BNP.<ref>{{cite news |title=MK Anwar gets bail|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news/mk-anwar-gets-bail|work=The Daily Star|access-date=18 April 2017|language=en|date=22 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Arrest warrant issued for BNP leader MK Anwar, 16 others in 2015 sabotage case|url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2017/01/29/arrest-warrant-out-against-bnp-leader-mk-anwar-in-2015-sabotage-case|work=bdnews24.com|access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref> He served as the [[Ministry of Agriculture (Bangladesh)|minister of agriculture]] in the [[third Khaleda Cabinet]] during 2001–2006.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan to help Bangladesh grow wheat, cotton|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/03/24/d60324061570.htm|work=The Daily Star|access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref> He was a vice-president of the party.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hasina sworn in as PM|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-70372|work=The Daily Star|access-date=18 April 2017|language=en|date=7 January 2009}}</ref>

==Lawsuits==
In 2014, Anwar was sued by the [[Bangladesh Police]] for causing communal disharmony after he accused the [[Bangladesh Awami League]] of Quran burning during [[Hifazat-e-Islam Bangladesh|Hifazat-e Islam]] protests, while proclaiming Hifazats innocence.<ref>{{cite news |title=BNP leader MK Anwar charged for inciting communal trouble|url=http://bdnews24.com/politics/2014/10/20/bnp-leader-mk-anwar-charged-for-inciting-communal-trouble|work=bdnews24.com|access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref> In 2015, Bangladesh police filed a case against him over violence during the 10th national elections. In March 2017, arrest warrants were issued against him.<ref>{{cite news |title=Warrants out for BNP leader Barkat Ullah Bulu, 34 others in 2015 violence case|url=http://bdnews24.com/politics/2017/03/02/warrants-out-for-bnp-leader-barkat-ullah-bulu-34-others-in-2015-violence-case|work=bdnews24.com|access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref>

==Death==
Anwar died on 24 October 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/politics/bnp-leader-mk-anwar-passes-away-dhaka-bangladesh-politics-khaleda-zia-mirza-fakhrul-1481068|title=BNP leader MK Anwar's janaza held, burial tomorrow|date=24 October 2017|work=The Daily Star|access-date=30 May 2018|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anwar, M. K.}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Homna Upazila]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chittagong Division]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Ministers of agriculture of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:5th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:6th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:7th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:8th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:9th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Secretaries of the Cabinet (Bangladesh)]]
[[Category:Dhaka College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]

{{BangladeshNationalistParty-politician-stub}}

2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election

2025-11-14T09:44:04Z

ErnestLithgow16: update references for consistency

#REDIRECT [[2000 Orissa Legislative Assembly election]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Udayar (caste)

2025-11-14T07:50:31Z

ErnestLithgow16: updated details

{{Short description|Title in Indian caste system}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{infobox caste
| caste_name = Udayar
| image =
| caption =
| classification =
| religions = [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]]
| country = India
| state =
| populated_states = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| languages = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| region =
| related = [[Tamil people]]
}}
The '''Udayar''' is a title used by multiple [[caste system in India|caste]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in/bclist.htm|title=List of Backward Classes Approved}}</ref>

== Present status ==
The Udayar, together with the [[Pallar]] and [[Kallar(caste)|Kallar]], form the Marava castes, which predominate in the region variously known as [[Ramnad]] and the [[Maravar]] country.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Transgressing Boundaries, Transcending Turner: The Pilgrimage Tradition at the Shrine of St. John de Britto |first=Selva J. |last=Raj |title=Popular Christianity in India: Riting Between the Lines |editor1-first=Selva J. |editor1-last=Raj |editor2-first=Corinne G. |editor2-last=Dempsey |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2002 |page=86 |isbn=9780791455197 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zv42cV5dQmYC |accessdate=2012-05-01}}</ref>

== Religion ==

In Ramnad and the nearby areas of [[Pudukottai]], Madurai, Salem, [[Namakkal]], [[Tanjore]] and [[Trichy]], they and their two fellow Maravar caste groups are prominent in their cult worship of the shrine at [[Oriyur]] that commemorates [[John de Britto]], a 17th-century [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Jesuit]] [[missionary]] and [[martyr]]. Raj says, "A notable feature of the Britto cult is that it is centered around caste identities rather than religious affiliation", and thus members of the caste-group, irrespective of their religious affiliation regard Britto as their clan-deity.<ref name=Raj2002p87>{{cite book |chapter=Transgressing Boundaries, Transcending Turner: The Pilgrimage Tradition at the Shrine of St. John de Britto |first=Selva J. |last=Raj |title=Popular Christianity in India: Riting Between the Lines |editor1-first=Selva J. |editor1-last=Raj |editor2-first=Corinne G. |editor2-last=Dempsey |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2002 |page=87 |isbn=978-0-79145-519-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zv42cV5dQmYC&pg=PA87}}</ref>

Some Udayars are [[Roman Catholic]] Christians.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pxdhTsNWzTMC|title=Communities Panchayats and Governance at Grassroots|last1=Palanithurai|first1=Ganapathy|last2=Ragupathy|first2=Varadarajan|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2008|isbn=9788180695636|page=138|accessdate=2012-05-01}}</ref><ref name="Raj2002p87" />

==Notable people==
*[[Channaiah Odeyar]] (died 2007), Indian politician
*[[N. Karupanna Odayar]], Indian politician
*[[N. P. V. Ramasamy Udayar]] (1936–1998), Indian industrialist
*[[T. S. Swaminatha Odayar]], Indian politician
* [[ A. T. Pannirselvam ]], Indian attorney and political leader.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Portal|Tamils|India|Hinduism}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |first=Geoffrey |last=Burkhart |title=Ranges of Endogamy in a Tamil Group |journal=Indian Anthropologist |volume=2 |issue=1 |date=June 1972 |pages=1–6 |jstor=41919203}}
*{{cite journal |title=On the absence of descent groups among some Udayars of South India |first=Geoffrey |last=Burkhart |doi=10.1177/006996677601000102 |journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |date=January 1976 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=31–61|s2cid=143260084 }}

[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Christian communities of India]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]

Gazi Pir

2025-11-13T06:49:25Z

ErnestLithgow16: Revised and enhanced article content

{{short description|Bengali Muslim saint who lived during the spread of Islam in Bengal}}
{{other|Gazi (disambiguation)|Ghazi (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Gazi Pir
| image = Pir Gazi and his tiger in Sundarbans.jpg
| caption = An image of Pir Gazi and his tiger in the [[Sundarbans]] drawn around 1800 CE.
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[South 24 Parganas|Adampur]], [[Sundarbans]]
| death_date =
| resting_place = [[Ghutiary Sharif]], West Bengal
| religion = Islam
}}

'''Gazi Pir''' (also called '''Ghazi Pir''', '''Gaji Pir''', '''Barkhan Gaji''' or '''Gaji Saheb''') was a [[Bengali Muslim]] warrior ([[Ghazi (warrior)|Ghazi]]) and ''[[Pir (Sufism)|pir]]'' (warrior saint) who lived in the 12th or 13th century during the [[Islam in Bengal|spread of Islam in Bengal]]. He was known for his power over dangerous animals and controlling the natural elements. As the new local Muslim population of southern [[Bengal]] were settling in the dense forests of the [[Ganges delta]], these were important qualities. His life is shown on the "Gazi Scroll", a scroll with 54 paintings from circa 1800, which is in the [[British Museum]] in London, England.<ref>[[British Museum]]. ''[http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details/collection_image_gallery.aspx?partid=1&assetid=563861001&objectid=233075 The 'Gazi' Scroll]''.</ref>

In the villages of the [[Sundarbans]] jungles, Gazi Pir is worshiped alongside the [[Bonbibi]] and the Hindu [[Dakshin Rai]], to ask for protection from tigers. According to the legends, Bonbibi taught that everyone is equal, no matter the caste or religion that one has, and that they should live in harmony with nature.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jalais|first=Annu|title=Forest of Tigers: People, Politics and Environment in the Sundarbans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XIW3AwAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-19869-4}}</ref>

==Kolkata memorial==
[[File:Hazrat Barkan Gazi Pir Baba - Signboard.jpg|thumb|Plate at the shrine in Kolkata.]]
[[Rani Rasmani]], who created the [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]] in [[Kolkata]] in 1847, had a dream in which Gazi Pir told her to build a shrine for him under a [[peepal tree]] outside what became the riverside gate of [[Belur Math]] in the early 20th century. [[Ramakrishna Paramahansa]] used make [[Prasad (food offering)|offerings]] (sinni) there.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chowdhury|first=Satyam Roy|title=Sri Ramakrishna For You|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9GvyDAAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Techno India|isbn=9789384561192}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last1=Bera|first1=Gautam Kumar |last2=Sahay|first2=Vijoy S. |title=In the Lagoons of the Gangetic Delta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aF4-_UjgfR0C|year=2010|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-343-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Blurton|first=T. Richard |title=Bengali Myths: The Legendary Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b-nWAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=British Museum|isbn=978-0-7141-2436-0}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:Ramakrishna]]
[[Category:Bengali Sufi saints]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Sundarbans]]
[[Category:Deities of the Sundarbans]]
[[Category:13th-century Bengali people]]

Faizul Waheed

2025-10-18T09:53:36Z

ErnestLithgow16:

{{Short description|Islamic scholar and jurist (1964–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = Islam
| title =
| honorific_prefix = Mufti
| name = Faizul Waheed
| image = Faizul Waheed.jpg
| caption = Faizul Waheed in 2021
| birth_date = {{birth year|1964}}
| birth_place = Dodasan Bala, [[Thanamandi]], [[Rajouri]], India
| death_date = {{death date and given age|df=y|2021|6|1|56}}
| death_place = ASCOMS, [[Jammu]]
| alma_mater = {{unbulleted list|[[Darul Uloom Deoband]]| [[Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University]]}}
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| main_interests = [[Tafsir]]
| notable_works = ''Faiz al-Mannān''
}}

'''Faizul Waheed''' (also known as '''Faizul Waheed Qāsmī''';<ref>{{cite news |title=عملی زندگی میں جذبات کے بجائے حکمت عملی اور منصوبہ بندی سے آپ کو کام کرنا ہوگا |trans-title=You need to work through strategies rather than through emotions |url=https://urdu.millattimes.com/story/40189 |access-date=1 June 2021 |work=Millat Times |date=28 April 2019 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215426/https://urdu.millattimes.com/story/40189 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 1964 – 1 June 2021) was an Indian Islamic scholar, jurist and an [[Wikt:exegete|exegete]] of the [[Quran]] from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], who served as the chief-[[mufti]] of Markaz-ul-Ma'arif, an Islamic seminary in Bathindi, [[Jammu]]. He wrote ''Faiz al-Mannān'', the first ever translation and commentary of the Quran in [[Gojri language]].

==Biography==
Faizul Waheed was born into [[Muslim Gujjars|Muslim Gujjar]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Masood |date=2021-06-18 |title=The Quran Gujraan Wastay |url=https://kashmirlife.net/the-quran-gujraan-wastay-vol-13-issue-11-269733/ |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakhsh |first=Zenaira |date=2021-06-02 |title=Mufti Faiz-ul-Waheed: A scholar who translated Quran in jail |url=https://thekashmirwalla.com/mufti-faiz-ul-waheed-a-scholar-who-translated-quran-in-jail/ |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=The Kashmir Walla |language=en-US}}</ref> family in Dodasan Bala, [[Thanamandi]], [[Rajouri]], in 1964.<ref name="edu">{{Citation|author1=Nisar Aḥmad Bhat Trāli |author2=Yūsuf al-Azam |title=Ā'īna-e-Madāris Jammu wa Kashmīr|volume=1|page=236}}</ref> He was schooled at the Madrasa Kāshif-ul-Uloom in Thanamandi and the Madrasa Tālim-ul-Qur'ān in [[Muzaffarnagar]].<ref name="edu"/> He studied two years of the [[dars-e-nizami]] in Madrasa Khādim-ul-Islam in [[Hapur]] and graduated from the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] in 1991.<ref name="edu2">{{Citation|author1=Nisar Aḥmad Bhat Trāli |author2=Yūsuf al-Azam |title=Ā'īna-e-Madāris Jammu wa Kashmīr|volume=1|page=237}}</ref> He received an [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] from the [[Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University]].<ref name="edu2"/>

In 1992, Faizul Waheed began teaching at the Madrasa Ashraf-ul-Uloom in [[Jammu]].<ref name="edu2"/> He alongside Jamāluddīn and Nazīr Aḥmad started Jamia Markaz-ul-Ma'arif, an Islamic seminary in Bathindi, [[Jammu]] and moved there on 5 October 1995.<ref name="edu2"/> As the new institution started, he was subject to some [[Deobandi]]–[[Barelvi]] conflicts triggered by local followers of the Barelvi movement, which led to his arrest in August 1995.<ref name="edu2"/> He was imprisoned under the [[Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act, 1978|Public Safety Act]] for eleven months.<ref name="edu2"/> He continued teaching at the madrasa for next two years and was arrested again in May 1997.<ref name="edu2"/> He was released in August 2000 and he continued teaching at the Markaz-ul-Ma’arif.<ref name="edu2"/> He served as the chief-mufti and patron of the Markaz-ul-Ma’arif.<ref name="ku">{{cite news |title=مفسر قرآن مفتی فیض الوحید نے آخری حدیث کا درس دیا |trans-title=Mufti Faziul Waheed, the exegete of Quran gives a sermon of Hadith |url=https://www.kashmiruzma.net/NewsDetail?action=view&ID=82568 |access-date=1 June 2021 |work=Kashmir Uzma |language=ur |archive-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611120530/https://www.kashmiruzma.net/NewsDetail?action=view&ID=82568 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="kashmirwalla"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Anjuman Nusrat-ul-Islam condoles demise of Haji Khursheed Ahmad Deen, Mufti Faiz-ul-Waheed |url=http://www.knskashmir.com/anjuman-nusrat-ul-islam-condoles-demise-of-haji-khursheed-ahmad-deen--mufti-faiz-ul-waheed-80496 |access-date=1 June 2021 |work=Kashmir News Service |date=1 June 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210619021358/http://www.knskashmir.com/anjuman-nusrat-ul-islam-condoles-demise-of-haji-khursheed-ahmad-deen--mufti-faiz-ul-waheed-80496|archive-date=19 June 2021}}</ref>

Faizul Waheed was an authority in [[Islamic jurisprudence]] and an exegete of the Quran.<ref name="kashmirwalla">{{cite news |title=Mufti Faizul Waheed, who first translated Quran into Gojri, critical |url=https://thekashmirwalla.com/2021/05/mufti-faizul-waheed-who-first-translated-quran-into-gojri-critical/ |access-date=1 June 2021 |work=The Kashmir Walla |date=24 May 2021|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 June 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210619021216/https://thekashmirwalla.com/2021/05/mufti-faizul-waheed-who-first-translated-quran-into-gojri-critical/}}</ref> He translated the ''Qur'ān'' into [[Gojri language]] and owned the credit of being its first translator in that language.<ref name="kashmirwalla"/> He had penned the translation and the exegesis of the ''Qur'ān'' during his imprisonment.<ref name="edu2"/> In November 2018, he said while speaking at a convention in [[Gool, Jammu and Kashmir|Gool, Ramban]] that "the success of every person is concealed in the ''Qur'ān''".<ref>{{cite news |title=مدرسہ دارالعلوم فریدیہ گول میں5حفاظ کرام کی دستار بندی |url=https://kashmiruzma.net/NewsDetail?action=view&ID=41999 |access-date=1 June 2021 |work=Kashmir Uzma |date=5 November 2018 |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610091736/https://kashmiruzma.net/NewsDetail?action=view&ID=41999 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Faizul Waheed was admitted at the Acharaya Shri Chander College of Medical Sciences (ASCOMS) in [[Jammu]] on 23 May 2021 to be treated for [[COVID-19]];<ref name="kashmirwalla"/><ref name="siasat"/> he died on 1 June 2021 from post COVID-19 complications.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.siasat.com/renowned-islamic-scholar-mufti-faiz-ul-waheed-dies-of-post-covid-complications-2144848/?fbclid=IwAR0fhMwjTNDpObEpfP9sJWL2oJNvyREqnFmaGnY6OVMhhuiAjXzTQbq5x1s | title=Renowned Islamic scholar Mufti Faiz-ul-Waheed dies of post Covid complications | date=June 2021 }}</ref><ref name="kashmirwalla"/><ref name="chenab">{{cite news |title=Renowned Islamic scholar Mufti Faiz-ul-Waheed passes away at Jammu hospital |url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2021/06/01/renowned-islamic-scholar-mufti-faiz-ul-waheed-passes-away-at-jammu-hospital/ |access-date=1 June 2021 |work=The Chenab Times |date=1 June 2021|url-status=live|archive-date=19 June 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210619021510/https://thechenabtimes.com/2021/06/01/renowned-islamic-scholar-mufti-faiz-ul-waheed-passes-away-at-jammu-hospital/}}</ref> [[Altaf Bukhari]], [[Ghulam Ahmad Mir]] and [[Syed Basharat Ahmed Bukhari]] expressed grief over his death.<ref name="siasat">{{cite news |title=Renowned Islamic scholar Mufti Faiz-ul-Waheed dies |url=https://www.siasat.com/renowned-islamic-scholar-mufti-faiz-ul-waheed-dies-of-post-covid-complications-2144848/ |access-date=1 June 2021 |work=[[The Siasat Daily]] |date=1 June 2021|url-status=live|archive-date=19 June 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210619021907/https://www.siasat.com/renowned-islamic-scholar-mufti-faiz-ul-waheed-dies-of-post-covid-complications-2144848/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Basharat Bukhari condoles demise of Mufti Faiz-ul-Waheed |url=http://www.knskashmir.com/basharat-bukhari-condoles-demise-of-mufti-faiz-ul-waheed-80506 |access-date=1 June 2021 |work=KNS Kashmir |date=1 June 2021|url-status=live|archive-date=19 June 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210619021749/http://www.knskashmir.com/basharat-bukhari-condoles-demise-of-mufti-faiz-ul-waheed-80506}}</ref> [[Chowdhary Zulfkar Ali]] expressed that the scholar's death was an irreparable loss.<ref name="chenab"/>

==Literary works==
Faizul Waheed wrote ''Faiz al-Mannān'',<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Abdur Rahman |first1=Muhammad |title=تفسیر فیض المنان میں مفتی فیض الوحید کے منہج و اسلوب کا تحقیقی مطالعہ |trans-title= A study of Mufti Faizul Waheed's adopted methodology and style in the Tafseer Faiz al-Mannan|date=2019 |publisher=[[Allama Iqbal Open University]] |location=[[Islamabad]] |language=ur}}</ref> the first ever translation and commentary of the ''Qur'ān'' in [[Gojri language]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 June 2021|title=J&K mufti who translated Quran into Gojri, helped tribal children pursue education, dies|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jk-mufti-who-translated-quran-into-gojri-helped-tribal-children-pursue-education-dies-7340284/|access-date=12 February 2022|work= [[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref>

His other works include:<ref>{{Cite news|last=Web|first=GK|title=Mufti Faiz-ul-Waheed, who first translated Qur'an into Gojri language passes away|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/jammu/mufti-faiz-ul-waheed-who-first-translated-quran-into-gojri-language-passes-away|access-date=12 February 2022|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Sirājum Muneera'' (''The Shining Lamp'', A biography of Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]].)
* ''Pāki ke Masā'il Qur'ān-o-Hadees ki Roshni Mein'' (''The Rules of Purity in the Light of Qur'ān and [[Hadith]]'')
* ''Mareez-o-Mayyit awr Warāsat ke Ahkām Qur'ān-o-Hadees ki Roshni Mein'' (''Rules of the Ill, the Deceased and Inheritance in the Light of Qur'ān and Hadith'')
==See also==
* [[List of Deobandis]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |author1=Nisar Aḥmad Bhat Trāli |author2=Yūsuf al-Azam |title=Ā'īna-e-Madāris Jammu wa Kashmīr |volume=1 |date=November 2015 |publisher=Afaq Printers |location=Srinagar |pages=236–237 |language=ur |chapter=Faizul Waheed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Waheed, Faizul}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Muslim Gujjars]]
[[Category:Indian Islamic studies scholars]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Interpreters]]
[[Category:People from Rajouri district]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University alumni]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

List of titles and names of Krishna

2025-08-22T07:16:07Z

ErnestLithgow16: small rework lead for consistency and added references

[[File:Keshi Krishna.jpg|thumb|Painting of Krishna subduing Keshi, circa 1750]]
{{Short description|List of titles and names of Hindu deity Krishna}}

{{Redirect|Parthasarathy|other people, places, or things with this name|Parthasarathy (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Krishna''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|r|ɪ|ʃ|n|ə}}; {{langx|sa|कृष्ण}}, {{IAST3|Kṛṣṇa}} pronounced {{IPA|sa|ˈkr̩ʂ.ɳɐ||}} ([[Classical Sanskrit]]) and {{IPA|sa|kr̩ʂ.ɳɐ́||}} in ([[Vedic Sanskrit]]) is a Hindu deity worshipped across many traditions of Hinduism in a variety of different perspectives. In [[Hinduism]], Krishna is recognized as the complete and eighth [[Avatar|incarnation]] of [[Vishnu]], or as the Supreme God (''[[Svayam Bhagavan]])'' in his own right.<ref name=" Mahony1987">{{cite journal
| author = Mahony, W.K. | year = 1987 | title = Perspectives on Krsna's Various Personalities | journal = History of Religions | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 333–335 | jstor = 1062381 | publisher = American Oriental Society| doi=10.1086/463085| s2cid = 164194548 }}</ref>

As one of the most popular of all Hindu deities, Krishna has acquired a number of epithets, and absorbed many regionally significant deities, such as [[Jagannatha]] in [[Odisha]] and [[Vithoba]] in [[Maharashtra]]. The [[Hindu texts]] portray him in various perspectives:<ref name="Knott56">{{Harvnb|Knott|2000|p=56}}</ref> a lovable infant, a divine child, a prankster, a cowherd, a model lover, a divine hero, a diplomat, a king, a kingmaker, a selfless friend, a philosopher, charioteer to [[Arjuna]] and a dispenser of spiritual discourse, in the [[Bhagavad Gita]].<ref name="Knott2000">{{Harvnb|Knott|2000|loc=p. 36, p. 15}}</ref> Among the principal scriptures that discuss Krishna's legend are the [[Mahabharata]], the [[Harivamsa]], the [[Bhagavata Purana|Srimad Bhagavatam]], and the [[Vishnu Purana]]. The Vishnu Sahasranama, the list of Vishnu's thousand names, also includes many of the titles and names of Krishna.

== Epithets ==
In popular culture, Krishna is often associated with 108 names.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rogerson |first=Barnaby |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWQsAQAAQBAJ&dq=108+names+of+krishna&pg=PA19 |title=Rogerson's Book of Numbers: The culture of numbers from 1001 Nights to the Seven Wonders of the World |date=2013-11-07 |publisher=Profile Books |isbn=978-1-84765-983-5 |pages=19 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadeau |first=Randall L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T0WcAgAAQBAJ&dq=108+names+of+krishna&pg=PA125 |title=Asian Religions: A Cultural Perspective |date=2014-01-13 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-47195-1 |pages=125 |language=en}}</ref> The following is a list of fifty of among the most popular names, titles, and epithets associated with the deity Krishna:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Transliteration !! Translation
|-
| अच्युत || {{IAST|[[Achyuta|Acyuta]]}} || He who is infallible<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2016-04-09 |title=Acyuta, Acyutā: 31 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/acyuta |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| माधव || {{IAST|[[Madhava (Vishnu)|Mādhava]]}} || He who is the lord of knowledge;<ref name="The Heart of Hinduism: The Eastern Path to Freedom, Empowerment, and ... - Stephen Knapp - Google Books">{{Cite book |last=Knapp |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a2KPChj7lTwC&dq=hrishikesha+lord+of+senses&pg=PA159 |title=The Heart of Hinduism: The Eastern Path to Freedom, Empowerment And Illumination |date=2005 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-0-595-35075-9 |pages=159 |language=en}}</ref> He who is like honey
|-
| गोविन्द || {{IAST|[[Govinda]]}} || He who is a cow-protector<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fieldhouse |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ&dq=govinda+meaning+prottector&pg=PA331 |title=Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions [2 volumes] |date=2017-04-17 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-412-4 |pages=331 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| जनार्दन || {{IAST|[[Janardana|Janārdana]]}} || He who is the original abode and protector of all living beings
|-
| केशव || {{IAST|[[Keshava|Keśava]]}} || He who has long locks of hair;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Knapp |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a2KPChj7lTwC&dq=keshava+meaning&pg=PA159 |title=The Heart of Hinduism: The Eastern Path to Freedom, Empowerment And Illumination |date=2005 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-0-595-35075-9 |pages=159 |language=en}}</ref> slayer of [[Keshi (demon)|Keshi]]; He who is himself the [[Trimurti]]
|-
| हरि || {{IAST|[[Hari]]}}|| He who takes away (sins)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hopkins |first=Steven P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUO5fk-mS8IC&dq=janardhana+meaning&pg=PA161 |title=An Ornament for Jewels: Love Poems For The Lord of Gods, by Vedantadesika |date=2007-10-18 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-804372-0 |pages=161 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| द्वारकानाथ || {{IAST|Dvārakanātha}}|| He who is the lord of Dvaraka
|-
| मुरारि || {{IAST|Murāri}} || He who is the slayer of the asura Mura<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-13 |title=Murari, Mura-ari, Murāri: 10 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/murari |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| वासुदेव || {{IAST|[[Vāsudeva]]}} || He who is the son of Vasudeva
|-
| मुकुन्द || {{IAST|Mukunda}} || He who offers liberation<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2016-08-07 |title=Mukunda, Mukundā, Mukumda: 20 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/mukunda |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| पार्थसारथि || {{IAST|Pārthasārathī}} || He who is the charioteer of Partha (Arjuna)<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-04-20 |title=Parthasarathi, Pārthasārathī, Pārthasārathi, Partha-sarathi: 4 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/parthasarathi |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| मधुसूदन || {{IAST|[[Madhusudana|Madhusūdana]]}} || He who is the slayer of the asura Madhu<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2012-06-29 |title=Madhusudana, Madhusūdana, Madhu-sudana: 20 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/madhusudana |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| दामोदर || {{IAST|Dāmodara}} || He who has a rope around his stomach
|-
| जगन्नाथ || {{IAST|[[Jagannath|Jagannātha]]}} || He who is the lord of the universe
|-
| गोपाल || {{IAST|Gopāla}} || He who is a cow-protector<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2012-06-29 |title=Gopala, Gopāla, Go-pala: 28 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/gopala |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| पुरुषोत्तम || {{IAST|[[Purushottama|Puruṣottama]]}} || He who is the highest being
|-
| नन्दकुमार || {{IAST|Nandakumāra}} || He who is the prince (son) of Nanda
|-
| मनोहर || {{IAST|Manohara}} || He who is lovely
|-
| जगदिश || {{IAST|Jagadiśa}} || He who is the protector of the universe
|-
| सुरेश || {{IAST|Sureśa}} || He who is the lord of the suras (devas)
|-
| श्रीकान्त || {{IAST|Śrīkānta}} || He who is beloved by Shri (Lakshmi)
|-
| श्रीनाथ || {{IAST|Śrīnātha}} || He who is the husband of Shri (Lakshmi)
|-
| परमेश्वर || {{IAST|[[Parameshvara (epithet)|Parameśvara]]}}|| He who is the supreme lord
|-
| मोहन || {{IAST|Mohana}} || He who is enchanting
|-
| गिरिधर || {{IAST|Giridhara}} || He who bears mountains
|-
| सर्वजन || {{IAST|Sarvajana}} || He who is omniscient
|-
| पुण्य || {{IAST|Punyah}} || He who is supremely pure
|-
| मुरलीधर || {{IAST|Muralīdhara}} || He who bears the flute<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-08 |title=Muralidhara, Muralīdhara, Murali-dhara: 9 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/muralidhara |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| देवकीपुत्र || {{IAST|Devakīputra}} || He who is the son of Devaki
|-
| नवनीत || {{IAST|Navanīta}} || He who eats butter
|-
| निरञ्जना || {{IAST|Nirañjanā}} || He who is unblemished
|-
| हृषीकेश || {{IAST|[[Hrishikesha|Hṛṣīkeśa]]}} || He who is the master of the senses<ref name="The Heart of Hinduism: The Eastern Path to Freedom, Empowerment, and ... - Stephen Knapp - Google Books" />
|-
| पतितपावन || {{IAST|Patitapāvana}} || He who is the purifier of the fallen<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2018-05-25 |title=Patitapavana, Patitapāvana: 3 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/patitapavana |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| श्यामसुन्दर || {{IAST|Śyāmasundara}} || He who is dark and handsome
|-
| यदुनन्दन || {{IAST|Yadunandana}} || He who belongs to the Yadu dynasty
|-
| ईश्वर || {{IAST|[[Ishvara|Iśvara]]}} || He who is the lord<ref>{{Cite book |last=Easwaran |first=Eknath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2WsnLilhMYkC&dq=ishvara+meaning+lord+krishna&pg=PA258 |title=Bhagavad Gita |date=2004 |publisher=Shambhala Publications |isbn=978-1-59030-190-6 |pages=258 |language=en}}</ref> (of the universe)
|-
| ज्ञानेश्‍वर || {{IAST|Jñāneśvara}} || He who is the lord of wisdom
|-
| चतुर्भुज || {{IAST|[[Chaturbhuja|Caturbhuja]]}} || He who has four arms
|-
| दयानिधि || {{IAST|Dayānidhi}} || He who is the treasure of mercy<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2011-12-19 |title=Dayanidhi: 4 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/dayanidhi |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| दयालु || {{IAST|Dayālu}} || He who is the repository of compassion
|-
| अनिरुद्ध || {{IAST|Aniruddha}} || He who cannot be obstructed
|-
| अक्षरा || {{IAST|Akṣarā}} || He who is indestructible
|-
| अद्भुत || {{IAST|Adbhutā}} || He who is astonishing
|-
| रुक्मिणीपति || {{IAST|Rukmiṇīpati}} || He who is the husband of Rukmini<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2022-01-10 |title=Rukminipati, Rukmini-pati, Rukmiṇīpati: 1 definition |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/rukminipati |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| योगेश्वर || {{IAST|[[Yogeshvara|Yogeśvara]]}} || He who is the lord of yoga
|-
| राधावल्लभ || {{IAST|Rādhāvallabha}} || He who is the beloved of Radha<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-06 |title=Radhavallabha, Rādhāvallabha: 6 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/radhavallabha |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| पाण्डुरङ्ग || {{IAST|Pāṇḍuraṅga}} || He who is the lord of Pandharpur
|-
| ഗുരുവായൂരപ്പൻ || {{IAST|Guruvāyūrappan}} || He who is the father of Guruvayur
|-
| கண்ணன் || {{IAST|Kaṇṇaṉ}} || He who is dear<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hopkins |first=Steven P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUO5fk-mS8IC&dq=janardhana+meaning&pg=PA161 |title=An Ornament for Jewels: Love Poems For The Lord of Gods, by Vedantadesika |date=2007-10-18 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-804372-0 |pages=162 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| कान्हा || {{IAST|Kāṇha}} || He who is dark-skinned
|-
| पद्मनाभ || {{IAST|Padmanābha}} || one from whose navel the lotus emanates
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Sahasranama|Names of God in Hinduism]]
* [[Svayam Bhagavan]]
* [[Bhagavan]]

== References ==
<references />

===Bibliography===
* {{Cite book | last = Knott | first = Kim | year = 2000 | title = Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction | publisher = Oxford University Press, USA | isbn = 0-19-285387-2 | url = https://archive.org/details/hinduismveryshor0000knot | url-access = registration }}

== External links ==
{{External links|date=October 2021|section}}
*108 names of Lord Krishna with meaning<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhary |first=Vaishali |date=2024-10-29 |title=Learn the 108 Names of Lord Krishna and their Meanings |url=https://theartarium.com/blogs/news/108-names-of-lord-krishna-with-meaning |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=The Artarium |language=en}}</ref>
*[https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-brahmanda-purana/d/doc362893.html Krishnamrita stotra: 108 Names of Krishna] as found in Brahmanda Purana 3.36; ''English translation by G. V. Tagare''
*[http://astrology.aryabhatt.com/108_Names_Krishna.asp 108 Names of Krishna]
*Astottara-satanamas (108 names): Krishna [http://www.prapatti.com/slokas/sanskrit/krishnaashtottaram.pdf devanagari] [http://www.prapatti.com/slokas/mp3/krishnaashtottaram.mp3 mp3 audio]
*Sahasranamas (1000 names): Krishna, [http://www.brihaspati.net/sahasranaam.htm Gopala], Balakrishna, [http://sanskrit.safire.com/pdf/RADHAKRISHNA_TRANS.pdf Radha-Krishna]
*[http://aumamen.com/topic/names-of-lord-sri-krishna-and-their-meanings List of more names of Lord Sri Krishna]
{{Krishna|state=autocollapse}}
{{Theology}}
[[Category:Hinduism-related lists|Krishna, names]]
[[Category:Titles and names of Krishna| ]]

Chhapra–Hajipur Highway

2025-08-17T01:27:01Z

ErnestLithgow16: created some info needs work

{{Short description|Road in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox road
|header_type=UC
|country=IND
|name = Chhapra-Hajipur Highway
|map=
|map_notes=
|length_km= 66.74
|direction_a= West
|direction_b= East
|terminus_a= [[Chhapra]]
|junction=
|terminus_b= [[Hajipur]]
|formed=
|state=
|maint=
}}

'''Chhapra–Hajipur Highway''' is an under-construction {{convert|66.74|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} road in [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/rs-42-crore-for-1st-leg-of-nh-19-repair-work/articleshow/57470071.cms|title=Rs 42 crore for 1st leg of NH-19 repair work|newspaper=The Times of India|date=5 March 2017|accessdate=10 August 2025}}</ref> It is restored as part of old [[National Highway 19 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 19]] (NH 19) and is planned between [[Chhapra]] and [[Hajipur]] in the first phase.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/chhapra-hajipur-nh-to-beready-by-june-next-yr-min/articleshow/90211810.cms|title=Chhapra-Hajipur NH to beready by June next yr: Min |work=The Times of India |date=15 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/cm-nitish-kumar-inspects-construction-works-on-jp-ganga-path-also-known-as-patna-marine-drive-for-third-time-in-67-days/articleshow/101524149.cms?from=mdr|title=CM Nitish Kumar inspects construction works on JP Ganga Path, also known as Patna Marine Drive, for third time in 67 days |work=The Times of India |date=5 July 2023 }}</ref> The first phase is planned to be completed by June 2023. In the second phase, the road will be further extended to Patna. The project is executed by [[National Highway Authority of India]] (NHAI).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://morth.gov.in/sites/default/files/943%20dated%2022%2010%202021%281%29%281%29.pdf|title=143.200 to Km 207.200 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://morth.gov.in/four-laning-chhapra-hazipur-section-nh-19-km-143200-km-207200-state-bihar-under-nhdp-phase-iii|title=Four laning of Chhapra-Hazipur section of NH-19 from Km 143.200 to Km 207.200 in the State of Bihar under NHDP Phase-III on Design, Build, Finance, Operate and Transfer (DBFOT) Annuity Basis: Proposal for approval for NHAI Road Crossing at AP-38-AP-39}}</ref> NHAI has allotted the construction work to a concessionaire on the basis of [[build–operate–transfer]] (BOT). This is a four-lane road and will become part of Hajipur-Chhapra-[[Ghazipur]] four-lane Highway ([[National Highway 31 (India)|NH 31]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/expedite-work-on-chhapra-sonepur-nh/articleshow/88439923.cms|title='Expedite work on Chhapra-Sonepur NH' |work=The Times of India |date=23 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/talk-to-stakeholders-and-expedite-nh-works-court-tells-state-govt/articleshow/89049758.cms|title=Talk to stakeholders and expedite NH works, court tells state govt |work=The Times of India |date=22 January 2022 }}</ref> The need for this Chhapra-Hajipur highway connecting Chhapra divisional headquarters with the capital Patna has increased after the commissioning of [[J.P. Setu]] and [[Arrah–Chhapra Bridge]]. Along with this, the importance of this road has increased due to the construction of Sherpur-Dighwara [[Loknayak Ganga Path]] will increase.

==History==
The ground work of four-laning of Hajipur to Chhapra-Methawalia (Manjhi) NH 19 started in the year 2009, but missed several deadlines due to land acquisition, court cases and lack of financial management by the concessionaire. The {{convert|14|km|mi|adj=on}} stretch of road from Manjhi to Chhapra was completed in 2020–2021.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

The construction of Hajipur-Chhapra NH-19 with a length of about 66.74 km started on 27 January 2011. The deadline for making it was set for 24 July 2013. The cost increased due to other complications including land acquisition. Its initial cost was around Rs 387 crore.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/hajipur/hajipur-chhapra-nh-completed-by-march-640-crores-have-been-spent-so-far-on-the-plan-of-387-crores-asj|title=हाजीपुर-छपरा एनएच मार्च तक होगा पूरा, 387 करोड़ की योजना पर अब तक खर्च हो चुके हैं 640 करोड़ |date=6 October 2023 }}</ref>

==Extension==
The extension of the highway from Hajipur to Patna, which is {{convert|14|km|mi}}, is expected to be completed by September 2024. This extended portion includes a four-lane bridge parallel to [[Gandhi Setu]]. This portion is being constructed by [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]], [[Government of India]].{{fact|date=August 2025}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chhapra-Hajipur Highway}}
[[Category:Roads in Bihar]]
[[Category:Transport in Chhapra]]
[[Category:Transport in Hajipur]]

Gandhidham–Ahmedabad main line

2025-07-29T13:36:05Z

ErnestLithgow16: expanded content

{{Short description|Railway line in India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Gandhidham–Ahmedabad main line
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = 19132 Kutch Express at Gandhidham Bg Railway Station.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Kutch Express, an important train on Gandhidham–Ahmedabad main line
| type =
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Gujarat]]
| start = [[Gandhidham Bg Railway Station|Gandhidham]]
| end = [[Ahmedabad railway station|Ahmedabad]]
| stations = [[Samakhiali Bg railway station|Samakhiali]], [[Viramgam railway station|Viramgam]]
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| open = 1969
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Western Railway Zone|Western Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength = {{convert|299.2|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| tracklength =
| tracks = 1
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification = Yes
| speed = 100 km/h
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Gandhidham–Ahmedabad main line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
The '''Gandhidham–Ahmedabad main line''' belongs to Western Railway of Ahmedabad Division in Gujarat State.

==Geography==
Gandhidham–Ahmedabad main line passes through beautiful Creeks and Salt dunes of [[Kutch]]. The railway line is about 300 km in length. This line is known in detail different sections:
*[[Gandhidham–Samakhiali section]]
*[[Samakhiali–Maliya Miyana section]]
*[[Viramgam–Maliya Miyana section|Maliya Miyana–Viramgam section]]
*[[Ahmedabad–Viramgam section|Viramgam–Ahmedabad section]]

==History==
Between 1850 and 1950 Gandhidham-Ahmedabad line was owned by different Princely States like [[Cutch State Railway]], [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway]], Morvi State Railway. [[Ahmedabad–Viramgam section]] was laid in 1871 by BB&CI. Later BB&CI line was extended to Wadhwan.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html |title=IR History: Early Days - II| website=IRFCA}}</ref>
The Cutch State Railway was financed by the Maharao Khengarji Bawa of Cutch, and the initial section to Anjar was opened in 1905. An extension from Anjar to the state capital of Bhuj was later made and lines opened in 1908. Varshamedi to Bhachau was opened in 1910. 15 miles from Anjar to Kandla was opened in 1930. After the formation of Gandhidham, Kandla station was renamed in 1947. Another line was laid from Kandla to Disa in 1950.

==Railway reorganization==
[[Cutch State Railway]] was merged into the [[Western Railway (India)|Western Railway]] on 5 November 1951, at which time the total length was 72 miles. The foundation stone was laid on 7 April 1955 to Gandhidham Bg Railway Station. The Gandhidham-Ahmedabad line was complete in the year 1969. Gauge conversion of Viramgam–Wankaner–Gandhidham section was completed in the earlier 1980s.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history5.html |title = IR History: Part - 5 (1970 - 1995)| website=IRFCA| access-date=11 August 2013}}</ref> The first train from Gandhidham to Mumbai was introduced on 2 October 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/kutch-express-19132-bhuj-to-bdts/1991/372/303 |title = Kutch Express| website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

==Passenger movement==
This line passes through [[Samakhiali Bg railway station|Samakhiali]], [[Maliya Miyana railway station]], Dharangadhra and [[Viramgam]]. Passengers of Kutch are benefited through this line to go to rest of the parts of India. There are trains to some important cities like [[Bandra Terminus railway station|Mumbai]], [[Bangalore City railway station|Bangalore]], [[Visakhapatnam railway station|Visakhapatnam]], [[Kamakhya Junction railway station|Kamakhya]], [[Nagercoil Junction railway station|Nagercoil]], [[Pune railway station|Pune]], [[Delhi Junction railway station|Delhi]], [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]], [[Shalimar railway station|Kolkata]], [[Vijayawada railway station|Vijayawada]], [[Nagpur railway station|Nagpur]] and [[Puri railway station|Puri]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhidham - Ahmedabad main line}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Main railway lines of India]]
[[Category:Railway lines in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Transport in Kutch district]]
[[Category:Ahmedabad railway division|*]]
[[Category:Western Railway zone]]
[[Category:Transport in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Transport in Gandhidham]]

Madurai S. Somasundaram

2025-07-28T08:53:44Z

ErnestLithgow16: added new info.

{{Short description|Carnatic music vocalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2019}}

'''Madurai S. Somasundaram''', popularly also called '''Madurai Somu''' (born S. Paramasivam; 9 February 1919 – 9 December 1989) was a [[Carnatic music]] vocalist.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/the-incomparable-genius-of-madurai-somu/article28376662.ece|title=The incomparable genius of Madurai Somu|last=Venkatraman|first=Shankar|date=2019-07-11|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-13|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He started his career by giving a concert in [[Tiruchendur]] in 1934. He learnt music from Sesha Bhagavatar, Abhirama Sastri and [[Chittoor Subramaniam Pillai]].

He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]] in 1976, the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 1978 and the [[Sangeetha Kalasikhamani]] award by The Indian Fine Arts Society in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theindianfineartssociety.com/oldevents.html|title=Welcome to The Indian Fine Art Society|website=theindianfineartssociety.com|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref> [[Annamalai University]] conferred the [[Doctor of Law]] on him [[Honoris Causa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eambalam.com/blog/legends-of-carnatic-music-1/|title=Madurai Somasundaram – Legend 1 – Compiled by Sashi Kulkarni & T.V. Ramprasadh {{!}} eAmbalam|last=Says|first=Govinda Lal Baba|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref><ref name="k338">{{cite web | title=Madurai Somu: The grandeur lay in his simplicity | website=The Hindu | date=30 November 2019 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/madurai-somu-the-grandeur-lay-in-his-simplicity/article30123519.ece | access-date=24 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="k033">{{cite web | last=Mirza | first=Dia | title=Remembering evergreen voice of Madurai Somu | website=Times of India Blog | date=27 February 2020 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/remembering-evergreen-voice-of-madurai-somu/ | access-date=24 February 2025}}</ref>

He was an ardent devotee of [[Kartikeya|Lord Muruga]] and is known to take pauses to chant his name. It was evident from his evergreen song ''Marudhamalai Maamaniye'' from the film [[Deivam (1972 film)|Deivam]].[http://www.carnaticdarbar.com/Symphony/symphony07.asp]

== Early life ==
It is interesting how Madurai Somu got his name. Paramasivam was the tenth child of Sachidanandam Pillai and Kamalambal, born on 9 February 1919. Sachidanandam, a Bench Court clerk was the son of Srinivasa Pillai, well-known nadaswara vidwan and the family lived in Swamimalai. Sachidanandam got transferred to Madurai, where they lived on Sembu Kinatru Theru. Paramasivam and his elder brothers were attracted towards the martial arts school run by Muthu Vadyar. They learnt silambam, wrestling, etc.

Paramasivam was also drawn by the bhajans sung by Narayana Konar at the temple. He would sit with a sruti box accompanying the singer. His mother wanted him to learn the nadaswaram but Somu was keen on vocal music so much so that he would stand in neck-deep water and do ''sadakam''.

Paramasivam was initiated into music under Seithur Sundaresa Bhattar, a disciple of Kancheepuram Naina Pillai. Then followed Thevara singing training under Madurai Latchumana Chettiar, a disciple of M.M. Dandapani Desikar and from Sesham Bhagavathar, Abhirami Sasthriar and Madurai Thiruppugazh Mani.

In 1934, Paramasivam rendered some devotional songs in front of the presiding deity Lord Muruga at Thiruchendur. With the blessings of Lord Somasundareswara of Madurai and his own mother Paramasivam became Somasundaram... Somu.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.advocatevsr.net/maduraisomu.html All about 'isai perarignar' Madurai Somu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725090834/http://www.advocatevsr.net/maduraisomu.html |date=25 July 2019 }}
*[http://www.hummaa.com/music/artist/17235/Madurai+Somu About Madurai Somu]
*[http://www.carnatica.net/artiste/maduraisomu.htm Madurai Somu Artist]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080924163416/http://groups.msn.com/MaduraiSomuHomePage/_whatsnew.msnw Madurai Somu ]
*[http://www.carnaticdarbar.com/Symphony/symphony07.asp]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Somasundaram, Madurai S.}}
[[Category:Male Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]

{{india-musician-stub}}

Yewai

2025-07-23T07:51:44Z

ErnestLithgow16: creating some stub w/ sources - done

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Yewai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.3211351|N|73.1069298|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thane district|Thane]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhiwandi]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 27
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 673
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 552642
| footnotes =
}}
'''Yewai''' is a village in the [[Thane district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Bhiwandi]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |access-date=2015-08-17 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Yewai has 135 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 75.13%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |access-date=2015-08-17 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 673 || 352 || 321
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 102 || 61 || 41
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 32 || 14 || 18
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 324 || 158 || 166
|-
| Literates || 429 || 234 || 195
|-
| Workers (all) || 203 || 173 || 30
|-
| Main workers (total) || 194 || 169 || 25
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 22 || 16 || 6
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 44 || 30 || 14
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 128 || 123 || 5
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 9 || 4 || 5
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 2 || 2 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 3 || 0 || 3
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 4 || 2 || 2
|-
| Non-workers || 470 || 179 || 291
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bhiwandi taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Bhiwandi taluka]]

Oriental Bank Corporation

2025-07-08T17:39:30Z

ErnestLithgow16: Started new article.

{{Short description|British imperial bank founded in India}}
{{other uses of|Oriental Bank}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Oriental Bank Corporation
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = The New Oriental Bank and Share Market, Bombay.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = The New Oriental Bank and Share Market, Bombay
| former_name = Bank of Western India
| type = Private
| industry = Banking
| fate =
| founded = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]] ({{Start date|1842}})
| founder = 
| defunct = {{End date|1892}}
| hq_location =
| hq_location_city = [[London]]
| hq_location_country = [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year = 
| areas_served = Asia, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, San Francisco
| key_people =
| products =
| services =
| revenue =
| revenue_year = 
| operating_income =
| income_year = 
| net_income = 
| net_income_year = 
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| module = 
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| rating = 
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}}
The '''Oriental Bank Corporation''' ({{zh|t=東藩滙理銀行}}), or "OBC", was a British imperial [[bank]] founded in [[India]] in 1842 which grew to be prominent throughout the [[Far East]]. As an Exchange bank, the OBC was primarily concerned with the finance of trade and exchanges of different currencies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McGuire|first=John|date=2005|title=Exchange banks, India and the world economy: 1850–1914|journal=Asian Studies Review|volume=29|issue=2|pages=143–163|doi=10.1080/10357820500221154|s2cid=145514068}}</ref> It was the first bank in [[Hong Kong]] and the first bank to issue [[banknote]]s in Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.info.gov.hk/hkma/eng/exhibition/1-3.pdf |title=Banks and Banknotes |access-date=6 March 2009 |archive-date=5 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605054801/http://www.info.gov.hk/hkma/eng/exhibition/1-3.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HKDHistory">{{Cite web |url=http://www.atsnotes.com/catalog/banknotes/hong-kong.html |title=World Paper Money Catalog and History History = Hongkong Dollar |access-date=8 January 2012 |archive-date=19 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219055344/http://www.atsnotes.com/catalog/banknotes/hong-kong.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
The bank was established in 1842 in [[Bombay]], India, as the '''Bank of Western India'''. The bank moved its [[headquarters]] from [[Bombay]] to [[London]] in 1845, and opened branches in [[Colombo]] (1843), [[Calcutta]] (1844), [[Shanghai]] (1845), [[Guangdong|Canton]] (1845), [[Singapore]] (1846), and [[Hong Kong]] (1846).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rise, Progress, and Present Condition of Banking in India|last=Cooke|first=Charles Northcote|publisher=Bengal Publishing Company|year=1863|location=Calcutta, India|pages=150}}</ref> The bank acquired the failing [[Bank of Ceylon]] in 1850, and obtained a royal charter for the merged institution under the name '''Oriental Bank Corporation''' in 1851.<ref name=":0" /> It was chartered in 1851 to allow competition with the [[East India Company]]'s [[opium]] billing [[monopoly]], which was unpopular in [[England]] at the time.<ref>{{Citation needed|date=December 2018|reason=The claim that the OBC was chartered to compete with the East India Company's opium trade needs a reliable source}}</ref>

Expansion followed with additional branches opening in [[Mauritius]], Madras ([[Chennai]]), [[Thalassery]], [[Melbourne]], [[Sydney]], [[Auckland]], [[Wellington]], [[Port Elizabeth]], [[Durban]], [[Fuzhou]] (Foochow), [[Yokohama]], Hiogo ([[Kobe]]), and [[San Francisco]].

By the 1860s, the bank held a dominant position in India and China and was considered the “most powerful, oldest, and most prestigious Eastern exchange bank,” and “the doyen of Eastern exchange banking.”<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMGoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT214|title=Crisis Banking in the East: The History of the Chartered Mercantile Bank of London, India and China, 1853–93|last1=Muirhead|first1=Stuart|last2=Green|first2=Edwin|date=2016-12-05|publisher=Routledge|page=214|isbn=9781351947411|language=en|access-date=27 December 2018|archive-date=28 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628142549/https://books.google.com/books?id=DMGoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT214|url-status=live}}</ref>

From the 1870s, the bank's finances suffered greatly from bad loans to coffee [[plantation]]s in Ceylon (now [[Sri Lanka]]), and to sugar [[plantation]]s in [[Mauritius]].<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Sheehan|first=Paul|title=Did the Bankruptcy of Hu Kwang-Yung and the Shanghai Crisis of 1883 Cause the 1884 Failure of the Oriental Bank?|date=2018|publisher=Harvard University|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326265578}}</ref> On May 2, 1884, the bank suspended payment<ref>{{cite news|title=Oriental Bank Corporation|author=|date=May 3, 1884|work=Times of London|page=11}}</ref> and it was subsequently liquidated in a [[Court of Chancery|Chancery]] proceeding.<ref>{{cite news|title=In the Matter of the Companies Acts, 1862 and 1867, and in the Matter of the Oriental Bank Corporation|author=|date=May 6, 1884|work=London Gazette|issue=25350|page=2045}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJsEAAAAQAAJ&q=failure+of+the+oriental+bank|title=The Failure of the Oriental Bank|author=|date=1884|work=Bankers’ Magazine|issue=44|location=London|page=614|access-date=28 June 2023|archive-date=28 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628142550/https://books.google.com/books?id=VJsEAAAAQAAJ&q=failure+of+the+oriental+bank|url-status=live}}</ref> The majority of its branches and staff were sold to a new corporation, and its business was reconstituted as the '''New Oriental Bank Corporation'''. With growing competition from rivals, such as the [[Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation]] and [[Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China|Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China]], the bank failed to survive and once again failed in 1892, becoming an early victim of the impending [[Panic of 1893|trouble of 1893]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thesharegallery.co.uk/1865_Oriental_Bank.htm |title=Oriental Bank Corporation |access-date=6 March 2009 |archive-date=17 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817142413/http://www.thesharegallery.co.uk/1865_Oriental_Bank.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scripophily.net/orbaco18.html |title=Oriental Bank Corporation |access-date=6 March 2009 |archive-date=12 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212114641/http://www.scripophily.net/orbaco18.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0">[http://coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ASAA/biennial-conference/2004/McGuire-J-ASAA2004.pdf The Rise and Fall of the Oriental Bank in the Nineteenth Century:] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804075643/http://coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ASAA/biennial-conference/2004/McGuire-J-ASAA2004.pdf |date=4 August 2008 }} by John McGuire, Department of Social Sciences, Curtin University of Technology</ref><ref>[http://archiveshub.ac.uk/data/gb1830-orb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714225758/http://archiveshub.ac.uk/data/gb1830-orb|date=14 July 2015}} archival material</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Banks}}
* [[Banknotes of the Hong Kong dollar]]
* [[Panic of 1893]]
* [[Horatio Nelson Lay]]

==References==
{{reflist|2|refs=}}

{{Banking in India}}

[[Category:Banks established in 1842]]
[[Category:Banks disestablished in 1892]]
[[Category:Defunct banks of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Defunct banks of India]]
[[Category:Defunct banks of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Former banknote issuers of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:British overseas banks]]
[[Category:Former central banks and banks of issue]]

Chandrakant Mali

2025-06-27T11:46:05Z

ErnestLithgow16: created a bio w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Indian weightlifter (born 1987)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| headercolor =
| name = Chandrakant Mali
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| fullname =
| nickname =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| nationality = Indian
| residence =
| alma mater =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|8|27|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kurundawad]], [[Kolhapur]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| website =
| country = {{IND}}
| sport = [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]]
| event = 94 Kg
| collegeteam =
| universityteam =
| club =
| team =
| turnedpro =
| partner =
| former_partner =
| coach =
| retired =
| coaching =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| paralympics =
| highestranking =
| pb =

| show-medals = y
| updated = 30 July 2014
}}

'''Chandrakant Mali''' is an Indian [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifter]], who won bronze medal in the [[Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 94 kg|men's 94 kg]] weight class at the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]] at [[Glasgow]], Scotland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.glasgow2014.com/athlete/weightlifting/1009054/c_mali.html|title=Glasgow 2014 - Chandrakant Mali Profile|website=results.glasgow2014.com|access-date=29 July 2014|archive-date=24 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524222112/http://results.glasgow2014.com/athlete/weightlifting/1009054/c_mali.html|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mali, Chandrakant}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Indian male weightlifters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kolhapur]]
[[Category:Weightlifters from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games weightlifters for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists in weightlifting]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games weightlifters for India]]
{{India-weightlifting-bio-stub}}

Dinesh Jain Boss

2025-05-07T06:44:04Z

ErnestLithgow16: created a article more to come...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

'''Dinesh Jain Boss''' (born 1966)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dinesh Jain Boss(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- MAHIDPUR(UJJAIN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=745 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He is a member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Mahidpur Assembly constituency]] in [[Ujjain district|Ujjain District]]. He was elected in the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=dinesh jain boss madhya-pradesh dinesh-jain-boss-mahidpur candidate Profile,Candidates Net Worth, Education News {{!}} ABP News |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/dinesh-jain-boss-madhya-pradesh-mahidpur-candidate-profile.html |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Mahidpur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Mahidpur सीट पर INC प्रत्याशीDinesh Jain Boss की जीत |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/mahidpur-madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830358-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahidpur assembly election results 2023: Mahidpur Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/mahidpur-assembly-result-12213 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Boss is from [[Mahidpur]], Ujjain District, Madhya Pradesh. He is the son of Mangilal Jain. He completed his M.Sc. in technology, in 1987 at School of Studies in Geology, [[Vikram University]], Ujjain. Earlier, he did B.Sc. in 1984 at Madhav Science College, [[Ujjain]], which is affiliated with [[Vikram University]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Boss won from Mahidpur Assembly constituency representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the 2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 75,454 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Bahadur Singh Chouhan of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a narrow margin of 290 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahidpur Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Mahidpur Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election/mahidpur-constituency/ |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, he lost both the 2018 and 2013 elections. In the [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly elections]] he lost to Bahadur Singh Chouhan of the BJP by a margin of 15,220 votes and in the [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] too, he contested as an independent candidate and lost to the same BJP candidate Chouhan, by a margin of 20,634 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dinesh Jain Boss, INC Candidate from Mahidpur Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/madhya-pradesh/dinesh-jain-boss-s12aed2008a213e2023c001/ |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahidpur Constituency Election Results 2023: Mahidpur Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/mahidpur |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boss, Dinesh Jain}}

[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Ujjain district]]
[[Category:Vikram University alumni]]

R. K. Singh Patel

2025-03-22T16:54:18Z

ErnestLithgow16: corrected section for consistency

{{Short description|Member of Parliament in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{About||the BJP Politician|R. K. Singh|the Congress Politician|Ratanjit Pratap Narain Singh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = R. K. Singh Patel
| honorific-suffix =
| image = File:R.K. Singh Patel.jpg
| alt =
| caption = [[Member Of Parliament]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Banda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banda]]
| parliament =
| majority = 
| term_start = 23 May 2019
| term_end = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Bhairon Prasad Mishra]]
| successor = [[Krishna Devi Shivshanker]]
| Office2 =
| constituency2 = [[Manikpur Assembly constituency|Manikpur]]
| parliament2 =
| term_start2 = March 2017
| term_end2 = May 2019
| predecessor2 = Chandra Bhan
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency3 = [[Banda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banda]], ([[Uttar Pradesh]])
| parliament3 = [[Indian Lok Shabha]]
| majority3 = 
| term_start3 = 2009
| term_end3 = 2014
| predecessor3 = [[Shyama Charan Gupta]]
| successor3 = [[Bhairon Prasad Mishra]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1959|07|03}}<ref name="Lok Sabha Profile">{{cite news|title=Lok Sabha Profile|publisher=Govt of India|year=2009|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4331}}</ref>
| birth_place = Balapur, Khalsa, [[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<ref name=" Lok Sabha Profile " />
| death_date =
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| citizenship = Indian
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]](BJP)<ref name=" Lok Sabha Profile " />
| otherparty = 
| spouse = Shanti Devi Patel.<ref name=" Lok Sabha Profile " />
| partner = 
| relations =
| children = 03 sons & 01 daughter & 01 Grandson Shaurya singh patel
| residence = [[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] & [[New Delhi]].<ref name=" Lok Sabha Profile " />
| alma_mater = [[University of Allahabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| occupation = [[Agriculturist]] & [[Politician]]
| profession =
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/4331?from=members
| committees = Health and Family Welfare (Member) <div> Railway Convention (Member)</div>
| parents = Bhagwan Deen Singh, Ram Sakhi Devi
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| office2 = [[17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]]
}}
'''Ramkripal Singh Patel''' is a member of the [[17th Lok Sabha]]. He represents the [[Banda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banda]] constituency of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and is a member of the [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] (BJP).<ref name="RK Singh Patel: Vying For Power; Eyeing Banda Seat">{{cite news |title=RK Singh Patel: Vying For Power; Eyeing Banda Seat |url=https://timelinedaily.com/elections/rk-singh-patel-vying-for-power-eyeing-banda-seat |access-date=22 March 2025 |publisher=TimelineDaily |date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322161909/https://timelinedaily.com/elections/rk-singh-patel-vying-for-power-eyeing-banda-seat |archive-date=22 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=" Lok Sabha Profile " /> Before this he was also the member of 15th [[Lok Sabha]] of [[India]]. He represented the [[Banda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banda]] constituency of [[India]] and was a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP). His son Sunil Patel is also a BJP [https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/chitrakoot-bjp-mp-r-k-singh-patel-son-assaulted-at-dhaba-on-gunpoint-now-police-is-not-taking-any-action-ann-2186323 leader].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganga |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-08-07 |title=चित्रकूट में ढाबे पर BJP सांसद के बेटे की दबंगई, बंदूक की नोक पर की मारपीट, पुलिस पर लगे आरोप |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/chitrakoot-bjp-mp-r-k-singh-patel-son-assaulted-at-dhaba-on-gunpoint-now-police-is-not-taking-any-action-ann-2186323 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Lok Sabha Elections 2019: Former friends with Samajwadi past now foes in Banda poll arena">{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2019: Former friends with Samajwadi past now foes in Banda poll arena |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-former-friends-with-samajwadi-past-now-foes-in-banda-poll-arena/story-hdLjF8xbcjIp33110XlB6N.html |access-date=22 March 2025 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=1 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322162129/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-former-friends-with-samajwadi-past-now-foes-in-banda-poll-arena/story-hdLjF8xbcjIp33110XlB6N.html |archive-date=22 March 2025}}</ref>

==Education and background==
Patel holds [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] degree from [[University of Allahabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He was an agriculturist by profession before joining politics.<ref name=" Lok Sabha Profile " />

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position
|-
| 01 || 1996 || 2007 || Member, [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] (two terms) - [[Karwi Assembly constituency|Karwi]]
|-
| 02 || 1996 || 1997 || [[Minister of State]], [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| 03 || 2002 || 2003 || [[Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| 04 || 2009 || 2014 || Elected to [[15th Lok Sabha]]
|-
| 05 || 2009 || 2014 || Member, Committee on Health and Family Welfare
|-
| 06 || 2010 || 2014 || Member, Committee on Railway Convention
|-
| 07 || 2017|| 2019|| Member, [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Manikpur Assembly constituency|Manikpur]]
|-
|08 ||2019 || 2024 || Elected to [[17th Lok Sabha]]
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of members of the 15th Lok Sabha of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, R. K. Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Chitrakoot district]]
[[Category:People from Banda district, India]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1997–2002]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

Nuvem

2025-03-22T16:23:00Z

ErnestLithgow16: enhance formatting for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Tone|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nuvem
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Goa#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Nuvem in [[Goa]]
| coordinates = {{coord|15|18|32|N|73|56|46|E|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Goa]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[South Goa]]
| subdivision_type3 = Sub-district
| subdivision_name3 = [[Salcete]]
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 9 288<ref name="nuvem"/>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postcode
| postal_code = 403713
| area_code = 0832
| website = {{URL|goa.gov.in}}
}}

'''Nuvem''' (formerly a village on the outskirts of [[Margao]]) is a town that is part of the [[Salcete]] [[Tehsil|sub-district]] of [[South Goa district]], [[Goa]], [[India]].

== Geography ==
Nuvem is situated along the [[National Highway 17]]. Neighboring villages include [[Verna, Goa|Verna]], [[Majorda]], and [[Seraulim]]. It is located 5 kilometers from its district headquarters [[Margão]], 24 kilometers from [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]], and 29 kilometers from the state capital, [[Panjim]].

== Demographics ==
Nuvem is a [[census town]] in the district of South Goa, Goa. It has a population of 9,288, of which 4,450 are males and 4,838 are females, as per a report released by the [[2011 Census of India|Census India 2011]].
<ref name="nuvem">
{{Citation
| author = C. Chandramouli
| publication-date = 2015
|orig-date= 2010–11
| title = Nuvem Population Census 2011
| work = Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India
| publisher = [[Government of India]]
| agency = Census Organization of India
| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/626924-nuvem-goa.html
| access-date = 2017-07-06
}}
</ref>

== Education ==
Nuvem is home to two educational institutions: [[Carmel College for Women]] and [[IAM Institute of Hotel Management]]. In its vicinity is the [[Verna, Goa|Verna]] complex of Agnel institutions, which includes an engineering college.

==Government and politics==
Nuvem is part of [[Nuvem (Goa Assembly constituency)]] and [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Culture ==
{{ref improve|section|date=March 2025}}
[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in Nuvem. Konkani [[tiatr]]s are also very popular. Nuvem had a [[go-kart]] track located on the hill top. A new sporting activity called MILSIM GOA, a variation of [[paintball]], has just started in Gounlloy, a ward in Nuvem. It also has a water park called Froggyland.

Nuvem has a church known as Jezu Marie Juze (Jesus, Mary and Joseph), formerly known as Igreja Mãe dos Pobres (Mother of the Poor Church). The Mãe dos Pobres feast is celebrated by the villagers on the first Sunday of November every year.<ref>{{URL|goanchurches.info/church/mother-of-the-poor-church-nuvem-goa/|Mother of the Poor Church, Nuvem, Goa}}. retrieved on 2017-07-06.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in South Goa district]]

{{Goa-geo-stub}}

Jitu Somani

2025-02-28T14:21:20Z

ErnestLithgow16: adding details...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Jitu''' '''Kantilal Somani''' (born 1959)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jitendra Kantilal Somani(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- WANKANER(MORBI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=5342 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Wankaner Assembly constituency in [[Morbi district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Wankaner Election Result 2022live: Bjp के Jitendra Kantilal Somani की हुई जीत, Aap के Vikram Sorani रहें दूसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/wankaner-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-2276787 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Somani is from [[Wankaner]], Morbi district, Gujarat. He is the son of Kantilal Somani. He studied Class 5 and passed the examinations in 1971. Later, he discontinued his studies.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Somani won from [[Wankaner Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 80,677 votes and defeated his nearest rival and three time MLA, [[Mohammed Javed Pirzada]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 19,955 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=General election to Vidhan Sabha trends and results December 2022 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS0667.htm?ac=67 |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref> After getting elected as an MLA, he was nominated as the Airport Advisory Committee for the [[Rajkot International Airport]] under the chairmanship of [[Parshottam Rupala]], the Rajkot MP.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-27 |title=Gujarat Confidential: New Addition |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-confidential-new-addition-9590240/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Earlier in 2017, he lost to Pirzada Mahamadjavid Abdulmutalib of the Indian National Congress by a margin of 1,361 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wankaner Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Jitendra Kantilal Somani Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/wankaner-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6560809.html |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Somani, Jitu}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Morbi district]]

Manipur Statehood Day Women's Polo Tournament

2024-10-31T23:23:40Z

ErnestLithgow16: added pg.

{{Short description|None}}
{{See also|Manipur International Polo}}
{{Infobox sports league
|title=Manipur Statehood Day Women's Polo Tournament
|sport=[[Sagol Kangjei]] ([[Polo]])
|game=[[Sagol Kangjei]] ([[Polo]])
|founder=All Manipur Polo Association (AMPA)
|countries=
* {{ARG}},
* {{AUS}},
* {{CAN}},
* {{EGY}},
* {{IND}},
* {{KEN}},
* {{UK}},
* {{USA}}
|venue=[[:simple:Imphal Polo Ground|Imphal Polo Ground]] ({{langx|mni|Mapal Kangjeibung}})
|continents=[[Africa]], [[Asia]], [[Europe]], [[Oceania]], [[North America]] and [[South America]]
|country=[[India]]
|headquarters=[[Imphal]], [[Manipur]]
}}
'''Manipur Statehood Day Women's Polo Tournament''' is an annual international women's polo tournament in [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]]. It is organized in the [[:simple:Imphal Polo Ground|Imphal Polo Ground]] ({{langx|mni|Mapal Kangjeibung}}), the oldest pologround in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-21|title=KENYA WINS THE 3RD MANIPUR STATEHOOD DAY WOMEN'S POLO TOURNAMENT {{!}} Pothashang News|url=https://www.pothashang.in/2018/01/21/kenya-wins-the-3rd-manipur-statehood-day-womens-polo-tournament/|access-date=2022-03-05|website=Pothashang|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-16|title=3rd Manipur Statehood Day Women's Polo Tournament to feature polo teams from four continents|url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/3rd-manipur-statehood-day-womens-polo-tournament.html|access-date=2022-03-05|website=NORTHEAST NOW|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="dnaindia.com">{{Cite web|title=Manipur celebrates Statehood Day with first international women's polo tournament|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-manipur-celebrates-statehood-day-with-first-international-women-s-polo-tournament-2167827|access-date=2022-03-05|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref><ref name="e-pao.net">{{Cite web|title=1st Manipur Statehood Day Women Polo Tournament 20160114|url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=announcements.Ann_2016.1st_Manipur_Statehood_Day_Women_Polo_Tournament_20160114|access-date=2022-03-05|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name="Correspondent 2010">{{Cite web|last=Correspondent|date=2010|title=1st Manipur Statehood Day Women's Polo|url=https://assamtribune.com/1st-manipur-statehood-day-womens-polo|access-date=|website=The Assam Tribune|language=en}}</ref> It is the first and the only international women's polo tournament ever organized in [[India]].
[[:simple:Manipur Statehood Day Women's Polo Tournament 2016|Manipur Statehood Day Women's Polo Tournament 2016]] is the first event.<ref name="dnaindia.com"/><ref name="e-pao.net"/><ref name="Correspondent 2010"/> The first tournament event marked the 60th Anniversary of the All Manipur Polo Association (AMPA). The polo association was established in 1955 by [[Bodhchandra Singh|Ningthou Bodhachandra]], His Highness, the then King of [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]].<ref name="dnaindia.com"/>

== Past Tournament Results ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Host
!Winner
!Score
!Runners-up
!Notes
|-
|2020 ''[[:simple:Manipur Statehood Day Women's Polo Tournament 2020|Details]]''
|{{IND}}
|{{UK}}
|5-2
|{{USA}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=ANI|date=2020-01-23|title=India's only women polo tournament concludes in Imphal|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/india-s-only-women-polo-tournament-concludes-in-imphal-120012300093_1.html|access-date=2022-03-05}}</ref>
|- style="background: #D0E6FF;"
|2019 ''[[:simple:Manipur Statehood Day Women's Polo Tournament 2019|Details]]''
|{{IND}}
|{{ARG}}
|3-1
|{{USA}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Samom|first=Sobhapati|date=2019-01-21|title=Women Polo Manipur: Argentina team emerge winner|url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/women-polo-manipur-argentina-team-emerge-winner.html|access-date=2022-03-05|website=NORTHEAST NOW|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2018 ''[[:simple:Manipur Statehood Day Women's Polo Tournament 2018|Details]]''
|{{IND}}
|{{KEN}}
|5-4
|{{USA}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Ne Now|date=2018-01-21|title=Kenyan women lift Manipur Statehood Day Women's Polo trophy|url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/kenyan-women.html|access-date=2022-03-05|website=NORTHEAST NOW|language=en-US}}</ref>
|- style="background: #D0E6FF;"
|2017 ''[[:simple:Manipur Statehood Day Women's Polo Tournament 2017|Details]]''
|{{IND}}
|{{USA}}
|9-3
|{{UK}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=TEAM USPA DOMINATE IN THE 2ND MANIPUR STATEHOOD DAY WOMEN'S POLO TOURNAMENT|url=https://www.uspolo.org/news-social/news/team-uspa-dominate-in-the-2nd-manipur-statehood-day-womens-polo-tournament|access-date=2022-03-05|website=United States Polo Association®|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2016 ''[[:simple:Manipur Statehood Day Women's Polo Tournament 2016|Details]]''
|{{IND}}
|{{IND}}
|
|{{USA}}
|<ref name="Correspondent 2010"/>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Daughters of the Polo God]]
* [[Women in India]]

== References ==
{{Commons}}
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Polo in Manipur]]
[[Category:Polo in India]]
[[Category:Women's polo]]

Chettinad Kottan

2024-10-24T22:10:24Z

ErnestLithgow16: created new info v1

{{Short description|Indian type of basket woven from palm leaves}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Chettinad Kottan
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| description = [[Palm leaf]] baskets from [[Chettinad]] region
| type = Handicraft
| area = [[Chettinad]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India
| registered = 2012–13
| material = [[Palm leaf]]
| official website =
}}

'''Chettinad Kottan''' is a type of [[basket]] woven from [[Palm leaf|palm leaves]] in the [[Chettinad]] region in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/200|title=Application details|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509152933/https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/200|url-status=live}}</ref> It was declared as a [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical indication]] in 2012–13.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://ipindia.gov.in/registered-gls.htm|title=Geographical indications in India|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203233006/https://ipindia.gov.in/registered-gls.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Description ==
Kottans are traditional [[baskets]] weaved from dried [[palm leaf|palm leaves]] in the [[Chettinad]] region of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The palm leaves are dried in the sun for a week till they become brown in color. The individual leaflets are separated from the stalk by hand with the central veins removed using a needle like instrument called "satyaagam". The leaflets are soaked in water to soften them and cut according to the required sizes. [[Organic dye]]s are used to color the leaves. The palm strips are woven into an intricate pattern by hands. The rims are lined with multiple layers for increased strength and the corners are threaded to hold them in place.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.craftmark.org/cms/public/uploads/1595674346.pdf|title=Chettinad Kottans|publisher=Craftmark|access-date=31 December 2023|archive-date=27 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527083911/http://www.craftmark.org/cms/public/uploads/1595674346.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sahasa.in/2021/01/04/chettinad-kottan-of-tamil-nadu/|title=Chettinad Kottan of Tamil Nadu|publisher=Sahasa|date=4 January 2021|access-date=31 December 2023|archive-date=21 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321210411/https://sahasa.in/2021/01/04/chettinad-kottan-of-tamil-nadu/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Geographical indications in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Indian handicrafts]]
[[Category:Economy of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Culture of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Culture of Chettinad]]

Sikkim Congress

2024-05-18T06:02:36Z

ErnestLithgow16:

'''Sikkim Congress''' may refer to these political parties in the state of [[Sikkim]], India:
* [[Sikkim State Congress]] (estb. 1947), in the kingdom of Sikkim, disestablished after Sikkim's merger with India in 1975
* [[Sikkim National Congress]] (estb. 1962), in the kingdom of Sikkim, disestablished after Sikkim's merger with India in 1975
* [[Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary)]] (1979–1981), in the Indian state of Sikkim
* [[Sikkim Prajatantra Congress]], in the Indian state of Sikkim
* [[Sikkim Pradesh Congress Committee]], branch of the Indian National Congress in the state

{{dab}}

Kamrupi Dholiya

2024-04-08T14:26:36Z

ErnestLithgow16: slightly corrected intro after review also as per guidelines

#REDIRECT [[Kamrupi dholiya]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}