Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Pranab

2026-04-29T05:46:45Z

ErnestGuzzi186:

'''Pranab''' is an Indian [[name]], common among [[Assam]]ese, [[Bengal]]is, [[Odia people|Odia]]s and [[Nepal]]is. A variation of the name is [[Pranav|'Pranav']]. Notable people with the name include:

* [[Pranab R. Dastidar]] (1933-2022), Indian electronics engineer
* [[Pranab Kumar Barua]] (1934-2024), Bangladeshi academic
* [[Pranab Mukherjee]] (1935–2020), former Indian president
* [[Pranab Kumar Gogoi]] (1936-2020), Indian lawyer and politician
* [[Pranab K. Sen]] (1937-2023), American statistician
* [[Pranab Bardhan]] (born 1939), Indian economist
* [[Pranab Kumar Chowdhury]] (born 1960), Bangladeshi pediatrician and writer
* [[Pranab Kalita]] (born 1961), Indian politician
* [[Pranab Debbarma]] (born 1962), Indian politician
* [[Pranab Roy]] (born 1963), Indian cricketer
* [[Pranab Prakash Das]] (born 1972), Indian politician
* [[Pranab Kumar Balabantaray]] (born 1976, Indian politician
* [[Pranab Kumar Aich]] (born 1986), Indian filmmaker and photographer

{{given name}}
[[Category:Indian masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]

Iraqi Biradari

2026-04-28T00:54:38Z

ErnestGuzzi186: Starting new entry

{{Short description|Muslim community of Iraqi origin}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{distinguish|Baradari (brotherhood)}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Iraqi Birdari
| image =
| caption = a Muslim community of Iraqi origin from eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| population=
| populace = India, Pakistan
| langs = [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[English language|English]]
| rels = [[Islam]], [[Sunni]]
| related-c = [[Shaikhs in North India]], [[Sayyid]]
|
}}

'''Iraqi Biradri''' is a Sunni Muslim caste found chiefly in [[Ghazipur]], [[Azamgarh]], [[Ballia]], [[Deoria, Uttar Pradesh|Deoria]] and [[Gorakhpur]] districts of the eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] in India. Iraqi Biradri is also referred to as Iraqi Shaikh.

==History and origin==
Iraqi Biradri is a descendant population of immigrants from Iraq. Recent facts argue that their ancestors were the immediate descendants of Sayyid Masud Al Hussaini and his poorly defined [[retinue]], all recent immigrants from Iraq. Sayyid Masud Al Hussaini successfully extended the Ghazipur area under the [[Delhi Sultanate]], settling with his family in the newly conquered city during the reign of Mamluk Sultan [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] circa 1330.<ref>about district-history"[https://ghazipur.nic.in/tehsil Tehsil | District Ghazipur, Government of Uttar Pradesh | India],"</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Nevill |editor1-first=H. R. |title=Ghazipur: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XXIX of the District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |date=1909 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.2954 |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|157, 158}}

As a result, Iraqi Biradri are known have to settled in Ghazipur in the 14th century, with an origin roughly 700 years ago.<ref>{{cite book|last=Alhaj|first=Mohammad Hanif|title=Mardam Shumari.pdf-3.7.2022|url=https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Dl5q9nluGUWuc8BVjZY1BvljlYN2j2lZ|access-date=20 Oct 2023|archive-date=20 Oct 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020211414/https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Dl5q9nluGUWuc8BVjZY1BvljlYN2j2lZ}}p.46-Nonahra, Ghazipur</ref><ref>Nohahra, Ghazipur{{cite web|title=Sadat of Subcontinent India and Pakistan|url=https://www.mynasab.com/2021/03/23/sadat-of-subcontinent-india-and-pakistan/|access-date =7 January 2024|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107070100/https://mynasab.com/2021/03/23/sadat-of-subcontinent-india-and-pakistan/}}</ref> The ancestors as old as 300 years or more are now very well-identified in many towns/villages of the districts as mentioned above including Ghazipur in the form of distinct family trees.<ref name="our publication">{{cite book |author1=Jalil Ahmad Lari|author2=Javed Ahmad Gauri|author3=Tabrez Akhtar Lari|title= APNO KI TALASH FINAL Book Urdu|url= https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Dl5q9nluGUWuc8BVjZY1BvljlYN2j2lZ |access-date=18 March 2023|pages=1–239}}</ref>

The above-mentioned Iraqi Biradri and a separate Muslim caste, the converted [[Kalal]]s as Araquis, Rakis, or simply 'Kalal Iraqi' were characterized to be in one group in United Provinces (or U.P.) based on the work of British colonial civil administrators and others.<ref name="our publication1">{{cite web|title=The Tribes and Castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh|author=Crooke, W.|url= https://indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/tribes-and-castes-north-western-provinces-and-oudh-vol-iii-0}}</ref><ref name="our publication2">{{cite web|title=Muslim castes in Uttar Pradesh|author=Zarina Ahmad|journal=TheEconomicWeekly|year=1962|url=https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1962_14/7/muslim_caste_in_uttar_pradesh.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Ghaus Ansari |title=Muslim Caste in Uttar Pradesh: A Study of Culture Contact |publisher=Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society |year=1960 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0HRAAAAMAAJ |oclc=1104993 }}</ref><ref> {{cite web|title=Fieldnotes on Caste Practices among Muslims of Nohsa Panchayat|author=Khursheed AKbar|url=https://tiss.ac.in/uploads/files/Working_Paper_5_Khursheed_Akbar.pdf}} TATA INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, PATNA CENTRE</ref> These mistaken reports attributed a fallacy toward the Iraqi Biradri for more than a century in the past.

==Ethnic Iraqis==
*India: Iraqi Biradri from the native places in eastern U.P. are settled in many cities among others,[[Ethnic communities in Kanpur]], and [[Ethnic communities in Kolkata]] are noticeable. For the last few centuries, [[Lar, Uttar Pradesh|Lar]] town in [[Deoria, Uttar Pradesh|Deoria]] or prior to 1958 [[Gorakhpur]] district has continued a predominant population of historic Iraqis.
*Pakistan: After independence in 1947, many Iraqi Families migrated mainly to [[Karachi]] Pakistan, names of the most migrants with details of the places of origin in eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] are recorded.<ref>{{cite web|title=iraqibiradripakistan|url=http://iraqibiradripakistan.info/|access-date=22 October 2023|archive-date=10 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110102329/http://iraqibiradripakistan.info/|url-status=dead}}retrieved 20 Oct 2023</ref>

==Genetics==
A variety of [[Y-DNA haplogroups]] are found among certain random samples that represent distinct Iraqi families as outlined above.<ref name="our publication"/> The Y-DNA haplogroups included: M198([[R1a1a]]), branches R-Y6 >R-Y1, R-Y7 and R-Y37/M560 >R-M12232; Y-DNA haplogroup [[J2-M172]], branches J2a and J2b; Y-DNA [[Haplogroup J-M267|Haplogroup J1]] (J-CTS5368); Y-DNA [[Haplogroup L (Y-DNA)|haplogroup L]], L-M27. ''Maternal haplogroups'' found are: [[Haplogroup U|U]]- U2, U4a, U7; [[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|M]]- M3c, M5a, M30, M33; [[Haplogroup R (mtDNA)|R]]- R0, R30b, R2 and R8; [[Haplogroup W (mtDNA)|W]]- W3a; [[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)|H]]- H11a2; [[Haplogroup A (mtDNA)|A]]- A4b (YSEQ, [[23andme]] and [[FamilyTreeDNA]]).

==Notable people==


*[[Iqbal Ahmad]], retired IAS officer of 1974 batch and Madhya Pradesh Cadre
*[[Lari Azad]], Indian historian and writer
*[[Nasreen Jalil]], Pakistani senator and daughter of [[Zafrul Ahsan Lari|Zafarul Ahsan Lari]], [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]]
*[[Nurul Ain Lari|Ahmar Lari]], Urdu Poet and scholar
*[[Ghazala Lari]], Indian politician, [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly]] member (2008-2017)
*[[Mushir Alam|Mushir-Riaz]], Indian businessmen (film producers)
*[[Maqbool Ahmed Lari]], Indian businessman, philanthropist, recipient of the [[Padma Shri]] (1971)
*[[Marghoob Ahmad Lari]], Indian politician
*[[Murad Lari]], politician from Uttar Pradesh
*[[Muzaffar Ahmad Lari]], Urdu writer
*[[Suhail Zaheer Lari]], historian and writer in Pakistan
*[[Yasmeen Lari]], the first female architect in Pakistan
*[[Zahirul Hasnain Lari]], known leader of [[All India Muslim League]] from [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]]
*[[Abd-al-Ghaffar Mauvi|Abdul Ghaffar Mauwi]], Deobandi Islamic scholar
*[[Alhaj Minnatullah|Haji Minnatullah]], Social Worker
*[[Noori Mian|Noor Mohammad]], popular as Noori Mian, founder of Bhatni sugar mill
*[[Muhibbullah Lari Nadwi]], Islamic scholar
*[[Abul Hasan Quraishi]], [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]], origin [[Rasra]], [[Uttar Pradesh|Ballia]]
*[[Manzoor Alam Quraishi]], [[Indian Civil Service]] officer, 1941 batch

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Indian people of Iraqi descent|*]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Iraqi descent|*]]
[[Category:Islamic honorifics]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shaikh clans]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:People from Azamgarh]]

Aravan Festival in Coimbatore

2026-04-26T09:24:55Z

ErnestGuzzi186: Put up a details

{{short description|Aravan Festival }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Aravan Festival
| image = Aravan.jpg
| caption = Aravan Festival
| observedby = particularly [[Tamils|Tamil]] people in [[India]],
| date =
| celebrations =
| longtype =
| type = Tamil
| significance = Thirukalyanam festival. Celebrating the marriage festival of Aravan and Pongiyammal 15 days long
| relatedto = [[Iravan|Aravan]] and Pongiyammal
| month =
| startedby =
| firsttime =
| frequency = Annual
| scheduling =
| official_name = Aravan Thirukalyana Thiruvizha
| weekday =
| ends =
| begins =
| litcolor =
| nickname = Koothandavar Thiruvizha
| alt =
}}

'''Aravan Festival'''<ref>{{cite news|date=17 November 2013|title=A Koothandavar fest without TGs in Coimbatore|newspaper=The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2013/nov/17/a-koothandavar-fest-without-tgs-in-coimbatore-538361.html |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref> also known as "Koothandavar Thiruvizha" is festival celebrated in seven places in [[Coimbatore]] city such as [[Vellalore]], [[Thudiyalur]], [[Kurichi]], [[Singanallur, Coimbatore|Singanallur]], [[Annur]], [[Vadavalli]] and Kattampatti since ancient times. It is celebrated for the [[Iravan|Aravan]], a major character in Hindu epic [[Mahabarata]].<ref>{{cite news|date=9 November 2016|title=Aravan festival in the city of Coimbatore|newspaper=The Hindu Tamil|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/spirituals/86563-.html |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref>

==Legend==
According to [[Hindu mythology]], the third Pandava prince [[Arjuna]] married [[Nāga|Naga]] princess named [[Ulupi]]. They gave birth to a prince named [[Iravan|Aravan]]. The prince was raised by his mythological grandfather [[Indra]] by hiding the secrets about his father [[Arjuna]]. During the time of [[Mahabharata|Mahabharata War]], his grandfather [[Indra]] revealed the identity about his father to [[Iravan|Aravan]]. Then he decided to participate in the [[Mahabharata|Mahabharata War]], in the [[Pandava]] side and win the battle. When he visited the battlefield at [[Kurukshetra]], he was welcomed by [[Duryodhana]] in the disguise that he is his father [[Arjuna]]. In the meanwhile, [[Krishna]] gets to understand the spectacular and amazing ability of [[Iravan|Aravan]] to win the war in a single second. [[Krishna]] gets promise from [[Iravan|Aravan]] to sacrifice his life in the sake of winning the war considering the massive ability of [[Iravan|Aravan]] and the need of conveying a message to the world by conducting the entire war without any interference. Before the sacrifice ceremony, the Pandava prince [[Iravan|Aravan]] was married to Pongaliammal from Ayothiapattinam. Finally the sacrifice of [[Iravan|Aravan]] was done in the presence and leadership of his mythological grandfather [[Indra]] in [[Kurukshetra]].<ref>{{cite news|date=9 November 2016|title=History of Aravan|newspaper=The Hindu Tamil|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/spirituals/86563-.html|access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref>

==Annur Aravan Festival==
The festival is celebrated in the month of [[Pausha|Thai]] in [[Annur]].<ref>{{cite news|date=17 November 2019|title=Aravan Festival in Annur|newspaper=Dinamalar|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/margazhi/detail.php?id=102065|access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref>

==Kattampatti Aravan Festival==
The festival is celebrated in the month of [[Pausha|Thai]] in Kattampatti.<ref>{{cite news|date=26 February 2013|title=Aravan Festival in Kattampatti|newspaper=Dinamalar|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-coimbatore/news/655237 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref>

==Thudiyalur Aravan Festival==

The festival is celebrated in the month of [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Purattasi]] in [[Thudiyalur]].<ref>{{cite web
3WJR+QVW, TNP Nagar, Thudiyalur, Tamil Nadu 641034

|url= https://temple.dinamalar.com/New.php?id=2313
|title= Aravan Festival in Thudiyalur}}</ref>

==Kurichi Aravan Festival==
The festival is celebrated in the month of [[Ashvin (month)|Aiipasi]] in [[Kurichi]] with the share of over fourteen communities.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 December 2016|title=Aravan festival in Kurichi|newspaper=Dinamaalar|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/news_detail.php?id=118980 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref>

==Singanallur Aravan Festival==
The festival is celebrated in the month of [[Kārtika (month)|Karthigai]] in [[Singanallur, Coimbatore|Singanallur]], Neelikonampalayam and Kallimadai with the share of over eight communities. It is the largest of the seven Aravan festivals in the city. It is held in Aravan and Pongaliamman temples.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 December 2016|title=Aravan Festival in Singanallur|newspaper=Dinamaalar|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/news_detail.php?id=86312 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=25 April 2018|title=Aravan Festival in Singanallur|newspaper=Daily Thanthi|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Others/Devotional/2018/04/25114957/transgender--may-Kuttantavar-festival.vpf |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=10 May 2017|title=Aravan Festival in Tamilnadu|newspaper=Maalaimalar|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2017/05/10112848/1084526/koovagam-koothandavar-temple-villupuram.vpf|access-date=2022-01-23|archive-date=23 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423082857/https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2017/05/10112848/1084526/koovagam-koothandavar-temple-villupuram.vpf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Vellalore Aravan Festival==
The festival is celebrated in the month of [[Agrahayana|Margazhi]] in [[Vellalore]] along the banks of [[Noyyal River]] and in Darmaraja and Pongaliamman temples.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 December 2016|title=Aravan festival in Thudiyalur|newspaper=Dinamaalar|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/New.php?id=2313 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref>

==Vadavalli Aravan Festival==
The festival is celebrated in the month of [[Phalguna|Panguni]] in [[Vadavalli]].<ref>{{cite news|date=17 November 2019|title=Aravan Festival in Vadavalli|newspaper=Dinamalar|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-coimbatore/news/2413428 |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil festivals]]
[[Category:Culture of Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Tamil culture]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in India]]

Parikrama (band)

2026-04-25T11:13:35Z

ErnestGuzzi186: Made First Info Added Tags

{{Short description|Indian rock and roll band}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Parikrama
| image = Parikrama at pearl.jpg||
| caption =
| image_size = 300
| background = group_or_band
| alias =
| origin = [[Delhi]], India
| genre = [[Indian rock]] [[Blues]]
| years_active = 1991–present
| label = [[Rock Street Journal]], [[Channel V]]
| associated_acts =
| website = {{URL|http://www.parikrama.com/home.html}}
| current_members = Nitin Malik Saurabh Choudhary Subir Malik [[Sonam Sherpa]] Gaurav Balani Srijan Mahajan Shambu Nath Bhattacharya Suhail Ali Khan Shashank Singhania Dhruv Bedi
| past_members = Vipin Mishra Dilip Ramachandran Chintan Kalra Prashant Bahadur Rahul Malhotra Rajat Kakkar Steve Namchyo Valentine Shipley Sharat Chandra Srivastava Imran Khan Gyan Singh
}}

'''Parikrama''' is a [[Rock music|rock]] band from [[Delhi]], India, formed in 1991 in Delhi. The band is considered to be one of Asia's biggest rock groups. Parikrama toured internationally with Iron Maiden in 2007, playing at the [[Download Festival]] in England. The band is known for its high-energy live performances and has released many singles in its 3 decade long career.

In its 2014 listing of "25 Greatest Indian Rock Songs of the last 30+ Years", ''[[Rolling Stone]] India'' featured "But It Rained" (2001) by the band.<ref>{{cite web | title = The Search for Rolling Stone India's 25 Greatest Indian Rock Songs of the last 25 Years |work= Rolling Stone India | url = https://rollingstoneindia.com/rs-polls-top-twenty-five-indian-songs/ |date=8 October 2014| accessdate = 2014-11-20 }}</ref>

In February 2020, the band's lead guitarist Sonam Sherpa died of cardiac arrest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian rock band Parikrama guitarist Sonam Sherpa dies at 48 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/indian-rock-band-parikrama-guitarist-sonam-sherpa-dies-at-48/story/396215.html |access-date=2020-07-27 |website=www.businesstoday.in}}</ref>

On 8 October 2020, Parikrama relaunched their 2001 single 'But It Rained' with the entire solo, as was played by Sonam Sherpa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parikrama relaunches their 2001 hit single But It Rained|url=https://www.flipsyde.live/parikrama-relaunches-their-2001-hit-single-but-it-rained-in-memory-of-sonam-sherpa-on-his-birthday.html|access-date=2020-10-08|website=www.flipsyde.live}}</ref>

==Members==
The band consists of:
* Nitin Malik – Lead vocalist
* [[Sonam Sherpa]] – Lead guitarist (died 2020)
* Abhishek Mittal - Lead guitarist (joined in 2020)
* Saurabh Choudhary – Guitarist
* Subir Malik – Organist, [[Synthesizer]]
* Gaurav Balani – Bass guitarist
* Srijan Mahajan – Drummer
Accompanied by:
* Suhail Ali Khan – Violinist
* Shambu Nath – [[Tabla]], Percussions
*Shashank Singhania – Flute
*Dhruv Bedi – Sitar
*Rajesh Nair / Nitin Sidhu / Vikram Mishra – Sound Engineer

Subir and Nitin Malik are brothers, with Subir being two years elder to Nitin. Both of them studied at [[St. Xavier's School, Delhi|St. Xavier's, Delhi]]. All the members of the band except Nitin, who went to Hindu College, went to Kirorimal College and were part of MUSOC (music society).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parikrama.com/trivia.html|title=The LAUGH on US with US Page(s)|website=Parikrama.com}}</ref> Saurabh Chaudhry has a degree in business administration.

==History==
They are yet to release a full-length album, because they prefer giving out their music for free. They have had millions of downloads from their site and other related pages. They did release a free [[multimedia]] CD of their singles and videos in 2001. The band does not have any policies against their music being copied and distributed.<ref>{{cite news
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Piracy-no-prob-says-Parikrama/articleshow/1408848.cms
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110811045520/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-02-10/mumbai/27790884_1_parikrama-nitin-malik-jam-session
| url-status = live
| archive-date = 11 August 2011
| title = Piracy no prob, says Parikrama
| newspaper= [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 9 April 2006
| first1=Sharmila
| last1=Ganesan
| date=10 February 2006
}}</ref> They have made their music available for download on their official website.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://ww9w.parikrama.com/oldsite/tina.html
|title = Till I'm No one again
|accessdate = 9 April 2006
}}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The band often fuses Indian classical music instruments such as [[mridangam]], [[tabla]] and flute with conventional rock instruments including guitar, [[drum kits|drums]] and keyboards. They have been inspired and influenced by [[Pink Floyd]], [[Jimi Hendrix]] and [[The Doors]]. Sonam Sherpa and Saurabh Chaudhary are endorsees of Carl Martin effect pedals.

==Recordings==
Parikrama rarely records music in the studio, and most recordings are made in live performances. On being asked in a 2012 interview if they plan a compilation album of live recordings, the band encouraged listeners to download their recordings from Facebook or [[Reverbnation]] and "make your own album, the way u want it".<ref>{{cite web|last=Tyagi|first=Akshay|title=Parikrama – "Don't do drugs!"|url=https://www.themusiciris.com/77/parikrama-dont-do-drugs/|website=Themusiciris.com|date=13 March 2012|accessdate=25 May 2012}}</ref>

The first song "Xerox" was named 'the face of Indian rock'.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/The-rock-n-roll-pilgrims/articleshow/17056243.cms|title=The rock 'n' roll pilgrims - Times of India|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2018-11-21}}</ref> Their first hit single "Till I'm No One Again" was released in 1995 along with "Open Skies". It was among thirteen other songs chosen from the demos sent by a hundred and fifty other bands in the country.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} This release, ''Great Indian Rock Volume 1'', was produced by Amit Saigal, owner and publisher of the India's first rock magazine: ''Rock Street Journal''.

Another song, "Gonna Get It", was released in 1996.

Their sixth number in succession was released in 1997: "Load Up".

This band composed the song "The Superhero" for [[Bangalore]]. This was in response to the visit of [[Microsoft Corporation|Microsoft]]'s chairman [[Bill Gates]] to the [[Information Technology|IT]] capital of India, Bangalore.

"[[But it rained|But It Rained]]" was released in 2001. The song was about the kidnappings in the [[Kashmir Valley]] in 1995. This song is probably their biggest hit. They were surprised when a crowd of 40,000 sang along with them in their opening set for the Iron Maiden concert in Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Blabbermouth|date=2008-01-31|title=Nearly 100,000 Fans Expected At IRON MAIDEN's Concert In Mumbai|url=https://blabbermouth.herokuapp.com/news/nearly-100-000-fans-expected-at-iron-maiden-s-concert-in-mumbai/|access-date=2020-07-21|website=BLABBERMOUTH.NET}}</ref>

A Parikrama original "Rhythm and Blues" was created in course of their jam session with [[Usha Uthup]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parikrama.com/rnb.html|title=RHYTHM AND BLUES|website=Parikrama.com|access-date=2018-11-21}}</ref>

Parikrama released a lockdown version of 'Vapourize' in which Nitin sang the song in a new style.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parikrama's lockdown version of Vapourize is the way we've all been feeling lately|url=https://www.flipsyde.live/parikramas-lockdown-version-of-vapourize-is-the-way-weve-all-been-feeling-lately.html|access-date=2020-10-03|website=www.flipsyde.live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.parikrama.com Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112132949/http://parikrama.com/ |date=12 January 2014 }}
* [http://www.parikrama.com/lyrics.html Download Parikrama songs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221172459/http://www.parikrama.com/lyrics.html |date=21 February 2014 }}
* [https://www.musicfellas.com/parikrama Official Musicfellas profile]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parikrama (Band)}}
[[Category:Indian rock music groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1991]]
[[Category:Culture of Delhi]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in Delhi]]

Mahendra Kallappa Tammannavar

2026-04-25T03:57:41Z

ErnestGuzzi186: new new info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mahendra Kallappa Tammannavar
| office = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 13 May 2023
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| constituency = [[Kudachi Assembly constituency|Kudachi]]
| predecessor = [[P. Rajeev (Karnataka)|P. Rajeev]]
}}

'''Mahendra Kallappa Tammannavar''' (born 1978) is an Indian politician from Karnataka. He is a Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Kudachi Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for SC community in Belgaum. He represents [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kudachi Election Result 2023 Live: Inc के Mahendra. Kallappa. Tammannavar की हुई जीत, Ind के Yallappa Yamanappa Shinge रहें दूसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/kudachi-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-results-news-2406495 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kudachi Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/kudachi-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-7795597.html |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NADU |first=ABP |date=2023-05-13 |title=கர்நாடகா, Kudachi Election Results 2023 Live: Inc வேட்பாளர் Mahendra. Kallappa. Tammannavar Kudachi தொகுதியில் வெற்றி- முழு விவரம் |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/elections/kudachi-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-results-news-116797 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=tamil.abplive.com |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | date=2023-05-13 |title=Kudachi Election Result 2023 Live: Inc Candidate Mahendra. Kallappa. Tammannavar Wins From Kudachi |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/kudachi-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601724 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kallappa is from [[Kudachi]], Belgaum district. His father Kallappa Ratnappa Tammannavar is a farmer. He completed his Bachelor of Arts in 2002 at Karnataka College, Dharwad.

== Career ==
Kallappa won from [[Kudachi Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for SC community in [[Belagavi district|Belgaum district]]. Representing [[Indian National Congress]], he polled 85,321 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[P. Rajeev (Karnataka)|P. Rajeev]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 25,243 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Results 2023 Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-election-results-2023-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahendra Kallappa Tammannavar Election Results 2023: News, Votes, Results of Karnataka Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/mahendra-kallappa-tammannavar-10005-2 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Karnataka election results 2023: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/karnataka-election-results-full-list-of-winners-8606612/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka elections: Congress wins majority of seats in Belagavi district">{{cite news|last1=The Hindu|first1=|title=Karnataka elections: Congress wins majority of seats in Belagavi district|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/karnataka-elections-congress-wins-majority-of-seats-in-belagavi-district/article66847503.ece|accessdate=19 November 2024|date=13 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524144310/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/karnataka-elections-congress-wins-majority-of-seats-in-belagavi-district/article66847503.ece|archivedate=24 May 2023|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tammannavar, Mahendra Kallappa}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Belgaum]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]

{{Karnataka-INC-politician-stub}}

Anari (1959 film)

2026-04-24T03:31:57Z

ErnestGuzzi186: Put up a details

{{short description|Indian comedy film}}
{{other uses|Anari (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anari
| image = Anari59.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
| producer = L. B. Lachman
| writer = [[Inder Raj Anand]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Raj Kapoor]] [[Nutan]] [[Motilal Rajvansh|Motilal]] [[Lalita Pawar]]
| music = [[Manna Dey]] [[Shankar–Jaikishan]]
| cinematography = Jaywant Pathare
| editing = Hrishikesh Mukherjee
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1959|01|16}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = 3 Crore <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100102005747/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=165&catName=MTk1OQ==
website]
</ref>

}}

'''''Anari''''' is a 1959 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]. The film stars [[Raj Kapoor]], [[Nutan]], [[Motilal Rajvansh|Motilal]] and [[Lalita Pawar]]. The music was by [[Shankar Jaikishan]] and the lyrics by [[Hasrat Jaipuri]] and [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]. This was among the few films in which Lalita Pawar played a positive role and Motilal a role with shades of grey. The film was remade in Tamil as ''[[Pasamum Nesamum]]'' (1964) and in Turkish as ''Derbeder'' (1960), ''{{Ill|Enayi (film)|lt=Enayi|tr}}'' (1974).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thesouthernnightingale.net/2017/05/31/enge-thaan-povaai-pasamum-nesamum-1964-tamil-feature-film/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014135204/https://thesouthernnightingale.net/2017/05/31/enge-thaan-povaai-pasamum-nesamum-1964-tamil-feature-film/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=14 October 2017 |title="Enge Thaan Povaai" – Pasamum Nesamum (1964) – Tamil Feature Film |date=May 31, 2017 |website=thesouthernnightingale.net |access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref>

It became [[List of Bollywood films of 1959|the highest-grossing film of 1959]] with [[Box Office India]] declaring it "Super Hit".

==Plot==
Raj Kumar is an honest, handsome, and intelligent young man. Working only as a [[Sole proprietorship|sole trader]] painter, he is unable to earn a living, including paying rent to his kind-hearted and talkative landlady, Mrs. D'sa. One day, Raj finds a wallet containing money and returns it to the owner, Mr. Ramnath. Ramnath admires Raj; satisfied with his honesty, he employs Raj to work in his office as a clerk. Raj meets Ramnath's maidservant Asha and they fall in love with each other. This all ends when Raj finds out that Asha is really Aarti, the niece of his employer and she had lied about her poverty only to get some money from Raj. Unfortunately, his landlady Mrs. D'sa dies suddenly consuming medicine manufactured by Mr. Ramnath. The police conduct a post-mortem and as a result, conclude that someone poisoned Mrs. D'sa. The police take Raj for questioning as the prime suspect, arrest him, and hold him in jail. In the trial, however, Ramnath admits full responsibility for the tainted medicine, clearing Raj of the charges. Aarti tells Raj she promised Mrs. D'sa she would take care of him, someone who is "as big an idiot as the world is clever," giving a sense that they will marry.<ref>2:35:50 in the film, available e.g. at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HujdhyUcfrw</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Raj Kapoor]] as Raj Kumar<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=1959-01-01 |title=Anari Cast List {{!}} Anari Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/anari/cast/ |access-date=2025-01-30 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Nutan]] as Aarti Sohanlal / Asha
*[[Lalita Pawar]] as Mrs. L. D'Sa
*[[Shubha Khote]] as Asha
*[[Motilal Rajvansh|Motilal]] as Seth. Ramnath Sohanlal
*[[Mukri]] as Kamdaar
*[[Nana Palsikar]] as Evil Priest
*[[Ruby Mayer]] as Girl's College Facilitator
*[[Cuckoo Moray]] as Aarti's friend

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)!! Music director !!Lyricist!!Duration
|-
| 1
| "Dil Ki Nazar Se"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=1959-01-01 |title=Anari Movie Music {{!}} Anari Movie Songs {{!}} Download Latest Bollywood Songs Music - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/anari/songs/ |access-date=2025-01-30 |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
| Shankar Jaikishan
| [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
| 04:38
|-
| 2
| "Nineteen Fifty Six"
| Lata Mangeshkar, [[Manna Dey]]
| [[Manna Dey]], Shankar Jaikishan
|Shailendra
| 04:59
|-
| 3
| "Woh Chand Khila Woh Tare"
| Lata Mangeshkar, Mukesh
| Shankar Jaikishan
| Hasrat Jaipuri

| 04:13
|-
| 4
| "[[Sab Kuch Seekha Humne|Sab Kuchh Seekha Ham Ne]]"
| Mukesh
| Shankar Jaikishan
| Shailendra
| 03:40
|-
| 5
| "Ban Ke Panchhi Gaaye Pyar Ka Tarana"
| Lata Mangeshkar
| Shankar Jaikishan
| [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
| 03:35
|-
| 6
| "Kisi Ki Muskurahaton Pe"
| Mukesh
| Shankar Jaikishan
| Shailendra
| 04:31
|-
| 7
| "Tera Jana"
| Lata Mangeshkar
| Shankar Jaikishan
| Shailendra
| 03:41
|}

==Trivia==
Motilal plays Nutan's uncle in the film. In real life, he lived with Nutan's mother, [[Shobhana Samarth]].

In the office scene Mukri says " Aaj ka kaam Kal Karo, Kal ka kaam parson..." this dialogue was repeated by Hrishikesh Mukherjee in his 1979 film ''[[Gol Maal]]''.

==Awards==
* 1960 [[Filmfare Best Actor Award]] - [[Raj Kapoor]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raj Kapoor Awards: List of awards and nominations received by Raj Kapoor {{!}} Times of India Entertainment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Raj-Kapoor/awards |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* 1960 [[Filmfare Best Music Director Award]] for [[Shankar Jaikishan]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1960 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1960/101 |access-date=2025-01-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* 1960 [[Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award]] for [[Lalita Pawar]]<ref name=":0" />
* 1960 [[Filmfare Best Lyricist Award]] for [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]] for "Sab Kuchh Seekha Ham Ne"<ref name=":0" />
* 1960 [[Filmfare Best Male Playback Award]] for [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] for "Sab Kuchh Seekha Ham Ne"<ref name=":0" />
* [[7th National Film Awards|1959]]: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|President's silver medal for Best Feature Film in Hindi]]<ref name="7thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/7th_nff.pdf|title=7th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=4 September 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|052560}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZjVAoYWFok Anari] at [[YouTube]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080919001850/http://www.uiowa.edu/~incinema/Anari.html A study of film ''Anari'' - Indian Cinema, University of Iowa]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20181203042530/https://www.hrishikeshmukherjee.com/ The official tribute site for director Hrishikesh Mukherjee]
*[https://lyricssha.com/kisi-ki-muskurahaton-pe-lyrics/ Kisiki Muskurahaton Pe Ho Nisar song Lyrics]
{{Portal|India|Film|Bollywood}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Hindi}}
{{Hrishikesh Mukherjee}}

[[Category:1959 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1959 films]]
[[Category:Best Hindi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Films about businesspeople]]
[[Category:Films about fictional painters]]
[[Category:Films about interclass romance]]
[[Category:Films about landlords]]
[[Category:Films about miscarriage of justice]]
[[Category:Films about mother–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films about poisonings]]
[[Category:Films about poverty in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Jaikishan]]
[[Category:Films set in 1956]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in apartment buildings]]
[[Category:Films set in palaces]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Indian legal drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian murder mystery films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1950s romantic comedy-drama films]]

Education in Delhi

2026-04-22T02:37:33Z

ErnestGuzzi186: Starting new stub...

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}

Education is based on three-tier model which includes primary schools, followed by secondary and higher-secondary schools and tertiary education at universities or other higher education institutions. The Education Department of the [[Government of Delhi]] is a premier body which looks into educational affairs. The RTE Act [[right to education]] states that children from the age of 6 to 14 have to compulsorily be educated.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dsel.education.gov.in/rte | title=Right to Education | Ministry of Education, GoI }}</ref> 25% of the seats in all private schools are also reserved for the under-privileged children. Tertiary education is administrated by the Directorate of Higher Education.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_he/Higher+Education/Home/About+Us | title=Directorate of Higher Education – About us | access-date=30 March 2013 | publisher=Government of Delhi}}</ref>

Delhi has to its credit like the [[IIT Delhi|Indian Institute of Technology]], the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]], the [[Indian Statistical Institute]], [[National Institute of Technology Delhi|National Institute of Technology]], the [[School of Planning and Architecture, Delhi|School of Planning and Architecture]], the [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]], the [[Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi|Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology]], the [[Netaji Subhas University of Technology]], the [[Delhi Technological University]], for accountancy education [[The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]] set up by an Act of Parliament in 1949, [[University of Delhi]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]], the [[National Law University, Delhi|National Law University]], [[AJK, Mass Communication Research Centre|AJK Mass Communication Research Centre]] under [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] and the [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]].

As per the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Delhi has a [[literacy rate]] of 86.3% with 91.0% of males and 80.9% of females.

==History==
{{expand section|date=June 2020}}
New Delhi has a rich history of education that dates back to ancient times. The region of Delhi has been a center of learning since the time of the Mauryan Empire, which ruled over a large part of India from 322 BCE to 185 BCE. During the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan Empire]], which ruled over a large part of India from 322 BCE to 185 BCE, New Delhi did not exist as a city. However, the region that now comprises Delhi and its surrounding areas was known as the [[Kuru kingdom]], which was an important center of learning during the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan period]].

The Mauryan Empire was known for its emphasis on education, and the famous Mauryan [[Emperor Ashoka]] was a patron of education and supported the establishment of several universities and centers of learning throughout his empire.

During the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal period]], the region continued to be an important center of learning, with several madrasas and other educational institutions being established. The famous Mughal [[Akbar|Emperor Akbar]] was known for his support of education and established several schools and libraries. During the Mughal period, which lasted from the early 16th century to the mid-19th century, Delhi was an important center of learning and culture in India. The Mughal emperors were known for their patronage of the arts and education, and they established several schools and madrasas in Delhi and other parts of the empire.

One of the most famous educational institutions established during the Mughal period was the Madrasa-e-Azam, which was founded by Emperor Akbar in 1562. The Madrasa-e-Azam was a school for Islamic studies and was known for its high standards of education. It was located in the city of Delhi and attracted students from all over the [[Mughal Empire]].

In addition to the Madrasa-e-Azam, several other madrasas and educational institutions were established in Delhi during the Mughal period. These institutions focused on a wide range of subjects, including theology, philosophy, mathematics, and medicine.

One of the most famous scholars of the Mughal period was Sheikh [[Nizamuddin Auliya]], who lived in Delhi during the 14th century. Sheikh Nizamuddin Auliya was a Sufi saint and a scholar of Islamic law and theology. He founded a school for Islamic studies in Delhi, which became known as the Nizamuddin Dargah. The [[Nizamuddin Dargah]] is still an important center of learning and spiritualism in Delhi today.

Overall, the Mughal period was a time of great cultural and educational flourishing in Delhi, with the city becoming a hub of scholarship and intellectual exchange.
==Colonial period (19th-20th centuries CE)==

In 1860-61, the [[North-Western Provinces]] education system was abolished in Delhi, and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] education system was introduced with opening of schools at Narela, [[Najafgarh]], [[Mehrauli]] and their suburbs.<ref>[[#Sh|Sharma, p. 18]]</ref>

In the colonial era, New Delhi became a center of education for the British in India. The University of Delhi was founded in 1922 and became one of the largest universities in India. The university offered courses in a wide range of subjects and played a crucial role in the development of higher education in the country.

==Higher education==
{{main | List of institutions of higher education in Delhi }}
There are about 500,000 university students in Delhi NCR attending around more than 165 universities and colleges.

[[File:Gulistane Ghalib, (Building encompassing Political Science and Economics Department) with the statue of Ghalib infront.jpg|thumb|[[Jamia Millia Islamia]], a Central University in Delhi]]

Delhi has fourteen major universities:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DoIT_HE/higher+education/home |title=Directorate of Higher Education |publisher=Delhi.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2011}}</ref>
*[[University of Delhi]]: Central university
*[[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi|Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]]
*[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi]]
*[[Indian Statistical Institute|Indian Statistical Institute, Delhi]]
*[[National Institute of Technology Delhi|National Institute of Technology, Delhi]]
*[[Indian Institute of Foreign Trade]]: One of the leading Business schools of India which is established by [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)]].
*[[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]]
*[[Jamia Millia Islamia]]: Central university
*[[Delhi Technological University]]: State university
* [[Netaji Subhas University of Technology]]: State University
*[[Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women]]: State university
*[[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]]: Central university
*[[Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University Delhi]]: State university
*[[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]]: State university
*[[Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University]]: State university
*[[National Law University]]: State law university
*[[Indira Gandhi National Open University]]: World's largest [[national university]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/prdocs/2005/wipo_upd_2005_245.html |title=Update 245: Indian University Honors WIPO Director General |publisher=WIPO|date=March 9, 2005 |access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref>
*[[Jamia Hamdard]]: Deemed university

===Technical education===
{{See also|List of engineering colleges in Delhi}}
[[File:IITDelhiMath.jpg|thumb|left|[[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]] was ranked as Asia's fourth-best institute in science and technology in 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/features/universities2000/scitech/sci.overall.html |title=Asiaweek.com | Asia's Best Universities 2000 | Overall Ranking |publisher=Cgi.cnn.com |access-date=3 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325041058/http://www-cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/features/universities2000/scitech/sci.overall.html |archive-date=25 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>]]
Delhi boasts of being home to some of the top [[engineering college]]s in India — [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi|IIT Delhi]], [[National Institute of Technology, Delhi|NIT Delhi]], [[Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology]], [[Netaji Subhas University of Technology]], [[Delhi Technological University]] (formerly DCE), Delhi Institute of Tool Engineering (formerly TRTC) and [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]. Delhi also boasts several private and few government engineering institutions like [[Ambedkar Institute of Advanced Communication Technologies and Research ]] and [[G. B. Pant Engineering College, New Delhi]], which are usually affiliated to the [[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]]. Aiipphs University Self-Government Autonomous University, Delhi

==Industrial training institutes and centres==
Directorate of Training and Technical Education, Govt. of NCT, has set up [[Industrial training institute]] (ITI) and industrial training centres, constituted under the [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment]], provide diploma in technical fields. There are several ITIs in Delhi NCR.<ref name="ILO">{{cite report|last1=Gasskov|first1=Vladimir|first2=Ashwani |last2=Aggarwal |first3=Anil |last3=Grover |first4=Aswani |last4=Kumar |first5=Q.L. |last5=Juneja |title=Industrial Training Institutes of India: the Efficiency Study Report |publisher=InFocus Programme on Skills, Knowledge, and Employability (IFP/SKILLS), ILO |location=Geneva |year=2003 |url=http://vital.new.voced.edu.au/vital/access/services/Download/ngv:1141/SOURCE2}}</ref> Normally a person who has passed 10 standard ([[SSLC]]) is eligible for admission to an ITI. The objective of opening of ITI is provide "technical manpower to industries".

=== Polytechnic institutes and centres ===
{| class="wikitable"
! !! Name !! Intake !!Full Time\Part Time
|-
|1. Ambedkar Polytechnic || || ||
|-
| 2. Aryabhat Polytechnic|| || ||
|-
|3. Gobind Ballabh Pant Polytechnic|| || ||
|-
|4. Guru Nanak Dev Co-Ed Polytechnic|| || ||
|-
|5. Integrated Institute of Technology|| || ||
|-
|6. Kasturba Polytechnic for Women|| || ||
|-
|7. Meerabai Institute of Technology|| || ||
|-
|8. Pusa Polytechnic|| || ||
|-
|9. Bhai Parmanand Institute of Business Studies|| || ||
|-
|10. Delhi Institute of Tool Engineering|| || ||
|-
|11. Vardhman Mahavir Medical college and Safdarjang Hospital || || ||
|-
|}

===Architectural and Planning education===
*[[School of Planning and Architecture, Delhi]]
*[[Jamia Millia Islamia#Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics|Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia]]

===Medical education===
[[File:AIIMS central lawn.jpg|thumb|right|All India Institute of Medical Sciences is consistently ranked as India's top medical college<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&issueid=27&id=8684&sectionid=30&Itemid=1 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711163318/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&issueid=27&id=8684&sectionid=30&Itemid=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 July 2012 |title=India Today – India's most widely read magazine |publisher=Indiatoday.digitaltoday.in |author=Malini Bhupta |access-date=3 November 2008}}</ref>]]
{{See also|Category: Medical colleges in New Delhi}}
[[AIIMS, New Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] (AIIMS) is considered amongst the best medical research and treatment centres in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/45114 |title=Medical Meccas: An Oasis for India's Poorest | Newsweek Health for Life | Newsweek.com |date=29 October 2006 |publisher=Newsweek.com |access-date=3 November 2008}}</ref>
Delhi has Ten medical institutes, out of which six provide both undergraduate and postgraduate education in medicine while other two are researched based. These medical institutes are either affiliated to the University of Delhi or GGSIPU, only AIIMS is central based. Faculty of Dentistry ([[Jamia Millia Islamia]] University) and Maulana Azad Dental College ([[Delhi University]]) are some of the [[dental school]]s.

==Primary and secondary education==
Schools in Delhi are run either by government or private sector. They are affiliated to one of three education boards: the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (CISCE), the [[Central Board for Secondary Education]] (CBSE) and the [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS).

As per a survey conducted in 2001, Delhi had some 2416 primary, 715 middle and 1576 secondary schools.<ref name="delhicapital.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.delhicapital.com/delhi-education/ |title=Delhi Education Guide, Education in Delhi, Schools, Colleges and Universities in Delhi |publisher=Delhicapital.com |access-date=5 June 2011}}</ref> In 2004–05, approximately 1.5 million students were enrolled in primary schools, 822,000 in middle schools and 669,000 in secondary schools across Delhi. Female students represented 49% of the total enrolment. The same year, the Delhi government spent between 1.58% and 1.95% of its gross state domestic product on education.<ref name=ecosurv15>{{cite web|url=http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/15.pdf|title=Chapter 15: Education|access-date=21 December 2006|work=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–06|publisher=Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi|pages=173–187|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614203748/http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/15.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Students can opt for two compulsory languages and an optional third language from the list of [[Scheduled languages of India|Scheduled languages]] or Foreign languages.<ref>[Scheduled languages of India No policy change in languages being taught in Delhi schools - The Times of India]</ref> There is a [[Free School Under The Bridge|school under a metro bridge]] in Delhi which receives no funding or help from the government or any NGO and is run by eight volunteer teachers.<ref name="IndianExpress2019">{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2019/sep/24/delhi-shopkeeper-runs-school-under-metro-bridge-for-300-poor-children-2038398.html |title=Delhi shopkeeper runs school under Metro bridge for 300 poor children |date=24 September 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=26 September 2019 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref>

===Happiness Curriculum===
[[Happiness Curriculum]] is an educational program for students of grades from one to eight in the schools run by the [[Government of Delhi]]. The objective of this program is to improve [[Well-being|mental wellbeing]] of students, and is based on the science of emotions. The curriculum deals with processes such as mindfulness, [[Social emotional development|Social-Emotional Learning]], [[critical thinking]], [[problem solving]] and relationship building.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Kritika Sharma |title=To be happy, be an adult: The new lesson for children in Delhi schools |url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/how-delhi-schools-are-teaching-children-to-be-happy/77913/ |website=The Print |access-date=20 May 2020 |date=3 July 2018 }}</ref> It was launched on 2 July 2018<ref>{{cite web |title=Dalai Lama launches govt's Happiness Curriculum |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/dalai-lama-launches-govts-happiness-curriculum/article24315738.ece |website=Hindu |access-date=20 May 2020 |date=3 July 2018}}</ref> and about eight lakh students in over thousand schools run by the Government of Delhi have been engaged through the program as of May 2020.<ref>{{Citation|title=Have You Ever seen a Happiness Class in Schools? (BBC Hindi)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JAABYR5P7VE|language=en|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi government launches 'happiness curriculum' for school students |url=https://scroll.in/latest/885008/delhi-government-launches-happiness-curriculum-for-school-students |website=Scroll |access-date=20 May 2020 |date=2 July 2018}}</ref>

=== Patriotism Curriculum ===
A [[Patriotism Curriculum]] was introduced for students of grades nursery to twelve on 28 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Kritika|date=30 September 2021|title=How Kejriwal's Delhi govt aims to teach students patriotism through 'Desh Bhakti curriculum'|url=https://theprint.in/india/education/how-kejriwals-delhi-govt-aims-to-teach-students-patriotism-through-desh-bhakti-curriculum/742477/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-19|website=ThePrint|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930052117/https://theprint.in/india/education/how-kejriwals-delhi-govt-aims-to-teach-students-patriotism-through-desh-bhakti-curriculum/742477/ |archive-date=30 September 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bose|first=Joydeep|date=2021-09-28|editor-last=Ray|editor-first=Meenakshi|title=Deshbhakti curriculum in Delhi govt schools from today in major patriotic push|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/deshbhakti-curriculum-in-delhi-govt-schools-from-today-in-major-patriotic-push-101632788514456.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928030434/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/deshbhakti-curriculum-in-delhi-govt-schools-from-today-in-major-patriotic-push-101632788514456.html |archive-date=28 September 2021 }}</ref>

==Libraries==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2020}}
There are several libraries in Delhi, which are either maintained by the government bodies or private organisations. Some of the major libraries in Delhi region are:

*American Centre Library
*British Council Library
*[[Delhi Public Library]]
*Delhi University Library
*DayalSingh Public Library
*Ramakrishna Mission Library
*IARI Library (Pusa)
*[[Indian Council of Historical Research]]
*[[Indian Council of Social Science Research]]
*Maharaja Fatehsinhrao Gaekwad Library and Documentation Centre
*Max Mueller Bhavan
*[[National Archives of India]]
*National Science Library
*Russian Centre
*[[Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute]]
*[[Zakir Husain]] Central Library, [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] University

==See also==
{{Portal|Education|India}}
* [[Industrial training institute]]
* [[List of educational institutions in Delhi]]
* [[List of colleges under Delhi University]]
* [[New Era Public School|New Era Public School, Delhi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=A History of Educational Institutions in Delhi|author=Ajay Kumar Sharma|publisher=Sanbun Publishers|isbn=93-8021-314-X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TJPy-Kt8BrYC&q=Narela&pg=PA141 |ref=Sh }}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180402225521/http://www.delhigovt.nic.in/index.asp Delhi Government]
*[http://www.edudel.nic.in/ Delhi Directorate of Education]

{{Education in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Education in Delhi}}
[[Category:Education in Delhi| ]]

Nachiketa Mandal

2026-04-20T05:25:39Z

ErnestGuzzi186: new new post...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nachiketa Mandal
| image = File:Nachiketa Mandal (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 14 November 2025
| term_end = Incumbent
| constituency = [[Jamalpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Jamalpur]]
| predecessor = [[Ajay Kumar Singh (Bihar politician, Indian National Congress)|Ajay Kumar Singh]]
| successor = Incumbent
| birth_place = Bihar
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[File:JanataDalUnitedFlag.PNG|30px]] [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| parents = [[Brahmanand Mandal]]<ref name="Bihar Assembly elections: Sitting MLA among 16 rebel leaders expelled from JD(U)">{{cite news |title=Bihar Assembly elections: Sitting MLA among 16 rebel leaders expelled from JD(U) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/bihar-assembly/jdu-expels-11-leaders-for-anti-party-activities-in-poll-bound-bihar/article70204142.ece |access-date=13 December 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=26 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213160853/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/bihar-assembly/jdu-expels-11-leaders-for-anti-party-activities-in-poll-bound-bihar/article70204142.ece |archive-date=13 December 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
}}
'''Nachiketa Mandal''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He is elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] in [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Jamalpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Jamalpur]] constituency.<ref name="Bihar Assembly Election Results 2025: Constituency-wise winners and runners-up2">{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-assembly-election-results-2025-constituency-wise-winners-and-runners-up-10366461/|title=Bihar Assembly Election Results 2025: Constituency-wise winners and runners-up|date=15 November 2025|access-date=15 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115035930/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-assembly-election-results-2025-constituency-wise-winners-and-runners-up-10366461/|archive-date=15 November 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bihar Election Result 2025: Full list of winners in 243 constituencies2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/bihar-election-result-2025-full-list-of-winners-in-243-constituencies-13675947.html|title=Bihar Election Result 2025: Full list of winners in 243 constituencies|date=15 November 2025|access-date=15 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115040110/https://www.moneycontrol.com/europe/?url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/bihar-election-result-2025-full-list-of-winners-in-243-constituencies-13675947.html|archive-date=15 November 2025|publisher=Money Control}}</ref>

==Political career==
Nachiketa Mandal won from [[Jamalpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Jamalpur]] constituency representing [[Janata Dal (United)]] in the 2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election. He polled 96,683 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Narendra Kumar of [[Indian Inclusive Party]], by a margin of 36,228 votes.<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Jamalpur">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Jamalpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04166.htm |accessdate=13 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213160135/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04166.htm |archivedate=13 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Jamalpur Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Jamalpur Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/jamalpur |accessdate=13 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213160151/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/jamalpur |archivedate=13 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandal, Nachiketa}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Navsari Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:22:03Z

ErnestGuzzi186: new a data...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Navsari
| mla = [[Rakesh Desai]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Navsari district|Navsari]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Navsari Lok Sabha constituency|Navsari]]
| established = 2007
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:250089}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 175
}}

'''Navsari''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Navsari district|Navsari]] district.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Navsari Taluka (Part) Villages – Kasbapar, Viraval, Satem, Toli, Sadlav, Ashtagam, Un, Chhapra, Dantej, Italva, Wada (Sisodra), Pardi, Sarpor, Dabhalai, Nagdhara, Kumbhar Faliya, Butlav, Kanbad, Bhula Faliya, Khadsupa, Kachhol, Adada, Partapor, Mogar, Chandravasan Supa, Boriach, Rajwada, Kambada, Bhunwadi, Mahudi, Puni, Jamalpore, Kabilpor, Kaliawadi, Chovisi, Navsari (M)
# Gandevi Taluka (Part) Villages – Mohanpur, Kolva, Salej, Ichhapor, Pinjra, Vegam, Vagalvad, Matwad, Gandeva, Khapariya, Pipaldhara, Manekpor, Gadat, Sonwadi, Ancheli, Khakhwada, Pathri, Dhanori, Endhal, Ajrai, Kachholi, Ganghor, Amalsad, Dhamdachha, Vasan, Kotha, Masa

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || [[Mangubhai C. Patel]] || [[File:Mangubhai C. Patel (cropped).jpg|75px]]||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party| rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="2" | Piyushbhai Desai<ref name=election2017/> || rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Rakesh Desai|Rakesh Gunvantbhai Desai]]||
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Navsari]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Rakesh Desai]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=1,06,875|percentage=64.65|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dipak Barot|party=Indian National Congress|votes=34,562|percentage=20.91|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Upeshkumar Mohanbhai Patel|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=18,435|percentage=11.15|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=3,064|percentage=1.85|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=72,313|percentage=43.74|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,65,304|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Navsari<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Piyush Desai
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,00,060
|percentage = 61.57
|change = +9.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bhavnaben Anilbhai Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 53,965
|percentage = 33.21
|change = -8.72
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 46,095
|percentage = 28.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,62,512
|percentage = 71.03
|change = -3.61
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=29 October 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Piyushbhai Desai|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=81601|percentage=52.14|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Arvind Patel]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=65620|percentage=41.93|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=15981|percentage=41.93|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=156493|percentage=74.64|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{coord|20.94|72.95|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Navsari district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2007]]

Badnapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:46:48Z

ErnestGuzzi186: Put up new article.

{{Short description|Constituency in the state of Maharashtra in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Badnapur
| type = SLA
| map_image = 102-Badnapur.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| district = [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
| division = [[Aurangabad Division|Aurangabad]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jalna Lok Sabha constituency|Jalna]]
| constituency_no = 102
| established = 1978
| reservation = SC 
| abolished =
| mla = [[Narayan Tilakchand Kuche]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors =333,282
| preceded_by = Santosh Pundalik Sambre
}}
'''Badnapur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=3 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=25 February 2009 |df= }}</ref>

==Overview==

Badnapur is part of [[Jalna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalna Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Jalna Assembly constituency|Jalna]] and [[Bhokardan Assembly constituency|Bhokardan]] in Jalna district and [[Sillod Assembly constituency|Sillod]], [[Phulambri Assembly constituency|Phulambri]] and [[Paithan Assembly constituency|Paithan]] in [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad district]].<ref name=ceo/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Badnapur Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/badnapur.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! Colspan="2"|Party
|-
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Dhakaleshwar Makaji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Kolkar Shankarrao Limbajirao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Sharma Shakuntala Nandkishor
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Appasaheb Sheshrao Chavan || {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=3 | Chavan Narayanrao Satwaji || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Arvind Bajirao Chavan || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Santosh Vasantlal Sambre || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan=3 | [[Narayan Tilakchand Kuche]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Badnapur<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Narayan Tilakchand Kuche]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,38,489 |percentage = 55.76% |change={{increase}}5.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bablu Nehrulal Choudhary |party=Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 92,958 |percentage = 37.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Satish Shankarrao Kharat |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 4,965 |percentage = 2.00% |change={{decrease}}2.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shailendra Sudam Misal |party=Peoples Party of India (Democratic) |votes = 4,574 |percentage = 1.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,122 |percentage = 0.45% |change={{decrease}}0.38 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 45,531 |percentage = 18.33% |change= {{increase}}9.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,49,509 |percentage = 74.86% |change= {{increase}}6.40 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,48,387}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,33,282|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.22 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}5.56 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Badnapur<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Narayan Tilakchand Kuche]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,05,312 |percentage = 50.19% |change={{increase}}10.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Choudhari Rupkumar Alias Bablu Nehrulal |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 86,700 |percentage = 41.32% |change={{increase}}14.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajendra Magre |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 9,869 |percentage = 4.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Ashvini Sadashiv Gaikwad |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,881 |percentage = 0.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,753 |percentage = 0.84% |change={{increase}}0.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhosle Rajendra Raghunath |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,643 |percentage = 0.78% |change={{decrease}}2.78 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,612 |percentage = 8.87% |change= {{decrease}}3.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,11,627 |percentage = 68.72% |change= {{increase}}0.82 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,09,824}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,07,973|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.29 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}10.70 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Badnapur<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Narayan Tilakchand Kuche]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 73,560 |percentage = 39.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chaudhari Roopkumar(Bablu) Nehrulal |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 50,065 |percentage = 26.88% |change={{increase}}2.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santosh Vasantlal Sambre |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 30,945 |percentage = 16.61% |change={{decrease}}20.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Subhash Damodhar Magare |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 13,007 |percentage = 6.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Dnyaneshwar Maroti (Mauli) |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 6,645 |percentage = 3.57% |change={{decrease}}20.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Admane Shivaji Janardhan |party=Republican Sena |votes = 4,524 |percentage = 2.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Salve Vishvjeet Chakradhar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,187 |percentage = 1.17% |change={{decrease}}2.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,331 |percentage = 0.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,495 |percentage = 12.61% |change= {{increase}}0.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,87,626 |percentage = 67.80% |change= {{increase}}5.26 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,86,271}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,76,737|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.74 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}2.57 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Badnapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Santosh Vasantlal Sambre |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 56,242 |percentage = 36.93% |change={{increase}}4.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sudamrao Sandu Sadashive |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 37,334 |percentage = 24.51% |change={{decrease}}13.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chaudhari Roopkumar(Bablu) Nehrulal |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 35,908 |percentage = 23.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dolse Vilas Chokhaji |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,951 |percentage = 3.25% |change={{decrease}}0.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Bramhanand Sakharam |party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 4,851 |percentage = 3.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sarjerao Baburao Jadhav |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,465 |percentage = 2.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Mohan Dhonduji Tayde |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,010 |percentage = 1.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,908 |percentage = 12.41% |change= {{increase}}7.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,52,323 |percentage = 62.06% |change= {{decrease}}10.73 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,52,311}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,45,459|ref = |change= {{increase}}20.26 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.13 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Badnapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Arvind Bajirao Chavan |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 56,539 |percentage = 38.06% |change={{increase}}28.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghuge Bhanudas Ambuji |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 48,910 |percentage = 32.92% |change={{decrease}}1.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Kalpana Sarjerao |party=Independent politician |votes = 22,683 |percentage = 15.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Misal Shrimantrao Sakharam |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,548 |percentage = 3.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hivrale Tukaram Shankar |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,309 |percentage = 2.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dale Kalyan Harichandra |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 2,037 |percentage = 1.37% |change={{decrease}}18.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Satish Ankushrao Deshmukh |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,949 |percentage = 1.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,629 |percentage = 5.14% |change= {{decrease}}8.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,48,560 |percentage = 72.78% |change= {{increase}}8.71 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,48,559}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,04,112|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}3.27 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Badnapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Narayanrao Satwaji |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 39,531 |percentage = 34.79% |change={{increase}}1.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Arvind Bajirao |party=Independent politician |votes = 24,153 |percentage = 21.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Admane Shivaji Janardhan |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 22,460 |percentage = 19.77% |change={{increase}}10.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghuge Ekanath Ambuji |party=Independent politician |votes = 11,666 |percentage = 10.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhanure Panditrao Saluji |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 11,139 |percentage = 9.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pungle Tulshiram Sandu |party=Akhil Bharatiya Sena |votes = 3,309 |percentage = 2.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Giram Babanrao Balabhau |party=Independent politician |votes = 724 |percentage = 0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,378 |percentage = 13.53% |change= {{decrease}}0.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,27,729 |percentage = 72.02% |change= {{decrease}}12.64 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,13,635}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,77,359|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.37 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}1.09 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Badnapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Narayanrao Satwaji |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 44,354 |percentage = 33.70% |change={{increase}}4.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Balasaheb Ramrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 26,105 |percentage = 19.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arvind Bajirao Chavan |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 16,902 |percentage = 12.84% |change={{decrease}}1.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Admane Shivaji Janardhan |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 12,299 |percentage = 9.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ratnaparkhe Sudhakar Gulabrao |party=Janata Dal |votes = 8,376 |percentage = 6.36% |change={{decrease}}1.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Appasaheb Sheshrao Chavan |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,064 |percentage = 3.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Marotrao Balaji |party=Maharashtra Rashtrawadi Congress |votes = 3,732 |percentage = 2.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,249 |percentage = 13.87% |change= {{increase}}0.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,36,736 |percentage = 79.69% |change= {{increase}}14.53 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,31,616}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,71,576|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.41 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}4.92 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Badnapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Narayanrao Satwaji |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 29,696 |percentage = 28.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Appasaheb Sheshrao Chavan |party=Independent politician |votes = 15,858 |percentage = 15.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhandarage Dnyanshar Rangnath |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 14,925 |percentage = 14.47% |change={{decrease}}19.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Admane Shivaji Janardhan |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes = 10,087 |percentage = 9.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kolhe Bhaurao Dhondiba |party=Janata Dal |votes = 8,228 |percentage = 7.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Palve Bhanudas Bhikaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,844 |percentage = 5.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rathod Kailash Fakira |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,348 |percentage = 5.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,838 |percentage = 13.41% |change= {{decrease}}6.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,06,414 |percentage = 64.14% |change= {{increase}}6.98 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,03,173}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,65,913|ref = |change= {{increase}}25.14 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing= {{decrease}}25.52 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Badnapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Appasaheb Sheshrao Chavan |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 39,747 |percentage = 54.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhandarage Dnyanshar Rangnath |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,164 |percentage = 34.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ratnaparkhe Ramrao Bhikandas |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,034 |percentage = 4.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivaji Janardhan Admane |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,192 |percentage = 2.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Bramhanand Sakharam |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,002 |percentage = 2.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Babasaheb Uttamrao Shinde |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,051 |percentage = 1.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,583 |percentage = 19.92% |change= {{increase}}9.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,654 |percentage = 57.06% |change= {{increase}}11.47 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 73,190}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,32,578|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.46 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}11.39 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Badnapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sharma Shakuntala Nandkishor |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 22,733 |percentage = 42.91% |change={{increase}}7.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jarhad Baburao Ambadas |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 17,404 |percentage = 32.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rakh Shankarrao Raghunathrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 10,860 |percentage = 20.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Babasaheb Uttamrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,124 |percentage = 2.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Batheja Ghanshamdas Shriramchand |party=Janata Party (Secular) [[Charan Singh]] |votes = 581 |percentage = 1.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,329 |percentage = 10.06% |change= {{decrease}}5.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,088 |percentage = 45.48% |change= {{decrease}}14.63 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,975}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,21,122|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.19 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}7.00 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Badnapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kolkar Shankarrao Limbajirao |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 23,466 |percentage = 35.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bundele Shankarsing Ghagansing |party=Janata Party |votes = 13,429 |percentage = 20.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Bajirao Sheshrao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 9,883 |percentage = 15.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Daulatrao Bapurao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 8,281 |percentage = 12.67% |change={{decrease}}52.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Govind Chandu |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,846 |percentage = 7.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kharat Daulatrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,664 |percentage = 4.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gitaram Trimbak |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,217 |percentage = 1.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,037 |percentage = 15.36% |change= {{decrease}}14.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,279 |percentage = 60.99% |change= {{increase}}23.02 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,349}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,11,954|ref = |change= {{increase}}56.97 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}28.96 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Badnapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dhakaleshwar Makaji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 16,357 |percentage = 64.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=T. G. Kharat |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 8,859 |percentage = 35.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,498 |percentage = 29.74% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 27,227 |percentage = 38.17% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 25,216}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,322|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|19.87|75.72|display=title}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{Jalna district topics}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jalna district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Jalna district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Banda Singh's Invasion of Yamuna-Ganga Doab

2026-04-08T04:38:15Z

ErnestGuzzi186: Put up new bio.

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Banda Singh's Invasion of Yamuna-Ganga Doab
| partof = the campaigns of [[Banda Singh Bahadur]]
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| date = July–August 1710
| place = Upper [[Ganga]]–[[Yamuna]] Doab, including [[Saharanpur]], [[Behat]], [[Ambheta]], [[Nanauta]] and [[Jalalabad]]
| coordinates =
| map_type = India
| map_relief = yes
| map_size = 300
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory = Sikh occupation of much of the Saharanpur tract and establishment of posts in several thanas
| result = Sikh victory{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|pp=178}}
| status =
| combatant1 = [[Khalsa]]
| combatant2 = [[Mughal Empire]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = [[Banda Singh Bahadur]]
| commander2 = Ali Hamid Khan Jalal Khan Ghulam Mohammad Khan Dindar Ali Khan Hazbar Khan {{KIA}} Jamal Khan {{KIA}} Pir Khan {{KIA}}
| commander3 =
| units1 =
| units2 =
| units3 =
| strength1 = 500 horse and 10,000 foot.
| strength2 = 400 cavalry, 1,000 foot, 4,000–5,000 village militia, and ghazis
| strength3 =
| casualties1 = Heavy
| casualties2 = Heavy
| casualties3 =
| notes = The campaign included massacres of Muslim inhabitants during the sack of Saharanpur, Behat and Nanauta, together with plunder and devastation in the Upper Ganga Doab.{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|pp=167–171}}{{sfn|Singh|1990|pp=90–98}}{{sfn|Gandhi|1999|pp=36–37}}}}
'''Banda Singh's Invasion of Yamuna-Ganga Doab''' was a 1710 expedition by [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] and the [[Khalsa]] into the tract between the [[Yamuna]] and the [[Ganges|Ganga]] after the Sikh capture of [[Sirhind]] and the establishment of authority at [[Lohgarh]]. The campaign included operations at Saharanpur, Behat, Ambheta, Nanauta and Jalalabad. It ended after the [[Siege of Jalalabad (1710)|siege of Jalalabad]] was raised and the Sikh forces returned toward Karnal and the Punjab.
==Background==
After the Lahore expedition, [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] returned to [[Sirhind]], inspected the administration of the conquered territory, and then went back to Lohgarh. Reports from the Upper Ganga Doab led to an eastward march across the [[Yamuna]] at Rajghat near Buria into the [[Saharanpur district]].{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=15–16}} By this stage, Sikh authority had spread widely in the region around [[Lohgarh]]. Armed posts were placed in towns and villages, and local officials were appointed in conquered areas.{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=166}}

Complaints also came from [[Deoband]] and Unarsa, where Sikh converts and other residents had been imprisoned and persecuted under [[Jalal Khan Orakzai]]. Kapoor Singh of Unarsa appealed to Banda Singh for assistance.{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|pp=166–167}}{{sfn|Singh|1990|p=90}}{{sfn|Gandhi|1999|p=36}} A report presented to the Mughal emperor on 22 June 1710 placed Banda Singh at Gulab Nagar or [[Buria]] with a mounted and infantry force before the move into Saharanpur.{{sfn|Kaur|2021|pp=82–83}}
==Campaign==
===Sack of Saharanpur===
Banda Singh Bahadur crossed the [[Yamuna]] at Rajghat near Buria and advanced on Saharanpur.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=15–16}}{{sfn|Singh|1990|p=90}}{{sfn|Gandhi|1999|p=36}} Ali Hamid Khan, the faujdar of Saharanpur, fled to [[Delhi]] on hearing of the Sikh advance.{{sfn|Singh|1990|p=90}}{{sfn|Gandhi|1999|p=36}}{{sfn|Kaur|2021|pp=82–83}}{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=167}} The inhabitants resisted, but the Sikhs captured much of the town after fighting and seized money, jewels and other goods.{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=167}}{{sfn|Singh|1990|pp=90–91}} Panic spread in the surrounding countryside, and half of the Sarkar of Saharanpur fell into Sikh hands.{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|pp=167, 169}}{{sfn|Singh|1990|pp=91–92}}{{sfn|Majumdar|1977|p=14}}
===Behat and Ambheta===
After the capture of Saharanpur, the Sikhs moved against Behat. The town was sacked, and the [[Pirzada]] households were destroyed apart from one absent survivor.{{sfn|Gandhi|1999|p=36}}{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=167}}{{sfn|Singh|1990|pp=91–92}} The Sikh force then entered Ambheta without significant resistance and took booty from the town.{{sfn|Gandhi|1999|p=36}}{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=168}}{{sfn|Singh|1990|p=93}}
===Nanauta===
The next major action took place at [[Nanauta]]. [[Gujjar]] groups joined the Sikhs on the march and identified themselves as [[Nanakpanthi|followers of Guru Nanak]].{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=168}}{{sfn|Singh|1990|pp=93–94}}{{sfn|Gandhi|1999|p=36}} The defenders of Nanauta, especially the Shaikhzadas, resisted strongly, and heavy fighting took place in the streets and residential compounds.{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|pp=168–169}}{{sfn|Singh|1990|pp=94–95}} The town was left in ruins and became known as ''Phoota Shahr''.{{sfn|Gandhi|1999|p=36}}{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=169}}{{sfn|Singh|1990|p=95}}

After the fighting, Sikh posts were established in a series of thanas in the Saharanpur region, including [[Rampur]], Nanauta, Jhujhana, Bakaur, Barsadau, Karana, Budhana and Kandhala.{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=169}}{{sfn|Kaur|1988|pp=67–68}}
===Advance on Jalalabad===
From Nanauta, [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] sent demands to [[Jalal Khan Orakzai]] of [[Jalalabad, Shamli|Jalalabad]] for the release of Sikh prisoners from Unarsa and for submission to Khalsa authority. Jalal Khan rejected the demands, had the Sikh messengers paraded through the town on asses, and expelled them.{{sfn|Gandhi|1999|p=36}}{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|pp=167–168}}{{sfn|Singh|1990|pp=92–93}} The Sikh force then moved toward Jalalabad.{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|pp=168–169}}{{sfn|Singh|1990|pp=93–95}}

Jalal Khan sent a field force under Ghulam Mohammad Khan and Hazbar Khan to oppose the Sikh advance.{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=169}}{{sfn|Singh|1990|pp=95–96}}{{sfn|Gandhi|1999|pp=36–37}} The engagement was bloody. Hazbar Khan was killed, along with many of the Afghan and village defenders.{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=169}}{{sfn|Singh|1990|p=96}}{{sfn|Gandhi|1999|p=37}}{{sfn|Kaur|2021|p=83}} Further fighting followed in which Jamal Khan and Pir Khan also died. Dindar Ali Khan later fought his way to recover their bodies and returned to Jalalabad.{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=170}}{{sfn|Singh|1990|p=96}}

==Siege of Jalalabad==
After the fighting near Jalalabad, Banda Singh Bahadur and the Sikh forces laid siege to the town and fort. Jalalabad stood on high ground, and the Krishna stream, swollen by the rains, surrounded the place with water.{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|pp=170–171}}{{sfn|Singh|1990|pp=96–97}} The besiegers brought forward wooden batteries, advanced them toward the walls, and attempted to undermine the fortifications, scale the walls with ladders, and burn the gates.{{sfn|Singh|1990|pp=97–98}}{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=171}} The siege lasted about twenty days, and both sides suffered heavy losses.{{sfn|Gandhi|1999|p=37}}{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=171}}{{sfn|Singh|1990|p=98}}

The result is not presented uniformly by [[Historians]]. The Historian [[Hari Ram Gupta]] treats Jalalabad as one of the places punished and plundered by Banda Singh Bahadur and states that its people submitted after tough resistance, placing Jalalabad within the wider extension of Banda's rule from the Ravi to the Ganga and from the neighbourhood of Lahore to the vicinity of Panipat.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=15–16}} Sagoo and the Sikh Historian [[Ganda Singh (historian)|Ganda Singh]] present a different outcome. According to them, the Sikhs failed to take the fort after about twenty days of siege operations and raised the siege without securing Jalalabad itself, although the countryside around the town was devastated and Jalal Khan remained shut up inside the fort.{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|pp=170–172}}{{sfn|Singh|1990|pp=97–98}} Gandhi also treats the siege as unsuccessful in immediate military terms, stating that the Sikhs withdrew without taking the town. He places the withdrawal not in Jalal Khan's strength alone, but in the onset of the monsoon, appeals from the Punjab and the [[Jullundur Doab]], and the prospect of [[Bahadur Shah I|Bahadur Shah's]] return to the north.{{sfn|Gandhi|1999|pp=37–38}} Harpreet Kaur follows the line of withdrawal, adding that urgent calls from the Punjab led the Sikhs to raise the siege and move off toward Sultanpur and Jullundur.{{sfn|Kaur|1988|p=68}}
==Aftermath==
The campaign extended Sikh military activity from the Punjab into the Upper Ganga Doab and disrupted Mughal authority in the Saharanpur tract. Sikh control stretched from the [[Ravi River|Ravi]] to the [[Ganges]] and from the neighbourhood of [[Lahore]] to the vicinity of [[Panipat]].{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=15–16}} Imperial authority in the area was badly shaken, and the north-western road from [[Delhi]] was closed for several months.{{sfn|Majumdar|1977|p=14}}

After the Sikh withdrawal, Jalal Khan retaliated against the Sikhs of Unarsa, and Kapoor Singh was killed.{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=171}} Jalal Khan later received appointment to [[Saharanpur]] and a robe of honour on 21 August 1710, while Dindar Ali Khan received promotion in the army.{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|pp=171–172}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=MiluAAAAMAAJ&newbks= |title=Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century: Their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy |publisher=Singh Bros. |year=1999 |isbn=9788172052171}}
* {{cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=ZSpuAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0 |title=History of the Sikhs: Evolution of Sikh Confederacies, 1708–1769 |volume=2 |edition=3rd illustrated |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |year=1978}}
* {{cite book |last=Sagoo |first=Harbans Kaur |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=XnPiAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0& |title=Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty |edition=illustrated |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |year=2001 |isbn=9788176293006}}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Ganda |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=EBogAAAAIAAJ&newbks= |title=Life of Banda Singh Bahadur: Based on Contemporary and Original Records |publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University |year=1990}}
*{{cite thesis |last=Kaur |first=Harpreet |title=Sikh Struggle for Sovereignty (1708–1768) |type=PhD thesis |url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=4808&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched= |institution=Department of History, Punjabi University, Patiala |year=1988}}
*{{cite thesis |last=Kaur |first=Karamjit |year=2021 |title=Banda Singh Bahadur: Strategy of War and Ideology |type=PhD thesis |publisher=Guru Kashi University |url=https://www.gurmatveechar.com/books/English_Books/English_Thesis_Papers/Banda.Singh.Bahadur.Strategy.of.War.Functions.and.Ideology.%28GurmatVeechar.com%29.pdf |location=Talwandi Sabo}}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Majumdar |editor-first=Ramesh Chandra |year=1977 |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=BXtDAAAAYAAJ&newbks= |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Maratha Supremacy |volume=8 |edition=4th |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |ref={{harvid|Majumdar|1977}}}}
[[Category:Battles involving the Sikhs]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire]]

Panta bhat

2026-04-02T10:28:34Z

ErnestGuzzi186: Made Initial Data W/ Sources.

{{Short description|Rice-based dish originating in Bengal}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Panta bhat
| image = Panta Ilish.jpg
| caption = Panta Ilish - a traditional platter of ''Panta bhat'' with fried [[Ilish]] slice, supplemented with dried fish (''shutki''), pickle (''achar''), dal, green chillies and onion - is a popular serving for the [[Pahela Baishakh]] festival.
| alternate_name = poita bhat ([[Assamese language|Standard Assamese]]), ponta bhat (Kamrupi Assamese, [[KRNB lects|Kamtapuri]]), zokra bhat ([[Kamrupi dialects|Kamrupi Assamese]]), zokora bhat (Central Assamese), bore basi ([[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]], pazhaya Sadam ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]), pazhamkanji/pazhakanji ([[Malayalam]]) literally old gruel.
| country = [[India]] [[Bangladesh]]
| region = [[Bengal region]] [[Assam]]
| creator =
| course = [[Main course]]
| served =
| main_ingredient = Rice, water
| variations = [[Pakhala]]
| calories =
| other =
|national_cuisine = [[Bengali cuisine]] [[Assamese cuisine]]
}}

{{Bangladeshi culture}}
{{Indian cuisine}}

'''Panta bhat''' or '''poita bhat''' ({{langx|bn|পান্তা ভাত}} ''pàntà bhàt''; {{langx|as|পঁইতা ভাত}} ''poĩta bhat'' or পন্তা ভাত ''ponta bhat'') consists of cooked [[rice]] soaked and fermented in water. The liquid part is known as Toraṇi in [[Odia language|Odia]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tharu |first1=Susie J. |last2=Lalita |first2=Ke |title=Women Writing in India |volume=II |year=1993 |publisher=Feminist Press |isbn=9781558610293 |pages=688 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjZYf9Xf9bcC&q=pakhala+orissa&pg=PA422}}</ref> It is a rice-based dish prepared by soaking rice, generally leftover, in water overnight. Traditionally served in the morning with salt, onion, chili and Aloo Makha/Alu Pitika ([[mashed potato]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Ranjini |date=2019-06-11 |title=A Scrumptious Affair: Why Aloo Sheddo/Mashed Potato is Dear to Me |url=https://www.thequint.com/lifestyle/food/recipe-delicious-potatoes-bengali-style-american-mashed-potato |access-date=2020-07-31 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> It is consumed in eastern Indian states of [[West Bengal]], Odisha ([[Pakhala]]), [[Jharkhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Assam]], [[Tripura]] and in the country of [[Bangladesh]]. Panta bhat with Ilish ([[Hilsha]]) is the national dish of [[Bangladesh]]. It is a popular dish on the day of [[Pahela Baishakh]] or [[Bengalis|Bengali]] new year. It has been described in documents from 17th century, while the dish [[Pakhala]] from Odisha documents back to 10th century CE, and is known as the origin of this dish. Panta bhat has more [[micronutrient]]s than fresh rice. It is traditionally considered as beneficial in conditions.

==History==
Anthropologist Tapan Kumar Sanyal argues that [[proto-Australoid]] people in parts of South Asia resorted to eating panta bhat because they cooked once a day, in the evening.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sanyal |first1=Tapan Kumar |title=And Keeping the Flame Alive: A Study on Food Habits and Dietaries with Nutritional Efficiency of West Bengal Tribes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gh-zyWCo-aYC |year=1979 |oclc=6499000}}</ref> [[Sebastien Manrique|Fray Sebastien Manrique]] reported from his visit of Bengal in 17th century that the people of all communities, according to Manrique, were contented then with the daily meal of rice, often ''panta bhat'', salt and green vegetable (''shak''). The better-off elements of the society consumed ghee, butter, milk and various lacteous preparations and sweetmeats.<ref>{{cite book |date=1997 |editor1=Sirajul Islam |editor-link1=Sirajul Islam |editor2=Aklam Hussain |title=History of Bangladesh, 1704-1971 |volume=1, Political history |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |page=716 |isbn=9789845123372}}</ref>

Rice researcher Mahabub Hossain of [[International Rice Research Institute]] explains that in the past, people engaged in farm work preferred bold and brown rice which is more suited for watered rice, and also provides more nutrition. But, as more people shifted to urban centers the demand for farm work, [[brown rice]] and watered rice decreased. In these times of polished rice, the popularity of rice varieties like Lal Swarna and White Swarna is often driven by their suitability for panta bhat.<ref>Mahabub Hossain, ''Adoption and Diffusion of Modern Rice Varieties in Bangladesh and Eastern India'', pages 37, 52, 98, International Rice Research Institute, 2012, {{ISBN|9712202860}}</ref>

It is unknown when [[Pakhala]] was first included in the daily diet of [[East India|Eastern India]], but it was included in the recipe of Lord [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] of [[Puri]] circa 10th century. The word ''Pakhaḷa'' was used in the [[Odia literature|Odia poems]] of [[Arjuna Das]] in his literary work ''Kåḷpålåtā''([[Odia language|Odia]]: କଳ୍ପଲତା) during 1520-1530 CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Panda |first=Shishir Kumar |title=Medieval Orissa: a socio-economic study |date=1991 |publisher=Mittal Publ |isbn=978-81-7099-261-5 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

==Preparation==
There are many variations of the dish though all are made by soaking cooked rice in water overnight. Rice is boiled the usual way. Then ''phaen'' or starch is strained away. Rice is cooled in air temperature for 3–4 hours. Then cool water is added in a way that about an inch of water rises above the rice. Rice is generally covered with a light piece of fabric. 12–24 hours later panta bhat is ready. Panta bhat retains its taste for 2/3 days. The fluid portion is called amani or torani, and may be specially prepared.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Jitendra Nath Rakshit |date=1916 |title=Rice, as Prepared for Food in Bengal |journal=The Agricultural Journal of India |location=Calcutta |publisher=Government of India, Central Publication Branch for the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|Imperial Council of Agricultural Research]] |volume=11 |page=189 |hdl=2027/uc1.b2938011}}</ref> Care must be taken to cover the dish during the long soaking to avoid contamination.<ref name="Wood1985">{{cite book |author=Brian J.B. Wood |date=1985 |title=Microbiology of Fermented Foods |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aw8FZJ_XXfYC&q=%22panta+bhat%22&pg=PA796 |publisher=Springer |page=796 |isbn=9780751402162}}</ref>

The soaked rice is usually eaten in the morning with salt, [[Lime (fruit)|lime]], [[Chili pepper|chili]] (either raw or roasted) and onions (sliced or whole) mostly for flavor.<ref>{{cite book |author=Akhter Hameed Khan |author-link=Akhter Hameed Khan |title=The Works of Akhter Hameed Khan |volume=I |year=1983 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development]] |oclc=15632098 |page=288 |quote=panta bhat and roasted chillies are good. Even the town people like them.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=National Assembly of Pakistan |title=Debates: Official Report |date=June 20, 1966 |location=Karachi |publisher=Manager of Publications |page=1092 |oclc=5960757 |quote=his wife used to bring him 'panta bhat' (remnants of the rice cooked in the previous night) with onion, pepper and salt from home.}}</ref> Panta bhat is often served with fried fish or vegetable curry or flattened rice (''[[Jolpan#Chira|chira]]''), dried cane or palm molasses ([[jaggery]] or ''guda'') and milk curd (''[[Doi (Curd)|doi]]'').<ref>{{cite book |author=Enamul Haq |year=2012 |chapter=Customs and Traditions |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Customs_and_Traditions |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Water is discarded before consumption. Sometimes edible oils may be added.<ref>Narendra S. Bisht and T. S. Bankoti, ''Encyclopaedic Ethnography of the Himalayan Tribes: R-Z'' (Volume 4), Page 1336, Global Vision, 2004, {{ISBN|9788187746959}}</ref> Panta bhat or poita bhat is often garnished with [[mustard oil]], onion, [[chili pepper|chilli]], [[pickling|pickle]], and served with [[shutki mach]] (dried fish), [[machher jhol]] (fish curry), especially [[shorshe Ilish]] ([[ilish]] cooked with [[mustard seeds]]), ''aloo bhorta'' or ''aloo pitika'' ([[mashed potato]]), [[Baingan bharta|begun bhorta]] (mashed [[brinjal]]) and other ''bhorta'' or ''pitika'' (mashed food).

A similar dish consumed in the Indian states of [[Odisha]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Chhattisgarh]] is known as [[Pakhala]] (also pakhal, pokhalo or pakhal bhat). It differs from panta bhat in seasoning as yoghurt is sometimes added prior to the fermentation process.<ref>[http://www.thegreatindiantaste.com/panta-bhat-a-forgotten-recipe/ Panta bhat – A Forgotten Recipe], The Great Indian Taste</ref> [[Pazhedhu saadham]], meaning "old rice", of [[Tamil Nadu]] is another variation of the dish.<ref>Nandita Iyer,[http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/R384qDrBhWUAOSWdQ6LZeL/Not-fresh-yet-healthy.html Not fresh, yet healthy], Live Mint, May 12, 2014</ref> It is consumed in East and South East Asia as well, and is known as [[Jiuniang]] in China.

==Popularity==
[[File:Boishakh 3 - Panta.jpg|thumb|left|A regular serving of panta bhat]]

Panta bhat is especially popular in rural areas,<ref>{{cite news |title=The Tiger of Bengal |url=http://www.dawn.com/weekly/dmag/archive/031109/dmag13.htm |work=Dawn Magazine |date=2003-11-09 |access-date=2007-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713043257/http://www.dawn.com/weekly/dmag/archive/031109/dmag13.htm |archive-date=2007-07-13}}</ref><ref name="Banglapedia-Food Habits" /> generally served with salt, raw onion and green chili.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Latif |first1=M. A. |title=Bangladesh District Gazetteers: Patuakhali |date=1982 |location=Dacca |publisher=Bangladesh Government Press |oclc=708216 |page=99}}</ref> It is usually served as breakfast,<ref name="Banglapedia-Food Habits">{{cite book |author=Enamul Haq |year=2012 |chapter=Food Habits |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Food_Habits |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> though noon or evening consumption is not uncommon.<ref>''Census of India'' (Volume 3, Part 6, Issue 3), 1961, [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General]], India</ref><ref>Ananya Roy, ''Calcutta Requiem: Gender And The Politics Of Poverty'', page 81, Pearson Education India, 2007, {{ISBN|9788131712993}}</ref> Panta bhat and other low nutrition food are consumed as fillers between meals.<ref>Khondoker Mokaddem Hossain, ''[http://mro.massey.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10179/2947/02_whole.pdf?sequence=2 Homestead forestry and rural development: a socio-empirical study of Bangladesh]'', page 108, Massey University</ref> Panta bhat is one of the ''cool dishes'' popular in Bengal, meaning it helps keep cool during the summer.<ref>Pritha Sen, [http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/UGC328Wucf5uAy6v1cXhcM/Cold-comfort.html Why are there few cold foods in Indian cuisine?], Live Mint, Jun 17 2016</ref> This cold and wet food, is suitable for summer mornings, but in winter dry foods, such as ''chira'' ([[flattened rice]]) and ''muri'' ([[puffed rice]]) are preferred.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Loomis |first1=Scott A. |date=March 1976 |title=Bangladesh |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c021208023&seq=45 |series=Syncrisis: the Dynamics of Health |volume=XVII |location= |publisher=Office of International Health, Division of Planning and Evaluation |page=23 |lccn=72600118}}</ref>

In Bangladesh, it is a part of the [[Pahela Baishakh]] (Bengali new year festival) festivities. On that day it is consumed as breakfast by urban people.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sambaru Chandra Mohanta |year=2012 |chapter=Pahela Baishakh |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pahela_Baishakh |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Tanvir Hafiz |title=Out with the Old |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/rising/2006/04/02/index.htm |work=Rising Stars |publisher=[[Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> Panta is also served at high-end eateries in Bangladesh<ref>{{cite news |title=Corporate Watch |url=http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/old/more.php?news_id=126599&date=2012-04-13 |newspaper=Financial Express |location=Dhaka |date=2012-04-13}}</ref><ref>"[http://www.bangladeshmonitor.net/news_detail.php?nhid=1334&CID=7 Pan Pacific Sonargaon to celebrate Pohela Baishakh]", ''The Bangladesh Monitor'', 2014-06-05</ref> Food-stalls maintained mostly by student groups on fair-grounds also serve panta-ilish.<ref>Sadya Afreen Mallick, [http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-33046 Contemplating “Bangaliaana”], ''Daily Star'', April 21, 2008</ref><ref>Sanghamitra Saha, ''A Linguist Visits Bangladesh: A Travelogue'', page 3, International School of Dravidian Linguistics, 2001</ref> Panta bhat on Pahela Baishakh is often served with fried [[hilsha]] (''ilish''), and students of [[Pabna Science and Technology University]] (PUST) assaulted their student counselor for not providing panta-ilish in the Pahela Baishakh of 2014.<ref>[https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2014/04/13/panta-hilsa-behind-mischief Panta, Hilsa behind mischief], BDNews24, 2014-04-13</ref> But, the practice takes a toll on the hilsha population during the breeding season. Since 2016, Bangladesh government banned hilsha fishing and selling in the times of Pahela Baishakh, ministers started urging people to have panta without ''ilish'' and social media became rife with calls for panta without ''ilish''.<ref>Sahidul Hasan Khokon, [https://www.indiatoday.in/food-drink/food/story/hilsa-pohela-boishakh-celebrations-dhaka-bengali-new-year-ilish-ban-lifefd-971358-2017-04-14 Hilsa will not be a part of Pahela Baishakh celebrations in Dhaka], India Today, April 14, 2017</ref><ref>Wasim Bin Habib and Shaheen Mollah, [http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/no-hilsa-campaign-worked-well-1209577 No-hilsa campaign worked well], ''Daily Star'', April 16, 2016</ref> [[Bengali Muslims]] prefers to have Panta Bhat as [[Iftar]] when they fast during summer to stay hydrated.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.risingbd.com/fascinating-world/news/170353 | title=যেখানে ইফতারের প্রধান খাবার 'পান্তা ভাত' | অন্য দুনিয়া }}</ref>

Among Hindus of West Bengal, it is consumed during the [[Ranna Puja]] (Hindu cooking worship). During Ranna Puja, panta bhat is offered to [[Manasa]] the snake goddess along with fried vegetables, yellow [[pigeon pea]]s cooked with [[elephant apple]]s, curried [[ash gourd]] and fried [[Hilsa]].<ref>Priyadarshini Chatterjee, [https://scroll.in/magazine/846312/what-india-eats-in-the-monsoon-its-a-lot-more-delicious-than-chai-and-pakodas What India eats in the monsoon], scroll.in, Aug 08, 2017</ref> On the [[Vijayadashami]] day of [[Durga Puja]], panta bhat is offered to [[Durga]] along with soup of [[grass pea]], fried [[taro]] leaves, [[machher jhol]] of [[Badis badis|blue perch]] and [[chutney]] of elephant apple for Sabarna Roy Choudhury Atchala Durga in Kolkata.<ref>Priyadarshini Chatterjee, [http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/MKmZsJOcV6s4qGguO2DWsM/What-does-Goddess-Durga-feast-on-at-Bonedi-Barir-Pujo.html What does Goddess Durga feast on at ‘Bonedi Barir Pujo’?], Live Mint, Oct 04 2016</ref> In [[Assam]], offering ''dudh panta'' (milk with [[staling|stale]] water-soaked rice) is a part of the marital ritual.<ref>{{cite book |author=Bīrendranath Datta |title=A Study of the Folk Culture of the Goalpara Region of Assam |year=1995 |publisher=University Publication Department, Gauhati University |isbn=81-86416-13-7 |page=137}}</ref> Panta bhat is also popular among slum-dwellers of Dhaka because it can be easily eaten only with salt or with an onion or a fried or green chili, without any other requirement.<ref>A. K. M. Ahsan Ullah, Abdar Rahman and Munira Murshed, ''Poverty and Migration - Slums of Dhaka City: The Realities'', page 50, Association for Rural Development and Studies, 1999, {{ISBN|9789843106100}}</ref>

Most restaurants on [[National Highway 34 (India)|NH34]], which runs through [[Krishnanagar, Nadia]], serve panta bhat in summer along with [[kasundi]], [[mustard oil]], [[kaffir lime]], [[green chili]], sliced [[onion]], aloo chokha, fried [[red chili]], [[Poppy seed]] balls, aloo jhuri bhaja, mango [[chutney]], sour curd, and sweet [[paan]].<ref>Subhasish Chaudhuri,
[https://web.archive.org/web/20150611094723/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150611/jsp/frontpage/story_25115.jsp Meet the grand old cool kid of hot times - What grandma knew, hotels learn now], ''The Telegraph'', June 11, 2015</ref> Nabanno Hyderabad, a Bengali-owned restaurant in [[Kukatpally]], [[Hyderabad]], serve panta bhat all the year round.<ref>[http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Life-Style/2015-08-28/Restaurant-Review-Nabanno-Hyderabad-for-Bengali-food/173036 Restaurant Review: Nabanno Hyderabad for Bengali food], The Hans India</ref>

===Proverbs===
There are many folk rhymes and proverbs about panta bhat: ''shashuri nai nonod nai kar ba kori dar''/''agey khai panta bhat sheshe lepi ghar'' (lit. "no mother-in-law, no sister-in-law, whom do I fear/ shall eat watered rice first then clean the room"), ''maga bhat tay basi ar panta''(lit. "got rice begging, ask not whether stale or watered"), ''ki katha bolbo sai/panta bhate tak dai'' (lit. "what do I say, sour curd on watered rice), ''panta bhate noon jote na/begun poday ghee'' (lit. "no salt in watered rice/[[ghee]] in roasted [[brinjal]]"), ''noon ante panta phuray'' (lit. "when salt arrives, the panta is finished"), ''mude mai radhe na/tapta ar panta'' (lit. "mother does not cook/so why ask hot or cold") and ''bandir kame yash nai/panta bhate kash nai'' (lit. "no merit in a maid's work/no fun in watered rice").<ref>Sudeshṇā Basāka, ''History of Bengali Proverbs'', pages 16, 62, 66, 104, 131, 192, 202, 206, Gyan Publishing House, 2010, {{ISBN|8121210283}}</ref> In [[Northeast India]], there is a saying ''Maghar panta baghar bal'' or ''panta bhat'' gives the strength of a tiger.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sarmah |first=Thaneswar |chapter=The Bhogali Bihu: A Religious Festival of Assam |title=Culture and Tradition of the North-East |year=1996 |publisher=Vivekananda Kendra |oclc=45610282 |page=}}</ref>

==Nutrition==
In a study conducted by agricultural biotechnology department of the [[Assam Agricultural University]] it was concluded that cooked rice had an element that prevented the availability of minerals like iron, potassium, sodium and calcium in high quantities, and the breakdown of the nutritional inhibitor by the lactic acid bacteria increased the mineral content manifolds. According to Madhumita Barooah, one of the researchers, "About 100 gm of cooked rice has only 3.4 mg of iron, while for the same quantity of rice fermented for 12 hours, the iron content went up to 73.91 mg. Likewise, sodium, which was 475 mg came down to 303 mg, potassium went up to 839 mg and calcium went up from 21 mg per 100 gm of cooked rice to 850 mg, after 12 hours of fermentation of the same quantity of rice."<ref>{{cite news |author=Smita Bhattacharyya |date=2011-08-04 |title=Ferment rice for a healthy morsel |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110804/jsp/northeast/story_14328967.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140605092702/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110804/jsp/northeast/story_14328967.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 5, 2014 |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=Calcutta}}</ref> According to another study (ILSI 1998), fermentation improves the [[bioavailability]] of minerals such as iron and zinc as a result of [[phytic acid]] [[hydrolysis]], and increases the content of riboflavin and vitamin B.<ref>Marie T. Ruel, [http://www.ifpri.org/pubs/fpreview/fpreview05.pdf Can Food-Based Strategies Help Reduce Vitamin A and Iron Deficiencies?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911134147/http://www.ifpri.org/pubs/fpreview/fpreview05.pdf |date=2008-09-11 }}, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C., December 2001</ref>

Panta bhat has some remedial use. It is considered as a "cold food" by [[Ayurveda]] traditions, while boiled rice is neutral. Hence is a preferred food for children with a fever.<ref>Clarence Maloney, K. M. Ashraful Aziz and Profulla Chandra Sarker, ''[http://dspace.icddrb.org/dspace/bitstream/123456789/2562/1/Beliefs+and+fertility+in+bangladesh,monograph+2.pdf Beliefs and Fertility in Bangladesh]'', page 131, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, 1981</ref> Panta bhat also contains a small amount of alcohol as a result of fermentation.<ref>{{cite news |author=Syed Nasrullah |date=2003-08-15 |title=Liberalising alcohol policy |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/2003/08/15/d30815110374.htm |newspaper=[[Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> When the conditions of preparing ''panta bhat'' — keeping rice soaked overnight in water — were simulated in the laboratory, the rice was found to be [[Inoculation|inoculated]] with [[veratridine]], a [[steroid]]-derived [[alkaloid]].<ref>Hans Riemann, ''Food-borne Infections and Intoxications'', page 266, Academic Press, 1969</ref>

Despite its nutritional and remedial values, panta bhat is often contaminated, with almost 90% of the samples containing [[fecal coliforms]] with a median count of 3.9 log cfu/ml. The contamination was more in the rainy season. Numbers of fecal coliforms increased 10-fold when there was a delay of more than 4 hours between preparation and consumption; 90% of the samples were eaten more than 12 hours after preparation. Contamination increased during the rainy season.<ref name="Wood1985" /> A ten-fold increase in contamination was observed between 4 hours of soaking and 16 hours of soaking.<ref>Kristy M Hendricks and Salma H Badruddin, ''Weaning and Diarrhoeal Disease'', Journal of Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, page 8, [[ICDDR, B]], Mar 1994</ref> In cases of [[diarrhoea]] this stale rice is not to be served to the patient,<ref>India Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Indian Market Research Bureau, UNICEF & United States Agency for International Development, ''Diarrhoea in Rural India: A Nationwide Study of Mothers and Practitioners'', page 54, Vision Books, 1990</ref> though boiled rice and rice-water are often prescribed as diarrheal treatment.<ref>H. B. Wong,
[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6113434 Rice water in treatment of infantile gastroenteritis], ''[[The Lancet]]'', 1981 Jul 11</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of rice dishes]]
* [[Assamese cuisine]]
* [[Bengali cuisine]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.getbengal.com/details/cook-up-some-panta-bhaat-with-a-dash-of-lime-and-onions-this-summer l Cook up some panta bhat], Get Bengal

{{Indian dishes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panta Bhat}}
[[Category:Assamese cuisine]]
[[Category:Bengali cuisine]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi rice dishes]]
[[Category:Indian rice dishes]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi fish dishes]]

BJP Organisational Structure

2026-04-01T06:53:36Z

ErnestGuzzi186: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Organisation of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]

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Narasimha Swamy Temple, Seebi

2026-03-25T21:21:27Z

ErnestGuzzi186: new a place...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Seebi Narasimha Swamy Temple
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Seebi narasimha
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Hindu temple
| image_skyline = File:Dravidian style gopura (tower) over entrance into the Narasimha Swamy temple at Seebi.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Narasimha Swamy temple (1800 AD) at Seebi in [[Tumkur district]]
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13|31|50|N|77|00|05|E}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tumkur District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1797
| founder = Fauzdar Nallappa
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Private Hereditary Family Board
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = Seebi, Tumkur
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 572128
| registration_plate =
| website = http://seebikshetra.com/
| footnotes =
| official_name = Seebi Narasimha Swamy Temple
}}
The '''Narasimha Swamy temple''' at [[Seebi]] (also spelt Sibi) is located in the Sira taluk of [[Tumkur district]], in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]]. [[Seebi]] is located on National Highway 4, just 20 km north of [[Tumkur]] city.

<ref>{{Cite web|title=Seebi Narasimha Swamy Temple - Google Search|url=https://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en-gb&sxsrf=ALeKk03TVEPMvhLSL47IYVaN5V6Pj5YZTA:1606421853544&q=Seebi+Narasimha+Swamy+Temple&ludocid=12838570342262592383&lsig=AB86z5XRrqOGykQc2onuqghBJF_Y&kgs=3a9bd445286db156&shndl=-1&source=sh/x/kp/local&entrypoint=sh/x/kp/local|access-date=2020-11-26|website=www.google.co.in}}</ref>

==History and legend==
[[File:Entrance mantapa of the Narasimhaswamy temple at Seebi.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Entrance mantapa of the Narasimhaswamy temple at [[Seebi]]]]
According to the renowned British Raj era historian and [[epigraph (literature)|epigraphist]] [[B. Lewis Rice]], legend has it that once a merchant carrying grain on bullocks stopped at Sibi. When a pot of grain was boiled on a projecting rock, its color turned blood red causing the merchant, his attendants and the buffalos to swoon. While in the unconscious state, the god Narasimha appeared in the merchant's dream and informed him the rock was his abode and that the merchant should build a temple for him at that spot as atonement for desecrating his abode. A small temple was thus built by the merchant. In more recent times, the consecration of a larger temple over the pre-existing shrine was taken up by three wealthy brothers: Lakshminarasappa, Puttanna and Nallappa who were the sons of Kacheri Krishnappa, a [[Dewan]] in the court of King [[Tipu Sultan]] of the [[Mysore Kingdom]]. Story goes that Nallappa had a dream in which the god Narasimha promised him eternal happiness if a temple was raised where it stands today. The completion of the temple construction took ten years. The Narasimha Swamy temple is a simple yet elegant ''[[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]]'' structure built around the end of the 18th century. The main deity of the temple is [[Narasimha]], an [[avatar]] (incarnation) of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] god [[Vishnu]].<ref name="sebi"/><ref name="courtly">Rice B.L. (1887), pp196-197, ''Mysore: A Gazetteer Compiled for Government - vol 2'', Asian Educational Services, {{ISBN|81-206-0977-8}}</ref><ref name="gundi"/>

== Architecture and murals ==
The tower over the entrance is three tiered and the temple has a large ''[[prakara]]'' (bounding wall) which makes for a large court yard. The open ''[[mantapa]]'' (hall) leads to a closed ''mantapa'' (or ''navaranga'') which has minor shrines for several Hindu deities: [[Rama]], [[Krishna|Ambegal Krishna]], Sriranga (a form of Vishnu in the reclining posture), [[Narasimha]] (Vishnu with the head of a Lion), [[Ganesha]] and [[Saptamatrika]].<ref name="sebi"/>

The main attraction in the temple are the [[mural]] paintings on the ceiling and walls of the ''mukhamantapa'' (entrance hall) which depict courtly as well as religious themes such as scenes from the Hindu ''[[purana]]s'' (epics): the ''[[Gita|Bhagavata]]'', the ''Narasimha Purana'', the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''Mahabharata''. The murals follow the same artistic idiom found in the murals of the [[Daria Daulat Bagh]] in [[Srirangapatna]]. According to the critic Veena Shekar, the art of mural paintings migrated to Karnataka and the murals in this temple are "folkish" in character.<ref name="sebi">{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/article1529137.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606160103/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/article1529137.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2015|title=Alluring mural paintings of Seebi |work=Mamatha B.R.|publisher=The Indian Express|accessdate=5 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="mural">Miller, Sam (2012), ''Karnataka: Chapter from Blue Guide India'', Chapter: North Bangalore, Section: Sibi and Sira, Blue Guides,, {{ISBN|978-1-905131-53-2}}</ref> According to the art historian George Michell, the murals of this temple are among the best from the Mysore period and the courtly paintings depicting processions exude a [[Mughal Empire|Mogul]] influence.<ref name="michell">Michell, George (2013), ''Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums'', Chapter: Karnataka, Section: Bengaluru, Sub-section: Sibi, Roli Books Private Limited, {{ISBN|978-81-7436-920-8}}</ref>

The murals on the walls and ceiling are divided into three rows: The first row depicts the ''Krishna Leela'' ("Krishna's play") of the god [[Krishna]], the second row depicts a scene from the court of Maharaja [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar III]] with Nallappa (one of the sons of the Dewan Krishnappa) in attendance, while the third row depicts a scene from the court of [[Haidar Ali]] and his son [[Tipu Sultan]] with Kacheri Krishnappa, and Ravanappa and Venkatappa (maternal uncles of Nallappa who held high posts) in attendance. According to Veena Shekar, based on the style, the portrait of Maharaja Krishna Raja Wodeyar III (who ruled after the death of Haider and Tipu Sultan) may have been incorporated in the early 19th century.<ref name="sebi"/> The ceiling of the main entrance ''mantapa'' has a mural in which the god Krishna plays the flute to other cowherd friends while watching Tipu Sultan fighting a Tiger. The ceiling has four beams each with a mural: the first depicts riderless horses followed by elephants; the second depicts horsemen wearing conical caps (common during the Vijayanagara era) with some horsman in gallop, others carrying flags and a couple on foot; the third depicts horseman, some riding and others on foot followed by elephants and a cart carrying cannons.<ref name="sebi"/> Michell concurs regarding the likeness these murals bear to the ones in the Virupaksha temple at Hampi as well as at the Siddheshvara temple at Holalgundi, also a late 18th-century construction.<ref name="gundi">Michell, George (1995), p228, ''Architecture and Art of Southern India: Vijayanagara and the Successor States 1350-1750'', Chapter:Paintings, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-44110-2}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Gopura of Narasimhaswamy temple at Seebi.JPG|Gopura of Narasimhaswamy temple at Seebi
Another view of courtyard of the Narasimha Swamy temple at Seebi.jpg|View of courtyard of the Narasimha Swamy temple at Seebi
Another view of rear courtyard of the Narasimha Swamy temple at Seebi.jpg|View of rear courtyard of the Narasimha Swamy temple at Seebi
Another view of dravidian style Shikhara (superstructure) over shrines in the Narasimha Swamy temple at Seebi.jpg|Dravidian style Shikhara (superstructure) over shrines in the Narasimha Swamy temple at Seebi
Rear courtyard of the Narasimha Swamy temple at Seebi.jpg|Rear courtyard of the Narasimha Swamy temple at Seebi
Dravidian style Shikhara (superstructure) over shrines in the Narasimha Swamy temple at Seebi.jpg|ravidian style Shikhara (superstructure) over shrines in the Narasimha Swamy temple at Seebi
Courtyard of the Narasimha Swamy temple at Seebi.jpg|Courtyard of the Narasimha Swamy temple at Seebi
</gallery><mapframe latitude="13.5305783" longitude="77.0009558" zoom="7" width="200" height="100" align="right" />{{commons category|Narasimha Swamy Temple, Seebi}}

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web|url=http://seebikshetra.com/|title=Sri Seebi Kshetra - Narasihma Swamy Temple}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.notesonindianhistory.com/2020/09/tipu-sultan-at-sibi-narasimha-swami.html|title=Tipu Sultan at Sibi Narasimha Swami Temple}}
* {{coord|13|31|50|N|77|00|05|E|display=inline,title}}
* {{Cite web|last=Seebi Narasimha Swamy Temple|date=|title=Seebi Narasimha Swamy Temple - Google Search|url=https://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en-gb&sxsrf=ALeKk03TVEPMvhLSL47IYVaN5V6Pj5YZTA:1606421853544&q=Seebi+Narasimha+Swamy+Temple&ludocid=12838570342262592383&lsig=AB86z5XRrqOGykQc2onuqghBJF_Y&kgs=3a9bd445286db156&shndl=-1&source=sh/x/kp/local&entrypoint=sh/x/kp/local|access-date=2020-11-26|website=www.google.co.in}}
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tumakuru district]]
[[Category:Narasimha temples in Karnataka]]

Vasuki

2026-03-13T13:25:18Z

ErnestGuzzi186: page updated

{{Infobox deity 
| type = Hindu
| image = [[File:Shiva 01.JPG|230px]]
| caption = Vasuki depicted around the neck of Shiva in Karnataka.
| name = Vasuki
| affiliation = [[Shaivism]], [[Nāga|Naga]]
| abode = [[Kailasha]]
| weapon =
| consort = Shatashirsha<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m05/m05117.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 5: Udyoga Parva: Bhagwat Yana Parva: Section CXVII}}</ref>
| mount =
| deity_of = King of the Serpents{{Sfn|Handa|2004|p=91}}
| parents = [[Kadru]] (mother), [[Kashyapa]] (father)
| siblings = [[Manasa]], [[Shesha]]
| symbols = [[Nagamani]]
| venerated_in = [[Shaivism]]
}}
{{short description|Divine serpent in Hindu mythology}}
{{other uses}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}

'''Vasuki''' ({{Langx|sa|वासुकि|translit=Vāsuki}}) is the [[Nagaraja|king of the nagas]] in [[Hindu religion|Hinduism]]. He is described as having a gem called ''[[Nagamani]]'' (serpent's ornament) on his head. [[Shesha]], another king of the [[Nāga|nagas]] and the bed on which [[Vishnu]] rests, is his elder brother,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Constance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&dq=vasuki+Adishesha&pg=PA300 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |last2=Ryan |first2=James D. |date=2006 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Manasa]], another naga, is his sister. In [[Hindu iconography]], he is generally depicted coiling around the neck of [[Shiva]], who is believed to have blessed and worn him as an [[Ornament (art)|ornament]].

He is known in Chinese and Japanese mythology as being one of the "eight Great Dragon Kings" (八大龍王 [[pinyin]]: Bādà lóngwáng; [[Japanese language|Japanese]]: Hachidai Ryūō),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinabuddhismencyclopedia.com/en/index.php/Eight_great_dragon_kings|title=Eight great dragon kings - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia}}</ref> amongst Nanda (Nāgarāja), Upananda, Sāgara (Shakara), [[Takshaka]], Balavan, Anavatapta, and Utpala.
==Legend==
Vasuki is one of the sons of the sage [[Kashyapa]] and [[Kadru]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikshitar |first=V. R. Ramachandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7bFwZhfSOsC&pg=PA218 |title=The Puraṇa Index: From A to Ṇ |date=1995 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-1273-4 |pages=218 |language=en}}</ref>

He is accorded a significant role in the legend of [[Samudra manthan|Samudra Manthana]]. He is described to have allowed both the [[deva (Hinduism)|deva]]s and the [[asura]]s to bind him to [[Mount Mandara]], so that they could use him as their churning rope to extract the [[amrita]] from the [[Kshira Sagara|Ocean of Milk]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Constance|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9|page=300}}</ref>[[File:Kurma, the tortoise incarnation of Vishnu.jpg|thumb|''Vasuki being used to churn the ocean during Samudra Manthana'' |320x320px]]In the [[Mahabharata]], Vasuki is stated to have been cursed by Kadru. He refused to aid her in her scheme of hanging to the tail of the divine horse [[Uchchaihshravas|Ucchaishshravas]] with his other siblings to cause it to appear black, so that she could cheat in her wager against her sister [[Vinata]]. Condemned to burn with numerous brothers in King [[Janamejaya]]'s [[Sarpa Satra|snake sacrifice]], he sought refuge with the devas, participating in the churning of the ocean.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPVJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA115 |title=The Mahabharata, Volume 1: Book 1: The Book of the Beginning |date=2011-05-04 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-21754-3 |pages=115 |language=en}}</ref>

Having retreated to the [[Patala|netherworld]], but wishing to save his brothers from the snake sacrifice, Vasuki sought the counsel of his siblings. One of them, Elapatra, stated that he had overheard [[Brahma]] informing the other deities that the son born to their sister named [[Manasa|Jaratkaru]] and a [[Jaratkaru|sage]] who shared the same name would be their saviour. Vasuki made the arrangements to marry his sister to the sage. The son born to them, [[Astika (sage)|Astika]], was able to successfully put an end to Janamejaya's persecution of the nagas.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkUQYvw2HGkC&pg=PA38 |title=Vyasa's Mahabharatam |date=2008 |publisher=Academic Publishers |isbn=978-81-89781-68-2 |pages=38 |language=en}}</ref>
== Buddhism ==
In the [[Buddhist religion]], Vasuki and the other Naga Kings appear in the audience for many of [[Buddha]]'s sermons. The duties of the naga Kings included leading the [[nāgas|nagas]] in protecting and worshipping the [[Buddha]], as well as protecting other enlightened beings. Vasuki's naga priest is Tatig Naga.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

==Veneration==
The Vāsuka/Vāsuca temple is located near Haripad, Mannarasala Illom in [[Kerala]] and the Visakha district in Andhra Pradesh. According to the [[Sthala purana|regional legend]] of the Kukke Subramanya temple in Karnataka, the deity [[Kartikeya]] is regarded to have offered protection to Vasuki from the attack of [[Garuda]], the [[Vahana|mount]] of [[Vishnu]].<ref>Social History of Kerala: The Dravidians By L. A. Krishna Iyer p.003</ref>

==See also==
{{Commonscat|Vāsuki}}
*[[Snake worship]]
*[[Manasa]]
*[[Shesha]]

==Bibliography==
*{{Citation|title=Naga Cults and Traditions in the Western Himalaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd50t19YpJEC|first=Om Chanda|last=Handa|publisher=Indus Publishing|year=2004|isbn=978-8173871610}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Nāgas]]

{{authority control}}

Brahmayu

2026-03-11T07:05:26Z

ErnestGuzzi186: Starting a entry

{{Short description|Scholar of ancient Mithila}}
{{Sources exist|date=February 2023}}

'''Brahmayu''' was a [[Brahmin]], residing in Mithila and well-accoplished in the [[Sanskrit and Vedic learning|Vedic studies]],{{sfn|Powers|2009}}{{sfn|Malalasekera|2007}} who figures in the Brahmayu Sutta ([[Majjhima Nikaya|MN]] 91). In this sutta, Brahmayu converts to [[Buddhism]] after the [[The Buddha|Buddha]] convinced him to listen the dharma by revealing two of the hidden marks of a Buddha, namely "his hidden genitals and enormous tongue."{{sfn|Holt|Kinnard|Walters|2012|p=192}}

In the text Brahmayu Sutta, there is a philosophical discourse between Lord Buddha and the Brahmin Brahmayu. The philosophical discourse is related to the Buddha's identity. In the philosophical discourse, Brahmayu inquired about the process of becoming [[Buddhism|Buddha]]. Then Lord Buddha replied the inquiry of Brahmayu in five lines.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}

* {{Cite book | last1 =Holt | first1 =John Clifford| last2 =Kinnard | first2 =Jacob N. | last3 =Walters | first3 =Jonathan S. | year =2012 | title =Constituting Communities: Theravāda Buddhism and the Religious Cultures of South and Southeast Asia | publisher =State University of New York Press | isbn =978-0-7914-8705-1 | language =en |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnnG8sclrdYC&q=Brahmayu }}

* {{Cite book | last =Malalasekera | first =George Peiris | date =2007 | title =Dictionary of Pāli Proper Names | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House |isbn=978-81-208-3020-2 |language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Au_lIP1ZnQC&q=brahmayu }}

* {{Cite book | last =Powers | first =John | date =2009 | title =A Bull of a Man: Images of Masculinity, Sex, and the Body in Indian Buddhism | publisher =Harvard University Press | isbn =978-0-674-05443-1 | language =en | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=0lZRt8i7Xq8C&q=brahmayu }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://suttacentral.net/mn91/en/sujato?lang=en&layout=plain&reference=none&notes=asterisk&highlight=false&script=latin Brahmayu Sutta]

{{Nikaya}}
[[Category:Ancient Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Philosophers of Mithila]]
[[Category:Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila]]
[[Category:Buddhism and other religions]]
[[Category:Buddhist mythology]]

Rainbow (2008 film)

2026-03-03T21:55:32Z

ErnestGuzzi186: Made Initial Entry W/ Refs

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{italics title}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rainbow
| image = Rainbow (2008 film).jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director = [[V. N. Aditya]]
| screenplay = [[Paruchuri brothers]]
| story = [[Balabhadrapatruni Ramani]]
| producer = V. N. Aditya
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Rahul Haridas|Rahul]]
*[[Sonal Chauhan]]
*[[Sindhu Menon]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Santosh Srinivas]]
| editing = M. R. Varma
| music = Nihal
| studio = Sri Siddhardha Movies Bharat Creations
| released = {{film date|2008|10|2|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Rainbow''''' is a 2008 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[V. N. Aditya]] and starring [[Rahul Haridas|Rahul]], [[Sonal Chauhan]], and [[Sindhu Menon]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2008 |title=Interview with VN Aditya |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/vnaditya-rainbow.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125154232/http://idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/vnaditya-rainbow.html |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2008 |title=Interview with Raahul |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/raahul.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125154241/http://idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/raahul.html |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2008 |title=Interview with Sonal Chauhan |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/sonalchauhan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125154441/http://idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/sonalchauhan.html |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2008 |title=Interview with Sindhu Menon |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/sindhumenon.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125154430/http://idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/sindhumenon.html |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2008 |title=Rainbow pressmeet |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-rainbow.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125074346/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-rainbow.html |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> The film released to negative reviews from critics.<ref name="H" /> The film is noted for its melodious soundtrack composed by Nihal, which adds to the emotional depth of the storyline.

== Plot ==
{{AI-generated|section=Plot|date=September 2025}}
The story follows Shyam (Rahul), an aspiring film director, who lives with his grandfather and dreams of making it big in the film industry. He encounters Swapna (Sonal Chauhan), a blind girl with a passion for painting. Swapna's disability has never deterred her spirit or her colorful outlook on life. Shyam is captivated by her positive attitude and inner beauty.

As Shyam helps Swapna navigate her challenges and pursue her dream of becoming a painter, they develop a deep bond. However, complications arise when Swapna regains her sight through a surgery, and Shyam fears losing the special connection they share.

The narrative explores the emotional journey of the characters, highlighting the significance of inner beauty, unconditional love, and the power of dreams.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Rahul Haridas|Rahul]] as Shyamal "Shyam" Rao
*[[Sonal Chauhan]] as Swapna
*[[Sindhu Menon]] as Kamala
*Aryan Shetty as Producer
*[[Gollapudi Maruti Rao]] as Maruthi Rao
*[[Paruchuri brothers|Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]] as Srihari Rao
*[[Giri Babu]] as Rama Chandra Murthy
*[[Dharmavarapu Subrahmanyam]] as D. S. Maniam
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Sunil Bachchan
*[[M. S. Narayana]] as Narayana
*[[Prakash Raj]] as Shyam's doctor
*[[Master Bharath]] as Pandu
*Vamshi Paidithalli as Waste Seenu
*[[Hema (actress)|Hema]] as Pandu's mother
*[[Siva Reddy]] as Shiva
*[[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] as Berger Paints company head
*[[Kondavalasa Lakshmana Rao]] as Canteen uncle
*[[Pavala Shyamala]] as Raja's mother
*Kadambari Kiran as Narayana's friend
*[[Uttej]]
*[[Narsing Yadav]]
*[[S. S. Rajamouli]] as himself
*[[Kodi Ramakrishna]] as himself
*[[Srinu Vaitla]] as himself
*[[V. Samudra]] as himself
*[[Sangita Ghosh]] (Special appearance in a song "Sala Sala Sala")<ref name="S">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=23 May 2008 |title=The seven hues of love |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/The-seven-hues-of-love/article15398724.ece |url-status=live |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125074348/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/The-seven-hues-of-love/article15398724.ece |archive-date=25 January 2022}}</ref>
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
The songs were choreographed by [[Suchitra Chandrabose]]. Two songs were shot in [[Bangkok]] and one song was shot near [[Begumpet Airport]].<ref name="S"/>

== Themes and influences ==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' felt that the lead characters (Rahul being [[Color blindness|colourblind]], Sindhu being mute, and Sonal being an actress) are similar to the characters of the 1986 film ''[[Sirivennela]]'' ([[Sarvadaman D. Banerjee]] is blind, [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] is mute, and [[Moon Moon Sen]] is glamorous).<ref name="I" />

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were composed by newcomer Nihal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2008 |title=Interview with Nihal |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/nihal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125154435/http://idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/nihal.html |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2008 |title=Rainbow (2008) songs |url=https://moviegq.com/movie/rainbow-7344/songs|work=MovieGQ}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = Naa Kallalo
| lyrics1 = Anuradha
| extra1 = [[Sunitha (Telugu singer)|Sunitha]], Nihal
| length1 = 4:40
| title2 = Swamy Ra Ra (Thillana)
| lyrics2 = M. Balamuralikrishna
| extra2 = Sunitha, Nihal, Krishna Padam
| length2 = 2:36
| title3 = Asa Chinna Asa
| lyrics3 = Jillella Prasad
| extra3 = Sunitha<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2008 |title=Interview with Sunitha |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/sunitha.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125154227/http://idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/sunitha.html |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>
| length3 = 4:24
| title4 = O Lalana
| lyrics4 = [[Vanamali]]
| extra4 = Sunitha, Srikanth
| length4 = 3:55
| title5 = Krishna Krishna
| lyrics5 = Baladitya
| extra5 = [[Hemachandra (singer)|Hemachandra]]
| length5 = 2:30
| title6 = Challu Challu
| lyrics6 = Vanamali
| extra6 = Sunitha, Nihal, Hemachandra
| length6 = 3:56
| title7 = Manasa Chalinchake
| lyrics7 = Vanamali
| extra7 = Sunitha, Nihal
| length7 = 4:13
| title8 = Sala Sala Sala
| lyrics8 = Sahithi
| extra8 = Sunitha
| length8 = 4:27
| total_length = 30:41
}}

== Release ==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' gave the film a rating of 2.25 out of 5 and said that "Making a film like Rainbow is like entering a danger zone. Stories like these need strong narration and grip on emotions in order to work".<ref name="I" /> Radhika Rajamani of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave the film a rating of two out of five stars.<ref name="R" /> Y. Sunitha Chowdhury of ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined that "One doesn't understand why the director had to show the hero as being colour blind just to elevate his character and the heroine undergoing a change of heart just because she realises Shyam is suffering from an ailment looks unrealistic".<ref name="H" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2008 |title=Rainbow –Not Too Colorful!!! |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/R/Rainbow/Rainbow_review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317013533/http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/R/Rainbow/Rainbow_review.html |archive-date=17 March 2018 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=123 Telugu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Garimella |first=Deepa |title=Rainbow Review |url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/rainbow/telugu/rainbow-movie-reviews-2524-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125074446/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/rainbow/telugu/rainbow-movie-reviews-2524-2.html |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=Full Hyderabad}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="R">{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=3 October 2008 |title=A colourless Rainbow |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ssr/20081003.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125074347/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ssr/20081003.htm |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
<ref name="H">{{Cite news |last=Chowdury |first=Y. Sunitha |date=4 October 2008 |title=This rainbow is 'black and white' |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/This-rainbow-is-lsquoblack-and-whitersquo/article15316474.ece |url-status=live |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125074344/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/This-rainbow-is-lsquoblack-and-whitersquo/article15316474.ece |archive-date=25 January 2022}}</ref>
<ref name="I">{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |date=2 October 2008 |title=Telugu Movie review – Rainbow |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-rainbow.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210104848/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-rainbow.html |archive-date=10 December 2021 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1251364}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2008 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]

Political history of Mysore and Coorg (1565–1760)

2026-02-27T23:02:04Z

ErnestGuzzi186: Made Initial Stub W/ Infobox.

{{short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}


[[File:Map of Peninsular India to Illustrate the History of Mysore.jpg|thumb|right|250px|alt=Mysore is shown in west-central peninsular India with the [[Madras Presidency]] bordering it on the east, west, and south, with the [[Arabian Sea]], [[Indian Ocean]], and the [[Bay of Bengal]] surrounding the peninsula, and with Sri Lanka in the vicinity to the south-east|'''Map 1''': Mysore and Coorg in a map of [[peninsular India]] showing shifting boundaries]]

The [[political history]] of the region on the [[Deccan Plateau]] in west-central [[peninsular India]] (Map 1) that was later divided into [[Princely State of Mysore|Mysore state]] and [[History of Kodagu#British rule|Coorg province]] saw many changes after the fall of the [[Hindu]] [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in 1565. The rise of [[Sultan]] [[Haidar Ali]] in 1761 introduced a new period.

At the height of the Vijayanagara Empire, the Mysore and Coorg region was ruled by diverse [[chiefdom|chieftains]], or [[raja]]s ("little kings"). Each raja had the right to govern a small region, but also an obligation to supply soldiers and annual [[tribute]] for the empire's needs. After the empire's fall and the subsequent eastward move of the diminished ruling family, many chieftains tried to loosen their imperial bonds and expand their realms. Sensing opportunity amidst the new uncertainty, various powers from the north invaded the region. Among these were the [[Sultanate of Bijapur]] to the northwest, the [[Sultanate]] of [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Golconda]] to the northeast, the newly-formed [[Maratha Empire]] farther northwest, and the major contemporary empire of India, the [[Mughul Empire|Mughal]], which bounded all on the north. For much of the 17th century the tussles between the little kings and the big powers, and amongst the little kings, culminated in shifting sovereignties, loyalties, and borders. By the turn of the 18th century, the political landscape had become better defined: the northwestern hills were being ruled by the [[Nayak (title)|Nayaka]] rulers of [[Keladi Nayaka|Ikkeri]], the southwestern—in the [[Western Ghats]]—by the [[Raja]]s of [[Coorg]], the southern plains by the [[Wodeyar]] rulers of [[Mysore state|Mysore]], all of which were [[Hindu]] dynasties; and the eastern and northeastern regions by the [[Muslim]] [[Nawab]]s of [[Nawab of the Carnatic|Arcot]] and [[Sira, India|Sira]]. Of these, Ikkeri and Coorg were independent, Mysore, although much-expanded, was formally a Mughal dependency, and Arcot and Sira, Mughal ''[[Subah (province)|subahs]]'' (or provinces).

Mysore's expansions had been based on unstable alliances. When the alliances began to unravel, as they did during the next half-century, decay set in, presided over by politically and militarily inept kings. The Mughal governor, Nawab of Arcot, in a display of the still remaining reach of a [[Mughal Empire#Decline|declining Mughal Empire]], raided the Mysore capital, [[Seringapatam]], to collect unpaid taxes. The Raja of Coorg began a war of attrition over territory in Mysore's western bordering regions. The [[Maratha Empire]] invaded and exacted concessions of land. In the chaotic last decade of this period, a little-known [[Muslim]] cavalryman, [[Haidar Ali]], seized power in Mysore. Under him, and in the decades following, Mysore was to expand again. It was to match all of southern India in size, and to pose the last serious threat to the new rising power on the [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]], the [[East India Company|English East India Company]].

A common feature of all large regimes in the region during the period 1565–1760 is increased [[Fiscal-military state|military fiscalism]]. This mode of creating income for the state consisted of extraction of [[tribute]] payments from local chiefs under threat of military action. It differed both from the more [[Segmentary lineage|segmentary]] modes of preceding regimes and the more absolutist modes of succeeding ones—the latter achieved through direct tax collection from citizens. Another common feature of these regimes is the fragmentary [[historiography]] devoted to them, making broad generalizations difficult.

==Poligars of Vijayanagara, 1565–1635==

[[File:Eastern Gopura, Krishna Temple Complex, Hemakuta Hill 2 1856 photo.jpg|left|thumb|250px|alt=Ruins of a temple, entirely made of stone. The four-storied temple ruins rise behind two free-standing pillared structures, one of which hides the entrance to the temple. Sculptures of human forms are seen on the upper stories. Grass grows on various exposed surfaces of the ruins. A pathway, paved with stone slabs, fringes the visible perimeter of the temple.| An 1856 photograph by John Alexander Greenlaw (1818–1870) of entrance to the Krishna temple at [[Hampi]], among the ruins of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], now a [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site.{{efn|The austere, grandiose site of Hampi was the last capital of the last great Hindu Kingdom of Vijayanagar. Its fabulously rich princes built [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]] temples and palaces which won the admiration of travellers between the 14th and 16th centuries. Conquered by the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] Muslim confederacy in 1565, the city was pillaged over a period of six months before being abandoned." From the brief description, UNESCO World Heritage List; India, Group of Monuments at Hampi.{{Sfn|UNESCO|World Heritage Convention|1986}}}}]]

On 23 January 1565 the last [[Hindu]] empire in South India, the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], was defeated by the combined forces of the [[Muslim]] states of [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Bijapur]], [[Golconda]], and [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmadnagar]] in the [[Battle of Talikota]].{{Sfn|Black|1996|p=22}}{{efn|Krishnappa is said to have sent his able minister and chief agent of his consolidation of power in Madurai, Ariyanatha Mudaliar, with a large force to join Rama Raja as he marched northward to meet the assembled Muslim force on the Krishna River, eighty miles north of Vijayanagara. There, on the south bank of the river, in late January 1565, the Vijayanagara armies were at last decisively defeated, Rama Raja and many of his kinsmen and dependants were killed and the city opened to sacking by a combination of Golkonda soldiers and poligars from nearer to Vijayanagara. Rama Raja’s warrior brother Tirumala survived the battle and brought the remnants of the once great army to Vijayanagara. Soon after, at the approach of the celebrating Golkonda army, he sought a place of greater security. This may have been Penukonda, a longtime royal stronghold, 120 miles and eight days’ journey south-east of Vijayanagara; others believe that Tirumala took refuge behind the high walls of Venkatesvara’s temple at Tirupati, still further away. The Muslim confederates immediately retrieved most of the territory that had been seized by Rama Raja during the previous twenty years, but certain places remained in Hindu hands for a longer time: Adoni was held until 1568 and Dharwar and Bankapur until 1573. After looting and a brief occupation, Vijayanagara was left to a future of neglect which has only been lifted recently by archaeologists and art historians working at Hampi.{{Sfn|Stein|1987|pp=118–119}}}} The battle was fought on the ''[[doab]]'' ([[interfluve]], or tongue of land) between the [[Kistna River]] and its major left bank tributary, the [[Bhima River|Bhima]], {{convert|100|mi|km}} to the north of the imperial capital, [[Vijayanagara]] ([[:File:Poligars1525.jpg|Map 2]]).{{Sfn|Stein|1987|pp=118–119}} The invaders from the north later destroyed the capital, and the ruler's family escaped to [[Penukonda]], {{convert|125|mi|km}} to the southeast, where they established their new capital.{{efn|Less than a year later, the sultanate confederates fell out. Bijapur attacked Ahmadnagar and Golkonda joined forces with the latter. Some contemporary accounts even relate how Tirumala was approached to become a co-belligerent against Bijapur in the resurgent struggles! This last scheme did not materialise, leaving Tirumala free to commence his rule of the kingdom, nominally as regent, for Sadasivaraya was still alive and remained so until perhaps 1575. Vijayanagara appears to have been reoccupied by Tirumala for a time after his victors departed, but his efforts to repopulate the city were frustrated by attacks upon it by Bijapur soldiers who might have been invited there by Peda Tirumala, Rama Raja’s son, who opposed his uncle’s seizure of the regency. Tirumala may also have decided to leave Vijayanagara because of the support that Peda Tirumala, his nephew, enjoyed there. In any case, he moved back to Penukonda where the court was to be.{{Sfn|Stein|1987|pp=118–119}}}} Later, they moved another {{convert|175|mi|km}} east-southeast to [[Chandragiri]], not far from the coast, and survived there until 1635, their dwindling empire concentrating its resources on its eastern [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] speaking realms.{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|2002|p=133}} According to historian [[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]]: " ... in the ten years following 1565, the imperial centre of Vijayanagara effectively ceased to be a power as far as the western reaches of the peninsula were concerned, leaving a vacuum that was eventually filled by Ikkeri and Mysore."{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|2002|p=133}}

In the heyday of their rule, the kings of Vijayanagara had granted tracts of land in their realm to [[vassal]] [[chiefdom|chiefs]] on the stipulation of an annual tribute and of military service during times of war.{{Sfn|Stein|1987|pp=49–50}} The chiefs in the richer, more distant, southern provinces were not controlled easily, and only a fraction of the tribute was collected from them.{{Sfn|Stein|1987|pp=49–50}} Overseen by a [[viceroy]]—titled ''Sri Ranga Raya'' and based in the island town of [[Srirangapatna|Seringapatam]] on the river [[Kaveri River|Kaveri]], {{convert|200|mi|km}} south of the capital,{{efn|Located on an island in the Kaveri, the great sacred south Indian river, the fortress of Srirangapattana became the capital of the Hindu Wodeyar dynasty of Mysore in 1610. A foundation myth tells of a miraculous milch cow from whom milk flowed spontaneously into a pit and how the god Ranganatha appeared to the Kartar, or Raja, in a dream, instructing him to build a temple in his honour on the site (1). Another story, in the ''Sthalapurana'', relates how the god came to reside on the island at the request of the river goddess. The myths reflect the auspicious nature of the location, whose situation made a potent source of sacred power, the power to which aspiring rulers sought access over the centuries. It is little wonder, then, that Seringapatam, as it is more familiarly known, remained Mysore's capital, through fluctuating fortunes, until its final conquest by the British in 1799. In more mundane terms, the establishment of Wodeyar power had been facilitated by the decline of the empire of Vijayanagara, whose suzerainty Mysore continued to acknowledge for another fifty-eight years. Successors in the region to the hegemony of the Colas and the Hoysalas, the rulers of this great Hindu dynasty, held sway in the south for over two hundred years.{{Sfn|Brittlebank|1997|p=17}}}}{{Sfn|Simmons|2019|p=6}} the southern chiefs bore various titles. These included the ''[[Nayak dynasty|Nayaka]]'', assumed by the chiefs of [[Keladi Nayaka|Keladi]] in the northwestern hills,{{Sfn|Michell|1995|p=18}} Basavapatna, and [[Nayakas of Chitradurga|Chitaldroog]] in the north, [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]] in the west, and Hegalvadi in the centre; the title ''[[Gowda (caste)|Gowda]]'', assumed by the chiefs of [[Chickballapur|Ballapur]] and [[Yelahanka]] in the centre,{{Sfn|Michell|1995|p=18}} and [[Sugatur]] ([[Kolar district]]) in the east; and ''[[Odeyar|Wodeyar]]'', assumed by the rulers of [[Wodeyar|Mysore]] in the south.{{Sfn|Michell|1995|p=18}} ([[:File:Poligars1525.jpg|Map 2]].)

[[File:"A View of the Island Fort of Seringapatam," an etching published by D. Orme, 1792.jpg|thumb|right|250px|alt=Panorama of a river island town, with pink pagoda-like structures and white minarets, and the river surrounding it. In the foreground two horse-riders scatter in different directions; in the distance, a grey hill rises on the left|An early 19th-century watercolour of the island town of [[Seringapatam]] on the [[Kaveri River]].]]
The southern chiefs (sometimes called ''rajas'', or "little kings") resisted on moral and political grounds as well. According to historian [[Burton Stein]]: <blockquote> 'Little kings', or ''[[raja]]s'', never attained the legal independence of an aristocracy from both monarchs and the local people whom they ruled. The sovereign claims of would-be centralizing, South Indian rulers and the resources demanded in the name of that sovereignty diminished the resources which local chieftains used as a kind of royal largess; thus centralizing demands were opposed on moral as well as on political grounds by even quite modest chiefs.{{Sfn|Stein|1985|p=392}}</blockquote>

These chiefs came to be called ''[[poligars]]'', a British corruption of "Palaiyakkarar," [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: holder of "palaiya" or "baronial estate;" [[Kannada language|Kannada]]: ''palagararu''.{{Sfn|Robb|2011|p=66}}

In 1577, more than a decade after the Battle of Talikota, Bijapur forces attacked again and overwhelmed all opposition along the western coast. They easily took [[Adoni]], a former Vijayanagara stronghold, and subsequently attempted to take [[Penukonda]], the new Vijayanagara capital.{{Sfn|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|pp=17–18}} ([[:File:JoppenSouthIndia1605max.jpg|Map 3]]).) They were, however, repulsed by an army led by the Vijayanagara ruler's father-in-law, Jagadeva Raya, who had travelled north for the engagement from his base in [[Dharmapuri district|Baramahal]]. For his services, his territories within the crumbling empire were expanded out to the [[Western Ghats]], the mountain range running along the southwestern coast of India; a new capital was established in [[Channapatna]]{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|2012|p=69}} ([[:File:MysoreRegion1625b.jpg|Map 6]].)

Soon the Wodeyars of Mysore (present-day [[Mysore district]]) began to more openly disregard the Vijayanagara monarch,{{Sfn|Stein|2013|p=198}} annexing small states in their vicinity.{{Sfn|Stein|1987|p=83}} ([[:File:JoppenSouthIndia1605max.jpg|Map 3]]) The chiefs of [[Chamrajnagar|Ummattur]] attempted to do the same despite punitive raids by the Vijayanagara armies.{{Sfn|Stein|1987|p=83}} Eventually, as a compromise, the son of an Ummattur chief was appointed the viceroy at [[Seringapatam]].{{Sfn|Stein|1987|p=83}} In 1644, Mysore Wodeyars unseated the powerful Changalvas of [[Piriyapatna]], becoming the dominant presence in the southern regions. ([[:File:MysoreRegion1625b.jpg|Map 6]].) By this time the Vijayanagara empire was on its last legs.

{{Gallery|align=center|width=180 |File:Poligars1525.jpg|alt1=On the right is a map of India which shows it extending from Kashmir in the north to the border with Afghanistan in the west, to Bengal in the east and the Vijayanagara Empire in the South. On the left is a higher resolution map of peninsular India extracted from the first map. It shows the towns and cities of the Vijayanagara Empire, as well as some in the surrounding kingdoms.|'''Map 2''': South India in 1525
|File:JoppenSouthIndia1605max.jpg|alt2=A political map of peninsular India c. 1605. The [[Mughal Empire]] lies above the peninsula; the peninsula consists of [[Ahmadnagar]] in the northwest, [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]] in the west, [[Golconda]] in the east and northeast and the poligar kingdoms in the south and southeast. |'''Map 3''': South India at the turn of the 17th century
|File:JoppenMarathaMid17CSouthIndia.jpg|alt4=A physical map of lower peninsular India (c. 1636 to 1687). Shahji's territories are in the centre-right; his son Shivaji's territories include in addition some lands on the southeastern coast.|'''Map 4''': Bijapur-Maratha provinces in South India
}}

==Bijapur, Marathas, Mughals, 1636–1687==
In 1636, nearly 60 years after their defeat at Penukonda, the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Sultans of Bijapur]] regrouped and invaded the kingdoms to their south.{{Sfn|Robb|2011|pages=103–104}} They did so with the blessing of the [[Mughal Empire]] of [[northern India]] whose [[tributary state]]s they had newly become.{{Sfn|Robb|2011|pages=103–104}}{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|2002|p=33–35}} They had the help also of a chieftain of the [[Maharashtra|Maratha uplands]] of western India, [[Shahaji Bhonsle]], who was on the lookout for rewards of ''[[jagir]]'' land in the conquered territories the taxes on which he could collect as an annuity.{{Sfn|Robb|2011|pages=103–104}}


[[File:ViewKolar1800.jpg|thumb|left|250px|alt=A temple with a [[temple tank]] or pool and a few devotees. Behind, a hill rises steeply, covered here and there with huge boulders|Watercolour of the temple at Kolar, 1800. Kolar district was in the Carnatic-Bijapur-Payanghat province in the mid-17th century.]]
In the western-central poligar regions, the [[Keladi Nayaka|Nayakas of Keladi]] were easily defeated, but were able to buy back their lands from their Bijapur invaders.{{Sfn|Stein|1987|p=123}} ([[:File:JoppenMarathaMid17CSouthIndia.jpg|Map 4]].) Eastward, the Bijapur-Shahji forces took the gold-rich [[Kolar district]] in 1639, and [[Bangalore]]—a city founded a century earlier by [[Kempe Gowda I]].{{Sfn|Ahmed|2011|p=315}} Advancing down the [[Eastern Ghats]], the mountains rising behind the coastal plains of southeastern India, they captured the historic towns of [[Vellore]] and [[Gingee]].{{Sfn|Ahmed|2011|p=315}}{{Sfn|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=175}} Returning north through the east-central ''[[maidan (Karnataka)|maidan]]'' plain (average elevation {{convert|600|m|ft|abbr=on}}), they gained possession of the towns of [[Chickballapur|Ballapur]], [[Sira, India|Sira]], and the hill fortress of [[Chitradurga|Chitaldroog]].{{Sfn|Ahmed|2011|p=315}} (See [[:File:JoppenMarathaMid17CSouthIndia.jpg|Map 4]].)

A new province, ''Caranatic-Bijapur-Balaghat'', incorporating Kolar, Hoskote, Bangalore, and Sira, and situated above (or westwards of) the Eastern Ghats range, was added to the Sultanate of Bijapur and granted to Shahji as a ''jagir''.{{Sfn|Roy|2015|p=74}} The possessions ''below'' the Ghats, such as Gingee and Vellore became part of another province, ''Carnatic-Bijapur-Payanghat'', and Shahji was appointed its first governor.{{Sfn|Roy|2015|p=74}}

When Shahji died in 1664, his son [[Venkoji]] from his second wife, who had become the ruler of [[Tanjore]] much farther down the peninsula, inherited these territories.{{Sfn|Roy|2015|p=74}} This did not sit well with Shahji's eldest son, from his first wife, [[Shivaji Bhonsle]]—a chieftain back in the Maratha uplands—who swiftly led an expedition southwards to claim his share.{{Sfn|Hunt|Stern|2015|p=9}}{{Sfn|Roy|2013|p=33}} His quick victories resulted in a partition, whereby both the ''Carnatic-Bijapur'' provinces became his jagirs, and Tanjore was retained by Venkoji.{{Sfn|Roy|2013|p=33}} (See [[:File:JoppenMarathaMid17CSouthIndia.jpg|Map 4]].)

The successes of Bijapur and Shivaji were being watched with some alarm by their [[Suzerainty|suzrain]], the Mughals.{{Sfn|Gordon|2007|p=92}} Emperor [[Aurengzeb]], who had usurped the Mughal throne in 1659, soon set himself upon destroying the remaining [[Deccan sultanates]].{{Sfn|Gordon|2007|p=92}} In 1686, the Mughals took Bijapur and, the following year, [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Golconda]],{{Sfn|Ravishankar|2018|p=360}}{{Sfn|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=175}}{{Sfn|Knipe|2015|p=40}} capturing the latter's [[Golconda#Diamonds|diamond mines]].{{Sfn|Kamdar|2018|p=41}} Before long, fast-moving Mughal armies were bearing down on all the former Vijayanagara lands.{{Sfn|Ravishankar|2018|p=360}} Bangalore, quickly taken by the Mughals from the Marathas, was sold to the Wodeyar of Mysore for 300,000 [[rupees]].{{Sfn|Ravishankar|2018|p=360}} In 1687, a new Mughal province (or ''suba''), ''[[Province of Sira]]'', was created with capital at Sira city.{{Sfn|Ravishankar|2018|p=360}} Qasim Khan was appointed the first Mughal ''Faujdar Diwan'' (literally, "military governor").{{Sfn|Ravishankar|2018|p=360}}

==''Wodeyars'' of Mysore, 1610–1760==
Although their own histories date the origins of the [[Wodeyar|Wodeyars of Mysore]] (also "Odeyar", "Udaiyar", "Wodiyar", "Wadiyar", or "Wadiar", and, literally, "chief") to 1399,{{Sfn|Simmons|2019|p=6}} records of them go back no earlier than the early 16th century.{{Sfn|Stein|1987|p=82}} These ''[[poligar]]s'' are first mentioned in a [[Kannada language]] literary work from the early 16th century.{{Sfn|Stein|1987|p=82}}{{Sfn|Manor|1975|p=33}} A petty [[chiefdom|chieftain]],{{Sfn|Ramusack|2004|p=28}} Chamaraja (now Chamaraja III), who ruled from 1513 to 1553 over a few villages not far from the [[Kaveri River]],{{Sfn|Simmons|2019|p=6}} is said to have constructed a small fort and named it, ''Mahisuranagara'' ("[[Water buffalo|Buffalo Town]]"), from which [[Mysore State|Mysore]] gets its name.{{Sfn|Stein|1987|p=82}}{{Sfn|Simmons|2019|p=6}}{{Sfn|Michell|1995|pages=17–}} ([[:File:Mysore1617to1799b.jpg|Map 5]].) The [[Wodeyar]] clan issued its first inscription during the chieftaincy of Timmaraja (now Timmaraja II) who ruled from 1553 to 1572.{{Sfn|Stein|1987|p=82}}{{Sfn|Simmons|2019|p=6}} Towards the end of his rule, he is recorded to have owned 33 villages and fielded an army of 300 men.{{Sfn|Stein|1987|p=82}}

By the time of the short-lived incumbency of Timmaraja II's son, Chama Raja IV—who, well into his 60s, ruled from 1572 to 1576—the Vijayanagara Empire had been dealt its fatal blow.{{Sfn|Simmons|2019|p=126}} Before long, Chama Raja IV withheld payment of the annual tribute to the empire's viceroy at [[Seringapatam]].{{Sfn|Simmons|2019|pp=6–8}} The viceroy responded by attempting to arrest Chamaraja IV, failing, and letting the taxes remain unpaid.{{Sfn|Simmons|2019|pp=6–8}} An outright military challenge to the empire would have to await the incumbency of Raja I, Chama Raja IV's eldest son, who became the ''Wodeyar'' in 1578.{{Sfn|Michell|1995|pages=17–}} Raja I captured Seringapatam and, in a matter of days, moved his capital there on 8 February 1610.{{Sfn|Simmons|2019|pp=6–8}} ([[:File:Mysore1617to1799b.jpg|Map 5]].) During his rule, according to Burton Stein, his "chiefdom expanded into a major principality".{{Sfn|Stein|1987|p=82}}

In 1638, the reins of power fell into the hands of the 23-year-old [[Kanthirava Narasaraja I]], who had been adopted a few months earlier by the widow of Raja I.{{Sfn|Simmons|2019|pp=6–8}} Kanthirava was the first ''wodeyar'' of Mysore to create the symbols of royalty such as a royal mint, and coins named ''Kanthiraya'' (corrupted to "Canteroy") after himself.{{Sfn|Simmons|2019|pp=6–8}} These remained a part of Mysore's "current national money" well into the 18th century.{{Sfn|Simmons|2019|pp=6–8}}

[[Roman Catholicism in India|Catholic missionaries]], who had arrived in the coastal areas of [[southern India]]—the southwestern [[Malabar coast]], the western [[Kanara|Kanara coast]], and the southeastern [[Coromandel coast]] (also "Carnatic")—early in the 16th century, were not active in land-locked Mysore until halfway through the 17th.{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|pp=208–209}} ([[:File:Mysore1617to1799b.jpg|Map 5]]). The Mysore mission was established in [[Seringapatam]] in 1649 by Leonardo Cinnami, an Italian [[Jesuit]] from [[Goa]].{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|pp=208–209}} Expelled a few years later from Mysore on account of opposition in Kanthirava's court, Cinnami returned, toward the end of Kanthirava's rule, to establish missions in half a dozen locations.{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|pp=208–209}} During his second stay Cinnami obtained permission to convert Kanthirava's subjects to Christianity. He was successful mostly in the regions which were to become a part of the [[Madras Presidency]] of [[British India]].{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|pp=208–209}} According to {{Harv|Subrahmanyam|1989}}, "Of a reported 1700 converts in the Mysore mission in the mid-1660s, a mere quarter were ''Kannadigas'' ([[Kannada language]] speakers), the rest being [[Tamil language|Tamil]] speakers from the western districts of modern-day [[Tamil Nadu]], ..."{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|pp=208–209}}
[[File:Nandibullwatercolor.jpg|left|thumb|250px|alt=A huge bull, with large eyes, carved out of stone and ornamented with many necklaces, is seated on a stone altar built atop a hill and overlooking the plains behind. The bull's left front paw is extended out; its right, folded under. An adult man, shown in the picture, is dwarfed by comparison.|[[Company style]] [[watercolour]], 1806, of the colossal monolithic granite [[Nandi bull]] of 1659 on the road to [[Chamundi Hill]] overlooking Mysore]]

After an unremarkable period of rule by short-lived incumbents, Kanthirava's 27-year-old great nephew, [[Chikka Devaraja]], became the new ''wodeyar'' in 1672. During his rule, centralized military power increased to an unprecedented degree for the region.{{Sfn|Bandyopadhyay|2004|p=33}}{{Sfn|Stein|1985|pp=400–401}} ([[:File:Mysore1617to1799b.jpg|Map 5]] and [[:File:Joppen1907MysoreChickDeoWadiyar1704.jpg|Map 7]].) Although he introduced various mandatory taxes on peasant-owned land, Chikka Devaraja exempted his soldiers' land from these payments.{{Sfn|Stein|1985|pp=400–401}} The apprehended inequity of this action, the unusually high taxes, and the intrusive nature of his regime, created widespread protests which had the support of the wandering [[Jangama]] ascetics in the monasteries of the [[Lingayatism|Lingayat]]s, a monotheistic religious order that emphasizes a personal relationship with the [[Hindu]] god [[Shiva]].{{Sfn|Stein|1985|pp=400–401}} According to D. R. Nagaraja a slogan of the protests was: <blockquote>Basavanna{{efn|[[Basava]] was the founder of a 12th-century reform movement in Hinduism, which brought the [[Virasaiva]]s into prominence.}} the Bull tills the forest land; [[Indra|Devendra]]{{efn|''Devendra'', or [[Indra]], is the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic Hindu]] god of war, thunder, and rain.}} gives the rains; 
Why should we, the ones who grow crops through hard labour, pay taxes to the king?{{Sfn|Nagaraj|2003|pp=378–379}} </blockquote>

The king used the stratagem of inviting over 400 monks to a grand feast at the famous [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] centre of ''Nanjanagudu''. Upon its conclusion, he presented them with gifts and directed them to exit one at a time through a narrow lane where they were strangled by royal wrestlers who had been awaiting them.{{Sfn|Nagaraj|2003|pp=378–379}}

Around 1687 Chikka Devaraja purchased the city of [[Bangalore]] for [[Rs.]] 300,000 from Qasim Khan, the new [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] governor of the [[Province of Sira]].{{Sfn|Ravishankar|2018|p=360}} Continual strife with the Marathas led to an alliance with the Mughal emperor [[Aurengzeb]] (reigned 1658–1707), who elaborately praised the Mysore king for the pursuit of their mutual enemy.{{Sfn|Simmons|2019|pp=6–8}} Lands below the [[Eastern Ghats]] around [[Dharmapuri district|Baramahal]] and [[Salem district|Salem]], less the objects of Mughal interest, were annexed to Mysore, as were those below the [[Baba Budangiri|Baba Budan mountains]]{{efn|This mountain range is named after the shrine of [[Baba Budan]], a 17th-century [[Sufi]] saint.}} on the western edge of the [[Deccan Plateau]]. When the Raja died on 16 November 1704, his dominions extended from [[Tumkur district|Midagesi]] in the north to [[Palni Hills]] and [[Anaimalai]] in the south, and from [[Coorg]] in the west to [[Dharmapuri district]] in the east. ([[:File:Mysore1617to1799b.jpg|Map 5]] and [[:File:Joppen1907MysoreChickDeoWadiyar1704.jpg|Map 7]].)

{{Gallery|align=center
|width=180 |File:Mysore1617to1799b.jpg|alt1=On a map of south India are shown the shifting boundaries of Mysore over time; these show it expanding from 1617 to 1704 and even more in 1782, but contracting somewhat in 1799.|'''Map 5''': Varying boundaries of Mysore from 1617 to 1799
|File:MysoreRegion1625b.jpg|alt2=Political map of Mysore and Coorg region in 1625. It shows over a dozen principalities, the largest among which are: Mysore in the south, Bednur in the northwest, Chitaldroog in the north, and Kolar and Bangalore in the east.|'''Map 6''': ''wodeyar'' Mysore and other [[petty kingdom]]s in the region {{circa}} 1625
|File:Joppen1907MysoreChickDeoWadiyar1704.jpg|alt3=A map of south India shows a large Mysore bordered by the Kanara, Malabar, and Travancore coasts to its west and southwest, and by Hyderabad Carnatic on its east and southeast.|'''Map 7''': Mysore, c. 1704, during the reign of [[Chikka Devaraja]] }}


[[File:Ivorythronedasarahallmysore.jpg|right|thumb|alt=A black and white picture of an ornamented throne, constructed out of some metal. There are intricate carvings of horses on its base and of women on the steps leading up to it. An umbrella rises above the throne and many chandeliers surround it. |Late 19th-century photograph of the ivory throne in Mysore palace, the original version of which, it was said, was presented by Mughal Emperor [[Aurengzeb]] to [[Chikka Devaraja]] in 1704]]

According to Sanjay Subrahmanyam, the [[polity]] that Chikka Devaraja left for his son was "at one and the same time a strong and a weak" one.{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|p=212}} Although it had uniformly expanded in size from the mid-17th century to the early 18th century, it had done so as a result of alliances that tended to hinder the very stability of the expansions.{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|p=213}} Some of the southeastern conquests (such as that of [[Salem district|Salem]]), although involving regions that were not of direct interest to the Mughals, were the result of alliances with the Mughal governor of Sira and with [[Venkoji]], the [[Tanjore Nayak|Maratha ruler of Tanjore]].{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|p=213}} The siege of [[Tiruchirapalli]] had to be abandoned because the alliance had begun to rupture.{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|p=213}} ([[:File:Joppen1907MysoreChickDeoWadiyar1704.jpg|Map 7]].) Similarly, in addition to allegedly receiving a signet ring and a [[Monarchy|Royal]] State [[Sword]] or [[Sword of State]] from Aurangzeb in 1700, Chikka Devaraja accepted an unspoken subordination to Mughal authority and a requirement to pay annual taxes.{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|p=213}} There is evidence also that the administrative reforms Chikka Devaraja had instituted might have been a direct result of Mughal influence.{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|p=213}}

The early 18th century ushered in the rule of [[Kanthirava Narasaraja II]], who being both hearing- and speech-impaired ruled under the [[regent|regency]] of a series of army chiefs (''Delavoys''), all hailing from a single family from the village of [[Kalale]] in the [[Nanjangud]] [[taluk]] (or sub-district) of Mysore. Upon the ruler's death in 1714 at the age of 41, his son, [[Dodda Krishnaraja I]], still two weeks shy of his 12th birthday, succeeded him. According to E. J. Rice, the ruler's lack of interest in the affairs of state, led two ministers, Devaraja, the army chief (or ''delavayi''), and his cousin, Nanjaraja, who was both the revenue minister (the ''sarvadhikari'') and the privy councilor (''pradhana''), to wield all authority in the kingdom. After Dodda Krishnaraja's death in 1736, the ministers appointed "pageant rajas", and effectively ruled Mysore until the rise of [[Haidar Ali]] in 1760.{{Sfn|Rice|1897a|p=370}}

==''Nayakas'' of Ikkeri and Kanara trade, 1565–1763==

In the northwestern regions, according to Stein, <blockquote> an even more impressive chiefly house arose in Vijayanagara times and came to enjoy an extensive sovereignty. These were the [[Keladi Nayaka|Keladi chiefs]] who later founded the ''Nayaka'' kingdom of [[Ikkeri]]. At its greatest, the Ikkeri ''[[raja]]s'' controlled a territory nearly as large as the Vijayanagara heartland, some 20,000 square miles, extending about 180 miles south from [[Goa]] along the trade-rich [[Kanara|Kanara coast]].{{Sfn|Stein|1987|pp=83–84}} </blockquote>
When [[Vasco da Gama]] landed in [[History of Kozhikode|Calicut]] on the southwestern [[Malabar coast]] of India in 1498, the Vijayanagara Empire was about to reach its apex.{{Sfn|Disney|1978|p=2}} The [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] pursued their [[pepper trade]] farther south on the [[Malabar coast]]. In the decade after the fall of the empire, they decided as a commercial strategy to hedge their bets and to commence purchasing pepper from the Kanara region.{{Sfn|Disney|1978|p=4}} During 1568–1569, they took possession of the coastal towns of [[Honavar|Onor]] (now Honavar), [[Basrur|Barcelor]] (now Basrur), and [[Mangalore]] and constructed fortresses and factories at each location.{{Sfn|Disney|1978|p=4}} ([[:File:MysoreCoorgIGIAtlasReduced.jpg|Map 1]] and [[:File:Peeters1692SouthIndia.jpg|Map 8]].)


[[File:ViewShimoga1805.jpg|left|250px|thumb|alt=Watercolour of a river and a fort. The river's flow is disturbed by some small rocks; a hidden creek or stream runs into the river in the foreground; a small boat has been pulled out of the water and left resting on the far bank. The fort, with six visible turrets, is built on the edge of a cliff overlooking the river. Hills line the distant background.|Watercolour of Shimoga, 1805. Shimoga was an important stronghold of the Keladi Nayakas in the 16th and 17th centuries.]]

Onor (Modern [[Honnavar]]) was located on the banks of the [[Sharavathi River]], where the river widened into a lake, two miles (3 km) upstream from its mouth.{{Sfn|Disney|1978|p=4}} Built strategically on a cliff, the Portuguese fort contained homes for thirty ''casados'' (married settlers).{{Sfn|Disney|1978|p=4}} A natural [[sandbank]] kept out the large ocean-going ships, leaving the harbour accessible only to small craft.{{Sfn|Disney|1978|p=4}} Approximately, {{convert|35|mi|km}} farther upstream, the Portuguese maintained a weighing station at [[Gersoppa Falls|Gersoppa]], where they purchased the pepper.{{Sfn|Disney|1978|p=4}} During the latter part of the 16th century and the first half of the 17th, Onor not only became the principal port for the export of Kanara pepper, but also the most important Portuguese supply point for pepper in all of Asia.{{Sfn|Disney|1978|p=5}}

Located some {{convert|50|mi|km}} south of Onor, and a few miles up the [[Varahi River|Coondapoor estuary]] (now Varahi), was the town of [[Basrur|Barcelore]] (now Basrur).{{Sfn|Disney|1978|p=5}} Building their fortress downstream of the existing Hindu town in order to control any approaches from the sea, the Portuguese provided accommodation for 30 ''casados'' within its walls;{{Sfn|Disney|1978|p=5}} another 35 casados and their families lived in a walled compound at a stone's throw.{{Sfn|Disney|1978|p=5}} Barcelore became a busy trading centre which exported rice, local textiles, [[Potassium nitrate|saltpetre]], and iron from the interior regions and imported [[coral]]s, exotic [[yard goods]] and horses.{{Sfn|Disney|1978|p=5}}([[:File:MysoreCoorgIGIAtlasReduced.jpg|Map 1]] and [[:File:Peeters1692SouthIndia.jpg|Map 8]].)

Fifty miles south of Barcelore was Mangalore, the last of the Portuguese strongholds in Kanara; it was situated on the mouth of the [[Netravati River]]. There too the Portuguese built a fortress and alongside it a walled town with accommodation for 35 ''casados'' families. Both Barcelore and Mangalore became principal ports for the export of rice, and during the first half of the 17th century supplied the other strategic ''fortalezas'' of significance to the ''[[Estado da India]]'', the Portuguese Asian empire.{{Sfn|Ames|2000|p=11}}{{Sfn|Disney|1978|p=5}} These included, [[Goa]], [[Malacca]], [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]], Mozambique and [[Mombasa]].{{Sfn|Disney|1978|p=5}}
([[:File:MysoreCoorgIGIAtlasReduced.jpg|Map 1]].)
[[File:Mangalorefort1783.jpg|right|thumb|250px|alt=A fort with two-tiered ramparts and many bastions rises above the far bank of a river. Some human settlements are visible nearby.| A pen and ink drawing of Mangalore Fort made in 1783 after it had been taken by the [[English East India Company]]]]
As a ready source of rice, [[black pepper|pepper]], and [[teak]], the [[Kanara]] coast was important to the ''Estado''.{{Sfn|Ames|2000|p=157}} For much of the 16th century, Portuguese had been able to negotiate favourable terms of trade with the weak principalities that constituted the Kanara coast.{{Sfn|Ames|2000|p=157}} Towards the end of the century, the ''Nayaka'' ruler of Keladi (and Ikkeri), Venkatappa Nayaka ([[Reign|r.]] 1592–1629), and his successors, Virabhadra Nayaka ([[Reign|r.]] 1629–1645) and Shivappa Nayaka (r. 1645–1660) forced a revision of the previous trade treaties.{{Sfn|Ames|2000|p=157}} By the 1630s, the Portuguese had agreed to buy pepper at market rates and the rulers of Ikkeri had been permitted two voyages per year without the purchase of a ''[[cartaz]]'' (a pass for Portuguese protection) as well as annual importation of twelve duty-free horses.{{Sfn|Ames|2000|p=157}}
When the last king of Vijayanagara sought refuge in his realms, Shivappa Nayaka set him up at Belur and Sakkarepatna, and later mounted an unsuccessful siege of [[Seringapatam]] on the latter's behalf. By the 1650s, he had driven the Portuguese out of the three ''fortalezas'' at Onor, Barcelore, and Mangalore.{{Sfn|Ames|2000|p=157}} After his death in 1660, his successor Somashker Nayaka, however, sent an embassy to Goa for reestablishing the Portuguese trading posts in Kanara.{{Sfn|Ames|2000|pp=157–158}} By 1671, a treaty had been agreed to which was very favorable once again to the Portuguese.{{Sfn|Ames|2000|pp=158–159}} ([[:File:Peeters1692SouthIndia.jpg|Map 8]] and [[:File:ShimogaDistrict1897reduced.jpg|Map 9]].)

Before the treaty could be implemented, though, Somashkar Nayaka died and was succeeded by an infant grandson Basava Nayaka, his succession disputed by the Queen Mother, who favoured another claimant, Timmaya Nayaka.{{Sfn|Ames|2000|pp=158–159}} The 1671 treaty languished amidst the succession struggle until 1678, when yet another treaty was negotiated with Basava Nayaka who had emerged as the victor.{{Sfn|Ames|2000|p=159}} As both parties in the succession struggle had been interested in purchasing European artillery from the Portuguese, the eventual treaty of 1678 was even more favourable to the latter.{{Sfn|Ames|2000|p=159}} Under it, Basava agreed to pay 30,000 [[xerafin]]s in Portuguese war-charges for the decade-long conflict with the [[Dutch India|Dutch]] (whom the Nayakas of Ikkeri had supported), to provide construction material for the factory at Mangalore, to provide 1,500 sacks of clean rice annually, to pay a yearly [[tribute]] for Mangalore and Barcelore, to destroy the factories of the Omani Arabs on the Kanara coast, and to allow Catholic churches to be built at a number of locations in Kanara.{{Sfn|Ames|2000|p=160}} With the treaty in place, Portuguese power returned to Kanara after an interregnum of almost half a century.{{Sfn|Ames|2000|p=160}}

==''Subahdars'' of Sira, 1689–1760==
{{main|Province of Sira}}

[[File:Kolar mausoleum1794.jpg|thumb|left|250px|alt=A stone building with onion-domed minarets and a body of water adjoining it. Some men are bathing; others are engaged in conversation. A stone wall separates the water from the building's garden and its leafy trees.|A 1794 [[aquatint]] of the mausoleum at [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]], where [[Haidar Ali]]'s father, Fateh Muhammad, the military governor (''faujdar'') of [[Kolar district]] in the province of Sira, is buried]]
A [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] province which comprised the [[Carnatic region]] south of the [[Tungabhadra River]], and which was to exist for seventy years,{{Sfn|Rice|1908|pp=175–176}} was established in 1687 with its capital at [[Sira, India|Sira]] (in [[Tumkur District]]).{{Sfn|Rice|1908|p=166}} ( [[:File:SouthIndiaBetweenCarnaticWars.jpg|Map 10]].) The ''[[Province of Sira]]'' (also ''Carnatic-Balaghat'') was composed of seven [[pargana]]s (districts): [[Davanagere district|Basavapatna]], Budihal, [[Sira, India|Sira]], [[Penukonda]], [[Doddaballapura|Dod-Ballapur]], [[Hoskote]], and [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]]; in addition, [[Harpanahalli]], Kondarpi, [[Anegundi]], [[Shimoga|Bednur]], [[Chitradurga|Chitaldroog]], and Mysore were considered by the Mughals to be [[tributary state]]s of the province.{{Sfn|Rice|1908|p=19}} Qasim Khan (also, Khasim Khan or Kasim Khan) was appointed the first ''Subahdar'' (governor) and ''Faujdar'' (military governor) of the province in 1689.{{Sfn|Rice|1897b|p=166}} Having displayed "energy and success" both in controlling the province and in developing it, he died in 1694, killed either by [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] raiders from the northwest,{{Sfn|Rice|1897b|p=166}} or killing himself in disgrace after these raiders seized a treasure under his care.{{Sfn|Rice|1897b|p=521}} Most ''Subhahdars'' who governed after him were replaced in a year or two by a successor.{{Sfn|Rice|1897b|p=166}} The instability continued until Dilavar Khan was appointed governor in 1726, his term lasting until 1756.{{Sfn|Rice|1897b|p=166}} In 1757, Sira was overrun by the Marathas, but was restored to the Mughals in 1759.{{Sfn|Rice|1897b|p=166}} In 1761 future ruler [[Haidar Ali]], whose father had been the Mughal military governor (or ''Faujdar'') of [[Kolar district]] in the province, captured Sira, and soon conferred on himself the title of "Nawab of Sira".{{Sfn|Rice|1897b|p=166}} However, the defection of his brother five years later caused the province to be lost again to the Marathas, who retained it until Haidar's son, [[Tipu Sultan]], recaptured it for his father in 1774.{{Sfn|Rice|1897b|p=166}}

The capital of the province, Sira town, prospered most under Dilavar Khan and expanded in size to accommodate 50,000 homes.{{Sfn|Rice|1908|pp=175–176}} ([[:File:SouthIndiaBetweenCarnaticWars.jpg|Map 10]].) Palaces and public monuments of Sira became models for other future constructions; both Haidar Ali's palace in [[Bangalore]] and Tipu Sultan's in [[Seringapatam]], built during the period 1761–1799 of their rule, were modelled after Dilavar Khan's palace in Sira.{{Sfn|Rice|1908|pp=175–176}} Likewise, according to Rice, Bangalore's [[Lal Bagh]] as well as [[Bangalore Fort|Bangalore fort]] may have been designed after Sira's Khan Bagh gardens and Sira fort.{{Sfn|Rice|1908|pp=175–176}} Sira's civil servants, though, could not be as readily reproduced. After Tipu Sultan had succeeded his father as Sultan of Mysore in 1782, he deported 12,000 families, mainly of city officials, from Sira to Shahr Ganjam, a new capital he founded on Seringapatam island.{{Sfn|Rice|1908|pp=175–176}}

Earlier, after the [[Moghul Empire|Moghul]] armies had overrun the Mysore table-land in 1689, twelve [[pargana]]s (or sub-districts) were annexed to the newly formed province (''subah'') of Sira.{{Sfn|Rice|1897a|p=589}} The other regions were allowed to remain under the ''[[poligar]]s'', who continued to collect taxes from the cultivators, but were now required to pay annual tribute to the provincial government in Sira.{{Sfn|Rice|1897a|p=589}} In the annexed regions, an elaborate system of officials collected and managed revenue.{{Sfn|Rice|1897a|p=589}} Most offices had existed under the previous [[Adil Shahi|Bijapur Sultanate]] administration, and consisted of ''Deshmūks'', ''Deshpāndes'', ''Majmūndārs'', and ''Kānungoyas''.{{Sfn|Rice|1897a|p=589}} The ''Deshmūks'' "settled accounts" with the village headmen (or ''patels''{{Sfn|Rice|1897a|pp=574–575}}); the ''Deshpāndes'' verified the account-books of the village registrars (or ''kārnāms''{{Sfn|Rice|1897a|pp=574–575}}); the ''Kānungoyas'' entered the official regulations in the village record-books and also explained decrees and regulations to the village governing officers and residents.{{Sfn|Rice|1897a|p=589}}
Lastly, the ''Majmūndārs'' prepared the final documents of the "settlement" (''i.e.'' the assessment and payment of tax{{efn|"In India: The process of assessing the government land-tax over a specific area."<ref name=oed-settlement>{{citation|title=Oxford English Dictionary|chapter=Settlement (n), 10|publisher=Oxford University Press|chapter-url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/176872?redirectedFrom=settlement#eid|access-date=24 October 2020}}</ref>}}) and promulgated it.{{Sfn|Rice|1897a|p=589}}

{{Gallery|align=center
| width = 130 |File:Peeters1692SouthIndia.jpg|alt1=An old map (of coastal southern India) in Portuguese, and not drawn to scale, is shown. The Indian Ocean is labelled, "Mer Des Indes," and Sri Lanka (or [[Ceylon]]), "Islede Ceylan." Also shown are the [[Maldives]], which are labelled "Isles Maldives."|'''Map 8:''' A 1692 map of South India showing Onor ([[Honavar]]), Barcelor ([[Basrur]]), and [[Mangalore]] on the western [[Kanara]] coast just below [[Goa]]
|File:ShimogaDistrict1897reduced.jpg|alt2=A multi-coloured map of Shimoga district with its various sub-districts.|'''Map 9:''' An 1897 map of Shimoga district showing Ikkeri and Keladi in Sagar [[taluq]] on the west (in orange)
|File:SouthIndiaBetweenCarnaticWars.jpg|alt3=A political map of south India c. 1750 showing Mysore in the centre, Sira to the north, Kurpa to the northeast, Arcot to the east, Travancore, Cochin, and Malabar to the southwest, and Bednor to the west|'''Map 10:''' The Mughal province of Sira shown in a map of South India at the time of the Anglo-French Wars in the Carnatic, 1746–1760.
|File:Map of the Coorg province.jpg|alt4=The map shows sparsely labelled Coorg. The [[Arabian Sea]] is shown on the left|'''Map 11:''' Map of Coorg province c. 1897
}}

Until the mid-17th century, both village- and district (''[[taluq]]'') accounts had been prepared in the language and script of [[Kannada language|Kannada]], the region's traditional language.{{Sfn|Rice|1897a|pp=589–590}}
However, after the Bijapur invasions, [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] [[chiefdom|chieftains]] came to wield authority in the region and brought in various officials who introduced the [[Marathi language]] and script into the "public accounts".{{Sfn|Rice|1897a|pp=589–590}} The new language even found its way into lands ruled by some [[poligar]] chiefs.{{Sfn|Rice|1897a|pp=589–590}} After the province of Sira was created, [[Farsi language|Persian]], the official language of the [[Moghul empire]], came to be used.{{Sfn|Rice|1897a|pp=589–590}}

==Rajas of Coorg, mid-16th century – 1768==

Although, ''Rājendranāme'', a "royal" genealogy of the rulers of [[Coorg]] written in 1808, makes no mention of the origin of the lineage, its reading by historian [[Lewis Rice]] led him to conclude that the princely line was established by a member of the [[Keladi Nayaka|Ikkeri Nayaka]] family.{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|p=212}}{{Sfn|Rice|1878|p=99}} Having moved south to the town of Haleri in northern Coorg in the disguise of a wandering [[Jangama]] monk, he began to attract followers. With their help, or acquiescence, he took possession of the town, and in such manner eventually came to rule the country.{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|p=212}}{{Sfn|Rice|1878|p=99}} ([[:File:Map of the Coorg province.jpg|Map 11]].) According to the genealogy, the Coorg ''[[raja]]s'' who ruled from the mid-16th century to the mid-18th century were:

{| cellspacing="4"
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
! bgcolor="#DDDDDD" colspan="4" | Rulers of [[Coorg]] from mid-16th century to mid-18th century{{Sfn|Rice|1878|p=99}}
|-
! Ruler!! Period of rule
|-
| align="center" | Vira Raja || align="center" | Not known
|-
| align="center" | Appaji Raja || align="center" | Not known
|-
| align="center" | Mudu Raja|| align="center" | 1633–1687
|-
| align="center" | Dodda Virappa|| align="center" | 1687–1738
|-
| align="center" | Chikka Virappa|| align="center" | 1738–1768
|}
|}

By the late 17th century, the ''raja''s of Coorg had created an "aggressive and independent" state.{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|p=212}} Muddu Raja, the Coorg ruler from 1633 to 1687, moved his capital to [[Mercara]], fortifying it and building a palace there in 1681.{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|p=99}}{{Sfn|Rice|1878|p=105}} During the rule of his successor, Dodda Virappa (1687–1736), the army of neighbouring Mysore, then being ruled by the ''Wodeyar'', [[Chikka Devaraja]], attacked and seized [[Piriyapatna]]. This was a territory abutting Coorg being ruled by a kinsman of Dodda Virappa ([[:File:Map of the Coorg province.jpg|Map 11]]).{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|p=99}}{{Sfn|Rice|1878|p=105}} Uplifted by the victory, the Mysore army attacked Coorg. It had advanced but a short distance when, camping overnight on the Palupare plain, it was surprised by a Coorg ambush.{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|p=99}}{{Sfn|Rice|1878|p=106}} In the ensuing massacre, 15,000 Mysore soldiers were killed, the survivors beating a hasty retreat.{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|p=99}}{{Sfn|Rice|1878|p=106}} For the next two decades, the western reaches of Mysore remained vulnerable to attacks by the Coorg army.{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|p=99}}{{Sfn|Rice|1878|p=106}} In the border district of Yelusavira, for example, the Coorg and Mysore forces fought to a stalemate and, in the end, had to work out a tax-sharing arrangement.{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|p=99}}{{Sfn|Rice|1878|p=106}}


[[File:watercolor guest house of the Raja of Coorg with fort in the background.jpg|thumb|right|250px|alt=A white mansion and, in the distance, a fortified palace atop a hill. Three men stand near a tent in the foreground. The mansion has a large rust-colored shingled roof, pillared porches and open-air balconies on its four sides, and large box-like corner sections that extend out from the rest of the architecture.|Watercolour of the guest house of the [[Raja]] of [[Coorg]] with the fort in the background, 1795]]

In 1724, major hostilities resumed between Coorg and Mysore.{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|pp=217–218}} Changing his [[modus operandi]] of [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla skirmishes]] in the hilly Coorg jungle, Dodda Virappa took to open field warfare against the Mysore army.{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|pp=217–218}} Catching it off guard, he took in rapid succession six fortresses from [[Piriyapatna]] to [[Arkalgud]].{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|pp=217–218}} The loss of revenue, some 600,000 gold [[Pagoda (coin)|pagodas]], was felt in Mysore, and several months later, in August or September 1724, a large army was sent from the Mysore capital [[Seringapatam]] to Coorg.{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|pp=217–218}} At the army's arrival in the western region, the Coorg forces returned to guerrilla warfare, retreating into the woods.{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|pp=218–219}} Emboldened by the lack of resistance, the Mysore forces attacked the Coorg hills but met no resistance.{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|pp=218–219}} A few days into their unopposed advance, haunted by the 1690s' ambush, the Mysore forces panicked, retreating during the night.{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|pp=218–219}} The Coorg army went back to attacking the Mysore outposts.{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|pp=218–219}} The back-and-forth continued until the Mysore army was recalled to Seringapatam, leaving the region vulnerable to Coorg raids.{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|pp=218–219}} According to historian [[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]], <blockquote> The entire episode yields a rare insight into one aspect of war in the 18th century: the ([[Coorg]]) forces, lacking cavalry, with a minimum of firearms, lost every major battle, but won the war by dint of two factors. First, the terrain, and the possibility of retreating periodically into the wooded hillside, favoured them, in contrast to their relatively clumsy opponents. Second, the Mysore army could never maintain a permanent presence in the region, given the fact that the Wodeyar kingdom had several open frontiers.{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|p=220}}</blockquote>

More than a century earlier, [[Lewis Rice]], had written:<blockquote>Dodda Virappa evinced throughout his long and vigorous reign an unconquerable spirit, and though surrounded by powerful neighbours, neither the number nor the strength of this enemies seems to have relaxed his courage or damped his enterprise. He died in 1736, 78 years old. Two of his wives [[sati (practice)|ascended the funeral pile]] with the dead body of the Raja.{{Sfn|Rice|1878|p=107}}</blockquote>

==Assessment: the period and its historiography==
From the mid-15th century to the mid-18th century rulers of states in southern India commenced financing wars on a different footing than had their predecessors.{{Sfn|Stein|1985|pp=391–392}} According to historian [[Burton Stein]], all the rulers of the Mysore and Coorg region—the Vijayanagara emperors, the ''Wodeyars'' of Mysore, the ''Nayakas'' of Ikkeri, the ''Subahdars'' of Sira, and the ''Rajas'' of Coorg—fall to some degree under this category.{{Sfn|Stein|1985|pp=391–392}} A similar political system, referred to as "military fiscalism" by French historian Martin Wolfe, took hold in Europe between the 15th and 17th centuries.{{Sfn|Stein|1985|pp=391–392}} During this time, according to Wolfe, most regimes in Western Europe emerged from the aristocracy to become absolute monarchies; they simultaneously reduced their dependence on the aristocracy by expanding the tax base and developing an extensive tax collection structure.{{Sfn|Stein|1985|pp=391–392}} In Stein's words, <blockquote>Previously resistant aristocracies were eventually won over in early modern Europe by being offered state offices and honours and by being protected in their patrimonial wealth, but this was only after monarchies had proven their ability to defeat antiquated feudal forces and had found alternative resources in cities and from trade.{{Sfn|Stein|1985|pp=391–392}}</blockquote>

In southern India, none of the pre-1760 regimes were able to achieve the "fiscal absolutism" of their European contemporaries.{{Sfn|Stein|1985|pp=392–393}} Local chieftains, who had close ties with their social groups, and who had only recently risen from them, opposed the excessive monetary demands of a more powerful regional ruler.{{Sfn|Stein|1985|pp=392–393}} Consequently, the larger states of this period in southern India, were not able to entirely change their mode of creating wealth from one of extracting [[tribute]] payments, which were seldom regular, to that of direct collection of taxes by government officials.{{Sfn|Stein|1985|pp=392–393}} Extorting tribute under threat of military action, according to Stein, is not true "military fiscalism," although it is a means of approaching it.{{Sfn|Stein|1985|pp=392–393}} This partial or limited military fiscalism began during the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], setting the latter apart from the more "segmentary" regimes that had preceded it,{{Sfn|Stein|1985|pp=392–393}} and was a prominent feature of all regimes during the period 1565–1760;{{Sfn|Stein|1985|pp=392–393}} true military fiscalism was not achieved in the region until the rule of [[Tipu Sultan]] in the 1780s.{{Sfn|Stein|1985|pp=392–393}}

Stein's formulation has been criticized by historian [[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]] on account of the lack of extensive [[historiography]] for the period. The 18th-century [[Wodeyar]] rulers of Mysore—in contrast to their contemporaries in [[Rajputana]], [[Central India]], [[Maratha]] [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], and [[Tanjavur]]—left little or no record of their administrations. Surveying the historiography, Subrahmanyam, says:<blockquote>A major problem attendant on such generalisations by modern historians concerning pre-1760 Mysore is, however, the paucity of documentation on this older 'Old Regime'.{{Sfn|Stein|1987|p=206}}</blockquote>

The first explicit ''History'' of Mysore in English is ''Historical Sketches of the South of India, in an attempt to trace the History of Mysoor'' by [[Mark Wilks]].{{Sfn|Wilks|1811|p=1}} Wilks claimed to have based his history on various [[Kannada language]] documents, many of which have not survived. According to,{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|p=206}} all subsequent histories of Mysore have borrowed heavily from Wilks's book for their pre-1760 content. These include [[Lewis Rice]]'s well-known ''[[Gazetteer]]'' of 1897 and C. Hayavadana Rao's major revision of the ''Gazetteer'' half a century later, and many modern spin-offs of these two works. In Subrahmanyam's words, "Wilks's work is an important one therefore, not only for its own sake, but for its having been regurgitated and reproduced time and again with minor variations."{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|p=206}}

A [[Wodeyar]] dynasty genealogy, the ''Chikkadevaräya Vamśävali'' of Tirumalarya, was composed in [[Kannada language|Kannada]] during the period 1710–1715, and was claimed to be based on all the then-extant inscriptions in the region.{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|p=206}} Another genealogy, ''Kalale Doregala Vamśävali'', of the ''Delvoys'', the near-hereditary chief ministers of Mysore, was composed around the turn of the 19th century.{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|p=206}} However, neither manuscript provides information about administration, economy or military capability.{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|p=206}} The ruling dynasty's origins, especially as expounded in later palace genealogies, are also of doubtful accuracy; this is, in part, because the Wodeyars, who were reinstated by the British on the Mysore ''[[Throne#Thrones in the Middle Ages|gaddi]]'' in 1799, to preside over a fragile sovereignty,{{Sfn|Ikegame|2007|p=17}} "obsessively" attempted to demonstrate their "unbroken" royal lineage,{{Sfn|Nair|2006|pp=139–140}} to bolster their then uncertain status.{{Sfn|Bhagavan|2008|p=887}}

The earliest manuscript offering clues to governance and military conflict in the pre-1760 Mysore, seems to be Dias {{Harv|Dias|1725}}, an annual letter written in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] by a Mysore-based [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit missionary]], Joachim Dias, and addressed to his [[Provincial superior]].{{Sfn|Subrahmanyam|1989|pp=215–216}} After the [[East India Company]]'s final 1799 victory over [[Tipu Sultan]], official Company records began to be published as well; these include a collection of [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]]-related correspondence between the company's officials in India and [[British East India Company directors|Court of Directors]] in London,{{Sfn|East India Company|1800}} and the first report on the new [[Princely State of Mysore]] by its resident, Mark Wilks.{{Sfn|Wilks|1805}} Around this time, French accounts of the Anglo-Mysore wars appeared as well and included a history of the wars by Joseph-François Michaud, another Jesuit priest.{{Sfn|Michaud|1809}} The first attempt at including a comprehensive history of Mysore in an English language work is an account of a survey of [[South India]] conducted at Lord [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Richard Wellesley]]'s request, by [[Francis Buchanan]], a Scottish physician and geographer.{{Sfn|Buchanan|1807}} By the end of the period of British Commissionership of Mysore (1831–1881), many English language works had begun to appear on a variety of Mysore-related subjects. These included a book of English translations of [[Kannada language]] inscriptions by Lewis Rice,{{Sfn|Rice|1879}} and [[William Digby (writer)|William Digby]]'s two-volume critique of British famine policy during the [[Great Famine of 1876–78]], which devastated Mysore for many years afterwards.,{{Sfn|Digby|1878}}

==See also==
* [[Political history of Mysore and Coorg (1761–1799)]]
* [[Political history of Mysore and Coorg (1800–1947)]]
* [[Company rule in India]]
* [[Princely state]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist|40em}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Sources used==

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{{Refend}}

===Primary sources===
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{{Refend}}

{{featured article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Political History of Mysore And Coorg (1565-1760)}}
[[Category:16th century in India]]
[[Category:17th century in India]]
[[Category:18th century in India]]
[[Category:16th century in politics]]
[[Category:17th century in politics]]
[[Category:18th century in politics]]
[[Category:Political history of Karnataka]]
[[Category:History of Mysore]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Coorg]]

K. P. A. C. Leela

2026-02-20T13:42:33Z

ErnestGuzzi186:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K.P.A.C. Leela
| image =
| birthname = Leela
| birth_place = [[Pampakuda]], [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress}}
| years_active = 1962–present
| spouse = David
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
}}

'''K. P. A. C. Leela''' is an [[India]]<nowiki/>n actress best known for her work in Malayalam theater and films. She has received the Guru Pooja Award of [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Academy]]. The [[Kerala State Film Awards]] 2018 jury gave a special mention for her performance in the film [[Roudram 2018]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=ചന്ദ്രൻ |first=ബൈജു |date=2023-09-11 |title=നടന ലീല --3 {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/weekly/culture/film-and-theatre/kpac-leela-life-story-1201148 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref name=":4"/>

== Early life and career ==
Leela was born in [[Pampakuda]], a village between [[Muvattupuzha]] and [[Piravom]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Pookalam again, with the details of being active in the cinema again |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1084816&u=kpac-leela |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref> Both her parents, Kuriakos and Mariamma, were committed communists. She joined [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] to study dance for a while. She first played the role of the heroine Tresa in the drama Munthiricharil Kure Kannuneer. Later, she worked at [[Kerala People's Arts Club|KPAC]] for fifteen years, playing lead roles in many of [[Thoppil Bhasi|Bhasi]]'s plays. She made her acting debut in the movie 'Puthiya Aakaasham Puthiya Bhoomi.' Other films she appeared in include 'Mudinaya Putra,' 'Ammaye Vanthana,' and '[[Adhyapika]].' She concluded her acting career in the 1970s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |author=Web Desk |date=2023-03-03 |title=100 വയസ്സുകാരനായി ഞെട്ടിക്കാൻ വിജയരാഘവൻ; കൂടെ കെ.പി.എ.സി ലീലയും! 'ഹ്യൂമൻസ് ഓഫ് പൂക്കാലം' പുറത്തിറങ്ങി |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/entertainment/vijayaraghavan-to-shock-as-100-year-old-with-kpac-leela-humans-of-pookkaalam-released-210401 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=www.mediaoneonline.com |language=ml}}</ref> She married David, an instrumentalist at KPAC.<ref name="Entertainment">{{Cite web |last=Entertainment |first=The Cue |date=2023-04-09 |title=. "'Even if you play a hundred dramas, you are afraid to take a shot'; KPAC Leela said that Ganesh was told to control if drama comes"|url=https://www.thecue.in/videos/entertainment/film-news/malayalam-actress-kpac-leela-about-pookkalam |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=The Cue |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-29 |title=ഒക്ടോബർ 30 ചിത്രങ്ങളിലൂടെ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/gallery/news-in-pics/news-in-pics-october-30-1.9027582 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

Leela made her comeback with the film [[Oru Pennum Randaanum]], portraying the character of Maria.<ref name=":0" /> Following that, she portrayed the role of Marykutty in [[Roudram 2018]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Roudram 2018 Movie: साउथ की इस फिल्‍म ने काहिरा फेस्टिवल में इंट्री की, केरल की बाढ़ पर केंद्रित है फिल्‍म की कहानी - Malayalam Filmmaker Jayaraj Movie Roudram 2018 Screened In Cairo film festival |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-malayalam-filmmaker-jayaraj-movie-roudram-2018-screened-in-cairo-film-festival-19682287.html |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> The film, released in 2019, depicted the real story of the floods that [[2018 Kerala floods|Kerala faced in 2018]]. In 2023, she portrayed the character Leela in [[Pookkaalam]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-18 |title=ചിരിപ്പിച്ചും ഈറനണിയിച്ചും മനസ്സ് നിറയ്ക്കും ഈ 'പൂക്കാലം' {{!}} POOKKALAM REVIEW |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/special-pages/iffi-2023/reviews/vijayaraghavan-kpac-leela-in-pookkalam-movie-review-iffi-1.9083075 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She was married to David, an instrumentalist at KPAC.<ref name="Entertainment"/>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
==== As actor ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1962 || ''Puthiya Aakaasham Puthiya Bhoomi'' || ||<ref name=":1" />
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Ammaye Kaanaan]]'' ||Leela ||<ref name=":1" />
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Oru Pennum Randaanum]]'' || Maria ||<ref name=":0" />
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Roudram 2018]]'' || Marykutty ||<ref name=":3" />
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2023 || ''[[Pookkaalam]]'' || Kochu Thressiamma ||<ref name=":3" />
|-
| ''[[Cheena Trophy]]'' || Powlin||<ref name=":2" />
|-
| ''[[Divorce (2023 film)|Divorce]]''||||<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/malayalam-film-divorce-is-about-six-women-who-opt-for-a-divorce-and-how-it-affects-all-involved-in-the-process-says-director-mini-ig/article66512232.ece/amp/</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''Lovely'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2025-01-14 |title=Mathew Thomas-starrer Lovely confirms release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/14/mathew-thomas-starrer-lovely-confirms-release-date |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''Poovu'' ||Jeevan's mother ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-04 |title=Poovu out on OTT: Here where to watch KPAC Leela's film on self-discovery online |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/poovu-out-on-ott-here-where-to-watch-kpac-leelas-film-on-self-discovery-online/0f44768d9c396 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==== As dubbing artist ====
* ''[[Eko (film)|Eko]]'' (2025) for Biana Momin<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-01 |title=മ്ലാത്തി ചേട്ടത്തി ദേഷ്യപ്പെടുന്നില്ല, കരയുന്നില്ല, സന്തോഷിക്കുന്നില്ല. അല്പം പ്രയാസപ്പെട്ടാണ് നിഗൂഢമായ ആ കഥാപാത്രത്തിന് ശബ്ദം നല്‍കിയത്: കെപിഎസി ലീല |url=https://grihalakshmi.mathrubhumi.com/cinema/kpac-leela-opens-up-about-her-unique-and-fulfilling-dubbing-experience-in-eko-ns051tmu |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Gruhalakshmi |language=ml}}</ref>

=== Television ===

* Mudianaya Putrani<ref name=":0" />
* Puthiya Aakaasham Puthiya Bhoomi<ref name=":0" />
* Ashwamedham<ref name=":0" />
* Sharashaiya<ref name=":0" />

== Awards ==
She has received the Guru Pooja Award of [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Academy]]. She also wins best actress award for her role in [[Roudram 2018]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=KPAC Leela wins best actress award for her role in Roudram |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/12/28/kpac-leela-wins-best-actress-award-roudram.html |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Awards
!Result
|-
|2018
|[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Academy]]
|{{Won}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=vipinvk |title='വിജയരാഘവൻ എന്നേക്കാള്‍ ചെറുപ്പമാണ്'! 'പൂക്കാല'ത്തിലെ കൊച്ചുത്രേസ്യാമ്മയായി അമ്പരപ്പിച്ച കെപിഎസി ലീല |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/special-entertainment/kpac-leela-about-her-role-in-pookalam-movie-vvk-rt17di |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|Best Actress Award - [[Roudram 2018]]
|{{Won}}<ref name=":4" />
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|11078300}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Leela, K. P. A. C.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam theatre]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]

Dhammachakra Pravartan Din

2026-02-15T16:33:36Z

ErnestGuzzi186: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Navayana Buddhist festival}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Dhammachakra Anuvartan Din
| type = Religious, cultural
| image = File:Deekshabhoomi Nagpur.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| caption = [[Deekshabhoomi]] Stupa in [[Nagpur]], the site of Ambedkar's 1956 mass conversion
| observedby = [[Ambedkarite Buddhism|Ambedkarite Buddhists]]
| litcolor =
| longtype = Buddhist, cultural
| significance = Celebrates the Anniversary of [[B. R. Ambedkar]]'s mass conversion to Buddhism and the founding of [[Navayana]]
| date = {{dts|14|October}} or {{dts|15|October}} ([[Vijayadashami]])
| celebrations =
| duration = 1–2 days
| frequency = Annual
}}

'''Dhammachakra Anuvartan Din''' or '''Dhammachakra Anuvartan Diwas''' ({{Literal translation|[[Dhamma Wheel]]'s Promulgation Day}}) is an annual observance celebrated by [[Ambedkarite Buddhism|Ambedkarite Buddhists]] in India on 14 or 15 October (corresponding to [[Vijayadashami]] in the [[Hindu lunar calendar]]). It commemorates the historic mass conversion to Buddhism led by [[B. R. Ambedkar]] on 14–15 October 1956 at [[Deekshabhoomi]] in [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], where approximately 600,000 [[Dalit]]s renounced [[Hinduism]] and embraced [[Buddhism]], marking the formal founding of [[Navayana]] as a [[Engaged Buddhism|socially engaged]] movement against the [[Caste system in India|caste system]].<ref>{{cite web|title=53rd Dhammachakra Anuvartan day celebrated in Nagpur|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-53rd-dhammachakra-pravartan-day-celebrated-in-nagpur-1293580|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=28 September 2009|accessdate=12 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/aurangabad-marathwada-news/aurangabad/dr-babasaheb-ambedkar-followers-celebrate-dhammachakra-pravartan-din-in-simple-way-in-aurangabad/articleshow/78861735.cms|title = धम्मचक्र प्रवर्तन दिन साधेपणाने}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Queen |first=Christopher S. |title=Engaged Buddhism in the West |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-86171-159-8 |pages=524–525}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Dahat |first=Pavan |title=Dalits throng Nagpur on Dhammachakra Anuvartan Din |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dalits-throng-nagpur-on-dhammachakra-pravartan-din/article6469961.ece |work=The Hindu |date=4 October 2015 |access-date=2025-12-28}}</ref> The event symbolizes the "setting in motion of the Wheel of Dhamma" in a modern context, echoing the [[Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta|Buddha's first discourse]] while emphasizing [[social justice]] and [[social equality|equality]].

The day draws millions of participants to [[Deekshabhoomi]] for prayers, processions, and conversion ceremonies, with thousands converting annually—such as 65,000 in 2018 and over 67,500 in 2019—reinforcing its role in Buddhist revival in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=63rd Dhamma Chakra Anuvartan Din celebrated in City with great fervor and spirit |url=https://nagpuroranges.com/63rd-dhamma-chakra-pravartan-din-celebrated-in-city-with-great-fervor-and-spirit/ |work=Nagpur Oranges |date=9 October 2019 |access-date=2025-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/nagpur-vidarbha-news/nagpur/dhammachakra-pravartan-day-was-celebrated-in-a-simple-manner/articleshow/78863540.cms|title = करोनाचं सावट; 'या' दिवशी दीक्षाभूमीवर 'असं' चित्र कधीच दिसलं नाही}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2020/10/15/Dhammachakra-Pravartan-Din-with-a-difference.html|title = Dhammachakra Pravartan Din with a difference}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://nagpuroranges.com/63rd-dhamma-chakra-pravartan-din-celebrated-in-city-with-great-fervor-and-spirit/ | title=63rd Dhamma Chakra Anuvartan Din celebrated in City with great fervor and spirit | date=9 October 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Dahat|first=Pavan|title=Dalits throng Nagpur on Dhammachakra Anuvartan Din|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dalits-throng-nagpur-on-dhammachakra-pravartan-din/article6469961.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=12 August 2017}}</ref>

The observance is also referred to as "''Dhammachakra Anuvartan Din''" to highlight the vow-taking aspect, where converts recite Ambedkar's [[Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar|22 religious vows]] renouncing [[Hindu deities]] and affirming Buddhist integrity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ambedkar's 22 Vows |url=https://www.deekshabhoomi.net/ambedkars-22-vows/ |publisher=Deekshabhoomi Official |access-date=2025-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abpmajha.abplive.in/maharashtra/ceremony-of-63rd-dhamma-chakra-pravartan-din-in-dikshabhumi-nagpur-703966/amp|title=दीक्षाभूमीवर पार पडला 63 व्या धम्मचक्र प्रवर्तन दिनाचा मुख्य सोहळा}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.lokmat.com/akola/history-dhammachakra-pravartan-din-celebrations-akola-district/|title=अकोला जिल्ह्यातील धम्मचक्र प्रवर्तन दिन सोहळ्याचा इतिहास|date=9 October 2019}}</ref>

== Terminology ==
The ''[[Dharmacakra|dhammacakka]]'', which can be translated as "Dhamma-Wheel," is a Buddhist symbol referring to Buddha's teaching of the [[Noble Eightfold Path|path]] to enlightenment. ''Pavattana'' (Pāli) can be translated as "turning" or "rolling" or "setting in motion."{{refn|group=note|English translations of this sutta's full title include:
*"Setting in Motion the Wheel of the Dhamma" (Bodhi, 2000, pp. 1843–7)
*"Setting in Motion the Wheel of Truth" (Piyadassi, 1999)[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn56/sn56.011.piya.html]
*"Setting Rolling the Wheel of Truth" (Ñanamoli, 1993)[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn56/sn56.011.nymo.html]
*"Setting the Wheel of Dhamma in Motion" (Thanissaro, 1993)[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn56/sn56.011.than.html] (Geshe Tashi Tsering, 2005){{sfn|Geshe Tashi Tsering|2005|loc=Kindle Location 174}}
* "The Discourse That Sets Turning the Wheel of Truth" (Ajahn Sucitto, 2010){{sfn|Sucitto|2010|p=193}}
*"Turning the Wheel of Dhamma" (Dhamma, 1997).
* "The Four Noble Truths Sutra" (Geshe Tashi Tsering, 2005){{sfn|Geshe Tashi Tsering|2005|loc=Kindle Location 174}}}}

The term "Dhammachakra" is a modern hybrid transliteration blending the Pāli dhamma (धम्म) with the Sanskrit cakra (चक्र; wheel), commonly used in Indian English and Hindi contexts, particularly within Navayāna Buddhism. In contrast, classical scholarly transliterations prefer the full Pāli Dhammacakka or Sanskrit Dharmacakra.<ref name="buswell">{{cite book |last=Buswell |first=Robert E. |last2=Lopez |first2=Donald S. |title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-691-15786-3 |page=256}}</ref><ref name="byjus">{{cite web |title=Buddhism & Jainism – Causes for Growth |url=https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/buddhism/ |date=2023-03-15 |access-date=2025-12-28}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[B. R. Ambedkar]], born into a [[Mahar]] Dalit family in 1891, faced discrimination despite his education at [[Columbia University]] and the [[London School of Economics]]. As the principal architect of the [[Indian Constitution]] and a champion of Dalit rights, he founded organizations like the Independent Labour Party (1936) and the [[Scheduled Castes Federation]] (1942) to combat [[untouchability]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Dirks |first=Nicholas B. |title=Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-691-08895-2 |pages=267–268}}</ref> At the 1935 Yeola Conference, Ambedkar declared his intent to leave Hinduism, stating, "I was born a [[Hindu]], but I will not die a Hindu," after concluding that the caste system was inherent and irreformable.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ambedkar |first=B. R. |title=Annihilation of Caste |publisher=Navayana Publishing |year=2014 |edition=reprint |isbn=978-8189059177 |pages=45–50}}</ref>

After two decades of comparative study of world religions, Ambedkar selected Buddhism for its emphasis on equality, [[rationality]], and [[non-violence]], free from [[superstition]] and caste hierarchy. He prepared for the 1956 conversion by drafting the 22 Vows and completing ''[[The Buddha and His Dhamma]]'', a modern reinterpretation of Buddhist teachings as a guide for social emancipation.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rathore |first=Aakash Singh |last2=Verma |first2=Ajay |title=The Buddha and His Dhamma: A Critical Edition |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0198068679 |pages=xv–xx}}</ref>

== The 1956 mass conversion ==
On 14 October 1956, Ambedkar, along with nearly 380,000 followers—primarily Dalits from Maharashtra—gathered at Deekshabhoomi, a site chosen for its symbolic resonance with ancient Buddhist stupas. Ambedkar administered the [[Three Refuges]] (in [[Buddha]], [[Dhamma]], and [[Sangha]]) and the 22 [[religion vows]], which explicitly reject [[Hindu deities]], rituals, and [[caste]], while pledging fidelity to Buddhist principles like the [[Pancha Sila|Five Precepts]] and social justice.<ref>{{cite news |title=53rd Dhammachakra Anuvartan day celebrated in Nagpur |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-53rd-dhammachakra-pravartan-day-celebrated-in-nagpur-1293580 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=28 September 2009 |access-date=2025-12-28}}</ref> The following day, 15 October, saw an additional 220,000 conversions, totaling around 600,000 participants.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dahat |first=Pavan |title=Dalits throng Nagpur on Dhammachakra Anuvartan Din |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dalits-throng-nagpur-on-dhammachakra-pravartan-din/article6469961.ece |work=The Hindu |date=4 October 2015 |access-date=2025-12-28}}</ref>

This event, occurring six weeks before Ambedkar's death on 6 December 1956, ignited the Dalit Buddhist movement and led to the growth of Navayāna, with Buddhism's population in India surging from 181,000 in 1951 to over 3 million by 1961.<ref>{{cite web |title=Religion Data |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |publisher=Census of India |access-date=2025-12-28}}</ref>

== Observance ==
Celebrations center at Deekshabhoomi, where a massive stupa built in 1978 commemorates the event. Participants engage in:
* '''Processions and rallies''': Featuring Ambedkar's blue flag, Buddha statues, and chants of "Jai Bhim" (Hail Ambedkar).
* '''Conversion ceremonies''': Led by monks or lay leaders, with recitation of the 22 Vows; recent years have seen 50,000–70,000 new converts annually.
* '''Cultural programs''': Speeches, bhajans (devotional songs), and seminars on Ambedkar's writings.
* '''Nationwide events''': Observed in [[Maharashtra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], and other states with Ambedkarite communities, often including [[Blood donation in India|blood donation drives]] and anti-caste [[awareness campaigns]].

In 2020 and 2021, observances were subdued due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], shifting to [[Virtual event|virtual formats]], but resumed fully by 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dhammachakra Pravartan Day was celebrated in a simple manner |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/nagpur-vidarbha-news/nagpur/dhammachakra-pravartan-day-was-celebrated-in-a-simple-manner/articleshow/78863540.cms |work=Maharashtra Times |date=2020-10-15 |access-date=2025-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dhammachakra Pravartan Din with a difference |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2020/10/15/Dhammachakra-Pravartan-Din-with-a-difference.html |work=The Hitavada |date=15 October 2020 |access-date=2025-12-28}}</ref>

== Significance ==
Dhammachakra Pravartan Din embodies Ambedkar's vision of Buddhism as a "New Vehicle" (Navayāna) for dismantling caste hierarchies and promoting [[liberty]], [[social equality|equality]], and [[fraternity]]—principles he imagined from the [[French Revolution]] into Buddhist framework.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jacobsen |first=Jeff |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |publisher=Brill |year=2015 |isbn=978-90-04-27128-9 |page=361}}</ref> It reinforces Dalit identity, rejects [[hinduism]], and sustains Buddhist revival, with Navayāna comprising about 87% of India's 8.4 million Buddhists (2011 Census).<ref>{{cite news |title=87% of Buddhists in India are Neo-Buddhists: Census |url=https://www.indiaspend.com/87-of-buddhists-in-india-are-neo-buddhists-census-70708 |publisher=IndiaSpend |date=14 October 2017 |access-date=2025-12-28}}</ref> The day also inspires global Dalit and anti-caste movements, underscoring Buddhism's adaptability to [[social reform]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Blackburn |first=Anne M. |title=Buddha's Daughters: Gender and Bodily Peace in Sri Lankan Buddhism |publisher=Harvard University Asia Center |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-674-72703-4 |pages=120–122}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ambedkar Jayanti]]
* [[Ambedkarism]]
* [[Dalit Buddhist movement]]
* [[Deekshabhoomi]]
* [[Navayana]]
* [[Buddha's Birthday]]
* [[Marathi Buddhists]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|40em}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Citation| last =Geshe Tashi Tsering | year =2005 | title =The Four Noble Truths: The Foundation of Buddhist Thought, Volume I | publisher =Wisdom |edition=Kindle}}
* {{Citation| last =Sucitto |first=Ajahn |author-link=Ajahn Sucitto | year =2010 | title =Turning the Wheel of Truth: Commentary on the Buddha's First Teaching | publisher =Shambhala }}

{{Nagpur}}
{{Buddhism topics}}

[[Category:Memorials to B. R. Ambedkar]]
[[Category:Buddhist festivals in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist holidays]]
[[Category:Navayana]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:History of Vidarbha]]
[[Category:History of Nagpur]]

Sumdorong Chu standoff

2026-02-14T10:42:43Z

ErnestGuzzi186: improved formatting per standard format and corrected details

{{Short description|Military conflict between the Indian and Chinese forces}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Sumdorong Chu standoff
| partof =
| map_type = Tibet#India Arunachal Pradesh
| map_relief =
| coordinates = {{coord|27.7818|91.7813|display=inline, title}}
| date = 1986–1987
| place = [[Sumdorong Chu Valley]], [[McMahon Line]] (Sino-Indian border)
| territory =
| result = ''[[Status quo ante bellum]]''
*Indian PM invited to Beijing for border peace talks given India's strong position in the region
| combatant1 = [[Image:Flag of India.svg|22px]] [[India]]
| combatant2 = [[Image:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|22px]] [[China]]
| commander1 = [[Image:Flag of India.svg|22px]] [[President of India|President]] [[R. Venkataraman]] [[Image:Flag of India.svg|22px]] [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]] [[Image:Flag of India.svg|22px]] [[General (India)|General]] [[Krishnaswamy Sundarji]]
| commander2 = {{Flagicon|China}} [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China|General Secretary]] [[Zhao Ziyang]] {{Flagicon|China}} [[Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)|Chairman]] [[Deng Xiaoping]] {{Flagicon|China}} [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|Premier]] [[Li Peng]] {{Flagicon|China}} [[President of the People's Republic of China|President]] [[Li Xiannian]]
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| notes =
}}
[[File:Sumdorong-Chu.jpg|thumb|right|305px|Sumdorong Chu and vicinity]]

In 1986–87, a military standoff took place between India and China in the [[Sumdorong Chu Valley]] bordering the [[Tawang district]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and [[Cona County]], [[Tibet]]. It was initiated by China moving a company of troops to '''Wangdung''', a pasture to the south of Sumdorong Chu that India believed to be its territory. The Indian troops stood their ground on the neighbouring '''Longro La''' ridge{{Efn|Alternative spellings include '''Langro La''' and '''Lungro La'''.}} and both the sides moved a large number of troops to the border. The crisis was diffused after the visit of Indian External Affairs minister to Beijing in May 1987. The standoff gave rise to fears of escalation. Subsequently, India and China formulated agreements for managing future border tensions.{{sfnp|Lintner, China's India War|2018|pp=210–211}}{{sfnp|Pardesi, Managing the Sumdorong Chu crisis|2020|pp=537–538}}

==Background==

===1962: India's Namka Chu defeat===

Since 1962, India had not returned to the site of its [[Namka_Chu#Battle_of_Namka_Chu|major defeat at Namka Chu]], an east–west running stream which separates the Thag La ridge to the north and the Hathung La ridge to its south. India's efforts to occupy the Thag La ridge was the ''[[casus belli]]'' for the October 1962 Chinese military attack on India.

===1962-80s: Indian need for defense north of Tawang===
{{anchor | Defensible }}

Because there were no other feasible defensive locations north of [[Tawang]], the Indian government had more or less decided that in the event of a new war, they would abandon the Tawang town and prepare for battle at the [[Se la pass|Se La pass]] to its south. However, after a 1980 review, it was decided by the military strategists that it was important to defend Tawang in a future conflict.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19980518-line-of-actual-control-remains-sore-point-between-india-and-china-826413-1998-05-18 Line of Actual Control remains sore point between India and China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714043544/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19980518-line-of-actual-control-remains-sore-point-between-india-and-china-826413-1998-05-18 |date=14 July 2020 }} ("LAC: Chequered Past", printed along with "George in China Shop"), India Today, 18 May 1998.</ref> The army made it clear that the only viable line of defence for Tawang would be along the Hathung La ridge.

==Sumdorong Chu standoff ==
{{anchor | Standoff}}

===1983-84: Indian intelligence survey ===
{{anchor | Survey }}

In 1983, an Intelligence Bureau team went to the pasturage of Sumdorong Chu which is north-east of the confluence of the [[Namka Chu]] and [[Nyamjang Chu|Nyamjiang Chu]]. The intelligence team stayed through the summer and returned in winter. This procedure was followed for two years. In 1986, the Indian team found that the Chinese had preceded them and set up semi-permanent structures there and were not willing to budge.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Joshi|first=Manoj|author-link=Manoj Joshi (journalist)|date=3 July 2017|title=Operation Falcon: When General Sundarji took the Chinese by surprise|url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/operation-falcon-when-general-sundarji-took-the-chinese-by-surprise/|access-date=2020-10-10|website=ORF|language=en-US|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106183616/https://www.orfonline.org/research/operation-falcon-when-general-sundarji-took-the-chinese-by-surprise/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===1986: India's Operation Falcon===
{{anchor | Falcon }}

Under the orders of [[Krishnaswamy Sundarji|General Sundarji]] and codenamed '''Operation Falcon''', the Indians undertook an airlift of troops and vehicles to Zemithang from 18 to 20 October 1986. Taking up locations on multiple heights, including the Hathung La ridge, Indian troops were able to strategically occupy the high ground near Sumdorong Chu. This was followed by more mobilisation by both sides. China called for a flag meeting on 15 November. The standoff continued until May 1987.<ref name=":0" /> It was during the Operation Falcon, that India also occupied the area of '''Pankang Teng Tso''' ('''PTSO''') and '''Kyapho''' (from ''kya'' meaning deer and ''pho'' meaning ''cave'') in 1986, which were later fortified.<ref name=ptso1/>

===1987 Feb-April: India's Operation Chequerboard ===

'''Operation Chequerboard''' (or '''Checker Board''') was a high-altitude military exercise conducted by India along the [[China|Chinese]] border in North East [[India]] during the spring of 1987,<ref name=Perkovich/> in the midst of the Sumdorong Chu standoff.{{sfnp|Pardesi, Managing the Sumdorong Chu crisis|2020}} The exercise was conducted to test Indian military response in the Northeast Himalayan region and the [[United States|US]] and [[USSR|Soviet]] reaction to potential Sino-Indian tensions in the region. Scholar Manjeet Pardesi states that it was unclear whether the operation involved mere simulations or also field exercises.{{sfnp|Pardesi, Managing the Sumdorong Chu crisis|2020|loc=note 47, p. 549}} However it did serve the purpose of demonstrating to China the Indian resolve and its military preparedness.<ref>{{harvp|Pardesi, Managing the Sumdorong Chu crisis|2020|p=543}}: "China also noted Sundarji’s Operation Checker Board as well as the ease with [which] India had redeployed many troops from the western border with Pakistan (where they were equipped to fight in the plains) to Arunachal (where they were equipped to fight in the mountains)."</ref>

The exercise involved 10 divisions of the [[Indian Army]] and several [[Squadron (aviation)|squadrons]] of the [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] and a redeployment of troops at several places in North East India. The Indian Army moved 3 divisions to positions around Wangdung,<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19880515-general-sundarji-leaves-behind-a-legacy-most-fiercely-disputed-in-the-history-of-the-army-797243-1988-05-15 Disputed Legacy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020191534/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19880515-general-sundarji-leaves-behind-a-legacy-most-fiercely-disputed-in-the-history-of-the-army-797243-1988-05-15 |date=20 October 2021 }}, ''[[India Today]]'', May 15, 1988.</ref> where they were supplied and maintained solely by air. These troop reinforcements were over and above the 50,000 troops already present across [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>"Eye-witness in Tibet", Far Eastern Economic Review, June 4, 1987.</ref> The military exercise coincided with statements from India's Chief of Army Staff [[Krishnaswamy Sundarji]] that India recognizes the major boundary differences with China and Indian deployments are intended to give [[Beijing]] the benefit of the doubt.<ref name=Perkovich>George Perkovich, "Nuclear Capabilities Grow," [https://books.google.com/books?id=UDA9dUryS8EC&pg=PA289 India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation] (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1999), p. 289.</ref>

[[General Vishwa Nath Sharma]] has said that Operation Chequerboard was nothing but only a telecom and headquarters exercise and that Sundarji didn't move any brigades and there was nothing on the ground. He further said that it was separately run by the [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]].

===1987 May: Political resolution ===
{{anchor | Resolution }}

At the end of 1986, India granted statehood to [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. The Chinese government proceeded to protest. But the military movements in [[Tawang district|Tawang]], taken in conjunction with this political action were seen as a provocation by the Chinese. In early 1987 Beijing's tone became similar to that of 1962, and with the Indian Army refusing to stand down, Western diplomats predicted war.

The result was a thaw. Indian Foreign Minister [[Narayan Dutt Tiwari|N.D. Tiwari]] arrived in Beijing in May 1987 en route to [[Pyongyang]], [[North Korea]]. He carried with him messages from Indian leaders that there was no intention on New Delhi's part to aggravate the situation. The first formal flag meeting to discuss “ the freezing of the situation” since 1962, was held on the fifth of August 1987 at Bum La in the aftermath of the Wangdung affair.<ref>Prakash Katoch. {{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/sikkim-standoff-india-should-be-ready-for-long-haul-as-impasse-may-go-beyond-wangdung-incident-3775047.html|title=Sikkim standoff: India should be ready for long haul as impasse may go beyond Wangdung incident|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710154644/http://www.firstpost.com/world/sikkim-standoff-india-should-be-ready-for-long-haul-as-impasse-may-go-beyond-wangdung-incident-3775047.html|archivedate=10 July 2017|df=dmy-all|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=July 10, 2017}}</ref> Both sides decided to take up talks with renewed urgency and the following year in 1988, Rajiv Gandhi visited Beijing, returning Zhou Enlai's '60s visit.<ref>Manoj Joshi, [https://web.archive.org/web/20060524151804/http://www.indiatodaygroup.com/itoday/22021999/obit.html "Obituary: Warrior as Scholar"], ''[[India Today]]''.</ref>

==Aftermath==

Both India and China realised the danger of an inadvertent conflict and, after initial posturing, a decision was made to de-escalate their deployments. The fallout from the standoff resulted in India and China restarting dialogue, which had been dormant since the 1962 war. After Rajiv Gandhi's 1988 visit, there was a hiatus of sorts because of political turmoil in India. But finally in 1993, the two countries signed an [[Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement, 1993|agreement]] to ensure peace along the LAC.

The agreement brought in an interesting concept of "mutual and equal security" where thinning of forces was envisaged, based on geographical and logistical considerations. However, its most important element was to have the two sides work out a mutually acceptable [[Line of Actual Control]]. As of now, the two sides have their own versions of the line and there are points, especially in the China-Bhutan-India trijunction, the Sumdorong Chu area and so on, where each other's claims continue to be disputed.

To strengthen the defence infrastructure India acquired the land near Lungroo La mountain pass in Lungroo Grazing Ground (LGG) 17 km away from Tawang town,<ref name=LDY1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/defmin-acquires-strategic-land-near-sumdorong-chu-flashpoint/articleshow/78862616.cms?from=mdr Defence Ministry acquires strategic land near Sumdorong Chu flashpoint], Economic Times, 26 Oct 2020.</ref> and under the [[India–China Border Roads]] (ICBRs) project started to build the strategic LGG-Damteng-Yangtse Road (LDY) to the Indian post near [[Chumi Gyatse Falls]].<ref name=LDY2>[https://www.indiatoday.in/budget/story/union-budget-2025-rs-7146-crore-allocated-for-boosting-border-infrastructure-2673411-2025-02-01 Budget 2025: Rs 7,146 crore allocated for boosting border infrastructure], India Today, 1 Feb 2025.</ref> In 2020, India operationalised the upgraded '''Kyapho Model Post''' (also called ''' Ashish Top Post''') which includes accommodation for 80 people, electricity, running hot water, internet and tv connectivity, etc.<ref name=ptso1>[https://stratnewsglobal.com/documentaries/the-guns-of-kyapho-ptso The Guns Of Kyapho & PTSO], stratnewsglobal.com, 15 Mar 2024.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Sino-Indian border dispute]]
*[[Sino-Indian War]]
* Sino-Indian border clashes and standoffs: [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes|1967]], [[2013 Depsang standoff|2013]], [[2017 China–India border standoff|2017]], [[2020 China–India skirmishes|2020]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite journal |title=China and South Asia (July–September 1986) |journal=China Report |volume=23 |issue=1 |date=February 1987 |pages=113–139 |doi=10.1177/000944558702300111 |s2cid=220874000 |ref={{sfnref|China and South Asia|1987}}}}
* {{citation |last=Lintner |first=Bertil |title=China's India War: Collision Course on the Roof of the World |year=2018 |publisher=OUP India |isbn=978-0-19-909163-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-L9DDwAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Lintner, China's India War|2018}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Pardesi |first1=Manjeet S. |title=Managing the 1986-87 Sino-Indian Sumdorong Chu Crisis |journal=India Review |volume=18 |issue=5 |year=2020 |pages=534–551 |issn=1473-6489 |doi=10.1080/14736489.2019.1703364 |s2cid=213073300 |ref={{sfnref|Pardesi, Managing the Sumdorong Chu crisis|2020}}}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite news |title=Dhola-Sadiya bridge not enough, China still miles ahead of India in infrastructure along LAC |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=12 July 2018 |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/dhola-sadiya-bridge-not-enough-china-still-miles-ahead-of-india-in-infrastructure-along-lac/articleshow/58879677.cms|last1=Gurung |first1=Shaurya Karanbir }}
* Arjun Subramaniam, [https://theprint.in/opinion/for-operation-falcon-maj-gen-jimmy-asked-for-mules-but-army-chief-sundarji-gave-helicopters/421730/ For Operation Falcon, Maj Gen Jimmy asked for mules but Army chief Sundarji gave helicopters], The Print, 15 May 2020.
* Sushant Singh, [https://caravanmagazine.in/interview/general-v-n-sharma-indian-china-conflict-wangdung-tawang-1987-mcmahon-line Army HQ wanted me to withdraw from Wangdung in 1987 but I refused: Retired General VN Sharma], The Caravan, 22 September 2020.
* {{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/past-forward/sumdorong-chu-ladakh-like-india-china-face-off-which-took-9-yrs-to-end-but-without-violence/451517/|title=Sumdorong Chu, Ladakh-like India-China face-off which took 9 yrs to end but without violence|date=30 June 2020 }}

==External links==
* [http://mil.qianlong.com/37076/2009/11/02/3943@5239534.htm 1987中印边境冲突：印军最后时刻撤销攻击令 (1987 Sino-Indian skirmish military conflicts)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111110322/http://mil.qianlong.com/37076/2009/11/02/3943%405239534.htm |date=11 November 2009}}, Qianlong Military, 2 November 2009.
* [https://opentopomap.org/#map=14/27.78704/91.78039 Wangdung pasture] mapped on OpenTopoMap. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
* Ram Naidu, [https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/border-with-china/article28055715.ece Border with China], The Hindu (letter to the editor), 22 November 2000.

{{China–India relations}}
{{Military of India}}
{{PRC conflicts}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sino Indian skirmish, 1987}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1987]]
[[Category:1987 in India|Sino-Indian Skirmish, 1987]]
[[Category:1987 in China]]
[[Category:Military operations involving China]]
[[Category:Military operations involving India]]
[[Category:Battles and conflicts without fatalities]]
[[Category:Rajiv Gandhi administration]]
[[Category:Armed standoffs in Asia]]
[[Category:Sino-Indian border dispute]]

St. Mary's Convent School, Kasauli

2026-02-09T01:03:42Z

ErnestGuzzi186: reworked references per standard format for consistency

#REDIRECT [[List of Christian schools in India]]

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{{R to related topic}}
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Roshan Kumari

2026-02-08T03:17:21Z

ErnestGuzzi186: Made Basic Bio Nd Citations

{{Short description|Indian classical dancer, actor and choreographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Roshan Kumari
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 24 December 1937<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/the-story-of-kathak-dancer-roshan-kumari-8101695/ | title=The Story of a Reclusive Dancer: Roshan Kumari, who once lit up the world of Kathak | publisher=[[The Indian Express]] | date=August 21, 2022 | access-date=January 12, 2024 | archive-date=August 21, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821020017if_/https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/the-story-of-kathak-dancer-roshan-kumari-8101695/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Ambala]], [[Haryana]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Classical dancer Actor Choreographer
| yearsactive =
| known for = [[Kathak]]
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =[[Zohrabai Ambalewali]]
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] Nritya Shiromani Nritya Vilas Vishwa Unnyyan Samsad Maharashtra Gaurav Puraskar Kathak Kendra Man Patra All India Bhuwalka Award Hanumant Award Hafiz Ali Khan Award Latest
}}
'''Roshan Kumari Fakir Mohammad''' is an Indian classical dancer, actor and choreographer, considered by many as one of the foremost exponents of the Indian classical dance form of [[Kathak]].<ref name="Roshan Kumari - The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India">{{cite book | title=Roshan Kumari - The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=Sangit Mahabharati | year=2011 | pages=1161 | isbn=9780195650983| oclc=5112086158 }}</ref><ref name="My Guru-Padmashree Dr. Roshan Kumariji">{{cite web | url=http://muktajoshi.com/myguru.html | title=My Guru-Padmashree Dr. Roshan Kumariji | publisher=Muktha Joshi | date=2015 | access-date=14 July 2015 | archive-date=15 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715233824/http://muktajoshi.com/myguru.html | url-status=usurped }}</ref> She follows the [[Kathak|Jaipur Gharana]] and is the founder of ''Nritya Kala Kendra'', Mumbai, an academy promoting Kathak.<ref name="Kathak Institutions">{{cite web | url=http://www.narthaki.com/kathak/ktk1gi.htm | title=Kathak Institutions | publisher=Narthaki | date=2015 | access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref> A recipient of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 1975,<ref name="Sangeet Natak Akademi Puraskar (Akademi Awards)">{{cite web | url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm | title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Puraskar (Akademi Awards) | publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi | date=2015 | access-date=14 July 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530204253/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm | archive-date=30 May 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> she received the fourth highest Indian civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]] from the [[Government of India]] in 1984.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=18 June 2015}}</ref>

==Biography==
Roshan Kumari was born on Christmas Eve (year of birth uncertain) at [[Ambala]] in the north Indian state of [[Haryana]] (erstwhile [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]) to Choudhury Fakir Mohammed, a noted Tabla player and [[Zohrabai Ambalewali]], renowned classical and playback singer.<ref name="The International Who's Who of Women 2002">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J8xDWDqOkEC&q=NRITYA+KALA+KENDRA+at+Bandra%2C+Mumbai&pg=PA169 | title=The International Who's Who of Women 2002 | publisher=Psychology Press | date=2001 | access-date=15 July 2015 | author=Elizabeth Sleeman | pages=699 | isbn=9781857431223}}</ref> She learnt the basics of Kathak from K. S. Moray and continued her studies at Maharaj Bindaddin School of Kathak, Mumbai under Sunder Prasad ji and learnt the jaipur gharana.<ref name="Kathak, Indian Classical Dance Art">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAbMS6ynGJ8C&q=Roshan+Kumari+birth&pg=PA51 | title=Kathak, Indian Classical Dance Art | publisher=Abhinav Publications | date=1989 | access-date=15 July 2015 | author=Sunil Kothari | isbn=9788170172239}}</ref> Later, she also trained under Ghulam Hussain Khan and Hanuman Prasad and learnt [[Bharat Natyam]] from Govindraj Pillai and Mahalingam Pilai.

Roshan Kumari has performed in many places in India including a special performance at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapathi Bhavan]].<ref name="My Guru-Padmashree Dr. Roshan Kumariji" /> She has also performed in front of personalities such as [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Indira Gandhi]], [[Nikita Khrushchev]], [[Milton Obote]], [[Hussein of Jordan]] and the King of Nepal.<ref name="The International Who's Who of Women 2002" /> In 1971, she founded the ''Nritya Kala Kendra'', at [[Bandra]] in [[Mumbai]], where she tutors several students.<ref name="My Guru-Padmashree Dr. Roshan Kumariji" /> Mukta Joshi, [[Aditi Bhagwat]],<ref name="Aditi Bhagwat">{{cite web | url=http://aditibhagwat.com/profile.php | title=Aditi Bhagwat | publisher=Aditi Bhagwat | date=2015 | access-date=15 July 2015 | archive-date=12 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812041141/http://aditibhagwat.com/profile.php | url-status=dead }}</ref> Nandita Puri, Nigaar Bano, Shelina Virani, Sehajpreet Singh, Himani, Sangeeta,<ref name="Nandita Puri Profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.maharashtrafoundation.org/FundRaising/2010_11_13/ConversationsinTaal-2.pdf | title=Nandita Puri Profile | publisher=Maharashtra Foundation | date=2015 | access-date=15 July 2015}}</ref> Anonna Guha<ref name="Anonna Guha">{{cite web | url=http://anonnaguha.yolasite.com/anonna-guha.php | title=Anonna Guha | publisher=Anonna Guha | date=2015 | access-date=15 July 2015}}</ref> and Shailla Aurora<ref name="One with Kathak">{{cite web | url=http://www.harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPageView.jsp?page_id=21690 | title=One with Kathak | publisher=Harmony | date=2015 | access-date=15 July 2015 | archive-date=24 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025250/http://www.harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPageView.jsp?page_id=21690 | url-status=dead }}</ref> are some of her notable students.
Roshan Kumari Ji, who remains unmarried, lives in Mumbai.

==Film career==
In 1953, [[Bimal Roy]] invited Kumari to perform a Kathak number in his film, ''[[Parineeta (1953 film)|Parineeta]]''. The next year, she performed in ''Waris'' of [[Nitin Bose]] and a [[Hindi movie|Hindi]] / [[Urdu]] bilingual, ''[[Mirza Ghalib (film)|Mirza Ghalib]]'', directed by [[Sohrab Modi]]. Her next appearance was in ''[[Basant Bahar (film)|Basant Bahar]]'', a 1956 film by [[Raja Nawathe]]. [[Satyajit Ray]], the renowned Indian filmmaker used a dance sequence performed by her in his 1958 film, ''[[Jalsaghar]]''. In 1970, [[Films Division of India|Films Division]] of the [[Government of India]] released a documentary on the history and practice of [[Kathak]], which features performances by notable Kathak exponents like [[Damayanti Joshi]], [[Uma Sharma]], Sudarshan Dheer and [[Shambhu Maharaj]], besides Roshan Kumari.<ref name="Kathak (Motion picture)">{{cite web | url=http://beta.worldcat.org/archivegrid/collection/data/78849651 | title=Kathak (Motion picture) | publisher=WorldCat | date=2015 | access-date=15 July 2015 | oclc=78849651}}</ref> Later she also worked as a choreographer in Hindi feature films such as ''[[Gopi (1970 film)|Gopi]]'', ''[[Lekin...]]'' (1990), ''[[Chaitali (film)|Chaitali]]'' (1975) and ''[[Sardari Begum]]'' (1996).

==Awards and honours==
Kumari received the ''Nritya Shiromani'' title from the Prayag Sangeet Samiti at the Twelfth All India Music Conference of 1963<ref name="My Guru-Padmashree Dr. Roshan Kumariji" /> and the ''[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]'' in 1976.<ref name="Sangeet Natak Akademi Puraskar (Akademi Awards)" /> A year later, Sur Singer Samsad awarded her the ''Nritya Vilas'' honour.<ref name="The International Who's Who of Women 2002" /> The [[Government of India]] honoured her with the civilian award of ''[[Padma Shri]]'' in 1984<ref name="Padma Awards" /> and the [[Government of West Bengal|Government of Bengal]] awarded her the ''Vishwa Unnyyan Samsad'' in 1989.<ref name="My Guru-Padmashree Dr. Roshan Kumariji" /> She received the ''Maharashtra Gaurav Puraskar'' from the [[Government of Maharashtra]] in 1990 and the ''Man Patra'' honour from Kathak Kendra, [[Jaipur]] in 1993.<ref name="My Guru-Padmashree Dr. Roshan Kumariji" /> Kumari, an Emeritus fellow of the [[Government of India]], is also a recipient of the ''All India Bhuwalka Award'' (2005) and the ''Hanumant Award'' (2008).<ref name="My Guru-Padmashree Dr. Roshan Kumariji" />

==Filmography==
* ''[[Parineeta (1953 film)|Parineeta]]'' (1953) - actor
* ''Waris'' (1954) - actor
* ''[[Mirza Ghalib (film)|Mirza Ghalib]]'' (1954) - actor
* ''[[Basant Bahar (film)|Basant Bahar]]'' (1956) - actor
* ''[[Jalsaghar]]'' (1958) - actor
* ''[[Gopi (1970 film)|Gopi]]'' (1970) - choreographer
* ''[[Lekin...]]'' (1990) - choreographer
* ''[[Chaitali (film)|Chaitali]]'' (1975) - choreographer
* ''[[Sardari Begum]]'' (1996) - choreographer

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Zohrabai Ambalewali]]
* [[Jalsaghar]]
* [[Parineeta (1953 film)]]
* [[Basant Bahar (film)]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | title=Roshan Kumari - The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=Sangit Mahabharati | year=2011 | pages=1161 | isbn=9780195650983}}

==External links==
*

{{IMDb name|nm0474935}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumari, Roshan}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:People from Ambala district]]
[[Category:Actresses from Haryana]]
[[Category:Kathak dancers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dancers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Women artists from Haryana]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Toranam

2026-02-05T13:03:52Z

ErnestGuzzi186: Put Up - done

{{Short description|South Indian festoon}}
{{notability|date=September 2014}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}

[[File:Thoranam decoration.jpg|thumb|Toranams decoration in a Hindu Temple]]
'''Toranams''' ({{langx|ta|தோரணம்}} [[IAST]] {{IAST|'''Tōraṇam'''}}) are hanging decorations in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oocities.org/rmayooranathan/decoration_concept.html|title = Decoration in Jaffna Buildings - Conceptual and Symbolic Aspects of Decoration in Jaffna}}</ref> These decorations are rooted in [[Tamil culture]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://flickrhivemind.net/Tags/chennai,thoranam/Interesting|title = Flickrhivemind.net}}</ref> The history of this decoration extends back to the [[Sangam period]]. In those days there were no printed invitations, so the decorations served to indicate to people visiting that place whether it is a happy occasion or mourning. Toranams is made up of tender coconut leaf blades and is made in two different types.

Toranams is mentioned in a song sung by 8th century [[Andal]] pasuram, [[Nachiar Tirumozhi|Nachiyar Tirumoli]] of the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Divya Prabandham]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tamilvu.org/tdb/titles_cont/music/html/naachiyar.htm|title=திருஞானசம்பந்தரின் தனிச்சிறப்புப் பதிகங்கள்}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dravidaveda.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=844|title = Home}}</ref> in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] literature:

 வாரணம் ஆயிரம் சூழ வலம் செய்து
 நாரண நம்பி நடக்கின்றான் என்றெதிர்
 பூரண பொற்குடம் வைத்துப் புறமெங்கும்
 தோரணம் நாட்டக் கனாக்கண்டேன் தோழீ நான்

Meaning : ''I had a dream oh friend! The town was decked with festoons and golden urns. Surrounded by a thousand caparisoned elephants, our Kannan came towards me (to marry me).''

She explains to Krishna about the dream she had.

==Types==
[[File:Thoranam.jpg|thumb|Mangala Toranams (auspicious)]]

* '''Mangala Toranams''' - Auspicious ones are used during festival seasons and happy occasions in homes and temples.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/hindu-temples-decoration-sets-new-singapore-record | title=Hindu temple's decoration sets new Singapore record | date=6 October 2013 | newspaper=The Straits Times | accessdate=16 August 2020 }}</ref> Toranams has a bird like design and got four or five them which faces upward direction.

[[File:Thoranam3.jpg|thumb|Amangala Toranams (Inauspicious)]]

* '''Amangala Toranams''' - Inauspicious ones are used in mourning places. They feature three birds which face downwards.

Another thoranam is ''Maavilai Toranams'' made up of mango tree leaves which are tied up on the main door of a temple or house for auspicious occasions. Mango leaves are considered to be a good disinfectant and they purify the air, which helps when there is a gathering of people for festivals are other positive occasions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thiruvenkadumandaitivu.com/2013/09/blog-post_13.html|title=விழாக்களின் போதும் திருவிழாகளின் போதும் மாவிலைத் தோரணம் கட்டுவது ஏன்?}}</ref>

Veppilai thoranam is made up of Neem leaves. The words veepam (neem) + ilai(leaf) equal the word veppilai. Neem is considered to be a very good disinfectant for various diseases such as smallpox and mysterious fevers, especially during the summer season. In [[Tamil Nadu]] the [[Mariamman|Amman]] festivals<ref>{{cite web |url=https://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/zsi-aMHRmzYn0t7QX2RxhtMTjNZETYmyPJy0liipFm0 |title=Picasa Web Albums - Mothers Page |website=picasaweb.google.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109154929/https://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/zsi-aMHRmzYn0t7QX2RxhtMTjNZETYmyPJy0liipFm0 |archive-date=2013-11-09}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/Aanmeegam_Detail.asp?Nid=2996&Cat=3|title=ஆடி வெள்ளி.. அம்மன் தரிசனம்!}}</ref> were celebrated during summer and neem leaves are very prominently hung in temples, houses, and streets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maalaimalar.com/2013/09/21120750/Mysterious-fever-near-Thiruval.html |title=திருவள்ளூர் அருகே மர்ம காய்ச்சலா?: பொதுமக்கள் வேப்பிலை கட்டி வழிபாடு {{!}}{{!}} Mysterious fever near Thiruvallur |website=www.maalaimalar.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924005219/http://www.maalaimalar.com/2013/09/21120750/Mysterious-fever-near-Thiruval.html |archive-date=2013-09-24}} </ref>

==See also==
* [[Toran (art)]], Hindu hanging decorations
* [[Torana]], Hindu and Buddhist doorway decoration
==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil culture]]

Shelly Oberoi

2026-02-05T04:48:35Z

ErnestGuzzi186: Stub - done

{{Short description|Indian Politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shelly Oberoi
| image = Shelly Oberoi as Mayor, Municipal Corporation of Delhi, 2023.jpg
| caption = Shelly Oberoi chairing a meeting of [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]]
| office = 26th [[List of Mayors of Delhi|Mayor of Delhi]]
| deputy = [[Aaley Mohammad Iqbal]]
| predecessor = [[Rajni Abbi]]
| successor = Mahesh Kumar Khichi
| term_start = 22 February 2023
| term_end = 14 November 2024
| constituency = East Patel Nagar (Ward no. 86)
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1983}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| occupation = Professor, Politician
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
* [[Janki Devi Memorial College]], [[University of Delhi]] ([[Bachelor of Commerce]])
* [[Himachal Pradesh University]] ([[Master of Commerce]])
* [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] (PhD in Commerce)}}
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
}}
'''Shelly Oberoi''' is an Indian politician who served as the Mayor of the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] from February 2023 to November 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=Karam |title=AAP wins Delhi mayoral poll; Shelly Oberoi elected mayor |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/delhi/voting-begins-for-delhi-mayoral-polls-482150 |website=[[The Tribune India]] |access-date=22 February 2023 |archive-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222075327/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/delhi/voting-begins-for-delhi-mayoral-polls-482150 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Oberoi was the first mayor to be elected after the re-unification of the Municipal Corporation of [[North Delhi Municipal Corporation|North]], [[South Delhi Municipal Corporation|South]] and [[East Delhi Municipal Corporation|East Delhi]] into a unified Municipal Corporation of Delhi.

==Early life and education==
Oberoi was born in 1983. She received her PhD in Commerce from [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Snehashish |date=2022-12-23 |title=AAP's Shelly Oberoi is new Delhi mayor. 5 things to know about her |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/who-is-shelly-oberoi-aap-s-choice-for-delhi-mayoral-post-101671783101301.html |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223020341/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/who-is-shelly-oberoi-aap-s-choice-for-delhi-mayoral-post-101671783101301.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and did [[Bachelor of Commerce]] from [[Janki Devi Memorial College]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paliwal |first=Aishwarya |date=2023-02-22 |title=कौन हैं AAP की शैली ओबेरॉय? MCD में 15 साल से काबिज BJP को किया बाहर |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/news/story/who-is-shelly-oberoi-become-delhi-mayor-aap-candidate-mcd-ntc-1642077-2023-02-22 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=[[Aaj Tak]] |language=hi |archive-date=4 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704114549/https://www.aajtak.in/india/news/story/who-is-shelly-oberoi-become-delhi-mayor-aap-candidate-mcd-ntc-1642077-2023-02-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Master of Commerce]] from [[Himachal Pradesh University]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Teotia |first=Riya |title=Who is Shelly Oberoi? New mayor of Delhi who won the MCD elections from Aam Aadmi Party |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/who-is-shelly-oberoi-delhis-new-39-year-old-mayor-from-aam-aadmi-party-564681 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=[[WION News]] |date=22 February 2023 |archive-date=4 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704114550/https://www.wionews.com/india-news/who-is-shelly-oberoi-delhis-new-39-year-old-mayor-from-aam-aadmi-party-564681 |url-status=live }}</ref>

She has served as an assistant visiting professor at [[Delhi University]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pathak |first=Analiza |title=AAP's Shelly Oberoi Is The New Mayor Of Delhi; Who Is She? |url=https://www.india.com/news/delhi/aam-aadmi-partys-shelly-oberoi-elected-new-mayor-of-delhi-who-is-shelly-oberoi-details-5909798/ |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=[[Zee Media]] |language=en |archive-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222093838/https://www.india.com/news/delhi/aam-aadmi-partys-shelly-oberoi-elected-new-mayor-of-delhi-who-is-shelly-oberoi-details-5909798/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Political career==
Oberoi joined [[Aam Aadmi Party, Delhi]] in 2013 and became the vice-president of its women’s wing in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rakesh |date=2023-02-22 |title=दिल्ली की मेयर शैली ओबरॉय कौन हैं? पढ़ाई-लिखाई से सियासी लड़ाई तक, जानें 'कुंडली' |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/delhi-ncr/know-who-is-shelly-oberoi-the-new-mayor-of-delhi-elected-after-a-long-struggle-5428907.html |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=[[News18 India]] |language=hi |archive-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222101827/https://hindi.news18.com/news/delhi-ncr/know-who-is-shelly-oberoi-the-new-mayor-of-delhi-elected-after-a-long-struggle-5428907.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She won the [[2022 Delhi Municipal Corporation election]] from Ward 86 which comes under [[Patel Nagar Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basnet |first=Radha |date=2023-02-22 |title=Meet Shelly Oberoi, The Professor-Turned-Politician, Elected As Delhi's New Mayor |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/meet-shelly-oberoi-the-professor-turned-politician-elected-delhi-new-mayor-10066205 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=[[Dainik Jagran]] |language=en |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223020342/https://english.jagran.com/india/meet-shelly-oberoi-the-professor-turned-politician-elected-delhi-new-mayor-10066205 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 23 December 2022, she became a mayoral candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Pankaj |title=Shelly Oberoi named Delhi Mayor candidate of AAP |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shaily-oberoi-named-as-first-mayor-candidate-of-aap-2312637-2022-12-23 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=[[India Today]] |date=23 December 2022 |language=en |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223020346/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shaily-oberoi-named-as-first-mayor-candidate-of-aap-2312637-2022-12-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> She was elected as the Mayor of Delhi on 22 February 2023, winning by 34 votes against the [[BJP]] candidate [[Rekha Gupta]]<ref name=":0" /> and on 26 April 2023 she was re-elected as the mayor of the Municipal Corporation of Delhi after BJP candidate Shikha Rai name was withdrawn from the mayoral post.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-26 |title=AAP की शैली ओबेरॉय फिर बनीं दिल्ली की मेयर, बीजेपी ने वापस लिया नाम |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/delhi/story/delhi-bjp-decide-withdraw-mayor-and-deputy-mayour-election-ntc-1682529-2023-04-26 |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=आज तक |language=hi |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430110216/https://www.aajtak.in/india/delhi/story/delhi-bjp-decide-withdraw-mayor-and-deputy-mayour-election-ntc-1682529-2023-04-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> She served until November 2024.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oberoi, Shelly}}
[[Category:21st-century mayors of places in India]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women in politics]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh University alumni]]
[[Category:Mayors of Delhi]]
[[Category:Women mayors of places in Delhi]]

2022 Indianapolis Colts–Minnesota Vikings game

2026-01-29T22:09:25Z

ErnestGuzzi186: put up a post

{{Short description|American football game}}
{{Redirect-multi|2|Minneapolis Miracle II|Minneapolis Miracle 2|the 2017 NFL playoff game|Minneapolis Miracle}}
{{use mdy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox NFL single game
| name = 2022 Indianapolis Colts–Minnesota Vikings game
| image = U.S. Bank Stadium.jpg
| caption = The game was played at [[U.S. Bank Stadium]] in Minneapolis.
| visitor = [[2022 Indianapolis Colts season|Indianapolis Colts]]
| visitor_abbr = IND
| visitor_coach = [[Jeff Saturday]] (interim)
| visitor_record = 4–8–1
| home = [[2022 Minnesota Vikings season|Minnesota Vikings]]
| home_abbr = MIN
| home_coach = [[Kevin O'Connell (American football)|Kevin O'Connell]]
| home_record = 10–3
| visitor_qtr1 = 17
| visitor_qtr2 = 16
| visitor_qtr3 = 3
| visitor_qtr4 = 0
| visitor_qtr5 = 0
| visitor_total =
| home_qtr1 = 0
| home_qtr2 = 0
| home_qtr3 = 14
| home_qtr4 = 22
| home_qtr5 = 3
| home_total =
| date = December 17, 2022
| stadium = [[U.S. Bank Stadium]]
| city = [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]]
| referee = [[Tra Blake]]
| attendance = 66,801
| odds = Vikings by 3.5<ref>{{cite web |title=Indianapolis Colts at Minnesota Vikings - December 17th, 2022 |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/202212170min.htm |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |access-date=December 18, 2022}}</ref>
| network = [[NFL Network Exclusive Game Series|NFLN]], [[KSTP-TV]] (Minneapolis), [[WRTV]] (Indianapolis)
| announcers = [[Noah Eagle]], [[Nate Burleson]], [[Tom Pelissero]] and [[Lindsay Czarniak]]
}}
In a [[National Football League]] (NFL) game on December 17, 2022, at [[U.S. Bank Stadium]] in [[Minneapolis, Minnesota]], the [[2022 Minnesota Vikings season|Minnesota Vikings]] overcame a 33–0 halftime deficit to defeat the visiting [[2022 Indianapolis Colts season|Indianapolis Colts]] 39–36 in overtime and complete the [[List of largest comebacks in NFL games|largest comeback in NFL history]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Vikings clinch NFC North title with biggest comeback in NFL history|url=https://www.nfl.com/news/vikings-clinch-nfc-north-title-with-biggest-comeback-in-nfl-history|publisher=NFL Enterprises|website=NFL.com|date=December 17, 2022|access-date=December 19, 2022}}</ref><ref name="s006">{{cite web | last=Podell | first=Garrett | title=Vikings vs. Colts score, takeaways: Minnesota completes largest comeback in NFL history, clinches NFC North | website=CBSSports.com | date=2022-12-18 | url=https://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/vikings-vs-colts-score-takeaways-minnesota-completes-largest-comeback-in-nfl-history-clinches-nfc-north/live/ | access-date=2025-02-14}}</ref> The matchup, which was part of Week 15 of the [[2022 NFL season]], was the third game in the NFL or [[American Football League]] (AFL) in which a team with a lead of at least 30 points failed to win after the [[1960 Denver Broncos season|Denver Broncos]] overcame a 31-point deficit to tie the [[1960 Buffalo Bills season|Buffalo Bills]] in the [[1960 AFL season]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/196011270den.htm |title=Buffalo Bills at Denver Broncos - November 27th, 1960 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |access-date=December 19, 2022}}</ref> and the [[1992 Buffalo Bills season|Buffalo Bills]] overcame a 32-point deficit to defeat the [[1992 Houston Oilers season|Houston Oilers]] in a [[The Comeback (American football)|1992 Wild Card playoff game]].

==Background==
The Colts entered the game in third place in the [[AFC South]] with a 4–8–1 record. They remained mathematically in playoff contention, but were considered unlikely to qualify.<ref name="Week15">{{cite web |title=2022 NFL Week 15 playoff-clinching scenarios |url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/35252170/2022-nfl-week-15-playoff-scenarios-bills-cowboys-49ers-clinch-wins |website=[[ESPN]] |access-date=December 20, 2022 |date=December 16, 2022}}</ref> Having lacked a consistent starting quarterback since [[Andrew Luck]]'s retirement in 2019, they acquired 14-year veteran [[Matt Ryan (American football)|Matt Ryan]] during the offseason.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bair |first1=Ryan |date=March 21, 2022 |url=https://www.atlantafalcons.com/news/falcons-trade-matt-ryan-to-indianapolis-colts |title=Falcons trade Matt Ryan to Indianapolis Colts |website=Atlanta Falcons |access-date=September 13, 2024}}</ref> Ryan struggled early on and was benched for [[Sam Ehlinger]] in Week 8.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Manning |first1=Bryan |date=October 24, 2022 |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/colts-bench-matt-ryan-ahead-024430005.html |title=Colts bench Matt Ryan ahead of Week 8 game vs. Commanders |website=Yahoo Sports |access-date=September 13, 2024}}</ref> When the team did not improve under Ehlinger, head coach [[Frank Reich]] was fired after Week 9 and replaced by [[ESPN]] analyst and former Colts player [[Jeff Saturday]], who held no prior professional or collegiate coaching experience.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Patra |first1=Frank |date=November 7, 2022 |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/colts-fire-coach-frank-reich-after-3-5-1-start-to-2022-season |title=Colts fire coach Frank Reich after 3-5-1 start to 2022 season |website=NFL.com |access-date=September 13, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rapoport |first=Ian |last2=Pelissero |first2=Tom |date=November 13, 2022 |title=Jim Irsay hired Jeff Saturday as interim head coach against advice from Colts' top executives |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/jim-irsay-hired-jeff-saturday-as-interim-head-coach-against-advice-from-colts-to |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=NFL.com}}</ref> Saturday reinstated Ryan and won his first game, but lost his next three.

The Vikings entered the game leading the [[NFC North]] with a 10–3 record. By winning or tying against the Colts, they would secure a playoff berth and their first division title since 2017. However, the team's playoff legitimacy was questioned because all but one of their wins were by a one-score margin and their three losses were by multiple scores.<ref name="BarstoolCalls">{{cite magazine |last1=Nelson |first1=Joe |title=Barstool calls Vikings 'frauds,' worst 10-2 team ever |url=https://www.si.com/fannation/bringmethesports/vikings/barstool-calls-vikings-frauds-worst-10-2-team-ever |magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]] |access-date=December 19, 2022 |date=December 8, 2022 }}</ref><ref name="FuelDetractors">{{cite web |last1=Schwab |first1=Frank |title=NFL Winners and Losers: Frauds? Maybe not, but Vikings loss will fuel the detractors |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/nfl-winners-and-losers-frauds-maybe-not-but-vikings-loss-will-fuel-the-detractors-211828797.html |website=[[Yahoo!]] |access-date=December 19, 2022 |date=December 11, 2022}}</ref><ref name="FraudAlert">{{cite web |last1=Jeffro |title=Fraud Alert: The Minnesota Vikings Are The Second Worst 8-1 NFL Team Since The Merger |url=https://www.barstoolsports.com/blog/3444216/fraud-alert-the-minnesota-vikings-are-the-second-worst-8-1-nfl-team-since-the-merger |website=[[Barstool Sports]] |access-date=December 19, 2022 |date=November 15, 2022}}</ref><ref name="DeemedFrauds">{{cite web |title=Minnesota Vikings are deemed frauds again |url=https://www.skornorth.com/minnesota-vikings-are-deemed-frauds-again/ |website=[[KSTP-FM]] |access-date=December 19, 2022 |date=December 12, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dixon |first=Michael |date=2022-11-21 |title=Vikings make NFL history with blowout loss to Cowboys |url=https://thecomeback.com/nfl/vikings-cowboys-loss-history.html |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=The Comeback: Today’s Top Sports Stories & Reactions |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sutelan |first=Edward |date=2022-11-21 |title=Cowboys' blowout victory over Vikings, by the numbers: Wildest stats from Dallas' historic win {{!}} Sporting News |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/us/nfl/news/cowboys-vikings-numbers-stats-win/d8j8je4qrp57crrzhwazmksf |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=www.sportingnews.com |language=en-us}}</ref> As a result, Minnesota was the first NFL team with a 10–3 record to have a negative point differential.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-11 |title=10-3 Vikings have given up more points than they have scored |url=https://www.nbcsports.com/nfl/profootballtalk/rumor-mill/news/10-3-vikings-have-given-up-more-points-than-they-have-scored |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=NBC Sports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Seifert |first=Kevin |date=2023-01-05 |title='There has never been anything like this': How 12-4 Vikings remain an enigma |url=https://www.espn.com/blog/minnesota-vikings/post/_/id/32170/there-has-never-been-anything-like-this-how-12-4-vikings-remain-an-enigma |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kerr |first=Jeff |date=2023-01-05 |title=Vikings on pace to be latest 10-win team with negative point differential: How others fared in playoffs |url=https://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/vikings-on-pace-to-be-latest-10-win-team-with-negative-point-differential-how-others-fared-in-playoffs/ |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=CBSSports.com |language=en}}</ref>

This was the 26th meeting between the two teams; the Colts led the series 18–8–1. They were also on a six-game winning streak against the Vikings, having last lost in 1997.<ref>{{cite web |title=All Matchups, Minnesota Vikings vs. Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/game_query.cgi?tm1=min&tm2=clt&yr=all |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |publisher=Sports Reference |accessdate=December 20, 2022 }}</ref>

==Game summary==
===First half===
Despite allowing the Colts to drive down to the 1-yard line on the opening possession, the Vikings were able to push them back to the 8-yard line, forcing a 26-yard field goal from former Viking [[Chase McLaughlin]]. On the ensuing drive, the Vikings were forced to punt, but [[Ryan Wright (American football)|Ryan Wright]]'s kick was blocked by [[Ifeadi Odenigbo]], another former Viking, and returned 24 yards for a touchdown by [[JoJo Domann]]. [[Dalvin Cook]] took the opening play of the Vikings' next possession 40 yards into Colts territory, but fumbled on the next play, allowing the Colts to capitalize by capping a 66-yard drive with a 1-yard touchdown run from [[Deon Jackson (American football)|Deon Jackson]]. On the Vikings' next drive, they were stopped on 3rd-and-1 and attempted to go for it on 4th down, only to be stopped again, giving the Colts the ball in Vikings territory.

As the game entered the second quarter, the Vikings' defense stood firm, forcing the Colts to kick a field goal. The Vikings were faced with another 4th-and-1 and set up to punt, only for Wright to toss the ball in the direction of [[Jalen Nailor]]; however, it fell incomplete and the Vikings turned the ball over on downs again, allowing the Colts to kick another field goal, this time from 49 yards. After another Vikings' punt, on a 3rd and 10 play, Matt Ryan threw a pass to [[Michael Pittman Jr.]] who was grabbed just past the line of scrimmage by Vikings cornerback [[Chandon Sullivan]]. Pittman, trying to fight for yards on 3rd down, was hit by Vikings linebacker [[Brian Asamoah II]] while being tackled which caused Pittman to fumble and the ball was picked up by Sullivan and returned for a subsequent touchdown. However, the referees had signaled the play was over before Pittman fumbled, saying that [[forward progress]] was stopped; taking away a potential touchdown from the Vikings. The two teams then exchanged punts before Vikings quarterback [[Kirk Cousins]] threw an interception deep in his own territory that [[Julian Blackmon]] returned 17 yards for a touchdown. The Vikings thought they had managed to ignite their offense on the next possession, but a 40-yard completion to [[K. J. Osborn]] was overturned after the Colts challenged the play. The Vikings eventually had to punt, and with four minutes left in the half, the Colts drove the ball downfield and kicked a 27-yard field goal to go into the break with a 33–0 lead.

===Second half===
To start the second half, the Vikings lost yardage and were again forced to punt; however, they were able to force the Colts into their second punt of the game on the following drive. A big pass from Cousins to Osborn moved the Vikings 63 yards downfield on their next possession, putting them inside the Colts' 5-yard line; after a short gain by Cook, Cousins found Osborn in the end zone for the Vikings' first points of the game. The defense then made a stop as the Colts entered Vikings territory, limiting them to a 52-yard field goal, before the Vikings offense marched downfield to score another touchdown via a one-yard run from fullback [[C. J. Ham]]. They then closed out the third quarter by forcing the Colts into another punt.

They opened the fourth quarter with a 20-yard completion from Cousins to [[Justin Jefferson]], and an unnecessary roughness penalty on [[Rodney Thomas II]] added another 15 yards. Another Jefferson reception for 17 yards got the Vikings into the red zone, and the drive was capped by a third Jefferson catch for an eight-yard touchdown, reducing the deficit to 15 points. The Colts punted again on the next possession, and [[Jalen Reagor]] returned the kick 51 yards to put the Vikings on the verge of the red zone again, only for the play to be called back for a facemask penalty against Vikings cornerback [[Kris Boyd (American football)|Kris Boyd]]. The Vikings made their way downfield, helped by another unnecessary roughness penalty for a hit on Jefferson by [[Stephon Gilmore]], only for Cousins to throw another interception when targeting Reagor on a deep route that the receiver appeared to give up on. The Colts started on their own two-yard line, but could not capitalize on the turnover as the Vikings forced them to punt once again, and Reagor made a fair catch at midfield. Completions to [[Adam Thielen]] (his first target of the game) and Osborn, followed by a pass interference penalty in the end zone, got the Vikings down to the Colts 1-yard line, and they scored a touchdown on the third attempt, when Cousins found Thielen in the end zone. The Colts managed a first down on their next possession, but on the very next play, Jackson fumbled, and [[Chandon Sullivan]] recovered the ball and returned it for what he thought was a touchdown, only for the officials to rule Jackson to have been down by contact; Sullivan's protestations earned him a 15-yard penalty for unsportsmanlike conduct. On review, the play was confirmed as a fumble, giving the Vikings the ball, but because the officials had whistled, they could not award the touchdown. The second time in the game a potential defensive touchdown was taken away from Chandon Sullivan and the Vikings. Following the penalty, the Vikings started just inside their own half, but despite Jefferson picking up a pair of seven-yard catches, the drive stalled. On 4th-and-15, Cousins attempted to run for the first down, but he was tripped, and the Vikings turned the ball over on downs for a third time with 2:52 left in the quarter. The Colts moved into Vikings territory, but faced with a 4th-and-1 on the Vikings' 36-yard line, where [[Matt Ryan (American football)|Matt Ryan]] was stopped short on a [[quarterback sneak]]. The Vikings used all three of their timeouts during the Colts' drive, but on the first play of the following possession, Dalvin Cook took a screen pass 64 yards downfield for a touchdown. The Vikings attempted a [[two-point conversion]], and Cousins found [[T. J. Hockenson]] in the end zone, tying the game with 2:15 left to play. The teams then traded punts, sending the game to overtime.

===Overtime===
The Vikings won the toss ahead of the extra period and elected to receive the ball, but their opening drive stalled after Cousins was sacked and an offensive holding penalty was called on guard [[Ezra Cleveland]]. A 14-yard catch by Hockenson put the Vikings on the verge of [[Greg Joseph]]'s field goal range, but they declined the 57-yard attempt and punted instead. The defense then forced the Colts into a punt following a short drive, leaving the Vikings on their own 18-yard line. After a six-yard run by Cook, Cousins completed passes to Osborn, Thielen and Jefferson to get the Vikings down to the Colts' 27-yard line with 20 seconds left to play, and a delay of game penalty against Odenigbo moved them five yards closer to the end zone. That presented Joseph with the opportunity for a 40-yard, game-winning field goal. Despite the Colts using a timeout in an attempt to [[Icing the kicker|ice the kicker]], Joseph's kick was successful, giving the Vikings a 39–36 victory and completing the biggest comeback in NFL history.

== Box score ==
{{Americanfootballbox
|state=autocollapse
|titlestyle={{NFLPrimaryStyle|NFL|border=2}};text-align:center;

|title=Week 15: Indianapolis Colts at Minnesota Vikings – Game summary
|date={{dow tooltip|December 17, 2022}}
|time=12:00 p.m. CST
|road=Colts
|R1=17|R2=16|R3=3|R4=0|R5=0
|home='''Vikings'''
|H1=0|H2=0|H3=14|H4=22|H5=3
|stadium=U.S. Bank Stadium, Minneapolis, Minnesota
|attendance=66,801
|weather=None (indoor stadium)
|referee=[[Tra Blake]] (3)
|TV=[[NFL Network|NFLN]]
|TVAnnouncers=[[Noah Eagle]], [[Nate Burleson]], [[Tom Pelissero]] and [[Lindsay Czarniak]]
|reference=[https://www.nfl.com/games/colts-at-vikings-2022-reg-15 Recap], [https://nflcdns.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/59049/MIN_Gamebook.pdf Game Book]
|scoring='''First quarter'''
*IND – [[Chase McLaughlin]] 26-yard field goal, 9:11. ''Colts 3–0. '''Drive: 11 plays, 44 yards, 5:49.'''''
*IND – [[JoJo Domann]] 24-yard return of blocked punt (Chase McLaughlin kick), 8:12. ''Colts 10–0.''
*IND – [[Deon Jackson (American football)|Deon Jackson]] 1-yard pass from [[Matt Ryan (American football)|Matt Ryan]] (Chase McLaughlin kick), 3:51. ''Colts 17–0. '''Drive: 7 plays, 66 yards, 3:29.'''''
'''Second quarter'''
*IND – Chase McLaughlin 28-yard field goal, 13:07. ''Colts 20–0. '''Drive: 6 plays, 21 yards, 3:03.'''''
*IND – Chase McLaughlin 49-yard field goal, 10:41. ''Colts 23–0. '''Drive: 4 plays, 0 yards, 0:20.'''''
*IND – [[Julian Blackmon]] 17-yard interception return (Chase McLaughlin kick), 5:50. ''Colts 30–0.''
*IND – Chase McLaughlin 27-yard field goal, 0:08. ''Colts 33–0. '''Drive: 9 plays, 65 yards, 3:52.'''''
'''Third quarter'''
*MIN – [[K. J. Osborn]] 2-yard pass from [[Kirk Cousins]] ([[Greg Joseph]] kick), 8:22. ''Colts 33–7. '''Drive: 7 plays, 88 yards, 2:54.'''''
*IND – Chase McLaughlin 52-yard field goal, 4:53. ''Colts 36–7. '''Drive: 6 plays, 26 yards, 3:29.'''''
*MIN – [[C. J. Ham]] 1-yard run (Greg Joseph kick), 1:13. ''Colts 36–14. '''Drive: 8 plays, 75 yards, 3:40.'''''
'''Fourth quarter'''
*MIN – [[Justin Jefferson]] 8-yard pass from Kirk Cousins (Greg Joseph kick), 12:53. ''Colts 36–21. '''Drive: 6 plays, 61 yards, 2:14.'''''
*MIN – [[Adam Thielen]] 1-yard pass from Kirk Cousins (Greg Joseph kick), 5:30. ''Colts 36–28. '''Drive: 5 plays, 50 yards, 1:36.'''''
*MIN – [[Dalvin Cook]] 64-yard pass from Kirk Cousins (Kirk Cousins–[[T. J. Hockenson]] pass), 2:15. ''Tied 36–36. '''Drive: 1 play, 64 yards, 0:13.'''''
'''Overtime'''
*MIN – Greg Joseph 40-yard field goal, 0:03. ''Vikings 39–36. '''Drive: 6 plays, 60 yards, 1:38.'''''
|stats='''Top passers'''
*IND – [[Matt Ryan (American football)|Matt Ryan]] – 19/33, 182 yards, TD
*MIN – [[Kirk Cousins]] – 34/54, 460 yards, 4 TD, 2 INT
'''Top rushers'''
*IND – [[Zack Moss]] – 24 rushes, 81 yards
*MIN – [[Dalvin Cook]] – 17 rushes, 95 yards
'''Top receivers'''
*IND – [[Michael Pittman Jr.]] – 10 receptions, 60 yards
*MIN – [[K. J. Osborn]] – 10 receptions, 157 yards, TD
}}

==Aftermath==
The Colts were officially eliminated from playoff contention the following Thursday when the [[Jacksonville Jaguars]] beat the [[New York Jets]].<ref name="OfficiallyEliminated">{{cite web |last1=Hickey |first1=Kevin |title=Indianapolis Colts officially eliminated from playoff contention |url=https://coltswire.usatoday.com/2022/12/23/indianapolis-colts-playoffs-eliminated-official-2022/ |website=[[USA Today]] |access-date=September 9, 2023 |date=December 23, 2023}}</ref> [[Nick Foles]] was named the Colts' starting quarterback in their next two games,<ref name="FolesStarting">{{Cite web |last=Shook |first=Nick |date=December 21, 2022 |title=Colts bench Matt Ryan, name Nick Foles starting QB for Monday's game vs. Chargers |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/colts-bench-matt-ryan-name-nick-foles-starting-qb-chargers-monday-night |access-date=August 6, 2023 |website=NFL.com}}</ref> who also struggled until he suffered an injury, and Ehlinger started the season finale.<ref name="FolesInjured">{{cite web |last1=Marot |first1=Michael |title=Injury to keep Foles out of Colts finale; Ehlinger to start |url=https://apnews.com/article/los-angeles-chargers-philadelphia-eagles-indianapolis-colts-new-york-giants-kayvon-thibodeaux-21fe68a64676ead5eaad9782b22fb704 |website=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=September 9, 2023 |date=January 2, 2023}}</ref> The Colts went on to lose all their remaining games, capping off a seven-game losing streak to finish 4–12–1 and third in the AFC South.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/clt/2022/gamelog/|title=Indianapolis Colts 2022 Games and Schedule|website=Pro-Football-Reference.com|accessdate=August 6, 2023}}</ref> In the [[2023 NFL draft]], the Colts selected quarterback [[Anthony Richardson (American football)|Anthony Richardson]] fourth overall, the first time they drafted a quarterback in the first round since Luck in [[2012 NFL draft|2012]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Arthur |first=Jake |date=April 27, 2023 |title=Colts Draft Anthony Richardson, Get Their New Face of the Franchise |url=https://www.si.com/nfl/colts/news/colts-draft-anthony-richardson-2023-nfl-draft |magazine=Sports Illustrated |access-date=April 28, 2023}}</ref>

After clinching the NFC North, the Vikings won two of their next three games to finish 13–4 and third in [[National Football Conference|NFC]] playoff seeding. They had one additional victory by a one-score margin and their final regular season loss was by multiple scores.<ref name="t442">{{cite web | last=Jarden | first=Sam | title=Lucky or good? Explaining the Vikings' incredible 2022 comebacks, record in one-score games | website=Sporting News | date=2023-01-15 | url=https://www.sportingnews.com/us/nfl/news/vikings-comebacks-one-score-games-record/xwa3yql7zf3flxigakd5a43l | access-date=2025-02-14}}</ref> The Vikings set the NFL season record for one-score victories at 11 and became the first 13-win NFL team to have a negative point differential at −3.<ref name="UniqueSeason">{{cite web |last1=Forness |first1=Tyler |title=Vikings finish unique season with an NFL record |url=https://vikingswire.usatoday.com/2023/01/08/vikings-point-differential-kirk-cousins-justin-jefferson-kevin-oconnell/ |website=[[USA Today]] |access-date=September 9, 2023 |date=January 8, 2023}}</ref> In the [[2022–23 NFL playoffs|Wild Card Round]], the Vikings were defeated 31–24 by the [[2022 New York Giants season|New York Giants]], their only one-score loss of the season.<ref name="s705">{{cite web | last=Ragatz | first=Will | title=Vikings' Defense Gashed in Season-Ending 31-24 Playoff Loss to Giants | website=SI.com| date=2023-01-16 | url=https://www.si.com/nfl/vikings/news/vikings-giants-recap-minnesota-defense-gashed-season-ending-31-24-playoff-loss | access-date=2025-02-14}}</ref>

The game marked Ryan's final appearance in the league.<ref name="FolesStarting" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stankevitz |first=JJ |date=March 15, 2023 |title=Colts release QB Matt Ryan |url=https://www.colts.com/news/matt-ryan-released-quarterback-2023-nfl-free-agency-falcons |access-date=May 12, 2023 |website=Colts.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Shook |first1=Nick |date=April 22, 2024 |url=https://www.nfl.com/news/longtime-falcons-qb-matt-ryan-officially-retires-from-nfl-after-playing-15-seasons |title=Longtime Falcons QB Matt Ryan officially retires from NFL after playing 15 seasons |website=NFL.com |access-date=September 13, 2024}}</ref> With the loss, he obtained the dubious distinction of being on the losing end of the [[Super Bowl LI|largest Super Bowl comeback]] and the largest NFL comeback.<ref name="BlameRyan">{{cite web |last1=Stevenson |first1=Gabi |title=NFL fans are floored and blamed Colts quarterback Matt Ryan after the Vikings stun in largest comeback win in league history |url=https://www.insider.com/fans-target-matt-ryan-after-colts-lose-largest-nfl-comeback-2022-12 |website=[[Insider (magazine)|Insider]] |access-date=September 9, 2023 |date=December 18, 2022}}</ref>

==Officials==
The game featured seven on-field [[Official (gridiron football)|officials]] and a replay official based in New York. The numbers in parentheses below indicate their uniform numbers.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Football League Game Summary - Indianapolis Colts at Minnesota Vikings - at U.S. Bank Stadium, Minneapolis, MN |url=https://nflcdns.nfl.com/liveupdate/gamecenter/59049/MIN_Gamebook.pdf |publisher=National Football League |date=December 17, 2022 |accessdate=December 19, 2022 }}</ref>

* Referee: [[Tra Blake]] (3)
* Umpire: Tony Michalek (115)
* Down judge: Patrick Turner (13)
* Line judge: Mark Stewart (75)
* Field judge: Tom Hill (97)
* Side judge: Don Willard (58)
* Back judge: Todd Prukop (30)
* Replay official: Andrew Lambert

==See also==
* [[The Comeback (American football)]]
* [[Miracle in Motown]]
* [[Minneapolis Miracle]]
* [[Miracle at the Met]]
* [[Miracle at the New Meadowlands]]
* [[Monday Night Miracle (American football)]]
* [[Super Bowl LI]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indianapolis Colts}}
{{Minnesota Vikings}}
{{NFL Network}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2022 Indianapolis Colts-Minnesota Vikings game}}
[[Category:2022 NFL season|Indianapolis Colts-Minnesota Vikings]]
[[Category:American football competitions in Minneapolis]]
[[Category:December 2022 sports events in the United States]]
[[Category:2022 in sports in Minnesota]]
[[Category:2020s in Minneapolis]]
[[Category:Nicknamed sporting events]]
[[Category:NFL games]]
[[Category:Minnesota Vikings]]
[[Category:Indianapolis Colts]]

Button Islands (Andaman Islands)

2026-01-28T18:05:18Z

ErnestGuzzi186: Starting stub

{{short description|Group of islands in the Andaman Islands}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = Button Islands
| native_name =
| native_name_link =
| native_name_lang =
| sobriquet =
| image_name =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| map = India Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| map_alt =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.270|N|93.045|E|region:IN-AN_type:isle_dim:50000_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| etymology =
| location = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| archipelago = [[Andaman Islands]]
| waterbody = [[Indian Ocean]]
| total_islands = 3
| major_islands = {{hlist|[[North Button Island National Park|North]]|[[Middle Button Island National Park|Middle]]|[[South Button Island National Park|South]]}}
| area_km2 = 0.517
| area_footnotes = <ref name="cit">{{cite web|url=http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf|title=Islandwise Area and Population - 2011 Census|publisher=Government of Andaman|access-date=8 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828015509/http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf|archive-date=28 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| rank =
| length_km =
| width_km =
| coastline_km =
| elevation_m = 50
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="nga">{{cite enroute|173|2017|283}}</ref>
| highest_mount = Middle Button hill
| country = {{flag|India}}
| country_admin_divisions_title = [[List of districts in India#Andaman and Nicobar (AN)|District]]
| country_admin_divisions = [[South Andaman district|South Andaman]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = [[Island group]]
| country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Andaman Islands]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_2 = Island sub-group
| country_admin_divisions_2 = [[Ritchie’s Archipelago]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_3 = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsil]]
| country_admin_divisions_3 = [[Port Blair|Port Blair Tehsil]]
| population = 0
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_rank =
| population_rank_max =
| density_km2 = 0.00
| density_rank =
| density_footnotes =
| ethnic_groups = [[Hindu]], [[Andamanese people|Andamanese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 744202<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-codes.com/pincodes/a-n-islands-pin-code |title=A&N Islands - Pincodes |date=22 September 2016 |accessdate=22 September 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323224041/http://www.india-codes.com/pincodes/a-n-islands-pin-code |archivedate=23 March 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 031927 <ref name="allcodesindia">{{cite web|url=http://allcodesindia.in/stdcode/andaman+and+nicobar.php |publisher=allcodesindia.in|title=STD Codes of Andaman and Nicobar|accessdate=2016-09-23}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.and.nic.in/}}
| iso_code_type = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|ISO code]]
| iso_code = IN-AN-00<ref>Registration Plate Numbers added to ISO Code</ref>
|additional_info = {{Infobox|child=yes
| label2 = Literacy | data2 = 84.4%
| label3 = Avg. summer temperature| data3 ={{convert|30.2|°C|°F}}
| label4 = Avg. winter temperature| data4 ={{convert|23.0|°C|°F}}
| label5 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]| data5 =1.2[[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| label7 = Census Code| data7 = 35.639.0004
| label8 = Official Languages| data8 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
}}
}}
'''Button Islands''' are a group of islands of the [[Andaman Islands]]. It belongs to the [[South Andaman district|South Andaman]] administrative [[Districts of India|district]], part of the [[India]]n [[union territory]] of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].<ref name="census">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-VillageDirectory/Directory/short_code_rural_35.pdf|title=Village Code Directory: Andaman & Nicobar Islands|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref>

==History==
Several [[lighthouse]]s were established on the islands. 
There is a lighthouse at the tallest hill {{convert|48|m|0|abbr=on}} on North button island, established 1983.
<ref name="light">{{cite web|url=http://www.dgll.nic.in/LightHouse.aspx?Consent_id=153&Module_id=16&LocationId=10&LangId=1|publisher=www.dgll.nic.in|title=Government of India, Directorate General of Lighthouses and Lightships.|accessdate=2016-10-18}}</ref> 
There is a lighthouse at the tallest hill {{convert|50|m|0|abbr=on}} on Middle button island, established 1983.
<ref name="light2">{{cite web|url=http://www.dgll.nic.in/LightHouse.aspx?Consent_id=154&Module_id=16&LocationId=10&LangId=1|publisher=www.dgll.nic.in|title=Government of India, Directorate General of Lighthouses and Lightships.|accessdate=2016-10-18}}</ref> 
There is a lighthouse at the tallest hill {{convert|36|m|0|abbr=on}} on south button island, established 1983.
<ref name="light3">{{cite web|url=http://www.dgll.nic.in/LightHouse.aspx?Consent_id=155&Module_id=16&LocationId=10&LangId=1|publisher=www.dgll.nic.in|title=Government of India, Directorate General of Lighthouses and Lightships.|accessdate=2016-10-18}}</ref> 

==Geography==
The islands belong to the [[Ritchie’s Archipelago]] and are located north of [[Outram Island]].

The main islands of the group are: [[North Button Island|North Button]], [[Middle Button Island|Middle Button]] and [[South Button Island|South Button]].

Besides a variety of [[submerged coral]]s, [[Dolphin]], [[Dugong]] and
[[Blue whale]] are important marine animals for conservation. These islands also forms abode to many
species of [[avifauna]] and fishes. Coral dominate the islands as submerged fringing types. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://envfor.nic.in/downloads/public-information/NWIA_Andaman%20and%20Nicobar%20Islands_Atlas.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221150835/http://envfor.nic.in/downloads/public-information/NWIA_Andaman%20and%20Nicobar%20Islands_Atlas.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Administration==
Politically, Button Islands are part of [[Port Blair]] [[Tehsils of India|Taluk]].<ref name="and">{{cite web |url=http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf |publisher=andssw1.and.nic.in |title=DEMOGRAPHIC – A&N ISLANDS |accessdate=2016-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828015509/http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[Rani Jhansi Marine National Park]] is located in the vicinity of the islands, which includes [[Middle Button Island National Park]], [[South Button Island National Park]], and [[North Button Island National Park]].

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Portal|India}}
*{{wikivoyage-inline|Andaman and Nicobar Islands}}
{{South Andaman district |state=collapsed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Button Islands}}
[[Category:Ritchie's Archipelago]]
[[Category:Islands of South Andaman district]]
[[Category:Archipelagoes of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Uninhabited islands of India]]

{{AndamanNicobar-geo-stub}}

Hradaspur

2026-01-27T13:49:16Z

ErnestGuzzi186: reworked lead based on references and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hradaspur
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.246063|N|75.710254|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kapurthala district|Kapurthala]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| unit_pref = Metric


| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 1,472
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] 711/761[[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 144401
| area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]
| area_code = 01822
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#PB.E2.80.94Punjab|PB]]-09
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-PB]]
| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| website = {{URL|kapurthala.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Hradaspur''' is a village in Phagwara Tehsil in [[Kapurthala district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] [[States and territories of India|State]], [[India]]. It is located {{convert|35|km}} from [[Kapurthala]], {{convert|5|km}} from [[Phagwara]]. The village is [[Administration (government)|administrated]] by a [[Sarpanch]], who is an [[elected representative]].

== Demography ==
According to the report published by [[Census India]] in 2011, Hradaspur has 328 houses with the total population of 1,472 persons of which 711 are male and 761 females. [[Literacy in India|Literacy]] rate of Hradaspur is 83.17%, higher than the state average of 75.84%. The population of children in the age group 0–6 years is 159 which is 10.80% of the total population. Child sex ratio is approximately 1208, higher than the state average of 846.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=32313| title= Hradaspur| work= | accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>

== Population data ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Particulars !! Total !! Male!!Female
|-
| Total No. of Houses ||328 ||- ||-
|-
| Population ||1,472 ||711 ||761
|-
| Child (0-6) ||159 ||72 ||87
|-
| Schedule Caste ||831 ||406 ||425
|-
| Schedule Tribe ||0 ||0 ||0
|-
| Literacy ||83.17 % ||88.11 % ||78.49 %
|-
| Total Workers ||518 ||405 ||113
|-
| Main Worker ||502 ||0 ||0
|-
| Marginal Worker ||16 ||7 ||9
|-
|}

As per census 2011, 518 people were engaged in work activities out of the total population of Hradaspur village which includes 405 males and 113 females. According to census survey report 2011, 96.91% workers (Employment or Earning more than 6 Months) describe their work as main work and 3.09% workers are involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months.

== Caste ==
The village has schedule caste (SC) constitutes 56.45% of total population of the village and it doesn't have any Schedule Tribe (ST) population.

==References==
{{Reflist}}



==External links==
* [https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Listofvillagesandtowns.aspx Villages in Kapurthala]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160915101605/http://punjabdata.com/Villages/Villages-In-Kapurthala-Tehsil-In-Kapurthala-District.html Kapurthala Villages List]

{{Kapurthala district |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Villages in Kapurthala district]]

{{Phagwara-geo-stub}}

Renavi

2026-01-18T21:43:10Z

ErnestGuzzi186: Made The Post From Scratch

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Renavi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17|16|11|N|74|36|38|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sangli district|Sangli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Khanapur (Vita)]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat|Grampanchayat]] Renavi
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 16.9
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2235
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| demographics1_title2 = [[Languages of India|Spoken languages]]
| demographics1_info2 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 415 311<ref name="Pincode">{{cite web|title=Postal Code|url=http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Pin/pinsearch.aspx?Pin_On=415309|publisher=Indian Post}}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91 2347
| registration_plate = MH 10 (Sangli)
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Vita, Maharashtra|Vita]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Sangli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangli]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Khanapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Khanapur-Atpadi]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat|Grampanchayat]] Renavi
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Renavi'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Renavi Village Population - Khanapur (Vita) - Sangli, Maharashtra |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/568528-renavi-maharashtra.html |website=census2011.co.in |access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref> is a village in Sangli district, Maharashtra, India. The village has one primary school and one high school.

A local temple dedicated to the Hindu god Revansiddhanath was built in the 16th century. '''Revansiddha Temple''' is a temple to the Hindu god also known as Revansiddha. It Belongs to the Sakhare Family, built in the 16th century by Shri Yogiraj Anna Sakhare and is about three furlongs away from the village of Renavi.{{cn|date=March 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Sangli district]]

{{Sangli-geo-stub}}

Colors Kannada

2026-01-16T23:15:13Z

ErnestGuzzi186: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language television channel}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Colors Kannada
| logo = ColorsKannadaLogo.png
| logo_size = 160px
| logo_caption =
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2000|12|10}}
| picture_format = [[576i]] ([[SDTV]]) [[1080i]] ([[HDTV]])
| owner = [[JioStar]], a Joint Venture between [[Viacom18]] & [[Disney India]]
| headquarters = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| replaced = [[ETV Kannada]]
| website = {{Official website|https://www.colorskannada.com/}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = Kannada
| sister_channels =
| online_serv_1 = JioHotstar
| online_chan_1 = India
}}

'''Colors Kannada''' (previously known as '''ETV Kannada''') is an Indian [[Kannada language]] [[general entertainment channel]], owned by [[JioStar]], a joint venture between [[Viacom18]] and [[Disney India]]. It primarily telecasts serials, reality shows and Kannada films.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.viacom18.com/media/colors-kannada-launch |title=Kannada Television to Gain a New Hue |publisher=[[Viacom18]] }}</ref>

==History==
The channel was originally launched on 10 December 2000 as ETV Kannada and was promoted by businessman [[Ramoji Rao]]. It later became a part of [[Viacom 18]], owned by [[Network 18]], officially re-branding under the Colors franchise on 26 April 2015. Colors Kannada was the first general entertainment channel to start an HD channel in [[Karnataka]].

==Current broadcast==
===Fiction series===
{| class="wikitable"
!Premiere date
!Series
!Adaptation of
!Ref.
|-
|27 January 2025
|''Yajamani''
|
||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotagunasi |first=Manjunath B. |title=Yajamana Serial: ಗಂಡಸರನ್ನ ದ್ವೇಷಿಸೋ ಹೆಣ್ಣಿನ ಕಥೆ; ಕಲರ್ಸ್‌ ಕನ್ನಡದ ಹೊಸ ಸೀರಿಯಲ್‌ ಯಜಮಾನ ಪ್ರಸಾರಕ್ಕೆ ಮುಹೂರ್ತ ಫಿಕ್ಸ್‌ |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kannada-television-update-yajamana-new-serial-starts-on-colors-kannada-from-january-27th-at-10pm-mnk-181737259184652.html |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Kannada Hindustan Times |language=kn}}</ref>
|-
|4 August 2025
|''Prema Kavya''
|Tamil TV series ''Sindhu Bairavi''
|
|-
|10 October 2022
|''[[Bhagyalakshmi (Kannada TV series)|Bhagyalakshmi]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kannada daily soap 'Bhagyalakshmi' marks a successful one-year run with a grand celebration - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-daily-soap-bhagyalakshmi-marks-a-successful-one-year-run-with-a-grand-celebration/articleshow/104359916.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
|14 April 2025
|Muddu Sose
|Tamil TV series ''[[Chinna Marumagal (TV series)|Chinna Marumagal]]''
|
|-
|06 October 2025
|Shri Gadhadagudi
|Tamil TV series ''[[Ayyanar Thunai]]''
|
|-
|03 March 2025
|''Bhargavi LLB''
|Bengali TV series ''[[Geeta LL.B|Geeta LL.B]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotagunasi |first=Manjunath B. |title=Bhargavi LLB Serial: ಬಲಿಷ್ಠ ಪ್ರಭಾವಿಗಳ ವಿರುದ್ಧ ಹೋರಾಡುವ ಧೀರ ಯುವತಿಯ ಸ್ಫೂರ್ತಿ ಕಥೆ ಭಾರ್ಗವಿ ಎಲ್‌ಎಲ್‌ಬಿ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kannada-television-updates-radha-bhagavati-starrer-bhargavi-llb-serial-to-air-on-colors-kannada-from-march-3rd-mnk-181740986696180.html |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Kannada Hindustan Times |language=kn}}</ref>
|-
| 4 June 2025
| ''Nanda Gokula''
|Tamil TV series [[Pandian Stores 2]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=ಸಹೋದರರ ಹಗೆ, ಪ್ರೇಮ ಕಹಾನಿಯಿಂದ ದ್ವೇಷ, ಕೂಡು ಕುಟುಂಬದ ಕಟ್ಟುಪಾಡು ಕಥೆಯೇ 'ನಂದ ಗೋಕುಲ': ಬರ್ತಿದೆ ನೂತನ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/new-serial-nanda-gokula-to-air-on-colors-kannada-channel-from-june-4th/articleshow/121463599.cms|access-date=31 May 2025|website=[[Vijaya Karnataka]]|language=kn}}</ref>
|}
'''<big>Dubbed Shows</big>'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Premiere date
!Series
!Dubbed of
!Ref.
|-
|16 December 2024
|''Saptapadi''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] TV series ''[[Brahmamudi (TV series)|Brahmamudi]]''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಕಲರ್ಸ್ ಕನ್ನಡ ವಾಹಿನಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮಧ್ಯಾಹ್ನದ ಮನರಂಜನೆ: 3 ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿಗಳು ಆರಂಭ! |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/colors-kannada-strengthens-afternoon-entertainment-lineup-with-three-new-dubbed-serials/articleshow/116354496.cms |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref>
|-
|16 December 2024
|''Devathe''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] TV series ''Devatha''
|-
|25 April 2022
|''Pavada Purusha''
|[[Marathi language |Marathi]] TV series [[Balumamachya Navan Changbhala|''Balumamachya Navan'' ''Changbhala'']]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-24 |title=Daily soap Pavada Purusha to feature a new twist |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/daily-soap-pavada-purusha-to-feature-a-new-twist/articleshow/97276581.cms |access-date=2025-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

===Non-fiction shows===
{| class="wikitable"
!Premiere date
!Show
!Ref.
|-
|1 February 2025
|''Boys Vs Girls''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kannada |first=TV9 |date=2025-01-12 |title=ಬಿಗ್ ಬಾಸ್ ಬಳಿಕ 'ಕಲರ್ಸ್ ಕನ್ನಡ' ವಾಹಿನಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹೊಸ ರಿಯಾಲಿಟಿ ಶೋ 'ಬಾಯ್ಸ್ Vs ಗರ್ಲ್ಸ್ ' |url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/television/colors-kannada-to-air-new-reality-show-boys-vs-girls-after-bbk-11-finale-entertainment-news-in-kannada-mdn-963044.html |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=TV9 Kannada |language=kn}}</ref>
|-
|1 February 2025
|''[[Majaa Talkies]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-15 |title=Majaa Talkies returns to Kannada television after five years; fans remember Late Aparna Vastarey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/majaa-talkies-returns-to-kannada-television-after-five-years-fans-remember-late-aparna-vastarey/articleshow/116332562.cms |access-date=2025-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

==Former broadcast==
===Fiction series===
# ''[[Agnisakshi (TV series)|Agnisakshi]]''
# ''Antarapata''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-24 |title=Colors Kannada launches socio-family drama Antarapata |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/colors-kannada-launches-socio-family-drama-antarapata-230424 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=indiantelevision.com}}</ref>
# ''[[Brundavana]]''
#''Chukki Taare''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-15 |title=New daily soap 'Chukki Taare' to premiere on March 18 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/new-daily-soap-chukki-taare-to-premiere-on-march-18/articleshow/108514316.cms |access-date=2024-05-18 |newspaper=Time of India}}</ref>
#''[[Dasa Purandara]]''
# ''[[Doresani]]''
# ''[[Geetha (TV series)|Geetha]]''
# ''[[Ginirama]]''
# ''[[Hoo Male]]''
# ''[[Ivalu Sujatha]]''
# ''[[Kannadathi (TV series)|Kannadathi]]''
# ''[[Kanyakumari (TV series)|Kanyakumari]]''
# ''[[Kendasampige (TV series)|Kendasampige]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 August 2022 |title=New daily soap kendasampige to premiere today - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/new-daily-soap-kendasampige-to-premiere-today/articleshow/93708530.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
# ''[[Lagna Patrike]]''
# ''[[Lakshana (TV series)|Lakshana]]''
# ''[[Lakshmi Baramma]]''
# |''[[Lakshmi Baramma 2]]''
# ''[[Mangala Gowri Maduve]] (Putta Gowri Maduve)''
# ''[[Mithuna Raashi]]''
# ''[[Nammane Yuvarani]]''
# ''[[Nannarasi Radhe]]''
# ''Nooru Janmaku''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaonkar |first=Suma |title=Colors Kannada: ಕಲರ್ಸ್‌ ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ಬರ್ತಿದೆ ಹಾರರ್ ಪ್ರೇಮ ಕಥೆ; ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 23ರಿಂದ 'ನೂರು ಜನ್ಮಕೂ' ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ ಪ್ರಸಾರ |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/photos/colors-kannada-launching-new-serial-nooru-janmaku-on-december-23-its-an-horror-love-story-smk-181733985180552.html |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Kannada Hindustan Times |language=kn}}</ref>
# ''[[Seetha Vallabha]]''
|-
# ''[[Ramachaari (TV series)|Ramachaari]]''

===Reality shows===
# ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada]]''
# ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 1)]]''
# ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 3)]]''
# ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 4)]]''
# ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 7)]]''
# ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 8)]]''
# ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 9)]]''
# ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 10)]]''
# [[Bigg Boss Kannada season 11|''Bigg Boss Kannada (season 11)'']]
# ''[[Dancing Champion]]''
# ''[[Thaka Dhimi Tha Dancing Star|Dancing Star (season 1–3)]]''
# ''[[Family Power]]''
# ''[[Kannadada Kotyadhipati]] (season 4)''
# ''[[Majaa Talkies]] (season 1–3)''
# ''[[Nannamma Super Star]] (season 1–3)''
# ''[[Raja Rani (Kannada TV series)|Raja Rani (season 1–2)]]''

==Sister channels==
===Colors Super===

'''Colors Super''' is an Indian [[general entertainment channel]], owned by [[JioStar]], that primarily broadcasts [[Kannada]]-language entertainment shows. This channel was launched on 24 July 2016, after the success of Kannada's leading entertainment channel, Colors Kannada, the primary Kannada entertainment channel of [[JioStar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2016/07/viacom18-launches-second-channel-in-kannada-market-colors-super/|title=Viacom18 launches second channel in Kannada market - Colors Super|website=www.bestmediaifo.com|access-date=2017-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-02-10 |title=Colors Kannada Cinema's Manoj Sharma Is Now Also The Voice For Colors Super |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/brand-solution/colors-kannada-cinemas-manoj-sharma-is-now-also-the-voice-for-colors-super-2006760/ |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=Bollywood Life |language=en}}</ref>

===Colors Kannada Cinema===

'''Colors Kannada Cinema''' is an Indian pay television movie channel broadcasting in [[Kannada language]], owned by [[JioStar]]. It was launched on 24 September 2018.<ref>[http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/53601_Viacom18-to-launch-Colors-Kannada-Cinema Viacom18 to launch Colors Kannada Cinema]</ref><ref>[https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/viacom18-to-launch-colors-kannada-cinema-channel/1309021/lite/ Viacom18 to launch Colors Kannada Cinema channel]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website}}

{{Kannada TV Channels}}
{{Network 18}}

[[Category:Kannada-language television channels]]
[[Category:Television stations in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2000]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Viacom18]]
[[Category:ETV Network]]

S. Shakir Ali

2025-11-25T07:33:19Z

ErnestGuzzi186: Made Initial Bio W/ Sources

{{Short description|Indian painter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Syed Shakir Ali
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1956}}
| birth_place = [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Miniature painter
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] National Award Nexzen Excellence Award
}}

'''[[Sayyid|Syed]] Shakir Ali''', is an Indian [[painter]], known for his Mughal and Persian miniature paintings.<ref name="Rajasthan Voice">{{cite web | url=http://www.rajasthanvoice.com/2013/01/bajrang-lal-takhar-shakir-ali-conferred.html | title=Rajasthan Voice | publisher=Rajasthan Voice | date=26 January 2013 | access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="TOI" /> He was honoured by the [[Government of India]], in 2013, by bestowing on him the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award, for his contributions to the field of art.<ref name="Padma 2013">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/list-of-padma-awardees/article4345496.ece | title=Padma 2013 | newspaper=The Hindu | date=26 January 2013 | access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref>

==Biography==
Syed Shakir Ali was born in [[Jaipur]], in 1915, to the art collector, Syed Sabir Ali, locally known as "Chunnu Mian". His grandfather, Syed Hamid Ali, was also a court artist. Syed Shakir Ali, though graduated in Arts from [[Rajasthan University]] in 1978, took up the tutelage of renowned painters, [[Ram Gopal Vijayvargiya]] and Ved Pal Sharmaand (Bannu)<ref name="Ved Pal Sharmaand">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19940630-ace-miniaturist-vedpal-sharma-of-the-jaipur-school-achieves-international-acclaim-809325-1994-06-29 | title=Ved Pal Sharmaand | publisher=India Today | date=30 June 1994 | access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref> to learn Mughal and [[company style]]s of painting as well as traditional art.<ref name="Paramparik Karigar">{{cite web | url=http://paramparikkarigar.com/blog/2014/10/master-craftsman-s-shakir-ali-padma-shri-awardee-miniature-painting/ | title=Paramparik Karigar | publisher=Paramparik Karigar | date=10 October 2014 | access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="Paramparik Miniature">{{cite web | url=http://paramparikkarigar.com/popup_artist.php?name=S.%20Shakir%20Ali%20&subtype=MiniaturePaintings | title=Paramparik Miniature | publisher=Paramparik Miniature | date=2013 | access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref>

Sayed Shakir Ali lives in Jawhar nagar in [[Jaipur]].<ref name="TOI">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Padma-Shri-for-Rajasthan-rower-miniature-painting-artist/articleshow/18190939.cms | title=TOI | publisher=TOI | date=26 January 2013 | access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref> Syed Zohaib Ali, Syed Shakir Ali's son, also follows the footsteps of his father and is a known painter and a recipient of ''Roshan Kalapesi Memorial Award for Arts and Crafts'' from ''Paramparik Karigar''<ref name="Paramparik Karigar" />

==Career highlights and exhibitions==
The [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]] have selected many of Sayed Shakir Ali's paintings for gifting to state dignitaries and other persons of importance.<ref name="Paramparik Karigar" /> He has represented India in the 10th SAARC Folk festival held at Islamabad in 1992 where he won the first prize in the art competition. He is also credited with the restoration of some of the old paintings at the [[City Palace, Jaipur]] and [[Prince of Wales Museum]], Mumbai.<ref name="Paramparik Karigar" />

Sayed Shakir Ali has been holding exhibitions since 1981,<ref name="Paramparik Karigar" /> in India and abroad, in places like Milan, Paris, Bangkok, Dubai and Pakistan.<ref name="Paramparik Miniature" /><ref name="Times City">{{cite web | url=http://timescity.com/delhi/events/miniature-paintings-by-shakir-ali-and-babulal-marotia/120093 | title=Times City | publisher=Times City | date=2013 | access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref> Some of his notable exhibitions are:

* Miniature paintings by Sayed Shakir Ali and Babulal Marotia - October - November 2013 - Art Heritage, New Delhi<ref name="Times City" /><ref name="Delhi Events">{{cite web | url=http://www.delhievents.com/2013/10/a-group-show-of-miniature-paintings-by.html | title=Delhi Events | publisher=Delhi Events | date=2013 | access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref>
* 10th SAARC Folk festival - 1992 - Islamabad<ref name="Paramparik Karigar" />
* India Fair - 1995, 1996 and 1999 -Dubai<ref name="Paramparik Karigar" />
* Millennium Festival - 2003 - Hong Kong<ref name="Paramparik Karigar" />
* SME and Handicrafts Fair - 2005 - Mauritius<ref name="Paramparik Karigar" />
* Festival of India - 2006 - Brussels, Belgium<ref name="Paramparik Karigar" />
* Cultural and International Festival of Miniature and Illumination - 2007 and 2009 - Algeria<ref name="Paramparik Karigar" />
* Harmony Art Foundation - 2009 - Mumbai<ref name="Paramparik Karigar" />

Sayed Shakir Ali regularly holds live demonstrations, the first of which was at the Craft Museum, New Delhi, in 1981. Subsequently he has performed at other demonstrations held at the American and British Embassies and major hotel groups such as [[Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces]] and [[Ashok Group]].<ref name="Paramparik Karigar" />

==Awards and recognitions==
In 2013, the Government of India honoured Sayed Shakir Ali with the fourth highest civilian award, [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma 2013" /> He is also a recipient of the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] National Award, in 1993<ref name="Rajasthan Voice" /><ref name="Paramparik Miniature" /> He has also received the Nexzen Excellence Award, which was awarded to him in October 2014.<ref name="Paramparik Karigar" />

{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=50em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.theindianpanorama.com/2013/04/08/president-confers-padma-awards/ | title=Padma Awards List | publisher=Indian Panorama | date=2014 | access-date=12 October 2014}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, S. Shakir}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Artists from Jaipur]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Painters from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]

Mahavira: The Hero of Nonviolence

2025-11-23T23:36:46Z

ErnestGuzzi186: general added page to improve readability and updated info

{{Short description|2014 children's book by Manoj K Jain}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox book
| image = Mahavira Book Cover.jpg
| image_size = 280px
| author = [[Manoj K Jain]]
| country = United States
| language = English
| cover_artist = [[Manoj K Jain]] and [[Demi (author)|Demi]]
| genre = [[Juvenile Nonfiction]]
| published = July 2014 [[World Wisdom]]
| media_type = Print ([[Paperback]])
| pages = 28
| isbn = 978-1-937786-21-2
| isbn_note = (Paperback edition)
| oclc = 862209073
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''''Mahavira: The Hero of Nonviolence''''' is an illustrated children's story based upon the life of [[Mahavira]], a teacher of the [[Jain faith]].<ref name=britannica>{{cite web|title=Mahavira (Jaina teacher) – Encyclopædia Britannica|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/358008/Mahavira|accessdate=15 November 2014}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Mahavira: The Hero of Nonviolence is a story of a young prince, [[Mahavira]], who was destined to teach peace and non-violence.<ref>{{citation |title=New Children's Book Mahavira: The Hero of Nonviolence by Wisdom Tales Press |url=https://www.prlog.org/12343031-new-childrens-book-mahavira-the-hero-of-nonviolence-by-wisdom-tales-press.html |work=PRLog |date=30 June 2014}}</ref> He was born in [[India]] and his name was ''Vardhaman''. As he grew, he learned through books and aspired to become a monk. He acquired knowledge through his spiritual journey and achieved the Three Spiritual Jewels. In [[Jainism]], they are called Right Faith, Right Knowledge and Right Conduct. He loved all living things and had no fear. Later figures who practiced peace were Gandhi and Dr. Martin Luther King.

==Awards==
*USA Best Books Awards 2014 – Children's Religious (Winner) – "Mahavira: The Hero of Nonviolence by Manoj Jain, illustrated by Demi" Wisdom Tales Press <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.usabooknews.com/2014awardannouncement.html |title=USA Best Books Awards (Children's Religious) Winner |access-date=15 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108222842/http://www.usabooknews.com/2014awardannouncement.html |archive-date=8 November 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Midwest Book Awards 2014 – Children's Nonfiction (Gold Medal) – "Mahavira: The Hero of Nonviolence by Manoj Jain, illustrated by Demi" Wisdom Tales Press <ref>[http://www.mipa.org/midwest-book-awards/25th-annual-book-awards-finalists USA Best Books Awards (Children's Nonfiction) Gold Medal]</ref>
*Skipping Stones Honor Award 2015 – Multicultural & International Books (Honor Award) – "Mahavira: The Hero of Nonviolence by Manoj Jain, illustrated by Demi" Wisdom Tales Press <ref>[http://www.skippingstones.org/2015.BookAwardsPR.pdf 2015 Skipping Stones Honor Award (Multicultural & International Books) Honor Award]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|Children's literature}}
* Jain, Manoj ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_JkPngEACAAJ&dq Mahavira: The Hero of Nonviolence].'' World Wisdom, Incorporated, 2014.<ref name="USA Best Books Awards 2014">{{cite web|title=USA Best Books Awards 2014|url=http://www.usabooknews.com/2014awardannouncement.html|access-date=15 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108222842/http://www.usabooknews.com/2014awardannouncement.html|archive-date=8 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/18843750-mahavira Good Reads]
* [http://www.mjainmd.com/blog/nonviolence/ Manoj Jain MD Author's website]

{{Jain Agamas}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2014 children's books]]
[[Category:American picture books]]
[[Category:English-language children's books]]
[[Category:2014 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Children's non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Jain texts]]

Don Bosco High School, Tinsukia

2025-11-18T16:13:59Z

ErnestGuzzi186:

{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=May 2011}}
{{One source|date=October 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Don Bosco School, Tinsukia.
| image = [[File:Don Bosco School, Tinsukia.jpg|frameless|]]
| type = Private
| location = Don Bosco School, Gelapukhuri Road, [[Tinsukia]]
| country = [[India]]
| motto = ''Be Good and Do Good''
| established = {{start date and age|1985}}
| affiliation = SEBA
| coordinates = {{coord|27.4998|95.3613|region:IN|display=title,inline}}
| grades = Nursery to 10
| free_label = Principal
| free_text = Fr. Tarcisius Toppo, SDB
}}

'''Don Bosco High School''' in [[Tinsukia]], Assam, India, is a private Christian ([[Roman Catholic]]) minority institution established and administered by the Salesian Society of Don Bosco, having its provincial headquarters in [[Dimapur]]. The school was established under the protection of Article 30(1) of the [[Indian constitution]] for the advancement of learning and propagation of the [[Christian religion]].

==Objectives==
The aim of the institution is to impart religious, mental, moral, social and physical information based on the principles of Christian faith, to members of the Christian community. The method of education followed in the school was practiced by [[St. John Bosco]], based on fear of God, on conviction, prevention of faults and paternal correction.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.donboscodimapur.org/ |title=Home |website=donboscodimapur.org}}</ref>

==School uniform==
The school uniform consists of:
* White shirt
* Grey shorts or long pants or skirts for girls
* Red tie
* Black shoes and white socks
* Grey sweater(winter)
[[File:Church at don bosco tinsukia.jpg|thumb|Church at Don Bosco School]]

==Prayers==
'''Prayer before Class''' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.donboscodimapur.org/ |title=Home |website=donboscodimapur.org}}</ref>
Our Father in heaven,/Holy be your name/Your Kingdom come/Your will be done/on earth as in heaven./Give us today/our daily bread/Forgive us our sins/as we forgive those/who sin against us/Do not bring us/to the test/but deliver us/from all evil/Amen.

'''Prayer after Class''' 
We give you thanks./Almighty God./for all the blessings/we have received/from you/Amen.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Salesians|state=collapsed}}

== References ==

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Assam]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Assam]]
[[Category:Salesian secondary schools]]
[[Category:Catholic secondary schools in India]]
[[Category:Tinsukia]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1985]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in Assam]]

{{Assam-school-stub}}

Shakeel Uzzaman Ansari

2025-10-20T00:48:59Z

ErnestGuzzi186: New

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}} {{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shakeel Uzzaman Ansari
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1958|12|23|df=y}}
| office1 = Secretary of [[All India Congress Committee]]
| term_start1 = July 2004
| term_end1 = May 2011
| office2 = [[Ministry of Transport]] in [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start2 = 1985
| term_end2 = 1990
| office3 = [[National Commission for Backward Classes]]
| term_start3 = June 2011
| term_end3 = February 2017
| office4 = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency4 = [[Biharsharif Assembly constituency|Bihar Sharif]]
| term4 = 1985 - 1990
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| education =
| birth_place = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]
}}

'''Shakeel Uzzaman Ansari''' (born 23 December 1958) is an Indian politician.

Shakeel Uzzaman was born on 23 December 1958. He holds a [[Bachelor of Laws]], [[Master of Arts]], and [[Doctor of Philosophy]] in social science.{{Cn|date=January 2024}}

From 1985 to 1990, Shakeel Uzzaman served as a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Biharsharif Assembly constituency|Bihar Sharif Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shakil Uzzama winner in Bihar, Bihar Assembly Elections 1985 |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/1985/bihar/ |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref> During this time, he was also minister of Transport in the Government of Bihar.{{Cn|date=January 2024}} From 2004 to 2011, he was the secretary of [[All India Congress Committee]].<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=2004-07-18 |title=Congress revamps party structure |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/congress-revamps-party-structure_168610.html |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Zee News}}</ref> In 2011, he was nominated as a member of [[National Commission for Backward Classes]]; he served until 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=शकील अंसारी ने संभाला पदभार |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/india/-/articleshow/9388686.cms |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Nora |date=2016-12-10 |title=Buzzword: OBC Muslim needed in U.P. |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/news/7611-buzzword-obc-muslim-needed |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Previous Commissions |url=https://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/UserView.aspx?TypeID=1175 |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=[[National Commission for Backward Classes]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gilani |first=Iftikhar |date=2016-07-31 |title=Backward Muslims demand tickets, jobs ahead ahead of UP polls |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-backward-muslims-demand-tickets-jobs-ahead-ahead-of-up-polls-2239591 |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=DNA India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1985–1990]]

Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega Challenge

2025-09-22T03:48:43Z

ErnestGuzzi186: Made New Entry Basic Info.

{{Short description|2009 special installment of the Indian vocal contest}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
'''''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega Challenge''''' was a special installment of the popular Indian ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]'' vocal contest shown on [[Zee TV]]. This show was a seven-week-long competition among eight teams representing eight different states and consisting of total 24 talented contestants from past seasons of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa. Two teams were competing against each other each week starting 30 October 2009, to head towards the finales. The show was made to celebrate the 1000th episode of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa, and the Grand Finale on 12 Dec 2009 marked the 1000th episode of this great singing competition - a historic moment for any show on Indian television. Notable Indian singers and musicians were selected for each of the episodes to make the decisions as the judges.

The final was between West Bengal Abhijit Ghoshal, Keka Ghoshal<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/m/0114s90l&hl=en-IN&q=Keka+Ghoshal&kgs=466d59e439362c2a&shndl=0&source=sh/x/kp/osrp&entrypoint=sh/x/kp/osrp|title = Keka Ghoshal - Google Search}}</ref> and Sanchita Bhattacharya) and Maharashtra (Vaishali Made, Kaushik Deshpande and Rohit Raut) where the latter team was declared as a winner. Sonu Nigam, Suresh Wadkar and Pyarelal were seen as the panel of judges for the grand night.

==Judges==
The judges are:

* 30 & 31 October - [[Asha Bhonsle]]
* 6 & 7 November - [[Sadhana Sargam]] and [[Pritam]]
* 13 & 14 November - [[Suresh Wadkar]] and [[Alka Yagnik]]
* 20 & 21 November - [[Salim–Sulaiman]] and [[Pyarelal]]
* 27 & 28 November - [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], [[Bappi Lahiri]] and [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
* 4 & 5 December - [[Kumar Sanu]] and [[Udit Narayan]]
* 11 December - [[Jatin Pandit]], Anand, [[Daler Mehndi]]
* 12 December(1000th episode) - [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Pyarelal]] and [[Suresh Wadkar]]

==Hosts==
The [[Television presenter|hosts]] of Mega Challenge are:
* [[Vipul Roy]] and [[Manish Paul]]
* Karan Singh Rathore and Archana Jani (only for the first week of 30-31 Oct)

Karan Singh and Archana Jani are Radio hosts, called "Radio Jockey" or "RJ" in India. They presented impressive Hindi voices in this show, but may have fallen short on expectations of TV audience.

==Contestants==
The contestants/captains who participate in this show are:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! State
! SRGMP-year
|-
| [[Parthiv Gohil]]
| [[Gujarat]]
| 1997
|-
| [[Sumedha Karmahe]]
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| 2007
|-
| [[Twinkle Bajpai]]
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 2005
|-
| [[Vaishali Made]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| 2009
|-
| Joy Chakraborty
| [[Assam]]
| 2007
|-
| [[Tarun Sagar]]
| [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
| 2009
|-
| [[Raja Hassan]]
| [[Rajasthan]]
| 2007
|-
| Abhijit Ghoshal
| [[West Bengal]]
| 2004
|}

==Teams==
[[Assam]]:
* Captain: Joy Chakraborty
* [[Anamika Choudhari]]
* [[Abhigyan Das]]

[[Gujarat]]:
* Captain: [[Parthiv Gohil]]
* [[Deepali Somaiya]]
* [[Prachi Shah]]

[[West Bengal]]:
* Captain: [[Abhijit Ghoshal]] Runner up of Mega Challenge
* [[Keka Ghoshal]]
* [[Sanchita Bhattacharya]]

[[Madhya Pradesh]]:
* Captain: [[Sumedha Karmahe]]
* [[Amir Hafiz]]
* Pratibha Singh Baghel

[[Maharashtra]]:
* Captain: [[Vaishali Mhade]] Winner of Mega challenge! 1000 episode winner!
* [[Kaushik Deshpande]]
* [[Rohit Raut]]

[[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]:
* Captain: [[Tarun Sagar]]
* Harpreet Deol
* [[Rohanpreet Singh]]

[[Rajasthan]]:
* Captain: [[Raja Hassan]]
* [[Dilshad Ali]]
* [[Priyanka Maliya]]

[[Uttar Pradesh]]:
* Captain: [[Twinkle Bajpai]]
* [[Hemant Brijwasi]]
* [[Poonam Yadav]]

==Versus==
* 30 & 31 October - Maharashtra vs. Uttar Pradesh
* 6 & 7 November - Madhya Pradesh vs. Gujarat
* 13 & 14 November - Assam vs. Rajasthan
* 20 & 21 November - West Bengal vs. Punjab
* 27 & 29 November - Gujarat vs. Maharashtra
* 4 & 5 December - West Bengal vs. Assam
* 11 & 12 December - Maharashtra vs. West Bengal

==Points==
*[[Maharashtra]] vs. [[Uttar Pradesh]]
*Friday
*[[Group Song 1]] 6 *[[Group Song 1]] 6
*[[Duet Song 2]] 10 *[[Duet Song 2]] 7
*[[Duet Song 3]] 6 *[[Duet Song 3]] 6
* Total 22 * Total 19

*[[Maharashtra]] vs. [[Uttar Pradesh]]
*Saturday
*[[Vaishali Made]] 10 *[[Twinkle Bajpai]] 8
*[[Kaushik Deshpande]] 8 *[[Hemant Brijwasi]] 9
*Rohit Raut 8 *[[Poonam Yadav]] 7
* Total 48 Total 43
Winner [[Maharashtra]] pass to the Semifinal!

*[[Gujarat]] vs. [[Madhya Pradesh]]
*Friday
*[[Group Song 1]] 7 *[[Group Song 1]] 8.5
*[[Duet Song 2]] 9 *[[Duet Song 2]] 7.5
*[[Duet Song 3]] 8 *[[Duet Song 3]] 6.5
*[[Jungalbandi]] 5 *[[Jungalbandi]] 5
* Total 29 * Total 27.5
*[[Gujarat]] vs. [[Madhya Pradesh]]
*Saturday
*[[Parthiv Gohil]] 9 *[[Sumedha Karmahe]] 8
*[[Deepali Somaiya]] 7 *[[Amir Hafiz]] 9.5
*[[Prachi Shah]] 8 *Pratibha Singh Baghel 8
*[[Jugalbandi]] 6 *[[Jugalbandi]] 4
* Total 59 * Total 57
Winner [[Gujarat]] pass to the Semifinal!
*[[Rajasthan]] vs. [[Assam]]
*Friday
*[[Group Song 1]] 7 *[[Group Song 1]] 8
*[[Duet Song 2]] 8 *[[Duet Song 2]] 9
*[[Duet Song 3]] 8 *[[Duet Song 3]] 9.5
*[[Jugalbandi]] 5 *[[Jugalbandi]] 5
* Total 28 * Total 31.5
*[[Rajasthan]] vs. [[Assam]]
*Saturday
*[[Raja Hassan]] 10 *Joy Chakraborty 8
*[[Dilshad Ali]] 9 *[[Anamika Choudhari]] 9.5
*[[Priyanka Maliya]] 7.5 *[[Abhigyan Das]] 9
*[[Jugalbandi]] 6 *[[Jugalbandi]] 4
* Total 60.5 * Total 62
Winner [[Assam]] pass to the Semifinal!
*[[West Bengal]] vs. [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
*Friday
*[[Group Song 1]] 7 *[[Group Song 1]] 5
*[[Duet Song 2]] 7 *[[Duet Song 2]] 7
*[[Duet Song 3]] 5 *[[Duet Song 3]] 7
*[[Jugalbandi]] 5 *[[Jugalbandi]] 4
* Total 24 * Total 23
*[[West Bengal]] vs. [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
*Saturday
*[[Abhijit Ghoshal]] 8 *[[Tarun Sagar]] 9
*[[Keka Ghoshal]] 8 *Harpreet Deol 4
*[[Sanchita Bhattacharya]] 7 *[[Rohanpreet Singh]] 7
*[[Jugalbandi]] 5 *[[Jugalbandi]] 5
* Total 52 * Total 48
Winner [[West Bengal]] pass to the Semifinal!
*1st [[Semifinal]]
*[[Maharashtra]] vs. [[Gujarat]]
*Friday
*[[Duet Song 1]] 7 *[[Duet Song 1]] 8
*[[Vaishali Made]] 8 *[[Parthiv Gohil]] 8
*[[Kaushik Deshpande]] 8 *[[Deepali Somaiya]] 6
*Rohit Raut 8 *[[Prachi Shah]] 9
* Total 31 * Total 31
*[[Maharashtra]] vs. [[Gujarat]]
*Saturday
*[[Duet Song 1]] 8 *[[Duet Song 1]] 6.5
*[[Vaishali Made]] 10 *[[Parthiv Gohil]] 8.5
*[[Kaushik Deshpande]] 8 *[[Deepali Somaiya]] 7
*Rohit Raut 7.5 *[[Prachi Shah]] 7.5
*[[Jugalbandi]] 5 *[[Jugalbandi]] 5
* Total 69.5 * Total 64.5
Winner [[Maharashtra]] and is the Mega Finalist of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega Challenge!
2nd [[Semifinal]]
*[[West Bengal]] vs. [[Assam]]
Friday
*[[Duet Song 1]] 10 *[[Duet Song 1]] 8
*[[Abhijit Ghoshal]] 8 *Joy Chakraborty 9
*[[Keka Ghoshal]] 9 *[[Anamika Choudhari]] 10
*[[Sanchita Bhattacharya]] 10 *[[Abhigyan Das]] 10
* Total 37 * Total 37
*[[West Bengal]] vs. [[Assam]]
Saturday
*[[Duet Song 1]] 9 *[[Duet Song 1]] 9
*[[Abhijit Ghoshal]] 10 *Joy Chakraborty 9.5
*[[Keka Ghoshal]] 10 *[[Anamika Choudhari]] 10
*[[Sanchita Bhattacharya]] 10 *[[Abhigyan Das]] 10
*[[Jugalbandi]] 5 *[[Jugalbandi]] 5
* Total 81 * Total 80.5

'''THE FINALS'''

The final was between West Bengal (Abhijit Ghoshal, Keka Ghoshal and Sanchita Bhattacharya) and Maharashtra (Vaishali Made, Kaushik Deshpande and Rohit Raut) where the latter team was declared as a winner. Sonu Nigam, Suresh Wadkar and Pyrelal were seen as the panel of judges for the grand night.

==Eliminations==
Here are the eliminations so far:

* Episode 2 - [[Uttar Pradesh]]: [[Twinkle Bajpai]]
* Episode 4 - [[Madhya Pradesh]]: [[Sumedha Karmahe]]
* Episode 6 - [[Rajasthan]]: [[Raja Hasan]]
* Episode 8 - [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]: [[Tarun Sagar]]
* Episode 10 - [[Gujarat]]: [[Parthiv Gohil]]
* Episode 12 - [[Assam]]: Joy Chakraborty
* Episode 14 - [[West Bengal]]: Abijit Ghoshal

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]

Prabodh Mehta

2025-08-13T05:19:18Z

ErnestGuzzi186: Made Initial Entry W/ Refs.

{{short description|Indian businessman (1936–2020)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prabodh Mehta
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1936|8|21}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|11|3|1936|8|21}}
| death_place = [[Antwerp]], Belgium
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| alma_mater =
| employer =
| occupation = {{ubl |Trustee Of [[Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre]] |Vice Chairman of Gembel European NV |Founder of Kay Diamond}}
| years_active =
| spouse = {{Marriage |Usha Prabodh Mehta |1963 }}
| children = 2
| awards = [[Order of Leopold II]] from the [[King of Belgium]] in (1993)
}}

'''Prabodh Kirtilal Mehta''' (21 August 1936 – 3 November 2020) was an Indian diamond merchant. He is the son of the Late Shri Kirtilal Mehta and the founder of [[Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lilavatihospital.com/the_founder.aspx |title=Founder |publisher= lilavatihospital.comlilavatihospital |accessdate= 10 May 2013 }}</ref>

He was the trustee of Lilavati Hospital and a chairman of the Gembel Diamond NV, Kay Diamond and Joint Managing Director of Pace Gems in Dubai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lilavatihospital.com/management.aspx |title=Management |publisher= lilavatihospital.com |accessdate= 10 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insideview.com/directory/kay-diamonds-nv |title=Kay Diamond Founder |publisher= insideview.com |accessdate= 2 June 2013 }}</ref>

== Early life ==
At age 17 Prabodh Mehta joined Gembel European NV to assist his father Kirtilal Mehta in the diamond business. He was known for his diamond creations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapid=23036567 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060616/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapid=23036567 |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |title=Gembel Diamond Founder |publisher= investing.businessweek.com |accessdate= 13 August 2013 }}</ref>

Along with his school education, he gained knowledge of the diamond industry that helped build his career in the field of diamond sales.

== Career ==
In 1953, Mehta left for Antwerp, Belgium to launch his company of Gembel European NV.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/23/obituaries/kirtilal-m-mehta-86-built-a-gem-company.html |title=Gembel European NV Founder |work= [[The New York Times]] |date=23 July 1993 |accessdate= 23 July 2013 }}</ref> After this, he visited [[Mumbai]] to set up diamond manufacturing units.{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}} He was CEO of Pace Gems, Member Of Board Of Directors Gembel European Sales and Adesh International and COO for Adesh Gems.

== Recognition ==
Mehta received several awards for his diamond achievements and excellence in business globally and social work as a trustee of Lilavati Hospital including the [[Order of Leopold II]] from the [[King of Belgium]] in 1993 and the [[Order of the Crown (Belgium)]] from the King of Belgium in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 December 2020|title=Antwerp mourns the loss of diamantaire Prabodh Kirtilal Mehta|url=https://www.diamondworld.net/contentview.aspx?item=25290|access-date=19 January 2022|website=Diamond World}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Prabodh Kirtilal Mehta.JPG|Prabodh Kirtilal Mehta and Rashmi Kirtilal Mehta with the Dalai Lama
Image:Prabodh Mehta.jpg|Prabodh Mehta & Chetan Prabodh Mehta
Image:Shri Prabodh Mehta.JPG|Prabodh Kirtilal Mehta, Rashmi Kirtilal Mehta and Rekha Sheth with the Dalai Lama
Image:Prabodh k mehta.JPG|Prabodh Kirtilal Mehta receiving award by Hirani Mata Sthanak Trust on September 22, 2013
Image:Shri prabodh mehta.JPG|Prabodh Kirtilal Mehta receiving award by Hirani Mata Sthanak Trust on September 22, 2013
</gallery>

== Family ==
Mehta married Usha in 1963. They raised two children: Chetan Mehta (48) and works with Gembel European Sales, Adesh International and Adesh Gems. His daughter Neena Parikh, 44, is married and lives in [[Dubai]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}

Mehta died on 3 November 2020, at the age of 84.<ref>{{Cite web |last=service |first=diamond world news |date=2020-12-01 |title=Antwerp mourns the loss of diamantaire Prabodh Kirtilal Mehta |url=https://www.diamondworld.net/news/25290 |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=Diamond World |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Prabodh Mehta}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Prabodh}}
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]

List of schools in Pathanamthitta district

2025-07-26T03:06:48Z

ErnestGuzzi186: new place...

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
This is a list of schools recognised by Kerala government in [[Pathanamthitta district]] of [[Kerala]], India. The list is not at all complete.

==Schools affiliated to the Kerala Board of Public Examinations==

===[[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta Educational District]]===

====Government Schools====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sl No !! school !! Location
|-
| 1 || Govt. HSS Chittar || [[Chittar, Kerala|Chittar]]
|-
| 2 || Govt. HSS Pathanamthitta || [[Pathanamthitta]]
|-
| 3 || Govt. HSS Kalanjoor || [[Kalanjoor]]
|-
| 4 || Govt. HSS Vechoochira Colony || [[Vechoochira]]
|-
| 5 || Govt. Hss Ayroor || [[Ayroor]]
|-
| 6 || Govt. HSS Kadimeenchira || [[Kadimeenchira]]
|-
| 7 || Govt. HSS Omalloor || [[Omalloor]]
|-
| 8 || Govt. HSS Edamuri || [[Edamuri]]
|-
| 9 || Govt. HSS for girls Adoor || [[Adoor, Kerala|Adoor]]
|-
| 10 || Govt. HSS for boys Adoor || [[Adoor]]
|-
| 11 || Govt. HSS Aranmula || [[Aranmula]]
|-
| 12 || Govt. HSS Elanthoor || [[Elanthoor]]
|-
| 13 || Govt. Hss Elimullumplackal || [[Elimullumplackal]]
|-
| 14 || Govt. HSS Kadammanitta || [[Kadammanitta]]
|-
| 15 || Govt. HSS Kaipattoor || [[Kaipattoor]]
|-
| 16 || Govt. HS Kattachira Tribal || [[Kattachira Tribal]]
|-
| 17 || Govt. HS Keekozhoor || [[Keekozhoor]]
|-
| 18 || Govt. HSS Kissimum || [[Kissimum]]
|-
| 19 || Govt. HSS Kizhakkupuram || [[Kizhakkupuram]]
|-
| 20 || Govt. Hss Kokkathode || [[Kokkathode]]
|-
| 21 || Govt. HSS Konni || [[Konni, Pathanamthitta|Konni]]
|-
| 22 || Govt. HS Koodal || [[Koodal]]
|-
| 23 || Govt. HS Kozhencherry || [[Kozhencherry]]
|-
| 24 || Kulanada Panchayat HSS(Panchayath School) || [[Kulanada, Kerala|Kulanada]]
|-
| 25 || Govt. HSS Mancode || [[Mancode]]
|-
| 26 || Govt. HS Maroor || [[Maroor]]
|-
| 27 || Malayalappuzha JMPHS(Panchayath School) || [[Malayalappuzha]]
|-
| 28 || Govt. Hss Naranganam || [[Naranganam]]
|-
| 29 || Govt. VHSS Nedumon || [[Nedumon]]
|-
| 30 || Govt. HSS Pathanamthitta Model Residential School || [[Vadasserikkara]]
|-
| 31 || TMGHSS Peringanad || [[Edamuri]]
|-
| 32 || Govt. HSS Thekkuthode || [[Thekkuthode, Kerala|Thekkuthode]]
|-
| 33 || Govt. HSS Thengamam || [[Thengamam]]
|-
| 34 || Govt. HSS Thumpamon North || [[Thumpamon North]]
|-
| 35 || Govt. HSS Vadakkedathucavu || [[Vadakkedathucavu]]
|-
|36 || [[Govt.LPS Arukalickal]] || [[Arukalickal]]
|-

|}

====Private aided [[school]]s====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sl No !! school !! Location

| 1 || [[SVGV Higher Secondary School, Kidangannoor]] || [[Kidangannoor]]
|-
| 2 || Adoor NSS HSS || [[Vadakkedathucavu, Kerala|Vadakkedathucavu]]
|-
| 3 || PCHS Pulloopram, Ranni || [[Pulloopram, Kerala|Pulloopram]]
|-
| 4 || MSHSS Ranni || [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]]
|-
| 5 || SC HSS Ranni || [[Chellakadu, Kerala|Chellakadu]]
|-
| 6 || M G M HSS PATHANAMTHITTA || [[THIRUVALLA, PATHANAMTHITTA, Kerala|THIRUVALLA]]
|-
| 7 || BALIKAMADOM GHSS, THIRUVALLA || [[THIRUVALLA, Kerala|PATHANAMTHITTA]]
|-
| 8 || C M S HSS, MALLAPPALLY || [[MALLAPPALLY, Kerala|MALLAPPALLY]]
|-
| 9 || N S S HSS, KUNNANTHANAM || [[KUNNANTHANAM, Kerala|KUNNANTHANAM]]
|-
| 10 || S T B C HSS, CHENGAROOR P O || [[MALLAPALLY, Kerala|MALLAPALLY]]
|-
| 11 || N S S HSS, THATTAYIL || [[THATTAYIL, Kerala|THATTAYIL]]
|-
| 12 || ST. THOMAS, HSS, KOZHANCHERY || [[KOZHANCHERY, Kerala|KOZHANCHERY]]
|-
| 13 || CATHOLICATE HSS || [[PATHANAMTHITTA, Kerala|PATHANAMTHITTA]]
|-
| 14 || S N D P HSS, VENKURINJI || [[VENKURINJI, Kerala|VENKURINJI]]
|-
| 15 || N S S HSS, THADIYOOR || [[THADIYOOR, Kerala|THADIYOOR]]
|-
| 16 || PADMANABHODAYAM HSS, MEZHUVELI || [[MEZHUVELI, Kerala|MEZHUVELI]]
|-
| 17 || D B HSS, THIRUVALLA || [[THIRUVALLA, Kerala|THIRUVALLA]]
|-
| 18 || S N V HSS, ANGADICAL SOUTH || [[VANGADICAL SOUTH, Kerala|ANGADICAL SOUTH]]
|-
| 19 || S N D P HSS, CHENNEERKKARA || [[CHENNEERKKARA, Kerala|CHENNEERKKARA]]
|-
| 20 || ABRAHAM M M HSS || [[EDAYARANMULA, Kerala|EDAYARANMULA]]
|-
| 21 || NSS HSS, KAVIYOOR || [[KAVIYOOR, Kerala|KAVIYOOR]]
|-
| 22 || DBHSS, PARUMALA, KADAPRA || [[PARUMALA, KADAPRA, PATHANAMTHITTA, Kerala|PARUMALA, KADAPRA]]
|-
| 23 || ST JOHNS HSS, ERAVIPEROOR || [[ERAVIPEROOR, Kerala|ERAVIPEROOR]]
|-
| 24 || SNDP HSS, MUTTATHUKONAM || [[MUTTATHUKONAM, Kerala|MUTTATHUKONAM]]
|-
| 25 || ST BAHANAN`S HSS, VENNIKKULAM || [[VENNIKKULAM, Kerala|VENNIKKULAM]]
|-
| 26 || NSS BOYS HSS, PANDALAM || [[PANDALAM, Kerala|PANDALAM]]
|-
| 27 || MG HSS, THUMPAMON || [[THUMPAMON, Kerala|THUMPAMON]]
|-
| 28 || HSS, SEETHATHODE || [[SEETHATHODE, Kerala|SEETHATHODE]]
|-
| 28 || PSVPM HSS, AYRAVON, KONNI || [[KONNI, Kerala|KONNI]]
|-
| 30 || SNDP HSS, KARAMVELI || [[KARAMVELI, Kerala|KARAMVELI]]
|-
| 31 || ST THOMAS HSS, ERUVALLIPRA || [[ERUVALLIPRA, Kerala|ERUVALLIPRA]]
|-
| 32 || MT HSS, PATHANAMTHITTA || [[PATHANAMTHITTA, Kerala|PATHANAMTHITTA]]
|-
| 33 || CMS HSS, KUZHIKKALA || [[KUZHIKKALA, Kerala|KUZHIKKALA]]
|-
| 34 || [[AMM Higher Secondary School, Edayaranmula]] || Edayaranmula, Pathanamthitta, Kerala
35.[netaji school, pramadom)]
Pramadom, pathanamthitta, Kerala

|}
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizbaya.com/bizcontacts/service/list-of-higher-secondary-schools-hss-in-pathanamthitta-district-with-codes|title=List of Higher Secondary Schools (HSS) in Pathanamthitta District With Codes, Contacts, Courses and Languages | BizBaya.com|website=www.bizbaya.com}}</ref>

====Schools Affiliated to International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE)====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sl No !! school !! Location
|-
| 01 || '''[https://nskinternationalschool.org/index.php NSK International School]'''|| [[Pathanamthitta District, Kerala]]
|}

== Schools affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)]] ==

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Sl No !! School !! Location
|-
|1 || Al-Ihsan Central School || Niranam
|-
|2 || All Saints Public School || Adoor
|-
|3 || Amrita Vidyalayam || Pandakm
|-
|4 || Amrita Vidyalayam || Kallarakadvu
|-
|5 || Amrita Vidyalayam || Thiruvalla
|-
|6 || Anjaneya Saraswathy Vidya Mandiram || Vaipur
|-
|7 || Archbishop Mar Gregorios Public School || Kaviyoor
|-
|8 || Arsha Vidya Jyothi Public School || Adoor
|-
|9 || Believers Church Residential School || [[Thiruvalla]]
|-
|10 || Bhavans Vidya Mandir || Pathanamthitta
|-
|11 || Carmal Central School || Payyanamon
|-
|12 || Carmel Convent English Medium School ||Thadiyoor
|-
|13 || Christ Central School || Thiruvalla
|-
|14 || Christhuraja Public School || Mallappally
|-
|15 || Citadel Residential School || Ranny
|-
|16 || Eminence English Medium School || Pandalam
|-
|17 || Grace Mount Residential School || Kumbanad
|-
|18 || Gurukul Mount Public School || Kunnathnam
|-
|19 || Holy Angels Model School || Mundukottakal
|-
|20 || Immanuel Marthoma Central School || Eraviperor
|-
|21 || Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya || Vechoochira
|-
|22 || Kendriya Vidyalaya || Adoor
|-
|23 || Kendriya Vidyalaya || Pathanamthitta
|-
|24 || Little Flower Public School || Mukkoottuthara
|-
|25 || M G M Central School || Kodumon
|-
|26 || Mar Dionysius School || Mallappally
|-
|27 || Mar Theophilose Bethany Covent Public School || Vennikulam
|-
|28 || [[Marthoma Senior Secondary School]] || [[Kozhencherry]]
|-
|29 || Mary Matha Public School || Pathanamthitta
|-
|30 || Mathen Mappilai Memorial Public School || Ayroor
|-
|31 || Mount Bethany Public School || Kumbazha
|-
|32 || National Central School || Parakode
|-
|33 || Newman Central School || Adoor
|-
|34 || Nicholson Syrian Central School || Thiruvalla
|-
|35 || Nirmal Jyothi Public School || Mallappally
|-
|36 || Oonianthala Eapen Memorial Public School || Eraviperur
|-
|37 || Padamasree Central School || Adoor
|-
|38 || Rose Dale Residential School || Ranny
|-
|39 || S N Public School || Konni
|-
|40 || Santa Maria Public School || Makkapuzha
|-
|41 || Savio English School || Naranganam
|-
|42 || Sree Narayana Central School || Ranny
|-
|43 || Sree Vijayananda Vidya Peedom || Aranmula
|-
|44 || St Gregorios English Medium School || Kaipattoor
|-
|45 || St John's School || Thumpamon
|-
|46 || St Mary's Central School || Thiruvalla
|-
|47 || St. Marys Residential Public School || Thiruvalla
|-
|48 || St Stephen's Public School || Kudassanad
|-
|49 || Stella Maris English Medium School || Thiruvalla
|-
|50 || Sundarsanam Central School || Aranmula
|-
|51 || Syndesmos Public School || Parumala
|-
|52 || Syrian Jacobite Public School || Thiruvalla
|-
|53 || Thapovan Public School || Adoor
|-
|54 || Travancore International School || Adoor
|}

== Schools affiliated to the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE)]] ==

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Sl No !! School !! Location
|-
|1 || Bethany Academy || Vennikulam
|-
|2 || Evershine Residential School || Makkamkunnu
|-
|3 || Good Shepherd E. M. School || Kurianoor
|-
|4 || Hawksworth Vidyapith || Thiruvalla
|-
|5 || Holy Family Public School || Chittar
|-
|6 || M. K. Letha Memorial Public School || Konni
|-
|7 || Mar Thoma Residential School || Thiruvalla
|-
|8 || Mount Zion Residential School || Kadammanitta
|-
|9 || Pathanamthitta Public School || Onnukal
|-
|10 || Sankaramangalam Public School || Kaviyoor
|-
|11 || Seventh Day Adventist English Medium Residential School || Pathanamthitta
|-
|12 || Seventh Day Adventist Higher Secondary School || Thiruvalla
|-
|13 || Shalom Public School || Chenneerkara
|-
|14 || Sophia International Academy || Mallappally
|-
|15 || Sri Adwayananda Public School || Edayaranmula
|-
|16 || Zion English Medium School || Ayoor
|}

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Schools in Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Lists of schools in Kerala|Pathanamthitta]]

Dalupur

2025-05-24T10:25:58Z

ErnestGuzzi186:

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dalupur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.10677|N|78.81387|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Karhal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.211
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3180
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dalupur''' ({{IAST|Ḍālūpur}}) is a village in [[Barnahal]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, it had a population of 3,180, in 530 households. The last zamindar of Dalupur was Pandit Satyadev pachauri.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Dalupur had a population of 3,180, in 530 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|124}} This population was 52.9% male (1,681) and 47.1% female (1,499). The 0-6 age group numbered 445 (231 male and 214 female), or 14.0% of the total population. 236 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 7.4% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|100–1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Dalupur as having a population of 2,171 people, in 241 households.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Mainpuri |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29484/download/32665/28516_1981_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|100–1}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Dalupur as comprising 7 hamlets, with a total population of 1,503 people (757 male and 746 female), in 265 households and 181 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 793 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|lii}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Dalupur had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|124–9}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

Dinesh Nandan Sahay

2025-03-17T13:26:41Z

ErnestGuzzi186:

{{Short description|Indian politician and police officer}}
{{improvereferences|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Dinesh Nandan Sanhay
|image = File:Dinesh Nandan Sahay, Governor of Tripura.jpg
|caption = Dinesh Nandan Sahay in 2008
|image_size = 175
|order = 10th
|office = Governor of Tripura
|term_start = 2 June 2003
|term_end = 14 October 2009
|1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Tripura|Chief Minister]]
|1namedata = [[Manik Sarkar]]
|predecessor = [[Krishna Mohan Seth]]
|successor = [[Kamla Beniwal]]
|order1 = 1st
|office1 = Governor of Chhattisgarh
|term_start1 = 1 November 2000
|term_end1 = 1 June 2003
|1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh|Chief Minister]]
|1namedata1 = [[Ajit Jogi]]
|predecessor1 = ''Office Established''
|successor1 = Krishna Mohan Seth
|birth_date = 2 February 1936
|birth_place = Madhepur, [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{small|(Now Bihar, India)}}
|death_date = {{Death date and age|2018|1|28|1936|2|2|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
|spouse = Manju Sanjay
|children = 3
|party = [[Samata Party]]
|mother = Kishori Devi
|father = Deva Nandan Sahay
}}
'''Dinesh Nandan Sahay''' (2 February 1936 – 28 January 2018), also known as '''D.N. Sahay''',<ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/chhattisgarh-guv-cm-condole-demise-of-dinesh-nandan-sahay-118012900961_1.html Chhattisgarh Guv, CM condole demise of Dinesh Nandan Sahay]</ref> was a police officer turned politician who served as DGP of Bihar and later as the [[Governor of Tripura]] and the first [[Governor of Chhattisgarh]].

== Early life and career ==
He was born in [[Madhepura]], [[Bihar]] in a middle-class [[Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha]] family to mother late Kishori Devi and father late Deva Nandan Sahay and was raised in [[Patna]]. He completed his M.A. in English literature and started his career as a lecturer in the H.D. College of [[Arrah]] before joining [[Indian Police Service]] in 1960. Thereafter, he served as the DGP of [[Bihar state]] (India).{{cn|date=June 2023}}

== Later life ==
After retirement, he joined the [[Samata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-14 |title=Samata Party to move Delhi HC against Thackeray faction's 'flaming torch' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/samata-party-to-move-delhi-hc-against-thackeray-faction-s-flaming-torch-101665771404653.html |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He was the first governor of [[Chhattisgarh]] state from 2000 to 2003. He became Governor of [[Tripura]] in June 2003. He continued on this post till 2009. Yet traditionally governors serve for five years' tenure, Sahay served one year more than a typical governor's tenure.<ref>"Konwar sworn in as Tripura governor -" ''The Telegraph (india)''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130331034923/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130326/jsp/northeast/story_16713226.jsp] 26 March 2013 </ref> He is the father-in-law of current [[Bihar Police|DGP of Bihar]], Alok Raj.<ref>{{Cite web |title=लालू राज में ससुर तो नीतीश के शासन में दामाद, बिहार के नए DGP ने वर्दी के लिए छोड़ दिया 'असली शौक' |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/muzaffarpur/ips-success-story-alok-raj-become-new-dgp-bihar-know-everything/articleshow/112938444.cms |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}

{{Governors of Chhattisgarh}}
{{Governors of Tripura}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahay, Dinesh Nandan}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian police officers]]
[[Category:Governors of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Governors of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politicians from Patna]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Samata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
{{Bihar-politician-stub}}

Vimalamitra

2024-12-13T10:20:44Z

ErnestGuzzi186: Stub - done

{{Short description|8th-century Indian Buddhist monk}}
[[File:Vimalamitra 2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Thangka]] of Vimalamitra]]
{{Tibetan Buddhism}}

'''Vimalamitra''' ({{bo|t=དྲི་མེད་བཤེས་གཉེན་|w=dri med bshes gnyen}}) was an 8th-century Indian Buddhist monk. His teachers were [[Buddhaguhya]], [[Jnanasutra|Jñānasūtra]] and [[Sri Singha|Śrī Siṃha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alexandria.ucsb.edu/lib/ark:/48907/f3p26xx7|title=Vimalamitra : The Legend of an Indian Saint and His Tibetan Emanations - Alexandria Digital Research Library {{!}}|last=Gruber|first=Joel Stephen|date=2016|website=Alexandria Digital Research Library|language=en|access-date=2017-08-03}}</ref> He was supposed to have vowed to take rebirth every hundred years,<ref name = "treasuryoflives">{{Cite news|url=http://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Vimalamitra/9985|title=Vimalamitra|last=Gruber|first=Joel|date=2012|work=The Treasury of Lives|access-date=2017-08-03|language=en}}</ref> with the most notable figures being Rigzin Jigme Lingpa, Khenchen Ngagchung, Kyabje Drubwang Penor Rinpoche and Kyabje Yangthang Rinpoche. He was one of the eight teachers of the great Indian adept [[Padmasambhava]]. Centuries later, [[Terma (religion)|terma]] and various works were attributed to him.
Chatral Sangye Dorji (1913-2016) was said to have received a mala rosary from a man who was at the time dressed as an Indian Sadhu. It was only later that Rinpoche told his attendants that he received a mala on that day from Vimalamitra in reality. The attendants were curious and returned to the place where they had met a sadhu only to be left dumbstruck. The sadhu was not to be found anywhere. One scholar remarked that the historical Vimalamitra "would have been astonished to find himself the focus of such a tradition."<ref>Davidson, Ronald M. ''Tibetan Renaissance'', p. 229. Columbia University Press, 2005.</ref>

==Attributed works==
Among the works which have been attributed to Vimalamitra is the [[Vima Nyingthig]]. However, scholars are not in agreement as to which works he actually authored.<ref name = "treasuryoflives" />

==See also==
*[[Eleven vajra topics]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Nyingma lamas]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhists from India]]
[[Category:8th-century Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist monks]]

Jalpot

2024-10-17T19:05:42Z

ErnestGuzzi186: small changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jalpot
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.3881306|N|75.7554213|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric


| elevation_m = 240
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-PB]]

| blank1_name_sec2 = Post office
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|jalandhar.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Jalpot''' is a village in [[Jalandhar district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] [[States and territories of India|State]], India. It is located {{convert|30|km}} from district headquarter [[Jalandhar]] and {{convert|150|km}} from state capital [[Chandigarh]]. The village is [[Administration (government)|administrated]] by a [[sarpanch]] who is an [[elected representative]] of village as per [[Panchayati raj (India)]].<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/30281-jalpot-punjab.html |title=Village population per Census India|work=[[Census of India, 2011]]}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of villages in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0303_PART_B_DCHB_JALANDHAR.pdf List of villages in Jalandhar district] at [[Census of India, 2011]]

{{Jalandhar district}}


[[Category:Villages in Jalandhar district]]

{{Jalandhar-geo-stub}}

Aankh Micholi (disambiguation)

2024-05-17T20:24:37Z

ErnestGuzzi186: Put up a post.

{{Wikt|आँख-मिचौली|hi:आँखमिचौली}}

'''Aankh Micholi''' or '''Aankh Michouli''' ({{Lit|hide and seek|}}) may refer to these in Indian media:

*''[[Aankh Michouli]]'', 1942 film
*''[[Aankh Micholi]]'', 1972 film
*[[Aankh Micholi (2023 film)|''Aankh Micholi'' (2023 film)]], 2023 comedy film
*[[Aankh Micholi (TV series)|''Aankh Micholi'' (TV series)]], 2024 Indian TV series

== See also ==
*[[Hide and Seek (disambiguation)]]
*''[[Luka Chuppi]]'' ({{Lit|hide and seek}}), a 2019 Indian romantic-comedy film

{{disambiguation}}

Masuri

2023-11-15T20:06:41Z

ErnestGuzzi186: new post...

'''Masuri''' may refer to:

* [[Masuri, Ghaziabad]], a town in Uttar Pradesh, India
* [[Mussoorie]], a hill station in the Indian state of Uttarakhand
* ''[[Magic Kid Masuri]]'', a 2002 South Korean television series
* [[Sona Masuri]], a medium-grain rice grown in India

==See also==
* [[Masoori]]
* [[Matsuri (disambiguation)]]
* {{intitle}}

{{Disambiguation}}

Oshiwara District Centre

2023-10-29T06:09:55Z

ErnestGuzzi186: Made Basic Place From Scratch

{{short description|Land developed by Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox government agency
|agency_name = Oshiwara District Centre
|nativename =
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|jurisdiction = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
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'''Oshiwara District Centre ''', commonly abbreviated as '''ODC''', is 160 acres of land developed by [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/plan-for-oshiwara-business-hub-takes-off/articleshow/64009777.cms|title=plan for oshiwara business hub takes off|work=www.economictimes.indiatimes.com|author=Economic Times}}</ref> strategically located between [[Andheri]] and [[Goregaon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://propstory.com/locality/real-estate-in-oshiwara-district-centre-mumbai/|title=real estate in Oshiwara district centre Mumbai|work=www.propstory.com|author=Propstory}}</ref> It is a planned development and an emerging growth centre, commercially as well as residentially.

== History ==
[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority|MMRDA]] (MMRDA) wanted to set up a district centre in the suburbs as the city inched northwards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-state-clears-way-for-oshiwara-district-centre-touted-as-next-big-business-hub/1093925|title=Mumbai state clears way for Oshiwara district centre touted as next big business hub|work=www.freepressjournal.in|author=Freepressjournal}}</ref> The Eastern Suburbs already had a cluster development in (Powai), but the Western Suburbs lacked a flourishing development.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/plan-for-mumbai-s-next-big-business-hub-in-western-suburbs-is-back-on-track/story-P2QRkuKlsz7MTnOHStlG5M.html|title=plan for mumbai’s next big business hub in western suburbs is back on track|work=www.hindustantimes.com|author=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Therefore, [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority|MMRDA]] decided to plan ‘’Oshiwara District Centre’’ as the next planned development as it had all the required aspects to make it a successful District Centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/oshiwara-district-centre-likely-to-be-next-bkc-says-report-116030401320_1.html|title=Oshiwara District Centre likely to be next BKC says report|work=www.business-standard.com|author=Business Standard}}</ref> Oshiwara District Centre (ODC)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/building-blocks-mumbai-set-for-next-bkc-of-the-back-office-world-118052900007_1.html|title=building blocks Mumbai set for next BKC of the back office world|work=www.business-standard.com|author=Business Standard}}</ref> is well connected to arterial roads such as Link Road, S.V. Road, and Western Express Highway. It is at a reasonable distance from the upcoming Metro Line ([[Dahisar]]-[[Charkop]]-[[Bandra]]-[[Mankhurd]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/new-business-hubs-emerging-in-oshiwara-kalyan-bhiwandi-thane/story-JLx1pZ3S85bBHPbfbSuV1J.html|title=New business hubs emerging in Oshiwara Kalyan Bhiwandi Thane|work=www.hindustantimes.com|author=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Many hotels, offices and shopping malls are in the vicinity. Premium Hotels like The Westin, Grand Sarovar Premiere, and Orritel West are located in the vicinity. Popular malls such as Oberoi Mall at [[Goregaon]] and Infiniti Mall at [[Andheri]] are closest to ODC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/oshiwara-district-centre-likely-to-be-next-bkc-says-report/17014159|title=Oshiwara District Centre likely to be next BKC says report|work=www.mid-day.com|author=Mid Day}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.odc-goregaon.com/ Website of Oshiwara District Centre]

==See also==
* [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]

[[Category:Geography of Mumbai]]
[[Category:State agencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Economy of Mumbai]]

{{Maharashtra-stub}}

Zee Cine Special Award for Outstanding Performance – Female

2023-09-26T05:41:24Z

ErnestGuzzi186: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Zee Cine Awards#Awards]] {{R from merge}}

Republic Day Parade

2023-09-14T23:11:21Z

ErnestGuzzi186: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Delhi Republic Day parade]]

Almonda, Koraput

2023-09-13T13:59:20Z

ErnestGuzzi186: Put up a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Almonda
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname. =
| settlement_type = Village.
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Odisha
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|18|52|0|N|83|19|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Koraput district|Koraput]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 223
| population_total = there is approximately total population as 1200 around 150 house
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 765013
| registration_plate = OD 10
| website = {{URL|odisha.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Almonda''' (also spelled '''Almanda''' or '''Alamanda''') is a village in [[Koraput district]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]. As of the [[2011 Census of India]], it had a population of 2,178 across 565 households, with 1,095 males and 1,083 females. 1,073 residents were literate, and 292 were six years old or younger.<ref>{{Cite 2011 census of India|478206|Almonda}}</ref>{{update after|2022}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Koraput district}}

[[Category:Villages in Koraput district]]

{{Koraput-geo-stub}}

Akadia State

2023-08-13T14:07:20Z

ErnestGuzzi186: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Akadia, Gujarat#History]]

{{R with possibilities}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]