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Culture of Himachal Pradesh

2026-05-07T13:26:35Z

ErnestBuntine9: new

{{short description|Culture of mountainous Northern Indian state}}
[[File:A place of devotion.jpg|thumb|Dakhrain festival in Pangi village of Kinnaur district]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}

The [[North India]]n state of [[Himachal Pradesh]], also known as '''Devbhoomi''' and '''Veerbhoomi''', is a state that has remained largely uninfluenced by Western culture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HP truly a ‘Dev Bhoomi’, says minister Chauhan |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/himachal-truly-dev-bhoomi-says-industries-minister-chauhan/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=HMNS |date=2025-08-15 |title=Flying Lt Arshveer Singh Brings Laurels for Himachal Veerbhoomi in Operation Sindoor - HimbuMail |url=https://himbumail.com///flying-lt-arshveer-singh-brings-laurels |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=himbumail.com |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-17 |title=Kewal Singh Pathania demands formation of dedicated Himalayan Regiment for hill states - HIMACHAL HEADLINES |url=https://himachalheadlines.com/news/kewal-singh-pathania-demands-formation-of-dedicated-himalayan-regiment-for-hill-states/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |language=en}}</ref> Himachal Pradesh is a multi-religion practising, multicultural and multilingual state. Himachal Pradesh culturally has three regions, ''[[Mahasu (region)|Mahasu region]]'', that includes almost whole of the upper Himachal and the second one is the lower Himachal which includes districts of [[Una district|Una]], [[Kangra district|Kangra]], [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]], [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]], parts of lower [[Mandi district|Mandi]] and parts of [[Chamba district|Chamba]]. The third part includes districts of [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]], whole of the upper [[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]] and some parts of Chamba.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2022-11-06 |title=BJP to win both upper and lower parts of Himachal Pradesh, says Amit Shah |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-assembly/union-home-minister-amit-shah-addresses-election-rally-in-himachal-pradesh/article66103761.ece |access-date=2025-12-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A second House in Dharamshala |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/kaleidoscope/a-second-house-in-dharamshala-335157/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-29 |title=HP polls {{!}} Regional divide, not caste, a dominant factor in hill state |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/hp-polls-regional-divide-not-caste-a-dominant-factor-in-hill-state-101666997242743.html |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Some of the most commonly spoken languages are [[Hindi]] and the various [[Himachali languages|Pahari]] languages.<ref name=dem2>{{cite web
|url = http://123himachal.com/himachal/info.htm
|title = The people and tribes
|access-date = 20 May 2007
|publisher = www.123himachal.com
}}</ref>

Himachal is well known for its handicrafts. The carpets, leather works, shawls, paintings, metalware and woodwork are worth appreciating. [[Kashmir shawl|Pashmina shawl]] is one of the products which is highly in demand not only in Himachal but all over the country. [[Himachali cap|Himachali caps]] are also famous artwork of its people.

[[Music of Himachal Pradesh|Local music]] and dance reflects the cultural identity of the state. Through their dance and music, they praise their gods during local festivals and other special occasions.

There are a number of fairs and festivals celebrated in Himachal Pradesh, including the temple fairs in nearly every region that are of great significance to this state.

The day-to-day food of ''Himachalis'' is very similar to the rest of the north India. They too have [[lentil]], [[broth]], [[rice]], [[vegetable]]s and [[bread]], etc. As compared to other states in north India, non-vegetarian cuisine is more preferred. Some of the specialities of Himachal include ''Manee'', ''Madeera'', ''Pateer'', ''Chouck'', ''Bhagjery'' and ''chutney'' of til.

The Annual Festival of Kasol known as Himachal Hills Festival which take place from 27 to 30 December every year in Kasol.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/himachal-to-celebrate-himachal-hills-festival-from-december-30-31/as67205358.cms|title=Himachal to celebrate Himachal Hills Festival from December 30–31|website=Times of India Travel}}</ref>

Also, In 2008 the UNESCO-listed Kalka–Shimla narrow-gauge railway as part of Mountain Railways of India.

==People and culture==
[[File:Traditional dress, faces, scenery of Himachal Pradesh India.jpg|thumb|An elderly farmer wearing traditional clothing working in her fields in the [[Kullu district]]]]
Around 96% of the population of the state is [[Hindu]]s. The major communities include Brahmins, Rajputs, [[Gurjars in Himachal Pradesh|Gurjars]], Choudharies, Kanets, Rathis, [[Koli People|Kolis]], [[Gaddis]], Kinnauras, [[Tanoli]]s, Pangawals, and Lahaulis. From the alpine pasture regions to the lower regions during the cold winter season are mainly Hindus. The Kinnars are the inhabitants of Kinnaur, and they generally practice polyandry and [[polygamy]]. The Lahaulis of [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]] and native of spiti, Kinnaur region, mainly comprises Buddhists.<ref>[http://www.himachalpradeshindia.com/culture-of-himachal-pradesh.html Ethnicity of Himachal Pradesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070402192358/http://www.himachalpradeshindia.com/culture-of-himachal-pradesh.html |date=2 April 2007 }} Retrieved 27 May 2007</ref> A percentage of people are also Tibetans. Muslims, Christians, and Sikhs. The [[Gaddis]], Gurjars, Kinnauras, [[Tanoli]]s, Pangawals, and Lahaulis are tribals and Brahmin, Rajputs and Kanets are non tribal groups of the state.

Though [[Hindi]] is the state language, many people speak the various [[Western Pahari languages]]. A majority of the population is engaged in agricultural practices, however people are now also moving towards tertiary sectors.
As per the traditional dressing norms the dress of the Brahmin male includes kurta, pyjama, long traditional coat (chola), waistcoat, turban and a hand towel. But With the changing time the dress up of the people has now become a mixed one. Though the above-mentioned style is now hardly followed, people have started wearing western style of clothes.{{CN|date=February 2026}}

The typical house is constructed of [[clay]] bricks and the roofs are of [[slate]]. In some areas the slate roof is also replaced by [[timber]].{{CN|date=February 2026}}

==Arts and crafts==
{{further|Arts and crafts of Himachal Pradesh}}
The handicraft that comes out of this state are the carpets, leather works, shawls, metalware, woodwork and paintings. Pashmina shawl is the pretty product which is in high demand not only in Himachal but all over the country. Colourful Himachali caps are also famous art work of the people. A tribe namely ''Dom'' is expert in manufacturing [[bamboo]] items like [[box]]es, [[Couch|sofas]], chairs, [[basket]]s and [[Amp rack|rack]]. Metalware of the state include [[food utensil|utensils]], ritualistic [[Bowl (vessel)|vessels]], [[cult image|idols]], [[gold]] and [[silver]] [[Jewelry|jewelleries]].
[[File:Kulluvi slippers.jpg|center|thumb|kulluvi culture ]]
[[Weaving]], [[Wood carving|carving]], [[painting]], and chiselling are considered to be the part of the life of ''Himachalis''. Himachal is well known for designing shawls especially in [[Kullu]]. The [[architecture]], [[Object (philosophy)|object]]s, [[Retailing|shops]], [[museum]]s, [[art museum|galleries]] and craftsmen charm with the variety perfected through time.

Women take an active part in [[pottery]] and men in [[carpentry]]. For ages, wood is used in Himachal in the construction of homes, [[cult image|idol]]s etc.

==Music and dance==

{{further|Music of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{further|Traditional dances of Himachal Pradesh}}

Music and dance of Himachal Pradesh reflect its cultural identity. Through their dance and music, they entreat their gods during local festivals and other special occasions. There are also dances that are specific to certain regions of the state.

Some of the dance forms of Himachal are ''Losar Shona Chuksam'' (Kinnaur), ''Dangi'' (Chamba), ''Gee Dance'' and ''Burah dance'' (Sirmour), ''Naati, Kharait, Ujagjama and Chadhgebrikar'' (Kullu) and ''Shunto'' (Lahaul & Spiti). The main dance form of Himachal Pradesh is ''nati''.
People of the state generally prefer folk music. There is no classical form of music, as for the Himachal Pradesh is concerned.
Himachali dance forms are highly varied and quite complicated. These dances are a very vital part of the [[tribal]] life. It reflects the [[culture]] and the tradition of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Hardly any festivity here is celebrated without dancing. Some of the dance forms like ''Dulshol'', ''Dharveshi'', ''Drodi'', ''Dev Naritya'', ''Rakshas Nritya'', ''Dangi'', ''Lasa'', ''Nati'' and ''Nagas'' are danced all over the region.

==Fairs and festivals==
[[File:Kullu Dussehra - main procession.jpg|thumb|Kullu Dussehra]]
Apart from the fairs and festivals that are celebrated all over India, there are number of other fairs and festivals also that are at the high point of Himachal Pradesh. These festivals are the time for the ''Himachalis'' to adorn colourful dress and accessories and get mixed up with the rest of their ''kins''. Some of these fairs and festivals in the upper regions are the [[Kullu Dussehra]], [[Shivratri]] Fair ([[Mandi, India|Mandi]]), Shoolini Mela (Solan), ''Minjar Fair'' ([[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]]), Mani Mahesh Chhari Yatra ([[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]]), [[Renuka]] fair ([[Sirmaur district|Sirmaur]]), Lavi Trade Fair ([[Rampur, Himachal Pradesh|Rampur]]), Vrajeshwari fair ([[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]]), Jwalamukhi Fair (Jwalamukhi), [[Holi]] Fair ([https://www.himgirihimachalgk.com/2020/08/hamirpur-himachal-pradesh.html Sujanpur Tira]), and [[Naina Devi]] Fair ([[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]]), Fulaich (Kinnaur valley), and Ladarcha ([[Spiti]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Kullu Dussehra |url=https://utsav.gov.in/view-event/international-kullu-dussehra-1 |website=utsav.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=International Mandi Shivratri Festival |url=https://hpmandi.nic.in/gallery/shivratri/ |website=hpmandi.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Minjar Mela |url=https://hpchamba.nic.in/festival/minjar-mela/ |website=hpchamba.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandey |first=Abhimanyu |date=August 22, 2024 |title=Special gathering at Spiti: Trans-Himalayan ethos mark annual Ladarcha fair at Kaza |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/special-gathering-at-spiti-trans-himalayan-ethos-mark-annual-ladarcha-fair-at-kaza/ |work=The Tribune}}</ref> In the lower regions of Himachal are temple Fairs in Una District such as the ''Peeplo'' Fair, the Bharoli Bhagaur Fair, the 'Mairi' Guruduwara Fair, the 'Chintpurni' temple Fair, the '[[Kamakhya temple]]' Fair, including the annual ''Himachal Hill Festival'' in the village ''Polian Purohitan'' during the fourth week of October. The centuries-old Sair festival<ref>{{cite web |url=https://disttmandi.com/sair-festival/ |title=Sair Festival |website=disttmandi.com |date= 17 September 2015|access-date=17 September 2018}}</ref> is celebrated mainly in [[Shimla]], [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]], [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]], [[Kullu]] and [[Solan]] districts every year in mid-September. It is celebrated to mark the end of the crop harvest and also the rakhi thread are removed and offered to the mother sairi.

==Food==
[[File:Pachole.jpg|thumb|Pachole]]
The day-to-day food of ''Himachalis'' is very similar to the rest of north India. They too have [[lentil]], [[broth]], [[rice]], [[vegetable]]s and [[bread]], Rajmaha, Sidhu.
[[File:Food made with lots of love and efforts.jpg|thumb|Fiddel fern a wild vegetable found naturally in Himachal Pradesh near water resources and we can eat this with rotis and rice]]

As compared to other states in north India non-vegetarian cuisine is preferred. Traditionally, Himachali cuisine is dominated by green meat and wheat bread.

Thick and rich gravy, with aromatic spices, is used in abundance(upper Shimla, Lahaul, Chamba) as the base of many dishes. '''Dham''' is the traditional food served in marriages or other functions. '''[[Siddu (bread)|Siddu]]''', [[Patrode]], '''Cheele''','''Tudkiya Bhath''' and '''Babru''' are the authentic snack dishes of the state. Now, steamed momos (dumplings) and noodles are also readily available and popular with travellers who want to graduate to Indian food slowly.<ref name="cuisine">{{cite web
|url = http://www.onetikk.com/blog/1358/himachali-cuisine-a-plesantly-suprising-fusion/
|title = Himachali Cuisine, a Pleasantly Surprising Fusion
|access-date = 31 January 2013
|publisher = www.onetikk.com
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130216144406/http://www.onetikk.com/blog/1358/himachali-cuisine-a-plesantly-suprising-fusion/
|archive-date = 16 February 2013
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> Some of the specialities of Himachal include ''Manee'', ''Mandra'' or "Madra", "Palda", "Redu" ''Patrode'', ''Chouck'', ''Bhagjery'' and ''chutney'' of til (sesame seeds).

==References==
<references/>

== Further reading ==
* {{cite thesis |title=Comic Folktales of Himachal: A Study of Folk Humour |last=Dogra |first=Sapna |publisher=[[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] |date=2010 |hdl=10603/658577 |type=PhD |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/658577}}

;Folktale collections:
* {{cite book |title=Folk Tales of Lahaul |first=Manohar Singh |last=Gill |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |date=1977 |isbn=9780706905229}}
* {{cite book |title=Tales From The Hills: Lahaul's Enduring Myths and Legends |first=MANOHAR SINGH |last=GILL |publisher=Harper Collins |date=2014 |isbn=9789351363774}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://www.hptourism.org/travel-guide/traditional-himachal-pradesh-foods/ 15 Delicious Food Items Of Himachal Pradesh.]

{{Himachal Pradesh topics|state=autocollapse}}

[[Category:Culture of Himachal Pradesh| ]]

J. M. Ahivasi

2026-05-07T10:23:26Z

ErnestBuntine9: made the article w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian painter and art educator (1901–1973)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox artist
| image = J. M. Ahivasi.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1901|07|06|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1973|12|29|1901|07|06|df=y}}
| known_for = [[Painting]]
| alma_mater = [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art|Sir J. J. School of Art, Mumbai]]
| birth_place = [[Mathura]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
}}

'''Jagannath Murlidhar Ahivasi''' (6 July 1901 – 29 December 1973) was an Indian painter and art educator. He is well known for his paintings in the Indian style inspired by the techniques and style of the Indian miniature paintings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaganath Ahivasi (active 1926-56) - Shiva and Parvati |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/932759/shiva-and-parvati |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=www.rct.uk |language=en}}</ref> '''J. M. Ahivasi''' was at the forefront of the revival of Indian Art in Western India from early to mid 20th century.<ref name=":7" />

== Early life and education ==
Ahivasi was born on 6 July 1901 in [[Baldeo]] near [[Mathura]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. His mother had died when he was just four years old after which he was solely raised by his father. His father Murlidhar was a musician at [[Porbandar]] in [[Gujarat]], popular as a temple ''Kirtankar'' (''[[Kirtan]]'' performer). Ahivasi's childhood was spent in a musical, spiritual and religious environment. At the same time, he was also introduced to the traditional murals and religious [[Nathdwara painting|paintings of Nathdwara]], home of the mansion music and ''kirtan'' tradition.<ref name=":1" />

Ahivasi's father wanted him to follow his footsteps and become a temple singer. However, he was inclined towards painting from an early age and therefore decided to become a painter. After some training in art initially, he taught drawing at the Anjuman School in Porbandar itself. It was here that Ahivasi had met Maldev Rana, who mentored him and encouraged him to pursue art. Rana explained him about the importance of modern art education in painting and advised him to visit [[Mumbai]] and pursue the same.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Thacker |first1=Manu |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.26672 |title=Present day painters of India |last2=Venkatachalam |first2=G. |date=1950 |publisher=Sudhangshu Publications, Bombay |pages=1–3}}</ref> Initially, Ahivasi took admission at Ketkar Art Institute in [[Girgaon]]. After completing the first two years of the course here, he joined the [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art|Sir J. J. School of Art]]. In 1926, he completed G. D. Art in painting with first class. During his education, he received the prestigious Dolly Cursetjee Prize. Other awards include the Mayo Medal in 1927 for his academic achievements and a gold medal in an exhibition held at Surat in the same year.<ref name=":2" />

== Career ==

=== Bombay Revivalist School ===
When Ahivasi was a student at the Sir J. J. School of Art, Captain W. E. Gladstone Solomon was the principal of the school. The latter was an advocate of Indian art and promoted the Bombay Revivalist School, an art movement that nurtured and preserved Indian art traditions. Solomon started a special class to promote this where G. H. Nagarkar was appointed as its teacher. Ahivasi studied painting in the Indian Renaissance style under Nagarkar and subsequently, developed his own style.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=पवार |first1=सुभाष |last2=बहुळकर |first2=सुहास |title=अहिवासी, जगन्नाथ मुरलीधर |trans-title=Ahivasi, Jaganath Murlidhar |url=https://maharashtranayak.in/ahaivaasai-jagananaatha-mauralaidhara |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=महाराष्ट्र नायक |language=mr}}</ref>
[[File:Message by J. M. Ahivasi.jpg|alt=Painting by J. M. Ahivasi|thumb|''Message'' (1927) by J. M. Ahivasi in the Rajput miniature style]]
Ahivasi's paintings were inspired by the Indian miniatures of [[Jain art#Paintings|Jain]], [[Rajput painting|Rajput]] and [[Kangra painting|Kangra]] style. Solomon was intrigued by the beauty and elegance of his line of art. He was also impressed by the thick and opaque watercolour paintings of Ahivasi that looked different from the wash technique adopted by the [[Bengal School of Art]] along with Nagarkar and others at the Bombay Revivalist School. Thereby, Solomon awarded Ahivasi with a scholarship for the mural decoration class in 1927.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A5%AC_-_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE.pdf&page=77 |title=शिल्पकार चरित्रकोश खंड ६ - दृश्यकला |publisher=साप्ताहिक विवेक, हिंदुस्थान प्रकाशन संस्था |year=2013 |editor-last=बहुळकर |editor-first=सुहास |location=मुंबई |pages=12–16 |language=mr |trans-title=Artists' Encyclopedia Vol. 6 - Visual Arts |editor-last2=घारे |editor-first2=दीपक}}</ref> His painting in the Rajput style titled ''Message'' received a gold medal at the [[Bombay Art Society]] exhibition in 1927.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitter |first=Partha |title=The triumph of modernism : India's artists and the avant-garde, 1922-1947 |date=2007 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-86189-318-5 |location=London |pages=199 |oclc=76852953}}</ref> From 1932 to 1935, he was also appointed as a Fellow in Painting at the school.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.granth.107872 |title=Annual Report of the Sir J. J. School of Art, Bombay, for the year 1932-33 |publisher=The Government Central Press |year=1934 |location=Bombay |pages=1–2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.107872/page/n137/ |title=Annual Report of the Sir J. J. School of Art, Bombay, for the year 1934-35 |date=1936 |publisher=The Government Central Press |location=Bombay |pages=3}}</ref>

=== Murals at Rashtrapati Bhavan ===
In the year 1927, a nationwide competition was organized which invited designs for decorating the rooms of the Imperial Secretariat (now [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]) in New Delhi. The committee, appointed by the Government of India, received about 24 entries from across India who had sent their preliminary drawings. They accepted the work offered by seven of these exhibitors, including two art schools. Sir J. J. School of Art was selected to decorate the ''Committee Room A'' (now the office of Minister of State of Home Affairs), based on their initial designs for the competition.<ref name=":3" /><gallery widths="250" heights="150" caption="Black & white reproduction of the watercolor sketch titled ''Drama'' prepared by J. M. Ahivasi">
File:Drama (lunette closeup 1) by J. M. Ahivasi.jpg
File:Drama (lunette) by J. M. Ahivasi.jpg
File:Drama (lunette closeup 2) by J. M. Ahivasi.jpg
</gallery>Ahivasi was a part of the group which had executed this project.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thacker |first=Manu |date=12 Feb 1939 |title=Revival of Mural Painting |pages=10 |work=[[The Bombay Chronicle]] |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.13664/ |access-date=9 July 2022}}</ref> He was given the task of creating murals for two [[lunette]]s on the dome of the room. The two artworks that he designed were ''Painting'' and ''Drama''. ''Painting'' is based on the Rajput miniature style with a modern approach of subject handling and composition. Whereas, ''Drama'' has a touch of Western realistic style with a dramatic figure composition. Two contrasting emotions are depicted on the either side of a woman who is seated on the throne in the center.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/artsinteriorsofr0000unse |title=The Arts and Interiors of Rashtrapati Bhavan: Lutyens and beyond |date=2016 |publisher=[[Publications Division (India)|Publications Division]], [[Government of India]] |others=Photographs by Joginder Singh |isbn=978-81-230-2130-0 |editor-last=Mitter |editor-first=Partha |location=New Delhi |pages=130–137 |editor-last2=Ahuja |editor-first2=Naman P.}}</ref> These paintings were created in oils on canvas and later attached to the walls of the room. The final work began from the month of November 1928 and was completed in August 1929.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Solomon |first=W. E. Gladstone |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.26434 |title=Mural Paintings of the Bombay School |date=1930 |publisher=The Times of India Press, Bombay}}</ref>

=== The Indian Class ===
Considering the inclination and mastery of Ahivasi in the Indian miniature tradition, Solomon started a special class for the same in 1929, as an extension of the Bombay Revivalist School. Ahivasi was appointed as the teacher of this ''Indian Class'' which was designed in Indian style under his guidance. Students had to remove their footwear before they entered the classroom. Desks were laid out on a ''satranji'' (carpet) instead of the typical donkey easels. One had to put their board on the desk and sit cross-legged on the ''satranji''. Ahivasi himself sat on raised platform with [[bolster]]s on the either side. His attire was completely Indian which included a ''[[pheta]]'', long coat, ''[[dhoti]]'' with simple sandals and occasionally, a ''[[Khadi]]'' cap. In this Indian environment, many things were taught – from how to hold a brush, how to effectively use colour theory and how to preserve the integrity of the image. They followed the traditional way of image making - ''asanasiddhi'' (poses), ''reshasiddhi'' (lines) and then ''rangasiddhi'' (colours).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia visual art of Maharashtra : artists of the Bombay school and art institutions (late 18th to early 21st century) |date=2021-03-02 |publisher=Pundole Art Gallery |isbn=978-81-89010-11-9 |editor-last=Bahulkar |editor-first=Suhas |edition=First |location=Mumbai |oclc=1242719488}}</ref> Officially termed as the Class of Indian Design and Composition, this class was quite popular in the school. Only those students with an aptitude for oriental design were admitted to it which resulted in production of quality paintings that felt Indian and were original in style.<ref name=":4" />

After the retirement of Solomon from the School of Art in 1936, Charles Gerrard became the head of the school. The latter was inclined towards the art movements and modernism of the Western art world. Gerard and Ahivasi disagreed over the role of traditional Indian art and modern art values. Also, the art world in India was changing rapidly at this time. Students in the 1940s and 50s did not agree with the hardworking and traditional methods of Ahivasi. Although, they remained silent out of respect. It was only later that some students like [[F. N. Souza]], [[Tyeb Mehta]] and [[Baburao Sadwelkar]] refused to sit in his class and as a result, they had to make separate arrangements. Ahivasi was already worried about how long his Indian Class will run since the time Gerard became the director. Nonetheless, the class continued until Ahivasi retired in 1956. After his retirement, the then principal [[J. D. Gondhalekar]] closed it. Later, Ahivasi was invited to [[Banaras Hindu University]], where he worked as the head of the Faculty of Visual Arts from 1957 to 1966.<ref name=":0" />

Ahivasi had a huge group of friends in Mumbai. After the closure of his ''Indian Class'', he felt sad and expressed it to many, saying that, “Now the roots of Indian tradition have been uprooted.” He had a close relationship with art critic Kanaiyalal Vakil and journalist D. G. Vyas. The traditionalist views of these two thinkers largely influenced the output of Ahivasi. After his death in 1973, artist Shankar Palsikar wrote about him in an article,“The ideological and artistic role of Ahivasi could not evolve with the passage of time. As a result, his field of production remained very limited.”<ref name=":1" />

=== Meeting the Bengal artists ===
During a visit to [[Kolkata]] in August 1947, Ahivasi visited [[Abanindranath Tagore]], the pioneer of the revival of Indian Art in Bengal, at his residence. They discussed about traditions in art and how it can be preserved, without being dogmatic about it. Ahivasi also drew a sketch of Tagore in a few minutes, which was later autographed by the latter himself.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Vyas |first=D. G. |date=7 September 1947 |title=A Rare Meeting |pages=19 |work=[[The Bombay Chronicle]] |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.14072/ |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
[[File:Sketch of Abanindranath Tagore by J. M. Ahivasi.jpg|alt=Sketch by J. M. Ahivasi|thumb|Sketch of Abanindranath Tagore (1947) by J. M. Ahivasi with Tagore's signature at the bottom]]
Later, Ahivasi also went to [[Santiniketan]] and stayed there for two days. Here, he met [[Nandalal Bose]] who knew his work well and was pleased to receive him. Since [[Kala Bhavana]] was closed that day, Bose got it opened and took Ahivasi on the campus tour. This was followed by a discussion on the methods of teaching art. There had been a history of controversy between the Bengal and the Bombay School of Art. However, this meeting was cordial and promoted a better understanding between the two art schools.<ref name=":5" />

== Other work ==

=== Illustrations ===
During his time as a student and educator, he had visited the caves at [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]], [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]], [[Elephanta Caves|Elephanta]], [[Bagh Caves|Bagh]], [[Badami cave temples|Badami]], [[Sittanavasal Cave|Sittanavasal]] and studied the murals there. After seeing his work, the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] in New Delhi had invited him to replicate the murals at Badami and Sittanavasal. The academy was so impressed by his work that they honoured him with a Special Gold Medal in 1956.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Jaganath Ahivasi |url=http://goaartgallery.com/jaganath_ahivasi.htm |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=Goa Art Gallery}}</ref> In 1961, Ahivasi's book ''Rekhanjali'' based on Indian sculptures and paintings was published by J. V. Navlakhi and Company, Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahivasi |first=Jagannath Murlidhar |title=Rekhanjali |date=1961 |publisher=Published by B.G. Navlakhi for J.V. Navlakhi |location=Bombay |language=English |oclc=6905380}}</ref>

Ahivasi's painting ''Departure of Meera'' was gifted by then Prime Minister of India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] to [[Zhou Enlai]], then Prime Minister of China.<ref name=":6" /> Many pictures of Ahivasi have been collected in the country and abroad. ''Message'' and ''My Father'' is housed in the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]] in Mumbai.<ref name=":0" />

=== Literature ===
Even though Ahivasi was primarily known as an Indian-style painter, he also worked in poetry, music and literature. In 1949, Ahivasi was selected as the President of the Arts Department by the [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] at [[Junagadh]], the highest honour given by the organization to an artist.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vyas |first=D. G. |date=6 February 1949 |title=Honour to Ahivasi |pages=25 |work=[[The Bombay Chronicle]] |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.14155/ |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref> He also worked as the editor of the ''kirtan'' collection in [[Braj Bhasha]] and was elected as the president of the Brajbhasha Sammelan at [[Meerut]].<ref name=":2" />

== Death and legacy ==
Ahivasi died on 29 December 1973. An exhibition titled ''The Lost Movement'' was organized by Chatterjee & Lal art gallery in 2011 which featured the work of Ahivasi and his students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lost Movement {{!}} Chatterjee & Lal |url=http://chatterjeeandlal.com/shows/the-lost-movement/ |access-date=2022-08-06}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahivasi, J. M.}}
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:Sir J. J. School of Art alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Sir J. J. School of Art]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Banaras Hindu University]]
[[Category:Indian art educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]

Nata (raga)

2026-05-01T16:05:11Z

ErnestBuntine9: Adding Some Data From Scratch

{{Short description|Janya raga of Carnatic music}}
{{Other uses|Nata (disambiguation)}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox ragam
| name = Nata
| synonym =
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| mela =
| chakra =
| type =
| arohanam = {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|P|D3|N3|S'}}
| avarohanam = {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|R3|S}}
| jeeva =
| chhaya =
| nyasa =
| vishesha =
| equivalent =
| similar =
}}
{{Carnatic}}
'''Nata''' (nāṭa), also known as '''Nattai''', is a [[rāga]]m in [[Carnatic music]] (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is a ''[[janya]]'' rāgam (derived scale) from the 36th ''[[melakarta]]'' scale ''[[Chalanata]]''. It is a ''janya'' scale, as it does not have all the seven ''[[swara]]s'' (musical notes) in the descending scale. It is an auspicious raga, which is mostly sung in the early part of the concert.<ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref>

There is a raaga named Nata in Hindusthani music as well, and another raaga named Shuddha Nat. Raag Nat is the Hindustani equivalent of Nattai Raga.

== Structure of Lakshana ==
[[File:Chalanata scale.svg|thumb|right|300px|Ascending scale with ''shadjam'' at C, which is same as ''Chalanata'' scale]]
[[File:Gambhiranata scale.svg|thumb|right|300px|Descending scale with ''shadjam'' at C, which is same as ''Gambhiranata'' scale]]

''Nata'' is an asymmetric rāgam that does not contain ''gandharam'' and ''dhaivatam'' in the descending scale. It is an ''sampurna-audava'' rāgam (or ''owdava'' rāgam, meaning pentatonic descending scale).<ref name="ragas" /><ref name="raganidhi">''Raganidhi'' by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras</ref> Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows:

*[[Arohana|{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}]] : {{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|P|D3|N3|S'|foot=yes}}
*[[Avarohana|{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}]] : {{svaraC|S'|N3|P|M1|R3|S|foot=yes}}

It is a [[vivadi]] raga. The notes used in this scale are ''shadjam, shatsruthi rishabham, antara gandharam, shuddha madhyamam, panchamam, shatsruthi dhaivatam'' and ''kakali nishadham'' in ascending scale, with ''dhaivatam'' and ''gandharam'' skipped in descending scale. For the details of the notations and terms, see [[Swara#Svaras in Carnatic music|''swaras'' in Carnatic music]].

== Popular Compositions ==
There are many compositions set to ''Nata'' rāgam. Many compositions in praise of Lord [[Ganesha]] are set to this raga.<ref name="ragas" /> Here are some popular ''[[Kriti (music)|kritis]]'' composed in this ragam.

*''Sri Rajadhiraja'' is a [[varnam]]
*''Samukhamunu'' is a [[varnam]] by Vadivelu of the [[Tanjore Quartet]]
*''Sarasijanabha'' is a [[varnam]] by [[Palghat Parameswara Bhagavathar]]
*''E Nadamulo'' is a [[varnam]] by Dr. [[M. Balamuralikrishna]]
*''Ananda Tandavam'' is a [[varnam]] by Dr. [[M. Balamuralikrishna]]
*''Hari Hara Vinutha'' is a [[Geetam]] by [[Sriram Parthasarathy]]
*''Amari Kabari'' is a [[Geetam]] by [[Appayya Dikshita]]
*The first ''[[Pancharatna Kriti]]'' ''Jagadananda karaka'' and ''Ninne Bhajana'' by [[Tyagaraja]]
*''Mahaganapathim'', ''Swaminatha paripalaya'', ''Parameswara'' and ''Pavanathmajaagachcha'' by [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]]
*The first ''[[Thiruppavai]]'' ''Margazhi Thingal'' by [[Andal]] tuned by [[Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar]]
*''Paahi Saure'' and ''Jaya Devaki Kishora'' by [[Swathi Thirunal]]
*''Umaiyor Bhagane'' by [[Papanasam Sivan]]
*''Veda Mathe Veda Vinuthe'' by [[Muthiah Bhagavathar]]
*''Pahi Nikhila Janani'' by [[Irayimman Thampi]]
*''Sarasijanabha Mam Pahi'' by [[Palghat Parameswara Bhagavathar]]
*''Sri Mahaganapathe Surapathe'' by [[Viswanatha Sastri|Mayooram Viswanatha Sasthri]]
*''Kamalambike Mamava Sada'' by [[Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar]]
*''Karimukhavarada'' by [[G. N. Balasubramaniam]]
*''Sri Gajanana'', ''Sri Padmanabham'', ''Pranathosmi Devam'' and ''Re Re Manasa'' by [[Thulaseevanam]]
*''Sri Gananatha'' by [[Pallavi Sesha Iyer]]
*''Tanthi Ma Mukha'' by [[Koteeswara Iyer]]
*''Suryakodi Mamaprabhamakudei'' by [[Kutti Kunju Thankachi]]
*''Namo Namo Raghukulanayaka'' by [[Annamacharya]]
*''Jaya Jaya Janaki'' (1st Navaratna Malike), ''Vandisuvudadiyali'' by [[Purandaradasa]]
*''Ananda Nartana Ganapathim'' by [[Oothukkadu Venkata Kavi]]
*''Sidhi Arul Siva Sakthi Balagane'' by Nilakanta Sivan
*''Sarisiruhasana Priye'' by Duraiswamy Iyer

== Film songs ==
=== Language: [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
!style="background:#5F9EA0" |Song
!style="background:#5F9EA0" |Movie
!style="background:#5F9EA0" |Composer
!style="background:#5F9EA0" |Singer
|-
|Ventriduven Unnai(Ragamalika opening portion only)
Other Ragas : Bhairavi, Thodi, Aarabhi, Shanmukhapriya, Darbar, Hamsadhwani, Vasantha, Mohanam, Manolayam, Bageshwari, Saranga, Kambothi, Gowri Manohari, Saraswati and Kalyani
(16 Ragas)
|[[Agathiyar]]
|[[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
|Maanikkka Theril Maragatha
|[[Thedi Vandha Mappillai]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Mahaganapathim(Traditional Carnatic)
|[[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)|Sindhu Bhairavi]]
|rowspan="16"|[[Illayaraja]]
|[[K.J. Yesudas]]
|-
|Mettioli Katrodu (Starts with Suddha Dhanyasi)
|[[Metti (film)|Metti]]
|[[Illayaraja]], [[S. Janaki]](Humming only)
|-
|Aala Asathum
|[[Kanni Rasi]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Vani Jairam]]
|-
|Isai Paadu Nee
|Isai Paadum Thendral
|rowspan="2"|[[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Oh Oh Oh Kaalai Kuyilgale
|[[Unnai Vaazhthi Paadugiren]]
|-
|Holi Holi
|[[Raasukutti]]
|rowspan="3"|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Innum Ennai (Gambeeranattai with Tilang)
|[[Singaravelan]]
|-
|Podu Thanthanathom
|[[Nalla Naal]]

|-
|Panivizhum Malar Vanam (in Chalanattai)
|[[Ninaivellam Nithya]]
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Inge Iraivan(In Jog)
|[[Sir... I Love You]]
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Nan Deva devi
|[[Thangakkili]]
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Swarnalatha]]
|-
|Oru Pattampochi
|[[Kadhalukku Mariyadhai]]
|[[K.J. Yesudas]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
|-
|Naan Ondru Kettal
|[[Ilaya Ragam]]
|[[Arunmozhi]], [[K.S. Chitra]]
|-
|Peigaley Nambathey
|[[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]]
|[[Kamal Haasan]], [[Shanmugasundari]]
|-
|Annai Thanthai(Gambeeranattai)
|[[Are You Ok Baby?]]
|[[Shweta Mohan]]
|-
|Kavithai Kelungal(Ragamalika)
|[[Punnagai Mannan]]
|rowspan=2|[[Vani Jairam]]
|-
|Katrinile Varum Geetham
|[[Rasigan Oru Rasigai]]
|[[Raveendran]]
|-
|[[Dil Se Re|Sandhosha Kannire]]
|[[Uyire]]
|rowspan="4"|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
|Spiderman
|[[New (film)|New]]
|[[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
|Narumugaiye Narumugaiye
|rowspan="2"|[[Iruvar]]
|[[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Bombay Jayashree]]
|-
|Vennila Vennila
|[[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|Thom Thom
|[[Alli Thandha Vaanam]]
|rowspan=2|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[K.S. Chitra]]
|-
|Oru Nimidamaa
|[[Thithikudhe]]
|[[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Srivarthini
|-
|Thangamagan Indru
|[[Baashha]]
|rowspan=2|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|[[K.J. Yesudas]], [[K.S. Chitra]]
|-
|Devi Devi
|Santharpam
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Uma Ramanan]]
|-
|Mudhalam Santhippil
|[[Charlie Chaplin (2002 film)|Charlie Chaplin]]
|[[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]]
|[[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Swarnalatha]]
|-
|Solaigal Ellam
|[[Pookkalai Parikkatheergal]]
|rowspan=2|[[T. Rajendar]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K.S. Chitra]]
|-
|Vasantham Paadi Vara
|[[Rail Payanangalil]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Valibam Vaazha Sollum
|[[Ullaasam]]
|[[Karthik Raja]]
|Karthik Raja,[[Prabhu Deva]], [[Ajith Kumar]], Vikram, Maheswari, Shruti Haasan
|-
|Sogam Eni Ellai
|[[Vaaname Ellai]]
|[[Maragathamani]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] & [[Maragadha Mani]](Chorus)
|-
|Uyire Uyire
|[[Vaanam Vasappadum]]
|[[Mahesh Mahadevan]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Ganga]]
|-
|Iyengaru Veetu Azhagey
|[[Anniyan]]
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
|-
|Chennai Senthamizh (copy of Mahaganapathim)
|[[M. Kumaran Son of Mahalakshmi]]
|[[Srikanth Deva]]
|[[Harish Raghavendra]]
|-
|Karigalan Kala
|[[Vettaikaaran (2009 film)|Vettaikaaran]]
|[[Vijay Antony]]
|[[Suchith Suresan]], [[Sangeetha Rajeshwaran]]
|-
|Aagayam Kanatha
|[[Unakkum Enakkum]]
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Jingunamani
|[[Jilla]]
|rowspan="2"|[[D. Imman]]
|[[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
|Ammukuttiye
|[[Gemini Ganeshanum Suruli Raajanum]]
|Pradeep Kumar
|}

== Related rāgams ==
This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam. chalanattai

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

== References ==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
<references />

{{Melakarta ragas|state=collapsed}}
{{Janya|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Janya ragas]]

Kangchenjunga

2026-04-30T22:15:19Z

ErnestBuntine9: made first data basic info

{{Short description|3rd-highest mountain on Earth}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Kangchenjunga
| other_name = {{Langx|ne|कञ्चनजङ्घा|translit=Kañcanajaṅghā}}
{{Langx|Sip|གངས་ཆེན་མཛོད་ལྔ}} ; [[Wylie transliteration|Wylie]]: ''Gangs Chen mdzod lnga ''
| photo = Kangchenjunga PangPema.JPG
| photo_caption = The north face of Kangchenjunga from Pangpema.
| elevation_m = 8586
| elevation_ref = <ref name="Carter1985"/> {{small|[[List of highest mountains on Earth|Ranked 3rd]]}}
| prominence_m = 3922
| prominence_ref = <ref name="peaklist"/> {{small|[[List of mountain peaks by prominence|Ranked 29th]]}}
| listing = {{unbulleted list | [[Eight-thousander]] | [[Seven Third Summits]] | [[List of mountains in India]] | [[List of mountains in Nepal]] | [[List of countries by highest point|Country high point (India)]] | [[Ultra-prominent peak]] }}
| location = {{unbulleted list|[[Taplejung District]] in [[Nepal]] |[[Mangan district]] in [[Sikkim]], [[India]]<ref name="peaklist"/>}}
| range = [[Himalayas]]
| map_caption = Location of Kangchenjunga
| map_image = {{OSM Himalaya|lat_d=27.7|long_d=88.1|zoom=9}}
| coordinates = {{coord|27|42|09|N|88|08|48|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref = <ref name="peaklist"/>
| first_ascent = 25 May 1955 by [[Joe Brown (climber)|Joe Brown]] and [[George Band]] on the [[1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition]] (First winter ascent 11 January 1986 by [[Jerzy Kukuczka]] and [[Krzysztof Wielicki]])<ref name=KW-jk/><ref name=KW-hj/>
| easiest_route = glacier/snow/ice climb
}}

'''Kangchenjunga''' is the [[List of highest mountains on Earth|third-highest mountain in the world]]. Its summit lies at {{cvt|8586|m}} in a section of the [[Himalayas]], the ''Kangchenjunga Himal'', which is bounded in the west by the [[Tamur River]], in the north by the [[Lhonak River]] and [[Jongsong Peak|Jongsang La]], and in the east by the [[Teesta River]]. It lies in the border region between [[Koshi Province]] of [[Nepal]] and [[Sikkim]] state of [[India]], with the West and Kangbachen peaks located in Nepal's [[Taplejung District]] and the Main, Central and South peaks directly on the border.

Until 1852, Kangchenjunga was assumed to be the [[List of past presumed highest mountains|highest mountain in the world]]. However, precise calculations and meticulous measurements by the [[Great Trigonometrical Survey]] of India in 1849 showed that [[Mount Everest]], known as Peak XV at the time, is higher. After allowing for further verification of all calculations, it was officially announced in 1856 that Kangchenjunga is the third-highest mountain in the world.

Kangchenjunga is considered a sacred mountain in Nepal and Sikkim. It was first climbed on 25 May 1955 by [[Joe Brown (climber)|Joe Brown]] and [[George Band]], who were part of the [[1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition]]. They stopped just short of the true summit, keeping a promise given to [[Tashi Namgyal]], the [[Chogyal]] of the [[Kingdom of Sikkim]], that the top of the mountain would remain inviolate. The Indian side of the mountain is off limits to climbers. In 2016, the adjoining [[Khangchendzonga National Park]] was declared a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].

==Etymology==
The brothers [[Hermann Schlagintweit|Hermann]], [[Adolf Schlagintweit|Adolf]] and [[Robert Schlagintweit]] explained the local name 'Kanchinjínga', meaning "the five treasures of the high snow", as originating from the [[Tibetan languages|Tibetan]] words "gangs" {{IPA|bo|kaŋ|pron}}, meaning snow and ice; "chen", {{IPA|bo|tɕen|pron}} meaning great; "mdzod", meaning treasure; and "lnga", meaning five.<ref name=Schlagintweit1863>{{cite book |author1=De Schlagintweit, H. |author2=de Schlagintweit, A. |author3=de Schlagintweit, R. |year=1863 |title=Results of a Scientific Mission to India and High Asia, undertaken between the years MDCCCLIV and MDCCCLVIII by order of the court of Directors of the Honourable East India Company |volume=III |publisher=Brockhaus, Leipzig and Trübner & Co. |location=London |chapter=IV. Names explained |page=207 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jOE-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA207}}</ref>
The local Lhopo people believe that the treasures are hidden but reveal themselves to the devout when the world is in peril; the treasures comprise [[salt]], [[gold]], [[turquoise]] and [[precious stones]], sacred scriptures, invincible armour or ammunition, grain and medicine.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scheid |first1= C. S. |year=2014 |title=Hidden land and changing landscape: Narratives about Mount Khangchendzonga among the Lepcha and the Lhopo |journal=Journal of the Irish Society for the Academic Study of Religions |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=66–89}}</ref>

''Kangchenjunga'' is the official spelling used by the Indian Government since the late 19th century; [[Douglas Freshfield]], [[Alexander Mitchell Kellas]] and the [[Royal Geographical Society]] adopted this spelling, which provides the most accurate English rendition of the [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] pronunciation.<ref name=Freshfield1903/> Alternative spellings include Kanchenjunga, Khangchendzonga and Kangchendzönga.<ref name=Band1955>{{cite magazine |author=Band, G. |year=1955 |title=Kanchenjunga Climbed |magazine=The Geographical Magazine |volume=28 |pages=422–438}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Nirash, N. |year=1982 |title=The Lepchas of Sikkim |journal=Bulletin of Tibetology |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=18–23 |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/242791/bot_1982_02_03.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Denjongpa, A. B. |year=2002 |title=Kangchendzönga: Secular and Buddhist perceptions of the mountain deity of Sikkim among the Lhopos |journal=Bulletin of Tibetology |volume=38 |pages=5–37 |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/242513/bot_2002_02_01.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{wide image|Panorama Kangchenjunga from Darjeeling.jpg|600px|Panorama of the Kangchenjunga massif from [[Tiger Hill, Darjeeling]]}}
The ''Kangchenjunga Himal'' section of the Himalayas lies both in Nepal and India and encompasses 16 peaks over {{cvt|7000|m}}. In the north, it is limited by the [[Lhonak River|Lhonak Chu]], Goma Chu and [[Jongsong Peak|Jongsang La]], and in the east by the Teesta River. The western limit runs from the Jongsang La down the Gingsang and Kangchenjunga glaciers and the rivers of Ghunsa and [[Tamur River|Tamur]].<ref name=Freshfield1903>{{cite book |author=Freshfield, D. W. |year=1903 |title=Round Kangchenjunga: a narrative of mountain travel and exploration |publisher=Edward Arnold |location=London |url=https://archive.org/stream/roundkangchenjun00fresrich#page/n7/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name=Carter1985>{{cite journal |last=Carter |first=H. A. |year=1985 |title=Classification of the Himalaya |journal=American Alpine Journal |volume=27 |issue=59 |pages=109–141 |url=http://c498469.r69.cf2.rackcdn.com/1985/109_carter_himalaya_aaj1985.pdf}}</ref> It lies in the border region between [[Koshi Province]] of [[Nepal]] and [[Sikkim]] state of [[India]], with the peaks West and Kangbachen in Nepal's [[Taplejung District]],<ref name=nbrb2007>{{cite book |last1=Bhuju, U. R. |last2=Shakya, P. R. |last3=Basnet, T. B. |last4=Shrestha, S. |year=2007 |title=Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book. Protected Areas, Ramsar Sites, and World Heritage Sites |location=Kathmandu, Nepal |publisher=International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, in cooperation with United Nations Environment Programme, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific |isbn=978-92-9115-033-5 |url=https://lib.icimod.org/api/files/2be35669-2f3f-48a7-8610-a4b6f35f8654/Nepal%20Biodiversity%20Resource%20Book.pdf}}</ref> and three of the five peaks, namely Main, Central and South, directly on the border.<ref>{{cite book |author=Gurung, H. |author2=Shrestha, R. K. |name-list-style=amp |year=1994 |title=Nepal Himalaya Inventory |publisher=Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation |location=Kathmandu}}</ref>

Kanchenjunga rises about {{cvt|20|km}} south of the general alignment of the Great Himalayan range, about {{cvt|125|km}} east-southeast of [[Mount Everest]] in a straight line. South of the southern face of Kanchenjunga runs the {{cvt|3000|-|3500|m}} high [[Singalila Ridge]] that separates Sikkim from Nepal and northern [[West Bengal]].<ref name=Dhar2000>{{Cite journal |last1=Dhar|first1=O. N. |last2=Nandargi| first2=S. |year=2000 |volume=55 |doi=10.1002/j.1477-8696.2000.tb04065.x |title=An appraisal of precipitation distribution around the Everest and Kanchenjunga peaks in the Himalayas |journal=Weather |issue=7| pages=223–234 |bibcode=2000Wthr...55..223D | s2cid=121273656}}</ref> Until 1852, Kangchenjunga was assumed to be the [[List of past presumed highest mountains|highest mountain in the world]], but calculations and measurements by the [[Great Trigonometrical Survey]] of India in 1849 showed that [[Mount Everest]], known as Peak XV at the time, is actually higher. After allowing for further verification of all calculations, it was officially announced in 1856 that Kangchenjunga was the third-highest mountain<ref name=Gillman1993>{{cite book |last=Gillman, P. |year=1993 |title=Everest: The Best Writing and Pictures from Seventy Years of Human Endeavour |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |location=Boston |isbn=978-0-316-90489-6 |page=208}}</ref> after Everest and [[K2]] of Karakoram.<ref>{{cite book |last=Searle |first=M.P. |title=Colliding Continents: A Geological Exploration of the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Tibet |publisher=OUP Oxford |series=EBL ebooks online |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-965300-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WmK-hpZtHWgC&pg=PA65 |page=65}}</ref>

Kangchenjunga and its satellite peaks form a huge mountain [[massif]].<ref name=Smythe>{{cite book |author=Smythe, F. S. |year=1930 |title=The Kangchenjunga adventure |publisher=Victor Gollancz Ltd. |place=London |url=https://archive.org/stream/KanchenjungaAdventure/kanchenjunga#page/n13/mode/2up}}</ref> The massif's five highest peaks are listed in the table at the end of this section.

The main ridge of the massif runs from north-northeast to south-southwest and forms a watershed to several rivers.<ref name=Smythe/> The main ridge intersects with other ridges running roughly from east to west to form a giant cross.<ref name=Freshfield1903/> These ridges contain a host of peaks between {{cvt|6000|and|8586|m}}. The northern section includes Yalung Kang, Kangchenjunga Central and South, Kangbachen, [[Kirat Chuli]] and [[Gimmigela Chuli]], and runs up to the Jongsang La. The eastern ridge in Sikkim includes [[Siniolchu]]. The southern section runs along the Nepal–Sikkim border and includes [[Kabru]] I to III.<ref name=Carter1985/> This ridge extends southwards to the [[Singalila Ridge]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mason, K. |year=1932 |title=The Recent Assaults on Kangchenjunga: Review |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=80 |issue=5 |pages=439–445|doi=10.2307/1784231 |jstor=1784231}}</ref> The western ridge culminates in the Kumbhakarna, also known as [[Jannu]].<ref name=Carter1985/>

Four main [[glacier]]s radiate from the peak, pointing roughly to the northeast, southeast, northwest and southwest. The [[Zemu Glacier|Zemu]] glacier in the northeast and the Talung glacier in the southeast drain to the Teesta River; the Yalung glacier in the southwest and the Kangchen glacier in the northwest drain to the [[Arun River, China-Nepal|Arun River]] and [[Kosi River]].<ref name=Freshfield1902>{{cite journal |author=Freshfield, D. W. |year=1902 |title=The Glaciers of Kangchenjunga |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=453–475 |doi=10.2307/1775242 |jstor=1775242 |bibcode=1902GeogJ..19..453F |url=https://archive.org/stream/geographicaljou17britgoog#page/n492/mode/2up}}</ref>
The glaciers spread over the area above approximately {{cvt|5000|m}}, and the glacialized area covers about {{cvt|314|km2}} in total.<ref>{{cite report |author=Asahi, K. |year=1999 |title=Data on inventoried glaciers and its distribution in eastern part of Nepal Himalaya. Data Report 2, Basic studies for assessing the impacts of the global warming on the Himalayan cryosphere, 1994–1998 |publisher=Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Sciences, Nagoya University and Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, HMG/Nepal}}</ref> There are 120 glaciers in the Kanchenjunga Himal, of which 17 are [[Glacial debris|debris]]-covered. Between 1958 and 1992, more than half of 57 examined glaciers had retreated, possibly due to [[global warming]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Ashahi, K. |author2=Watanabe, T.|year=2000 |title=Past and recent glacier fluctuations in Kanchenjunga Himal, Nepal |journal=Journal of Nepal Geological Society |volume=22 |pages=481–490}}</ref>

Kangchenjunga Main is the highest elevation of the [[Brahmaputra River]] basin, which forms part of the [[Monsoon of South Asia|southeast Asian monsoon]] regime and is among the globally largest river basins.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Bajracharya, S. R. |author2=Palash, W. |author3=Shrestha, M. S. |author4=Khadgi, V. R. |author5=Duo, C. |author6=Das, P. J. |author7=Dorji, C. |year=2015 |title=Systematic Evaluation of Satellite-Based Rainfall Products over the Brahmaputra Basin for Hydrological Applications |journal=Advances in Meteorology |issue=1 |article-number=398687 |doi=10.1155/2015/398687 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015AdMet201598687B}}</ref> Kangchenjunga is one of six peaks above {{cvt|8000|m}} located in the basin of the [[Kosi River]], which is among the largest tributaries of the [[Ganges]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Shijin, W. |author2=Tao, Z. |year=2014 |title=Spatial change detection of glacial lakes in the Koshi River Basin, the Central Himalayas |journal=Environmental Earth Sciences |volume=72 |issue=11 |pages=4381–4391|doi=10.1007/s12665-014-3338-y |bibcode=2014EES....72.4381S }}</ref> The Kangchenjunga massif forms also part of the [[Ganges Basin]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Peakbagger.com |year=1987–2015 |url=http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10653 |title=Kangchenjunga, India/Nepal |access-date= 11 May 2014}}</ref>

Although it is the third highest peak in the world, Kangchenjunga is only [[List of peaks by prominence|ranked 29th]] by [[topographic prominence]], a measure of a mountain's independent stature. The key col for Kangchenjunga lies at a height of {{cvt|4664|m}}, along the watershed boundary between Arun and Brahmaputra rivers in Tibet.<ref name=pkbrkc>{{cite web |url=http://peakbagger.com/keycol.aspx?pid=10653 |title=Key Col for Kangchenjunga |publisher=Peakbagger.com|access-date=3 April 2016}}</ref> It is, however, the fourth-most-prominent peak in the Himalayas, after Everest, and the western and eastern anchors of the Himalaya, [[Nanga Parbat]] and [[Namcha Barwa]], respectively.<ref name=pkbrprom>{{cite web |url=http://www.peakbagger.com/list.aspx?lid=403 |title=World Top 100 by Prominence |publisher=Peakbagger.com|access-date=3 April 2016}}</ref>

{{static row numbers}}{{sort under}}{{Table alignment}}{{row hover highlight}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text col1left col2center col3center col5center col6center sort-under-center hover-highlight" "style="font-size: 100%"
|-
! class="unsortable" ! rowspan=2 | Name of peak
! colspan="2" | Height
! class="unsortable" ! rowspan=2 | {{tooltip|Coordinates|Click on the link to see the approx. location, maps and aerial images of the peak, provided by global services}}
! colspan="2" | Prominence
! rowspan="2" | Nearest Higher Neighbour
! rowspan="2" | Location
|-
! meters
! feet
! meters
! feet
|-
| Kangchenjunga Main<ref name="peaklist">{{cite web |author1=Jurgalski, E. |author2=de Ferranti, J. |author3=Maizlish, A. |year=2000–2005 |title=High Asia II – Himalaya of Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim and adjoining region of Tibet |publisher=Peaklist.org |url=http://peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/everest.html | access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref>
| 8,586
| 28,169
| {{coord|27|42|10.8|N|88|08|53.52|E}}
| 3,922
| 12,867
| Mount Everest – South Summit
| [[Mangan district]], [[Sikkim]], [[India]] / [[Taplejung District|Taplejung]], [[Koshi Province]], [[Nepal]]
|-
| [[Yalung Kang]] (Kangchenjunga West)<ref>Peakbagger.com (1987–2012). [http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=28920 Yalung Kang]</ref>
| 8,505
| 27,904
| {{coord|27|42|18|N|88|08|12|E}}
| 135
| 443
| Kangchenjunga
| Taplejung, Koshi Province, Nepal
|-
| Kangchenjunga Central<ref>Peakbagger.com (1987–2012). [http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=28922 Kanchenjunga Central]</ref>
| 8,482
| 27,828
| {{coord|27|41|46|N|88|09|04|E}}
| 32
| 105
| Kangchenjunga South
| Mangan district, Sikkim, India / Taplejung, Koshi Province, Nepal
|-
| [[Kangchenjunga South]]<ref>Peakbagger.com (1987–2012). [http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=28921 Kanchenjunga South]</ref>
| 8,494
| 27,867
| {{coord|27|41|30|N|88|09|15|E}}
| 119
| 390
| Kangchenjunga
| Mangan district, Sikkim, India / Taplejung, Koshi Province, Nepal
|-
| [[Kangbachen]]<ref>Peakbagger.com (1987–2012). [http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=28923 Kangbachen]</ref>
| 7,903
| 25,928
| {{coord|27|42|42|N|88|06|30|E}}
| 103
| 337
| Kangchenjunga West
| Taplejung, Koshi Province, Nepal
|}

===Protected areas===
The Kangchenjunga landscape is a complex of three distinct [[ecoregion]]s: the [[Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests|eastern Himalayan broad-leaved]] and [[Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests|coniferous forests]], the [[Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows]] and the [[Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands]].<ref>{{cite book |editor=Wikramanayake, E. D.|year= 2001 |title=Ecoregion-based Conservation in the Eastern Himalaya: Identifying Important Areas for Biodiversity Conservation |publisher=World Wildlife Fund and International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development |location=Kathmandu |isbn=978-99933-940-0-6}}</ref> The Kangchenjunga transboundary landscape is shared by Nepal, India, [[Bhutan]] and [[China]], and comprises 14 [[protected area]]s with a total of {{cvt|6032|km2}}:<ref name=Chettri2006>{{cite book |author1=Chettri, N. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Bajracharya, B. |author3=Thapa, R. |year=2008 |chapter=Feasibility Assessment for Developing Conservation Corridors in the Kangchenjunga Landscape |pages=21–30 |title=Biodiversity Conservation in the Kangchenjunga Landscape |editor1=Chettri, N. |editor2=Shakya, B. |editor3=Sharma, E. |publisher=International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development |location=Kathmandu |chapter-url=http://lib.icimod.org/record/7890/files/attachment_520.pdf}}</ref>
* Nepal: [[Kanchenjunga Conservation Area]]
* Sikkim, India: [[Khangchendzonga National Park]], [[Varsey Rhododendron Sanctuary]], [[Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary]], [[Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary]] and [[Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* [[Darjeeling]], India: [[Jore Pokhri Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Singalila National Park]], [[Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Neora Valley National Park]]
* Bhutan: [[Torsa Strict Nature Reserve]]

These protected areas are habitats for many globally significant [[plant]] species such as [[rhododendron]]s and [[orchid]]s and many [[Endangered species|endangered]] flagship species such as [[snow leopard]] (''Panthera uncia''), [[Asian black bear]] (''Ursus thibetanus''), [[red panda]] (''Ailurus fulgens''), [[white-bellied musk deer]] (''Moschus leucogaster''), [[blood pheasant]] (''Ithaginis cruentus'') and [[chestnut-breasted partridge]] (''Arborophila mandellii'').<ref name=Chettri2006/>

== Climbing routes ==
[[File:Kanchenjunga-north.jpg|thumb|Kanchenjunga-north from base camp in Nepal]]

There are four climbing routes to reach the summit of Kangchenjunga, three of which are in Nepal from the southwest, northwest, and northeast, and one from northeastern Sikkim in India. To date, the northeastern route from Sikkim has been successfully used only three times. The Indian government has banned expeditions to Kangchenjunga; therefore, this route has been closed since 2000.<ref name=Harding>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/jul/13/lukeharding |title=Climbers banned from sacred peak |last=Harding|first=L.|date=2000 |work=The Guardian|access-date=16 October 2017}}</ref>

==Climbing history==
[[File:Kanchenjunga summit ca. 1857.jpeg|thumb|Painting of ''Kanchinjínga'' as seen from the [[Singalila Ridge]] by [[Hermann Schlagintweit]], 1855<ref name=Schlagintweit1871/>]]

===Early reconnaissances and attempts===
* Between April 1848 and February 1849, [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]] explored parts of northern Sikkim and eastern Nepal, mainly to collect plants and study the distribution of Himalayan flora. He was based in Darjeeling, and made repeated excursions in the river valleys and into the foothills of Kangchenjunga up to an elevation of {{cvt|15620|ft|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hooker, J. D. |year=1854 |title=Himalayan journals; or, Notes of a naturalist in Bengal, the Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, the Khasia Mountains, &c. |url=https://archive.org/stream/himalayanjournal0335hook#page/n9/mode/2up |publisher=John Murray |place=London}}</ref>
* In spring 1855, the [[Germans|German]] explorer [[Hermann von Schlagintweit]] travelled to Darjeeling but was not allowed to proceed further north due to the [[Third Nepal–Tibet War]]. In May, he explored the [[Singalila Ridge]] up to the peak of [[Tonglu, West Bengal|Tonglo]] for a meteorological survey.<ref name=Schlagintweit1871>{{cite book |author=Schlagintweit, H. v. |year=1871 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/reiseninindienu02sakgoog#page/n255/mode/2up |chapter=Die Singhalila Kette zwischen Sikkim und Nepal |title=Reisen in Indien und Hochasien. Eine Darstellung der Landschaft, der Kultur und Sitten der Bewohner, in Verbindung mit klimatischen und geologischen Verhältnissen. Zweiter Band |publisher=Hermann Costenoble |place=Jena}}</ref>
* In 1879, [[Sarat Chandra Das]] and Lama Ugyen-gyatso crossed into Tibet west of "Kanchanjinga" via eastern Nepal and the [[Tashilhunpo Monastery]] en route to [[Lhasa (prefecture-level city)|Lhasa]]. They returned along the same route in 1881.<ref name=Das1902>{{cite book |author=Das, S. C. |year=1902 |title=A Journey to Lhasa and central Tibet |location=New York, London |publisher=E. P. Dutton & Company, John Murray |url=https://archive.org/stream/journeytolhasace00dass#page/n9/mode/2up}}</ref>
* In 1883, a party of [[William Woodman Graham]] together with two [[Swiss people|Swiss]] mountaineers climbed in the area of Kangchenjunga. They were the first who ascended [[Kabru]] within {{cvt|30|-|40|ft|order=flip}} below the summit. They crossed the Kang La pass and climbed a peak of nearly {{cvt|19000|ft|order=flip}} from which they examined Jannu. They concluded it was too late in the year for an attempt and returned once again to Darjeeling.<ref name=Blaser2009>{{cite journal |author1=Blaser, W. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Hughes, G. |year=2009 |title=Kabru 1883. A Reassessment |journal=The Alpine Journal |volume=114 |pages=219–228 |url=http://www.himalaya-info.org/Kabru%20Alpine%20Journal%202010.pdf |access-date=27 February 2013 |archive-date=12 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512104810/http://www.himalaya-info.org/Kabru%20Alpine%20Journal%202010.pdf }}</ref>
* Between October 1885 and January 1886, Rinzin Namgyal surveyed the unexplored north and west sides of Kangchenjunga. He was the first native surveyor to map the circuit of Kangchenjunga and provided sketches of each side of the peak and the adjoining valleys. He also defined the frontiers of Nepal, Tibet and Sikkim in this area.<ref name=Ward2001>{{cite journal |author=Ward, M. |year=2001 |title=Early Exploration of Kangchenjunga and South Tibet by the pundits Rinzin Namgyal, Sarat Chandra Das and Lama Ugyen Gyatso |journal=The Alpine Journal |volume=106 |pages=191–196 |url=http://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_2001_files/AJ%202001%20191-196%20Ward%20Kangchenjunga.pdf}}</ref>
* In 1899, British mountaineer Douglas Freshfield set out with his party comprising the Italian photographer [[Vittorio Sella]]. They were the first mountaineers to examine the lower and upper ramparts, and the great western face of Kangchenjunga, rising from the Kangchenjunga Glacier.<ref name=Freshfield1903/>
* The [[1905 Kanchenjunga Expedition]] was headed by [[Aleister Crowley]] who had been part of the team attempting the 1902 ascent of [[K2]]. The team reached an estimated elevation of {{cvt|6500|m}} on the southwest side of the mountain before turning back. The exact height reached is somewhat unclear; Crowley stated that on 31 August, "We were certainly over {{cvt|21000|ft|order=flip}} and possibly over {{cvt|22000|ft|order=flip}}", when the team was forced to retreat to Camp 5 by the risk of avalanche. On 1 September, they evidently went further; some members of the team, Reymond, Pache and Salama, "got over the bad patch" that had forced them to return to Camp 5 the day before, and progressed "out of sight and hearing" before returning to Crowley and the men with packs, who could not cross the dangerous section unassisted with their burdens. It is not clear how far Reymond, Pache and Salama had ascended—but in summarizing, Crowley ventured "We had reached a height of approximately {{cvt|25000|ft|order=flip}}." Attempting a "mutinous" late-in-the-day descent from Camp 5 to Camp 3, climber Alexis Pache who earlier that day had been one of three to ascend possibly higher than any before, and three local porters, were killed in an avalanche.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Isserman, M. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Weaver, S. |year=2008 |title=Fallen Giants: a history of Himalayan mountaineering from the age of empire to the age of extremes |location=Devon |publisher=Duke & Company |isbn=978-0-300-11501-7 |pages=57–63 |chapter=The Age of Empire. The Great Beast 666 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxHJH73FgvkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA57#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> Despite the insistence of one of the men that "the demon of Kangchenjunga was propitiated with the sacrifice", Crowley decided the accident and its ramifications made it impossible to continue the expedition.<ref name=crowley52>{{cite book |last=Crowley |first=A. |chapter=Chapter 52 |title=[[The Confessions of Aleister Crowley]] An Autohagiography |year=1979 |place=London; Boston |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |isbn=0-7100-0175-4}}</ref>
* In 1907, two [[Norwegians]] set about climbing ''Jongri'' via the Kabru glacier to the south, an approach apparently rejected by Graham's party. Progress was very slow, partly because of problems with supplies and porters, and presumably also lack of fitness and acclimatisation. However, from a high camp at about {{cvt|22600|ft|order=flip}} they were eventually able to reach a point {{cvt|50|or|60|ft|m|order=flip}} below the summit before they were turned back by strong winds.<ref name=Blaser2009/>
* In 1929, German [[Paul Bauer (mountaineer)|Paul Bauer]] led an expedition team that reached {{cvt|7400|m}} on the northeast spur before being turned back by a five-day [[storm]].<ref name=Bauer>{{cite book |author=Bauer, P. |year=1955 |title=Kangchenjunga Challenge |publisher=William Kimber |place=London}}</ref>
* In May 1929, the American E. F. Farmer left Darjeeling with native porters, crossed the Kang La into Nepal and climbed up towards the ''Talung Saddle''. When his porters refused to go any further, he climbed alone further upwards through drifting mists but did not return.<ref name=Smythe/>
* In 1930, [[Günter Dyhrenfurth]] led an international expedition comprising the German Uli Wieland, [[Austrians|Austrian]] [[Erwin Schneider]] and [[English people|Englishman]] [[Frank Smythe]] who attempted to climb Kangchenjunga. They failed because of poor weather and snow conditions.<ref name=Smythe/>
* In 1931, Paul Bauer led a second German expedition team who attempted the northeast spur before being turned back by bad weather, illnesses and deaths. The team, including [[Peter Aufschnaiter]], retreated after climbing 300 m higher than the 1929 attempt.<ref name=Bauer/>
* In 1954, [[John Kempe]] led a party comprising John W. Tucker, S. R. Jackson, G. C. Lewis, [[Trevor Braham|T. H. Braham]] and medical officer Donald Stafford Matthews. They explored the upper Yalung glacier with the intention to discover a practicable route to the great ice-shelf that runs across the southwest face of Kangchenjunga.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Braham, T. H. |date=1955–1956 |title=Kangchenjunga Reconnaissance, 1954 |journal=The Himalayan Journal |volume=19 |url=http://www.himalayanclub.org/journal/kangchenjunga-reconnaissance-1954/ |archive-date=6 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106041509/http://www.himalayanclub.org/journal/kangchenjunga-reconnaissance-1954/}}</ref> This reconnaissance led to the route used by the successful 1955 expedition.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Braham, T. H. |year=1996 |title=Kangchenjunga: The 1954 Reconnaissance |journal=The Alpine Journal |volume=101 |pages=33–35 |url=http://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1996_files/AJ%201996%2033-35%20Braham%20Kangchenjunga.pdf}}</ref>

===First ascent===
{{main|1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition}}

[[File:Kangchenjunga Sign Board.jpg|thumb|A sign board on the last traversable road to Kangchenjunga]]
[[File:1990 reunion of the Kangchenjunga climbers.jpg|thumb|First ascent reunion of 1990–front (left to right): Neil Mather, John Angelo Jackson, Charles Evans and Joe Brown, and rear (left to right): Tony Streather, Norman Hardie, George Band and Professor John Clegg]]

On 25 May 1955, [[Joe Brown (climber)|Joe Brown]] and [[George Band (climber)|George Band]] made the first ascent, followed by [[Norman Hardie]] and [[Tony Streather]] on 26 May.<ref name=Kapadia2001>{{cite book |last=Kapadia, H. |year=2001 |title=Across Peaks and Passes in Darjeeling and Sikkim |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7387-126-9}}</ref> The full team also included team leader [[Charles Evans (mountaineer)|Charles Evans]], [[John Angelo Jackson]], John Clegg, Neil Mather and Tom Mackinnon.<ref name=Band1955/> The team first made an attempt on the line which John Kempe's party had reconnoitered the previous year. Because of the difficulties on that line they turned to the Yalung Face, which had first been explored by Aleister Crowley's party in 1905. The route starts on the Yalung Glacier to the southwest of the peak, and climbs the Yalung Face, which is {{cvt|3000|m}} high. The main feature of this face is the "Great Shelf", a large sloping plateau at around {{cvt|7500|m}}, covered by a hanging glacier. The route is almost entirely on snow, [[glacier]] and one [[icefall]]; the summit ridge itself can involve a small amount of travel on rock. The first ascent expedition made six camps above their base camp, two below the Shelf, two on it, and two above it.<ref name=Evans1956>{{cite journal |author1=Evans, C. |author2=Band, G. |title=Kangchenjunga Climbed |journal=The Geographical Journal |year=1956 |volume=122 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.2307/1791469 |jstor=1791469 |bibcode=1956GeogJ.122....1E}}</ref>

They stopped just short of Kangchenjunga's true summit, keeping a promise given to [[Tashi Namgyal]], the [[Chogyal]] of the [[Kingdom of Sikkim]], that the top of the mountain would remain inviolate. Everyone was back to base camp by 28 May.<ref name=Band1955/>

===Other notable ascents===
* 1973: Yutaka Ageta and Takeo Matsuda of the Japanese expedition summited Kangchenjunga West by climbing the southwestern ridge. Matsuda never returned to camp and his body was never found. The expedition concluded that he had fallen during descent when he was separated from Ageta.<ref name=AJ_1975>{{cite journal |author =Higuchi, H. |journal=Alpine Journal |title=The First Ascent of Yalung Kang |year=1975 |pages=17–27 |url=https://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1975_files/AJ%201975%2017-27%20Higuchi%20YKang.pdf |access-date=30 July 2020}}</ref>
* 1977: The second ascent of Kangchenjunga, by an Indian Army team led by [[Colonel Narendra Kumar]]. They completed the northeast spur, the difficult ridge that defeated German expeditions in 1929 and 1931.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=American Alpine Journal |title=Kangchenjunga from the East |author=Kumar, N. |year=1978 |url=http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12197844700/Kanchenjunga-from-the-East |access-date=30 July 2020}}</ref>
* 1978: {{ill|Wojciech Wróż|pl}} and {{ill|Eugeniusz Chrobak|pl}} made the first successful ascents of the summits [[Kangchenjunga South]] on 19 May; and Wojciech Brański, [[Zygmunt Andrzej Heinrich]], [[Kazimierz Olech]] on 22 May on Kangchenjunga Central.<ref>{{cite book |author=Wróż, W |title=Święta góra Sikkimu. Zapiski z wyprawy na Kangchendzongę Południową |place=Warszawa |publisher=Sport i Turystyka |year=1982 |isbn=83-217-2377-2 |lang=pl |trans-title=Sacred Mountain of Sikkim. Notes from an expedition to Kangchendzonga South}}</ref>
* 1979: The third ascent on 16 May, and the first without oxygen, by [[Doug Scott]], [[Peter Boardman]] and [[Joe Tasker]], establishing a new route on the North Ridge.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Scott |first=D. K. |title=Kangchenjunga from the North |journal=American Alpine Journal |volume=22 |issue=53 |pages=437–444 |year=1980 |url=http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12198043700/Kangchenjunga-from-the-North}}</ref>
* 1983: First solo ascent, by Pierre Beghin.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nyka |first=Józef |year=1993 |title=Pierre Beghin, 1951-1992 |url=https://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12199333900/Pierre-Beghin-1951-1992 |journal=American Alpine Journal |access-date = 29 September 2025}}</ref>
* 1985: The first winter attempt, by a team of three led by the American Chris Chandler, from the north side. Chandler died on the unsuccessful attempt.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Asia, Nepal, Kangchenjunga Tragedy |journal=American Alpine Journal |date=1985 |volume=27 |issue=59 |pages=250–251 |url=http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12198525002}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Living on the Edge: The Winter Ascent of Kanchenjunga |date=1987|first=C. |last=Bremer-Kamp |isbn=978-0-7153-9003-0 |publisher=David & Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RuCAAAAMAAJ&q=9780715390030}}</ref>
* 1986: The first ascent in winter, by Jerzy Kukuczka and Krzysztof Wielicki on 11 January 1986, they followed the route from the SW which was pioneered during the original first ascent.<ref name=KW-hj>{{cite journal |title=Kangchenjunga climbed in winter |journal=Himalayan Journal|date=1987|first=A. | last=Machnik |volume=43 |pages=7–9 |url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/43/3/kangchenjunga-climbed-in-winter/}}</ref><ref name=KW-jk>{{cite book |title=My Vertical World: Climbing the 8000-Metre Peaks |date=1992 |first=J. |last=Kukuczka |isbn=0-340-53485-0 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3ATAQAAIAAJ}}</ref>
* 1992: [[Carlos Carsolio]] made the only summit that year. It was in a solo climb without supplementary oxygen.{{cn|date=July 2024}}
* 1995: [[Benoît Chamoux]], [[Pierre Royer]] and their Sherpa guide Riku disappeared on 6 October near the summit.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Braham |first=T. |title=Forty Years after the First Ascent of Kangchenjunga |journal=The Alpine Journal |pages=57–58 |year=1996 |url=https://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1996_files/AJ%201996%2057-58%20Braham%20Kangchenjunga.pdf}}</ref>
* 1998: [[Ginette Harrison]] was the first woman to climb Kangchenjunga's North Face.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.everesthistory.com/climbers/harrison.htm |title=Ginette Harrison |publisher=Everest History}}</ref>
* 2009: [[Edurne Pasaban]], a Spanish mountaineer, reached the summit, becoming the first woman to summit twelve eight-thousanders.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.8000ers.com/cms/content/view/54/193/#tables |title=List of Kangchenjunga ascents |publisher=8000ers.com |date=2008 |access-date=14 June 2011}}</ref>
* In May 2009: [[Kinga Baranowska]] was the first Polish woman to reach the summit of Kangchenjunga.<ref>Mysza (2009). [http://wspinanie.pl/serwis/200905/18kinga-baranowska-kangchenjunga.php ''Kinga Baranowska zdobyła Kangchenjungę''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311025837/http://wspinanie.pl/serwis/200905/18kinga-baranowska-kangchenjunga.php |date=11 March 2013}}. wspinanie.pl, 18 May 2009.</ref>
* In 2011, [[Tunç Fındık]] became the first Turkish man to reach the peak of Kangchenjunga, his seventh eight thousander, with Swiss partner Guntis Brandts via the British 1955 SW Face route.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnnturk.com/2011/yasam/diger/05/20/tunc.findik.zirvede/617339.0/ |title=Tunç Fındık zirvede |publisher=CNN Turk |year=2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theuiaa.org/news-163-Member-spotlight-Freedom-lies-in-the-mountains-for-Turkish-climber-Tunc-Findik.html |author=UIAA |title=Member spotlight: Freedom lies in the mountains for Turkish climber Tunc Findik |publisher=International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation |year=2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008212759/http://www.theuiaa.org/news-163-Member-spotlight-Freedom-lies-in-the-mountains-for-Turkish-climber-Tunc-Findik.html |archive-date=8 October 2014}}</ref>
* In May 2011, Indian mountaineers Basanta Singha Roy and [[Debasish Biswas]] successfully scaled Kangchenjunga Main.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |url=http://www.mak.org.in/expeditions.php#22 |title=Expeditions |work=Mountaineers' Association |access-date=23 October 2017}}</ref>
* In May 2013, five climbers including Hungarian [[Zsolt Erőss]] and Péter Kiss reached the summit, but disappeared during the descent.<ref>{{cite news |title=5 climbers feared dead on world's 3rd highest peak |date=2013 |work=NBC News |url=http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/05/24/18472084-5-climbers-feared-dead-on-worlds-3rd-highest-peak?lite |access-date=14 January 2014}}</ref>
* In May 2014, Bulgarian [[Boyan Petrov]] reached the peak without the use of supplemental oxygen.<ref>{{cite news |date=2014 |website=Novinite |url=http://www.novinite.com/articles/160731/Bulgarian+Mountaineer+Boyan+Petrov+Climbs+Kangchenjunga+Summit |title=Bulgarian Mountaineer Boyan Petrov Climbs Kangchenjunga Summit |access-date=23 October 2017}}</ref>
* In May 2014, [[Chhanda Gayen]] was the first Indian woman to summit. She was killed by an avalanche on the descent.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ace mountaineers from across the country hail Gayen's effort |date=2014 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ace-mountaineers-from-across-the-country-hail-Gayens-effort/articleshow/35497291.cms |access-date=1 August 2019}}</ref>
* In May 2022, Indian Narayanan Iyer died during a summit push on the mountain.<ref>{{cite news |date=2022 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indian-climber-dies-nepal-hiking-official-2022-05-07/ |title=Indian climber dies in Nepal-hiking official |work=Reuters}}</ref>
* In May 2023, German [[Luis Stitzinger]], after having reached the summit, died during an attempted ski descent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alpenverein.de/artikel/zum-tod-von-luis-stitzinger_b0b007ef-ff04-4b8f-adff-8872810ca03b|title=Zum Tod von Luis Stitzinger|date=July 20, 2023|access-date=January 31, 2026|website=Deutscher Alpenverein DAV}}</ref>

Despite improved climbing gear, the fatality rate of climbers attempting to summit Kanchenjunga is high. Since the 1990s, more than 20% of people have died while climbing Kanchenjunga's main peak.<ref>{{cite web |author=Hansen, L. |year=2012 |url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/30757/5-mountains-deadlier-everest |title=5 Mountains Deadlier Than Everest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175946/http://mentalfloss.com/article/30757/5-mountains-deadlier-everest |archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref>

==In myth==
[[File:Five Treasures of Snow.jpg|thumb|Five Treasures of Snow]]
The area around Kangchenjunga is said to be home to a mountain deity, called ''Dzö-nga''<ref>{{cite journal |author=Balikci Denjongpa, A. |title=Kangchendzönga: Secular and Buddhist perceptions of the mountain deity of Sikkim among the Lhopos |year=2002 |journal=Bulletin of Tibetology |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=5–37 |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_2002_02_01.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2023 |access-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708170236/https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_2002_02_01.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> or "Kangchenjunga Demon", a type of [[yeti]] or [[rakshasa]]. A British geological expedition in 1925 claimed to have spotted a bipedal creature which they asked the locals about, who referred to it as the "Kangchenjunga Demon".<ref name=myfoxdfw>{{cite web |date=2010 |title=The Abominable Snowman: Bear, Cat or Creature? |url=http://www.myfoxdfw.com/dpps/news/weird/the-yeti-abominable-snowman-bear-cat-or-creature-monster-dpgoha-20100803-fc_8978008 |publisher=myfoxdfw.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806210517/http://www.myfoxdfw.com/dpps/news/weird/the-yeti-abominable-snowman-bear-cat-or-creature-monster-dpgoha-20100803-fc_8978008 |archive-date=6 August 2010}}</ref>

For generations, there have been legends recounted by the inhabitants of the areas surrounding Kanchenjunga, both in Sikkim and in Nepal, that there is a valley of immortality hidden on its slopes. These stories are well known to both the original inhabitants of the area, the [[Lepcha people]] and [[Limbu people]], and those of the [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] cultural tradition. In Tibetan, this valley is known as [[Beyul]] Demoshong. In 1962, a [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] [[Lama]] by the name of Tulshuk Lingpa led over 300 followers into the high snow slopes of Kanchenjunga, to "open the way" to Beyul Demoshong.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Step Away from Paradise |last=Shor|first=T. |publisher=City Lion Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-9992918-9-4 |location=USA}}</ref>

==In literature==
[[File:Kangchenjunga East Face from Zemu Glacier.jpg|thumb|East face of Kangchenjunga, from near the [[Zemu Glacier]], Sikkim]]

* In ''[[The Epic of Mount Everest]]'', first published in 1926, Sir [[Francis Younghusband]]: "For natural beauty Darjiling ([[Darjeeling]]) is surely unsurpassed in the world. From all countries travellers come there to see the famous view of Kangchenjunga, {{convert|28150|ft|m}} in height, and only {{convert|40|mi|km}} distant. Darjiling (Darjeeling) itself is {{convert|7000|ft|m}} above sea-level and is set in a forest of oaks, magnolia, [[rhododendron]]s, laurels and sycamores. And through these forests, the observer looks down the steep mountain-sides to the Rangeet River only {{convert|1000|ft|m}} above sea-level, and then up and up through tier after tier of forest-clad ranges, each bathed in a haze of deeper and deeper purple, till the line of snow is reached; and then still up to the summit of Kangchenjunga, now so pure and ethereal we can scarcely believe it is part of the solid earth on which we stand; and so high it seems part of the very sky itself."
* In 1999, official [[James Bond]] author [[Raymond Benson]] published ''[[High Time to Kill]]''. In this story, a [[microdot]] containing a secret formula for aviation technology is stolen by a society called the Union. During their escape, their plane crashes on the slopes of Kangchenjunga. James Bond becomes part of a climbing expedition in order to retrieve the formula.
* ''[[The Inheritance of Loss]]'' by [[Kiran Desai]], which won the 2006 [[Booker Prize|Man Booker Prize]], is set partly in [[Kalimpong]], a [[hill station]] situated near Kangchenjunga.
* In ''[[Legend of the Galactic Heroes]]'' by [[Yoshiki Tanaka]], which won the [[Seiun Award]] for Best Novel of the Year in 1988 and was adapted into an [[anime]] series by [[Kitty Films]], the capital and holiest temple of the Terraist Cult is on Earth beneath the rubble of Kangchenjunga.
* [[Michelle Paver]]'s 2016 ghost story novel ''Thin Air'' concerns a fictional expedition to climb Kangchenjunga in 1935, and an earlier (also fictional) expedition in 1906.
* The book ''Round Kangchenjunga: A Narrative of Mountain Travel and Exploration'' by [[Douglas Freshfield]] gives a complete account of his travel around Kangchenjunga.
* Susan Jagannath's book ''Chasing Himalayan Dreams: A trek in the Shadow of Kanchenjunga and Everest'' details her 61 km, six-day trek up and around Kangchenjunga.
* [[Kate Bush]]'s [[Wild Man (Kate Bush song)|song "Wild Man"]]: "Well, the first verse of the song is just quickly going through some of the terms that the [[Yeti]] is known by and one of those names is the Kangchenjunga Demon. He's also known as [[Wild Man]] and Abominable Snowman. (...) I don't refer to the Yeti as a man in the song. But it is meant to be an empathetic view of a creature of great mystery really. And I suppose it's the idea really that mankind wants to grab hold of something [like the Yeti] and stick it in a cage or a box and make money out of it. And to go back to your question, I think we're very arrogant in our separation from the animal kingdom and generally as a species we are enormously arrogant and aggressive. Look at the way we treat the planet and animals and it's pretty terrible isn't it?" (John Doran, "A Demon in the Drift: Kate Bush Interviewed". ''[[The Quietus]]'', 2011.)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Doran |first1=John |title=A Demon In The Drift: Kate Bush Interviewed |url=https://thequietus.com/interviews/kate-bush-interview-2/ |website=[[The Quietus]] |date=2011}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Mountains|India|Nepal}}
* [[List of deaths on eight-thousanders#Kangchenjunga|List of deaths on Kangchenjunga]]
* [[List of elevation extremes by country]]
* [[Sacred mountains#India|Sacred mountains of India]]
* [[List of ultras of the Himalayas]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

* [[Paul Bauer (mountaineer)|Paul Bauer]] "The German Attack on Kangchenjunga", ''The Himalayan Journal'', 1930 Vol. II.
* [[Paul Bauer (mountaineer)|Paul Bauer]] 1937. ''Himalayan Campaign''. Blackwell is the story of Bauer's two attempts in 1929 and 1931, republished as ''Kangchenjunga Challenge'' (William Kimber, 1955).
* Paul Bauer 1931. Um Den Kantsch: der zweite deutsche Angriff auf den Kangchendzönga, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 81, No. 4 April 1933, pp. 362–363
* Paul Bauer; Sumner Austin 1938. Himalayan Campaign: The German Attack on Kangchenjunga, ''The Geographical Journal'', Vol. 91, No. 5: 478
* ''[[The Times Literary Supplement]]'', Thursday, 9 April 1931. "Kangchenjunga", Paul Bauer.
* Im Kampf um den Himalaja, Paul Bauer. The Kangchenjunga Adventure, [[F. S. Smythe]], Himalaya: Unsere Expedition, G. O. Dyhrenfurth. 1930
* [[Peter Boardman]] 1982. ''Sacred Summits: A Climber's Year''. Includes the 1979 ascent of Kangchenjunga with [[Joe Tasker]] and [[Doug Scott]]. Also in ''The Himalayan Journal'' Vol 36.
* An Adventure to Kangchenjunga, Hugh Boustead, ''The Geographical Journal'', Vol. 69, No. 4 (Apr. 1927), pp. 344–350
* Recent Heroes of Modern Adventure, T. C. Bridges; [[H. Hessell Tiltman]], ''The Geographical Journal'', Vol. 81, No. 6 June 1933, p. 568
* [[Joe Brown (climber)|Joe Brown]], ''The Hard Years'', tells his version of the first ascent of Kangchenjunga in 1955.
* J. Norman Collie, F.R.S. The Geographer at High Altitudes, ''Climbing on the Himalaya and Other Mountain Ranges''. Edinburgh: David Douglas. 1902.
* Prof. [[Günther Dyhrenfurth|G. O. Dyhrenfurth]] "The International Himalayan Expedition, 1930", ''The Himalayan Journal'', April 1931, Vol. III. Details their attempt on Kangchenjunga.
* [[Charles Evans (mountaineer)|Charles Evans]] ''Kangchenjunga The Untrodden Peak'', Hodder & Stoughton, Leader of the 1955 expedition. Principal of the University College of North Wales, Bangor. Foreword by His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh, K.G.
* [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]] 1855. ''Himalayan Journals''. Assistant-director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
* Howard-Bury, C. K. 1922. "The Mount Everest Expedition". ''The Geographical Journal'' 59 (2): 81–99.
* ''The Imperial Gazetteer of India''. Vol. XXVI, ''The Geographical Journal'', Vol. 79, No. 1 January 1932, pp. 53–56
* [[Robert Lock Graham Irving|Irving, R. L. G.]] 1940. ''Ten Great Mountains''. London, J. M. Dent & Sons
* [[John Angelo Jackson]] 1955. ''More than Mountains'' Book containing data on the 1954 Kangchenjunga reconnaissance. Jackson was also a team member of the first ascent of Kangchenjunga in 1955, also relates the ''[[Daily Mail]]'' "Abominable Snowman" or [[Yeti]] Expedition, when the first trek from [[Mount Everest|Everest]] to Kangchenjunga was accomplished * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070921031150/http://www.cabernet.demon.co.uk/JAJ/]. Relevant pages 97 onwards with two detailed maps.
* [[John Angelo Jackson]] 2005. ''Adventure Travels in the Himalaya''. Indus Publishing. Recounts in more detail the first ascent of Kangchenjunga.
* [[Narendra Kumar (mountaineer)|Colonel Narinder Kumar]] 1978. ''Kangchenjunga: First ascent from the north-east spur''. Vision books. Includes the second ever ascent of Kangchenjunga and the first from the northeast spur on the Indian side of the mountain. See also ''Himalayan Journal'' Vol. 36 and 50th Anniversary Edition
* "General Bruce's Illness a Serious handicap" ''The Times'', (British) World Copyright, Lt. R. F. Norton, 19 April 1924. Expedition in the Kangchenjunga area.
* Simon Pierse 2005. ''Kangchenjunga: Imaging a Himalayan Mountain''. University of Wales, School of Art Press, {{ISBN|978-1-899095-22-3}}. An anthology of word and image published to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the first ascents of Kangchenjunga. Well illustrated with reproductions of paintings, prints and photographs describing the climbing history and cultural significance of the mountain. Preface by [[George Band]].
* [[F. S. Smythe]] ''The Kangchenjunga Adventure'', 1930 to 1931. Victor Gollancz, Ltd. Smythe was the team member responsible for writing and sending the dispatches to [[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] in Calcutta, (Mr. Alfred Watson Editor), who transmitted the dispatches to [[The Times]] (editors Deakin & Bogaerde), during the expedition of 1930
* [[Bill Tilman|Tilman, H. W. ]] ''The ascent of Nanda Devi'', 7 June 1937, Cambridge University Press. Relates the story of their intention to climb Kangchenjunga.
* Lieut. Col. H. W. Tobin "Exploration and Climbing in The Sikkim Himalaya", ''The Himalayan Journal'', April 1930 Vol. II. Provides the early exploration and climbing attempts on Kangchenjunga.
* "Account of a Photographic Expedition to the Southern Glaciers of Kangchenjunga in the Sikkim Himalaya", N. A. Tombazi, ''The Geographical Journal'', Vol. 67, No. 1 January 1926, pp. 74–76
* [[Laurence Waddell]] 1899. ''Among The Himalayas''. Travels in Sikkim. Book includes the exploration of the south of Kangchenjunga.
* Pema Wangchuk and Mita Zulca ''Khangchendzonga: Sacred Summit''. The book details the stories and legends celebrated by the communities living in the Kangchenjunga's shadow, goes over the exploits of the early explorers and mountaineers. Chapters cover what Khangchendzonga means to Buddhism, mapping, early explorers, [[Alexander Kellas]], early expeditions, the first ascent in 1955, the Indian Army ascent (1977), the second British ascent (1979), women climbers, the Tiger climbers, the yeti and more. Profusely illustrated with many period photos.
* Lou Whittaker, ''Memoirs of a Mountain Guide'', 1994

The above ''Himalayan Journal'' references were all also reproduced in the "50th Anniversary of the First Ascent of Kangchenjunga" The Himalayan Club, Kolkata Section 2005.

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.himalaya-info.org/Map%20kangchenjunga.htm Kangchenjunga page on Himalaya-Info.org (German)]
* [http://www.summitpost.org/kangchenjunga/150283 Kangchenjunga page on Summitpost.org]
* [http://www.k2news.com/kanghistory.htm Kangchenjunga History] for a more detailed up to date account of the mountain's history and ascents.
* [http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10653 "Kāngchenjunga, India/Nepal" on Peakbagger]
* {{cite peakware|id=132|name=Kangchenjunga}} Photos.
* [http://www.asiasociety.org/onthinnerice Glacier Research Image Project] presents photos tracking 24 years of changes in glaciers at Kangchenjunga.
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190117012047/http://mtxplore.com/8000-meters/ Mtxplore Mountain Statistics]}} Statistics of Kangchenjunga.

{{Eight-thousander}}
{{Seven Third Summits |state=collapsed}}
{{Sikkim}}
{{North East India}}
{{Highest points of Asia}}
{{Darjeeling}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Kangchenjunga| ]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Nepal]]
[[Category:Landforms of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Eight-thousanders of the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Sacred mountains of India]]
[[Category:India–Nepal border]]
[[Category:International mountains of Asia]]
[[Category:Seven Third Summits]]
[[Category:Highest points of Indian states and union territories]]
[[Category:Tourism in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Highest points of countries]]
[[Category:Mountains of Koshi Province]]
[[Category:Sacred mountains of Nepal]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Ultra-prominent peaks of Asia]]

Mukunda Deva

2026-04-29T22:37:12Z

ErnestBuntine9: Adding A Entry First Draft

{{short description|Chalukya king (r. 1559-1568 CE) from Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| type = Emperor
| title = Gajapati Maharaja Mukunda Deva
| name = Mukunda Deva Harichandana
| reign = 1559 A.D - 1568 A.D
| coronation = [[Cuttack]]
| predecessor = Raghuram Raya Chotaraya ([[Bhoi dynasty]])
| successor = [[Ramachandra Deva I]] ([[Bhoi dynasty]])
| full name =
| house = [[Eastern Chalukya]]
| death_place = Gohiratikiri, near Jajpur (present day [[Bhadrak district]])
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
'''Mukunda Deva or Mukunda Harichandana ''' (1559-1568 A.D) was the founder of "Chalukya dynasty" in ancient [[Orissa]] (now Odisha).<ref name="Das2010">{{cite book|author=Suryanarayan Das|title=Lord Jagannath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFn8wSDfSxEC&dq=mukunda+deva+chalukya&pg=PA53|year=2010|publisher=Sanbun Publishers|isbn=978-93-80213-22-4|pages=53–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cultural Heritage of [Orissa]: pts. 1-2. Katak|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYhKAQAAIAAJ&q=chalukya+mukundadeva|year=2002|publisher=State Level Vyasakabi Fakir Mohan Smruti Samsad|isbn=978-81-902761-5-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTptAAAAMAAJ&q=mukunda+deva+chalukya|year=1992|publisher=The Institute}}</ref> He traced his descent from the [[Eastern Chalukyas]] of [[Vengi]]. He was the sole monarch of his dynasty and the last independent ruler of Odisha before it lost its unitary realm and independence in 1568 CE.<ref name="Patnaik1989" /> He came to the throne at [[Cuttack|Kataka]] in 1559 after killing Raghuram Raya Chotaraya, the last [[Bhoi dynasty|Bhoi]] ruler. During his reign he tried to revive the power of Orissa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=India)|first=Asiatic Society (Kolkata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFoyAQAAMAAJ&dq=govinda+vidyadhara+writer&pg=PA187|title=Journal|date=1901|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bhargava2006">{{cite book|author=S. C. Bhatt, Gopal K. Bhargava|title=Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: In 36 Volumes. Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDsORXsjZ5QC&pg=PA26|year=2006|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-377-7|pages=26–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYhKAQAAIAAJ&q=Chotraya |title=Cultural Heritage of [Orissa]: pts. 1-2. Katak |date=2002 |publisher=State Level Vyasakabi Fakir Mohan Smruti Samsad |isbn=978-81-902761-5-3 |language=en}}</ref> As per the Bhimeswara temple inscription of Mukunda Deva his father’s name was Saravaraju while his grandfather is mentioned as Singaraju.<ref>{{Cite book |last=PANIGRAHI |first=KRISHNA CHANDRA |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=p0mkEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA5-PA6-IA3&dq=mukunda+deva+chalukya&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj40YTMjZSUAxUd8zgGHf9SL-oQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=mukunda%20deva%20chalukya&f=false |title=History of Orissa: (HINDU PERIOD) |date=2023-01-05 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-68586-798-0 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
The Bahubalendra Chalukya dynasty, to which Mukunda Deva Bahubalendra belonged, traces its ancestry to the Eastern Chalukyas of Rajahmundry, a powerful dynasty that ruled parts of South India between the 7th and 12th centuries. The dynasty’s spiritual and dynastic lineage is linked to divine origins—stemming from the sage Atri and Pururavas, leading to the Pandavas of the Mahabharata, particularly Arjuna, and continuing through his son Abhimanyu and descendant Vishnuvardhana, the progenitor of the Eastern Chalukyas. From this illustrious line, Vijayaditya, son of Kulottunga I and Chandambika Devi, founded the independent Chalukya kingdom of Elamanchili around 1175 CE. Over time, his descendants, known as the Chalukyas of Elamanchili, ruled parts of modern-day Andhra and Odisha, particularly in the Vizagapatam and Godavari districts. Despite recognizing the suzerainty of the Eastern Gangas, they remained mostly independent and were known for military resilience and cultural patronage. As time passed, a northern branch of the Elamanchili Chalukyas migrated and established themselves in Machamara village (now in Odisha), giving rise to the Bahubalendra Chalukyas of Machamara. Their royal insignia—a wild boar holding a sword, flanked by the sun and half-moon—symbolized their divine protection, strength, and enduring sovereignty.

==Activities==
He set up two streets from Lion's gateway to the [[Gundicha Temple]] and laid a smooth road by covering up the pits and holes on the way. He erected a cradle arch (Dola Mandap) on the outer part of the southern walls for the Lords to swing on the [[Dol Purnima|Dola Festival]] during the last five days of falguna. Bada Jagamohan (the great front hall) of the shrine.<ref>{{cite book|author=Suryanarayan Das|title=Lord Jagannath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFn8wSDfSxEC&pg=PA53|year=2010|publisher=Sanbun Publishers|isbn=978-93-80213-22-4|pages=53–54–}}</ref>

Mukunda Deva built a chain of forts at [[Raibania fort|Raibania]] (in the present [[Balasore district]]) of Odisha. The fort was stormed by [[Kalapahad]] in 1558 A.D.<ref>{{cite book|title=Crafts and Commerce in Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ybX1-CqEXPkC&pg=PA21|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=21–|id=GGKEY:4EYA3F6QHL9}}</ref>

==Battles ==
{{Main|Karrani conquest of Orissa}}
Mukunda Deva came into close contact with the [[Bengal Sultanate|Sultan of Bengal]] as a foe, and Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] as an ally. He had to face the Sultan twice in the battle. In 1560, Sultan [[Ghiyasuddin Jalal Shah]] of Bengal invaded Orissa and marched up to [[Jajpur]]. Mukunda Deva defeated him and drove him out of Orissa. In 1567, while Akbar was busy in the [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)|invasion of Chittorgarh]], [[Sulaiman Khan Karrani|Sultan Karrani]] invaded Orissa. He was defeated by the Sultan and took shelter in the fort of Kotsima. The army of [[Bengal]] attacked [[Cuttack]], the capital of ancient Orissa. [[Kalapahar|Kalapahada]], the general of the Sultan, made a devastating attack on Cuttack. In the absence of Mukunda Deva, Ramachandra Bhanja (a feudatory of [[Chudanga Gada|Sarangagarh]]) declared himself king of Orissa. On receiving the news, Mukunda Deva hurried to Cuttack and faced Ramachandra Deva on the battlefield of Gohiratikiri, near Jajpur, where he was killed. Ramachandra Bhanja was also later killed by the Sultan.<ref name="Patnaik1989">{{cite book|author=Durga Prasad Patnaik|title=Palm Leaf Etchings of Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90_qAeMT1bwC&pg=PA4|year=1989|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-248-2|pages=4–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Orissa General Knowledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMCbjkhA_ncC&pg=PA27|publisher=Bright Publications|isbn=978-81-7199-574-5|pages=27–}}</ref> After the defeat of Mukunda Deva, [[Ramachandra Deva I|Ramachandra Deva]] of Bhoi dynasty made an alliance with Akbar for avoiding an Afghan invasion and continued as a subordinate king of Odisha.<ref name="Bhargava2006"/><ref name="Yamin">{{cite book|author=Mohammed Yamin|title=Impact of Islam on Orissan Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AN5KebBJxzcC&pg=PA37|publisher=Readworthy|isbn=978-93-5018-102-7|pages=37–}}</ref>

==Descendants==

Origins and Royal Division
After the fall of Gajapati Mukunda Deva in 1568 CE, Odisha came under Muslim domination, leading to the fragmentation of the royal household into three primary branches:

1. Aul – Ramchandra Deva son of Mukunda Deva, that maintained royal status but lacked direct ties to the elder Machamara traditions.
2. Second son settled In Khurda.

And The Descendants Of The Main Branch Of Chalukya's/Bahubalendra Chalukya's, who migrated from Rajahmundry after losing their state, and settled in Machamara (Present Gajapati) because close relations with Parlakhemundi Gangas, and junior Lineage in Gunupur (Rayagada).

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:History of Odisha]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:People from Odisha]]
[[Category:1559 births]]
[[Category:1568 deaths]]

Kandru Kamala

2026-04-24T08:39:40Z

ErnestBuntine9: made some pg w/ sources...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}

'''Kandru Kamala''' (born 10 March 1967) is an Indian politician from Andhra Pradesh. She was a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in Andhra Pradesh representing the Indian National Congress from [[Mangalagiri Assembly constituency]] in [[Guntur district]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kamala Kandru(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- MANGALAGIRI(GUNTUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/ap09/candidate.php?candidate_id=2859 |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Kamala is from [[Mangalagiri]]. She is from Padmasali, the weaving community.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-03-15 |title=Padmasalis seek Mangalagiri seat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/padmasalis-seek-mangalagiri-seat/article26537639.ece |access-date=2026-04-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She married Siva Nagendra Rao.<ref name=":0" /> Her daughter Murugudu Lavanya contested on YSR Congress ticket, but lost against Nara Lokesh in the 2023 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavendra |first=V |date=2024-04-19 |title=Nomination filed on behalf of Lokesh in Mangalagiri |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/nomination-filed-on-behalf-of-lokesh-in-mangalagiri/article68079593.ece |access-date=2026-04-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Sambasiva Rao |date=2024-04-26 |title=A lot is at stake for both TDP and YSRCP in Mangalagiri |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/a-lot-is-at-stake-for-both-tdp-and-ysrcp-in-mangalagiri/article68102033.ece |access-date=2026-04-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kamala won the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from Mangalagiri Assembly constituency representing the [[Indian National Congress]]. She polled 52,585 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Tammisetty Janaki Devi of Praja Rajyam Party, by a margin of 12,762 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Summary: Mangalagiri 2009 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/30617 |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>

In March 2019, she joined [[YSR Congress Party]] ahead of the assembly elections.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fb |last2=Tw |last3=Linkdin |last4=Whatsapp |last5=Us |first5=GNFollow |title=మంగళగిరిలో లోకేశ్‌కు షాక్: వైసీపీలో చేరిన మాజీ ఎమ్మెల్యే కమల |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/ap-assembly-election/mangalagiri-ex-mla-kandru-kamala-ready-to-join-ysrcp-popt0s |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=Asianet News Telugu |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandram |date=2019-03-21 |title=వైసీపీలో చేరిన మంగళగిరి మాజీ ఎమ్మెల్యే |url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/just-in/mangalagiri-ex-mla-kandru-kamala-join-in-ysrcp-18447 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416155023/https://www.hmtvlive.com/just-in/mangalagiri-ex-mla-kandru-kamala-join-in-ysrcp-18447 |archive-date=2024-04-16 |access-date=2026-04-24 |work=HMTV |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-03-22 |title=వైఎస్సార్‌ సీపీలో చేరిన కాండ్రు కమల |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/politics/sv-mohan-reddy-back-ysrcp-1172394 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416160458/https://www.sakshi.com/news/politics/sv-mohan-reddy-back-ysrcp-1172394 |archive-date=2024-04-16 |access-date=2026-04-24 |work=Sakshi |language=en}}</ref> After staying away from politics for some time, she expressed here intention to re-enter active politics in December 2023 before the assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=మంగళగిరి రేసులో నేనున్నా.. కొత్త వాళ్లకి సీటు కావాలంటే కుదరదు: కాండ్రు కమల |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/districts/guntur-mangalagiri-ex-mla-kandru-kamala-interesting-comments/4/123229795 |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamala, Kandru}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century women politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Politicians from Guntur district]]

Mulabagilu

2026-04-23T23:18:30Z

ErnestBuntine9: Adding The Post More To Come

{{Travel guide|date=December 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mulabagilu
| other_name = Mulbagal
| nickname = Eastern Door of Mysore Kingdom
| settlement_type = Town|
| image_alt = |
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.1667|N|78.4|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kolar district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 8.5
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 826
| population_total = 57,276
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 5180.35
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census data">{{cite web|title=Census of India Search details |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=661963|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages:
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 563 131
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08159
| registration_plate = KA-07
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mulabagilu''' is a town and administrative center of Mulabagilu taluk, in the [[Kolar district]] in the state of [[Karnataka]], India. The town is situated on the National Highway 75 and is the easternmost town of the state.

==Etymology==
"Mulabagilu" (ಮುಳಬಾಗಿಲು) comes from the word ''mudalabagilu,'' which means the "eastern door" in the native [[Kannada]] language. Mulabagilu was supposedly the easternmost [[frontier]] of (and thereby the entrance to) the state of [[Mysuru]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

==History==
A local legend{{which|date=March 2021}} describes how the [[Hanuman]] temple was built by [[Arjuna]], one of the [[Pandavas]], after the [[Mahabharata]] war. Sage [[Vasishta]] is believed to have built the [[idolatry|idols]] of the main [[deity]] [[Srinivasa]], [[Alamelu|Padmavati]] and [[Rama]]-[[Sita]]-[[Lakshmana]].

The history of Mulabagilu was compiled by [[Benjamin Lewis Rice]], in his book "The Gazetteer of Mysore" (1887).<ref name="Rice">{{Cite book|last=Rice|first=Benjamin Lewis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0wSoEIub1YC&q=tamil+inscriptions+in+bangalore&pg=PA70|title=Mysore : a gazetteer compiled for government. 1, Mysore in general|date=2001|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=81-206-0977-8|volume=1|location=New Delhi|pages=142|oclc=812250145}}</ref><ref name=Charya-DH>{{cite news|last1=Charya|first1=S V Upendra|title=Treasure trove of heritage|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/347805/treasure-trove-heritage.html|accessdate=2 February 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=30 July 2013}}</ref>
The First sunrise place in India that way the name came mudala bagilu. Later it become a mulabagilu.

==Geography==
Mulabagilu is located at {{coord|13.17|N|78.4|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Mulbagal, India|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/19/Mulbagal.html|access-date=2021-06-22|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 827 metres (2,713 feet).

==Economy==
The major sources of employment are in the [[agriculture]], [[dairy]], [[sericulture]], [[floriculture]] and [[tourism]]-related industries. [[Farmer]]s in Mulabagilu are completely dependent upon [[Borehole|borewell]] water for [[irrigation]] and drinking.
Mulabagilu is home to several famous [[temple]]s, and is popularly known as the land of "Hoysalara hebbagilu." Many [[transport]] and travel businesses set up their base here. Mulabagilu is also famous for a variety of dosse called Mulabagal Dose. A lot of travellors especially bikers stop at Prasad hotel and Mulabagal Dosa Corner to get authentic taste of same. Mulabagilu has many sericuluture and [[vegetable]] trading markets, including [[potato]]es, [[tomato]]es (in Vadahalli), [[eggplant|brinjal]], [[bean]]s, [[beetroot]], [[carrot]]s, [[Chayote|chow-chow]] and [[cabbage]]. The state government of Karnataka acquired non-agriculture land for [[industrial development]] activities as part of an initial step the government proposed for a [[granite]] industries hub at Mulabagilu Taluk. Mulabagilu is known for tobacco [[beedi]]s. Many brands of beedis are produced like mohan beedi, etc.;
and distributed to Karanataka and Andhra Pradesh. The [[Muslim]] community is largely engaged in this business.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

==Infrastructure==
Mulabagilu is on [[National Highway 4 (India, old numbering)|NH-4]], a newly-laid four-lane road from [[Bengaluru]] to Mulbagal-[[Nangali]] Karnataka border [[Kolar district]], with a total length of around 110 km. Approximately 354 km of major roads connect other locations to this area.
[[Indian Railways]] connectivity: Now mulabagal is getting a railway line and station under the project of [[Kadapa-Bangalore section]] (Till Kolar) new railway line.<ref name="Kadapa-Bangalore new rail">{{Cite web|title=Rs 58 cr released for Kadapa-Bangalore new rail|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2010/jan/19/rs-58-cr-released-for-kadapa-bangalore-new-rail-161998.html|website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Mulabagilu had a population of 44,031. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Mulabagilu has an average [[literacy]] rate of 61%, higher than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy is 67%, and female literacy is 54%. In Mulabagilu, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Notable people==
* [[D. V. Gundappa]], popularly known as DVG, was a prominent Kannada writer and a [[philosopher]].
* [[N. Venkatachala]], is a retired [[judge]] of the [[Supreme court of India]] and former [[Lokayukta]] of the state of [[Karnataka]].
* [[Soundarya]], a film actress and producer, was born in Ganjigunte village of Mulbagal taluk.

== See also ==
* [[Soorakunte]], [[Uttanuru]], [[Achampally]], [[Byrakur]], [[Nangali]], [[Kurudumale]], [[Dodda Athihalli]] located in Mulabagilu Taluk, [[Kolar District]].
* [[Devarayasamudram]], [[Avani, Kolar]] located in Mulabagilu Taluk, [[Kolar District]].

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{commons category|Mulbagal}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kolar district]]

Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya

2026-04-22T17:12:42Z

ErnestBuntine9: put up some pg nd citations

{{Short description|2023 song by Anirudh, Vishal Dadlani and Shilpa Rao}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya
| type = single
| cover = Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya.jpeg
| caption = Official song cover
| artist = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Vishal Dadlani]] and [[Shilpa Rao]]
| album = [[Jawan (soundtrack)|Jawan]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| released = 29 August 2023
| recorded = 2022–2023
| studio = {{ubl|
* [[Anirudh Ravichander|Albuquerque Records]], [[Chennai]]
* Studio DMI, [[Las Vegas]]
}}
| genre = {{hlist|[[Dance music|Dance]]|[[Pop music|pop]]|[[Classical music|Western classical]]|[[soft rock]]}}
| length = 3:23
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| singer =
| writer =
| composer = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| lyricist = [[Kumaar]]
| producer = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| tracks = # "[[Zinda Banda]]"
# "[[Chaleya]]"
# "'''Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya'''"
# "Aararaari Raaro"
# "Jawan Title Track"
# "Faraatta"
# "Chaleya (Arabic Version)"
| misc = {{External music video|type=single|{{YouTube|id=m3OtL4peEWU|title="Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya"}}
}}
}}

"'''Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya'''" is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language song, composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]] with lyrics written by [[Kumaar]] and sung by Anirudh, [[Vishal Dadlani]] and [[Shilpa Rao]], for the [[Jawan (soundtrack)|soundtrack album]] of the 2023 Indian film ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]''. It was released on 29 August 2023 as the third single from the album, through [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].

The song was also released in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] under the same title. Upon release, the song received positive reviews by audience and critics. Within 24 hours of its release, the song crossed over 53 million views on [[YouTube]], becoming the most-viewed Indian song. The hook step in the film, performed by the lead actor [[Shah Rukh Khan]] became widely popular and a pop-cultural phenomenon. The track also topped the national charts, in all music and video platforms.

== Composition ==
[[Anirudh Ravichander]] composed the song which was sung by [[Vishal Dadlani]] and [[Shilpa Rao]] along with him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/not-ramaiya-vastavaiya-out-shah-rukh-khan-nayanthara-groove-like-no-ones-watching-in-jawan-song-2428125-2023-08-29|title='Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya' out! SRK, Nayanthara groove like no one's watching|date=29 August 2023|website=India Today}}</ref> [[Kumaar]] worked on the lyrics for the Hindi version.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/not-ramaiya-vastavaiya-from-jawan-shah-rukh-khan-teams-up-with-nayanthara-and-his-gang-of-girls-for-this-foot-tapping-number-watch/articleshow/103169286.cms|title=Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya from Jawan: Shah Rukh Khan teams up with Nayanthara and his gang of girls for this foot tapping number - Watch|date=29 August 2023|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> The song had the reference to the song "Ramaiya Vastavaiya" from the film ''[[Shree 420]]'' (1955).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/humming-srks-not-ramaiya-vastavaiya-know-the-story-behind-the-phrase-2427704-2023-08-28|title=Humming SRK's 'Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya'? Know the story behind the phrase|date=28 August 2023|website=India Today}}</ref><ref name="IE">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jawan-song-not-ramaiya-vastavaiya-shah-rukh-khan-shilpa-rao-reunite-in-racy-romantic-number-featuring-nayanthara-8914463/|title=Jawan song 'Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya': Shah Rukh Khan, Shilpa Rao reunite in racy romantic number featuring Nayanthara|date=29 August 2023}}</ref> The lyrics also had referenced the "[[Chaiyya Chaiyya]]" from the film ''[[Dil Se..]]'' (1998).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/srk-gives-chaiyya-chaiyya-twist-to-jawans-not-ramaiya-vastavaiya-song-4339474|title=Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya? More Like "Not Chaiyya Chaiyya" - Shah Rukh Khan Explains|website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref> The song appears in the end credits sequence of the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/let-daddy-show-u-how-srk-unveils-extended-version-of-not-ramaiya-vastavaiya-from-jawan/articleshow/103716696.cms|title="Let Daddy show u how...": SRK unveils extended version of 'Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya' from 'Jawan'|date=18 September 2023|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> The whistle in the song is performed by Vinay Sridhar, who worked with Anirudh as a [[sound engineer]] in his previous ventures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-meet-vinay-sridhar-man-behind-whistle-in-jawan-bgm-friend-collaborator-anirudh-ravichander-shah-rukh-khan-3060016|title=Meet mystery man behind iconic whistle in Jawan BGM, has worked with AR Rahman, Imtiaz Ali; is Anirudh Ravichander's...|first=DNA Web|last=Team|website=DNA India}}</ref> The Tamil and Telugu versions were sung by [[Sreerama Chandra]] and [[Rakshita Suresh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/music/not-ramaiya-vastavaiya-out-shah-rukh-khan-sets-dance-floor-on-fire-with-jawan-s-latest-song-watch-2023-08-29-889587|title=Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya OUT: Shah Rukh Khan sets dance floor on fire with Jawan's latest song | Watch|first1=Ridhi|last1=Suri|date=29 August 2023|website=India TV News}}</ref> The lyrics for Tamil version was written by [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]], while [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] penned the Telugu version.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/jawan-shah-rukh-khan-shows-energetic-dance-and-crackling-chemistry-with-nayanthara-in-not-ramaiya-vastavaiya-23306184|title=Jawan: Shah Rukh Khan shows energetic dance and crackling chemistry with Nayanthara in Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya|date=29 August 2023|website=Mid-day}}</ref>

== Music video ==
The music video featuring [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Nayanthara]], was shot at [[Yash Raj Studios]] in Mumbai during July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khans-special-song-went-on-floor-on-monday-exclusive/articleshow/101686889.cms|title=Shah Rukh Khan's special song for 'Jawan' went on floors on Monday - Exclusive|date=12 July 2023|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/jawan-shah-rukh-khan-wraps-dance-shoot-filming-an-action-scene-for-atlee-directorial-8382931.html|title=Jawan: Shah Rukh Khan Wraps Dance Shoot, Filming an Action Scene For Atlee Directorial?|website=News18}}</ref> It was choreographed by [[Vaibhavi Merchant]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/vaibhavi-merchant-on-jawans-not-ramaiya-we-didnt-have-a-song-when-shah-rukh-called-2429019-2023-08-31|title=Vaibhavi on Jawan's 'Not Ramaiya...': We didn't have a song when Shah Rukh called|date=31 August 2023|website=India Today}}</ref> The music video was initially planned to shoot in [[Abu Dhabi]], but later decided to shot in Mumbai as per Merchant's suggestion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/vaibhavi-merchant-on-doing-not-ramaiya-you-can-never-say-no-to-shah-rukh-khan-exclusive-2429064-2023-08-31|title=Vaibhavi Merchant on doing 'Not Ramaiya...': You can never say no to Shah Rukh|date=31 August 2023|website=India Today}}</ref>

== Release ==
The teaser of the track was released on 26 August.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jawan-song-not-ramaiya-vastavaiya-teaser-shah-rukh-khan-is-in-party-mood-4332146|title=Jawan Song Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya Teaser: Shah Rukh Khan Is In Party Mood|website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jawan-shah-rukh-khan-shares-new-song-not-ramaiya-vastavaiya-teaser-fans-react-2427068-2023-08-26|title='Jawan': SRK shares new song 'Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya' teaser. Excited fans react|date=26 August 2023|website=India Today}}</ref> The third single "Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya" was released on 29 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/music/jawan-srk-nayanthara-groove-to-the-beats-of-not-ramaiya-vastavaiya|title=Jawan: SRK & Nayanthara Groove to The Beats of 'Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya'|first=Quint|last=Entertainment|date=29 August 2023|website=TheQuint}}</ref> The extended version was released on 16 September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jawan-song-not-ramaiya-vastavaiya-extended-version-shah-rukh-khan-grooves-as-father-and-son-lighting-up-the-screen-instantly/0dad9e1a09894|title=Jawan song Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya extended version: Shah Rukh Khan grooves as father and son, lighting up the screen instantly|website=OTTPlay}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]'' wrote that the "song has certainly lived up to its promise of delivering a heart-thumping party number. With its recent release, it has cast a spell on us, captivating us with SRK’s magical charm and infectious energy. This trendsetter dance moves in the song are simply irresistible, making us want to hit the dance floor."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-shah-rukh-khan-sets-the-dance-floor-on-fire-with-the-latest-release-from-jawan-not-ramaiya-vastavaiya-song-out-now-3226421/|title=Shah Rukh Khan sets the dance floor on fire with the latest release from Jawan – Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya song OUT NOW!|date=29 August 2023}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' found that the song "is a rollicking party number with elements of SRK's signature romance."<ref name="IE"/> Shreya Tinkhede of ''[[Times Now]]'' termed the song as "stunning, colourful, and foot-tapping".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/not-ramaiya-vastavaiya-fans-call-shah-rukh-khan-nayantharas-new-song-from-jawan-ultimate-celebration-atlee-article-103171097|title=Jawan: Shah Rukh Khan, Nayanthara Fans Call NEW Song Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya Ultimate 'Celebration'|date=29 August 2023|website=Times Now}}</ref>

== Impact ==
Within 24 hours of its release, the song crossed over 53 million views on [[YouTube]], becoming the most-viewed Indian song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/jawan-trailer-out-watch-it-on-mirchi-plus/103241747|title='Jawan Trailer: Shah Rukh Khans Ramaiya Vastavaiya remains unmissable|website=mirchi.in}}</ref> Upon its release, the song started trending on internet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/viral/report-viral-video-desi-woman-s-fiery-dance-to-srk-s-not-ramaiya-vastavaiya-will-make-your-jaw-drop-3061525|title=Viral video: Desi woman's fiery dance to SRK's 'Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya' will make your jaw drop|first=DNA Web|last=Team|website=DNA India}}</ref> The song received positive reception from audiences, praising the music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shah-rukh-khan-on-kili-paul-and-neema-s-not-ramaiya-vastavaiya-love-it-this-is-amazing-4437342|title=Shah Rukh Khan Reacts To Kili Paul And Neema's Version Of Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya|website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref> The hook step performed by [[Shah Rukh Khan]], went viral on social media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/viral/watch-japanese-video-creator-dances-to-not-ramaiya-vastavaiya-from-srks-jawan-video-goes-viral|title=WATCH: Japanese Video Creator Dances To 'Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya' From SRK's Jawan; Video Goes Viral|website=Free Press Journal}}</ref> [[Sanya Malhotra]] danced to the song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jawan-star-sanya-malhotra-can-not-stop-dancing-to-not-ramaiya-vastavaiya-watch-4381779|title=Jawan Star Sanya Malhotra "Can Not Stop Dancing" To Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya. Watch|website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref>

== Credits and personnel ==
{{div col}}
* [[Anirudh Ravichander]]{{spaced ndash}} composer, vocal, programmer, keyboard
* [[Kumaar]]{{spaced ndash}} lyricist
* [[Vishal Dadlani]]{{spaced ndash}}vocal
* [[Shilpa Rao]]{{spaced ndash}}vocal
* [[Vaibhavi Merchant]]{{spaced ndash}} Choreographer
* Vinay Sridhar{{spaced ndash}} mix engineer
* Srinivasan M{{spaced ndash}} mix engineer
* Luca Pretolesi{{spaced ndash}} mastering engineer
* Velavan B{{spaced ndash}} music coordinator
* Shashank Vijay{{spaced ndash}} rhythm
{{div col end}}

== Chart performance ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Chart
!Song
!Peak position
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Billboard India Songs|India]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')
|"Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya"
|8
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2023-09-05|title=India Songs|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=5 September 2023|access-date=6 September 2023|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906104021/https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2023-09-05/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"; rowspan="1"| [[UAE]] ([[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]])
|"Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya"
|6
|<ref name="MENA">{{cite web|url=https://www.theofficialmenachart.com/weeklychart|title=This Week's Official UAE Chart Top 20: from 15/09/2023 to 21/09/2023|publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928141834/https://www.theofficialmenachart.com/weeklychart|date=September 28, 2023|archive-date=September 28, 2023|access-date=September 28, 2023}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|id=m3OtL4peEWU|title="Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya"}}
{{Anirudh Ravichander}}
{{T-Series}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2023 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Songs in Hindi]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Anirudh Ravichander]]
[[Category:Shilpa Rao songs]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Kumaar]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Chandrabose (lyricist)]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) singles]]
[[Category:Songs from Jawan (film)]]
[[Category:Filmi songs]]

Shivaji Bhanudas Kardile

2026-04-21T12:11:40Z

ErnestBuntine9: update references per sources

{{Short description|Indian politician and murderer (1958–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1995
| term_end = 2009
| constituency = [[Ahmednagar North Assembly constituency|Ahmednagar North]]
| predecessor = Maruti alias Dada Patil Shelke
| successor = [[Prajakt Tanpure]]
| term_start1 = 2009
| term_end1 = 2025
| constituency1 = [[Rahuri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rahuri]]
| predecessor1 = Chandrashekhar Kadam
| birth_name = Shivaji Bhanudas Kardile
| birth_date = {{birth date|1958|12|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rahuri]], Ahmednagar district.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|10|17|1958|12|04|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Ahilyanagar]], Maharashtra, India
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| children = *Akshya Shivaji Kardile
*Suvarna Sandeep Kotkar
*Shital Sangram Jagtap
*Jyoti Amol Gade
| alma_mater =
}}
'''Shivaji Bhanudasrao Kardile''' (4 December 1958 – 17 October 2025) was an Indian politician who was six time Member of Legislative Assembly of [[Rahuri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rahuri]] and [[Ahmednagar North Assembly constituency|Ahmednagar North]] Vidhan sabha of [[Maharashtra]] and owned a dairy business before he entered politics.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kardile Shivaji Bhanudas(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- RAHURI(AHMEDNAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/maharashtra2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=985|access-date=2021-04-20|website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kardile was born on 4 December 1958. He studied at secondary school and left education after that.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rahuri (Maharashtra) Assembly Election Results 2019: Candidate List, Winner, Runner-Up, Latest News and Updates|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/rahuri-election-results-in-maharashtra/|access-date=2021-10-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Arrest ==
In 2018, Kardile was arrested by Ahmednagar police in connection to the killings of [[Shiv Sena]] leader Sanjay Kotkar and Vasant Thube.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Banerjee|first=Shoumojit|date=2018-04-10|title=BJP MLA held for Ahmednagar murders|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjp-mla-held-for-ahmednagar-murders/article23485375.ece|access-date=2021-04-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्डीले शिवाजी भानुदास|url=https://www.maharashtranama.com/mla/kardile-shivaji-bhanudas/|access-date=2021-04-20|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Kardile had Four daughters and a son. His son-in-law is MLA [[Sangram Jagtap]], Sandeep Kotkar is a former mayor of Ahmednagar and Jyoti Amol Gade is current mayor of Ahilyanagar and His son Akshay is the [[Ahmednagar District]] president of BJP Yuva Morcha

== Death ==
Kardile died from a cardiac arrest on 17 October 2025, at the age of 66.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shivaji Kardile, Senior Politician and BJP MLA from Rahuri, Dies After Cardiac Arrest | url=https://punemirror.com/state/shivaji-kardile-senior-politician-and-bjp-mla-from-rahuri-dies-after-cardiac-arrest/ |website=pune mirror |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.lokmat.com/maharashtra/bjp-mla-shivajirao-kardile-dies-of-a-heart-attack-at-his-residence-a-a629/|title=Shivajirao Kardile: भाजपा आमदार शिवाजीराव कर्डिले यांचं हृदयविकाराच्या तीव्र झटक्याने निधन
| work= [[Lokmat]]|date=17 October 2025|access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kardile, Shivaji Bhanudas}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-BJP-politician-stub}}

Kashika Kapoor

2026-04-16T20:22:01Z

ErnestBuntine9: made a stub w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian actress and model (b. 2002)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kashika Kapoor
| image = Kashika Kapoor (cropped).jpg
| caption = Kapoor in 2024
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| education = [[Jamnabai Narsee School]]
| alma_mater = [[New York Film Academy]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model}}
| yearsactive = 2021–present
| father = Deepak Teckchandani
| mother = Divya Ritu Kapoor
| website =
}}
'''Kashika Kapoor''' is an Indian actress, known for her work in [[Bollywood]] and [[Telugu cinema]] as well as music videos. She made her Bollywood debut in the socially driven drama ''[[Aayushmati Geeta Matric Pass]]'' (2024) and her Telugu debut in ''[[LYF: Love Your Father]]'' (2025).

== Early life and education ==
Kapoor attended [[Jamnabai Narsee School]] in Mumbai and later earned a [[Bachelor of Business Administration]] (BBA) degree via distance education from [[NMIMS]] Deemed-to-be-University. She trained in acting for six months at Jeff Goldberg Studio in Mumbai and completed a three-year professional acting course at the [[New York Film Academy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakravorty |first=Reshmi |date=2025-04-09 |title=Kashika Kapoor: I believe in being raw and real |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2025/Apr/09/kashika-kapoor-i-believe-in-being-raw-and-real |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cover Story: "I'm Rising With Resilience, Shining With Intention," Says Kashika Kapoor {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/cover-story-im-rising-with-resilience-shining-with-intention-says-kashika-kapoor-73300.html |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Film and television ==
Kapoor made her acting debut in the television mini-series ''The Vibe Hunters'' (2022), playing Tanya across three episodes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Developer |first=Web |title=`The Vibe Hunters`s Kashika Kapoor all set to make her Bollywood debut with Pradip Khairwar`s rom-com |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/kashika-kapoor-all-set-to-make-her-bollywood-debut-with-pradip-khairwars-film-23259830 |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kashika Kapoor will be seen in The Vibe Hunter |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/kashika-kapoor-will-be-seen-in-the-vibe-hunter-446758/ |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

Her Bollywood debut came with ''[[Aayushmati Geeta Matric Pass]]'' (2024), where she portrayed Geeta, a young woman challenging societal expectations around education for girls in rural India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aayushmati Geeta Matric Pass Movie Review: This social drama makes a strong point despite the flaws |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/aayushmati-geeta-matric-pass/amp_movie_review/114271508.cms |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

The film, directed by Prradip Khairwar, received praise for its focus on [[gender equality]] and [[social justice]]. To prepare for the role, Kapoor spent time with rural girls to authentically depict Geeta's experiences.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2024 |title=Aayushmati Geeta Matric Pass movie review: Prradip Khairwar-Kashika Kapoor's film beautifully talks about girl education, gender equality, social justice & more |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/aushmati-geeta-matric-pass-movie-review-prradip-khairwar-kashika-kapoors-film-beautifully-talks-about-girl-education-gender-equality-social-justice-more-13826025.html |website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Dharitri |date=24 September 2024 |title=Actor Kashika Kapoor on her character Geeta on her film 'Ayushmati Geeta Matric Pass' |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2024/Sep/24/actor-kashika-kapoor-on-her-character-geeta-on-her-film-ayushmati-geeta-matric-pass |website=Indulgexpress}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2024 |title=Kashika Kapoor set to mark her debut in Aayushmati Geeta Matric Pass |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kashika-kapoor-set-to-mark-her-debut-in-aayushmati-geeta-matric-pass/articleshow/113943116.cms |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

In 2025, Kapoor debuted in Telugu cinema with ''[[LYF: Love Your Father]]'', directed by Pavan Ketharaju, playing the role of Sweety. The film explores the emotional bond between a father and daughter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-16 |title=Kashika Kapoor, Tollywood debut, 'Love You Father' - Pune Times Mirror |url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/kashika-kapoor-makes-her-tollywood-debut-with-love-you-father/ |access-date=2025-08-16 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Lipika |date=2024-10-06 |title=Kashika Kapoor talks about her Telugu debut LYF and Hindi debut AGMP |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kashika-kapoor-talks-about-her-telugu-debut-lyf-and-hindi-debut-agmp-1828443 |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

Kapoor has also appeared in television shows like ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]'' and ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]'', and has expressed interest in participating in reality television to connect with audiences.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2022-12-10 |title=Kashika Kapoor to make Bollywood debut |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2022/Dec/10/kashika-kapoor-to-make-bollywood-debut-37566.html |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role
! scope="col" |Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-

| 2024
! scope="row" | ''[[Aayushmati Geeta Matric Pass]]''
| Geeta
| [[Hindi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aayushmati Geeta Matric Pass Movie Review: This social drama makes a strong point despite the flaws |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/aayushmati-geeta-matric-pass/movie-review/114271508.cms |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
! scope="row" | ''[[LYF: Love Your Father]]''
| Sweety
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-04 |title=LYF - Love Your Father Review |url=https://www.cinejosh.com/review/lyf-love-your-father-review/1798 |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=Cine Josh |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/lyf-love-your-father/movieshow/119981355.cms |title=LYF: Love Your Father Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |access-date=2025-08-18 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2024-11-09 |title=First look unveiled of LYF (Love Your Father) |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Nov/09/first-look-unveiled-of-lyf-love-your-father |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-

|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm12245446/ Kashika Kapoor | Actress] - [[IMDb]]
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/kashika-kapoor/ Kashika Kapoor, Filmography, Movies, Kashika Kapoor News, Videos, Songs, Images, Box Office, Trailers, Interviews - Bollywood Hungama]
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/kashika-kapoor Kashika Kapoor: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday | Times of India]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor, Kashika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2006 births]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]

Hatpipliya Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:49:41Z

ErnestBuntine9: made the entry initial version...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly}}
{{See also|Hatpipliya}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hatpipliya
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| constituency_no = 172
| district = [[Dewas district|Dewas]]
| established = 1977
| type = SLA
| map_image = 172-Hatpipliya.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Dewas Lok Sabha constituency|Dewas]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Manoj Choudhary.png
| mla = [[Manoj Choudhary]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Deepak Joshi|Deepak Kailash Joshi]]
| electors = {{formatnum:191625}}<ref name="electors2020">{{cite web |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/Bye_Election2020/Bye%20Election%202020%20-%20Electors.pdf |title=Bye-Election 2020 Electors PS.xlsx - Bye Election 2020 - Electors.pdf |newspaper=ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in |access-date=6 November 2020 |archive-date=6 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106063451/https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/Bye_Election2020/Bye%20Election%202020%20-%20Electors.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
'''Hatpipliya''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central India.<ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018|archive-date=28 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528205032/http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was created in 1976 and is one of the 5 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Dewas District]] and one of the 8 constituencies within [[Dewas (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. This constituency covers [[Hatpipliya tehsil]] and parts of [[Dewas tehsil]], both in [[Dewas district]].

Since December 2023, the Member of the Vidhan Sabha for Hatpipliya is [[Manoj Choudhary]]. His term is expected to last until December 2028.{{update after|2029|2|reason=2028 state assembly election results}}

== Birth and extent of the constituency ==
This constituency was carved out of parts of [[Bagli Assembly constituency|Bagli]] and [[Dewas Assembly constituency|Dewas]] by the ''Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976''.<ref name="delimitation1976">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=DPACO (1976) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date=9 December 2020 |archive-date=29 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529102900/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The first elections held here, as a separate constituency, were in [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]].

After the last delimitation in 2007, the constituency comprises the following segments:<ref name="delimitation2007">{{cite web |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/Delimitation/Final%20Notification.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 38 dated 19th January, 2007 |access-date=9 December 2020 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918225637/https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/Delimitation/Final%20Notification.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
# Siya, Anandpur Dungria, Khatamba, Singawada, Bairagarh, Dewar, Lohari and Chandana [[Patwari]] Circles of Dewas, all within RI (Revenue Inspector) Circle of [[Dewas tehsil]]
# Baotha RI Circle of Dewas tehsil
# Hatpipliya-1 RI Circle of [[Hatpipliya tehsil]]
# [[Hatpipliya]] town.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|| [[#1977 Vidhan Sabha|1977]]<ref name="results1977"/> ||rowspan="2"| [[Tejsingh Sendhav]] ||rowspan="2"|[[File:Tejsingh Sendhav.jpg|75px]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|| [[#1980 Vidhan Sabha|1980]]<ref name="results1980"/>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|| [[#1985 Vidhan Sabha|1985]]
| [[Rajendrasingh Baghel]]<ref name="results1985"/>
| [[File:Rajendrasingh Baghel.png|75px]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|| [[#1990 Vidhan Sabha|1990]]
|[[Tejsingh Sendhav]]<ref name="results1990"/>
|[[File:Tejsingh Sendhav.jpg|75px]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|| [[#1993 Vidhan Sabha|1993]]
| [[Rajendrasingh Baghel]]<ref name="results1993"/>
| [[File:Rajendrasingh Baghel.png|75px]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|| [[#1998 Vidhan Sabha|1998]]
|[[Tejsingh Sendhav]]<ref name="results1998"/>
|[[File:Tejsingh Sendhav.jpg|75px]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|| [[#2003 Vidhan Sabha|2003]]
| [[Rajendrasingh Baghel]]<ref name="results2003"/>
| [[File:Rajendrasingh Baghel.png|75px]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|| [[#2008 Vidhan Sabha|2008]]<ref name="results2008"/>
| rowspan="2"|[[Deepak Joshi|Deepak Kailash Joshi]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Deepak Joshi1.jpg|75px]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|| [[#2013 Vidhan Sabha|2013]]<ref name="results2013"/>
|-
|| [[#2018 Vidhan Sabha|2018]]<ref name="election2018"/>
| rowspan="3"|[[Manoj Choudhary]]
| rowspan="3"|[[File:Manoj Choudhary.png|75px]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|| [[#2020 Vidhan Sabha by-elections|2020]]{{efn|by-poll}}<ref name="election2020">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12753-bye-elections-2020-parliamentary-and-assemblies/ |title=Bye Elections 2020 (Parliamentary and Assemblies) - Bye-Elections Result in Xls/Pdf Format |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=15 November 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115033445/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/12753-bye-elections-2020-parliamentary-and-assemblies/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}
{{noteslist}}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Hatpipliya<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Manoj Choudhary]]
|votes = {{formatnum:89842}}
|percentage = 49.89
|change = -2.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rajveer Singh Rajendra Singh Baghel
|votes = {{formatnum:85700}}
|percentage = 47.59
|change = +3.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1059}}
|percentage = 0.59
|change = -0.17
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4142}}
|percentage = 2.3
|change = -6.35
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:180082}}
|percentage = 86.6
|change = +2.88
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 bypoll ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections|M. P. Legislative Assembly By-Election, 2020]]: Hatpipliya<ref name="electors2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Manoj Choudhary]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 84,405
|percentage = 52.51
|change = {{Increase}}0.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Kunwar Rajvir Singh Rajendra Singh Baghel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 70,501
|percentage = 43.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rajesh Nagar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,896
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = 1,225
|percentage = 0.76
|change = {{Decrease}}0.40
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13904}}
|percentage = 8.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,60,764
|percentage = 83.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Hatpipliya<ref name="election2018"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Manoj Choudhary]]
|votes = {{formatnum:83337}}
|percentage = 52.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Deepak Kailash Joshi
|votes = {{formatnum:69818}}
|percentage = 43.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Santosh- Khangode
|votes = {{formatnum:2347}}
|percentage = 1.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1847}}
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13519}}
|percentage = 8.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:159809}}
|percentage = 85.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|M. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2013]]: Hatpipliya<ref name="results2013">{{cite web |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/History%20web/OldElectionResults/2013.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |access-date=25 November 2020 |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217165210/https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/History%20web/OldElectionResults/2013.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Deepak Joshi|Deepak Kailash Joshi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 68824
|percentage = 49.18
|change = {{Increase}}16.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Rajendrasingh Baghel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 62649
|percentage = 44.77
|change = {{Increase}}11.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Mukesh Songara
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 2748
|percentage = 1.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Nota
|party = None of the Above
|votes = 2131
|percentage = 1.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|M. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2008]]: Hatpipliya<ref name="results2008">{{cite web |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/history%20web/oldelectionresults/2008.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=21 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821144701/https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/History%20web/OldElectionResults/2008.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Deepak Joshi|Deepak Kailash Joshi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 35405
|percentage = 33.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Rajendrasingh Baghel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 35185
|percentage = 32.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Narayan Singh Choudhary
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 21161
|percentage = 19.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ashok Patel (Captain)
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 6011
|percentage = 5.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Choudhary Vrandavan
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 4731
|percentage = 4.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Gyansingh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2011
|percentage = 1.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 107131
|percentage = 0.759
|change =
}}
{{Election box swing with party link|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2003 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|M. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2003]]: Hatpipliya<ref name="results2003">{{cite web |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/history%20web/oldelectionresults/2003.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=22 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822052242/https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/History%20web/OldElectionResults/2003.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Rajendrasingh Baghel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 49546
|percentage = 46.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ku.Rai Singh Sendhav
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 47492
|percentage = 44.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Khati Vrandavan Chaudhry
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 6082
|percentage = 5.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Liladhar Choudhry
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1823
|percentage = 1.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Madhusudan Sharma
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 1399
|percentage = 1.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 106379
|percentage = 72.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box swing with party link|
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|M. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 1998]]: Hatpipliya<ref name="results1998">{{cite web |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/history%20web/oldelectionresults/1998.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=18 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818101731/https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/History%20web/OldElectionResults/1998.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Tejsingh Sendhav]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 45653
|percentage = 52.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Rajendrasingh Baghel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 40191
|percentage = 46.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Madanlal Solanki
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1299
|percentage = 1.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 88839
|percentage = 70.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box swing with party link|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1993 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|M. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 1993]]: Hatpipliya<ref name="results1993">{{cite web |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/history%20web/oldelectionresults/1993.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819102327/https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/History%20web/OldElectionResults/1993.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Rajendrasingh Baghel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 39837
|percentage = 50.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Tejsingh Sendhav]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 38666
|percentage = 48.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 81877
|percentage = 71.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box swing with party link|
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|M. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 1990]]: Hatpipliya<ref name="results1990">{{cite web |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/history%20web/oldelectionresults/1990.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=21 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821043933/https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/History%20web/OldElectionResults/1990.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Tejsingh Sendhav]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 40973
|percentage = 55.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Rajendrasingh Baghel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 29697
|percentage = 40.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Dilip Singh Dhakar, Jetpura
|party = Doordarshi Party
|votes = 1679
|percentage = 2.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Rama Kant
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 751
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 75236
|percentage = 69.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box swing with party link|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|M. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 1985]]: Hatpipliya<ref name="results1985">{{cite web |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/history%20web/oldelectionresults/1985.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819044238/https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/History%20web/OldElectionResults/1985.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Rajendrasingh Baghel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 30729
|percentage = 51.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Tejsingh Sendhav]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 26010
|percentage = 43.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Dilip
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1871
|percentage = 3.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ranchhod Patel
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 839
|percentage = 1.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 60892
|percentage = 70.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box swing with party link|
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

=== 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|M. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 1980]]: Hatpipliya<ref name="results1980">{{cite web |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/history%20web/oldelectionresults/1980.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Tejsingh Sendhav]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 26366
|percentage = 52.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Jagdipendarsingh Holkar
|party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
|votes = 19193
|percentage = 37.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Purshottam Mangilal Mantri
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1667
|percentage = 3.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ramnaresh Verma
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1076
|percentage = 2.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Sardar Diwan Singh Ladda Singh
|party = Janata Party (Secular)
|votes = 1007
|percentage = 1.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Nagjiram Sathi
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 986
|percentage = 1.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 50697
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box swing with party link|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|M. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 1977]]: Hatpipliya<ref name="results1977">{{cite web |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/history%20web/oldelectionresults/1977.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918193656/https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/History%20web/OldElectionResults/1977.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Tejsingh Sendhav]]
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 28898
|percentage = 66.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Debisingh Chittrejee
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 14445
|percentage = 33.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 45107
|percentage = 68.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Dewas district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Dewas district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{coord|22|48|0|N|76|24|0|E|region:IN-MP_type:adm2nd_source:kolossus-nowiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dewas district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]

Unknown 9: Awakening

2026-04-15T19:34:36Z

ErnestBuntine9: started post.

{{Short description|2024 video game}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = Unknown 9: Awakening
| image = Unknown 9 Awakening cover art.jpg
| developer = Reflector Entertainment
| publisher = [[Bandai Namco Entertainment]]
| director = Christophe Rossignol
| producer = Miguel Aguilera
| designer = Pierre-Luc Jutras Gouin
| programmer = {{ubl|Jonathan Gauvin|Frédéric Robichaud}}
| artist = {{ubl|Cyril Sinel|Patrick Limoges}}
| writer = Kevin Shortt
| composer = Yuichiro Oku
| engine = [[Unreal Engine 4]]
| platforms = {{ubl|[[Windows]]|[[PlayStation 4]]|[[PlayStation 5]]|[[Xbox One]]|[[Xbox Series X/S]]}}
| released = October 18, 2024
| genre = [[Action-adventure]]
| modes = [[Single-player]], [[multiplayer]]
}}

'''''Unknown 9: Awakening''''' is a 2024 [[action-adventure game]] developed by Canadian studio Reflector Entertainment and published by [[Bandai Namco Entertainment]]. Set in India in the early 20th century, the game focuses on a woman with magical powers fighting against a mysterious organization that killed her mentor. British actress [[Anya Chalotra]] portrays the main character through both [[3D body scanning|body-scanning]] and [[motion capture]]. It was designed to be part of a [[Media franchise|multimedia franchise]] with the ''Unknown 9'' series being referred to as a [[Transmedia storytelling|transmedia]] series.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2020 |title=Unknown 9: Awakening Developer Interview - Talking Storyworld and Protagonists |url=https://me.pcmag.com/en/pc-games/12742/unknown-9-awakening-developer-interview-talking-storyworld-and-protagonists |access-date=January 29, 2025 |publisher=PCMag |archive-date=August 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808232849/https://me.pcmag.com/en/pc-games/12742/unknown-9-awakening-developer-interview-talking-storyworld-and-protagonists |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Unknown 9: Awakening'' was released for [[PlayStation 4]], [[PlayStation 5]], [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[Xbox One]], and [[Xbox Series X and Series S|Xbox Series X/S]] on October 18, 2024. The game received mixed reviews from critics, and due to low sales, the planned sequels were cancelled.

== Gameplay ==
''Unknown 9: Awakening'' is a [[Third-person (video games)|third-person]] action-adventure video game.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Skrebels |first=Joe |date=2020-08-27 |title=Unknown 9: Awakening - Opening Night Live's Mystery Game Announcement Explained |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/unknown-9-awakening-3rd-person-action-adventure-explained |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813212120/https://www.ign.com/articles/unknown-9-awakening-3rd-person-action-adventure-explained |archive-date=2024-08-13 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=IGN |language=en}}</ref> The player is allowed to partake in combat or to avoid enemies using stealth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bandai Namco Reveals First Look At Unknown 9: Awakening Gameplay |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/bandai-namco-reveals-first-look-at-unknown-9-awakening-gameplay/1100-6521656/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=GameSpot |language=en-US}}</ref> A key feature of the game is the ability to [[Body swap|body-swap]] by tapping into the main characters supernatural powers which allows for alternative means of traversing a level.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Northup |first=Travis |date=2024-03-07 |title=Unknown 9: Awakening Aims to Fuse Body-Snatching Gameplay With a Strong Narrative |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/unknown-9-awakening-aims-to-fuse-body-snatching-gameplay-with-a-strong-narrative |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=IGN |language=en}}</ref> She has a variety of psychic powers as well, referred to as Umbric Ability, which include invisibility, or possession. Through [[clairvoyance]], she can see enemies through obstacles and see where they are on the map.<ref name=":4" />
== Story ==

The game's backstory explains that human civilizations have risen and been destroyed in a series of endless and inevitable Cycles. Nine members of one ancient and advanced civilization, the Sahin, obtained immortality in order to survive the end of their Cycle in the hopes of finding a way to put a stop to the Cycles. These surviving Sahin influence humanity from the shadows as the Unknown 9.

Set in [[Northern India]] during the early 20th century, the game follows Haroona, a Quaestor, a person with mystical abilities able to perceive and manipulate an alternate dimension known as the Fold. The plot begins in 1908, with Haroona and her Quaestor mentor Reika traveling to the desert to confront Vincent, a former Quaestor pupil of Reika's. Vincent and his followers are the Ascendants, a radical splinter group of a secret society of Quaestors and explorers called the Leap Year Society. Vincent defeats Reika using technology that disables her powers, forcing Haroona to flee.

Four years later, in 1912, Haroona is seeking revenge on Vincent for killing Reika. While hunting Vincent, she meets up with an old cowboy, Luther, and an African engineer, Buchra, who are part of a group of surviving members of the Leap Year Society. Haroona and her allies steal Vincent's airship, the ''Morning Star'', making it their new home base. Haroona also learns from Luther that Reika is alive and that Vincent's plan is to release a dangerous and powerful Fold entity, Seshin, in hopes of using its power to prevent the upcoming end of the current Cycle. While attempting to find and rescue Reika, Haroona learns that Reika is one of the Unknown 9 and has been convinced to ally with Vincent due to her immortality expiring and not wanting to die before fulfilling the Nine's mission of breaking the Cycles.

Haroona, Luther, and Buchra travel to the gateway to Seshin's prison, where Luther is fatally wounded by Mila, Luther's former pupil and Vincent's second-in-command. Haroona confronts Vincent in the Deep Fold and severs his connection to his physical body, condemning him to wander the Fold for eternity. However, Seshin is freed and manifests in Haroona's body, allowing her to destroy the remaining army of Ascendants. Reika absorbs Seshin into herself to atone for her actions, telling Haroona and Buchra to seal her inside one of the Ascendants' containment devices. She instructs Haroona to travel to a remote jungle location, where Haroona uses Sahin technology to become Reika's replacement as one of the Unknown 9.<ref name=":4">{{Cite magazine |last=なんでもゆうこ |date=October 16, 2025 |title=『Unknown 9: Awakening』先行レビュー。憑依、隠れ身、念視などの超能力が使えるステルスアクションアドベンチャーは、自分だけの攻略方法を見つけるのが楽しい |url=https://www.famitsu.com/article/202410/20994 |access-date=2025-01-24 |magazine=Famitsu}}</ref>

== Development ==
Reflector Entertainment was founded by Alexandre Amancio and Canadian businessman and [[Cirque du Soleil]] founder [[Guy Laliberté]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lodderhose |first=Diana |date=2017-05-25 |title='Cirque Du Soleil' Creator Guy Laliberté & Alexandre Amancio Form Reflector Entertainment – Cannes |url=https://deadline.com/2017/05/cirque-du-soleil-creator-guy-laliberte-assassins-greed-alexandre-amancio-reflector-entertainment-1202102235/ |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608085627/https://deadline.com/2017/05/cirque-du-soleil-creator-guy-laliberte-assassins-greed-alexandre-amancio-reflector-entertainment-1202102235/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The company would be a division of Lune Rouge, which was owned by [[Guy Laliberté|Laliberté]] and owns a majority share of the company, with Amancio owning a minority share.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kelly |first=Brendan |date=May 21, 2019 |title=For Guy Laliberté, the PY1 pyramid is his new Cirque du Soleil |url=https://www.montrealgazette.com/news/article403253.html |work=Montreal Gazette }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Amancio was a video game developer who had previously worked as [[creative director]] for ''[[Assassin's Creed Unity]]''.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Phillips |first=Tom |date=2024-11-20 |title=Unknown 9: Awakening developers report layoffs |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/unknown-9-awakening-developers-report-layoffs |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Eurogamer.net |language=en |archive-date=2025-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121203702/https://www.eurogamer.net/unknown-9-awakening-developers-report-layoffs |url-status=live }}</ref> Preliminary plans for the ''Unknown 9'' series including the earliest announcement of a video game were first revealed in October 2018 at the [[New York Comic Con]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=McMillan |first=Graeme |date=2018-10-07 |title='Unknown 9,' Transmedia Occult Thriller, Debuts at New York Comic Con |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/nycc-unknown-9-transmedia-occult-thriller-debuts-1150043/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027061829/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/nycc-unknown-9-transmedia-occult-thriller-debuts-1150043/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was later submitted as a nomination for the Best Use of Storytelling in Social Media award at the [[11th Shorty Awards]] in 2019, but was not chosen as a finalist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From the 11th Annual Shorty Awards - Unknown 9 - Entered in Storytelling |url=https://shortyawards.com/11th/unknown-9 |access-date=2025-01-28 |publisher=The Shorty Awards |language=en |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124185447/https://shortyawards.com/11th/unknown-9 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=From the 11th Annual Shorty Awards - Best Use of Storytelling |url=https://shortyawards.com/category/11th/storytelling |access-date=2025-01-28 |publisher=The Shorty Awards |language=en |archive-date=2024-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210074043/https://shortyawards.com/category/11th/storytelling |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, Reflector Entertainment opened their studio based in [[Maison Alcan]] in 2020, a building that [[Guy Laliberté|Laliberté]] purchased for 50 million dollars.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=Kelly |first=Brendan |date=July 15, 2020 |title=Guy Laliberté's Reflector Entertainment launches multimedia studio |url=https://www.montrealgazette.com/entertainment-life/article381758.html |work=[[Montreal Gazette]]}}</ref> In a 2020 profile for the ''[[Montreal Gazette]]'', Amancio said: “Reflector is Guy essentially betting on a local creative guy from Montreal and saying, ‘You know what? I’d like to support the next generation of creative companies’, because he wished someone would’ve helped him when he was trying to (found) the Cirque.”<ref name=":7" />

The series was described at that time as utilizing a [[Transmedia storytelling|transmedia]] form of storytelling which uses a [[multimedia]] approach to tell its overall story, spanning video games, a scripted [[podcast]], comic books, and other forms of entertainment.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Phillips |first=Tom |date=2024-03-07 |title=Unknown 9: Awakening is an ambitious new transmedia bid |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/unknown-9-awakening-is-an-ambitious-new-transmedia-bid |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121203755/https://www.eurogamer.net/unknown-9-awakening-is-an-ambitious-new-transmedia-bid |archive-date=2025-01-21 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Eurogamer.net |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, the company had 100 employees.<ref name=":7" />

The first planned console game, ''Unknown 9: Awakening'', was formally announced at the 2020 [[Gamescom]] trade fair.<ref>{{Cite news |author1=Wes Fenlon |date=2020-08-27 |title=Unknown9: Awakening is a new game about a 'mysterious hidden dimension known as The Fold' |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/unknown9-awakening-is-a-new-game-about-a-mysterious-hidden-dimension-known-as-the-fold/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |work=PC Gamer |language=en}}</ref> Developers say they were inspired by other media, such as ''[[Indiana Jones]]'', ''[[The X-Files]]'', and ''[[The Matrix]]''.<ref name=":3" /> The following month, Bandai Namco announced it had purchased Reflector Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oloman |first=Jordan |date=2020-09-18 |title=Bandai Namco Buys Unknown 9: Awakening Developer, Reflector |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/bandai-namco-buys-unknown-9-awakening-developer-reflector |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212234735/https://www.ign.com/articles/bandai-namco-buys-unknown-9-awakening-developer-reflector |archive-date=2024-12-12 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=IGN |language=en}}</ref> Bandai-Namco's plan at the time was to have half of their content produced outside of Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rahman |first=Abid |date=2020-09-18 |title=Bandai Namco Acquires Montreal Game Developer Reflector |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/bandai-namco-acquires-montreal-game-developer-reflector-4062754/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202210545/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/bandai-namco-acquires-montreal-game-developer-reflector-4062754/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The game was delayed in part because of COVID-19 and "talent war in Montreal" according to the developers.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Batchelor |first=James |date=2024-03-07 |title=Why Bandai Namco is betting big on Unknown 9's transmedia universe |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/why-bandai-namco-is-betting-big-on-unknown-9s-transmedia-universe |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=GamesIndustry.biz |language=en |archive-date=2024-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226015410/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/why-bandai-namco-is-betting-big-on-unknown-9s-transmedia-universe |url-status=live }}</ref>

British actress [[Anya Chalotra]] plays the main character Haroona including doing [[motion capture]] for the character.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title="Jouer un personnage de jeu vidéo rend plus libre": l'actrice de "The Witcher" prête ses traits à l'héroïne de "Unknown 9" |url=https://www.bfmtv.com/tech/gaming/jouer-un-personnage-de-jeu-video-rend-plus-libre-l-actrice-de-the-witcher-prete-ses-traits-a-l-heroine-de-unknown-9_AV-202410170642.html |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=[[BFMTV]] |date=October 17, 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> Chalotra says the motion-capture work for the game was similar to previous work after some adjustments. "We had a director who was directing us like any other scene. And we do take after take after take to try and get the best one. So it wasn't as different as I thought it might be."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Unknown 9: The Witcher star Anya Chalotra on her gaming debut |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y9v510dy9o |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204093247/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y9v510dy9o |archive-date=2024-12-04 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=[[BBC]]|date=16 October 2024 }}</ref>

Reflector and Bandai had planned for sequels, with an additional five games planned out with the combined storyline over the franchise taking a century.<ref name=":8" />

== Reception ==
{{video game reviews
| MC = (PC) 54/100<ref name="MCRev"/> (PS5) 59/100<ref name="MCRev"/> (XSXS) 64/100<ref name="MCRev"/>
| OC = 15% recommend<ref name="opencritic">{{cite web|url=https://opencritic.com/game/17472/unknown-9-awakening|title=''Unknown 9: Awakening''|publisher=[[OpenCritic]]|access-date=December 21, 2025}}</ref>
| IGN = 5/10<ref name="IGNRev"/>
| GRadar = {{Rating|2.5|5}}<ref name="GRadarRev"/>
| Edge = 4/10
| EuroG = 3/5
}}
''Unknown 9: Awakening'' received "mixed or average" reviews from critics, according to [[review aggregator]] website [[Metacritic]].<ref name="MCRev">{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/unknown-9-awakening/|title=Unknown 9: Awakening reviews|work=[[Metacritic]]|accessdate=January 24, 2025|archive-date=January 21, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121174113/https://www.metacritic.com/game/unknown-9-awakening/|url-status=live}}</ref> Fellow review aggregator [[OpenCritic]] assessed that the game received weak approval, being recommended by 15% of critics.<ref name="opencritic"/>

''[[IGN]]'' said "a few good ideas and can’t save this bland and janky adventure".<ref name="IGNRev">{{Cite web |last=Northup |first=Travis |date=2024-10-17 |title=Unknown 9: Awakening Review |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/unknown-9-awakening-review |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=IGN |language=en |archive-date=2025-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115182428/https://www.ign.com/articles/unknown-9-awakening-review |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Eurogamer|Eurogamer Portugal]]'' reviewed the game, and noted that the game seemed to be ignored on release while lamenting that the setting had potential.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Redactor |first=Análise por Jorge Salgado |date=2024-10-17 |title=Unknown 9: Awakening review - universo entusiasmante com gráficos medianos |url=https://www.eurogamer.pt/unknown-9-awakening-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125233621/https://www.eurogamer.pt/unknown-9-awakening-review |archive-date=2024-11-25 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Eurogamer.pt |language=pt}}</ref> ''IGN Deutschland'' said the game was middling adventure, neither good nor bad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Kai |date=2024-10-17 |title=Unknown 9: Awakening im Test - Sleeperhit oder Midbudget-Flop? |url=https://de.ign.com/unknown-9-awakening/144189/review/unknown-9-awakening-im-test-sleeperhit-oder-midbudget-flop |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202195501/https://de.ign.com/unknown-9-awakening/144189/review/unknown-9-awakening-im-test-sleeperhit-oder-midbudget-flop |archive-date=2024-12-02 |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=IGN Deutschland |language=de}}</ref> Several reviewers made reference to the low budget nature of the game. ''Eurogamer Poland'' said the game's low budget was obvious from the lack of polish in the final game and that it was too much for the developers to handle.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Skowron |first=Recenzja-Mateusz |date=2024-10-17 |title=Recenzja Unknown 9: Awakening. Anya Chalotra i intrygujący świat nie wystarczyły |url=https://www.eurogamer.pl/recenzja-unknown-9-awakening-anya-chalotra-i-intrygujacy-swiat-nie-wystarczyy |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Eurogamer.pl |language=pl |archive-date=2024-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205132719/https://www.eurogamer.pl/recenzja-unknown-9-awakening-anya-chalotra-i-intrygujacy-swiat-nie-wystarczyy |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[IGN Benelux]]'' compared it to a [[bargain bin]] game from back in the day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodenrijs |first=Perry |date=2024-11-01 |title=Unknown 9: Awakening Review |url=https://nl.ign.com/unknown-9-awakening/153965/review/unknown-9-awakening-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107124359/https://nl.ign.com/unknown-9-awakening/153965/review/unknown-9-awakening-review |archive-date=2024-11-07 |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=IGN Benelux |language=nl}}</ref>

Some reviews were more positive. ''[[IGN Italia]]'' praised the game's story driven narrative and adventure elements, saying that the problems stemmed from technical issues.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borgonovo |first=Alessandra "Aelinar" |date=2024-10-17 |title=Unknown 9: Awakening - La recensione |url=https://it.ign.com/unknown-9-awakening/213967/review/unknown-9-awakening-la-recensione |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=IGN Italia |language=it}}</ref> ''[[GamesRadar+]]'' praised the story but said that gameplay was lacking.<ref name="GRadarRev">{{Cite web |author1=Oscar Taylor-Kent |date=2024-10-17 |title=Unknown 9: Awakening review: The Anya Chalotra-led story charms, but combat lacks serious polish |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/games/action/unknown-9-awakening-review/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=[[GamesRadar]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[HobbyConsolas|Hobby Consolas]]'' gave the game a more positive review.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quesada |first=Daniel |date=2024-10-17 |title=Análisis de Unknown 9 Awakening, una aventura con mucho potencial, lastrada por un apartado técnico caduco |url=https://www.hobbyconsolas.com/reviews/analisis-unknown-9-awakening-aventura-muchisimo-potencial-lastrada-apartado-tecnico-caduco-1411665 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Hobby Consolas |language=es |archive-date=2024-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226141443/https://www.hobbyconsolas.com/reviews/analisis-unknown-9-awakening-aventura-muchisimo-potencial-lastrada-apartado-tecnico-caduco-1411665 |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Edge (magazine)|Edge]]'' gave it a poor review, saying "You could also call it derivative and crudely executed, and no transmedia offering can compensate for that."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Edge staff writers |date=Christmas 2024 |title=Play - Unknown 9: Awakening |work=Edge |pages=112–113 |issue=404}}</ref>

== Release and legacy ==
''Unknown 9: Awakening'' was released for [[Windows]], [[PlayStation 4]], [[PlayStation 5]], [[Xbox One]], and [[Xbox Series X and Series S|Xbox Series X/S]] on October 18, 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last=Romano |first=Sal |date=August 20, 2024 |title=Unknown 9: Awakening launches October 18 |url=https://www.gematsu.com/2024/08/unknown-9-awakening-launches-october-18 |accessdate=January 24, 2025 |work=Gematsu |archive-date=September 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924111132/https://www.gematsu.com/2024/08/unknown-9-awakening-launches-october-18 |url-status=live }}</ref> On [[Steam (service)|Steam]], the game reached a peak player count of 285 players by a month of the game's release.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |author1=Andy Chalk |date=2024-11-21 |title=Unknown 9: Awakening studio makes major layoffs just a month after the game's release |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/gaming-industry/unknown-9-awakening-studio-makes-major-layoffs-just-a-month-after-the-games-release/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |work=PC Gamer |language=en |archive-date=2025-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121213729/https://www.pcgamer.com/gaming-industry/unknown-9-awakening-studio-makes-major-layoffs-just-a-month-after-the-games-release/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, fewer than 100 people had left a review for the game on the platform.<ref name=":6" /> A month after the release of the game, 18% of the workforce at Reflector Entertainment was laid off, though sales and reception of the game were denied to be a reason.<ref name=":0" />

In January 2025, Bandai-Namco Europe [[Co-chief executive officer|CCO]] Herve Hoerdt released a statement on the reception of the game saying that there will be no sequels for the game.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phillips |first=Tom |date=2025-01-21 |title=Unknown 9 franchise cancelled as developer admits game "didn't come near" expectations, series "didn't warrant any further exploration" |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/unknown-9-franchise-cancelled-as-developer-admits-game-didnt-come-near-expectations-series-didnt-warrant-any-further-exploration |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Eurogamer.net |language=en |archive-date=2025-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123170631/https://www.eurogamer.net/unknown-9-franchise-cancelled-as-developer-admits-game-didnt-come-near-expectations-series-didnt-warrant-any-further-exploration |url-status=live }}</ref> The statement said in part "This decision correlates directly with the failure of the studio's ambitious and courageous first project, a new IP with a rich transmedia universe," and "The performance of the release didn't come near the company expectations, after numerous timeline adjustments and investments, both financially and other, and didn't warrant any further exploration in this universe."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unknown 9 Deemed A "Failure" As Developer Cancels Future Project And Confirms Layoffs |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/unknown-9-deemed-a-failure-as-developer-cancels-future-project-and-confirms-layoffs/1100-6528909/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=GameSpot |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122153424/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/unknown-9-deemed-a-failure-as-developer-cancels-future-project-and-confirms-layoffs/1100-6528909/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Follow-up series and additional staff that worked on the game were [[laid off]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chalk |first=Andy |date=2025-01-21 |title=Action adventure game Unknown 9: Awakening was a 'failure,' says developer, which has cancelled a follow-up project and laid off staff |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/gaming-industry/action-adventure-game-unknown-9-awakening-was-a-failure-says-developer-which-has-cancelled-a-follow-up-project-and-laid-off-staff/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |work=PC Gamer |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* ''[[The Nine Unknown]]''
* ''[[The Morning of the Magicians]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://www.bandainamcoent.com/games/unknown9/}}
* [https://www.bandainamcoent.com/games/unknown9/en/products/video-games/awakening/ Bandai-Namco product page]

[[Category:2024 video games]]
[[Category:Action-adventure games]]
[[Category:Bandai Namco games]]
[[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 4 games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 5 games]]
[[Category:Unreal Engine 4 games]]
[[Category:Video games about psychic powers]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Canada]]
[[Category:Video games featuring female protagonists]]
[[Category:Video games set in 1912]]
[[Category:Video games set in India]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:Xbox One games]]
[[Category:Xbox Series X and Series S games]]

Bipasha Basu filmography

2026-04-15T13:19:37Z

ErnestBuntine9: done

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
[[File:Bipasha Basu Cleavage.jpg|thumb|Basu at the audio release of her film ''[[Creature 3D]]'' in 2014.]]
[[Bipasha Basu]] is an Indian actress who has featured in over 50 films, predominantly in [[Hindi]] language. After a successful career as a model,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chanda |first1=Sujata |title=On the sets of Ajnabee |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/apr/10bee.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=22 August 2015 |date=10 April 2001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924141116/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/apr/10bee.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> she made her film debut with a supporting role in [[Abbas–Mustan]]'s thriller ''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]'' (2001), which won her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bipasha Basu: Modelling tough life |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/bipasha-basu-modelling-tough-life-632468 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=22 August 2015 |date=27 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081004/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/bipasha-basu-modelling-tough-life-632468 |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}</ref><ref name="debut">{{cite news|title=Happy Birthday sizzling beauty Bipasha Basu: Her sexiest onscreen avatars |url=http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/happy-birthday-sizzling-beauty-bipasha-basu-her-sexiest-onscreen-avatars/2/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=22 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306033622/http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/happy-birthday-sizzling-beauty-bipasha-basu-her-sexiest-onscreen-avatars/2/ |archive-date= 6 March 2016 }}</ref> Basu followed this with a role in her first [[Telugu cinema]]{{mdash}}the action film ''[[Takkari Donga]]'' (2002). She had her first major success with the supernatural thriller ''[[Raaz (2002 film)|Raaz]]'' (2002), which earned Basu her first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] nomination.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sharma |first=Dhriti |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/slideshow/top-7-horror-films-of-bipasha-basu_1525860.html |title=Top 7 horror films of Bipasha Basu! |publisher=[[Zee News]] |access-date=30 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223195929/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/slideshow/top-7-horror-films-of-bipasha-basu_1525860.html |archive-date=23 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='I hope we can score another hit with Raaz 2' |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mohit/20080925.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=22 August 2015 |date=25 September 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103638/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mohit/20080925.htm |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}</ref> The following year, she starred opposite [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] in the erotic thriller ''[[Jism (2003 film)|Jism]]'', in which she played a seductive wife.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wicked thrills |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/20030127-film-review-jism-starring-bipasha-basu-john-abraham-793690-2003-01-26 |website=[[India Today]] |date=27 January 2003 |access-date=30 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413032246/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/film-review-jism-starring-bipasha-basu-john-abraham/1/207302.html |archive-date=13 April 2016 }}</ref> She received a [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role]] nomination for the film.<ref name=DNA>{{cite news|title=Bipasha Basu to sizzle in 'Raaz 3' |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bipasha-basu-to-sizzle-in-raaz-3-1577937 |access-date=22 August 2015 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=20 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122447/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bipasha-basu-to-sizzle-in-raaz-3-1577937 |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite news|title=Bipasha Basu's most seductive acts on-screen |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Bipasha-Basus-most-seductive-acts-on-screen/photostory/45450521.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830005428/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Bipasha-Basus-most-seductive-acts-on-screen/photostory/45450521.cms |archive-date=30 August 2015 }}</ref> Her roles in these films established her as a [[sex symbol]].

<ref name=hindu1>{{cite news|last1=Pillai|first1=Sreedhar|title=The Bangla Bombshell|url=http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2005/03/26/stories/2005032601840100.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170425121000/http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2005/03/26/stories/2005032601840100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 April 2017|access-date=22 August 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 March 2005}}</ref>
Basu followed this initial success with roles in a series of commercial failures, including the thrillers ''[[Aetbaar]]'', ''[[Rudraksh (film)|Rudraksh]]'', ''[[Rakht]]''—all in 2004—and the romance ''[[Barsaat (2005 film)|Barsaat]]'' (2005).<ref name="debut" /><ref name="hindu1" /> She later featured in [[Prakash Jha]]'s crime drama ''[[Apaharan]]'' (2005) and the ensemble comedy ''[[No Entry]]'' (2005). The latter emerged as a financial success, grossing {{INRConvert|750|m}} at the box office, and Basu's role of an escort earned her a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] at the [[51st Filmfare Awards]].<ref name="debut" /> Basu had seven film releases in 2006. Her role as an executive at a [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] in [[Madhur Bhandarkar]]'s drama ''[[Corporate (2006 film)|Corporate]]'' earned her another nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress.<ref name="corporate">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/madhur-considering-sequel-to-corporate-45790-2009-04-26 |title=Madhur considering sequel to Corporate |last=Vetticad |first=Anna M. M. |work=[[India Today]] |date=27 April 2009 |access-date=27 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409101851/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Madhur%20considering%20sequel%20to%20Corporate/1/39086.html |archive-date= 9 April 2016 }}</ref> She then portrayed a character based on [[Bianca (Othello)|Bianca]] in [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]'s ''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]'', an adaptation of the [[Shakespearean tragedy]] ''[[Othello]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jul/24slide1.htm |last=N |first=Patcy |title=Bipasha: I'm the queen of multi-starrers |work=Rediff.com |date=24 July 2006 |access-date=30 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410075312/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jul/24slide1.htm |archive-date=10 April 2016 }}</ref> In [[Sanjay Gadhvi]]'s action film ''[[Dhoom 2]]''—her final release of the year—she played dual roles; it was the [[List of Bollywood films of 2006|top-grossing Bollywood film of the year]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Box Office India]] |title=Box Office 2006 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=212&catName=MjAwNg== |access-date=8 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132118/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=212&catName=MjAwNg%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2008, she collaborated with Abbas–Mustan for the second time for ''[[Race (2008 film)|Race]]''. Her performance as a troubled wife in [[Rituparno Ghosh]]'s 2009 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]] ''[[Shob Charitro Kalponik]]'' was critically acclaimed.{{efn|The film marked her debut in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bipasha all praise for 'Shob Charitro Kalponik' co-stars |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/bipasha-all-praise-for-shob-charitro-kalponik-co-stars/56736 |website=[[Mid-Day]] |date=7 September 2009 |access-date=23 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427181059/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/bipasha-all-praise-for-shob-charitro-kalponik-co-stars/56736 |archive-date=27 April 2016 }}</ref>}}<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news|last1=Ramanathan |first1=Mahesh |title='It's cerebral, not emotional' |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090728/jsp/entertainment/story_11288030.jsp |access-date=22 August 2015 |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=28 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230229/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090728/jsp/entertainment/story_11288030.jsp |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Bipasha-shines-in-Shob-Charitro-Kalponik/articleshow/4951546.cms|last=K Jha|first=Subhash|title=Bipasha shines in 'Shob Charitro Kalponik'|work=The Times of India|date=30 August 2009|access-date=30 March 2016|archive-date=31 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731090714/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Bipasha-shines-in-Shob-Charitro-Kalponik/articleshow/4951546.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> She then featured in the third installment of the [[Raaz (film series)|Raaz series]], entitled ''[[Raaz 3D]]'' (2012). Due to her frequent associations with horror films, she was labelled India's "horror queen" by the media.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Bipasha-Basu-Queen-of-Horror-debuts-on-TV/photostory/49473730.cms |title=Bipasha Basu: 'Queen of Horror' debuts on TV |last=Kolwankar |first=Gayatri |work=The Times of India |access-date=27 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024090141/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Bipasha-Basu-Queen-of-Horror-debuts-on-TV/photostory/49473730.cms |archive-date=24 October 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/Bipasha-Basu-I-Take-My-%E2%80%98Horror-Queen%E2%80%99-Tag-With-a-Constructive-Pinch-of-Salt/2015/10/28/article3101640.ece |title=Bipasha Basu: I Take My 'Horror Queen' Tag With a Constructive Pinch of Salt |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=28 October 2015 |access-date=27 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408012510/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/Bipasha-Basu-I-Take-My-%E2%80%98Horror-Queen%E2%80%99-Tag-With-a-Constructive-Pinch-of-Salt/2015/10/28/article3101640.ece |archive-date= 8 April 2016 }}</ref>

In 2013, Basu made her Hollywood debut with the historical romance ''[[The Lovers (2013 film)|The Lovers]]'', in which she played a [[Maratha]] warrior. The following year, she starred in the comedy ''[[Humshakals]]''. The film received largely negative reviews, though it was a moderate commercial success.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sahgal |first=Geety |title=Sajid Khan has the last laugh |url=http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/humshakals-box-office-collections-despite-criticism-sajid-khan-has-the-last-laugh/1267008/1 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |date=7 July 2014 |access-date=30 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414044846/http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/humshakals-box-office-collections-despite-criticism-sajid-khan-has-the-last-laugh/1267008/1 |archive-date=14 April 2016 }}</ref> In 2015, she played [[conjoined twins]]—a first for an actress in Bollywood—in the horror film ''[[Alone (2015 Hindi film)|Alone]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=KBR |first1=Upala |title=Stuck on you! |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-stuck-on-you-1994666 |access-date=22 August 2015 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=11 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101120025/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-stuck-on-you-1994666 |archive-date= 1 January 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Iyer |first1=Sharada |title=Mixed bag for Bollywood |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20150125/ARTICLE/301259931/0 |access-date=22 August 2015 |work=[[Khaleej Times]] |date=25 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305100155/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20150125/ARTICLE/301259931/0 |archive-date= 5 March 2016 }}</ref> She followed it by featuring as the host of the television horror series ''[[Darr Sabko Lagta Hai]]'' that year.<ref name="tv">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Bollywood-celebs-youll-see-on-TV-in-2015/photostory/49149758.cms |title=Bipasha to bring horror on TV |work=The Times of India |date=4 October 2015 |access-date=8 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002171334/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Bollywood-celebs-youll-see-on-TV-in-2015/photostory/49149758.cms |archive-date= 2 October 2015 }}</ref>

== Films ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2001
! scope="row"| ''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]''
| Neeta / (Fake) Sonia Bajaj <ref>{{cite AV media|title=[[Ajnabee (2001 film)]]|publisher=Film Folks, Venus Records & Tapes Pvt Ltd|year=2001| medium=Motion picture|location=India|last=Mustan|first=Abbas|authorlink=Abbas–Mustan|language=Hindi}}</ref>
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]]
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="debut"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201660 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129073943/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201660 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 January 2012 |title=Ajnabee |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=22 August 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2002
! scope="row" |''[[Takkari Donga]]''
| Panasa
| [[Telugu cinema|Telugu Film]]
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Takkari Donga |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/takkari-donga-review-telugu-pcluotgdgabgf.html |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=22 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204800/http://www.sify.com/movies/takkari-donga-review-telugu-pcluotgdgabgf.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Raaz (2002 film)|Raaz]]''
| {{Sort|Dhanraj|Sanjana Dhanraj}}
| Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="debut"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540279 |title=Raaz |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=22 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905190917/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540279 |archive-date= 5 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Aankhen (2002 film)|Aankhen]]''
| Naina
| Special appearance
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="sify">{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bipasha-basu-filmography-news-bollywood-kkfs4didigfsi.html |title=Bipasha Basu: Filmography |website=[[Sify]] |date=6 June 2009 |access-date=27 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408073825/http://www.sify.com/movies/bipasha-basu-filmography-news-bollywood-kkfs4didigfsi.html |archive-date=8 April 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai]]''
| Ria Bhalla
|Extended cameo appearance
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|last=Verma |first=Sukanya |title=Meet Bollywood's Julia Roberts and Meg Ryan |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jun/07mere.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=22 August 2015 |date=7 June 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924130608/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jun/07mere.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Chor Machaaye Shor]]''
| Inspector Ranjita
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539071 |title=Chor Machaye Shor |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=22 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928171855/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539071 |archive-date=28 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Gunaah (2002 film)|Gunaah]]''
| Inspector Prabha Narayan
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539415 |title=Gunaah |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=22 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905133616/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539415 |archive-date= 5 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2003
! scope="row" |''[[Tujhe Meri Kasam]]''
| Girija
| Special appearance
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201928 |title=Tujhe Meri Kasam |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=3 January 2003 |access-date=27 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406174544/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201928 |archive-date= 6 April 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Jism (2003 film)|Jism]]''
| {{Sort|Khanna|Sonia Khanna}}
| Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Filmfare Award for Best Villain]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="TOI"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Jism-among-hottest-in-UK-poll/articleshow/362453.cms|title=Jism among hottest in UK poll|last=Gupta|first=Parul|work=The Times of India|date=16 December 2003|access-date=27 March 2016|archive-date=8 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708103949/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jism-among-hottest-in-uk-poll/articleshow/362453.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Footpath (2003 film)|Footpath]]''
| {{Sort|Srivastav|Sanjana Srivastav}}
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="sify"/>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Rules: Pyaar Ka Superhit Formula]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201630 |title=Rules – Pyaar Ka Superhit Formula |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=22 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905154559/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201630 |archive-date= 5 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Zameen (2003 film)|Zameen]]''
| Nandini Rai
|
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="sify"/>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2004
! scope="row" |''[[Ishq Hai Tumse]]''
| Khushbu Akhtar
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="sify"/>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Aetbaar]]''
| {{Sort|Malhotra|Ria Malhotra}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/aetbaar/ |title=Aetbaar (2004) |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=27 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204911/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/aetbaar/ |archive-date= 3 March 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Rudraksh (film)|Rudraksh]]''
| Dr Gayatri
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/feb/13rudraksh.htm |title=Bipasha's failed experiment |work=Rediff.com |date=13 February 2004 |access-date=27 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315013318/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/feb/13rudraksh.htm |archive-date=15 March 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Rakht]]''
| {{Sort|Nair|Drishti Nair}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|last=Chopra |first=Anupama |title=Horrific dullness |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20040920-movie-review-rakht-starring-sanjay-dutt-suneil-shetty-bipasha-basu-789395-2004-09-19 |work=India Today |access-date=23 August 2015 |date=20 September 2004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409004552/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/movie-review-rakht-starring-sanjay-dutt-suneil-shetty-bipasha-basu/1/195430.html |archive-date= 9 April 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Madhoshi]]''
| {{Sort|Kaul|Anupama Kaul}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54548 |title=Madhoshi |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=22 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907202021/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54548 |archive-date= 7 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2005
! scope="row" |''[[Chehraa]]''
| Megha Joshi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54485 |title=Chehraa |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=22 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022232009/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54485 |archive-date=22 October 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Sachein]]''
| Manju
| [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=hindu1 /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/04/22/stories/2005042202640200.htm |title=Return to romance |date=22 April 2005 |first=Malathi |last=Rangarajan |access-date=25 April 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225220004/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/04/22/stories/2005042202640200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=25 December 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Viruddh... Family Comes First]]''
| {{mdash}}
| Cameo appearance
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508671 |title=Viruddh... Family Comes First |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=22 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909003811/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508671 |archive-date= 9 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Barsaat (2005 film)|Barsaat]]''
| {{Sort|Virvani|Anna Virvani}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Barsaat is a washout |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/aug/19barsaat.htm |last=Mitra |first=Indrani Roy |work=Rediff.com |date=19 August 2005 |access-date=7 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427171154/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/aug/19barsaat.htm |archive-date=27 April 2013 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[No Entry]]''
| {{Sort|Saluja|Bobby Saluja}}
| Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="debut"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-pix-meet-the-salman-bipasha-of-marathi-no-entry/20120730.htm |title=PIX: Meet Bipasha, Salman of the Marathi No Entry |work=Rediff.com |date=30 July 2012 |access-date=27 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407080824/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-pix-meet-the-salman-bipasha-of-marathi-no-entry/20120730.htm |archive-date= 7 April 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Apaharan]]''
| {{Sort|Basu|Megha Basu}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/dec/02apaharan.htm |title=Apaharan: Apaharan: A flawed good film |last=Sen |first=Raja |work=Rediff.com |date=2 December 2005 |access-date=27 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305064746/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/dec/02apaharan.htm |archive-date= 5 March 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Shikhar (film)|Shikhar]]''
| Natasha
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|last=Verma |first=Sukanya |title=Shikhar is very mediocre |date=30 December 2005 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/dec/30shikhar.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=5 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924143135/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/dec/30shikhar.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2006
! scope="row" |''[[Humko Deewana Kar Gaye]]''
| {{Sort|Berry|Sonia Berry}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508850 |title=Hum Ko Deewana Kar Gaye (2006) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=22 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722203748/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508850 |archive-date=22 July 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Darna Zaroori Hai]]''
| Varsha
|Story segment: Spirits Do Come
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54489 |title=Darna Zaroori Hai (2006) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=22 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906032235/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54489 |archive-date= 6 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Phir Hera Pheri]]''
| Anuradha "Anu" Munjal
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54567 |title=Phir Hera Pheri (2006) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=22 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905105151/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54567 |archive-date= 5 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Alag]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in the song "Sabse Alag"
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Alag (2006) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508924 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=8 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828093959/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508924 |archive-date=28 August 2013 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Corporate (2006 film)|Corporate]]''
| {{Sort|Dasgupta|Nishigandha Dasgupta}}
| Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actress
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="corporate"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/madhur/20060706.htm |title=Revealed: What Corporate is all about |last=N |first=Patcy |work=Rediff.com |date=6 July 2006 |access-date=22 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108124128/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/madhur/20060706.htm |archive-date= 8 November 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]''
| {{Sort|Chamanbahar|Billo Chamanbahar}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news|last=Pereira |first=Lindsay |title=Saif and Shakespeare do no wrong |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jul/28omkara.htm |access-date=16 February 2015 |work=Rediff.com |date=28 July 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808050311/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jul/28omkara.htm |archive-date= 8 August 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Jaane Hoga Kya]]''
| Aditi Chopra
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jaane-hoga-kya-review-bollywood-pclvJAgibbehh.html |title=Jaane Hoga Kya |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=27 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408083856/http://www.sify.com/movies/jaane-hoga-kya-review-bollywood-pclvJAgibbehh.html |archive-date= 8 April 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Dhoom 2]]''
| [[Assistant commissioner of police (India)|ACP]] Shonali Bose and Monali Bose
| [[Dual role]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/509011 |title=Dhoom 2 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=22 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902043908/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/509011 |archive-date= 2 September 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2007
! scope="row" |''[[Nehlle Pe Dehlla]]''
| Pooja Sahni
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54563 |title=Nehlle Pe Dehlla (2007) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=22 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906033435/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54563 |archive-date= 6 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[No Smoking (2007 film)|No Smoking]]''
| {{mdash}}
| Special appearance in the song "Phoonk De"
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/23slid5.htm |title='I was hoping and praying that Chak De would work' |work=Rediff.com |access-date=27 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407081556/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/23slid5.htm |archive-date= 7 April 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Om Shanti Om]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Om Shanti Om (2007) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54373 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=18 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025045139/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54373 |archive-date=25 October 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Goal (2007 Hindi film)|Goal]]''
| Rumana Ali Khan
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/dhan-dhana-dhan-goal-review-bollywood-pclwzVedccbaf.html |title=Dhan Dhana Dhan Goal |last=Chopra |first=Sonia |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=27 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408075341/http://www.sify.com/movies/dhan-dhana-dhan-goal-review-bollywood-pclwzVedccbaf.html |archive-date= 8 April 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008
! scope="row" |''[[Race (2008 film)|Race]]''
| {{Sort|Singh|Sonia Ranveer Singh}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite AV media|title=[[Race (2008 film)|Race]]|publisher=Tips Industries Limited, UTV Motion Pictures|year=2008| medium=Motion picture|location=India|last=Mustan|first=Abbas|authorlink=Abbas–Mustan|language=Hindi}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]''
| Radhika Kapoor (Shreya Rathore)
| Nominated{{mdash}}[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="TOI"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Saltz|first=Rachel|title=Love in Transition|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/16/movies/16bach.html?_r=0|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 August 2008|access-date=7 July 2014|archive-date=31 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731090724/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/16/movies/16bach.html?_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations for 54th Filmfare Awards 2009|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nominations-for-54th-filmfare-awards-2009-news-bollywood-kkfsuoigahisi.html|website=[[Sify]]|date=16 February 2009|access-date=31 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731091253/http://www.sify.com/movies/nominations-for-54th-filmfare-awards-2009-news-bollywood-kkfsuoigahisi.html|archive-date=31 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]]''
| [[Sadhana Shivdasani]]
| Special appearance in the song "[[Phir Milenge Chalte Chalte]]"
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/56215 |title=Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi (2008) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=22 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906012215/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/56215 |archive-date= 6 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2009
! scope="row" |''[[Aa Dekhen Zara]]''
| {{Sort|Chatterjee|Simi Chatterjee}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200419 |title=Aa Dekhen Zara (2009) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=22 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926123211/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200419 |archive-date=26 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[All the Best: Fun Begins]]''
| Jhanvi Chopra / (Fake) Vidya Gututo and Andrea
|[[Dual role]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="pankh">{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/my-role-in-pankh-is-very-outlandish-bipasha-basu/527720/|title=My role in 'Pankh' is very outlandish: Bipasha Basu|work=The Indian Express|date=11 October 2009|access-date=27 March 2016|archive-date=31 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731090718/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/my-role-in-pankh-is-very-outlandish-bipasha-basu/527720/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Shob Charitro Kalponik]]''
| {{Sort|Mitra|Radhika Mitra}}
| [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=Telegraph />
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010
! scope="row" |''[[Pankh]]''
| Nandini
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="pankh"/>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Lamhaa]]''
| Aziza Abbas Ansari
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news|last=Kazmi|first=Nikhat|authorlink=Nikhat Kazmi|title=Lamhaa: Movie Review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Lamhaa/movie-review/6172410.cms|work=The Times of India|date=15 July 2010|access-date=22 August 2015|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630175114/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Lamhaa/movie-review/6172410.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Aakrosh (2010 film)|Aakrosh]]''
| Geeta
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news|last=Sharma |first=Suparna |title=Violent, gruesome fare that delights |url=http://www.asianage.com/movie-reviews/violent-gruesome-fare-delights-431 |access-date=12 February 2015 |work=[[The Asian Age]] |date=18 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212192030/http://www.asianage.com/movie-reviews/violent-gruesome-fare-delights-431 |archive-date=12 February 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| 2011
! scope="row" |''[[Dum Maaro Dum (film)|Dum Maaro Dum]]''
| {{Sort|Mendonza|Zoey Mendonza}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dum_maaro_dum/ |title=Dum Maaro Dum (2011) |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=21 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313044852/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dum_maaro_dum/ |archive-date=13 March 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2012
! scope="row" |''[[Players (2012 film)|Players]]''
| {{Sort|Thapar|Riya Thapar}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite AV media|title=[[Players (2012 film)|Players]]|publisher=Viacom 18|year=2012| medium=Motion picture|location=India|last=Mustan|first=Abbas|authorlink=Abbas–Mustan|language=Hindi}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Jodi Breakers]]''
| {{Sort|Agnihotri|Sonali Agnihotri}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Friday Release: Bips-Maddy in 'Jodi Breakers' |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/friday-release-bips-maddy-in-jodi-breakers-449434.html |publisher=[[News18]] |date=23 February 2012 |access-date=27 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427085516/http://www.news18.com/news/india/friday-release-bips-maddy-in-jodi-breakers-449434.html |archive-date=27 April 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Raaz 3]]''
| {{Sort|Shekhar|Shanaya Shekhar}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/movie-review-all-the-mouth-to-mouth-cant-bring-raaz-3-back-to-life-447982.html |title=Movie Review: All the mouth-to-mouth can't bring Raaz 3 back to life |author=Trisha |publisher=Firstpost |date=7 September 2012 |access-date=21 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826184140/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/movie-review-all-the-mouth-to-mouth-cant-bring-raaz-3-back-to-life-447982.html |archive-date=26 August 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013
! scope="row" |''[[Race 2]]''
| {{Sort|Singh|Sonia Ranveer Singh}}
|Cameo appearance
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Tiwari" />
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Aatma (2013 film)|Aatma]]''
| {{Sort|Verma|Maya Verma}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Tiwari">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-aatma-offers-some-genuine-scares/20130322.htm |title=Review: Aatma offers some genuine scares |last=Tiwari |first=Nishi |work=Rediff.com |date=22 March 2013 |access-date=21 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428074020/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-aatma-offers-some-genuine-scares/20130322.htm |archive-date=28 April 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[The Lovers (2013 film)|The Lovers]]''
| {{Sort|Naik|Tulaja Naik}}
|[[Belgian film]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news|last=Singh |first=Apurva |title=Watch: 'The Lovers' – Bipasha Basu, Josh Hartnett |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/hollywood/watch-the-lovers-bipasha-basu-josh-hartnett/ |access-date=22 August 2015 |work=The Indian Express |date=13 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027031102/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/hollywood/watch-the-lovers-bipasha-basu-josh-hartnett/ |archive-date=27 October 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
! scope="row" |''[[Humshakals]]''
| Mishti
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/celebs-who-regret-their-movie-choices/articleshow/46688679.cms |title=Celebs Who Regret Their Movie Choices |work=The Times of India |access-date=27 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408025700/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/celebs-who-regret-their-movie-choices/articleshow/46688679.cms |archive-date= 8 April 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Creature 3D]]''
|{{Sort|Dutt|Ahana Dutt}}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/creature-3d-review-its-bipasha-vs-brahmarakshasa-and-the-audience-is-the-loser-1709765.html |title=Creature 3D review: It's Bipasha vs Brahmarakshasa and the audience is the loser |last=Pal |first=Deepanjana |work=Firstpost |date=13 September 2014 |access-date=21 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220084903/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/creature-3d-review-its-bipasha-vs-brahmarakshasa-and-the-audience-is-the-loser-1709765.html |archive-date=20 December 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| 2015
! scope="row" |''[[Alone (2015 Hindi film)|Alone]]''
| Sanjana and Anjana<ref name="alone">{{cite web|last=Mudi |first=Aparna |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/alone-review-queen-of-horror-bipasha-basu-in-an-unimpressive-venture_1531220.html |title='Alone' review: Queen of horror Bipasha Basu in an unimpressive venture |publisher=[[Zee News]] |date=18 January 2015 |access-date=29 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623160324/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/alone-review-queen-of-horror-bipasha-basu-in-an-unimpressive-venture_1531220.html |archive-date=23 June 2016 }}</ref>
|[[Dual role]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="alone" />

|-
|2018
! scope="row"| ''[[Welcome to New York (2018 film)|Welcome to New York]]''
| Herself
| Cameo appearance
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|last=Kumar|first=Arvind|title='Welcome to New York' - Bollywood's first comedy in 3D - set for release|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/indian-stuff/tarana/101644201/welcome-to-new-york--bollywoods-first-comedy-in-3d-set-for-release|access-date=26 February 2018|publisher=[[Stuff.co.nz]]|date=21 February 2018|archive-date=1 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701085015/https://www.stuff.co.nz/indian-stuff/tarana/101644201/welcome-to-new-york--bollywoods-first-comedy-in-3d-set-for-release|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: margin;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" style="width: 17em;" | Title
! scope="col" style="width: 12em;" | Role
! scope="col" style="width: 12em;" | Notes
! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2007
!scope="row"| ''The New 7 Wonders of The World''
|Host
|
|
|-
|2012–2014
![[CID (Indian TV series)|''CID'']]
|Herself
|Episode: "Bhootiya Haveli"
Episode:
"Bipasha Par Hamla"
|
|-
|2012
!''[[Fear Files]]''
|Herself
|(season 1, episode 20)
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013
! scope="row"| ''Fit Test With Bipasha''
| Herself
|
|
|-
![[Arjun (TV series)|''Arjun'']]
|Maya
|Episode 61
|
|-
| 2015–2016
! scope="row"|''[[Darr Sabko Lagta Hai]]''
| Host
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="tv"/>
|-
|2016
!scope="row"| [[Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!|''Bhabiji Ghar Par Hai'']]
|Herself
|Episode 2 (Shanivaar Special)
|
|-
| 2020
! scope="row"| ''[[Dangerous (web series)|Dangerous]]''
| Neha Singh
| Final Projects; Web series
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bipasha-basu-teams-up-with-husband-karan-singh-grover-for-web-project-dangerous-see-pic/story-aneSLGh01V80z35AFqrR7O.html|title=Bipasha Basu teams up with husband Karan Singh Grover for web project Dangerous, see pic|date=6 August 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=7 August 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806081311/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bipasha-basu-teams-up-with-husband-karan-singh-grover-for-web-project-dangerous-see-pic/story-aneSLGh01V80z35AFqrR7O.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Music video appearances ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: margin;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" style="width: 17em;" | Title
! scope="col" style="width: 12em;" | Album
! scope="col" style="width: 15em;" | Singer
! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 1998
! scope="row"| "Tu"
| Kismat
| [[Sonu Nigam]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/bollywood-stars-who-appeared-in-music-videos-before-films/16419152|title=Bollywood Stars Who Appeared In Music Videos Before Films|last=Lawrence|first=Ria|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=2 August 2015|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-date=24 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624041250/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/bollywood-stars-who-appeared-in-music-videos-before-films/16419152|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1999
! scope="row"| "Sauda Khara"
| Hai Energy
| [[Sukhbir (musician)|Sukhbir]]
|
|-
| 2000
! scope="row"| "Tera Milna Pal Do Pal Ka"
| Jaan
| [[Sonu Nigam]]
|
|-
| 2004
! scope="row"| "Stolen"
| Me Against Myself
| [[Jay Sean]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|2005
!scope="row"| "Mujhe Mere Yaar Se Matlab"
|Mujhe Pyar Se Matlab
|Rajiv Goswami
|
|-
|2011
!scope="row"| "Mind Blowing"
|Let's Party
|[[Ganesh Hegde|Ganesh Hedge]]
|
|}
===Music song===
*2003: Appeared in ''Hum Ko To Hai Poora Yakeen'' made by MSN cricket and sports (MSN India) to support the Indian cricket team for the ICC Cricket World Cup 2003

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0060607|name=Bipasha Basu}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes person|bipasha_basu|Bipasha Basu}}

{{featured list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basu, Bipasha}}
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Actress filmographies]]

-patnam

2026-04-08T09:17:11Z

ErnestBuntine9: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Oikonyms in West and South Asia]]

{{rcatsh|
{{r merge}}
{{r wikidata}}
}}

Sabdham

2026-04-02T20:44:01Z

ErnestBuntine9: put up basic pg added tags.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sabdham poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Arivazhagan]]
| writer = Arivazhagan
| producer = Siva S. Banupriya Siva
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Aadhi Pinisetty|Aadhi]]
* [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]]
* [[Simran (actress)|Simran]]
* [[Laila (actress)|Laila]]
}}
| cinematography = Arun Bathmanaban
| editing = [[V. J. Sabu Joseph]]
| music = [[S. Thaman]]
| studio = 7G Films AAlpha Frames
| distributor = [[Ayngaran International]] (Tamil Nadu) [[Mythri Movie Makers]] (Nizam) [[Zee Studios]] through Inbox Pictures (North India)
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|02|28}}
| runtime = 146 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sabdham |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=MDMwMzIwMDIyMDI1MDAwMjU= |website=Central Board of Film Certification |access-date=3 March 2025 |archive-date=21 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221021731/https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=MDMwMzIwMDIyMDI1MDAwMjU%3D |url-status=live }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| gross = {{INR|11 crore}}{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}
}}
'''''Sabdham''''' ({{Translation|Sound}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[horror thriller film]] written and directed by [[Arivazhagan]]. The film is jointly produced by Siva and S. Banupriya Siva under 7G Films and AAlpha Frames and stars [[Aadhi Pinisetty|Aadhi]] and [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]].

The film was announced in December 2022, along with the title of the film. [[Principal photography]] commenced the same month in [[Munnar]] along with a schedule in [[Chennai]] and later in [[Mumbai]] and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by late-September 2023. The film has music composed by [[S. Thaman]], cinematography handled by Arun Bathmanaban and editing by [[V. J. Sabu Joseph]].

Sabdham premiered in theaters on February 28, 2025, to mixed reviews from critics. The film was lauded for its technical brilliance, sound design and Thaman's score, while being criticised for its screenplay and execution<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />. It performed moderately at the box office.

== Plot ==

Rooban, a paranormal investigator from Mumbai, travels to a medical college in Munnar to investigate a series of mysterious deaths. He meets Dr. Avantika, a lecturer who is writing a thesis to disprove the supernatural as mere psychiatric hallucinations.

Despite her skepticism, Avantika begins experiencing paranormal phenomena firsthand. This peaks during a violent encounter in the old library where she is attacked by spirits in Rooban's presence, leading to her hospitalization.

Rooban discovers from a local casket maker that 40 years prior, the church-affiliated college took in 42 disabled orphans. Under the direction of Dr. Diana (played by Simran), the children were subjected to experiments involving the effects of sound on development. All 42 children died under mysterious circumstances and were buried in hidden graves.

Rooban and Avantika discover "Jennifer," a woman kept in a long-term coma. They realize "Jennifer" is actually Dr. Diana and that the medical staff, including the students who died, were tasked with keeping her heavily sedated under strange orders.

Rooban theorizes that the constant anesthesia has caused Dr. Diana to have a prolonged out-of-body experience. He realizes the spirits of the 42 children are not the villains but are actually protecting Dr. Diana from those who wish her harm.

The investigation takes a turn when Rooban discovers a connection to black magic. He suspects that Dr. Daniel and his associates have been using occult practices to maintain the cover-up. Anyone who attempts to harm Dr. Diana or disconnect her life support—including the dean and the supervising doctor—suffers a gruesome, supernatural death.

Through audio analysis and a book on ultrasound therapy, the truth is revealed: the real culprit is Dr. Daniel’s wife, Dr. Nancy. Driven by professional jealousy of Dr. Diana’s success, Nancy used black magic and ultrasonic bat frequencies to torture the children. She was the one who attacked Diana and trapped the children's spirits. After killing her husband, Nancy attempts to finish off Dr. Diana. She uses a specialized hearing aid to protect herself from the lethal ultrasonic frequencies she employs through her magic.

While Rooban plays the piano to stabilize the energy, Dr. Diana’s spirit successfully returns to her body. The spirits of the children manage to remove Nancy’s protective hearing aid, causing her to succumb to the same ultrasonic fate as her previous victims.

The film concludes with Rooban and Avantika visiting a children’s home, where a recovered Dr. Diana is seen using her musical talents to provide genuine care and treatment to the children.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Aadhi Pinisetty]] as Ruben
* [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]] as Dr. Avantika
* [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] as Dr. Diana
* [[Laila (actress)|Laila]] as Dr. Nancy Daniel
* Arthi Ashwin as Swetha
* [[Redin Kingsley]] as Arogiyam
* [[M. S. Bhaskar]] as casket maker
* [[Rajiv Menon]] as Dr. Daniel
* [[Vivek Prasanna]] as Deepak
* [[TSR Srinivasan]] as library security guard
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
On 14 December 2022, [[Arivazhagan]] announced that he was collaborating with [[Aadhi Pinisetty]] after ''[[Eeram]]'' (2009) for his next directional. Touted to be in the [[Horror film|horror]] genre, Arivazhagan stated "After ''Eeram'', I've done films mainly in the [[Thriller film|thriller]] and [[Action film|action]] genres, and now, with this film, I'm returning to horror." He described that "[[Adventure film|adventure]] horror" is more suitable for the film than "[[comedy horror]]", "[[Horror thriller|thriller horror]]" and "[[Romance film|romantic]] horror". Siva of 7G Films and S. Banupriya Siva of AAlpha Frames jointly funded the film. Arivazhagan and Pinisetty would be reuniting with [[Thaman S]], as he also was part of ''Eeram''. Arun Bathmanaban of ''[[Magamuni]]'' (2019) fame was roped in to handle the cinematography, while [[National Film Awards]] [[National Film Award for Best Editing|winner]] [[V. J. Sabu Joseph]] was crewed to edit the film. Arivazhagan further stated "We will be shooting it in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], but will simultaneously be releasing a dubbed version in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]", which was also followed for ''Eeram''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 December 2022 |title=Arivazhagan and Adhi reunite after 13 years for a horror adventure titled Sabdham |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arivazhagan-and-adhi-reunite-after-13-years-for-a-horror-adventure-titled-sabdham/articleshow/96223054.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223033613/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arivazhagan-and-adhi-reunite-after-13-years-for-a-horror-adventure-titled-sabdham/articleshow/96223054.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=23 December 2022 |access-date=13 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
On 27 February 2023, it was announced that [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]] was cast to play the lead actress role in the film, pairing opposite Aadhi for the first time. Arivazhagan stated "All I can reveal is that it [her role] will be a performance-orientated role, something we haven't witnessed before."<ref name="pairs">{{Cite news |date=27 February 2023 |title=Lakshmi Menon pairs up with Aadhi in Arivazhagan's horror thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lakshmi-menon-pairs-up-with-aadhi-in-arivazhagans-horror-thriller/articleshow/98263733.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307053729/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lakshmi-menon-pairs-up-with-aadhi-in-arivazhagans-horror-thriller/articleshow/98263733.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=13 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 4 March, [[Redin Kingsley]] was announced to have been cast as a [[comedian]] in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 March 2023 |title=Redin Kingsley joins the cast of Aadhi Pinisetty and Arivazhagan's 'Sabdham' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/redin-kingsley-joins-the-cast-of-aadhi-pinisetty-and-arivazhagans-sabdham/articleshow/98410777.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305072542/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/redin-kingsley-joins-the-cast-of-aadhi-pinisetty-and-arivazhagans-sabdham/articleshow/98410777.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=5 March 2023 |access-date=13 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Five days later, [[Laila (actress)|Laila]] was announced to be part of the cast,<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 March 2023 |title=Actress Laila joins the sets of Arivazhagan's Sabdham |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/actress-laila-joins-the-sets-of-arivazhagans-sabdham/articleshow/98511791.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522124840/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/actress-laila-joins-the-sets-of-arivazhagans-sabdham/articleshow/98511791.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=22 May 2023 |access-date=13 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> while [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] was also announced as other important character as Laila, seven days later.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 March 2023 |title=Simran joins the sets of Aadhi-starrer 'Sabdham' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simran-joins-the-sets-of-aadhi-starrer-sabdham/articleshow/98700946.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316221419/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simran-joins-the-sets-of-aadhi-starrer-sabdham/articleshow/98700946.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=13 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Arivazhagan described them both as "Very professionals and co-operative." And stated "As performers, they are [[single-take]] artistes, who absorb the character's requirements before we shoot and are fully focused during their shots."<ref name="share">{{Cite news |date=18 March 2023 |title=Simran and Laila will share screen space after 20 years in Arivazhagan's horror thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simran-and-laila-will-share-screen-space-after-20-years-in-arivazhagans-horror-thriller/articleshow/98753063.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506205736/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simran-and-laila-will-share-screen-space-after-20-years-in-arivazhagans-horror-thriller/articleshow/98753063.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=6 May 2023 |access-date=13 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] commenced on 14 December 2022, with the first schedule in [[Munnar]]. A college set was erected in the schedule, spending around {{INR}}1 crore for it.<ref name="pairs" /> The schedule concluded by 14 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 February 2023 |title=First schedule of Aadhi's 'Sabdham' with Arivazhagan wrapped up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/first-schedule-of-aadhis-sabdham-with-arivazhagan-wrapped-up/articleshow/97911175.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218040942/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/first-schedule-of-aadhis-sabdham-with-arivazhagan-wrapped-up/articleshow/97911175.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=18 February 2023 |access-date=13 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The second schedule in [[Chennai]] began in late-February, with Lakshmi Menon joining the sets by 24 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 February 2023 |title=Lakshmi Menon joins the sets of Sabdham |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lakshmi-menon-joins-the-sets-of-sabdham/articleshow/98211502.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226080246/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lakshmi-menon-joins-the-sets-of-sabdham/articleshow/98211502.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=26 February 2023 |access-date=13 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Simran and Laila began filming their respective sequences by 18 March 2023.<ref name="share" /> The third schedule, which was filmed in [[Mumbai]], concluded by 16 May 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 May 2023 |title=Third schedule of Aadhi-starrer 'Sabdham' wrapped up in Mumbai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/third-schedule-of-aadhi-starrer-sabdham-wrapped-up-in-mumbai/articleshow/100277909.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604044556/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/third-schedule-of-aadhi-starrer-sabdham-wrapped-up-in-mumbai/articleshow/100277909.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=13 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 27 September 2023, principal photography for the film was [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 September 2023 |title=Aadhi's Sabdham completely wrapped up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aadhis-sabdham-completely-wrapped-up/articleshow/103986524.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006173443/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aadhis-sabdham-completely-wrapped-up/articleshow/103986524.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=6 October 2023 |access-date=13 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sabdham
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Thaman S]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Tamil / Telugu
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = [[Thaman S]]
| prev_title = [[Daaku Maharaaj]]
| prev_year = 2025
| year = 2025
| next_title = [[They Call Him OG]]
| next_year = 2025
| misc = {{Singles
|name = Sabdham
|type = soundtrack
|single1 = Maaya Maaya
|single1date = 13 February 2025
|single2 = Grandma Song
|single2date = 23 February 2025
}}
}}
The songs and background score are composed [[Thaman S]], in his fourth collaboration with [[Arivazhagan]] after ''[[Eeram]]'' (2009), ''[[Vallinam]]'' (2014) and ''[[Aarathu Sinam]]'' (2016); third with Aadhi in a lead role after ''Eeram'' and ''[[Ayyanar (film)|Ayyanar]]'' (2010).{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} The first single "Maaya Maaya" released on 13 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-02-14 |title='Maaya Maaya' song from Aadhi's Sabdham out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/14/maaya-maaya-song-from-aadhis-sabdham-out |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=19 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219092631/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/14/maaya-maaya-song-from-aadhis-sabdham-out |url-status=live }}</ref> The second single "Grandma Song" released on 23 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-02-24 |title='Grandma Song' from Aadhi starrer Sabdham out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/24/grandma-song-from-aadhi-starrer-sabdham-out |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=25 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225041806/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/24/grandma-song-from-aadhi-starrer-sabdham-out |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Maaya Maaya
| lyrics1 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| extra1 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| title2 = Grandma Song
| lyrics2 = Viveka
| extra2 = [[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]]
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Maaya Maaya
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra1 = Saketh Kommajosyula, Sruthi Ranjani
| title2 = Grandma Song
| lyrics2 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra2 = Sahithi Chaganti
}}

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''Sabdham'' released in theatres on 28 February 2025<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-12-25 |title=Aadhi's Sabdham gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/25/aadhis-sabdham-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225174547/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/25/aadhis-sabdham-gets-a-release-date |url-status=live }}</ref> in its original Tamil language, and in Telugu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2023 |title=Aadhi begins dubbing for Sabdham |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jul/14/aadhi-begins-dubbing-for-sabdham-45629.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716012034/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jul/14/aadhi-begins-dubbing-for-sabdham-45629.html |archive-date=16 July 2023 |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The film was certified U/A 13+
by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-02-01 |title=Aadhi-Arivazhagan's Sabdham clears censorship formalities |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/01/aadhi-arivazhagans-sabdham-clears-censorship-formalities |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308003424/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/01/aadhi-arivazhagans-sabdham-clears-censorship-formalities |url-status=live }}</ref>

'''Home Media'''

The Post- Theatrical rights were bagged by [[ZEE5]].

== Reception ==
A critic of ''[[Dinamalar]]'' rated the film 2.75/5 stars and wrote, " Despite having a innovative idea, the film lacks the emotional connection. However praised the cinematography, music and background score.<ref>{{Cite web |title=சப்தம் - விமர்சனம் {2.75/5} : சப்தம் - மிரட்டல் - Sabdham |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/3545/Sabdham/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=cinema.dinamalar.com |language=en}}</ref> M Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Sabdham remains intriguing until the first half when along with its protagonist, we, too, remain puzzled about what's happening.[...] the post-interval portions soon devolve into something that's fairly generic. The writing doesn't build up on the mysteries and turns very convenient and routine"<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Sabdham Movie Review : A not so sound horror thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/sabdham/movie-review/118623172.cms |access-date=2025-02-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=28 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228084222/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/sabdham/movie-review/118623172.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Sabdham is a technically strong film which sets a great premise for a horror film. If you go past some cliches, you begin to feel the film is getting somewhere. But falls into the pit of stereotypes with no extraordinary choices, and becomes a regular template-adhering story."<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Sabdham Review: Horror film amplifies technical brilliance but emotionally mute |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/sabdham-movie-review-aadhi-pinisetty-and-arivazhagans-film-amplified-by-technical-brilliance-but-is-emotionally-mute/ff0b04bc68466 |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=28 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228084747/https://www.ottplay.com/review/sabdham-movie-review-aadhi-pinisetty-and-arivazhagans-film-amplified-by-technical-brilliance-but-is-emotionally-mute/ff0b04bc68466 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gopinath Rajendran of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "In an attempt to be safe and sound with its concept, ''Sabdham'' misses the high notes it requires to work, making us a mute spectator of director Arivazhagan’s most underwhelming feature film outing yet."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=2025-02-28 |title='Sabdham' movie review: Aadhi-Arivazhagan's reunion has an intriguing premise but misses the right notes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sabdham-movie-review-aadhi-arivazhagan-lakshmi-menon-simran-laila/article69274774.ece |access-date=2025-02-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=28 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228134633/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sabdham-movie-review-aadhi-arivazhagan-lakshmi-menon-simran-laila/article69274774.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Prashanth Vallavan of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated 2/5 and wrote, "Even though the film has a number of interesting ideas, they do not rise up in coherence to create a pleasing symphony. Instead, all we get is a discordant cacophony of several story elements forcefully made to fit together."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Vallavan |first=Prashanth |date=2025-03-01 |title=Sabdham Movie Review: Cacophony of intriguing ideas |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Mar/01/sabdham-movie-review-cacophony-of-intriguing-ideas |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302081534/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Mar/01/sabdham-movie-review-cacophony-of-intriguing-ideas |url-status=live }}</ref> Kirubhakar Purushothaman of ''[[Network18 Group|News 18]]'' rated 2.5/5 and wrote, "The technical brilliance of Sabdham is resounding. The sound design of the horror sequence reveals immense dedication. The interval sequence is perhaps the boldest and most experimental attempt in Tamil horror and that alone warrants a watch."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Sabdham Movie Review: Aadhi And Arivazhagan's New Horror Has Streaks Of Eeram's Brilliance |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/sabdham-movie-review-aadhi-and-arivazhagans-new-horror-has-streaks-of-eerams-brilliance-9245083.html |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=28 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228144159/https://www.news18.com/movies/sabdham-movie-review-aadhi-and-arivazhagans-new-horror-has-streaks-of-eerams-brilliance-9245083.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|24330430}}

{{Arivazhagan}}
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Adventure horror films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Arivazhagan Venkatachalam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Munnar]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Pan-Indian film

2026-03-25T05:48:17Z

ErnestBuntine9: rework section additionally and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{Short description|Term related to Indian cinema}}


{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox Film Movement
|name=Pan-Indian film
|yearsactive=2015–present
|country=India
|majorfigures=[[S. S. Rajamouli]]
|influenced=[[Cinema of India]]
|image=India film clapperboard (variant).svg}}

'''Pan-Indian film''' is a term related to [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]] that originated with [[Telugu cinema]] as a mainstream commercial cinema appealing to audiences across the country with a spread to world markets.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=3 August 2022 |title=The secret of the pan-Indian success of films from the south: Balancing the local and universal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-secret-of-the-pan-indian-success-of-films-from-the-south-8068662/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807155150/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-secret-of-the-pan-indian-success-of-films-from-the-south-8068662/ |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=7 August 2022 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":0222">{{Cite news |last=Mehrotra |first=Suchin |date=19 September 2019 |title=What Does It Take To Make A Pan-India Movie? |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/what-does-it-take-to-make-a-pan-india-movie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207203900/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/what-does-it-take-to-make-a-pan-india-movie |archive-date=7 February 2023 |access-date=17 August 2023 |work=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

[[S. S. Rajamouli]] pioneered the pan-Indian film movement with his duology of epic action films, ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' (2015) and ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Gautam |date=26 June 2022 |title="The original Pan India filmmaker" |url=https://www.ormaxmedia.com/insights/stories/the-original-pan-india-filmmaker.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523195352/https://www.ormaxmedia.com/insights/stories/the-original-pan-india-filmmaker.html |archive-date=23 May 2022 |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=Ormax Media}}</ref> These films marked a significant shift in the Indian film industry, redefining its demographic reach and appeal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bamzai |first=Kaveree |date=1 April 2022 |title=Cinema's Biggest Mythmaker |url=https://openthemagazine.com/cover-stories/ss-rajamouli-cinemas-biggest-mythmaker/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626102823/https://openthemagazine.com/cover-stories/ss-rajamouli-cinemas-biggest-mythmaker/ |archive-date=26 June 2022 |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2022 |title=Inside the mind of SS Rajamouli: Decoding how the RRR director lends scale to his storytelling |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/inside-the-mind-of-ss-rajamouli-decoding-how-the-rrr-director-lends-scale-to-his-storytelling-10501081.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818144603/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/inside-the-mind-of-ss-rajamouli-decoding-how-the-rrr-director-lends-scale-to-his-storytelling-10501081.html |archive-date=18 August 2022 |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

A pan-Indian film is typically marketed and released in multiple languages across India, including [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]] and other regional languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2021 |title='Pan-India' films make a comeback |url=https://telanganatoday.com/pan-india-films-make-a-comeback |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827060331/https://telanganatoday.com/pan-india-films-make-a-comeback |archive-date=27 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=Telangana Today}}</ref> Such films aim to transcend [[Linguistics|linguistic]], [[Demography|demographic]], [[social]], [[region]]al, [[Ethnicity|ethnic]] and [[Culture|cultural]] barriers, seeking to resonate with a wide audience.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hrishikesh |first1=Sharanya |last2=Sebastian |first2=Meryl |date=20 April 2022 |title=KGF 2, RRR, Pushpa: The southern Indian films winning on Bollywood's turf |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-61118482 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422210932/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-61118482 |archive-date=22 April 2022 |access-date=22 April 2022 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>

== History ==

Indian cinema is composed of various language film industries. Traditionally, most Indian films targeted local audiences by filming in regional languages. These movies leaned heavily into specific slang, dialects, and history to resonate with their native speakers.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Fuster |first=Jeremy |date=2025-12-17 |title=As Indian Cinema Explodes Globally, It Faces the Same Problems Plaguing Hollywood |url=https://www.thewrap.com/varanasi-rajamouli-indian-movies-box-office/ |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=TheWrap |language=en-US}}</ref> Films are often [[Remake|remade]] in multiple languages, examples being ''[[Anuraga Aralithu]]'' (1986), ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]'' (2005) and ''[[Drishyam]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Not Rajinikanth or Amitabh Bachchan, Rajkumar's film was first to be remade in 6 languages in India |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/not-rajinikanth-or-amitabh-bachchan-rajkumar-s-film-was-first-to-be-remade-in-6-languages-in-india-q9ykmn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128032439/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/amp/entertainment/not-rajinikanth-or-amitabh-bachchan-rajkumar-s-film-was-first-to-be-remade-in-6-languages-in-india-q9ykmn |archive-date=28 November 2020 |access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2020 |title=From 'Anuraga Aralithu' to 'U Turn': Kannada movies that were remade in foreign languages |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/from-anuraga-aralithu-to-u-turn-kannada-movies-that-were-remade-in-foreign-languages/etphotostory/76302041.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424054346/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/from-anuraga-aralithu-to-u-turn-kannada-movies-that-were-remade-in-foreign-languages/etphotostory/76302041.cms |archive-date=24 April 2024 |access-date=31 October 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Films are also [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbed]] into other languages and released with localised titles either on the same release date or at a later date. Films such as ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]'' and ''[[Enthiran]]'', were dubbed in other Indian languages and were released along with their original versions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2020 |title='Enthiran' rewrote South's place in Indian cinema |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/enthiran-rewrote-south-s-place-in-indian-cinema-899877.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422041107/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/enthiran-rewrote-south-s-place-in-indian-cinema-899877.html |archive-date=22 April 2022 |access-date=22 April 2022 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

According to ''[[The Times of India]],'' the first pan-Indian film is the 1959 [[Kannada cinema|Kannada movie]] ''[[Mahishasura Mardini]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2021 |title=Did you know? The very first pan-Indian Kannada film is this 1959 classic starring Dr. Rajkumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-the-very-first-pan-indian-kannada-film-is-this-1959-classic-starring-dr-rajkumar/articleshow/80664470.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216135025/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-the-very-first-pan-indian-kannada-film-is-this-1959-classic-starring-dr-rajkumar/articleshow/80664470.cms |archive-date=16 December 2021 |access-date=16 December 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> It was dubbed and released in seven other languages but since then no other film was released in more than five languages.

Indian Cinema industries often remake each other's works, Between 2000 and 2019, one in every three successful films made in Hindi was either a remake or part of a series. And most of the star actors, have starred in the hit remakes of South Indian films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2023 |title=Bollywood's Telugu takeover: 'Shehzada' to 'Jersey', remakes of hit South films |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/bollywoods-telugu-takeover-shehzada-to-jersey-remakes-of-hit-south-films/photostory/98038983.cms |access-date=10 March 2024 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310074714/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/bollywoods-telugu-takeover-shehzada-to-jersey-remakes-of-hit-south-films/photostory/98038983.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2022 |title=Vikram Vedha, Drishyam 2: Is Bollywood's reign of remakes coming to an end? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-63169148 |access-date=10 March 2024 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310074714/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-63169148 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2010s, dubbing and telecasting of South Indian films (primarily Telugu and Tamil) in Hindi became a regular practice by which films from [[Telugu cinema]] and [[Tamil cinema]] gained popularity in the [[Hindi Belt|Hindi speaking regions]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrikrishna |first=Aditya |date=15 May 2022 |title=Understanding the new 'pan-Indian' film |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/cinema/understanding-the-new-pan-indian-film-rrr-pushpa-baahubali-kgf-the-kashmir-files/article65428933.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729162123/https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/cinema/understanding-the-new-pan-indian-film-rrr-pushpa-baahubali-kgf-the-kashmir-files/article65428933.ece |archive-date=29 July 2022 |access-date=29 July 2022 |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |language=en}}</ref> Majority of these films were dubbed after few weeks or months of the original version release.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 30 South Indian Movies Dubbed in Hindi |url=http://filmtimes.in/news/best-of-entertainment/top-30-south-indian-movies-dubbed-in-hindi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202627/http://filmtimes.in/news/best-of-entertainment/top-30-south-indian-movies-dubbed-in-hindi/ |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=FilmTimes}}</ref> Similarly, Hindi films were frequently dubbed in Telugu and Tamil languages, but didn't gain as much popularity in [[Telugu states|Telugu]] and [[Tamil Nadu|Tamil]] speaking regions as Telugu/Tamil films received, except a few like [[Dangal (2016 film)|''Dangal'']] (2016), ''[[M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2016 |title=MS Dhoni biopic to release in 4,500 screens across 60 countries |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ms-dhoni-biopic-to-release-in-4500-screens-across-60-countries-3049379/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216141441/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ms-dhoni-biopic-to-release-in-4500-screens-across-60-countries-3049379/ |archive-date=16 December 2021 |access-date=16 December 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== Growth ==
{{Quote box
| quote = "A pan-Indian film does not mean that actors from different languages come together. That's all part of it. A pan-Indian film means a story and emotion that connects to everyone irrespective of the language. While creating a story, I think 'If I switch off this dialogue portion, will the audience still connect to my movie?' Many times, the answer is a yes."
| source =  — [[S. S. Rajamouli]], the director of ''[[Baahubali (franchise)|Baahubali]]'' duology and [[RRR]]<ref name="Hans">{{Cite web |title=When pan India movies, stars and shows ruled |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/when-pan-india-movies-stars-and-shows-ruled-722677 |access-date=14 May 2022 |work=The Hans India |date=January 2022 |archive-date=1 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101180233/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/when-pan-india-movies-stars-and-shows-ruled-722677 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside the mind of SS Rajamouli: Decoding how the RRR director lends scale to his storytelling |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/inside-the-mind-of-ss-rajamouli-decoding-how-the-rrr-director-lends-scale-to-his-storytelling-10501081.html |access-date=1 July 2022 |work=Firstpost |date=30 March 2022 |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818144603/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/inside-the-mind-of-ss-rajamouli-decoding-how-the-rrr-director-lends-scale-to-his-storytelling-10501081.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 30%
}}[[S. S. Rajamouli]] pioneered "Pan-Indian” cinema with his duology of epic action films, ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' (2015) and ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' (2017), which became massive critical and commercial successes both nationally and internationally.<ref name=":2" /> ''Baahubali 2'' became the [[List of highest grossing Indian films|highest grossing Indian film of all time]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=12 April 2018 |title=How Baahubali changed the face of Telugu cinema worldwide |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/baahubali-telugu-cinema-abroad-1210757-2018-04-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203217/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/baahubali-telugu-cinema-abroad-1210757-2018-04-12 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=India Today}}</ref> The success of these films, which were released in various languages worldwide, sparked a new approach to filmmaking. Such films aim to transcend linguistic, demographic, social, regional, ethnic, and cultural barriers, seeking to resonate with a wide audience.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Manoj |last2=Kumar |first2=Gabbeta Ranjith |date=11 July 2020 |title=Baahubali turns 5: How SS Rajamouli's film changed Indian cinema forever |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-ss-rajamouli-changed-indian-cinema-forever-6498173/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017184956/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-ss-rajamouli-changed-indian-cinema-forever-6498173/ |archive-date=17 October 2021 |access-date=17 October 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Srivatsan S of ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted that Telugu cinema excelled in marketing pan-Indian films, primarily using two strategies: promoting films outside their home territory and collaborating with regional stars for increased visibility.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=7 January 2022 |title=The 'pan-Indian' strategy of Telugu cinema |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-pan-indian-strategy-of-telugu-cinema/article38163523.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110140529/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-pan-indian-strategy-of-telugu-cinema/article38163523.ece |archive-date=10 January 2022 |access-date=10 January 2022 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Jeremy Fuster of ''[[TheWrap]]'' identified ingredients of pan Indian cinema as{{En dash}}high budgets, cast actors with national notoriety, and rooted in mythology, history or stories that are resonant with all Indians and high quality dubbing in all Indian languages.<ref name=":2" />

Kannada film ''[[KGF: Chapter 1]]'' (2018) directed by [[Prashanth Neel]] also released in five languages, thereby becoming the first major Pan-Indian film from [[Kannada cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H. |date=21 December 2018 |title=KGF movie review: This is what Hindi, Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam audience say about Yash starrer |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kgf-chapter-1-movie-review-rating-by-non-kannada-viewers-live-updates-788451 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113142326/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kgf-chapter-1-movie-review-rating-by-non-kannada-viewers-live-updates-788451 |archive-date=13 November 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=ibtimes.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=KGF to be amultilingual, will release in five languages |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-to-be-amultilingual-will-release-in-five-languages/articleshow/60257321.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626150038/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kgf-to-be-amultilingual-will-release-in-five-languages/articleshow/60257321.cms |archive-date=26 June 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=The Times of India|date=29 August 2017 }}</ref> Success of other films like [[2.0 (film)|''2.0'']] (2018), ''[[Saaho]]'' (2019), ''[[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy]]'' (2019) made Pan-Indian films widespread to other major Indian film industries.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nanisetti |first=Serish |date=2 October 2019 |title=Chiranjeevi's 'Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy' hits screens amid noisy welcome by fans |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/chirus-movie-hits-screens-amid-noisy-welcome-by-fans/article29577285.ece |url-status=live |access-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108144222/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/chirus-movie-hits-screens-amid-noisy-welcome-by-fans/article29577285.ece |archive-date=8 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2.0 All India Update – Crosses 400 Crore NETT |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4533 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225173636/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4533 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> ''[[Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea]]'' (2021) is the first major pan-Indian film from [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref name="dp">{{Cite web |title=To be history, the Maraikas; Released in more than 50 countries: Cinema News |url=https://www.deepika.com/cinema/CinemaNews.aspx?Marakkar_film_release&ID=4343 |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203837/https://www.deepika.com/cinema/CinemaNews.aspx?Marakkar_film_release&ID=4343 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=deepika.com}}</ref>

Following the success of the Telugu films ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' (2021) and ''[[RRR]]'' (2022), Rahul Devulapalli of [[The Week (Indian magazine)|''The Week'']] identified "Content, marketing, [and] indulgent overseas audience" have led to the rise of pan-Indian films from Telugu cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2022 |title=Here's Telugu cinema's formula for pan-India success |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2022/05/27/Heres-telugu-cinemas-formula-for-pan-india-success.html |website=The Week |access-date=1 June 2022 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601061731/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2022/05/27/Heres-telugu-cinemas-formula-for-pan-india-success.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Actors like [[Prabhas]], [[Yash (actor)|Yash]], [[Allu Arjun]], [[Ram Charan]] and [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] enjoyed nationwide popularity among the audiences after the release of their respective Pan-Indian films. [[Film criticism|Film critics]], journalists and analysts, such as [[Baradwaj Rangan]] and Vishal Menon, have labelled [[Prabhas]] as the "First legit Pan-Indian Superstar". ''[[India Today]]'' states Prabhas as "a flagbearer of introducing the trend of pan-India films in the nation".

Pan-Indian films also employ actors from different language industry to increase their visibility and bring a universal appeal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pecheti |first=Prakash |date=17 June 2021 |title=New mantra for pan-India stories |url=https://telanganatoday.com/new-mantra-for-pan-india-stories |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829070421/https://telanganatoday.com/new-mantra-for-pan-india-stories |archive-date=29 August 2021 |access-date=29 August 2021 |website=Telangana Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 December 2021 |title=Allu Arjun, Tovino Thomas, Fahadh Faasil added southern spice to Indian cinematic fare in 2021 |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/allu-arjun-tovino-thomas-fahadh-faasil-dhanush-added-southern-spice-to-indian-cinematic-fare-in-2021/articleshow/88604867.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110072758/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/allu-arjun-tovino-thomas-fahadh-faasil-dhanush-added-southern-spice-to-indian-cinematic-fare-in-2021/articleshow/88604867.cms |archive-date=10 January 2022}}</ref> In an interview with ''[[Film Companion]]'', filmmaker [[Karan Johar]] said: "Pan-India is a phenomenon we cannot diminish or dilute."<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2022 |title=Allu Arjun's Pushpa shows Telugu films have pan-India audience. Step aside, Bollywood |url=https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/allu-arjuns-pushpa-shows-telugu-films-have-pan-india-audience-step-aside-bollywood/804794/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208185115/https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/allu-arjuns-pushpa-shows-telugu-films-have-pan-india-audience-step-aside-bollywood/804794/ |archive-date=8 February 2022 |access-date=8 February 2022 |website=ThePrint}}</ref>

== Notable films considered to be pan-Indian ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Original language(s)
! Ref.
|-
|2015
|''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]''|| rowspan="2" | [[S. S. Rajamouli]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jha |first1=Jyothi |date=20 October 2021 |title=Rise of the pan-Indian film, from Rajamouli's RRR to Vijay Devarakonda's Liger |url=https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/rrr-liger-adipurush-radhe-shyam-kgf-regional-films-pan-indian-projects-127585 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114060814/https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/rrr-liger-adipurush-radhe-shyam-kgf-regional-films-pan-indian-projects-127585 |archive-date=14 November 2021 |access-date=14 November 2021 |website=News9live}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cornelious |first=Deborah |date=4 May 2017 |title=How to make a pan-India film |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/how-to-make-a-pan-india-film/article18384729.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114060811/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/how-to-make-a-pan-india-film/article18384729.ece |archive-date=14 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|[[2.0 (film)|''2.0'']]
|[[S. Shankar]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2021 |title=Indian 2 and 2.0 director Shankar to collaborate with THIS Tollywood star for his next pan-India project? |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/indian-2-and-2-0-director-shankar-to-collaborate-with-this-tollywood-star-for-his-next-pan-india-project-1775496/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114060814/https://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/indian-2-and-2-0-director-shankar-to-collaborate-with-this-tollywood-star-for-his-next-pan-india-project-1775496/ |archive-date=14 November 2021 |access-date=14 November 2021 |website=Bollywood Life}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[KGF: Chapter 1]]''|| [[Prashanth Neel]]
|[[Kannada]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=KGF Chapter 1 Revisit: Yash Took KGF Pan India, Was Treated As Salesman |url=https://odishatv.in/news/entertainment/kgf-chapter-1-revisit-yash-took-kgf-pan-india-was-treated-as-salesman-158954 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114060814/https://odishatv.in/news/entertainment/kgf-chapter-1-revisit-yash-took-kgf-pan-india-was-treated-as-salesman-158954 |archive-date=14 November 2021 |access-date=14 November 2021 |website=KGF Chapter 1 Revisit: Yash Took KGF Pan India, Was Treated As Salesman}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Saaho]]'' || [[Sujeeth]]
|Telugu || <ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-30 |title=#3YearsForSaaho: A Pan India success due to Prabhas's fandom |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/saaho-4th-anniversary-a-pan-india-success-due-to-prabhass-fandom/articleshow/93877516.cms |access-date=2025-11-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
|[[Sukumar]]
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web |date=5 May 2021 |title='RRR', 'Radhe Shyam', 'KGF: Chapter 2': Pan-India multilingual movies to look forward to |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rrr-radhe-shyam-kgf-chapter-2-pan-india-multilingual-movies-to-look-forward-to/photostory/82398781.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114060813/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rrr-radhe-shyam-kgf-chapter-2-pan-india-multilingual-movies-to-look-forward-to/photostory/82398781.cms |archive-date=14 November 2021 |access-date=14 November 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|''[[RRR]]''
|S. S. Rajamouli
|<ref name="HT-PanIndia-20210423">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2021 |title=RRR, Pushpa, Liger, Radhe Shyam, Adipurush: Are pan India films the way forward? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/rrr-pushpa-liger-radhe-shyam-adipurush-are-pan-india-films-the-way-forward-101619156337557.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114060811/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/rrr-pushpa-liger-radhe-shyam-adipurush-are-pan-india-films-the-way-forward-101619156337557.html |archive-date=14 November 2021 |access-date=14 November 2021 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
|''[[KGF: Chapter 2]]''||[[Prashanth Neel]]
|Kannada
|<ref name="HT-PanIndia-20210423" />
|-
|''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''
|[[Ayan Mukerji]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Hindi]]
|<ref>{{multiref2|{{Cite web |last=Phelian |date=12 September 2022 |title=How These Promotional Strategies Helped 'Brahmastra' Win Over Fans In The South |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/how-these-promotional-strategies-helped-brahmastra-win-over-fans-in-the-south-ranbir-alia-mouni-nagarjuna-s-s-rajamouli |access-date= |website= [[The Quint|TheQuint]] |language=en|archive-date=2 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102132338/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/how-these-promotional-strategies-helped-brahmastra-win-over-fans-in-the-south-ranbir-alia-mouni-nagarjuna-s-s-rajamouli|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Basudha |date=8 September 2022 |title=Brahmastra box office collection Day 1 prediction: Ranbir Kapoor, Alia Bhatt movie set to end Bollywood's dry spell|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/story/brahmastra-box-office-collection-day-1-prediction-ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatt-movie-set-to-end-bollywoods-dry-spell-346757-2022-09-08 |access-date= |website= [[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|archive-date=2 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102132636/https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/story/brahmastra-box-office-collection-day-1-prediction-ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatt-movie-set-to-end-bollywoods-dry-spell-346757-2022-09-08|url-status=live}}|{{Cite news |date=11 June 2022 |title=Nagarjuna makes 'Brahmastra' a pan-India movie, says film-maker Ayan Mukerji |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/nagarjuna-makes-brahmastra-as-pan-india-movie-says-film-maker-ayan-mukerji/articleshow/92143869.cms |access-date= |website= [[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]|archive-date=2 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102132933/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/nagarjuna-makes-brahmastra-as-pan-india-movie-says-film-maker-ayan-mukerji/articleshow/92143869.cms|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}|{{Cite web |date=11 June 2022 |title=Nagarjuna added to our dream of creating 'Brahmastra' as pan-India movie: Ayan Mukerji|url=https://theprint.in/features/nagarjuna-added-to-our-dream-of-creating-brahmastra-as-pan-india-movie-ayan-mukerji/992451/ |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en|archive-date=2 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102133237/https://theprint.in/features/nagarjuna-added-to-our-dream-of-creating-brahmastra-as-pan-india-movie-ayan-mukerji/992451/|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Gaurang |date=20 September 2022 |title=SS Rajamouli & Nagarjuna Effect! 'Brahmastra' Becomes Highest Hindi Grosser In Telugu Belts|url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/117609-brahmastra-historic-box-office-collection-telugu-states-ss-rajamouli-ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatt.html|access-date=13 October 2022 |website= [[Times Internet|mensxp]] |language=en|archive-date=2 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102133501/https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/117609-brahmastra-historic-box-office-collection-telugu-states-ss-rajamouli-ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatt.html|url-status=live}}
}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]''
|[[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]]
|<ref>{{multiref2|{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Ranbir Kapoor and Rashmika Mandanna To Take 'Jawan' Way For Animal Promotions? Know Here |quote=‘Animal’ is a pan-Indian film, so we are planning to do it in multiple languages, which is not just limited to dubbing in different languages. We want to promote it all over, like Jawan did |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ranbir-kapoor-and-rashmika-mandanna-to-take-jawan-way-for-animal-promotions-know-here-8575705.html |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115003035/https://www.news18.com/movies/ranbir-kapoor-and-rashmika-mandanna-to-take-jawan-way-for-animal-promotions-know-here-8575705.html |url-status=live }}|{{Cite web |date=2023-12-19 |title=Animal Nizam / Andhra Update - Ending With Phenomenal Collections |quote=highest grosser in the circuit ever |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8201/ |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=[[Box Office India]] |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115003036/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8201/ |url-status=live }}|{{Cite web |date=2023-12-18 |title=Animal 17 Days Total WW Collections! |quote=(South India) Telugu States- 70.30Cr~ Tamilnadu – 9.75Cr Karnataka- 35.30Cr Kerala – 4.55Cr |url=https://t2blive.com/animal-17-days-total-ww-collections/ |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=t2blive.com }}|{{Cite web |date=2023-01-17 |title=Pan-India plans For Sandeep Reddy's Animal |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/new[s/pan-india-plans-for-sandeep-reddys-animal-126633 |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=greatandhra.com |language=en |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206115908/https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/new[s/pan-india-plans-for-sandeep-reddys-animal-126633 |url-status=live }}|{{Cite web |date=2023-11-08 |title=This PAN Indian film to have a gigantic release in North America |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/this-pan-indian-film-to-have-a-gigantic-release-in-north-america.html |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=[[123telugu.com]] |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115003036/https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/this-pan-indian-film-to-have-a-gigantic-release-in-north-america.html |url-status=live }}|{{Cite web |date=2023-11-27 |title=Animal's Ranbir Kapoor wishes to be 'adopted son of Telugu states'; Anil Kapoor has unmissable reaction |quote=In addition to this, the PAN India film Animal will be released in Hindi, Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, and Malayalam. At the same event, the actor was also asked about why he didn't dub in Telugu himself. |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/animals-ranbir-kapoor-wishes-to-be-adopted-son-of-telugu-states-anil-kapoor-has-unmissable-reaction-1261522 |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115003037/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/animals-ranbir-kapoor-wishes-to-be-adopted-son-of-telugu-states-anil-kapoor-has-unmissable-reaction-1261522 |url-status=live }}|{{Cite web |date=2023-01-17 |title=Animal Pan India Release: పాన్ఇండియా రేంజ్‌లో యానిమల్.. యాక్షన్ డ్రామాగా సినిమా |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sandeep-reddy-animal-movie-to-relase-pan-india-level-121673916757745.html |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=[[Hindustan Times|HT Telugu]] |language=te |archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213224000/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sandeep-reddy-animal-movie-to-relase-pan-india-level-121673916757745.html |url-status=dead }}|{{Cite web |date=2023-07-03 |title=Animal: అందుకే 'యానిమల్' ను వాయిదా వేస్తున్నాం.. కొత్త తేదీని ప్రకటించిన దర్శకుడు |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/director-sandeep-reddy-vanga-reveals-why-animal-was-postponed/0205/123117177 |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115003037/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/director-sandeep-reddy-vanga-reveals-why-animal-was-postponed/0205/123117177 |url-status=live }}|{{Cite web |date=2023-11-18 |title=Animal: Will Vanga's strategy work in AP, TS? |quote=they are aggressively promoting in Telugu land |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/animal-will-vangas-strategy-work-in-ap-ts |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=telugucinema.com |language=en }}
}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]''
|Prashanth Neel
| rowspan="3" |Telugu
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-02 |title=Prabhas to Unleash His Dark Side in New Pan-India Film Salaar, Makers Release Intense Poster |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/prabhas-to-unleash-his-dark-side-in-new-pan-india-film-salaar-makers-release-intense-poster-3137714.html |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115003035/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/prabhas-to-unleash-his-dark-side-in-new-pan-india-film-salaar-makers-release-intense-poster-3137714.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-07 |title=Amid Kalki 2898 AD's dream run, ranking Prabhas' post pan-India stardom films from worst to best |url=https://www.mensxp.com/ampstories/buzz-on-web/entertainment/165459-prabhas-post-pan-india-stardom-films-ranked-worst-to-best-kalki-2898-ad-salaar.html |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=www.mensxp.com |language=en |archive-date=14 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714054806/https://www.mensxp.com/ampstories/buzz-on-web/entertainment/165459-prabhas-post-pan-india-stardom-films-ranked-worst-to-best-kalki-2898-ad-salaar.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]''
|[[Nag Ashwin]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malhotra |first=Rahul |date=2024-07-01 |title='Kalki 2898 AD' Delivers the Biggest Global Box Office Debut in Indian Cinema History |url=https://collider.com/kalki-2898-ad-global-box-office-66-million/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=Collider |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2024-07-01 |title=Indian Sci-Fi Epic 'Kalki 2898 AD' Bows in Third Place Worldwide as 'Inside Out 2,' 'A Quiet Place: Day One' Lead International Box Office |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/kalki-2898-ad-inside-out-2-a-quiet-place-day-one-international-box-office-1236057781/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701084019/https://variety.com/2024/film/news/kalki-2898-ad-inside-out-2-a-quiet-place-day-one-international-box-office-1236057781/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''
|Sukumar
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-05|title=Allu Arjun - Fahad Faasil are stunning in a film that takes pan-India status too seriously|url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/pushpa-2-review-allu-arjun-fahadh-faasil-are-stunning-in-a-film-that-takes-its-pan-india-status-too-seriously-781689/amp|website=Wion}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Kantara: Chapter 1]]''
|[[Rishab Shetty]]
|Kannada
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kantara Chapter 1 South Indian Cinema Success: Rishab Shetty's Kantara Joins Bahubali's Box Office Success |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/kantara-kgf-bahubali-pushpa-rrr-the-intriguing-rise-of-south-indian-cinema-3760262 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Criticism and discourse ==
Several actors, filmmakers and critics have criticised the usage of the term "Pan Indian". In an interview with ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'', actor [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr]] said, "I hate referring to it as 'pan-Indian', it sounds like a frying pan. We just mean it is a film that can travel into all the Indian languages".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grater |first=Tom |date=12 May 2021 |title='RRR' Star Jr NTR Gives First Interview About Mega-Budget Action Pic From 'Baahubali' Director S.S. Rajamouli |url=https://deadline.com/2021/05/rrr-star-jr-ntr-first-interview-about-mega-budget-action-pic-baahubali-director-s-s-rajamouli-1234753853/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027100106/https://deadline.com/2021/05/rrr-star-jr-ntr-first-interview-about-mega-budget-action-pic-baahubali-director-s-s-rajamouli-1234753853/ |archive-date=27 October 2021 |access-date=29 August 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Speaking with ''[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]'', [[Dulquer Salmaan]] said: "The word pan-India really irks me. I just don't like hearing it. I love that there is so much exchange of talent happening in cinema, it's great, but we are one country. I don't think anyone says pan-America."<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 March 2022 |title=Dulquer Salmaan: You can't engineer a pan-India film |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dulquer-salmaan-you-cant-engineer-a-pan-india-film/articleshow/90322592.cms |url-status=live |access-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412060624/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dulquer-salmaan-you-cant-engineer-a-pan-india-film/articleshow/90322592.cms |archive-date=12 April 2022}}</ref> [[Kamal Haasan]] felt the concept of Pan-Indian cinema always existed, and criticised the term as a new "coinage".<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2022 |title='Nothing new, always been there': Kamal Haasan on 'pan Indian cinema' phenomenon |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2022/05/26/nothing-new-always-been-there-kamal-haasan-pan-indian-cinema-phenomenon.html |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=The Week |language=en |agency=PTI |archive-date=9 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909114021/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2022/05/26/nothing-new-always-been-there-kamal-haasan-pan-indian-cinema-phenomenon.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Prabhas]], who played the protagonist of ''[[Baahubali (franchise)|Baahubali]]'' series, opined that the industry should make "Indian" films instead of "pan-Indian" films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajaraman |first=Kaushik |date=7 March 2022 |title=How about making Indian films rather than pan-Indian ones? |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2022/03/07074746/1356846/How-about-making-Indian-films-rather-than-panIndian-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326044948/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2022/03/07074746/1356846/How-about-making-Indian-films-rather-than-panIndian-.vpf |archive-date=26 March 2022 |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> Actor [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] echoed the same. He felt the term pan-Indian was a "very disrespectful word" as its use was limited to non-Hindi films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2022 |title=Drop use of 'pan Indian,' just call it an Indian film: Actor Siddharth |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/drop-use-pan-indian-just-call-it-indian-film-actor-siddharth-163458 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501134506/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/drop-use-pan-indian-just-call-it-indian-film-actor-siddharth-163458 |archive-date=1 May 2022 |access-date=1 May 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Writer-actor [[Adivi Sesh]] felt that "the word is somewhat abused," and used like a euphemism for [[Dubbing|dubbed film]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2022 |title=Major actor Adivi Sesh on pan-India movies: The word is somewhat abused, sounds like an euphemism for dubbed film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/major-actor-sesh-adivi-on-pan-india-movies-7945709/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=4 June 2022 |archive-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604133219/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/major-actor-sesh-adivi-on-pan-india-movies-7945709/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Bharti Dubey and Hemachandra Ethamukkala of ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated that the pan-Indian films have mostly been action films and criticised the perceived violence in such films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2022 |title=#BigStory: Are pan-India films promoting too much violence? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kgf-rrr-pushpa-are-pan-india-films-promoting-too-much-violence-bigstory/articleshow/91005138.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423134028/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kgf-rrr-pushpa-are-pan-india-films-promoting-too-much-violence-bigstory/articleshow/91005138.cms |archive-date=23 April 2022 |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Writing for ''The Swaddle'', Rohitha Naraharisetty feels pan-Indian films glorify toxic masculinity and the "angry young man" archetype, while suffering from underdeveloped and heavily objectified female characters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naraharisetty |first=Rohitha |date=21 July 2022 |title=How the 'Pan-India' Movie Phenomenon Embodies -- And Redefines -- Toxic Masculinity |url=https://theswaddle.com/how-the-pan-india-movie-phenomenon-embodies-and-redefines-toxic-masculinity/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727060122/https://theswaddle.com/how-the-pan-india-movie-phenomenon-embodies-and-redefines-toxic-masculinity/ |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=18 August 2022 |website=The Swaddle}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Parallel cinema]]
* [[Transnational cinema]]
* [[World cinema]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Film genres|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Film industry in India]]
[[Category:Movements in cinema]]
[[Category:New Wave in cinema]]
[[Category:2010s in Indian cinema]]
[[Category:2020s in Indian cinema]]
[[Category:S. S. Rajamouli]]
[[Category:Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Cinema of India]]

75 Years of Friendship through Cricket Event

2026-03-25T00:39:18Z

ErnestBuntine9: starting some page and citations

{{short description|Diplomatic cricket event}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox event
|title = ''Fourth Test, [[Australian cricket team in India in 2022–23|2022–23]] [[Border–Gavaskar Trophy]]''
|logo =
|image = File:Celebrating_75_years_of_friendship_though_cricket.jpg
|caption = Australian PM [[Anthony Albanese]] (second from left) and Indian PM [[Narendra Modi]] with the Australia cricket team captain [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] (far left) and India cricket team skipper [[Rohit Sharma]] (far right) at the event.
|date = 9–13 March 2023
|time = 5 days
|place = [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India
|participants = 50,000
|duration = 5 days
|organizers = [[Government of India]] [[Board of Control of Cricket in India]]
}}
[[File:Narendra Modi Stadium view from the gallery.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[Narendra Modi Stadium]]]]

The '''75 Years of Friendship through Cricket Event''' was an event hosted by [[Narendra Modi]], the [[Prime Minister of India]], who invited his counterpart [[Prime Minister of Australia]] [[Anthony Albanese]] for a [[Test cricket|Test match]] to celebrate 75 years of [[Australia-India relations|diplomatic ties]] on 9 March 2023,<ref name="india-and-australia-celebrates-75-years">{{Cite web |title=India and Australia celebrates '75 years of friendship through cricket' at Narendra Modi Stadium |url=https://cmogujarat.gov.in/en/latest-news/india-and-australia-celebrates-75-years-of-friendship-through-cricket-at-narendra-modi-stadium/ |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=CMO Gujarat |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329011210/https://cmogujarat.gov.in/en/latest-news/india-and-australia-celebrates-75-years-of-friendship-through-cricket-at-narendra-modi-stadium/ |url-status=live }}</ref> exercising [[cricket diplomacy]]. The 75 Years of Friendship through Cricket Event was a celebration of the strong ties between India and Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India and Australia celebrate 75 years of friendship at world's largest cricket stadium |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/gujarati/en/article/india-australia-pm-celebrate-75-years-of-friendship-at-worlds-largest-cricket-staduim/59rhxk624 |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=SBS Language |language=en }}</ref>

It was the fourth and final test match of the [[Australian cricket team in India in 2022–23|2023 iteration]] of the [[Border–Gavaskar Trophy]], and the match was drawn after Australia declared their second innings.<ref>{{cite web |title=India vs Australia, 4th Test at Ahmedabad, IND v AUS, Mar 09 2023 – Match Result |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-in-india-2022-23-1348637/india-vs-australia-4th-test-1348655/live-cricket-score |website=ESPN Cricinfo |date=13 March 2023 |access-date=8 June 2024}}</ref> India won the series 2–1.<ref name=drawn>{{cite news |title=India clinch 2–1 series win over Australia as fourth Test in Ahmedabad ends in a draw |url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12123/12832796/india-clinch-2-1-series-win-over-australia-as-fourth-test-in-ahmedabad-ends-in-a-draw#:~:text=India%20secured%20a%202%2D1,before%20India%20countered%20with%20571. |agency=Sky Sports |date=13 March 2023}}</ref>

== Background ==
=== Diplomatic ties ===
[[Australia-India relations|Foreign diplomatic relations between Australia and India]] are well-established, with both nations sharing a "Comprehensive Strategic Partnership" since both were part of the [[British Empire]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Joint Statement on a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between Republic of India and Australia |url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/india/joint-statement-comprehensive-strategic-partnership-between-republic-india-and-australia |website=Australian Government |access-date=4 June 2020}}</ref> Both are members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], and share political, economic, security, lingual and sporting ties. Besides strong trading & migration and culture, sports such as cricket have emerged as a strong cultural connection between the two nations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stoddart |first1=Brian |title=The Centrality of Cricket in Indo-Australian relations: India, Australia and the 'Cricket Imaginary |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09523360802327533 |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport|date=2008 |volume=25 |issue=12 |pages=1671–1685 |doi=10.1080/09523360802327533 }}</ref>

On 2 April 2022, India-Australia Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (IndAus ECTA) was signed between the two countries to enhance bilateral economic cooperation and increase trade.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1812730 | title=Signing of the Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA) between India and Australia }}</ref> The agreement was signed by [[Piyush Goyal]], Union Minister of Commerce and Industry, Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution and Textiles, Government of [[India]] and [[Dan Tehan]], the Minister for Trade, Tourism and Investment, Government of [[Australia]] in a virtual ceremony, in the presence of Prime Minister of India, [[Narendra Modi]] and the Prime Minister of Australia, [[Scott Morrison]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Australia and India sign ECTA |url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/in-force/australia-india-ecta}}</ref>

PM Albanese visited India in March 2023. During the visit, he also led a trade delegation, which included Trade Minister [[Don Farrell]] and Resources Minister [[Madeleine King]], after the implementation of the Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA) between Australia and India on 29 December 2022. It was during this trip when Albanese attended the "75 Years of Friendship through Cricket Event".<ref>{{cite news |title=ECTA is signed |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/one-year-of-india-australia-ecta-sees-gains-for-both-countries-411328-2023-12-29 |agency=Business Today}}</ref>

=== Cricketing ties ===
In 1996, the [[Border–Gavaskar Trophy]] was created,<ref name=wickets>{{citation|title=Records / Border–Gavaskar Trophy / Most wickets|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=6;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=runs>{{citation|title=Records / Border–Gavaskar Trophy / Most runs|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=6;type=trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref> a test series played between Australia and India, named after 2 legendary test players – [[Sunil Gavaskar]] of India and [[Allan Border]] of Australia. India has won the trophy ten times, while Australia has won it five times with one series ending in a draw. The event took place in the 2023 edition of the series.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/mar/13/india-win-series-2-1-after-fourth-test-with-australia-ends-in-a-draw |title=India win series 2–1 after fourth Test with Australia ends in a draw |access-date=14 March 2023 |work=The Guardian|date=13 March 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/cricket/india-retain-border-gavaskar-trophy-after-dull-draw-1199813.html |title=India retain Border–Gavaskar Trophy after dull draw |access-date=14 March 2023 |work=Deccan Herald|date=13 March 2023 }}</ref>

India and Australia have also participated in other major global cricket tournaments and are both ICC member nations. As of 2024, Australia has won 6 [[Cricket World Cup]]s while India has 2; India has won 2 [[Men's T20 World Cup|T20 World Cups]] while Australia has 1. India has won 3 [[Champions Trophy|Champions Trophies]] while Australia has won 2.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Cricket Team |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/team/india-6 |website=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Australian Cricket Team |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/team/australia-2 |website=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref>

{{Quote box
| quote = "Australia was the first country in the world with whom India had formal diplomatic relations after independence, and cricket has been at the heart of their relationship. Indeed, months after independence, Australia and India played first test match together when [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 1947–48|India toured Australia in 1947–48]]. And cricket is perhaps the best symbol of what we have in common as two countries."
| source = [[Richard Marles]], the [[Deputy Prime Minister of Australia|Deputy Prime]] and [[Minister for Defence (Australia)|Defence Minister of Australia]] to the [[Parliament of Australia|parliament]] a few days before the event.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lavalette |first1=Tristan |title=World Record Test Cricket Crowd Tipped In India As Politics Plays Out In The Backdrop |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tristanlavalette/2023/03/08/world-record-test-cricket-crowd-tipped-in-india-as-politics-plays-out-in-the-backdrop/?sh=1f0222f557df |agency=Forbes |date=8 March 2023}}</ref>
| fontsize = 14
}}{{Blockquote|text=|title=}}

== Attendance ==
* [[Narendra Modi]], The [[Prime Minister of India]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Modi arrives to cricket stadium |url=https://theprint.in/sport/ind-vs-aus-4th-test-pm-modi-arrives-at-narendra-modi-stadium-in-ahmedabad/1428938/}}</ref>
* [[Anthony Albanese]], The [[Prime Minister of Australia]]
* [[Bhupendra Patel]], The [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]]<ref name="moneycontrol_10218721-1">{{cite news |title=Ind vs Aus: CM Bhupendra Patel inspects preparations at Narendra Modi Stadium |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/photos/trends/sports/ind-vs-aus-cm-bhupendra-patel-inspects-preparations-at-narendra-modi-stadium-10218721-1.html |agency=MoneyControl |date=8 March 2023}}</ref>
* [[Acharya Devvrat]], The [[Governor of Gujarat]]
* [[Roger Binny]], The President of [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]
* [[Ravi Shastri]], Former Indian player and coach
* [[Jay Shah]], The Secretary of [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]
* 50000 spectators.

== The event ==
{{multiple image|perrow = 1/2|total_width = 180
| align = right
| image_style = border:none;
| image2 =
| caption2 = The [[Australia national cricket team|Australian cricket team]] along with PM [[Anthony Albanese|Albanese]] singing the [[Advance Australia Fair|Australian national anthem]] 
The [[Border–Gavaskar Trophy]] looks on
| image1 = ICT Players with PMO India.jpg
| caption1 = The [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] along with PM [[Narendra Modi|Modi]] singing the [[Jana Gana Mana|Indian national anthem]]
}}
[[File:Celebrating 75 years of friendship though cricket PM's together.jpg|upright=0.75|thumb|The two PMs taking a lap around the stadium.]]
The Gujarat Chief Minister [[Bhupendra Patel]] reached earlier to inspect the stadium. Banners of the two prime ministers and players of both sides were put up.<ref name="moneycontrol_10218721-1"/>

Albanese later announced that his country and the Indian government have finalized the Australia-India Education Qualification Recognition Mechanism. He made the announcement at a program where it was officially announced that Australia's [[Deakin University]] would set up an international branch campus at GIFT City in Gujarat's [[Gandhinagar]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cassidy |first=Caitlin |date=2023-03-08 |title=Deakin University to become first foreign tertiary institution with campus in India |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/mar/07/deakin-university-to-become-first-foreign-tertiary-institution-with-campus-in-india |access-date=2023-03-13 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-27 |title=Australia's Deakin University to be the first foreign varsity to set up campus in India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/australia-deakin-university-first-foreign-varsity-set-campus-india-study-abroad-8469446/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He also announced the completion of the ECTA agreement.<ref>{{cite web |title=India and Australia sign a Framework Mechanism for Mutual Recognition of Qualifications Institutional level MOUs were also exchanged between India and Australia's university sectors to promote research and academic collaborations Scope of Australia India Education Council widened to also include cooperation in skill development |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1903710 |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=“There is a significant development in our bilateral education relation. I am pleased to tell you that we have finalised Australia-India Education Qualification Recognition Mechanism.”<ref>{{cite web |title=Mechanism for the Mutual Recognition of Qualifications between Australia and India and FAQs |url=https://www.education.gov.au/international-education-engagement/resources/recognition-qualifications-australia-india |publisher=Department of Education, Australia |access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref> – Anthony Albanese}}

The event began with the two prime ministers singing the [[national anthems]] of their respective countries and shaking hands with the players of both teams. They then visited a gallery showcasing glimpses of 75 years of cricket friendship between the two countries. The two PMs visited the "Hall of fame" museum inside the stadium.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-03-09 |title=PM Modi, Albanese arrive ahead of India-Australia Test match; take round of sprawling stadium |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gujarat-pm-modi-albanese-arrive-ahead-of-india-australia-test-match-take-round-of-sprawling-stadium/article66598752.ece |access-date=2023-03-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-09 |title=Albanese-Modi bromance at Gujarat cricket stadium; annual summit tomorrow |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/albanesemodi-bromance-at-gujarat-cricket-stadium-annual-summit-tomorrow-101678366859254.html |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321054611/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/albanesemodi-bromance-at-gujarat-cricket-stadium-annual-summit-tomorrow-101678366859254.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Australian PM Anthony Albanese and Indian PM Narendra Modi enjoying the cricketing history between the two countries.jpg|thumb|left|Modi and Albanese at the "Hall of Fame" gallery in the stadium.]]
After the gallery visit, the two prime ministers took a lap of honor around the stadium in a specially designed golf cart.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-09 |title=IND vs AUS: Modi and Albanese's lap of honour to mark 75 years of IND-AUS friendship, see pics |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/sports-gallery/ind-vs-aus-modi-and-albanese-do-lap-of-honour-to-mark-75-years-of-ind-aus-friendship-see-pics-8486430/ |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412212518/https://indianexpress.com/photos/sports-gallery/ind-vs-aus-modi-and-albanese-do-lap-of-honour-to-mark-75-years-of-ind-aus-friendship-see-pics-8486430/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They were greeted by loud cheers from the crowd, who waved [[Indian Flag|Indian]] and [[Australian flag|Australian]] flags. The Prime Ministers met the playing teams and motivated them for the game, as well as handed over caps to their respective team captains – [[Rohit Sharma]] of India and Steve Smith of Australia. Before the start of the match, traditional display of [[Garba (dance)|Garba]] was showcased in front of the dignitaries and the crowd gathered.

The Prime Ministers were presented with portraits of themselves – Modi was presented his by [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] secretary [[Jay Shah]] while Albanese was presented his by BCCI President [[Roger Binny]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Modi felicitated by picture by Jay Shah |url=https://inshorts.com/en/news/pm-modi-felicitated-with-his-picture-by-jay-shah-at-narendra-modi-stadium-1678362056936 |website=Inshorts}}</ref>

The event concluded with the two prime ministers [[Toss (cricket)|tossing the coin]] to start the [[Test match (cricket)|Test match]]. The coin for the toss was specially designed for the occasion. They sat in the presidential gallery of the stadium and witnessed some of the initial moments of the match.<ref name="india-and-australia-celebrates-75-years"/>

While the event was hailed by the [[BJP]], the ruling party in India, it was opposed by opposition; with [[Indian National Congress|INC]] leader [[Jairam Ramesh]] tweeting: “Doing a lap of honour in a stadium you named after yourself in your own lifetime – height of self-obsession.”<ref>{{cite news |title='Height of self-obsession; cricket diplomacy': Congress vs BJP on PM at Narendra Modi stadium |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/height-of-self-obsession-cricket-diplomacy-congress-vs-bjp-on-pm-at-narendra-modi-stadium-101678336697006.html |agency=Hindustan Times |publisher=HT News Desk |date=9 March 2023}}</ref>

==The match==
===Match summary===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 9–13 March 2023
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 480 (167.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Usman Khawaja]] 180 (422)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 6/91 (47.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 571 (178.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Virat Kohli]] 186 (364)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Todd Murphy]] 3/113 (45.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 175/2[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (78.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Travis Head]] 90 (163)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Axar Patel]] 1/36 (19 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1348655.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Cameron Green]] (Aus) scored his maiden century in Tests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/cameron-green-maiden-test-century-australia-india-day-two-fourth-test-ahmedabad-highlights/2023-03-10 |title=Green eases past nerves to realise long-held dream |access-date=10 March 2023 |work=Cricket Australia}}</ref>
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (Ind) became the leading wicket taker in matches vs Australia, as well as the leading wicket taker in the [[Border–Gavaskar Trophy]], overtaking [[Nathan Lyon]] (Aus), before Lyon regained the top spot in the same match.
* [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] (Ind) became the fourth batsman, to score 2,000 runs against a single team in Tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-vs-australia-border-gavaskar-trophy-cheteshwar-pujara-2345190-2023-03-11 |title=Border–Gavaskar Trophy: Chesteshwar Pujara becomes 1st active India player to score 2000 runs vs Australia |access-date=11 June 2023 |work=India Today|date=11 March 2023 }}</ref>
* [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind) scored his 17000th run in international cricket, being the 6th Indian cricketer to do so.<ref>{{cite news |title=IND vs AUS 4th Test: Rohit Sharma completes 17,000 international runs, only the 6th Indian to do so |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/australia-in-india/rohit-sharma-completes-17000-international-runs-only-the-6th-indian-to-do-so/articleshow/98561581.cms |agency=The Times of India |date=11 March 2023}}</ref>
* [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind) became the second Indian to take 300 catches in International cricket.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/australia-in-india/virat-kohli-second-indian-to-take-300-catches-in-international-cricket/articleshow/98547306.cms?from=mdr |title=Virat Kohli second Indian to take 300 catches in International cricket |access-date=11 March 2023 |work=Times Of India|date=10 March 2023 }}</ref> Kohli also scored 4,000 Test runs in India and became the fifth cricketer to achieve this feat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-vs-australia-virat-kohli-4000-test-runs-home-5th-indian-stat-2345289-2023-03-11 |title=Virat Kohli becomes 5th Indian batter to complete 4000 Test runs at home |access-date=11 March 2023 |work=India Today|date=11 March 2023 }}</ref>
* [[Axar Patel]] became the fastest bowler for India to take fifty test wickets, in terms of balls bowled (2205), with the wicket of [[Travis Head]] (Aus).<ref>{{cite news |title=Travis Head in denial after Axar Patel's dream delivery denies him century, beats Jadeja's startling record |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/watch-travis-head-in-denial-after-axar-patel-s-dream-delivery-denies-him-century-beats-ravindra-jadeja-s-startling-record-india-vs-australia-101678698884815.html |agency=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
* World Test Championship points: India 4, Australia 4.
}}

=== Description ===
==== First Australian innings ====
[[File:Narendra Modi Stadium Border Gavaskar Trophy 2023.jpg|thumb|The stadium before the start of the first innings.]]
[[File:PM greets Rohit Sharma during the India vs Australia 4th Test match at Narendra Modi Stadium at Ahemdabad.jpg|thumb|[[Rohit Sharma]] being presented his match cap by Modi.]]
[[File:Virat Kohli during the India vs Aus 4th Test match at Narendra Modi Stadium on 09 March 2023.jpg|thumb|[[Virat Kohli]] scored 186 runs. He was the player of the match.]]
Australian captain [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] (In the absence of [[Pat Cummins]]) won the toss and elected to bat first. [[Travis Head]] and [[Usman Khawaja]] embarked on an opening partnership before [[Ravindra Jadeja]] caught Head off [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]. Skipper Smith attempted a rebuilt but was dismissed for 38 by Jadeja, while [[Mohammed Shami|Mohammed Shami]] removed two off-strikers. However, Khawaja went on to score 180 and [[Cameron Green]] scored his maiden century,<ref>{{cite news |title=Cameron Green smashes maiden international century |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/cameron-green-first-international-century-india-vs-australia-border-gavaskar-trophy-test-series/article66602844.ece |agency=The Hindu |publisher=Sportstar}}</ref> with Khawaja being dismissed short of a double hundred. As Green departed for 114, A late order partnership between [[Nathan Lyon]] and [[Todd Murphy]] saw Australia set a commanding total for 480,<ref>{{cite news |title=Border Gavaskar Trophy: India bowl out Australia for 480 in first innings of 4th Test in Ahmedabad |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/border-gavaskar-trophy-india-bowl-out-australia-for-480-in-first-innings-of-4th-test-in-ahmedabad/videoshow/98543180.cms?from=mdr |agency=The Economic Times |publisher=Mirror Now |date=10 March 2023}}</ref> with Ashwin taking the wickets of the remainder of the batters, bringing up his thirty-second [[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Ravichandran Ashwin|five wicket haul]] in international cricket. He became not only the highest wicket taker for India in games against Australia, but also the highest wicket-taker in the [[Border–Gavaskar Trophy]].<ref>{{cite news |title=IND vs AUS: Ravichandran Ashwin scripts records against Australia in 4th Test |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ind-vs-aus-ravichandran-ashwin-scripts-records-against-australia-in-4th-test-8489469/ |agency=The Indian Express |publisher=Sports Desk}}</ref>

==== First Indian innings ====
[[Rohit Sharma]] and [[Shubman Gill]] opened India's account, adding 74 runs for the first wicket. After scoring his twenty-first run, Sharma became the sixth Indian to cross 17,000 runs in international cricket.<ref>{{cite news |title=IND vs AUS 4th Test: Rohit Sharma completes 17,000 international runs, only the 6th Indian to do so |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/australia-in-india/rohit-sharma-completes-17000-international-runs-only-the-6th-indian-to-do-so/articleshow/98561581.cms |agency=The Times of India |date=11 March 2023}}</ref> Sharma scored 35 before [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] came and went with a contribution of 43, as Gill went on to 114, scoring just his second ever century,<ref>{{cite news |title=Shubman Gill proves his class to lead India's strong reply in Ahmedabad Test |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/cricket/2023/03/11/shubman-gill-proves-his-class-to-lead-indias-strong-reply-in-ahmedabad-test/ |agency=CRICKET |publisher=The National News}}</ref> as India began piling their own numbers as compared to Australia. He was joined by [[Virat Kohli]], who scored his first test century in more than three years after a slump in form.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Smriti |title=India vs Australia: Virat Kohli scores hundred in Test cricket after 3 years |url=https://news.abplive.com/photo-gallery/sports/cricket-india-vs-australia-4th-test-nathan-lyon-takes-most-number-of-test-wickets-in-india-by-an-overseas-bowler-1587898 |agency=Business Today}}</ref> He, like Khwaja missed his 200 meekly but came in handy as with him India surpassed the Australian total. Jadeja, [[KS Bharat]] and [[Axar Patel]] added runs as India finished on 571, setting up a lead of 91. Lyon and [[Matthew Kuhnemann]] took three wickets each; Lyon again regained the top spot for the highest-number of wickets in the Border–Gavaskar Trophy. He also became the highest wicket taker for an overseas bowler in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nathan Lyon Breaks 41-Year-Old Bowling Record During Ind-Aus 4th Test |url=https://news.abplive.com/photo-gallery/sports/cricket-india-vs-australia-4th-test-nathan-lyon-takes-most-number-of-test-wickets-in-india-by-an-overseas-bowler-1587898 |agency=ABP News |date=12 March 2023}}</ref>

==== Second Australian innings ====
On the last day of the match, [[Travis Head]] and [[Marnus Labuschagne]] scored 90 and 63 (not out) runs respectively for Australia. Travis, on the verge of scoring a century, was bowled by Axar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Travis Head in denial after Axar Patel's dream delivery denies him century, beats Jadeja's startling record |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/watch-travis-head-in-denial-after-axar-patel-s-dream-delivery-denies-him-century-beats-ravindra-jadeja-s-startling-record-india-vs-australia-101678698884815.html |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The score for Australia in their 2nd innings was 175 runs for the loss of 2 wickets, one each for Ashwin and Patel, as Axar became the fastest Indian bowler to take fifty test wickets in terms of balls bowled (2205). With less time remaining and two massive totals from both sides on the board, the match was headed for a certain draw. In order to win the match and level the series, Australia needed to quickly take a lead and declare, giving India an imposing target. As a result, both captains decided to draw the match at the start of the 78th over. The score for Australia in their 2nd innings was 175 runs for the loss of 2 wickets, one each for Ashwin and Patel.

=== Outcome ===
Virat Kohli was the [[Player of the Match awards (cricket)|player of the match]] for scoring 186 runs. With this match drawn, India won [[Australian cricket team in India in 2022–23|the series]] with 2–1 and retained the [[Border–Gavaskar Trophy]] for the fourth time in succession.<ref name=drawn></ref> Ravichandran Ashwin and Ravindra Jadeja received joint [[Player of the Series awards (cricket)|player of the series]] award with the former making 86 runs and taking 25 wickets, and the latter making 135 runs & taking 22 wickets, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India vs Australia, 4th Test, Mar 09, Australia tour of India, 2023
|url=https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-scores/60028/aus-vs-ind-4th-test-australia-tour-of-india-2023 |website=Cricbuzz |language=en}}</ref> This was the second time that both of them had won this award. After the match, Kohli presented his signed jerseys to Khawaja and Carey as a symbol of friendship,<ref>{{cite news |title=Virat Kohli wins hearts – gifts Khawaja and Carey signed jersey |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/virat-kohli-wins-hearts-with-special-gesture-gifts-usman-khawaja-alex-carey-signed-jersey-watch-article-98610362 |agency=Times Now}}</ref> after the Australian team gave Pujara a signed kit earlier in the series for playing in his 100th test.<ref>{{cite news |title=IND vs AUS: Cheteshwar Pujara Receives Special Signed Jersey From Aussie Skipper Pat Cummins On 100th Test |url=https://news.abplive.com/sports/cricket/ind-vs-aus-cheteshwar-pujara-receives-special-signed-jersey-from-aussie-skipper-pat-cummins-on-100th-test-1583203 |agency=ABP News}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Second Test, 2000–01 Border–Gavaskar Trophy]]
* [[Second Test, 2007–08 Border–Gavaskar Trophy]]
* [[2023 ICC World Test Championship final]]
* [[2003 Cricket World Cup final]]
* [[2023 Cricket World Cup final]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-in-india-2022-23-1348637/india-vs-australia-4th-test-1348655/live-cricket-score India vs Australia, Match Details] at [[ESPNcricinfo]]
{{Portalbar|Cricket|India|Australia|Sports|World|Politics|Countries|Events|2020s}}
{{India national cricket team}}
{{Australia national cricket team}}
[[Category:Australia–India relations]]

Goundamani

2026-03-12T16:02:09Z

ErnestBuntine9: reworked structure after review

{{Short description|Indian actor, comedian (born 1939)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Goundamani
| image = Goundar-2 (cropped).jpg
| birth_name = Subramaniyan Karuppaiya
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1939|5|25}}
| birth_place = Vallakundapuram, [[Udumalaipettai]], [[Coimbatore District|Coimbatore]], [[Madras Presidency]], British India

( Today: [[Udumalaipettai]], [[Tiruppur]], [[Tamil Nadu]] ,[[India]] )
| occupation = {{Hlist |Actor |comedian}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Shanthi|1963|2025|end=died}}
| children = 2
| parents = 
| years active = 1964–2016 2024{{Endash}}present
}}

'''Subramaniyan Karuppaiya''' (born 25 May 1939<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/entertainment/2019/may/25/birthday-special-12-rare-photos-of-tamil-comedian-goundamani-102302.html |title=Birthday special: 12 rare photos of Tamil comedian Goundamani |website=Indian Express |date=26 May 2019 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609083909/http://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/entertainment/2019/may/25/birthday-special-12-rare-photos-of-tamil-comedian-goundamani-102302.html|archive-date=9 June 2019}}</ref>), known by his stage name '''Goundamani''',<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/78384/special-report/Happy-Birthday-Goundamanisir.htm |title=How Subramani became Goundamani – Birthday special |website=Dinamalar |date=25 May 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602154048/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/78384/special-report/Happy-Birthday-Goundamani.htm|archive-date=2 June 2019}}</ref> is an Indian actor and comedian who works in [[Tamil cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Into-the-world-of-Tamil-film-comedians/article14390069.ece |title=Into the world of Tamil film comedians |website=The Hindu |date=7 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518094007/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Into-the-world-of-Tamil-film-comedians/article14390069.ece|archive-date=18 May 2017 |last1=Kesavan |first1=N.}}</ref> He is known for his [[comic duo]] partnership in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films with fellow actor [[Senthil]]. The pair dominated the Tamil industry as comedians in the 1980s and 90s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/2016-whos-still-watching-senthil-goundamani-comedy-youtube-most-tamil-nadu-51635 |title=Who's still watching Senthil, Goundamani comedy? |website=The News Minute |date=19 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921142820/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/2016-whos-still-watching-senthil-goundamani-comedy-youtube-most-tamil-nadu-51635|archive-date=21 September 2019}}</ref>

He was called Goundamani as a misconception by actor/director K. Bhagyaraj which he himself stated in an interview and the pseudonym stuck with him forever.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/King-of-comedy-turns-75/articleshow/32233292.cms |title=King of comedy turns 75! |website=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622100527/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/King-of-comedy-turns-75/articleshow/32233292.cms|archive-date=22 June 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> He has the ability to give counter dialogues on the spot and off the script on stage and during shooting.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/90325-a-tribute-to-veteran-comedian-goundamani |title=A tribute to veteran comedian Goundamani |website=Vikatan |date=25 May 2017 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928145023/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/90325-a-tribute-to-veteran-comedian-goundamani|archive-date=28 September 2019}}</ref> He was at his peak of his career as a comedian in Tamil cinema for nearly 40 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Where is today's great comedian? {{!}} Cinemaexpress|url=https://m.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2018/may/04/where-is-todays-great-comedian-5835.amp#aoh=16304937574608&referrer=https://www.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251$s|access-date=2021-09-01|website=[[Cinema Express]]|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901115708/https://m.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2018/may/04/where-is-todays-great-comedian-5835.amp#aoh=16304937574608&referrer=https://www.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251$s|url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite his popularity, Goundamani is known for being a social recluse.<ref>{{Cite news |author=The Hindu Net Desk |date=2020-06-04 |title=Cricket meets comedy: When Subramaniam Badrinath ran into Goundamani |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cricket-meets-comedy-when-subramaniam-badrinath-ran-into-goundamani/article31747012.ece|access-date=2021-09-01 |issn=0971-751X|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901115706/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cricket-meets-comedy-when-subramaniam-badrinath-ran-into-goundamani/article31747012.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Goundamani was born as Subramaniyan on 25 May 1939 in Vallakundapuram, a village near [[Udumalaipettai]] in [[Coimbatore District|Coimbatore]], Tamil Nadu, India.<ref name=":0" /> His father is Karuppaiya and his mother is Annammal. He married Shanthi in 1963 and has 2 daughters.<ref name="Palaniappan">{{cite web |last=Palaniappan |first=P |title=Comedian Kavundamani's wedding photo – A Rare Picture! |url=http://www.southdreamz.com/41225/Kavundamanis-wedding-photo/ |work=SouthDreamz |date=24 February 2012|access-date=16 December 2013|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011142029/https://www.southdreamz.com/41225/goundamanis-wedding-photo/|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name="Indiaglitz.com">{{cite web |title=Comedian Kavundamani's Daughter Wedding |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/events/9886.html |work=Indiaglitz.com|access-date=16 December 2013|archive-date=17 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217022421/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/events/9886.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
On having interest in acting, he went to [[Chennai]] and initially started acting in theatre dramas and then entered into the [[Tamil film industry]] (Kollywood) due to his strong theatrical background.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news|title=இந்த வார நட்சத்திரம் |work=Anna|language=ta|access-date=10 July 2025|via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-10-185|date=6 May 1986|page=4}}</ref> He portrayed a role of Ramasamy Gounder in an play and many started to call him Gounder which led him to add it to his real name Mani and named himself Goundamani.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-7-15|title=சினி-மினி-பிட்ஸ் |newspaper=Anna|language=Ta|access-date=7 June 2025|page=3|via=Endangered Archives Programme}}</ref>

He made his film acting debut in ''[[Server Sundaram]]'' where he featured in a minor and uncredited role as a driver. He made his full-fledged debut in 1977 film ''[[16 Vayathinile]]'' where he played the role of [[Rajinikanth]]'s sidekick. His role in the 1977 [[Bharathiraja|P. Bharathiraja]] directorial was also Goundamani's first credited role in his film career.

Goundamani has played lead roles in a few films during his career, but is predominantly a supporting actor playing comedy roles. While performing roles of a solo comedian in films, he often co-starred with [[Senthil]] to form a [[Goundamani and Senthil|comedy duo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2015 |title=Tamil comedian Goundamani turns 76, fans storm Twitter |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/goundamani-tamil-comedian-and-actor-turns-76-birthday-twitter-vaaimai-254560-2015-05-25|access-date=2021-09-01 |website=India Today |language=en|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901121209/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/goundamani-tamil-comedian-and-actor-turns-76-birthday-twitter-vaaimai-254560-2015-05-25|url-status=live}}</ref> The pair was described as "Tamil cinema's [[Laurel and Hardy]]" and have performed slapstick humour in many [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films from the mid-1980s until the early 2000s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-24 |title='With the legend': Sivakarthikeyan on meeting veteran comedian Goundamani |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/legend-sivakarthikeyan-meeting-veteran-comedian-goundamani-154321|access-date=2021-09-01 |website=The News Minute |language=en|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901121220/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/legend-sivakarthikeyan-meeting-veteran-comedian-goundamani-154321|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=The Hindu Net Desk |date=2018-12-13 |title=Cinema quiz: Senthil and Goundamani |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cinema-quiz-senthil-and-goundamani/article25734186.ece|access-date=2021-09-01 |issn=0971-751X|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901115706/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cinema-quiz-senthil-and-goundamani/article25734186.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Both of them are also remembered as partners-in-crime and also known for their chemistry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goundamani will always be my favourite comedian: Senthil |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/jan/24/goundamani-will-always-be-my-favourite-comedian-1929205.html|access-date=2021-09-01 |website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=14 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014162250/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/jan/24/goundamani-will-always-be-my-favourite-comedian-1929205.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Both Goundamani and Senthil were critically acclaimed for their career defining performance in Gangai Amaren's directorial ''[[Karakattakkaran]]'' (1989). Karakattakaran also coincidentally marked Goundamani and Senthil's 100th film as comedians together.<ref name=":1" /> Senthil and Goundamani both reportedly spent full 28 days on set during the shooting of the film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Word View: That Vazhappazham scene |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-word-view-that-vazhappazham-scene/articleshow/63557361.cms|access-date=2021-09-01 |website=The Times of India |date=April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Goundamani's phrases in one of the comedy scenes featured in Karakattakaran, "Adhu enda enna pathu andha kelvi ketta?" ({{Translation|Why did you look at me and ask that question}}) when Senthil asked him "Intha cara vachiruntha Sopanasundhariya yaaru vaichiruka" ({{Translation|If you had this car, who has Soppanasundari}}) became the highlight of the film and later became viral internet memes.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Happy Birthday Goundamani: 25 iconic Counters that defined the legend |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/may/25/happy-birthday-goundamani-25-iconic-counters-that-defined-the-legend-220.html|access-date=2021-09-01 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901115707/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/may/25/happy-birthday-goundamani-25-iconic-counters-that-defined-the-legend-220.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Goundamani's comedy scene from ''[[Thangamana Raasa]]'' (1989) is also best remembered by critics for dreaming of singing under the music of Ilaiyaraja when he was spending a jail term for petty crime. His one line phrases "Start the music", "Arasiyal la ithellam saatharnamappa" ({{Translation|This is all normal in politics}}) and "Kosu thollai thaanga mudiyala pa" ({{Translation|Can't deal with mosquito's annoyance}}) which featured in the 1992 film [[Surieyan|''Suriyan'']] also later became a viral meme and trendsetter in Internet.<ref name=":2" />

After recuperating from [[diabetes]] and respiratory illnesses during the late 2000s, he featured in ''[[Vaaimai]]'' and also played the lead role in ''[[49-O (film)|49-O]]'', which began productions in 2013. It was directed by debutant Arokiadoss, a former assistant of [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kavundamani is back as Hero with 49 O |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/101149.html |work=Indiaglitz.com|access-date=16 December 2013|archive-date=16 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216214540/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/101149.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=Venketeswaran |title=Goundamani starts shooting for 49-O |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Goundamani-starts-shooting-for-49-O/articleshow/27431593.cms|access-date=16 December 2013 |date=16 December 2013|archive-date=17 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217021110/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-16/news-interviews/45216829_1_goundamani-film-arokiadoss |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Palaniappan" /><ref name="Indiaglitz.com" /> In 2019, he was approached by film director [[R. Kannan]] and actor [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] to cast him in a supporting role for their film project but Goundamani reportedly turned down the offer as he was sceptical about the role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goundamani in talks for Santhanam-R Kannan project |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/jun/20/goundamani-in-talks-for-santhanam-r-kannan-project-1992597.html|access-date=2021-09-01 |website=The New Indian Express |date=20 June 2019|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901115706/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/jun/20/goundamani-in-talks-for-santhanam-r-kannan-project-1992597.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Will Santhanam and Goundamani team up for an action entertainer? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/will-santhanam-and-goundamani-team-up-for-an-action-entertainer/articleshow/69810286.cms|access-date=2021-09-01 |website=The Times of India |date=16 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===1960s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Goundamani 1960s film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 1964||''[[Server Sundaram]]'' || Driver || Uncredited role
|-
|1965
|[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]
|Wood Cutter Man a Slave
|Yean Endra Kelvi (Song) (Namma Ethanai Naal thaan Adimaiyaga Iruppathu) Daialogs Speech From Acting
|-
|1967
|[[Selva Magal]]
|Office Clerk
|
|}

===1970s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Goundamani 1970s film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Raman Ethanai Ramanadi]]'' || School Van Driver ||Uncredited role
|-
|1971
|''[[Thenum Paalum]]''
| Subramaniyan
|
|-
| 1977|| ''[[16 Vayathinile]]'' || Koothu ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1978|| ''[[Kizhake Pogum Rail]]'' ||Ramaiya
||
|-
| ''[[Sigappu Rojakal]]'' || Manager ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 1979|| ''Anandam Enndru Arambam'' || ||
|-
|''[[Puthiya Vaarpugal]]'' || Ammavasai ||
|-
|''[[Suvarilladha Chiththirangal]]'' || Kaliyannan ||
|}

===1980s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Goundamani 1980s film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1980|| ''Paruvathin Vasalile'' || ||
|-
|''[[Kallukkul Eeram]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Mangala Nayagi]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Vasantha Azhaippugal]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Enga Ooru Rasathi]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Saranam Ayyappa]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1981 || ''[[Devi Dharisanam]]'' || ||
|-
|''Velichathukku Vanga'' || ||
|-
|''[[Netrikan]]'' || Singaram ||
|-
|''[[Nenjile Thunivirunthal]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Kudumbam Oru Kadambam]]''|| House Owner ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |1982 || ''[[Anandha Ragam]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Ilanjodigal]]'' || Assistant commissioner ||
|-
|''[[Pakkathu Veetu Roja]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Antha Rathirikku Satchi Illai]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Valibamey Vaa Vaa]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Agaya Gangai (film)|Agaya Gangai]]'' || Arumugam ||
|-
|''[[Mullillatha Roja]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |1983 || ''[[Uyirullavarai Usha]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Inimai Idho Idho]]''
| Panchayat head
|
|-
|''[[Kaadhal Oviyam]]''
|Nayanam
|
|-
|''[[Malaiyoor Mambattiyan]]''
|'Silk' Singaram
|
|-
|''[[Thoongadhe Thambi Thoongadhe]]''
|Assistant of the estate manager
|
|-
|''[[Aanandha Kummi]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |1984
|''[[Komberi Mookan]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Naan Paadum Paadal]]''
| Surya Kumar
|
|-
|''Neram Nalla Neram''
|
|
|-
|''[[Nilavu Suduvathillai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Naalai Unathu Naal]]'' || Varadhan ||
|-
|''Priyamudan Prabhu''
|
|
|-
|''[[Unnai Naan Santhithen]]''
|Pandiya
|
|-
|''Thambathigal''
|
|
|-
|''[[Vaidehi Kathirunthal]]''
|All-in-All Azhagu Raja
|
|-
| rowspan="29" |1985
|''Raja Gopuram''
|
|
|-
|''[[Rajathi Rojakili]]''
|Soora Thevar
|
|-
|''[[Alai Osai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Anthasthu]]''
|Devdas
|
|-
|''[[Mannukketha Ponnu]]''
|Vishamurukki Veluchamy
|
|-
|''[[Kanni Rasi]]''
|Gopikrishna
|
|-
|''Vellai Manasu''
|
|
|-
|''Idhu Engal Rajyam''
|
|
|-
|''[[Udaya Geetham]]''
|Balaji
|
|-
|''Karuppu Chattaikaran''
|
|
|-
|''[[Annai Bhoomi 3D|Annai Bhoomi]]''
|Ragappa
|
|-
|''Anbin Mugavari''
|
|
|-
|''[[Karpoora Deepam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Meendum Parasakthi]]''
|
|
|-
|''Aasha''
|
|
|-
|''Thendral Thodatha Malar''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pagal Nilavu]]''
|George Kutty
|
|-
|''[[Naane Raja Naane Mandhiri]]''
|Kuppusamy
|
|-
|''[[Amudha Gaanam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Aagaya Thamaraigal]]''
| Boopathy
|
|-
|''[[Hello Yaar Pesurathu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Eetti (1985 film)|Eetti]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Marudhani]]''
|School Teacher
|
|-
|''Karaiyai Thodadha Alaigal''
|
|
|-
|''[[Idhaya Kovil]]''
|Logidhasan Bhagavathar
|
|-
|''Panam Pathum Seiyum''
|
|
|-
|''Pattuchelai''
|
|
|-
|''[[Geethanjali (1985 film)|Geethanjali]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Japanil Kalyanaraman]]''
|Mayilsamy
|
|-
|rowspan="16"| 1986
|''Meendum Pallavi''
|
|
|-
|''Jeevanathi''
|
|
|-
|''[[Mr. Bharath]]''
|Sanjeevi
|
|-
|''[[Karimedu Karuvayan]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[December Pookal]]''
| Mestri Mayilsamy
|
|-
|''[[Rasigan Oru Rasigai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Maragatha Veenai (film)|Maragatha Veenai]]''
|School headmaster
|
|-
|''[[Dharma Pathini (1986 film)|Dharma Pathini]]''
|"Pothuppani" Ponnuchamy
|
|-
|''Thalaiyaati Bommaigal''
|
|
|-
|''[[Anveshana|Paadum Paravaigal]]''
|
|Partially reshot version
|-
|''[[Isai Paadum Thendral]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Aayiram Pookkal Malarattum]]''
|
|
|-
|''Vesham''
|
|
|-
|''[[Piranthaen Valarnthaen]]''
|Raja
|
|-
|''Engal Thaikulame Varuga''
|
|
|-
|''[[Mannukkul Vairam]]''
|Esakki
|
|-
|rowspan="6"| 1987
|''[[Idhu Oru Thodar Kathai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Per Sollum Pillai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Jaathi Pookkal]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Dhoorathu Pachai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ninaive Oru Sangeetham]]''
|Chinnukaruppandevar
|
|-
|''[[Gramatthu Minnal]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1988
|''Sakkarai Pandhal ''
|
|
|-
|''[[Manamagale Vaa]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="13"| 1989
|''Rasathi Kalyanam''
|
|
|-
|''[[Enne Petha Raasa]]''
|Raja and Ganesan's father
|
|-
|''[[Enga Ooru Mappillai]]''
|
|
|-
|''Pennbuthi Pin Buthi''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ninaivu Chinnam]]''
|Kundalakesi
|
|-
|''[[Karagattakaran]]''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/jun/16/30-years-of-karagattakaran--gangai-amaren-ilaiyaraaja-ramarajan-kanaka-vazhapazham-comedy-12320.html |title=30 years of Karakattakaran – Gangai Amaren: The Vazhapazham comedy track was based on a similar sequence in an Adoor Bhasi film |website=[[Cinema Express]] |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820093932/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/jun/16/30-years-of-karagattakaran--gangai-amaren-ilaiyaraaja-ramarajan-kanaka-vazhapazham-comedy-12320.html|archive-date=20 August 2019}}</ref>
|'Thavil Vidhwan' Thangavelu
|
|-
|''[[Raaja Raajathan]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ponmana Selvan]]''
|Hong Kong Annamalai
|
|-
|''[[Anbu Kattalai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Thangamana Raasa]] ''
|Subaiya (Subramani)
|
|-
|''[[Vaathiyaar Veettu Pillai]]''
|Chinna Muthu
|
|-
|''Manasukketha Maharasa''
|
|
|-
|''Mundhanai Sabatham''
|
|
|}

===1990s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Goundamani 1990s film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="16" |1990
|''[[Vaazhkai Chakkaram]]''
|Constable
|
|-
|''[[Paattali Magan]]''
|Dharmadi Dharmalingam
|
|-
|''[[Salem Vishnu]]''
|Kathavarayan
|
|-
|''[[Paattukku Naan Adimai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Thangathin Thangam]]''
|
|
|-
|''Neengalum Herothan''
|Pavadaikanth
|
|-
|''[[Ulagam Pirandhadhu Enakkaga]]''
|'Suthi' Josiyar
|
|-
|''[[Periya Idathu Pillai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Madurai Veeran Enga Saami]]''
|'Balloon' Kandasamy
|
|-
|''[[Ooru Vittu Ooru Vanthu]]''
|Captain Tamilarasu
|
|-
|''[[Velai Kidaichuduchu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Patanathil Petti''
|
|
|-
|''[[My Dear Marthandan]]''
|Idea Mani
|
|-
|''[[Puthu Paatu]]''
|Palanisamy
|
|-
|''[[Nadigan]]''
|Kurangu Kannayiram
|
|-
|''[[Namma Ooru Poovatha]]''
|Everything Ekambaram
|
|-
| rowspan="20" |1991
|''[[Naadu Adhai Naadu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Naan Pudicha Mappillai]]''
|Thandavarayan
|
|-
|''[[Pudhu Manithan]]''
|Rasappa
|
|-
|''[[Chinna Thambi]]''
|Kanthasamy
|
|-
|''[[En Rasavin Manasile]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Adhikari (film)|Adhikari]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Marikozhundhu]]''
|Building constructor
|
|-
|''[[Idhaya Vaasal]]''
|Balaraman
|
|-
|''[[Cheran Pandiyan]]''
|Mechanic Manikkam
|
|-
|''[[Ayul Kaithi]]''
|Sundarrajan
|
|-
|''[[Vaidehi Kalyanam]]''
|Pachamuthu
|
|-
|''Oorellam Un Paattu''
|
|
|-
|''Thambi Oorukku Pudhusu''
|
|
|-
|''[[Vasanthakala Paravai]]''
|Ravi's friend's uncle
|
|-
|''[[Kizhakku Karai]]''
|Raja (Jacky)
|
|-
|''[[Bramma]]''
|Valayapalayam Chinnasamy
|
|-
|''[[Nallathai Naadu Kekum]]''
|A police officer who disguises himself as a ghost
|<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4-Gc2SVYoY Nallathai Naadu Kekum (1991)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514124223/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4-Gc2SVYoY |date=14 May 2023 }} ''Classic Movies'' (Motion picture) (in Tamil). India: Jeppiar Pictures. 1991. Character's name mentioned from 01:31:10 to 01:39:27</ref>
|-
|''[[Thalattu Ketkuthamma]]''
|
Rasaiya's uncle
|
|-
|''[[Nenjamundu Nermaiyundu (1991 film)|Nenjamundu Nermaiyundu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pondatti Sonna Kettukanum]]''
|Dharmalingam
|
|-
| rowspan="30" |1992
|''[[Mannan (film)|Mannan]]''
|Muthu
|
|-
|''[[Chinna Gounder]]''
|Vellai
|
|-
|''[[Pandithurai]]''
|Mayilsamy
|
|-
|''[[Rickshaw Mama]]''
|Govinthasamy
|
|-
|''Thilagam''
|Singamuthu
|
|-
|''[[Ilavarasan]]''
|Kung Fu Master
|
|-
|''[[Chinna Thayee|Chinna Thayye]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Periya Gounder Ponnu]]''
|Palanisamy
|
|-
|''[[Sivantha Malar]]''
|Police constable
|
|-
|''[[Thanga Manasukkaran]]''
|Guitarist
|
|-
|''[[Singaravelan]]''
|Drums Mani
|
|-
|''[[Therku Theru Machan]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Chinnavar]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Chinna Pasanga Naanga]]''
|'Kuwait' Govind
|
|-
|''[[Oor Mariyadhai]]''
|'Miner' Mahadevan
|
|-
|''[[Idhuthanda Sattam]]''
|Karuppan
|
|-
|''[[Aavarampoo]]''
|Chellappa Aasari
|
|-
|''[[Thaali Kattiya Raasa]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Magudam]]''
|Thanni Samy
|
|-
|''[[Pattathu Raani]]''
|Jalagandeswaran
|
|-
|''[[Suriyan]]''
|Pannikutty Ramasamy
|
|-
|''Mappillai Vanthachu''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pangali]]''
|Mani
|
|-
|''[[Samundi]]''
|Muthu
|
|-
|''[[David Uncle]]''
|Kavundar
|
|-
|''[[Senthamizh Paattu]]''
|
Murugesan
|
|-
|''[[Thirumathi Palanisamy]]''
|Dhandapani
|
|-
|''[[Onna Irukka Kathukanum]]''
|Sudalai
|
|-
|''[[Villu Pattukaran]]''
|Appakannu
|
|-
|''[[Natchathira Nayagan]]''
|'Detective' Thiruvasagam
|
|-
| rowspan="21" |1993
|''[[Koyil Kaalai]]''
|Ilaneer Businessman
|
|-
|''[[Walter Vetrivel]]''
|'Royal' Ramasamy
|
|-
|''[[Rakkayi Koyil]]''
|
Singaram
|
|-
|''[[Manikuyil]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ejamaan]]''
|Vellaiyangiri
|
|-
|''[[Maharasan]]''
|Govindan
|
|-
|''[[Amma Ponnu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Uthama Raasa]]''
|Ondippulithevar
|
|-
|''[[Ponnumani]]''
| Naachi |
Naachi
|
|-
|''[[Porantha Veeda Puguntha Veeda]]''
|Ravi's Father
|
|-
|''[[Uzhaippali]]''
| [[Personal assistant|P. A.]] of Lawyer
|
|-
|''[[Band Master]]''
|Mani
|
|-
|''[[Dharma Seelan]]''
|Aarusamy
|
|-
|''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]''
|Mani
|
|-
|''[[Udan Pirappu]]''
|'White Rice' Vellasamy
|
|-
|''[[Thalattu]]''
|Goundar
|
|-
|''[[I Love India]]''
|Diwakar's uncle
|
|-
|''[[Dhuruva Natchathiram (1993 film)|Dhuruva Natchathiram]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Chinna Jameen]]''
|
Thalaiyari Mama
|
|-
|''[[Kattabomman (film)|Kattabomman]]''
|'Supervisor' Subramani
|
|-
|''[[Rojavai Killathe]]''
|Devit Lorry Driver
|
|-
| rowspan="18" | 1994
|''[[Sethupathi IPS]]''
| Muthaiya
|
|-
|''[[Rajakumaran (film)|Rajakumaran]]''
|Marusamy
|
|-
|''[[Aranmanai Kaavalan]]''
| Thangamani
|
|-
|''[[Varavu Ettana Selavu Pathana]]''
| 'Anjatha Singam' Marugupandi
|
|-
|''[[Seeman (film)|Seeman]]''
| Dawali
|
|-
|''[[Vandicholai Chinraasu]]''
|Kittu
|
|-
|''[[Jai Hind (1994 film)|Jai Hind]]''
| Kottaisamy
|
|-
|''[[Rasigan]]''
|Ekambaram
|
|-
|''[[Mettupatti Mirasu]]''
|Gounder
|
|-
|''[[Vietnam Colony]]''
|Joseph
|
|-
|''[[Sadhu (film)|Sadhu]]''
|'Anjukolai' Aarumugam
|
|-
|''[[Sathyavan]]''
|Kiruba
|
|-
|''[[Thai Maaman]]''
|Rasappan's uncle
|
|-
|''[[Jallikattu Kaalai]]''
|Aarusamy
|
|-
|''[[Nattamai]]''
|Pangali / Pangali's mom
|
|-
|''[[Periya Marudhu (film)|Periya Marudhu]]''
|
Sudalai
|
|-
|''[[Nila (1994 film)|Nila]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Thaai Manasu]]''
| Chokkalingam
|
|-
| rowspan="25" |1995
|''[[Naan Petha Magane]]''
| K. D. Varadarajan
|
|-
|''[[Veluchami]]''
|Kathavarayan
|
|-
|''[[Muthu Kaalai]]''
| Pattayakarar
|
|-
|''[[Muthukulikka Vaariyala]]''
|Kondakara Annachi
|
|-
|''[[Raja Enga Raja]]''
|Raja
|
|-
|''[[Coolie (1995 film)|Coolie]]''
|Periyasamy / Velusamy / Madasamy
|
|-
|''[[Karnaa]]''
|Nayak
|
|-
|''[[Lucky Man (1995 film)|Lucky Man]]''
| [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yamadharmarajan]]
|
|-
|''[[Chinna Vathiyar]]''
|Astrologer
|
|-
|''[[Murai Maman]]''
|Perusu (Sirasu's elder brother)
|
|-
|''[[Villadhi Villain]]''
|Mani
|
|-
|''[[Thamizhachi]]''
| Villangam
|
|-
|''[[Marumagan]]''
|Govindsamy
|
|-
|''[[Thedi Vandha Raasa]]''
|Albert Kothandam
|
|-
|''[[Chakravarthy (1995 film)|Chakravarthy]]'' || Chinnappa ||
|-
|''[[Nadodi Mannan (1995 film)|Nadodi Mannan]]''
| Ponnusamy
|
|-
|''[[Periya Kudumbam]]''
|
Post Master
|
|-
|''[[Mr. Madras]]''
|Govindsamy
|
|-
|''Ilavarasi''
|Gaja
|
|-
|''[[Ragasiya Police]]''
|Ponnurangam
|
|-
|''[[Maa Manithan (1995 film)|Maa Manithan]]''
| Mr. Dinar / Vettiyan
|
|-
|-
|''[[Ayudha Poojai]]''
|Kanthasamy
|
|-
|''[[Maaman Magal (1995 film)|Maaman Magal]]''
| Manikkam
|
|-
|''[[Murai Mappillai]]''
|Ramesh
|
|-
|''[[Mannai Thottu Kumbidanum]]''
|Desingu
|
|-
| rowspan="17" | 1996
|''[[Coimbatore Mappillai]]''
| Gopal
|
|-
|''[[Parambarai]]''
|Karuppusamy
|
|-
|''[[Ullathai Allitha]]''
|Great Vasu
|
|-
|''[[Mahaprabhu (film)|Mahaprabhu]]''
|Sethu
|
|-
|''[[Nattupura Pattu]]''
| Kattamuthu
|
|-
|''[[Musthaffaa]]''
|Chellappa
|
|-
|''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]''
| Subbaiah
|
|-
|''[[Pudhu Nilavu]]''
|Taxi Driver
|
|-
|''[[Katta Panchayathu]]''
| Toddy man
|
|-
|''[[Avathara Purushan]]''
| 'Pickpocket' Periyasamy
|
|-
|''[[En Aasai Thangachi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Poovarasan]]''
|Govind
|
|-
|''[[Mettukudi]]''
|Kalingarayan
|
|-
|''[[Parivattam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Tata Birla]]''
|Ranjith
|
|-
|''[[Senathipathi]]''
|Kathavarayan
|
|-
|''[[Gnanapazham]]''
| Aarthi's brother
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |1997
|''[[Periya Thambi]]''
|Azhagu Sundaram
|
|-
|''[[Nesam]]''
| Muthuvel Arunachalam
|
|-
|''[[Pudhayal]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Mannava (film)|Mannava]]''
|Raghupathy
|
|-
|''[[Vallal]]''
|Sithappu
|
|-
|''[[Sishya (film)|Sishya]]''
|Police inspector Malachamy
|
|-
|''[[Periya Idathu Mappillai]]''
|Kaali
|
|-
|''[[Aahaa Enna Porutham]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Thedinen Vanthathu]]''
|Tamizhmani / 'Pollachi' Ponnusamy
|
|-
|''[[Janakiraman]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Rettai Jadai Vayasu]]''
|Vijay's uncle
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1998
|''[[Aval Varuvala]]''
|Dhandapani
|
|-
|''[[Thayin Manikodi]]''
| 'Silverspoon' Shilpakumar
|
|-
|''[[En Uyir Nee Thaane]]''
|'Bullet' Jackie
|
|-
|''[[Bhagavath Singh (film)|Bhagavath Singh]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1999
|''[[Suriya Paarvai]]''
|Raj Bharath / Nattamai
|
|-
|''[[Ponnu Veetukkaran]]''
|Ekambaram
|
|-
|''[[Ethirum Pudhirum]]''
|
Auto Driver
|
|-
|''[[Kadhalar Dhinam]]''
|Professor Jack
|
|-
|''[[Malabar Police]]''
|Govindrajan (Govindo)
|
|-
|''[[Unakkaga Ellam Unakkaga]]''
| Kundalakesi
|
|-
|''[[Azhagarsamy]]''
|
|
|}

===2000s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Goundamani 2000s film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" |2000
|''[[Veeranadai]]''
|Ulagavaayan
|
|-
|''[[Kannan Varuvaan (2000 film)|Kannan Varuvaan]]''
| Thannirmalai/Athiyapatham/Ezhumalai
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sooris-goundamani-connection-revealed/articleshow/71335976.cms |title=Soori's Goundamani connection revealed |website=Times of India |date=27 September 2019 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929220718/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sooris-goundamani-connection-revealed/articleshow/71335976.cms|archive-date=29 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kannaal Pesavaa]]''
|Clinton
|
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2001
|''[[Kunguma Pottu Gounder]]''
| Chinnasamy
|
|-
|''[[Vedham]]''
| Govindsamy
|
|-
|''[[Samuthiram]]''
|Ramanathan
|
|-
|''[[Azhagana Naatkal]]''
|Ranjith
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2002
|''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]''
| Annamalai
|
|-
|''[[Samasthanam]]''
|Selvam
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2003
|''[[Chokka Thangam]]''
| Muthu's uncle
|
|-
|''[[Yes Madam (2003 film)|Yes Madam]]''
|Ganesh Kumar
|
|-
|''[[Parasuram (2003 film)|Parasuram]]''
|Sub-Inspector Thangaraj
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Manmadhan (film)|Manmadhan]]''
| 'Puncture' Pandi
|
|-
|2006
|''[[Suyetchai MLA]]''
|Visky
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Thangam]]''
| Kalai
|
|}

===2010s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Goundamani 2010s film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2010
|''[[Jaggubhai]]''
|MIB alias Kalaniyappan
|
|-
|''[[Pollachi Mappillai]]''
|Chellapatta
|
|-
|2015
|''[[49-O (film)|49-O]]''
|Savuri
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/goundamanis-next-as-hero-enakku-veru-yengum-kilaigal-kidaiyathu/article6785452.ece |title=Goundamani's next as hero |website=The Hindu |date=13 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011142030/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/goundamanis-next-as-hero-enakku-veru-yengum-kilaigal-kidaiyathu/article6785452.ece|archive-date=11 October 2020 |last1=Kumar |first1=S. R. Ashok}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016
|''[[Enakku Veru Engum Kilaigal Kidayathu]]''
|Caravan Krishnan
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/goundamanis-upcoming-film-is-titled-enakku-veru-engum-kilaigal-kidaiyathu/article8629877.ece |title=Return of the counter |website=The Hindu |date=21 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624095833/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/goundamanis-upcoming-film-is-titled-enakku-veru-engum-kilaigal-kidaiyathu/article8629877.ece|archive-date=24 June 2016 |last1=Raghavan |first1=Nikhil}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vaaimai]]''
|Benny
|
|-
|}

===2020s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Goundamani 2020s film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
|2025
|''[[Otha Votu Muthaiya]]''
|Muthaiya
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1129966|name=Goundamani}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:People from Coimbatore district]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian slapstick comedians]]

Pata Nahi Rabb Kehdeyan Rangan Ch Raazi

2026-03-08T02:52:57Z

ErnestBuntine9: fixed structure also and improved wording for accuracy

{{Italic title}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox film
|name=Pata Nahi Rabb Kehdeyan Rangan Ch Raazi
|director=[[Ravinder Peepat]]
|editing=[[Omkar Nath Bhakri]]
|producer=[[Harman and Jasmeet Singh Judge Films Production Pvt. Ltd.]]
|screenplay=Harman
|story=Harman
|starring=[[Neeru Bajwa]], [[Tarun Khanna (actor)|Tarun Khanna]], [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]], [[Amar Noorie]], [[Rana Ranbir]], [[Sunita Dhir]]
|music= [[Jaidev Kumar]]
|released={{Film date|df=yes|2012|02|17|India}}<ref name="PNRKRChR2">{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemapunjabi.com/previews/pata-nahi-rabb-kehdeyan-rangan-ch-raazi|title=Pata Nahi Rabb Kehdeyan Rangan Ch Raazi Release Date|publisher=www.cinemapunjabi.com|accessdate=11 February 2012|archive-date=24 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524005902/http://www.cinemapunjabi.com/previews/pata-nahi-rabb-kehdeyan-rangan-ch-raazi|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|country= India
|language=Punjabi
| budget = {{INRConvert|20|m}}
| gross= {{INRConvert|22|m}}
| distributor = [[White Hill Studios]]
}}

'''''Pata Nahi Rabb Kehdeyan Rangan Ch Raazi''''' ({{langx|pa|ਪਤਾ ਨਹੀਂ ਰੱਬ ਕਿਹੜਿਆਂ ਰੰਗਾਂ ’ਚ ਰਾਜ਼ੀ}}) is a 2012 [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] film starring Neeru Bajwa, Tarun Khanna, Gurpreet Ghuggi, Amar Noorie in lead roles. It's directed by Ravinder Peepat and Produced by Harman and Jasmeet Singh Judge Films Production Pvt. Ltd. The film is released by Kapil Batra Films Production House.<ref name="PNRKRChR">{{cite web|url=http://www.punjabiportal.com/articles/pata-ni-rab-kehdeyan-rangan-ch-raazi-neeru-bajwa-tarun-khanna|title=Pata Nahi Rabb Kehdeyan Rangan Ch Raazi|date=|publisher=www.punjabiportal.com|accessdate=16 February 2012}}</ref>

The film was originally scheduled for release in 2011 and the soundtrack was released in August 2011. The film was released on 17 February 2012 through Kapil Batra Films.<ref name=PNRKRChR/>

==Synopsis==
Pata Nahi Rabb Kehdeyan Rangan Ch Raazi is the story of Harman, his life, his struggle and his dreams. His dream is to see his ailing parents happy and healthy and to get Simran as his life partner who hails from a very rich family.

Ashamed of his poverty, he leaves India and reaches [[Bangkok]] to rise in life. His life takes a fortunate turn in Bangkok with the help of hotelier, Gurvinder and his pretty daughter, Preet who has a soft corner for Harman. However, unaware of Preet’s feelings Harman returns to India as a rich man.

As he returns he finds out that Simran is studying at Shimla University and he joins the University to grab the golden opportunity be close to Simran. Their journey commences with friendship, togetherness and they bond in the snow-capped valleys of Simla. Harman starts seeing love in Simran’s eyes for him and he does everything in his power to make Simran happy. Valentine’s Day is when he confesses his love for Simran and he sees that Simran just considers him as a good friend and she is in love with someone else. There was not the end to the tragedies in his life, he sees that when he reaches India, he not only loses his love but also his parents and what adds to it is that his friends are somehow standing against him. Movie is all about, how a man struggles for things by working hard and when he finds himself closer to his goal, things slips from his hand which somehow justifies the title -Pata Nahi Rabb Kehdeyan Rangan Ch Raazi ...<ref name=PNRKRChR/>

==Music==

Film's music was released in August 2011 but the movie's release was delayed. The music director is [[Jaidev Kumar]] and the playback singers are [[Jaspinder Narula]], [[Firoz Khan]], [[Kamal Khan (singer)|Kamal Khan]], as well as Sukhbir.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.planetpunjab.com/pata-nahi-rabb-kehdeyan-rangan-ch-raazi-overview |title=Pata Nahi Rabb Kehdeyan Rangan Ch Raazi Overview |access-date=19 February 2012 |archive-date=24 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324190406/http://www.planetpunjab.com/pata-nahi-rabb-kehdeyan-rangan-ch-raazi-overview |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Cast ==

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Actor/Actress
!Role
|-
|[[Tarun Khanna (actor)|Tarun Khanna]]||Harman Singh/Harman
|-
|[[Neeru Bajwa]]||Simran Kaur/Simran
|-
|[[Gurpreet Ghuggi]]||Triple role but mainly as Preetam Singh
|-
|[[Amar Noorie]]||Kiran
|-
|[[Rana Ranbir]]||Harman's friend
|-
|Sunita Dhir||Simran's mother
|-
|Sukhbir||Sukhbir (singing performance)
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.planetpunjab.com/pata-nahi-rabb-kehdeyan-rangan-ch-raazi-overview PlanetPunjab.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324190406/http://www.planetpunjab.com/pata-nahi-rabb-kehdeyan-rangan-ch-raazi-overview |date=24 March 2013 }}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jaidev Kumar]]

The Legacy of Mahaveer

2026-03-05T06:35:01Z

ErnestBuntine9: started a pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Legacy of Mahaveer
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Pradeep P. Jadhav & Vivek Iyer
| story = Abhishek Maloo
| producer = Abhishek Maloo
| screenplay =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Surendra Pal]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/surendra-pals-upcoming-film-1080-the-legacy-of-mahaveer-teaser-illuminates-the-essence-of-jainism/articleshow/103442807.cms?from=mdr |title=Surendra Pal's upcoming film '1080: The Legacy of Mahaveer' teaser illuminates the essence of Jainism |newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 September 2023}}</ref>
* Manish Bishla
* Sharad Gore
* Sanyog Sogani
* Aanand Dev
}}
| music = Vivian Richard & Vipin Patwa
| cinematography = Amit R. Malviya
| editing = Vijay N Panchal
| studio = Mahaveer Talkies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|10|27}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://filminformation.com/videos/trailers/the-legacy-of-mahaveer/ |title='THE LEGACY OF MAHAVEER' – Film Information |first=Film |last=Information |date=11 October 2023}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

''''' The Legacy Of Mahaveer''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi]] mythological, historical film produced by Abhishek Maloo was released in theaters on 27 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/the-legacy-of-mahaveer-trailer-released-manish-bishla-anil-lalwani-surendra-pal-film-shows-how-jainism-started-2023-10-12 |title=24वें तीर्थंकर की प्रेरक कहानी पर बनी फिल्म, ट्रेलर में दिखा अध्यात्म का अलौकिक रूप |website=Amar Ujala}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
In the era of [[Vikram Samvat]] 1080 (1023 AD), [[Jain]] [[Muni (saint)|Muni]] [[Acharya]] Vardhman Suri came to know about the evil deeds and wickedness of [[Chaitya|Chaityavaas]] supremo Suracharya, thus he teams up with his ascetic duo disciples, Jineshwar Suri and Buddhisagar, to establish faith and righteousness of [[Kharatara Gaccha|Khartargach]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.abplive.com/topic/1080-the-legacy-of-mahaveer |title=1080 The Legacy Of Mahaveer: Latest News, Photos and Videos on 1080 The Legacy Of Mahaveer |website=abplive.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
* Swayam Joshi as Shreedhar
* [[Surendra Pal]] as [[Durlabharaja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Raj Durlabh Singh]]
* Manish Bishla as Vardhman Suri
* Sharad Gore as Suracharya
* Sanyog Sogani as Bheem
* Aanand Dev as [[Purohita|Rajpurohit]]

==Production==

Under the Banner of Mahaveer Talkies the film is a Mythological, Historical drama produced by Abhishek Maloo and directed by Pradeep P. Jadhav & Vivek Iyer. The story is by Abhishek Maloo and screenplay Beybaar (formerly known as Prashant Beybaar), music is given by Vivian Richard & Vipin Patwa, lyrics by Beybaar, and Background Score by Swapnil Choudhari. Cinematography by Amit R. Malviya and Editing by Vijay N Panchal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/out-of-box/manish-bishla-anil-lalwani-surendra-pals-the-legacy-of-mahaveer-trailer-out20231011163645/ |title=Manish Bishla, Anil Lalwani, Surendra Pal's 'The Legacy of Mahaveer' trailer out}}</ref> The film has been shot at various location of [[Mumbai]], Umbergaon.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jansatta.com/entertainment/teaser-of-the-film-1080-the-legacy-of-mahavir-released-movie-will-be-released-on-27-october/2993738/ |title=फिल्म '1080-द लीगेसी ऑफ महावीर' का टीजर आया सामने, इस दिन होगी रिलीज |date=6 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.enavabharat.com/entertainment/movies/the-legacy-of-mahaveer-trailer-mahavir-swamis-life-journey-will-be-seen-in-the-film-watch-video-here-815303/ |title=The Legacy Of Mahaveer, Trailer | फिल्म 'द लीगेसी ऑफ महावीर' में महावीर स्वामी की जीवन यात्रा के प्रमुख पड़ाव नजर आएंगे, ट्रेलर रिलीज | Navabharat (नवभारत) |website=enavabharat.com |date=14 October 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/1080-the-legacy-of-mahaveer/movieshow/103782229.cms 1080 : The Legacy Of Mahaveer]
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/the-legacy-of-mahaveer/ The Legacy of Mahaveer Movie: Review | Release Date (2022) | Songs | Music | Images | Official Trailers | Videos | Photos | News - Bollywood Hungama]
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt29028448/ The Legacy of Mahaveer]
* [https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/movies/the-legacy-of-mahaveer.html The Legacy Of Mahaveer - Hindi Movie Review, Ott, Release Date, Trailer, Budget, Box Office & News - FilmiBeat]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Legacy OF Mahaveer}}
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2023 drama films]]
[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Jain mass media]]
[[Category:Indian mythology in popular culture]]
[[Category:Films set in the 11th century]]
[[Category:Śvetāmbara]]
[[Category:Mahavira]]
[[Category:Films set in Rajput kingdoms]]
[[Category:Films set in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Hindi-language films based on actual events]]

Maha Samudram

2026-03-03T09:16:53Z

ErnestBuntine9: cleanup

{{short description|2021 film directed by Ajay Bhupathi}}
{{For|the 2006 Malayalam-language film|Mahasamudram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Maha Samudram film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ajay Bhupathi]]
| producer = Ramabrahmam Sunkara
| writer = [[Ajay Bhupathi]]
| based_on =
| starring = [[Sharwanand]] [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] [[Anu Emmanuel]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Chaitan Bharadwaj]]
| cinematography = [[Raj Thota]]
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]]
| studio = [[Anil Sunkara|AK Entertainments]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|10|14|}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| runtime = 153 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/maha-samudram-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc01mzqxodi |title=Maha Samudram (2021) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=14 October 2021}}</ref>
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Maha Samudram''''' ({{Translation|'Ocean'}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[action drama film]]<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=18 September 2020 |title=Siddharth to make Telugu comeback with Maha Samudram |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siddharth-to-make-telugu-comeback-with-maha-samudram-6600720/ |access-date=23 December 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2020 |title=Anu Emmanuel roped in for Siddharth and Aditi Rao Hydari starrer Maha Samudram |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/anu-emmanuel-roped-siddharth-aditi-rao-hydari-starrer-maha-samudram/ |access-date=23 December 2020 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> written and directed by [[Ajay Bhupathi]]. It is produced by Ramabrahmam Sunkara under [[Anil Sunkara|AK Entertainments]]. It stars [[Sharwanand]], [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], [[Aditi Rao Hydari]], and [[Anu Emmanuel]]. The music is composed by [[Chaitan Bharadwaj]]. The film is set in [[Visakhapatnam]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The film was released on 14 October 2021.<ref name="new">{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=27 August 2021 |title=Sharwanand, Siddharth's Maha Samudram to release in theatres on October 14. |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sharwanand-siddharth-s-maha-samudram-to-release-in-theatres-on-october-14-new-poster-out-1845990-2021-08-27 |website=India Today}}</ref>

==Plot==
Vijay and Arjun are close friends. Vijay, an ambitious [[civil service]] aspirant with corrupt plans, is an orphan and has a girlfriend named Mahalakshmi aka Maha, who is a dance teacher. He is not serious about his relationship with Maha and lives in Arjun's house. Arjun lives with his widowed mother, who praises Vijay for being ambitious and hard-working despite being an orphan, unlike Arjun. Arjun has an uncle Chunchu Mama, who is a fisherman. Unlike Vijay, Arjun plans to start a business from his father's money accumulated before his death. Arjun meets Smitha, who misunderstands him, but realises her mistake and they start hanging out with each other and fall in love.

One day, Vijay brings Arjun to a factory of illegal drugs and explains that the factory belongs to a smuggler named Dhanunjay, who has a handicapped elder brother Gooni Babji, who created an indestructible crime syndicate. Seeing their smuggling activities, Arjun appreciates Vijay and tells him to start the investigation against them, but Vijay reveals that he joined the police force to become an influential person and partake in illegal activities to earn money. Enraged, Arjun argues with Vijay and Vijay follows Dhanunjay and ends up in their godown, where he accidentally stabs Dhanunjay. A shocked Vijay meets Arjun and Chunchu, revealing the incident. Chunchu tells him to leave for his safety. Arjun tells him to leave for the [[railway station]] and offers to bring Maha there. After they arrive, Vijay abandons them. It is revealed that Maha is pregnant with Vijay's child. Arjun brings her to his home, and along with his mother looks after her. Chunchu advises Arjun to become a smuggler to escape Babji's wrath. With much hesitation, Arjun becomes a smuggler and is blamed for Vijay's mistake. Meanwhile, Maha gives birth to a girl and names her Pooja.

Four years later, Arjun becomes the leading smuggler with Chunchu as his right hand. Maha and Pooja live with Arjun and his mother, and Maha does not reveal about Vijay to Pooja. Maha develops feelings for Arjun. Arjun arrives at the court for his case against Babji where he meets Smitha, a successful lawyer, and they start to hang out. Arjun introduces Smitha to his mother. Seeing Smitha, Maha is disappointed thinking she wants to marry him. One day, Smitha understands that Maha is in love with Arjun, and tells him to marry Maha for the sake of Maha and Pooja's happiness. Meanwhile, Vijay returns to see Maha, where he finds her with Pooja, Arjun, and his mother. Vijay misunderstands the situation where he meets Babji and finds out that Dhanunjay has not died, but does not handle their business.

Babji manipulates Vijay about his friendship with Arjun. Vijay finds out Arjun's location and goes to meet him and asks him about his family, to which Arjun says he does not need to explain to him. A fight erupts with Arjun where Vijay joins forces with Babji. He kidnaps Pooja and Chunchu, where Chunchu reveals that Pooja is Vijay's daughter and Arjun became a smuggler due to Vijay's mistakes. Heartbroken upon hearing the truth, he frees Chunchu and hugs Pooja. Vijay calls Arjun and tells him that he wants to meet him, not as an enemy but as his friend, and will hand over Pooja to him. Arjun agrees but meets with an accident caused by Babji and loses consciousness. Babji arrives with his henchmen and shoots Vijay after learning that Arjun and Vijay are reconciling and takes Pooja with him. Arjun regains consciousness and finds Vijay dead. He leaves for Babji's factory and rescues Pooja by killing Babji with Chunchu's help. Arjun, Maha, and Pooja are found on a beach having a good time where Arjun proposes to Maha, to which she accepts wholeheartedly & they live together happily.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sharwanand]] as Arjun
* [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] as Vijay
* [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] as Mahalakshmi
* [[Jagapathi Babu]] as Chunchu Mama
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Gooni Babji
* [[Ramachandra Raju]] as Danunjay
* [[Anu Emmanuel]] as Smitha
* [[Saranya Ponvannan]] as Arjun's mother
* [[Harsha Chemudu]] as Arjun's friend
* [[Aditi Pohankar]] as Revathi (credited uncutversion)
* Ooha Reddy as Pooja
* Anand Ramaraju as Gabari
* Nanduri Srinivas as Priest
* Prabhu as SI
* [[Goparaju Ramana]] as Lakshmipathi
* Himanshu Kushwaha
}}

== Production ==
In 2019, Ajay Bhupati mentioned in an interview a film with [[Bellamkonda Sreenivas]] in the lead.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ajay Bhupathi's 'Maha Samudram' with Bellamkonda Sreenivas is a multi-starrer? - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ajay-bhupathis-maha-samudram-with-bellamkonda-sreenivas-is-a-multi-starrer/articleshow/67990738.cms |access-date=23 December 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> However, in early 2020, a bilingual film starring [[Sharwanand]] and [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] was announced. [[Naga Chaitanya]] and [[Samantha Akkineni]] were also considered for the lead roles, but this did not materialise.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balach |first=Logesh |date=18 September 2020 |title=Maha Samudram: Siddharth and Sharwanand come together for Ajay Bhupathi's bilingual |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/maha-samudram-siddharth-and-sharwanand-come-together-for-ajay-bhupati-s-bilingual-1722966-2020-09-18 |access-date=23 December 2020 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2020, [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] and [[Anu Emmanuel]] were cast in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2020 |title=Aditi Rao Hydari cast in bilingual film Maha Samudram, also starring Sharwanand and Siddharth |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/aditi-rao-hydari-cast-in-bilingual-film-maha-samudram-also-starring-sharwanand-and-siddharth-8904911.html |access-date=23 December 2020 |website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2020 |title=Anu Emmanuel joins the cast of upcoming Telugu-Tamil bilingual Maha Samudram |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/anu-emmanuel-joins-the-cast-of-upcoming-telugu-tamil-bilingual-maha-samudram/story-82OyLNZiQFMupASEbkuk7L.html |access-date=23 December 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> [[Chaitan Bharadwaj]] who previously composed music for the films [[RX 100 (film)|''RX 100'']] (2018) and ''[[SR Kalyanamandapam]]'' (2021), was signed for film's soundtrack. After [[Jabardasth (film)|''Jabardasth'']] (2013), Siddharth made a straight comeback to Telugu cinema after 8 years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 September 2020 |title=Siddharth returns to Telugu cinema with 'Maha Samudram' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/siddharth-in-telugu-film-maha-samudram/article32637969.ece |access-date=23 December 2020 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com"/> The film was originally intended to be shot simultaneously in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sharwanand's next in Tamil titled Maha Samudram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sharwanands-next-in-tamil-titled-mahasamudram/articleshow/77973580.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2021 |title=Siddharth-Sharwanand's bilingual film 'Maha Samudram' to release in August |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/siddharth-sharwanands-bilingual-film-maha-samudram-release-august-142603 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> However, the Tamil version was subsequently dropped in favour of a dubbed release.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81509786 |title=Watch Maha Samudram (Tamil) | Netflix |website=[[Netflix]]}}</ref>

The [[principal photography]] of the film began on 7 December 2020<ref>{{Cite news |title=The shooting begins for Siddharth, Sharwanand, and Aditi Rao Hydari starrer Maha Samudram - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-shooting-begins-for-siddharth-sharwanand-and-aditi-rao-hydari-starrer-maha-samudram/articleshow/79610144.cms |access-date=23 December 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped up]] on 9 July 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Siddharth and Sharwanand's Maha Samudram shoot wrapped, new poster out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siddharth-and-sharwanand-s-maha-samudram-shoot-wrapped-new-poster-out-1825872-2021-07-09 |date=9 July 2021 |access-date=10 July 2021 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Maha Samudram wraps up shoot |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/090721/maha-samudram-wraps-up-shoot.html |date=9 July 2021 |access-date=10 July 2021 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Maha Samudram
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Chaitan Bharadwaj]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 24 October 2020 (Jukebox)
| recorded = 2020
| venue =
| studio = Tweaknob Studios Studio 47 Studio H
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]], [[Romance film|Romance]]
| length = {{Duration|m=18|s=42}}
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = Chaitan Bharadwaj
| prev_title = [[SR Kalyanamandapam]]
| prev_year = 2021
| year = 2021
| next_title = [[Vinaro Bhagyamu Vishnu Katha]]
| next_year = 2023
| chronology =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|3WmOUcBwa-A|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

The songs were composed by Chaitan Bharadwaj.
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Hey Rambha Rambha
| lyrics1 = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]
| extra1 = [[Chaitan Bharadwaj]]
| length1 = 3:33
| title2 = Cheppake Cheppake
| lyrics2 = Chaitanya Prasad
| extra2 = Deepthi Parthasarathy
| length2 = 4:43
| title3 = Hey Thikamaka Modale
| lyrics3 = Kittu Vissapragada
| extra3 = Haricharan, Nutana Mohan
| length3 = 3:54
| title4 = Jagadale Raani
| lyrics4 = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]
| extra4 = [[Vedala Hemachandra]]
| length4 = 3:19
| title5 = Manasu Marige Mounamgane
| lyrics5 = Chaitanya Prasad
| extra5 = Gowtham Bharadwaj
| length5 = 3:13
| title6 =
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 =
| length6 =
| title7 =
| lyrics7 =
| extra7 =
| length7 =
| all_writing =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| total_length = 17.62
}}

== Release ==
The film was initially scheduled to be released on 19 August 2021, but was postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/maha-samudram-release-date-sharwanand-siddharth-and-aditi-to-arrive-on-august-19/articleshow/80598308.cms |title='Maha Samudram' release date: Sharwanand, Siddharth and Aditi to arrive on August 19 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In August 2021, the new release date was announced as 14 October 2021.<ref name="new" />

==References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|13131798}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 action drama films]]
[[Category:2021 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chaitan Bharadwaj]]

Maha Prabhu

2026-03-03T04:49:19Z

ErnestBuntine9: Adding Basic Details From Scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Maha Prabhu.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]]
| writer = A. Venkatesh [[Pattukkottai Prabakar]] (dialogues)
| producer = Janaki Devi
| starring = {{ubl|[[R. Sarathkumar]]|[[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]]|[[Vineetha]]}}
| cinematography = D. Vijayagopal
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Sri Sai Theja Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1996|01|26}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Maha Prabhu''''' is a 1996 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[masala film]] directed by [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]], making his directorial debut. The film stars [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] and [[Vineetha]]. It was released on 26 January 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |title=maha prabhu ( 1996 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=maha%20prabhu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029131127/http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=maha%20prabhu |archive-date=29 October 2006 |access-date=20 January 2013 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Shanmugavel, a corrupt and influential politician, is operating with impunity, and even the police can't touch him for his crimes. His son Bhaskar is spreading terror among college students and professors, doing dirty work like killings for his father's illegal trades. Bhaskar attempts to kill honest minister Deivamurugan by implanting a bomb, but it ends up killing another politician instead. Bhaskar's men then direct the minister to hoist a flag, and despite the tight security provided by honest police officer Eswarapandiyan, they manage to kill the minister.

Meanwhile, Dhamodaran "Dhamu" is selling black cinema tickets alongside his friends Sethu and Vicky. Dhamu is known for being an angry man who frequently fights with the government for basic amenities in his slum. Jothi, Dhamu's neighbour, is in love with him, but he doesn't reciprocate her feelings. Mahalakshmi "Maha", an orphan, moves into the house opposite Dhamu's and joins as a lecturer in the college where Bhaskar is causing trouble. Bhaskar verbally humiliates Maha on her first day, while Dhamu develops feelings for her. When Dhamu comes to drop Maha off at college, Bhaskar and Dhamu clash, and Bhaskar sends his goons to attack Dhamu. However, Dhamu subdues them all. Dhamu's mother, Vellaiyamma, asks him to leave violence, and he promises to do so.

Dhamu then attempts to propose to Maha, and she expresses her desire for a husband like him. Inspired, Dhamu leaves his black ticket-selling business and mends his ways, impressing Maha. He starts working at a two-wheeler mechanic shop. As Dhamu and Maha's love grows, Jothi sacrifices her love for Dhamu and decides to marry another man. Eswarapandiyan confronts Shanmugavel, determined to arrest him for the brutal rape and murder of a girl. In retaliation, Shanmugavel brutally kills Eswarapandiyan's wife, Uma, in front of him. Shanmugavel spares Eswarapandiyan's life but cuts off one of his legs, intending to intimidate other police officers. Meanwhile, Bhaskar loses the college's chairman election and mistakenly assumes that Maha motivated students not to vote for him. Seeking revenge, Bhaskar announces that he'll publicly molest Maha. Fearing Bhaskar's wrath, Maha takes a few days' leave from college. Unable to share her fears with Dhamu, who has promised his mother to avoid violence, Maha considers leaving town.

However, Dhamu stops her and decides to fight Bhaskar, supported by his mother, Vellaiyamma. When Bhaskar and his henchmen arrive to molest Maha, the corrupt police officer removes Dhamu from the scene. Vellaiyamma tries to protect Maha but is beaten and pushed into a sewer. In a desperate bid to protect her modesty, Maha sets herself on fire. Dhamu escapes from police custody and rushes to the scene, only to discover the dead bodies of Maha and Vellaiyamma. Consumed by rage, Dhamu brutally beats and kills Bhaskar by suffocating him in the sewer and burning his half-dead body. Dhamu is later arrested by the police and subjected to torture in custody. Shanmugavel taunts Dhamu, challenging him to kill him. However, Eswarapandiyan saves Dhamu from police custody, and they team up with others who have suffered at Shanmugavel's hands. Together, they start detonating and ruining Shanmugavel's illegal properties. Shanmugavel seeks protection from the DGP, but Eswarapandiyan kidnaps the DGP at gunpoint and confronts Shanmugavel at his industry.

A violent shootout ensues between Dhamu and Shanmugavel's henchmen, and Dhamu manages to overpower them and hold Shanmugavel captive. Dhamu questions the police about whether a corrupt and influential person like Shanmugavel would be punished by the law, but the police remain silent. In the end, Dhamu kills Shanmugavel in public, avenging the deaths of his mother and lover, Maha. Simultaneously, Eswarapandiyan shoots Shanmugavel, avenging the death of his wife, Uma, and the mutilation of his leg.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[R. Sarathkumar]] as Dhamodaran "Dhamu"
*[[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] as Mahalakshmi "Maha"
*[[Vineetha]] as Jothi
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Vellaiyamma, Dhamu's mother
*[[Sarath Babu]] as Eswarapandiyan
*[[Goundamani]] as Sethu
*[[Senthil]] as Vicky
*[[Rajan P. Dev]] as Shanmugavel
*[[Vaishnavi (Malayali actress)|Vaishnavi]] as Uma, Eswarapandiyan's wife
*[[Shiju]] as Bhaskar (credited as Vishal)
*Kannan as a [[Chief minister (India)|Chief minister]]
*[[Samikannu]] as Shanmugavel's servant
*[[Ennatha Kannaiya]] as a politician
*[[Ajay Rathnam]] as a corrupt inspector
*[[K. K. Soundar]] as Jothi's father
*[[Kumarimuthu]] as Gnana Kannan
*[[Kovai Senthil]] as a salesman
*[[Nellai Siva]] as a local politician
*[[Mahendran (actor)|Master Mahendran]] as a young boy in the slum
*[[Vikram Krishna]] in a cameo appearance as a visitor in the theatre (uncredited)
*[[Alphonsa (actress)|Alphonsa]] as Saroja, a dancer in the song "Kadalai Enna" (uncredited)
}}

== Production ==
Despite the film ''[[I Love India]]'' (1993) failing at the box-office, star Sarathkumar decided to collaborate again with the same producer for another film which eventually became ''Maha Prabhu''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=சிவா |date=21 September 2023 |title=ஃபிளாப்புக்காக மறுபடி ஒரு படம்!. ஆனா சரத்குமார் செஞ்ச வேலையில சின்னாபின்னமான விஷால் அப்பா!.. |trans-title=A film again for a flop!. But Vishal's father is ruined by Sarathkumar's work.. |url=https://cinereporters.com/sarathkumar-made-vishal-father-wait-for-long-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250521105757/https://cinereporters.com/what-happened-to-dhanush-idly-kadai-movie-why-opposes-in-tamil-cinema/ |archive-date=21 May 2025 |access-date=21 May 2025 |website=Cinereporters.com |language=ta}}</ref> The film marked the directorial debut of A. Venkatesh and it was reported to be based on a real life event which happened when he worked as a reporter for ''[[Maalai Malar]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=8 May 1994 |title=இந்தியா விற்பனைக்கா? |trans-title=Is India for sale? |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1994-05-08/kalki1994-05-08.pdf |access-date=19 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=32–34 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 1995 |title=Mahaprabhu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/mahaprabhu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1577992028 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519044504/https://music.apple.com/in/album/mahaprabhu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1577992028 |archive-date=19 May 2023 |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahaprabhu – Veeramani Tamil Audio CD |url=https://banumass.com/shop/mahaprabhu-veeramani-tamil-audio-cd-tamil-pyramid-audio-cd/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602091823/https://banumass.com/shop/mahaprabhu-veeramani-tamil-audio-cd-tamil-pyramid-audio-cd/ |archive-date=2 June 2023 |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=Banumass}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Baava Vaa" || [[S. Janaki]], [[Shahul Hameed]] || 4:39
|-
| "Jackie Chan" || [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || 6:02
|-
| "Kadalai Enna" || [[Gangai Amaran]], S. Janaki || 4:43
|-
| "Myna, Myna" || S. Janaki, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] || 4:55
|-
| "Missy Missy Dol" || Mano, [[Swarnalatha]] || 4:20
|-
| "Sollavaa" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Sunandha || 4:03
|}

== Critical reception ==
D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The action sequences are tightly edited (Lenin and V. T. Vijayan) and framed (camera: T. Vijayagopal) right from the start and the screenplay of the director, backed by his dialogue, make it worth the time".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=16 February 1996 |title=Cinema: Meendum Savithri/Mahaprabhu/Amman Koil Vasalilae/Yuddham |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960217/03/1627a.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961221105200/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960217/03/1627a.html |archive-date=21 December 1996 |access-date=12 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=27}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Senthil's dialogue "No Comments Simbly Waste" entered Tamil vernacular, often used by people when tired of responding to questions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=U |first=Saradha |date=15 February 2022 |title=Enna Koduma Saravanan Idhu: Tamil film dialogues that are part of everyday lingo |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/enna-koduma-saravanan-idhu-tamil-film-dialogues-are-part-everyday-lingo-160997 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314083913/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/enna-koduma-saravanan-idhu-tamil-film-dialogues-are-part-everyday-lingo-160997 |archive-date=14 March 2022 |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{A. Venkatesh (director)}}

[[Category:1990s masala films]]
[[Category:1996 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1996 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:1996 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=May 2025}}

Aridhu Aridhu

2026-03-03T02:57:03Z

ErnestBuntine9: expanded content

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image =
| caption = Poster
| director = K. R. Mathivanan
| producer = Jayakrishnan
| writer =
| starring = [[Harish Kalyan]] Uttara Raj Abdul Hakeem [[Hariraj]]
| music = [[Thaman S]]
| cinematography = C.T Arul Selvan
| editing = S. P. Ahamad
| studio = JK Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|12|24}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Aridhu Aridhu''''' ({{lit|Rare, Rare}}; {{translation|Infrequent}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film written and directed by K. R. Mathivanan in his maiden venture. The film, produced by Jaya Krishnan under the banner name of JK Creations, stars [[Harish Kalyan]] and Uttara Raj, making her debut. [[Thaman S]] has scored the music. The film was released on 24 December 2010, during the Christmas weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2010 |title=Friday Fury- December 24 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-december-24-news-tamil-kmykdTehfib.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226232753/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-december-24-news-tamil-kmykdTehfib.html |archive-date=26 December 2010 |access-date=19 October 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
A father is a neurosurgeon diagnosed with phonophobia kills those who make sound. He killed the mother and then targets his son which he unfortunately fell victim and was eventually lobotomised ending up as mute. When the doctor is pressured through an investigation with a Human Rights group regarding his son’s condition, he flees to Australia and within a few days, loses his son in the crowd.

The youngster falls in the hands of a pretty young NRI girl, who takes him around the streets of Australia to find his loved ones. Not knowing anything about him, the girl struggles to take care of him but soon falls in love with him.

A terrorist group that grooms suicide bombers has a member in the group who does not agree with the groups’ terrorist activities. Although he is against the idea of killing innocent people, he is unable to get out of the situation as the group is giving a huge pay-out to his family to help them with their dire financial state. He decides to get someone else to replace him, to carry out the deed.

He soon spots the son and the girl and notices his unresponsive nature. He decides to use him for his mission and straps a bomb on the son's body during a public park event. The son has unfortunately fallen victim by the terrorist group. The film ends with a long note of anti-terrorism and discourages people from taking innocent lives in the name of religion.

==Cast==
The names of the characters are not mentioned in the film.

* [[Harish Kalyan]] as the son
* Uttara Raj as the NRI
* Abdul Hakeem as the leader of the terrorist group
* [[Hariraj]] as the father

== Production ==
''Aridhu Aridhu'' is the directorial debut of Mathivannan, previously an assistant director under [[S. Shankar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2010 |title=KR Mathivannan goes gaga over his next! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/KR-Mathivannan-goes-gaga-over-his-next/articleshow/7118308.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251018085324/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/KR-Mathivannan-goes-gaga-over-his-next/articleshow/7118308.cms |archive-date=18 October 2025 |access-date=3 October 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=25 December 2010 |title=Itsy Bitsy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Itsy-Bitsy/article15608196.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820231345/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Itsy-Bitsy/article15608196.ece |archive-date=20 August 2023 |access-date=3 October 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Uttara, who won a New Zealand beauty pageant, made her acting debut as the lead actress.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=18 December 2010 |title=Shankar's associate debuts |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/dec/18/shankars-associate-debuts-212184.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251018122756/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/dec/18/shankars-associate-debuts-212184.html |archive-date=18 October 2025 |access-date=3 October 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aridhu Aridhu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[S. Thaman]]
| cover =
| released = 2010
| recorded = 2010
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 21:39
| label = Five Star Audio
| producer = S. Thaman
| prev_title = [[Mundhinam Paartheney]]
| prev_year = 2010
| next_title = [[Ayyanar (film)|Ayyanar]]
| next_year = 2010
}}

The music of the film, composed by [[Thaman]] was released in June 2010 at [[Sathyam Cinemas]], Chennai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=14 June 2010 |title=Aridhu Aridhu Musical Launch |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/2010/jun/14/aridhu-aridhu-musical-launch-107.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212105919/https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/2010/jun/14/aridhu-aridhu-musical-launch-107.html |archive-date=12 December 2024 |access-date=15 April 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The lyrics are written by the director K. R. Mathivanan himself.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=26 June 2010 |title=Two to listen to |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Two-to-listen-to/article16268121.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202195832/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Two-to-listen-to/article16268121.ece |archive-date=2 February 2020 |access-date=3 October 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:53
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = Oh Lalali
| extra1 = [[Suchitra]], Chorus
| length1 = 4:28
| title2 = Kanavugal Edhuvarai
| extra2 = [[Benny Dayal]], S. Thaman
| length2 = 4:19
| title3 = Azhagaai Sirithaayada
| extra3 = S. Thaman, K. R. Mathivanan, Chorus
| length3 = 4:43
| title4 = Saturday Girlodu
| extra4 = [[Ujjayinee Roy|Ujjainee]], Chorus
| length4 = 4:12
| title5 = Missing Something
| extra5 = [[Rita Thyagarajan|Rita]], Chorus
| length5 = 4:59
| title6 = Un Uyirai
| extra6 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length6 = 4:12
}}

== Critical reception ==
A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "The script is intriguing, and the director adopts an unconventional narrative style. More of an [[experimental film]], it would be of interest to a discerning viewer".<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2011 |title=Aridhu Aridhu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2011/jan/05/aridhu-aridhu-216632.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219090524/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2011/jan/05/aridhu-aridhu-216632.html |archive-date=19 February 2024 |access-date=26 January 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' wrote that Hariraj, who makes viewers sit upright in the very first dialogue, would have been talked about even more if he had shown it more effectively in the screenplay and direction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2011 |title=அரிது அரிது |url=https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=238 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219083042/https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=238 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |access-date=17 October 2025 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2010 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

1924 Kohat riots

2026-02-27T08:21:55Z

ErnestBuntine9: refined information for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
The '''1924 Kohat riots''' happened in the [[Kohat]] town of the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]], [[British India]] in 1924. In three days (9–11 September) of rioting, official statistics peg the number of casualties among [[Hindus]] and [[Sikhs]] at more than thrice that of [[Muslims]]; almost the entire Hindu population had to be evacuated to [[Rawalpindi]].

== Background ==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
|+ Religion in Kohat City (1921 census)<ref name="Kohat1921">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1921-26575918/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1921 VOLUME XIV NORTH-WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE|access-date=9 February 2023}}</ref>{{rp|340–342}}
! rowspan="2" |Religion
|-
!Population
!Percentage
|-
| [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 18,898
|{{Percentage | 18898 | 27853 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
| 5,796
|{{Percentage | 5796 | 27853 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 2,139
|{{Percentage | 2139 | 27853 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 1,020
|{{Percentage | 1020 | 27853 | 2 }}
|-
! Total Population{{efn|Includes total Municipality and [[Cantonment]] population.}}
! 27,853
!{{Percentage | 27853 | 27853 | 2 }}
|}
In the 1921 census, Kohat had a population of about 8,000 Hindus and Sikhs{{Efn|Army garrisons stationed in the city were counted too. The resident population was lower.<ref name=":0" />}}, and 19,000 Muslims.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=McGinn |first1=Patrick |date=1 November 1986 |title=Communalism and the North-West Frontier Province: the Kohat Riots, 9–10 September 1924 |journal=South Asia Research |language=en |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=139–158 |doi=10.1177/026272808600600204 |issn=0262-7280 |s2cid=145791223}}</ref> Much of the bureaucracy was composed of Muslims.<ref name=":0" /> The Hindus were economically dominant: income tax records of the same year note indicate they paid four times as much tax as Muslims.<ref name=":0" /> Prior to the twentieth century, says Patrick McGinn, relations between the two religious communities were peaceful and exhibited multiple instances of cooperation.<ref name=":0" />

However, with the turn of the century, waves of religiopolitical consciousness swept Kohat.<ref name=":0" /> With the [[Indian independence movement|Indian Nationalist Movement]] being extensively Hindu-ised, subcontinental Muslims sought out faith-based avenues for political aspirations.<ref name=":0" /> After the disintegration of the [[Khilafat Movement]], local Ulema had rebranded themselves as defenders of Islam.<ref name=":0" /> Aggressive efforts by [[Arya Samaj]] stirred communal tensions in no insignificant manner either — in 1907, Provincial Commissioner H. Deane held the Arya Samaj to be primarily responsible for the sudden rise in religious antagonism. A minor riot broke out in 1909.<ref name=":0" />

In June 1924, the son of Sardar Makan Singh eloped with a Muslim girl and the affair was communalised.<ref name=":0" /> In early August, the editor of ''Guru Ghantal''—a Hindu Newspaper based in [[Lahore]] and having a large audience in Kohat—was prosecuted for publishing inflammatory articles attacking Islam.{{Efn|One such poem (published 7 July) mentioned the days of Islam to be numbered, that it was a false religion.<ref name=":0" />}}<ref name=":0" /> This was the culmination of a months-long partisan tirade in the press where Hindus claimed to be speaking out against forced conversions{{Efn|In an interview to Gandhi, Kamal Jailane estimated that about 150 Hindus were converted every year in Kohat for the last four-five years.<ref name=":0" />}} and Muslims against dishonour of their religion.<ref name=":0" /> The same month, Muslims lodged protests against the proposed construction of a bathing [[ghat]] for Hindu women in the vicinity of a Muslim neighborhood; the government{{efn|More particularly, a Muslim commissioner.}} adjudicated the dispute in favour of Hindus on 2 September.<ref name=":0" /> Overall, in the opinion of Patrick McGinn, the dominant discourse in the town on the eve of the riot smacked of competitive [[Communalism (South Asia)|communalism]].<ref name=":0" />

== Riot ==

=== Prelude ===
The immediate trigger of the dispute was a defaming poem written about Krishna during Janmastami and the retaliation by Jiwan Das—secretary of the local branch of ''[[Sanatana Dharma Sabha|Sanatan Dharm Sabha]]''—publishing a pamphlet of [[Bhajan|''bhajans'']], titled ''Krishan Sandesh'', on the occasion of [[Krishna Janmashtami]], 22 August.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Lambert |first=Richard D. |title=Hindu-Muslim Riots |publisher=Oxford University Press Pakistan |year=2013 |isbn=9780199068593 |location=Lahore |pages=89–90}}</ref> One particular ''bhajan'', allegedly written by a poet from [[Jammu]], gave calls to evict all Muslims to Arabia and to construct a Vishnu Temple at [[Kaaba]].<ref name=":0" />{{efn|McGinn contends the publication to have been a calculated strategy to provoke the Muslim community and attract Hindus to their fold.<ref name=":0" /> Nair finds the publication to be an indicator of how deep the political and religious spheres had become entwined.<ref name="Nair" />}} The poem was brought to broader public attention on the occasion of a Muslim funeral, on 1 September.<ref name=":0" /> Enraged Muslims held meetings in mosques against the "gross defamation" of Islam, and fanatical preachers from outside arrived in Kohat.<ref name=":0" /> With tensions escalating rapidly, the Dharm Sabha argued but to little effect that the poem was a response to an anti-Hindu poem published in the May issue of ''Lahaul'', where Muslims were urged to incinerate holy texts of infidels and desecrate their shrines to obliterate their existence.<ref name=":0" />{{Efn|Initially, Das feigned ignorance about the contents. However, later investigations shew that not only was he in constant touch with the printers but also had read them aloud in their congregations.<ref name="Nair">{{Cite book |last=Nair |first=Neeti |title=Changing Homelands: Hindu Politics and the Partition of India |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2011 |language=en |chapter=Negotiating a Minority Status}}</ref>}}

Finally, on 2 September at a public meeting in Town Hall, Hindu leaders offered apologies blaming [[The Young Turks|the young turks]], sought pardon, and promised to tear the particular page off the pamphlets; a resolution was published to the same effect and dispatched to the government as well as Muslim leaders.<ref name=":0" /> While the meeting had ended in an amicable resolution, certain Muslim leaders—Maulvi Ahmed Gul,{{Efn|Gul was the Secretary of the local Khilafat committee, when it was disbanded.<ref name=":0" />}} Qazi Miraj Din et al—did not approve of it.<ref name=":0" /> The following day, they moved demonstrations before police superintendent Lillie and assistant commissioner S. Ahmed Khan, forcing the latter to take Das into preventive detention.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Khan assured the irate crowd of Das's prosecution and ordered a public burning of all copies of ''Krishan Sandesh''.<ref name=":0" /> However, the pamphlet had a cover image of Krishna alongside an engraving of ''[[om]]'', and Hindus objected to the burning by observing a day-long bandh which was withdrawn upon Deputy Commissioner Reilly threatening to arrest the organizer.<ref name=":1" />

While no significant developments transpired till the following week, the situation was rapidly deteriorating — on 7 September, Hindus would petition Chief Commissioner of the Province, K. N. Bolton about the precarities they faced and bias of Khan, "a Muslim".<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Nair" /> On 8 September, Das was let off on bail by Reily, subject to the condition that he might not enter the district until the trial started — Reilly gathered intelligence about Muslims flocking onto neighboring villages ahead of the scheduled trial and devised the release to delay the inevitable confrontation that would have happened on Hindus paying the bail-bond and securing Das' release.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Nair" /> On ground, the effects ran opposite with Muslim clerics spreading rumors about how Das has been acquitted.<ref name=":0" /> Everybody was asked to attend the evening congregational prayers at Haji Bahadur Mosque where preachers gave incendiary speeches about protecting Islam from enemies, and threatened to engage in tunes with ''[[Sharia]]'' unless their demands were met by next morning;<ref name=":0" /> Ahmed Gul and a few others pleaded for sanity but to little avail.<ref name="Nair" /> Police informants note that the crowd was invigorated and even took the ''talaq'' oath.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Armed contingents of Muslims paraded the city through the night.<ref name=":0" />

=== Events ===
In the morning of 9 September, a Muslim crowd, exceeding the strength of a thousand and mostly composed of young boys, demonstrated before Reilly and compelled him to let Khan start an immediate inquiry.<ref name=":0" />{{efn|Around the same time, the Dharm Sabha invoked Reilly's attention to the mass mobilization of Muslims and received police for protection of Hindu neighborhoods.<ref name="Nair" />}} While a majority of the crowd proceeded with Khan, a part chose to return to their homes via the bazaar which had a few Hindu houses.<ref name=":0" /> A fracas ensued which resulted in a Muslim boy being shot dead and several others wounded as Hindus opened fire from roof-tops.<ref name=":0" /> What triggered the firing is disputed with Hindus accusing the crowd of pelting local shops and torching Makan Singh's property but Muslims maintaining that a few boys had merely engaged in aggressive posturing in front of Hindu shops and were already being driven out by the police.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> At about 12:30 P.M., local army regiments were brought in, and as fire and looting raged on, more support was called.<ref name="Nair" /> Street-fighting raged on till about 7 PM, when the local police finally managed to exert control with aid from the nearby army regiments, and drove away the crowd.<ref name=":0" /> The military forces were then assigned to guarding the city perimeters.

The next morning, thousands of Muslims from neighboring villages infiltrated into Kohat — by as many as thirteen breaches in the perimeter wall — and by afternoon, the Hindu neighborhood was surrounded from all sides.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Notwithstanding police efforts in driving away the mob and Hindu retaliations, the neighborhood caught fire and most of the Hindus had to leave their homes — often with assistance from the administration, who set up camps —{{efn|Some were even sheltered by local Muslims.}} , allowing the mob to have a free run and decimate whatever feeble resistance was offered by those who had refused to leave.<ref name=":0" /> The mob engaged in extensive looting and arson before being cleared in the late evening.<ref name=":0" /> It took a week to douse the flames in light of the inflammable nature of buildings and gross inadequacy of fire-fighting systems.<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+Casualties:<ref name=":0" />
!
!Dead
!Injured
!Missing
!Net
|-
|Hindu
|12
|86
|13
|111
|-
|Muslim
|11
|23
|0
|34
|}
Official records pegged net casualties at 145 — Hindus bore the disproportionate share.<ref name=":0" /> By 15 September, almost the entire Hindu population chose to migrate out to [[Rawalpindi]] with only 155 choosing to stay.<ref name=":0" />

== Investigation ==
On 22 September, Foreign Secretary [[Denys Bray]] visited Kohat and held the Muslims responsible for triggering the riot. Local Hindus accused the Muslim-dominated administration of rampant mismanagement and bias; Bray agreed, expressing scorn over the lackaidisical response of the police machinery even in face of the talaq oath, and found the armed forces to have been complicit in looting. Reilly rejected Bray's accusations of mismanagement and emphasized that no administration would be able to quell a riot in the Frontier Province, shall a minority community [Hindus] choose to "infuriate the majority [Muslims] by gross insults to their religion" and then proceed to "shoot down small unarmed boys"; he added that the unusually fast spread of fire played the determining role in the riot.

By late September, it was decided that a European magistrate would initiate an inquiry into the riot and Bolton was chosen for the role;{{Efn|Bolton had been the Deputy Commissioner of Kohat from 1909 to 1910.}} Viceroy [[Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading|Rufus Isaacs]] remarked to Bolton, in private, that as the government has been already subject to severe criticism, and his report shall be detailed enough to address such concerns but strategic enough to not hamper Hindu-Muslim relations in the subcontinent. The inquiry commenced by the first week of October and by 10 October, a draft report had been prepared. Bolton found Khan's theatrical incineration of the pamphlet unwise and reiterated Bray's grievance about the failure to recognize the enormity of the talaq oath.

== Aftermath ==
The migrant population attempted to curry favors with Hindu Nationalist parties in the mainland and requested that the government station a Hindu garrison in Kohat. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] insisted in particular that the Hindus shall not return to Kohat, until the Government compensated them for damages incurred in the riot and assured them safety.<ref name=":0" />{{efn|To Gandhi, the Kohat situation was emblematic not only of the British Government's errors of omission and commission that fanned religious riots but also of the cruel treatment met out to refugees on a pan-India basis. Visiting Rawalpindi in December, he lashed out at the local bureaucracy for exhibiting rank callousness and incompetency in its disregard for Hindu insecurities, as lodged on the 6th; the administration's refusal to arrange for food of the refugees in Rawalpindi drew ire too.<ref name=":0" />}} It would be January 1925 before Hindus started trickling back in — a resolution adopted by "representatives" of Hindu, Muslim, and Sikh community on 19 January agreed to return all property to their rightful owners, restore all desecrated shrines, withdraw all ongoing cases (incl. against Das), and ensure harmonious conduct in future.<ref name=":0" /> The government stood steadfast on refusing compensation but disbursed voluminous loans to the afflicted.<ref name=":0" />{{Efn|The loans would be remitted in 1938.}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1924 Kohat Riots}}
[[Category:20th century in North-West Frontier Province]]
[[Category:Kohat District]]
[[Category:1924 in India|Kohat Riots, 1924]]
[[Category:20th-century Hinduism]]
[[Category:1924 riots]]
[[Category:Anti-Hindu violence in British India]]
[[Category:September 1924 in Asia]]

Jawai Bandh Leopard Conservation Reserve

2026-02-22T22:10:02Z

ErnestBuntine9: made initial details initial version

{{Short description|Protected area in Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}{{Infobox protected area
| name = Jawai Bandh Leopard Conservation Reserve
| iucn_category =
| image = Jawai Leopard Hills Safari-02.jpg
| image_caption = 2 Leopards in Jawai Bandh area
| map = Rajasthan#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|25|05|26|N|73|08|58|E}}
| location = Sumerpur tehsil, Pali district, Rajasthan, India
| area_km2 = 19.79
| established = 23 February 2010
| governing_body = Rajasthan Forest Department
| nearest_town = Bera
}}

'''Jawai Bandh Leopard Conservation Reserve''' is a protected conservation reserve located in the [[Sumerpur tehsil]] of [[Pali district]] in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="RFD">{{cite web |url=https://forest.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/forest/en/aboutus/departmental-wings/wild-life1/public-information/details-of-protected-area-/jawai-bandh-leopard-conservation-reserve-ii.html |title=Jawai Bandh Leopard Conservation Reserve-II |publisher=Rajasthan Forest Department |accessdate=7 May 2025}}</ref> Covering an area of {{cvt|19.79|sqkm}}, it was formally notified on 23 February 2010 to safeguard the region’s unique cave-dwelling leopard population.<ref name="TOI2010">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/at-leopard-conservation-site-roar-of-tourism-is-muted-by-mining-neglect/articleshow/104932856.cms |title=At leopard conservation site, roar of tourism is muted by mining, neglect |work=The Times of India |date=3 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Rajasthan: Leopard reserves that are every wildlife enthusiast’s dream destinations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/rajasthan-leopard-reserves-that-are-every-wildlife-enthusiasts-dream-destinations/articleshow/111090316.cms |access-date=2025-05-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kunzru |first=Hari |date=2015-05-08 |title=Life Among the Leopards |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/08/t-magazine/life-among-the-leopards-jawai-india.html |access-date=2025-05-08 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:JAWAI_BANDH_LAKE.jpg|right|452x452px]]
It takes its name from the nearby [[Jawai Dam]], an earthen-and-masonry structure on the [[Jawai River]] (a tributary of the [[Luni River]]), constructed in 1956–57 by the Rajasthan Water Resources Department. The reserve’s terrain consists of granite outcrops, caves, scrubland and river valleys, providing natural retreats for leopards and other fauna.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thournatureresorts.com/blog/jawai-bandh-leopard-conservation-reserve/ |title=Jawai Leopard Conservation Reserve – A Complete Guide |publisher=Thour Nature Resorts |date=April 2025 |accessdate=7 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-19 |title=Leopard that strayed from Pakistan to be moved to Jawai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jodhpur/leopard-that-strayed-from-pakistan-to-be-moved-to-jawai/articleshow/110245235.cms |access-date=2025-05-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Flora and fauna==
Vegetation is dominated by dry deciduous and thorn forests, with species such as ''[[Ziziphus mauritiana]]'' (ber), ''[[Vachellia nilotica]]'' (kikar) and native grasses.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thournatureresorts.com/blog/history-of-jawai-bandh/ |title=History of Jawai Bandh, Rajasthan |publisher=Thour Nature Resorts |date=May 2025 |accessdate=7 May 2025}}</ref>
The reserve hosts one of India’s highest leopard densities, estimated at 50–60 individuals.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jawaileopardsafari.org/about-jawai/ |title=About Jawai: Where Leopards Roam |publisher=Jawai Leopard Safaris |accessdate=7 May 2025}}</ref> Other mammals include [[striped hyena]] (''Hyaena hyaena''), [[jungle cat]] (''Felis chaus''), [[nilgai]] (''Boselaphus tragocamelus'') and [[mugger crocodile]] (''Crocodylus palustris'').
The artificial reservoir and adjacent wetlands attract migratory birds such as [[bar-headed goose]] (''Anser indicus'') and [[demoiselle crane]] (''Grus virgo'') during winter months.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rajras.in/jawai-bandh-conservation-reserve/ |title=Jawai Bandh Conservation Reserve |publisher=RajRAS |accessdate=7 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://rajras.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Rivers-Lakes-and-Dams-of-Rajasthan.pdf |title=Rivers, Lakes & Dams of Rajasthan |publisher=RajRAS |page=64 |accessdate=7 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-28 |title=Exploring Rajasthan: the heritage, tribes and wildlife of the desert |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/lifestyle/travel-hotels/article/3260159/explore-rajasthan-luxury-tribes-and-vibes-indias-desert-oasis-stay-sujan-jawai-sujan-serai-and-mihir |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Jawai_Bandh4.jpg|alt=Jawai_Bandh4|thumb|450x450px]]
[[File:Predators_of_Jawai.jpg|alt=Predators_of_Jawai|thumb|454x454px]]

==Cultural significance==
Surrounding villages are home to the indigenous [[Rabari]] community,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-29 |title=Communities near Jawai reserve give up herding due to leopard attack on cattle |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/communities-near-jawai-reserve-give-up-herding-due-to-leopard-attack-on-cattle/articleshow/91861975.cms |access-date=2025-05-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> who have coexisted with leopards for generations. Their traditional reverence for these big cats has helped minimise human–wildlife conflict in the region.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jawaileopardsafari.org/jawai-projects/ |title=Jawai Leopard Conservation & Tourism Projects |publisher=Jawai Leopard Safaris |accessdate=7 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-03-20 |title=Leopard kills man near Jawai Dam in Rajasthan |url=https://theprint.in/india/leopard-kills-man-near-jawai-dam-in-rajasthan/2557952/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-05 |title=Where humans don't fear leopards |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220504-jawai-where-humans-dont-fear-leopards |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jameson |first=Julietta |date=2024-02-16 |title=Elusive big cats and humans live side by side in this alien-like landscape |url=https://www.smh.com.au/traveller/inspiration/elusive-big-cats-and-humans-live-side-by-side-in-this-alien-like-landscape-20231219-p5esja.html |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-24 |title=I Visited ‘Leopard Country’ Where Humans and Big Cats Live in Harmony |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/leopard-country-india-where-animals-and-human-tribe-live-together-travel/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Jawai_Leopard_Hills_Safari-03.jpg|thumb|455x455px]]
[[File:FLEMINGO_JAWAI_BERA.jpg|thumb|434x434px]]

==Tourism==
Jawai has become a premier destination for wildlife tourism and photography. Morning and evening jeep safaris offer high chances of leopard sightings.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/three-new-wildlife-conservation-reserves-in-rajasthan/articleshow/99724783.cms |title=Three new wildlife conservation reserves in Rajasthan |work=The Times of India |date=1 May 2023}}</ref> Eco-friendly lodges and luxury camps operate around Bera village, blending local culture with sustainable hospitality.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-09 |title=Pali police outline rules for safaris in Jawai leopard region |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/pali-police-outline-rules-for-safaris-in-jawai-leopard-region/articleshow/117064732.cms |access-date=2025-05-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://iol.co.za/travel/2015-02-02-tread-where-leopards-lope/|title=Tread where leopards lope |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=iol.co.za}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-29 |title=Leopard-spotting in Rajasthan {{!}} A few beauty spots |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/travel-plus/story/20231009-leopard-spotting-in-rajasthan-a-few-beauty-spots-2442142-2023-09-29 |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Forest Department launches eco-tourism program featuring Jawai Dam and Leopard Safari |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/news/forest-department-tour-to-jawai-dam/cid12063805.htm |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=udaipurtimes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest in entertainment, lifestyle, fashion {{!}} t2ONLINE - Vibe With The tRIBE |url=https://t2online.in/not-in-use/party-time/leopards-check.-rugged-landscape-check.-stunning-views-check.-this-pocket-of-rajasthan-provides-a-unique-experience/473826 |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=www.t2online.in |language=en}}</ref>

Private leopard safaris are also arranged by independent local operators in the region. These tours are typically conducted in open jeeps and focus on leopard observation within the natural landscape. Booking and informational platforms such as JawaiSafari.org provide details about safari experiences, local villages, and tourism services in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://jawaisafari.org/about-us/
|title=About Us – Jawai Safari |website=jawaisafari.org |access-date=2025-05-08}}</ref>

==Conservation challenges==
Key threats include illegal mining,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-03 |title=At leopard conservation site, roar of tourism is muted by mining, neglect |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/at-leopard-conservation-site-roar-of-tourism-is-muted-by-mining-neglect/articleshow/104932856.cms |access-date=2025-05-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> habitat encroachment, and wildlife casualties from the Delhi–Mumbai railway line that bisects the reserve. Ongoing monitoring and mitigation are overseen by the Rajasthan Forest Department.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/rajasthan-encroachers-block-caves-of-jawai-bandh-leopards-may-force-them-to-leave-reserve/articleshow/77534732.cms |title=Encroachers block caves of Jawai Bandh leopards |work=The Times of India |date=14 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-21 |title=Leopard mauls man to death in Jawai reserve |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/leopard-mauls-man-to-death-in-jawai-reserve/articleshow/119269856.cms |access-date=2025-05-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Accessibility==
* By road: State highways connect to Jodhpur and Udaipur.
* By rail: Mori Bera Railway Station is the nearest broad-gauge stop.<ref name="RFD"/>
* By air: Udaipur Airport lies approximately 140 km away.<ref name="RFD"/>

==See also==
* [[Conservation reserves and community reserves of India]]
* [[Ranthambore National Park]]
* [[Sariska Tiger Reserve]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Pali district]]

Hrithik Tiwari

2026-02-15T16:20:34Z

ErnestBuntine9:

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 2002)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Hrithik Tiwari
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|01|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Assam]], India
| height = 1.90m
| currentclub = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| clubnumber = 55
| position = [[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]
| youthyears1 = –2019
| youthclubs1 = [[Sports Authority of India|SAI Guwahati]]
| youthyears2 = 2019-2021
| youthclubs2 = [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa]]
| years1 = 2021–
| clubs1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| caps1 = 17
| goals1 = 0
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry|{{fb|IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[CAFA Nations Cup]]}}
{{Medal|3rd|[[2025 CAFA Nations Cup|2025 Tajikistan–Uzbekistan]]|[[2025 CAFA Nations Cup squads#India|Team]]}}
| club-update = 15:00, 5 March 2025 (UTC)
| ntupdate =
}}

'''Hrithik Tiwari''' (born 10 January 2002) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[FC Goa|Goa]].

==Club career==
===Early career===
After spending his early years at [[Sports Authority of India|SAI Guwahati]], Hrithik joined the [[FC Goa]] youth set-up. After a season with the youth teams, Hrithik was promoted to join the club's [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|development team]]. Hrithik played a big part in helping Goa finish top of the Goa Zone of the [[Youth League (India)|Hero Elite League]] in [[2019–20 Indian Elite League|2019]], before the season was cut short due to the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fcgoa.in/media/contributors/every-day-i-get-to-learn-something-new-goalkeeper-hrithik-tiwari-fc-goa-development-team|title=Every day I get to learn something new: Goalkeeper Hrithik Tiwari, FC Goa Development Team|website=fcgoa.in}}</ref>

===FC Goa===
After impressive performances at youth level, Hrithik was promoted to the FC Goa senior team in 2021. Hritik made his senior debut for the club in the [[2021 Durand Cup]] on 17 September 2021, playing the full 90 minutes and keeping a clean sheet against [[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|Jamshedpur FC II]], as Goa won 5–0.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://livenewsgoa.com/durand-cup-2021-fc-goa-rout-jamshedpur-top-of-group-b/|title=DURAND CUP 2021: FC GOA ROUT JAMSHEDPUR, TOP OF GROUP B|first=Live News|last=Goa|date=17 September 2021|access-date=5 March 2025|archive-date=16 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216141948/https://livenewsgoa.com/durand-cup-2021-fc-goa-rout-jamshedpur-top-of-group-b/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Hrithik made his senior league debut on 6 March 2022 in the final game of the [[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22 season]], at home against [[Kerala Blasters]]. The game eventually ended in a 4–4 draw.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/625607/kerala-blasters-fc-fc-goa|title=FC Goa 4-4 Kerala (6 Mar, 2022) Final Score - ESPN (IN)|website=ESPN|access-date=5 March 2025|archive-date=2 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302034233/https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/625607/kerala-blasters-fc-fc-goa|url-status=live}}</ref>

However, Hrithik got no game time for the next two seasons, until the [[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25 season]]. Following an injury to first-choice goalkeeper [[Laxmikant Kattimani]], and second-choice goalkeeper [[Lara Sharma]] not at full fitness, Goa head coach [[Manolo Márquez]] trusted Hrithik against [[Bengaluru FC]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/hrithik-and-the-reward-for-playing-a-waiting-game/articleshow/117214310.cms|title=Hrithik and the reward for playing a waiting game|work=The Times of India|date=14 January 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=5 March 2025|archive-date=13 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213104541/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/hrithik-and-the-reward-for-playing-a-waiting-game/articleshow/117214310.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In the game, Hrithik went on to keep a clean sheet in an eventual 3–0 win for the Gaurs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/719957/bengaluru-fc-fc-goa|title=FC Goa 3-0 Bengaluru (2 Nov, 2024) Final Score - ESPN (IN)|website=ESPN|access-date=5 March 2025|archive-date=20 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220080649/https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/719957/bengaluru-fc-fc-goa|url-status=live}}</ref> Hrithik kept his place in the team, remaining first-choice goalkeeper even after Lara Sharma returned to full fitness.

On February 6, 2025, Hrithik saved a penalty from [[Diego Mauricio]], as Goa went on to beat [[Odisha FC]] 2–1 at home.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/fc-goa-vs-odisha-fc-score-result-fcg-v-ofc-highlights-isl-2024-25-updates/article69189128.ece|title=ISL 2024-25: FC Goa secures 2-1 victory against 10-men Odisha to reignite top-2 race|date=6 February 2025|website=Sportstar|access-date=5 March 2025|archive-date=18 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218105632/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/fc-goa-vs-odisha-fc-score-result-fcg-v-ofc-highlights-isl-2024-25-updates/article69189128.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|15 February 2026}}<ref>{{soccerway|hrithik-tiwari/797402}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[FC Goa]]
|[[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Indian Super League]]
|0||0||1||0|| colspan="2" |–||1||0
|-
|[[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22]]
|1||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||1||0
|-
|[[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23]]
|0||0||4||0|| colspan="2" |–||4||0
|-
|[[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24]]
|0||0||1||0|| colspan="2" |–||1||0
|-
|[[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25]]
|16||0||3||0|| colspan="2" |–||19||0
|-
|[[2025–26 Indian Super League|2025–26]]
|1||0||4||0|| colspan="2" |—||5||0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!18!!0!!13!!0!!0!!0!!31!!0
|}
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{FC Goa squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Hritik}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Assam]]
[[Category:Men's association football goalkeepers]]
[[Category:FC Goa players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Tlâwmngaihna

2026-02-14T02:19:08Z

ErnestBuntine9: started post.

{{Short description|Moral code of the Mizos}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}

{{lang|lus|'''Tlâwmngaihna'''}} is a [[moral code]] of the [[Mizo people]], a [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] ethnic group primarily from the Indian state of [[Mizoram]]. It is a code of ethics that guides decisions and community participation in Mizo society.

==Etymology==
{{lang|lus|Tlâwmngaihna}} does not have an equivalent english translation.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=55}}{{sfn|Lalnuntluangi|2023|p=7}} Vanlalchhuanawma argues that ''altruism'' is the closest definition in English for {{lang|lus|Tlâwmngaihna}} but that this further fails to encompass the scope and brevity of the philosophy.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=56}}

The earliest attempt at definition of the term was made by [[James Herbert Lorrain]] in ''Dictionary of the Lushai Language''. Lorrain's definition listed seven terms:{{sfn|Lorrain|1940|p=513}}{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=57}}
{{numbered list|To be self-sacrificing, unselfish, self-denying, preserving, stoical, brave, firm independent loathe the loss of reputation, prestige|To persevere, endure patiently, make light of personal injuries, dislike fussyness|To put one's own inclination to the side and do things they don't want to do|To do whatever the occasion demands no matter how distateful or inconvenient it is to oneself|To refuse to give in, give way or be conquered|To not like refusing requests, to do accomplish things by avoiding refusal of requests or people pleasing|To act pluckily or show a brave front}}

Sangliana in Lloyd's ''History of the Church in Mizoram'' defines {{lang|lus|Tlâwmngaihna}} as a code of morals and ethics which makes an individual {{lang|lus|Tlâwmngai}}. An individual cannot be {{lang|lus|Tlâwmngai}} unless they are courteous, considerate, helpful, unselfish, brave and ready to help others which can be summarised as "group over self".{{sfn|Lloyd|1991|p=4}}

==Philosophy==
{{lang|lus|Tlâwmngaihna}} is argued to have originated not as a philosophy but as a descriptive term for certain traits in individuals. This is argued on the basis that the adjective {{lang|lus|Tlâwmngai}} is used to describe individuals embodying {{lang|lus|Tlâwmngaihna}}. The concept is summarised as placing the group over the self.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=56}}

Christian scholars in Northeast India such as Downes, likened the philosophy of {{lang|lus|Tlâwmngaihna}} to the concept of [[chivalry]]. Vanlalchhuanawma argues this fulfils the practical aspect of {{lang|lus|Tlâwmngaihna}} but fails to address the concept aligning closer to altruism. In assessing the definition of chivalry, {{lang|lus|Tlâwmngaihna}} did encourage a code of honor, self-sacrifice and bravery.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=57}}

==Origin==
{{lang|lus|Tlâwmngaihna}} has been argued as a doctrine developed over time with dynamic interaction of relationships and forces in the community-based society of the Mizos.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=56}}

==Culture==
===Pre-colonial era===
{{main|Mizo chieftainship}}
In the absence of postal and telegraph systems the chiefdoms maintained a {{lang|lus|zualko}} system where a messenger was sent through the forest routes to communicate news of sickness, death of villagers to families separated from them. To traverse a forest alone was considered dangerous from wild animals, {{lang|lus|ramhuai}} ({{translation|demons}}) and difficult terrain or climate. This errand was known as {{lang|lus|Zualkoa tlan}} as the urgency of the message required hasty travelling. A volunteer of the men in the {{lang|lus|zawlbûk}} would nominate themselves first and thus be considered the most {{lang|lus|Tlâwmngai}}.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=57}}

The same principle was exemplified in funerals. Young men would be made to dig, and the spirit of {{lang|lus|Tlâwmngaihna}} encouraged them to surpass others in productivity. This led to neighbouring non-Mizos describing the people as "being fond of digging graves". Similarly, for injured or sick individuals, a locally-made stretcher would be made, which young men ({{lang|lus|Tlâwmngai tlangvals}} would carry the individual on the stretcher on their shoulders. Every time the group entered a new village, the men of the village would carry the sickly individual to the next village and take over the responsibility to carry. However, this would sometimes lead to conflict known as {{lang|lus|mi zawn inchuh}} in which parties would compete to carry the individual in the spirit of {{lang|lus|Tlâwmngaihna}}.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=58}}

In hunting, all party members would excel at doing the best of the responsibilities in fetching water, cooking and conserving food portions. If a party member was caught by a wild animal, the code of {{lang|lus|Tlâwmngaihna}} would require everyone to assist him regardless of risking death. Outside of hunting, festival would see assistance in the cooking of rice and [[Zû (beverage)]]. {{lang|lus|Tlâwmngaihna}} was not limited but also extended to guests and strangers by gifting supplies and hospitality.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=58}}

===Christianity era===
{{see also|History of Christianity in Mizoram}}
{{lang|lus|Tlâwmngaihna}} which was exemplified by Mizo folk heroes such as [[Vana Pa]] and [[Taitesena]] became replaced with Christian figures such as [[St Paul]] and [[Jesus Christ]].{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=60}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite journal |last1=Lalnuntluangi |date=2023 |title=Theologizing Tlawmngaihna in Mizo Culture for National Integrity |url=https://heritageresearchjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/HRJ14812.pdf |journal=Heritage Research Journal |volume=71 |issue=8 |access-date=17 August 2025}}
*{{cite book |first=J. Meirion |last=Lloyd |title=History of the Church in Mizoram: Harvest in the Hills |year=1991 |pages=17–23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BkgFAQAAIAAJ |publisher=Synod Publication Board}}
*{{cite book |last=Lorrain |first=James Herbert|author-link=James Herbert Lorrain |date=1940 |title=Dictionary of Lushai Language|publisher=Asiatic Society}}
*{{cite book |last=Vanlalchhuanawma |date=2007 |title=Christianity and Subaltern Cuture: Revival Movement as a Cultural Response to Westernisation in Mizoram|location=Delhi |publisher=Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge |isbn=978-81-7214-901-7}}
{{Lushai frontier}}

[[Category:Mizo people]]
[[Category:Morality]]

Shalini Kapoor

2026-02-11T07:17:05Z

ErnestBuntine9: started bio

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shalini Kapoor
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Shalini Kapoor
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| years_active = 1995–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Rohit Sagar|2008}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shalini-kapoor-and-rohit-sagar-renew-wedding-vows-on-10th-anniversary/articleshow/65012045.cms |title=Shalini Kapoor and Rohit Sagar renew wedding vows on 10th anniversary |website=The Times of India|date=17 July 2018 }}</ref>
| children = 1
| relatives = [[Malini Kapoor]] (sister), [[Reena Kapoor]] (cousin)
| awards =
}}

'''Shalini Kapoor Sagar''' is an Indian television and theatre actress.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/fitness/Shalini-Kapoors-post-motherhood-fitness/articleshow/15363829.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629123147/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-05/fitness/33048259_1_motherhood-extra-kilos-fitness |url-status=live |archive-date=29 June 2013 |title=Shalini Kapoor's post motherhood fitness |date=5 August 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=20 August 2013}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kapoor is married to Rohit Sagar, a theatre and television actor.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} The couple gave birth to their daughter, Aadya in February 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/A-girl-for-Shalini-and-Rohit-/articleshow/7495361.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827225946/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-15/tv/28542229_1_baby-girl-strong-believer-leas |url-status=live |archive-date=27 August 2013 |title=A girl for Shalini and Rohit |date=15 February 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=20 August 2013}}</ref>

==Career==
Kapoor debuted with a Dubai-based television show titled ''Dastaan''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Shalini-Kapoor-has-fun-in-Delhi/articleshow/14386203.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908163527/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-25/tv/32408250_1_river-rafting-train-journey-witness-nature |url-status=live |archive-date=8 September 2013 |title=Shalini Kapoor has fun in Delhi! |date=25 June 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=20 August 2013}}</ref> Her works include Om Namah Shivay, Vishnu Puran, Ramayan, Jai Maa Durga, ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]'', ''[[Qubool Hai]]'', ''[[Swaragini]]'' and ''[[Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Even-telly-soaps-have-their-dramatic-mothers/articleshow/20002938.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102200506/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-12/tv/39187083_1_super-mom-mother-india-qubool-hai |url-status=live |archive-date=2 January 2014 |title=Even telly soaps have their dramatic mothers |date=12 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=20 August 2013}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Sapoot]]'' || Anjali Singhania ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Koi Kisise Kum Nahin]]'' || Mansi ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Kudrat (1998 film)|Kudrat]]'' || Meena||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2000 ||''[[Aaj Ka Ravan]]'' || Ramkali ||
|-
| ''[[Baaghi (2000 film)|Baaghi]]'' || Vikram's wife ||
|-
| 2001 || ''Zahreela'' || Pooja ||
|-
|2003
|''[[Andaaz]]''
|Reema
|
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Dhadak]]'' || Aashadevi ||
|-
|2023
|''[[Shehzada (2023 film)|Shehzada]]''
|Aarti Jindal
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Dastaan (1995 TV series)|Dastaan]]''
| Shalini
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Om Namah Shivay (1997 TV series)|Om Namah Shivay]]''
| Karkati
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Vishnu Puran (TV series)|Vishnu Puran]]''
| [[Renuka]]
|-
| 2001–2002
| ''Jai Mahabharat''
| [[Ambika (Mahabharata)|Ambika]]
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Ramayan (2002 TV series)|Ramayan]]''
| Sunaina
|-
| 2003
| ''Maharathi Karna''
| [[Kunti]]
|-
| 2003–2004
| ''Shri Sifarishi Lal''
| Miss Ohohoho
|-
| 2005–2007
| ''[[Hari Mirchi Lal Mirchi]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Shalini walks out of 'Hari Mirchi Lal Mirchi'! |work=DNA India |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shalini-walks-out-of-hari-mirchi-lal-mirchi-1088901 |date=4 April 2007 |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref>
| Ritu Rohan Khanna
|-
| 2006–2007
| ''Solhah Singaarr''
| Iravati Bharadwaj
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Ardhangini – Ek Khoobsurat Jeevan Saathi]]''
| Moonmoon
|-
| 2008
| ''Jai Maa Durga''
| Devi [[Durga]]
|-
| 2008
| ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''
| Shruti Singh
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Saat Phere – Saloni Ka Safar]]''
| Madhu
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Geet – Hui Sabse Parayi]]''
| Rano
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''
| Maharani [[Prasuti]]
|-
| 2012–2014
| ''[[Qubool Hai]]''
| Dilshad Rashid Khan
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''[[Swaragini – Jodein Rishton Ke Sur]]''
| Annapurna Durgaprasad Maheshwari
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Prithvi Vallabh – Itihaas Bhi Rahasya Bhi]]''
| Rajmata Vazda
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum]]''
| Veena Naren Sippy
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Sirf Tum (TV series)|Sirf Tum]]''
| Mamata Verma Oberoi
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023
| ''[[Piya Abhimani]]''
| Kumud Srivastav
|-
|''Purnimaa''
| Guru Maa
|-
| 2024–2025
| ''Iss Ishq Ka Rabb Rakha''
| Meher Zorawar Singh Bajwa
|-
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Notes
|-
|2020
|''Chitthi''
| -
|Kooku app
|
|-
|2021
| ''[[Qubool Hai 2.0]]''
| Dilshad
| [[ZEE5]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Karan Joins Surbhi Jyoti and karan Singh Grover on the reboot of Qubool Hai |date=9 September 2020 |url=https://www.missmalini.com/2020/09/09/shalini-kapoor-joins-surbhi-jyoti-karan-singh-grover-on-the-reboot-of-qubool-hai/ }}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1024591|Shalini Kapoor}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|30704|Shalini Kapoor}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor, Shalini}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Preeti Puri

2026-02-10T02:33:17Z

ErnestBuntine9: put up the pg w/ refs.

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Preeti Puri Choudhary<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/preeti-phas-gayi/articleshow/15643076.cms|title=Preeti phas gayi|access-date=2006-10-10}}</ref>
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| othername =
| birth_date = 7 December {{year missing|date=February 2026}}<ref name="TC">{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/birthday-greetings-sudeep-ali-and-preeti-141207|title=Birthday greetings to Sudeep, Ali and Preeti|access-date=2014-12-07}}</ref><ref name="TC 1">{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/its-birthday-time-preeti-puri-choudhary-and-ali-asgar|title=It's birthday time for Preeti Puri Choudhary and Ali Asgar|access-date=2012-12-07}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| spouse = Vipin Choudhary<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/very-soon-i-am-completing-1000-days-of-my-marriage-preeti-puri-choudhary|title=Very soon I am completing 1000 days of my marriage: Preeti Puri Choudhary|access-date=2013-02-08}}</ref>(m.2010)
| children = Kabir Choudhary<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/preeti-puri-choudhary-enjoying-motherhood-150420|title=Preeti Puri Choudhary enjoying motherhood|access-date=2015-04-20}}</ref>(born 2015)
| yearsactive = 1997–present
| occupation = Television [[Actress]]
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=8}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/the-height-of-acting/articleshow/15661522.cms|title=The height of acting|access-date=2006-12-07}}</ref>
}}

'''Preeti Puri Choudhary'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/preeti-puris-adventurous-vacation-turns-nightmarishfor-while|title=Preeti Puri's adventurous vacation turns nightmarish...for a while|access-date=2013-04-13}}</ref> (born 7 December {{year missing|date=February 2026}})<ref name="TC" /><ref name="TC 1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/preeti-puri-wants-have-baby-next-year|title=Preeti Puri 'wants to have a baby' next year|access-date=2013-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/fun-zone/quickie/what-preeti-puri-chaudhary-watching-the-small-screen|title=What is Preeti Puri Chaudhary watching on the small screen?|access-date=2013-02-15}}</ref> is an Indian television actress.

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
|-
|
|''[[Kahiin To Hoga]]''
|Mauli Sinha
|-
|
|''[[Kkehna Hai Kuch Mujhko]]''
|
|-
|
|''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
|
|-
|
|''[[Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat]]''
|Kavita Hassanandani
|-
|
|[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|''Kasautii Zindagii Kay'']]
|
|-
|
|''[[K. Street Pali Hill]]''
|Janvi
|-
| 2006–2007
| ''[[Mamta (TV series)|Mamta]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/age-fright/articleshow/15699882.cms|title=Age fright|access-date=2007-04-18}}</ref>
| Tanisha Akshay Srivastav / Tanisha Karan Srivastav / Tanisha Vikram Oberoi
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Naaginn (2007 TV series)|Naaginn]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/hiss-of-love/articleshow/15752928.cms|title=Hiss of love|access-date=2007-10-26}}</ref>
| Naagrani
|-
| 2008–2010
| ''[[Sapna Babul Ka... Bidaai]]''
| Avni Naveen Rajvansh
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[Shobha Somnath Ki]]''
| Maharani Gayatri
|-
| 2012
| ''[[SuperCops Vs Super Villains|Hum Ne Li Hai- Shapath]]''
| Vasundhara (Episode aired on 18 November 2012)
|-
|
|''[[Aaj Ki Housewife Hai... Sab Jaanti Hai]]'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Preeti Puri is trying comedy for the first time in 'Aaj Ki Housewife Hai Sab Jaanti Hai' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/preeti-puri-all-set-to-start-family-next-year_132092.html |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
|Renu Manohar Chaturvedi
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha 2]]''
| Naina Bhonsle
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]''
| [[Devaki]]
|-
|2017
|''[[Peshwa Bajirao (TV series)|Peshwa Bajirao]]''
|Shiu Krishna Joshi
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Aghori (TV series)|Aghori]]''
| Suman Jaybheem Bhandari
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]''
| Dr. Gayatri
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Maddam Sir]]''
| Shalini Shekhar
|-
| 2021–2023
| ''[[Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet]]''
| Sunaina Ram Ahlawat
|-
|2022–2023
|''[[Raazz Mahal]]''
|Adhiraj's mother
|-
|2023
|''[[Durga Aur Charu]]''
|Savitri Banerjee
|-
| 2023
| ''Jyoti... Umeedon Se Sajee''
| Supriya
|-
| 2023–present
| ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
| Kajal Poddar Bansal
|-
|}

==Films==
* ''[[Aitraaz]]'' as Jenny, Raj’s secretary
*''[[36 China Town]]'' as Rosy
*''[[Utthaan]]'' as Neha Chaudhary

== Reality Show ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Channel
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Saas v/s Bahu]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/preeti-puri-recites-a-poem-for-arunaji_8281|title=Preeti Puri recites a poem for Arunaji...|date=2008-09-15}}</ref>
| Contestant
| [[Sahara One]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm1895832}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women in television]]
[[Category:Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

D. L. Narasimhachar

2026-02-06T06:23:10Z

ErnestBuntine9: typo fix

{{short description|Kannada linguist (b. 1906, d. 1971)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox academic
| image = Portrait Photograph of D. L. Narasimhachar.jpg
| alt = D. L. Narasimhachar
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1906|10|27|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Chikkanayakanahalli, [[Kingdom of Mysore]],
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1971|05|7|1906|10|27|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| discipline = [[Kannada]], [[Indology]], [[Halegannada]], [[History of Karnataka]], [[Epigraphy]]
| workplaces = [[University of Mysore]]
| alma_mater = [[Maharaja's College, Mysore|Maharaja College]], [[Mysore]] & Central College, Bangalore.
| academic_advisors = [[B.M. Srikantaiah]], T. S. Venkanayya
| notable_students = [[G. Venkatasubbiah]], [[M. Chidananda Murthy]], [[T. V. Venkatachala Sastry]]
| known_for = Kannada Grantha Sampadane
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| awards = Kannada Sahitya Parishat Award, Festschrift Volume - "Jnanopasaka"<ref name="Jñānōpāsaka : Ḍi. El. En. avara vyaktitva mattu kr̥tigaḷa kuritu lēkhanagaḷu">{{cite web |last1=Paramaśivayya, Jī. Śaṃ., 1933- Kr̥ṣṇa, Na |title=Jñānōpāsaka : Ḍi. El. En. avara vyaktitva mattu kr̥tigaḷa kuritu lēkhanagaḷu |url=http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=oxfaleph016765493&context=L&vid=SOLO&search_scope=LSCOP_ALL&tab=local&lang=en_US |website=Bodleian Library, Oxford |publisher=Beṅgaḷūru : Kannaḍa Sāhitya Pariṣattu |access-date=5 February 2019}}</ref> (1960) & "Upayana" (1967)
| spouse = Muthumma
| signature =
| website = [https://www.srikanta-sastri.org/dlnarasimhachar D. L. Narasimhachar]
}}

'''Doddabele Lakshmi Narasimhachar''' (27 October 1906 – 7 May 1971)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shastriyakannada.org/DataBase/KannwordHTMLS/CLASSICAL%20KANNADA%20SCHOLARS%20HTML/NARASIMHACHAR%20D%20L.%20HTML.htm|title=NARASIMHACHAR D|website=shastriyakannada.org|access-date=2019-02-03|archive-date=6 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706100412/http://www.shastriyakannada.org/DataBase/KannwordHTMLS/CLASSICAL%20KANNADA%20SCHOLARS%20HTML/NARASIMHACHAR%20D%20L.%20HTML.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> was a [[Kannada]] [[Linguistics|linguist]], [[wiktionary:grammarian|grammarian]], [[lexicographer]], writer, literary critic and editor who taught at the Department of Kannada Language Studies, University of Mysore between 1932 - 1962. His knowledge of [[Halegannada]] (Old Kannada Language) helped him in reading ancient [[Epigraphy|epigraphic]] records. He authored four books in Kannada, edited about nine volumes, penned eleven prefaces, wrote nearly hundred articles (both in Kannada and English) across three decades, seven monographs in English and outlined introductions to four Kannada works. He presided over the forty first Kannada Sahitya Sammelan (Annual Kannada Language Conference) held at [[Bidar]] in 1960. He was the recipient of the Kannada [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Rajyotsava Award]] from the Mysore State. In 1969, his alma mater - [[University of Mysore]] bestowed on him an Honorary Doctorate (D. Litt) in recognition of a lifetime contribution to the world of Kannada studies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=ಡಿ. ಎಲ್. ನರಸಿಂಹಾಚಾರ್|last=Vidyashankar|first=S|publisher=Kannada Sahitya Parishath|year=1993|location=Bangalore|pages=1–2}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
[[File:B.A.Honours-Second Year - Maharaja College, Mysore (1940s).jpg|thumb|left|B. A. Honours II Year Maharaja College Group Photo showing B. M. Srikantaiah, S. Srikanta Sastri, D. L. Narasimhachar and G. Venkatasubbiah]]
D. L. Narasimhachar's younger years were spread out across the district of [[Tumakuru district|Tumku]]<nowiki/>r in the southern state of Karnataka - in towns like [[Pavagada]], [[Madhugiri]] and Sira. Hailing from a Brahminical family, D. L. N. was trained in chaste Sanskrit from a Pandit. Narasimhachar's writing began at an early stage with recurrent contributions to the local school magazine "School Folk". For his Bachelor's degree (1927), he sought admission to the [[Central College of Bangalore|Central College]] at Bangalore. There he had taken Kannada as an optional subject (in addition to his primary subjects - Physics and Chemistry). Incidentally, his score in the optional subject was his highest, this eventually steered him to complete his Master's degree in Kannada at the [[Maharaja's College, Mysore|Maharaja College, Mysore]] (1929). His contemporaries at [[Maharaja's College, Mysore|Maharaja College, Mysore]] were future literary names like [[Kuvempu|K. V. Puttappa]], K. V. Raghavachar, Anantharangachar and K. Venkataramappa. The faculty at Maharaja College, Mysore included [[B. M. Srikantaiah]], [[Rallapalli Ananta Krishna Sharma|Rallapalli Anantha Krishna Sharma]], [[V. Seetharamaiah]], C. R. Narasimha Sastry, [http://www.shastriyakannada.org/DataBase/KannwordHTMLS/CLASSICAL%20KANNADA%20SCHOLARS%20HTML/VENKANNAIAH%20T.S.%20HTML.htm T. S. Venkannaiah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929171339/https://shastriyakannada.org/DataBase/KannwordHTMLS/CLASSICAL%20KANNADA%20SCHOLARS%20HTML/VENKANNAIAH%20T.S.%20HTML.htm |date=29 September 2020 }} and [[AR Krishnashastry|A. R. Krishna Shastry]]. During his free time, he would frequent Oriental Research Library to peruse old Kannada manuscripts. The [[H. V. Nanjundaiah]] Gold Medal set aside for outstanding Master's student was awarded to D. L. Narasimhachar in 1929.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srikanta-sastri.org/d-l-narasimhachar/4594532068|title=D. L. Narasimhachar (1) – Dr S. Srikanta Sastri {{!}} Official Website|website=www.srikanta-sastri.org|access-date=2019-02-03|archive-date=3 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203144307/https://www.srikanta-sastri.org/d-l-narasimhachar/4594532068|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Academician==
[[File:Oriental Research Institute, Mysore 03.jpg|left|thumb|'''Oriental Research Library, Mysore''']]
D. L. Narasimhachar began his career as a research assistant at the [[Oriental Research Institute Mysore|Oriental Research Library, Mysore]]. He simultaneously held the position of a part-time lecturer in Kannada at the Maharaja College Kannada Department. An ongoing research project dedicated to the 'timing' of the earliest Veerashaiva literature caught his attention. He became the first recipient of the research grant set aside for this scholarly endeavour. After his departure from the Oriental Research Library, he was appointed a full time lecturer at the college in 1932 and continued in the same post till 1939. For a brief tenure of two years, he taught at present-day Yuvaraja College, Mysore before coming back to his parent department, where he taught till the end of the Second World War.

In late 1945, he received a promotion to the post of Assistant Professor and was transferred to Central College, Bangalore. By the end of the decade, he was back in Mysore as Associate Professor in the department where he started his career. In 1954, he was appointed Chief Editor of the ‘Kannada-Kannada’ Dictionary Project . D. L. Narasimhachar spent the remainder of his years till retirement in 1962 serving at Mysore in the capacity of Professor of Kannada Language Studies. His career spanned thirty years from 1932 - 1962.

The [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (U. G. C.) extended a Post-Doctoral Fellowship to D. L. N. from 1962 onwards for the next six years.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Ḍi. El. Narasiṃhācār|last1=Vidyāśaṅkar|first1=Es|last2=Kannaḍa Sāhitya Pariṣattu|date=1992|publisher=Kannaḍa Sāhitya Pariṣattu|location=Beṅgaḷūru|language=kn|oclc = 30594658}}</ref>

==Literary contributions==
[[File:Maharaja's College Group Photo 1.jpg|thumb|250px|Maharaja's College Faculty:Sitting row-left to right M. H. Krishna (third from left), A. R. Krishna Sastry (fourth from left), S. Srikanta sastri (seventh from left), Rallapalli Anantha Krishna Sharma (eighth from left), Standing-bottom row-V. Seetharamaiah (fourth from left) and D. L. Narasimhachar (seventh from left)]]
D. L. Narasimhachar's scholarship was along two lines - "Textual Criticism" and "Independent Research". His involvement in the "Kannada - Kannada' Dictionary project saw him bring out the first edition of the dictionary during those years. He succeeded [[T. N. Srikantaiah]] in this project after his demise. D. L. N.'s guide to Editorship titled "Kannada Grantha Sampadane" is among his remembered works. Between 1959 - 63, he was the Editor of the University of Mysore's Journal "Prabuddha Karnataka". His introductions to [[K. S. Narasimhaswamy|K. S. Narasimha Swamy]]'s "Shilalathe", "Vaddaradhane",<ref name="ವಡ್ಡಾರಾಧನೆ">{{cite book |last1=Narasiṃhācār |first1=Ḍi. El |title=ವಡ್ಡಾರಾಧನೆ (Vaḍḍārādhane) |publisher=Śāradā Mandira |date=1970|oclc=20586362 }}</ref> "Pampa Ramayana Sangraha"<ref name=":1" /> and "Sukumara Charitam"<ref name=":2" /> brought him much note. Narasimhachar was involved in Epigraphical Studies across the state. His knowledge of [[Old Kannada|Halegannada]] helped him decipher much of these inscriptions. He delivered numerous lectures on the Mysore Akashvani (later [[All India Radio]]). His publication titled "Pīṭhikegaḷu, lēkhanagaḷu" was a compendium of his earlier essays and lectures spanning three decades.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pīṭhikegaḷu, lēkhanagaḷu.|last=Narasiṃhācār|first=Ḍi. El|date=1971|language=kn|oclc = 20074288}}</ref>

===Selected works===
====Books====
* ''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': "Hampeya Harihara" (1939)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hampeya Harihara|last=Narasiṃhācār|first=Ḍi. El|date=1968|publisher=Prasārāṅga, Maisūru Viśvavidyānilaya|location=Maisūru|oclc = 31267582}}</ref>
* ''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': "Shabda Vihara" (1956)
* ''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': "Śivakōtyācārya viracita Vaḍḍārādhane" (1959)<ref name="Śivakōtyācārya viracita Vaḍḍārādhane">{{cite book |last1=Narasiṃhācār |first1=Ḍi. El |title=Śivakōtyācārya viracita Vaḍḍārādhane |publisher=Śāradā Mandira |date=1959|oclc=36274884 }}</ref>
* ''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': "Kannada Grantha Sampadane" (1964)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kannaḍa granthasampādane|last=Narasiṃhācār|first=Ḍi. El|date=2005|publisher=Ḍi. Vi. Ke. Mūrti|location=Maisūru|language=kn|oclc = 796212464}}</ref>
* ''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': "Gōvina hāḍu" (1967)<ref name="Gōvina hāḍu.">{{cite book |last1=Narasiṃhācār |first1=Ḍi. El |title=Gōvina hāḍu. |publisher=Śāradā Mandira |date=1967|oclc=533357621 }}</ref>
* ''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': "Peetekagalu-Lekhanagalu" (1971)
* ''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': "Pampa Bharata Dipike" (1971)<ref name="ಪಂಪ ಭಾರತ ದೀಪಿಕೆ">{{cite book |last1=Narasiṃhācār |first1=Ḍi. El |title=ಪಂಪ ಭಾರತ ದೀಪಿಕೆ |publisher=Kannaḍa Adhyayana Saṃsthe, Maisūru Viśvavidyānilaya |date=1971|oclc=20918331 }}</ref>

====Editorship====
* ''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': "Bhīṣmaparva saṅgraha" (1930)<ref name="Bhīṣmaparva saṅgraha">{{cite book |last1=Narasiṃhācār |first1=Ḍi. El |last2=Veṅkaṇṇayya |first2=Ṭi. Es |last3=Śrīkaṇṭhayya |first3=Tī |title=Bhīṣmaparva saṅgraha |publisher=Gaurnameṇṭ Brāñc Pres |date=1930|oclc=263722676 }}</ref>
* ''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': "Pampa Ramayana Sangraha"<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=ಪಂಪರಾಮಾಯಣ ಸಂಗ್ರಹ|last1=ಶ್ರೀನಿವಾಸರಾಘವಾಚಾರ್|first1=ತಿರುವಳ್ಳೂರ್|last2=ನರಸಿಂಹಾಚಾರ್|first2=ಡಿ. ಎಲ್|date=1980|oclc = 1006429090}}</ref>
* ''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': "Siddarama Charithra" (1941)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://dds.crl.edu/crldelivery/29456|title=Siddharāma cāritra|last1=Rāghavāṅka|last2=Veṅlaṇṇayya|first2=Ṭi. Es|last3=Narasiṃhācār|first3=Ḍi. El|date=1941|publisher=Karṇāṭaka Saṅgha|location=Śivamogga}}</ref>
* ''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': "Karnāṭaka Mahābhārata. Bhīṣma parva" (1950)<ref name="Karnāṭaka Mahābhārata.">{{cite book |last1=Śrīnivāsācār |first1=Ḍi |last2=Narasiṃhācār |first2=Ḍi. El |title=Karnāṭaka Mahābhārata. |publisher=Maisūru Viśvavidyānilaya |date=1950|oclc=263740313 }}</ref>
* ''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': "Siddarama Charitheya Sangraha" (1962)<ref name="Siddharāma cariteya saṅgraha">{{cite book |last1=Narasiṃhācār |first1=Ḍi. El |title=Siddharāma cariteya saṅgraha |publisher=Śāradā Mandira |date=1962|oclc=276640226 }}</ref>
* ''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': "Rāghavāṅka kaviya Siddharāma cāritra" (1975)<ref name="ರಾಘವಾಂಕ ಕವಿಯ ಸಿದ್ಧರಾಮ ಚರಿತಂ">{{cite book |last1=Veṅkaṇṇayya |first1=Ṭi. Es |last2=Narasiṃhācār |first2=Ḍi. El |title=ರಾಘವಾಂಕ ಕವಿಯ ಸಿದ್ಧರಾಮ ಚರಿತಂ (Rāghavāṅka kaviya Siddharāma cāritra) |publisher=Ta. Veṃ. Smāraka Granthamāle |language=kn |date=1975|oclc=18751877 }}</ref>
*''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': "Sukumara Charitam" (1954)''<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Sukumāra caritaṃ|last1=Śāntinātha|last2=Śāmarāv|first2=Ṭi. Es|last3=Narasiṃhācār|first3=Ḍi. El|date=1954|publisher=Karnāṭaka Saṅgha|location=Śivamogga|oclc = 263740197}}</ref>''
*''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': "Shabdamanidarpanam" (1964)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Śabdamaṇidarpaṇaṃ|last=Keśirāja|date=2012|publisher=Ḍi. Vi. Ke. Mūrti Prakāśana|location=Maisūru|language=kn|oclc = 898436227}}</ref>
* ''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': "Kēśirāja viracita Śabdamaṇidarpaṇaṃ" (1964)<ref name="ಕೇಶಿರಾಜ ವಿರಚಿತ ಶಬ್ದಮಣಿದರ್ಪಣ">{{cite book |last1=Narasiṃhācār |first1=Ḍi. El |title=ಕೇಶಿರಾಜ ವಿರಚಿತ ಶಬ್ದಮಣಿದರ್ಪಣ (Kēśirāja viracita Śabdamaṇidarpaṇaṃ) |publisher=Maisūru : Śāradā Mandira, 1964. |date=1964|oclc=228776339 }}</ref>
* ''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': "Kannaḍa Sāhitya Pariṣattina Kannaḍa nighaṇṭu" (1971 - 1990)<ref name="Kannaḍa Sāhitya Pariṣattina Kannaḍa nighaṇṭu /[Di. El. Narasiṃhāchār ... et al.">{{cite book |last1=Narasiṃhācār |first1=Ḍi. El |last2=Veṅkaṭasubbayya |first2=Ji |title=Kannaḍa Sāhitya Pariṣattina Kannaḍa nighaṇṭu /[Di. El. Narasiṃhāchār ... et al. |publisher=Kannaḍa sāhitya Pariṣattu |language=kn |date=1971|oclc=82917667 }}</ref>

====Forewords====
* ''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': "Kannadadalli Vidambana Sahitya" (1947)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nationallibrary.gov.in/showdetails.php?id=343278|title=National library|website=nationallibrary.gov.in|access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref>
*''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': "Kannadadalli Vidambana Sahitya" (1947)
*''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': "Toogudevege" (1963)
*''Narasimhachar, D. L''.: "Basava Sthothra Geethe" (1954)
*''Narasimhachar, D. L''.: "Vyavahara Kannada" (1956)
*''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': "Shilalathe" (1958)

====Essays====
* ''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': "Indina Kannada Kavithe" (1943)
* ''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': "Kumaravyasana Karna" (1958)
* ''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': "Ranna Kaviya Sahashra Varshikothsava"
* ''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': "Vijayanagara Kalada Sahitya"
* ''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': "Gadayuddha: Ondu Padyada Arthavichara" (1967)
* ''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': "Nighantu Rachane"
* ''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': "Granthasampadane" (1971)

====English works====
* ''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': “Social & Religious life in Karnataka under the Satavahanas”
* ''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': “The Genealogy of Arikesarin II–Vol 7”
* ''Narasimhachar, D. L.'': “Four Etymos from Old Kannada” (Emeneau Presentation)

==Recognition==
D. L. Narasimhachar authored number of books and essays across three decades. Some of his notable students include - [[G. Venkatasubbiah]] and [[T. V. Venkatachala Sastry]]. The [[Kannada Sahitya Parishat]] conferred on him [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]. He presided over the forty first instalment of their annual congregation held at Bidar in 1960. Two Festschrift Volumes were dedicated by contemporary scholars titled “Jnanopasaka” (1960) and “Upayana” (1967).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Upāyana;|last=Narasiṃhācār|first=Ḍi. El|date=1967|publisher=Prō. Ḍi. El. En. Saṃbāvanā Grantha prakāśana Samiti|location=Bengaḷūru|language=kn|oclc = 26050445}}</ref> A commemoration volume was brought forth in 2005 by [[Kannada University|Hampi University]] titled "ಡಿ. ಎಲ್. ನರಸಿಂಹಾಚಾರ್ ಶತಮಾನ ಸ್ಮರಣೆ".<ref name="ಡಿ. ಎಲ್. ನರಸಿಂಹಾಚಾರ್ ಶತಮಾನ ಸ್ಮರಣೆ">{{cite book |last1=Narasiṃhācār |first1=Ḍi. El |last2=Haḷḷikēri |first2=Eph. Ṭi |title=Ḍi. El. Narasiṃhācār śatamāna smaraṇe |publisher=Prasārāṅga, Kannaḍa Viśvavidyālaya |date=2005|oclc=73504692 }}</ref> His student and Kannada litterateur [[T. V. Venkatachala Sastry]] authored a memoir on his former teacher and mentor titled "ಪ್ರೊಫೆಸರ್ ಡಿ. ಎಲ್. ನರಸಿಂಹಾಚಾರ್ಯರ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಬರಹಗಳು" in 2008.<ref name="ಪ್ರೊಫೆಸರ್ ಡಿ. ಎಲ್. ನರಸಿಂಹಾಚಾರ್ಯರ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಬರಹಗಳು">{{cite book |last1=Narasiṃhācār |first1=Ḍi. El |last2=Venkatachala Sastry |first2=T. V |title=ಪ್ರೊಫೆಸರ್ ಡಿ. ಎಲ್. ನರಸಿಂಹಾಚಾರ್ಯರ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಬರಹಗಳು |publisher=Bi. Eṃ. Śrī Smāraka Pratiṣṭhāna |date=2008|oclc=425961068 }}</ref> The Government of Mysore awarded the Kannada Rajyotsava Award. In recognition of a lifetime dedicated to the world of Kannada studies, his alma mater - University of Mysore bestowed on him an honorary D. Litt in 1969. Following his retirement in 1962, he was appointed ([[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]) U. G. C. Research Fellow for the next six years. He died on 7 May 1971 at the age of 65 years.

==Bibliography==
* [https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?start=10&q=D.+L.+Narasimhachar&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5 "The Jaina Ramayana" - Indian Historical Quarterly (1939)]
*[https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?start=20&q=D.+L.+Narasimhachar&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5 "Śabda-Vihāra: Kannaḍakavi-kāvyamāle 36." by Upadhye, A. N. (1957): 317-318.]
*[https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?start=20&q=D.+L.+Narasimhachar&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5 "Kharatara-Bṛhadgurvāvali: Singhi Jaina Granthamālā, No. 42." by Upadhye, A. N. (1957): 317-317.]
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44082833?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents "Reviewed Work: History of Jaina Monachism : (from Inscriptions and Literature)" by A. N. Upadhye (1957); Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute Vol. 38, No. 3/4 (July-October 1957), pp. 315-317]
*"A Middle Indo-Aryan Reader" Review by A. N. Upadhye (1957); Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute<ref>{{Cite journal|last=A. N.|first=Upadhye|date=1957|title=Reviewed Work: A Middle Indo-Aryan Reader : (Revised edition) in Two Parts. Part I : Texts and Part II : Notes by Suniti Kumar Chatterji, Sukumar Sen|journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|volume=38|issue=3/4|pages=318–319|jstor=44082836}}</ref>
*"Sukumāra-Caritaṁ: of Śāntinātha Kavi" Review by T. S. Shama Rao (1957); Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shama Rao|first=T. S.|date=October 1957|title=Sukumāra-Caritaṁ: of Śāntinātha Kavi|journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|volume=38|issue=3/4|pages=319–320|jstor=44082837}}</ref>
*"Kannada Verb Morphology: Vaḍḍa:ra:dhane" by D. N. Shankara Bhat (1963); Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bhat|first=D. N. Shankara|date=1963|title=KANNADA VERB MORPHOLOGY: Vaḍḍa:ra:dhane|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|volume=21|pages=1–18|jstor=42929875}}</ref>
*"Epigraphical Notes: Katavapra and Nayanadeva" by B. R. Gopal (1973); Proceedings of the Indian History Congress<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gopal|first=B. R.|title=Epigraphical Notes : Katavapra and Nayanadadeva |date=1973|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=34|pages=341–343|jstor=44138667}}</ref>
* [https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?start=10&q=D.+L.+Narasimhachar&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5 "Vaddaradhane: A Study; Research Publications Series: 38." (1980) by Laddu, S. D.; pp 304-305, JSTOR]
*[http://ir.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/16683/15/15_maps.pdf "Religion and society in Southern Karnataka in the early medieval period." by Bhat, Malini U. (1995); ir.inflibnet.ac.in]
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/41880993?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Ripepi, Tiziana. "On Maritohtadarya and other Tohtadaryas: Who is the author of Kaivalyasara ? An attribution problem concerning a Virasaiava text in Sanskrit." Rivista degli studi orientali 71.Fasc. 1/4 (1997): 169-183.]
*[https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?start=10&q=D.+L.+Narasimhachar&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5 "From Norm-bound Practice to Practice-bound Norm in Kannada Intellectual History." South-Indian Horizons: Felicitation Volume for Francois Gros on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday by Pollock, Sheldon. (2004): 389.]
*[http://files.cluster2.hostgator.co.in/hostgator57735/file/cijhar_7th_issue_final_pdf_25-09-2013_1.pdf Dehuri, Rajendra. "Narrative Art on Dhobi Math Mandir Wall at Nabratnagarh, Sesai, Distt-Gumla, Jharkhand." (2013)]
*[https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/34960052/agraharas-1.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1549383825&Signature=f5qZZ6%2BODdgWuiqttQfJYKMPfaU%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DAgraharas_in_Dharwad_District.pdf "Agraharas in Dharwad District KEYWORDS: Agraharas-Meaning" by K. C. Santhosh Kumar (2014); History 3.9]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* [https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?start=10&q=D.+L.+Narasimhachar&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5 "Bijholi Rock Inscription of Cahamana Somadeva." Women and Society in Early Medieval India: Re-interpreting Epigraphs. by Verma, Anjali, et al. (2019); Vol. 3. No. 1st. New Delhi: Orient Books reprint Corporation. ix-xii.]{{dead link|date=March 2019}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|1=https://www.srikanta-sastri.org/d-l-narasimhachar/4594532068}}
*[http://shastriyakannada.org/DataBase/KannwordHTMLS/CLASSICAL%20KANNADA%20SCHOLARS%20HTML/NARASIMHACHAR%20D%20L.%20HTML.htm NARASIMHACHAR D.L.''', 1906-71'''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706100412/http://www.shastriyakannada.org/DataBase/KannwordHTMLS/CLASSICAL%20KANNADA%20SCHOLARS%20HTML/NARASIMHACHAR%20D%20L.%20HTML.htm |date=6 July 2018 }}

{{Authority control}}
{{Topics_related_to_Culture_of_Mysore|left}}

[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Mysore]]
[[Category:Indian Indologists]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:Maharaja's College, Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:People from Mysore district]]
[[Category:Writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian religious writers]]
[[Category:Scholars from Karnataka]]

Sanjay Jasjit Singh

2026-01-23T11:15:05Z

ErnestBuntine9: further refined section to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian Navy admiral}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]]
| name = Sanjay Jasjit Singh
| honorific_suffix = [[SYSM]], [[PVSM]], [[AVSM]], [[Nao Sena Medal|NM]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = File:Vice Admiral Sanjay Jasjit Singh FOCinC WNC.jpg
| image_size = 240px
| alt =
| caption = Singh as FOCinC WNC
| office = [[Western Naval Command|Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command]]
| term_start = 3 January 2024
| term_end = 31 July 2025
| predecessor = [[Dinesh K Tripathi]]
| successor = [[Krishna Swaminathan]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Krishna Swaminathan to head Western Naval Command |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/krishna-swaminathan-to-head-western-naval-command-101753383353695.html |website=hindustantimes.com |access-date=31 July 2025}}</ref>
| office1 = 37th [[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]]
| president1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of Naval Staff]]
| 1namedata1 = [[R. Hari Kumar]]
| term_start1 = 1 April 2023
| term_end1 = 31 December 2023
| predecessor1 = [[Satishkumar Namdeo Ghormade]]
| successor1 = [[Dinesh K Tripathi]]
| birth_date = July 1965
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates =
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{navy|India}}
| serviceyears = 01 July 1986 - 31 July 2025
| rank = [[File:IN Vice Admiral Shoulder curl.png|20px]] [[File:13-Indian Navy-VADM.svg|20px]] [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]]
| servicenumber =
| unit =
| commands = [[Western Naval Command]] [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]] {{ship|INS|Trishul|F43}} {{ship|INS|Taragiri|F41}}
| battles =
| battles_label =
| military_blank2 = Awards
| military_data2 = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Sarvottam_Yudh_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Nao Sena Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Nao Sena Medal]]
}}
| spouse = 
| relations = [[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]] [[Jasjit Singh (IAF officer)|Jasjit Singh]] (father)
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website =
| memorials =
| module =
| alma_mater = [[Indian Naval Academy]]
}}
[[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] '''Sanjay Jasjit Singh''', [[SYSM]], [[PVSM]], [[AVSM]], [[Nao Sena Medal|NM]] is a retired flag officer in the [[Indian Navy]]. He served as the [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command]] during [[Operation Sindoor]]. He became the first Naval recipient of the [[Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal]], India's highest wartime distinguished service decoration. He previously served as the 37th [[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]].

He is currently the Director General of the [[United Service Institution]], New Delhi, India’s oldest think tank on defence and security.

==Early life and education==
Singh was born in an [[Indian Armed Forces|Armed Forces]] family and is a third-generation officer. His father, [[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]] [[Jasjit Singh (IAF officer)|Jasjit Singh]], [[AVSM]], [[Vir Chakra|VrC]], [[Vayu Sena Medal|VM]] was an officer in the [[Indian Air Force]]. Jasjit Singh, as a [[fighter pilot]] in [[No. 3 Squadron IAF]], was awarded the [[Vir Chakra]] for gallantry in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. After retiring from the IAF, he headed the think tank [[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]] (later Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses), from 1987 to 2001.<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Directors of MP-IDSA {{!}} Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses |url=https://www.idsa.in/formerdirectors |website=www.idsa.in |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> In 2001, he founded the [[think tank]] [[Centre for Air Power Studies (India)|Centre for Air Power Studies]] (CAPS). He served as the Director General of CAPS till his death in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Formers DGs |url=https://capsindia.org/about-caps/ |website=capsindia.org |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref>

Singh graduated from the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], [[Pune]] where he was adjudged the best naval cadet. He was awarded the Binoculars as the Best Sea Cadet as well as the Sword of Honour as a [[Midshipman]].<ref name="indiannavy.nic.in">{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Sanjay Jasjit Singh assumes charge as the Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (communication space and network centric operation) {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/rear-admiral-sanjay-jasjit-singh-assumes-charge-assistant-chief-naval-staff-communication |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref>

== Naval career ==
Singh was commissioned into the [[Indian Navy]] on 1 July 1986. After serving in the Andamans and in Mumbai in his early years, he specialised in Navigation and Direction, topping the Long ND course in 1992. He has served as the navigation officer on most classes of ships - the [[Khukri-class corvette]] {{ship|INS|Kuthar}}, the aircraft carrier {{ship|INS|Viraat|R22}} and the [[Godavari-class frigate]] {{ship|INS|Gomati|F21}}. He was also the commissioning Navigation Officer of the [[lead ship]] of [[Delhi-class destroyer|her class]] of [[guided missile destroyers]], {{ship|INS|Delhi|D61}}.<ref name="indiannavy.nic.in"/>

In early 1999, Singh was appointed staff officer ND of the P-15 Training Team, at Mumbai. Later that year, he was selected to attend the Advanced Command and Staff Course at the [[Joint Services Command and Staff College]] (JSCSC), [[Shrivenham]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. He graduated from JSCSC in 2000, as the Best Overseas Student amongst 90 Army, Navy and Air Force officers from about 50 countries.<ref name="CPS">{{cite web |title=Controller Personnel Services (CPS) {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/controller-personnel-services-ihq-mod-navy |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref> After returning to India, he was appointed Joint Director of Personnel (JDOP) at naval headquarters. He was promoted to the rank of [[Commander]] in May 2001. After a three-year tenure as JDOP, he was appointed [[Military attaché|Naval attaché]] (NA) at the Embassy of India at [[Tehran]], [[Iran]]. The Ambassador of India to Iran during his tenure as NA was [[Krishan Chander Singh]].<ref name="indiannavy.nic.in"/>

After his return to India, Singh commanded the [[Nilgiri-class frigate (1972)|Nilgiri-class]] [[Anti-submarine warfare|ASW]] and [[UAV|UAV-control]] [[frigate]] {{ship|INS|Taragiri|F41}}. He was promoted to the rank of [[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] on 1 July 2008. For his command of the ''Taragiri'', he was awarded the [[Nao Sena Medal]] on 26 January 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=Republic Day Gallantry and other Defence Decorations |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=46977 |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=9 March 2024}}</ref> In mid-2008, he took over as the Officer-in-charge, Local Work Up Team (West). As OIC-LWT(W), he was responsible for operational sea training of ships. After a short stint, he attended the naval higher command course at the [[College of Naval Warfare]] (CNW) in [[Mumbai]]. During these stints, he was the lead drafter for the Indian Navy’s Maritime Doctrine, 2009, for which he was awarded Commendation by the Chief of the Naval Staff.<ref name="C-in-C West"/> After graduating from CNW, he took over as the Officer-in-charge of his alma mater, the Navigation Direction School.<ref name="indiannavy.nic.in"/>

In mid-2010, Singh was appointed [[commanding officer]] of the [[Talwar-class frigate|Talwar-class]] [[guided missile frigate]] {{ship|INS|Trishul|F43}}.<ref name="CPS" /> After about eighteen months in command, he was selected to attend [[National Defence College, India|National Defence College]], [[New Delhi]] as part of the 52nd course, in the rank of [[Commodore (India)|Commodore]]. After completing the year-long course, he was appointed Principal Director Naval Operations at NHQ. Subsequently, he was appointed Principal Director Strategy, Concepts and Transformation (PDSCT), also at NHQ.<ref name="indiannavy.nic.in"/> As the PDSCT, he was the lead drafter of the Strategic Guidance to Transformation, 2015, and the Indian Maritime Security Strategy, 2015.<ref name="FOST"/>
[[File:RAdm Sanjay Jasjit Singh.jpg|right|thumb|Singh as a Rear Admiral.]]

===Flag rank===
On promotion to Flag rank, on 19 November 2015, Singh took over as the [[Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Assistant Chief of Naval Staff]] (Communication Space and Network Centric Operation) (ACNS (CSNCO)). He was the second officer to hold the newly-created post. On 4 February 2018, he assumed the office of [[Flag Officer Sea Training (India)|Flag Officer Sea Training]] (FOST) at [[Kochi]]. As FOST, his charter included the conduct of the operational sea training of all ships of the [[Indian Navy]] and the [[Indian Coast Guard]].<ref name="FOST">{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Sanjay Jasjit Singh, NM Assumes Charge as the Flag Officer Sea Training (FOST) {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/rear-admiral-sanjay-jasjit-singh-nm-assumes-charge-flag-officer-sea-training-fost |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref> After a year-long tenure as FOST, Singh assumed the office of the [[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet]] on 22 March 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Sanjay Jasjit Singh takes over as Western Fleet Commander |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1569296 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Sanjay Jasjit Singh to be the Commander of Western Fleet. He presently heads the Indian Naval Workup Organisation as Flag Officer Sea Training at Kochi. Spearheaded Naval Communications, Space & Network Centric Operations at New Delhi on promotion as Flag Officerpic.twitter.com/G9h8hCXibT |url=https://twitter.com/indiannavy/status/1084844278625361920?lang=en |website=@indiannavy |language=en |date=14 January 2019}}</ref> For his command of the [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]], Singh was awarded the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] on 26 January 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Distinguished service and gallantry award winners on Republic day 2020 |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=197645 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

On 18 February 2020, Singh took over as the fourth Commandant of his alma mater, the [[Naval War College, Goa]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Sanjay J Singh Takes over as Commandant, NWC Goa |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1603878 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |number=1230507114566569984 |user=indiannavy |title=Rear Admiral Sanjay Jasjit Singh, AVSM, NM took over… |archive-date=2023-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611061204/https://twitter.com/indiannavy/status/1230507114566569984 |url-status=live |access-date=June 11, 2023 |lang=en |url=https://twitter.com/indiannavy/status/1230507114566569984}}</ref> After a one year stint, he was promoted to the rank of [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] and appointed Controller of Personnel Services (CPS) at Naval HQ.<ref>{{cite web |title=Controller Personnel Services (CPS) {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/controller-personnel-services-ihq-mod-navy |access-date=9 March 2024 |date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713133216/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/controller-personnel-services-ihq-mod-navy |archive-date=13 July 2021 }}</ref> In August 2021, he was appointed Deputy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (Operations) at HQ [[Integrated Defence Staff]] (IDS).<ref>{{cite tweet |number=1422104749298438146 |user=HQ_IDS_India |title=Vice Admiral Sanjay Jasjit Singh assumed the appointment of… |archive-date=Aug 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814041313/https://twitter.com/hq_ids_india/status/1422104749298438146 |url-status=live |access-date=June 11, 2023 |lang=en |url=https://twitter.com/HQ_IDS_India/status/1422104749298438146}}</ref>

On 1 April 2023, he was appointed the 37th
[[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref name="VCNS">{{cite web |title=VICE ADMIRAL SANJAY JASJIT SINGH, AVSM, NM ASSUMES CHARGE AS VICE CHIEF OF THE NAVAL STAFF |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1913086 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=3 April 2023}}</ref> He had a short term as VCNS. He was appointed as the [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command]] (FOCinC WNC) on 5 December 2023. He assumed the post on 4 January 2024 succeeding [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Dinesh K Tripathi]] who replaced him as the Vice Chief of Naval Staff. During his tenure as FOCinC, the Western Naval Command was involved heavily in the anti-piracy operations in the Gulf of Aden, [[Operation Sankalp]]. He also led the command during [[Operation Sindoor]], for which he was awarded the [[Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal]], the first naval recipient, on 15 August 2025. <ref name="PTN-051223">{{cite news|url=https://www.ptcnews.tv/nation/major-reshuffle-in-navy-vice-admiral-dinesh-tripathi-to-be-new-vice-chief-735491|title=Major reshuffle in Navy: Vice Admiral Dinesh Tripathi to be new Vice Chief|work=PTC News|date=2023-12-05}}</ref><ref name="HT-051223">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/highlyrated-vice-admiral-dinesh-tripathi-to-become-indias-new-vice-chief-of-navy-staff-101701746008487.html|title=Vice Admiral Dinesh Tripathi to become India's new Vice Chief of Navy Staff|first=Kunal|last=Gaurav|date=2023-12-05}}</ref><ref name="C-in-C West">{{cite web |title=VICE ADMIRAL SANJAY J SINGH TAKES OVER AS FLAG OFFICER COMMANDING-IN-CHIEF, WESTERN NAVAL COMMAND |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1992829 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=President approves 127 Gallantry awards, 40 Distinguished Service awards & 290 Mention-in-Despatches on the eve of 79th Independence Day |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2156515 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=14 August 2025}}</ref>

==Post-retirement==
On 1 January 2026, Singh took over as the Director General of the [[United Service Institution]] (USI). Founded in 1870 by [[Sir Charles MacGregor]], USI is India’s oldest think tank on defence and security.<ref>{{cite web |title=Director General Page |url=https://usiofindia.org/page-details.php?slug=director-general-page |website=usiofindia.org |access-date=23 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vice Admiral Sanjay Singh is new Director General of USI |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/delhi/vice-admiral-sanjay-singh-is-new-director-general-of-usi/ |website=The Tribune |access-date=23 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Singh is married to Zarine Lord Singh, a former fashion model. The couple has a daughter, Payal, and a son, Samar.<ref name="CPS" />

==Awards and decorations==
Singh was awarded the [[Nao Sena Medal]] in 2009, the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2020, the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] on Republic Day 2025 and the [[Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal]] on Independence Day 2025.

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sarvottam_Yudh_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Nao_Sena_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Samanya_Seva_medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=75yearmedal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}}
|-
|colspan=4|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_30_Years_Long_Service_Ribbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|[[Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal]]
|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Nau Sena Medal]]
|-
|[[Samanya Seva Medal]]
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|[[50th Independence Anniversary Medal|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|-
|[[30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|colspan=2|[[20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|colspan=2|[[9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

Source:<ref>{{cite web |title=CPS |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/sites/default/files/CPSbiodata.jpg |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet]]
* [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Dinesh K Tripathi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Commanding Officer]] [[INS Trishul (F43)|INS Trishul]]|years=2007 - 2008}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=D. S. Gujral}}
{{s-bef|before=K. K. Pandey}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff]] (Communication Space and Network Centric Operation)|years=2015 - 2018}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[M A Hampiholi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Flag Officer Sea Training (India)|Flag Officer Sea Training]]|years=2018 - 2019}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after= [[Krishna Swaminathan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet]]|years=2019 - 2020}}
{{s-bef|before=Sandeep Beecha}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Naval War College, Goa#Commandants|Commandant Naval War College, Goa]]|years=2020 - 2021}}
{{s-aft|after= [[S. Venkat Raman]]}}
{{s-bef|rows=3|before=[[Satish Ghormade]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Controller of Personnel Services|years=2021 - 2021}}
{{s-aft|after= [[Suraj Berry]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Integrated_Defence_Staff#Organisational_structure|Deputy Chief of the Integrated Defence Staff]] (Operations)|years=2021 - 2023}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Rajesh Pendharkar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff]]|years=1 April 2023 - 3 January 2024}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Dinesh K Tripathi]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Dinesh K Tripathi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command|Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief]], [[Western Naval Command]]|years=4 January 2024 - 31 July 2025}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Krishna Swaminathan]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sanjay Jasjit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian Navy vice admirals]]
[[Category:Vice chiefs of Naval Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Commandants of Naval War College, Goa]]
[[Category:Flag Officers Commanding Western Fleet]]
[[Category:Flag Officers Sea Training]]
[[Category:Naval attachés for India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Nau Sena Medal]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]
[[Category:National Defence College, India alumni]]
[[Category:Graduates of Joint Services Command and Staff College]]

2008–09 Hyderabad C.A. season

2026-01-20T18:45:41Z

ErnestBuntine9: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Hyderabad C.A.
| image =
| alt =
| season = 2008–09
| coach = [[Kanwaljit Singh (cricketer)|Kanwaljit Singh]]
| captain = [[V. V. S. Laxman]] ([[First-class cricket|FC]]) [[Arjun Yadav]] ([[List A cricket|LA]])
| colors =
| ground = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]] (Capacity: 55,000)
| comp1 = [[2008-09 Ranji Trophy|Ranji Trophy]]
| comp1 result = Super Group A (6th)
| comp2 = [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]
| comp2 result = Quarter-finals
| comp3 =
| comp3 result =
| comp4 =
| comp4 result =
| comp5 =
| comp5 result =
| prevseason = [[2007–08 Hyderabad C.A. season|2007–08]]
| nextseason = [[2009–10 Hyderabad C.A. season|2009–10]]
| most runs =
| most wickets =
| most catches =
| most dismissals =
|}}

The '''2008–09 season''' is [[Hyderabad cricket team]]'s 75th competitive season. The Hyderabad cricket team is senior men's domestic cricket team based in the city of [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[India]], run by the [[Hyderabad Cricket Association]]. They represent the region of [[Telangana]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in domestic competitions.

==Competition overview==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
! class="unsortable" | Category !! Competition !! Format !! First match !! Last match !! Final position !! {{Tooltip | Pld | Games played}} !! {{Tooltip | W | Won}} !! {{Tooltip | L | Lost}} !! {{Tooltip | D/T/NR | Draw/Tie/No Result}} !! {{Tooltip | Win % | Winning Percentage }}
|-
|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Senior men's]] || [[2008–09 Ranji Trophy|Ranji Trophy]] || [[First-class cricket]] || 3 November 2008 || 18 December 2008 || '''Super League Group Stage''' || 7 || 0 || 3 || 4 || 0%
|-
|Senior men's || [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]] || [[List A cricket]] || 15 February 2009 || 2 March 2009 || '''Quarter-finals''' || 6 || 3 || 3 || 0 || 50%
|}

==Squads==
* Head coach : [[Kanwaljit Singh (cricketer)|Kanwaljit Singh]]<ref name=mensquadcoach>{{cite web|last=|first=|title=Men's Team|url=http://www.hycricket.org/ranji-team.htm|publisher=Hyderabad Cricket Association|date=21 November 2008|access-date=23 July 2018|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331014246/http://www.hycricket.org/ranji-team.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
|-
! Ranji Trophy<ref name="ranjisquad">{{cite web|last=|first=|title=2008-09 Ranji Trophy Squads / Hyderabad (India)|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranjisuperleague2008/content/squad/376016.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref>
! Vijay Hazare Trophy<ref name="VHsquad">{{cite web|last=|first=|title=2008-09 Vijay Hazare Trophy Squads / Hyderabad (India)|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/vijayhazare2008-09/content/squad/389603.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[V. V. S. Laxman]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Lalith Mohan]]
* [[Vishal Sharma (Hyderabad cricketer)|Vishal Sharma]]
* [[Abhinav Kumar]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Mungala Arjun]]
* [[Anoop Pai]]
* [[Paramveer Singh]]
* [[Syed Quadri]]
* [[Dwaraka Ravi Teja]]
* [[Ronald Rodrigues]]
* [[Mohammed Shakeer]]
* [[Shoaib Ahmed (Indian cricketer)|Shoaib Ahmed]]
* [[Tirumalasetti Suman]]
* [[Ashwin Yadav]]
* [[Arjun Yadav]]
* [[Doddapaneni Rushi Raj]]
* [[Shiv Shanker]]
|
* [[Arjun Yadav]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Abhinav Kumar]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Mungala Arjun]]
* [[Ashish Reddy]]
* [[Anoop Pai]]
* [[Paramveer Singh]]
* [[Danny Dereck Prince]]
* [[Syed Quadri]]
* [[Dwaraka Ravi Teja]]
* [[Gautam Reddy]]
* [[Amol Shinde]]
* [[Shoaib Ahmed (Indian cricketer)|Shoaib Ahmed]]
* [[Tirumalasetti Suman]]
* [[Vijay Goud]]
* [[Ashwin Yadav]]
|}
Kanwaljit Singh replaced [[Vivek Jaisimha]] as the [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] coach ahead of the 2008–09 season.<ref name="laxman injury"/>
; [[Irani Cup]]
Laxman and Ojha got selected to the [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] squad for the [[Irani Cup|2008 Irani Cup]], a [[first-class cricket]] competition in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/iranitrophy2008/content/story/368713.html|title=Ganguly out in 'signal to the team'|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=8 September 2008|access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/iranitrophy2008/content/squad/368722.html|title=2008 Irani Cup Squads / Rest of India|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref>

;[[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy]]
Arjun Yadav got picked to the India Blue squad while Ojha and Abhinav got picked to the India Green squad for the [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy|2008-09 NKP Salve Challenger Trophy]], a [[List-A cricket]] tournament in India.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indiandomestic2008/content/story/373615.html|title=Yuvraj, Kaif and Badrinath to captain|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=12 October 2008|access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indiandomestic2008/content/story/375004.html|title=Trials for England home ODIs start now|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=22 October 2008|access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/challengertrophy2008/content/current/squad/373648.html|title=2008-09 NKP Salve Challenger Trophy Squads / India Blue|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/challengertrophy2008/content/current/squad/373651.html|title=2008-09 NKP Salve Challenger Trophy Squads / India Green|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref>

;[[Duleep Trophy]]
Laxman, Ojha, Arjun Yadav and Pai got selected to the [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]] squad for the [[2008-09 Duleep Trophy]], a first-class cricket tournament in India.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/duleeptrophy2008-09/content/story/387059.html|title=Laxman to captain South Zone, Kaif leads Central|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=20 January 2009|access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref> Ojha later withdrew from the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/duleeptrophy2008-09/content/squad/386859.html|title=2008-09 Duleep Trophy Squads / South Zone|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref>

;[[Deodhar Trophy]]
Pai, Ravi Teja, Shoaib Ahmed and Arjun Yadav got selected to the South Zone squad for the [[Deodhar Trophy|2008-09 Deodhar Trophy]], a List-A cricket competition in India.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/deodhartrophy2008-09/content/story/393840.html|title=Badrinath appointed South Zone captain|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=6 March 2009|access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/deodhartrophy2008-09/content/squad/393995.html|title=2008-09 Deodhar Trophy Squads / South Zone|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref>

;[[Indian Premier League]]
The local franchise, [[Deccan Chargers]] signed Suman, Abhinav and Shoaib Ahmed while retained Laxman, Ojha, Ravi Teja, Sarvesh and Arjun Yadav for the [[2009 Indian Premier League]], a professional [[Twenty20 cricket]] league in India.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gollapudi|first=Nagaraj|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/content/story/387453.html|title=Slow trading with all eyes on auction|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=23 January 2009|access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/content/squad/394490.html|title=2009 Indian Premier League Squads / Deccan Chargers|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref>

==Ranji Trophy==
{{main article|2008–09 Ranji Trophy}}

The [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] team, led by [[V. V. S. Laxman]], began their campaign in the [[Ranji Trophy]], the premier [[first-class cricket]] tournament in India, with a draw against the [[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]] at [[Barabati Stadium|Cuttack]] on 3 November 2008.<ref name="ranjisquad"/><ref name="season schedule">{{cite web|last=Gollapudi|first=Nagraj|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranjisuperleague2008/content/story/365037.html|title=Ranji season to begin on November 3|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=14 August 2008|access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranjisuperleague2008/content/story/376810.html|title=Openers start in style for Tamil Nadu|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=3 November 2008|access-date=27 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranjisuperleague2008/content/story/377160.html|title=Gujarat kick off season with emphatic win|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=6 November 2008|access-date=26 September 2018}}</ref> [[Pragyan Ojha]] was ruled out due to shoulder injury ahead of the match against the [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]].<ref name="laxman injury"/><ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranjisuperleague2008/content/story/377580.html|title=Also showing|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=9 November 2008|access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref> Laxman was ruled out due to heal injury ahead of their match against the [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] and [[Arjun Yadav]] led the team in the absence of Laxman.<ref name="laxman injury">{{cite web|last=Gollapudi|first=Nagraj|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranjisuperleague2008/content/story/380325.html|title=Laxman ruled out as Mumbai look to remain top|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=1 December 2008|access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref> They finished sixth in Group A of the Super League and failed to qualify for the knockout stage with no wins, three losses and four draws.<ref name=RPoints/>

===Points Table===
;Super League Group A
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:120px"|Team<ref name=RPoints>{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranjisuperleague2008/engine/current/series/361120.html?view=pointstable|title=Ranji Trophy Super League Table - 2008–09|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref>
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|A|Abandoned}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | Q | Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| 7 || 5 || 0 || 2 || 0 || '''31''' || 1.741
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| 7 || 4 || 1 || 2 || 0 || '''28''' || 1.593
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| 7 || 3 || 2 || 2 || 0 || '''23''' || 1.401
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| 7 || 2 || 0 || 5 || 0 || '''20''' || 1.094
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| 7 || 2 || 3 || 2 || 0 || '''12''' || 0.800
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| 7 || 0 || 3 || 4 || 0 || '''10''' || 0.809
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]
| 7 || 1 || 4 || 2 || 0 || '''9''' || 0.640
|- style="background:#FFCCCC;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| 7 || 0 || 4 || 3 || 0 || '''3''' || 0.538
|}
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Top three teams advanced to [[2008–09 Ranji Trophy#Playoffs|knockout stage]].
* {{Color box|#FFCCCC|border=darkgray}} Bottom team relegated to Plate League for [[2009–10 Ranji Trophy]].
* Points system : Win by an innings or 10 wickets = 6, Win = 5, Draw with first innings lead = 3, Draw with first innings deficit = 1, No Result = 1, Loss = 0.

===Matches===
;Group Stage
{{Two-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 3–6 November 2008
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 296 (118.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Abhinav Kumar]] 99[[not out|*]] (193)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = Preetamjit Das 3/59 (21.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 269 (114.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Shiv Sunder Das]] 80 (172)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Amol Shinde]] 3/24 (12 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 263/5 (105 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Doddapaneni Rushi Raj]] 56 (137)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Debashish Mohanty]] 2/24 (10 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Barabati Stadium]], [[Cuttack]]
| toss = Orissa won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Sanjiva Rao]] and Suhas Phadkar
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8846/scorecard/368237 Scorecard]
| result = Match Drawn Hyderabad took first innings lead
| motm =
| notes = [[Doddapaneni Rushi Raj]] (Hyderabad) made his first-class debut.
| bg = D
}}
{{Two-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 10–13 November 2008
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 334 (135.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Anoop Pai]] 130 (337)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Pradeep Sangwan]] 4/86 (30 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 284 (112.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Puneet Bisht]] 78 (173)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ashwin Yadav]] 6/52 (28.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 230/3 (90 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Dwaraka Ravi Teja]] 113[[not out|*]] (260)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Mithun Manhas]] 3/52 (22 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Sundaram Ravi]] and [[Umesh Dubey]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8846/scorecard/368241 Scorecard]
| result = Match Drawn Hyderabad took first innings lead
| motm =
| notes = [[Syed Quadri]] (Hyderabad) made his first-class debut.
| bg = D
}}
{{Two-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 16–19 November 2008
| team1 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 520/9[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (163.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = Nilesh Modi 250[[not out|*]] (440)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Tirumalasetti Suman]] 3/63 (16.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 225 (81.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Syed Quadri]] 57 (87)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Siddharth Trivedi]] 4/44 (22 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 287/7 (106 overs) ([[follow-on|f/o]])
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Arjun Yadav]] 117[[not out|*]] (302)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Siddharth Trivedi]] 3/64 (21 overs)

| venue = [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Motera]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| toss = Gujarat won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = Vishwas Nerurkar and Milind Pathak
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8846/scorecard/368251 Scorecard]
| result = Match Drawn Gujarat took first innings lead
| motm =
| notes =
| bg = D
}}
{{Two-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 23–26 November 2008
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 553/6[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (169.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[V. V. S. Laxman]] 224 (360)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Pankaj Singh (cricketer)|Pankaj Singh]] 2/111 (33 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 405 (161 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Robin Bist]] 136 (374)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ashwin Yadav]] 4/67 (28 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 33/0 (10 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Dwaraka Ravi Teja]] 17[[not out|*]] (30)
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = Ajith Kumar and [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8846/scorecard/368258 Scorecard]
| result = Match Drawn Hyderabad took first innings lead
| motm =
| notes = [[Vaibhav Deshpande]] (Rajasthan) made his first-class debut.
| bg = D
}}
{{Two-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 2–5 December 2008
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 602/6[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (151.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Wasim Jaffer]] 256 (340)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Mungala Arjun]] 4/99 (27 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 251 (84 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Tirumalasetti Suman]] 67 (145)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ramesh Powar]] 5/67 (28 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 243 (57.1 overs) ([[follow-on|f/o]])
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Dwaraka Ravi Teja]] 107 (107)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Dhawal Kulkarni]] 7/50 (16 overs)

| venue = [[Bandra Kurla Complex Ground]], [[Mumbai]]
| toss = Mumbai won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Sundaram Ravi]] and [[Krishna Hariharan]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8846/scorecard/368264 Scorecard]
| result = Mumbai won by an innings and 108 runs
| motm =
| notes =
| bg = L
}}
{{Two-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 12–15 December 2008
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 355 (112.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Tirumalasetti Suman]] 131 (224)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sarabjit Ladda]] 4/72 (33 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 291 (121 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Uday Kaul]] 106 (279)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Mungala Arjun]] 3/54 (26 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 164 (78.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Anoop Pai]] 50 (143)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Sarabjit Ladda]] 5/39 (23 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 211/1 (36.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Ravi Inder Singh (cricketer)|Ravi Inder Singh]] 112[[not out|*]] (109)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Shoaib Ahmed (Indian cricketer)|Shoaib Ahmed]] 1/36 (7 overs)

| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] and [[G. A. Pratapkumar]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8846/scorecard/368271 Scorecard]
| motm =
| notes = [[Shiv Shanker]] (Hyderabad); [[Mayank Sidhana]] (Punjab) made their first-class debuts.
| result = Punjab won by 9 wickets
| bg = L
}}
{{Two-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 18–21 December 2008
| team1 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 133 (52.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sagar Jogiyani]] 38 (67)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ashwin Yadav]] 3/19 (11 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 140 (49.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Dwaraka Ravi Teja]] 35 (32)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = Balkrishna Jadeja 6/29 (14 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 183 (65 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Chirag Pathak]] 33 (48)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Amol Shinde]] 4/13 (10 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 71 (26.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Mungala Arjun]] 23 (20)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 7/31 (12.5 overs)

| venue = [[Madhavrao Scindia Cricket Ground]], [[Rajkot]]
| toss = Saurashtra won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Krishna Hariharan]] and [[C. K. Nandan]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8846/scorecard/368277 Scorecard]
| motm =
| notes =
| result = Saurashtra won by 105 runs
| bg = L
}}

===Statistics===
;Most runs
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
! class="unsortable" | Player !! {{Tooltip | Mat | Matches}} !! {{Tooltip | Inns | Innings}} !! Runs !! {{Tooltip | Ave | Average}} !! {{Tooltip | SR | Strike rate}} !! {{Tooltip | HS | High score }} !! {{Tooltip | 100 | Hundreds scored}} !! {{Tooltip | 50 | Fifties scored}}
|-
|style="text-align:left" | [[Anoop Pai]]
|style="text-align:left" | 7 || 13 || '''550''' || 42.30 || 40.65 || 130 || 1 || 5
|-
|style="text-align:left" | [[Dwaraka Ravi Teja]]
|style="text-align:left" | 7 || 14 || '''456''' || 38.00 || 57.21 || 113[[not out|*]] || 2 || 1
|-
|style="text-align:left" | [[Tirumalasetti Suman]]
|style="text-align:left" | 7 || 14 || '''426''' || 32.76 || 47.75 || 131 || 1 || 3
|}
* '''Source:''' ESPNcricinfo<ref name=ranjiaverages>{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=4478;team=1815;type=tournament|title=Ranji Trophy Super League, 2008-09 / Hyderabad (India) / Batting and Bowling Averages|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref>
;Most wickets
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
! class="unsortable" | Player !! {{Tooltip | Mat | Matches}} !! {{Tooltip | Inns | Innings}} !! {{Tooltip | Wkts | Wickets}} !! {{Tooltip | Ave | Average}} !! {{Tooltip | Econ | Economy}} !! {{Tooltip | BBI | Best innings bowling }} !! {{Tooltip | SR | Strike rate}} !! {{Tooltip | 5WI | Five wickets in an innings}} !! {{Tooltip | 10WM | Ten wickets in a Match}}
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Ashwin Yadav]]
| style="text-align:left" | 7 || 9 || '''19''' || 25.52 || 2.95 || {{ntsh|{{#expr:1+1/20}}}}6/52 || 51.7 || 1 || 0
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Mungala Arjun]]
| style="text-align:left" | 7 || 9 || '''12''' || 37.66 || 2.72 || {{ntsh|{{#expr:1+1/20}}}}4/99 || 83.0 || 0 || 0
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Shoaib Ahmed (Indian cricketer)|Shoaib Ahmed]]
| style="text-align:left" | 7 || 9 || '''11''' || 38.09 || 2.41 || {{ntsh|{{#expr:1+1/20}}}}3/50 || 94.5|| 0 || 0
|}
* '''Source:''' ESPNcricinfo<ref name=ranjiaverages />

==Vijay Hazare Trophy==
The [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] team, led by [[Arjun Yadav]], began their campaign in the [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]], a [[List-A cricket]] tournament in India, with a win against the [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] at [[Ukku Stadium|Visakhapatnam]] on 15 February 2009.<ref name="VHsquad"/><ref name="season schedule"/><ref name="VHTR1"/> [[Robert Fernandez (cricketer)|Robert Fernandez]]'s 83 supported by half-century from [[Sreekumar Nair]] helped the Kerala post a competitive total of 247 though they lost five wickets in last ten overs but injury to [[S. Sreesanth]] and the half-centuries from [[Dwaraka Ravi Teja]], [[Anoop Pai]] and [[Syed Quadri]] helped the Hyderabad chase the target with four wickets to spare.<ref name="VHTR1">{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/vijayhazare2008-09/content/story/390885.html|title=Pathans do the trick for Baroda|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=15 February 2009|access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref> In the second match, steady opening partnership between [[Robin Uthappa]] and [[C. M. Gautam]] and the half-centuries from [[Manish Pandey]] and [[Deepak Chougule]] helped the [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] survive the late collapse off [[Shoaib Ahmed (Indian cricketer)|Shoaib Ahmed]] and post 269 in 50 overs.<ref name="VHTR2"/> The Hyderabad started the chase strongly with [[Tirumalasetti Suman]] scoring 93 off 86 balls but the seven-wickets between [[Sunil Joshi]] and [[K. P. Appanna]] in the middle helped the Karnataka defeat the Hyderabad by 50 runs.<ref name="VHTR2">{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/vijayhazare2008-09/content/story/391031.html|title=Mumbai suffer second straight loss|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=16 February 2009|access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref> The Hyderabad suffered second loss in three matches as the centuries from [[Subramaniam Badrinath]] and [[Vidyut Sivaramakrishnan]] helped the [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] post 342 in 50 overs and the early collapse from the Hyderabad top-order led to a 92-run defeat as Shoaib Ahmed's second five-wicket haul in last two matches went in vain.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/vijayhazare2008-09/content/story/391332.html|title=Badrinath and Vidyut extend TN's winning run|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=18 February 2009|access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref> The Hyderabad won their second match in this tournament as the collective batting effort from the batsmen with the half-century form Ravi Teja helped the Hyderabad post 261 in 50 overs while the three-wicket hauls from Shoaib Ahmed and [[Mungala Arjun]] restricted [[Goa cricket team|Goa]] to 155 and ensure a 105-run win for the Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/vijayhazare2008-09/content/story/391470.html|title=Tamil Nadu continue winning, Delhi upset|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=19 February 2009|access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref> In the final zonal match, the [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]] were troubled by Shoaib Ahmed as his seven-wicket haul helped the Hyderabad bowl out the Andhra for 130 while an unbeaten half-century from Ravi Teja ensured a six-wicket win for the Hyderabad.<ref name="VHTR5"/> This win helped the Hyderabad finish inside top-2 in the South Zone to advance to the knockout stage with three wins and two losses.<ref name="VHTR5">{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/vijayhazare2008-09/content/story/391711.html|title=Shoaib seven helps Hyderabad to knockout stage|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=21 February 2009|access-date=9 August 2018}}</ref><ref name=VHPoints/> They were eliminated in the quarter-final where lost to the [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] by seven wickets.<ref name="VHRQF">{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indiandomestic2008/content/story/393161.html|title=Chawla heroics to take UP to semi-finals|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=2 March 2009|access-date=9 August 2018}}</ref> The Hyderabad were bowled out for 167 with the help of four-wicket haul from Ikram Zampawala and the three-wicket haul from [[Swapnil Singh]] while the half-centuries from Shailesh Solanki, [[Azhar Bilakhia]] and [[Rakesh Solanki]] helped the Baroda chase the target in 31 overs.<ref name="VHRQF"/>

===Points Table===
;South Zone
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! style="width:120px"|Team<ref name=VHPoints>{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/vijayhazare2008-09/engine/current/series/369026.html?view=pointstable|title=Vijay Hazare Trophy Table - 2008–09|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref>
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tie}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] || 5 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''24''' || +2.106
|-style="background:#cfc;"
| [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] || 5 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''13''' || +0.244
|-
| [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] || 5 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''12''' || +0.279
|-
| [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]] || 5 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''6''' || -0.492
|-
| [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] || 5 || 1 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''3''' || -0.808
|-
| [[Goa cricket team|Goa]] || 5 || 1 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''2''' || -1.191
|}
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Top two teams advanced to knockout stage.
}}

===Knockout stage===
{{10TeamBracket|nowrap=y
| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 125px
| RD1 = Pre-Quarterfinals
| RD2 = Quarterfinals
| RD3 = Semifinals
| RD4 = Final

| RD1-seed1 = EZ2
| RD1-team1 = [[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]
| RD1-score1 =
| RD1-seed2 = '''SZ1'''
| RD1-team2 = '''[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]'''
| RD1-score2 =

| RD1-seed3 = CZ2
| RD1-team3 = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| RD1-score3 = 305/6 (50 overs)
| RD1-seed4 = '''NZ1'''
| RD1-team4 = '''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''
| RD1-score4 = '''309/8 (48.3 overs)'''

| RD2-seed1 = '''SZ1'''
| RD2-team1 = '''[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]'''
| RD2-score1 = '''252/9 (50 overs)'''
| RD2-seed2 = WZ1
| RD2-team2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| RD2-score2 = 196 (45.5 overs)

| RD2-seed3 = '''CZ1'''
| RD2-team3 = '''[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]'''
| RD2-score3 = '''210/8 (50 overs)'''
| RD2-seed4 = NZ2
| RD2-team4 = [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| RD2-score4 = 176 (42.5 overs)

| RD2-seed5 = SZ2
| RD2-team5 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| RD2-score5 = 167 (49.3 overs)
| RD2-seed6 = '''WZ2'''
| RD2-team6 = '''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''
| RD2-score6 = '''173/3 (30.2 overs)'''

| RD2-seed7 = '''EZ1'''
| RD2-team7 = '''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''
| RD2-score7 = '''210/8 (46.1 overs)'''
| RD2-seed8 = NZ1
| RD2-team8 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| RD2-score8 = 209/8 (47 overs)

| RD3-seed1 = '''SZ1'''
| RD3-team1 = '''[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]'''
| RD3-score1 = '''197 (49.5 overs)'''
| RD3-seed2 = CZ1
| RD3-team2 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| RD3-score2 = 162 (44.5 overs)

| RD3-seed3 = WZ2
| RD3-team3 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| RD3-score3 = 146 (40.2 overs)
| RD3-seed4 = '''EZ1'''
| RD3-team4 = '''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''
| RD3-score4 = '''227 (49.5 overs)'''

| RD4-seed1 = '''SZ1'''
| RD4-team1 = '''[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]'''
| RD4-score1 = '''284/6 (50 overs)'''
| RD4-seed2 = EZ1
| RD4-team2 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| RD4-score2 = 218 (45.2 overs)
}}

===Matches===
;Zonal Stage
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 15 February 2009
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 247 (50 overs)
| score2 = 248/6 (48.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Robert Fernandez (cricketer)|Robert Fernandez]] 83 (95)
| wickets1 = [[Syed Quadri]] 4/40 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Anoop Pai]] 60 (66)
| wickets2 = [[Prasanth Parameswaran]] 2/40 (9 overs)
| result = Hyderabad won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8890/scorecard/370311 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ukku Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| umpires = Nitin Pai and Subramaniam Viswanath
| motm =
| toss = Kerala won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Shoaib Ahmed (Indian cricketer)|Shoaib Ahmed]] (Hyderabad) made his List-A debut.
* ''Points : Hyderabad 4; Kerala 0''
| bg = W
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 16 February 2009
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 269 (49.4 overs)
| score2 = 219 (44.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Manish Pandey]] 69 (80)
| wickets1 = [[Shoaib Ahmed (Indian cricketer)|Shoaib Ahmed]] 5/42 (9.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tirumalasetti Suman]] 93 (86)
| wickets2 = [[Sunil Joshi]] 4/52 (10 overs)
| result = Karnataka won by 50 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8890/scorecard/370320 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ukku Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| umpires = Nitin Pai and Subramaniam Viswanath
| motm =
| toss = Karnataka won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points : Karnataka 4; Hyderabad 0
| bg = L
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 18 February 2009
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 342/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 250/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Subramaniam Badrinath]] 134 (118)
| wickets1 = [[Shoaib Ahmed (Indian cricketer)|Shoaib Ahmed]] 5/67 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Anoop Pai]] 64 (97)
| wickets2 = Rangaraj Suthesh 2/54 (7 overs)
| result = Tamil Nadu won by 92 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8890/scorecard/370334 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ukku Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| umpires = [[Puttarangaiah Jayapal]] and Subramaniam Visawanth
| motm =
| toss = Tamil Nadu won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points : Tamil Nadu 5; Hyderabad -1
| bg = L
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 19 February 2009
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| score1 = 260/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 155 (40.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Dwaraka Ravi Teja]] 69 (95)
| wickets1 = [[Shadab Jakati]] 3/52 (10 overs)
| runs2 = Ryan D'Souza 32[[not out|*]] (46)
| wickets2 = [[Mungala Arjun]] 3/19 (8 overs)
| result = Hyderabad won by 105 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8890/scorecard/370343 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| umpires = Ramesh Kumar and [[Chirra Ravikanthreddy]]
| motm =
| toss = Goa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Ashish Reddy]] (Hyderabad) made his List-A debut.
* ''Points : Hyderabad 5; Goa -1''
| bg = W
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 21 February 2009
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 130 (41.1 overs)
| score2 = 133/4 (32.1 overs)
| runs1 = Hemal Watekar 49 (90)
| wickets1 = [[Shoaib Ahmed (Indian cricketer)|Shoaib Ahmed]] 7/15 (8.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dwaraka Ravi Teja]] 67[[not out|*]] (83)
| wickets2 = [[Gnaneshwara Rao]] 1/10 (2 overs)
| result = Hyderabad won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8890/scorecard/370356 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| umpires = Pradeep Kumar and [[R. Sundar]]
| motm =
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = MUB Sriram and [[Dasari Swaroop Kumar]] (Andhra) made their List-A debuts.
* ''Points : Hyderabad 5; Andhra -1''
| bg = W
}}
;Quarter-final
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible
| date = 2 March 2009
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| score1 = 167 (49.3 overs)
| score2 = 173/3 (30.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Dwaraka Ravi Teja]] 77 (137)
| wickets1 = Ikram Zampawala 4/29 (9.3 overs)
| runs2 = Shailesh Solanki 59 (49)
| wickets2 = [[Mungala Arjun]] 1/21 (4 overs)
| result = Baroda won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8890/scorecard/370371 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Tripura Institute of Technology|Tripura Institute of Technology Ground]], [[Agartala]]
| umpires = [[Sudhir Asnani]] and [[Sanjiva Rao]]
| motm =
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
| bg = L
}}

===Statistics===
;Most runs
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
! class="unsortable" | Player !! {{Tooltip | Mat | Matches}} !! {{Tooltip | Inns | Innings}} !! Runs !! {{Tooltip | Ave | Average}} !! {{Tooltip | SR | Strike rate}} !! {{Tooltip | HS | High score }} !! {{Tooltip | 100 | Hundreds scored}} !! {{Tooltip | 50 | Fifties scored}}
|-
|style="text-align:left" | [[Dwaraka Ravi Teja]]
|style="text-align:left" | 6 || 6 || '''317''' || 63.40 || 74.23 || 77 || 0 || 4
|-
|style="text-align:left" | [[Anoop Pai]]
|style="text-align:left" | 6 || 6 || '''171''' || 28.50 || 68.95 || 64 || 0 || 2
|-
|style="text-align:left" | [[Abhinav Kumar]]
|style="text-align:left" | 6 || 5 || '''166''' || 33.20 || 70.63 || 58 || 0 || 1
|}
* '''Source:''' ESPNcricinfo<ref name=VHaverages>{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/vijayhazare2008-09/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=4637;team=1815;type=tournament|title=Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2008-09 / Hyderabad (India) / Batting and Bowling Averages|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref>
;Most wickets
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
! class="unsortable" | Player !! {{Tooltip | Mat | Matches}} !! {{Tooltip | Inns | Innings}} !! {{Tooltip | Wkts | Wickets}} !! {{Tooltip | Ave | Average}} !! {{Tooltip | Econ | Economy}} !! {{Tooltip | BBI | Best innings bowling }} !! {{Tooltip | SR | Strike rate}} !! {{Tooltip | 4WI | Four wickets in an innings}} !! {{Tooltip | 5WI | Five wickets in an innings}}
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Shoaib Ahmed (Indian cricketer)|Shoaib Ahmed]]
| style="text-align:left" | 6 || 6 || '''21''' || 10.52 || 4.71 || {{ntsh|{{#expr:1+1/20}}}}7/15 || 13.3 || 0 || 3
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Amol Shinde]]
| style="text-align:left" | 6 || 6 || '''7''' || 32.71 || 4.97 || {{ntsh|{{#expr:1+1/20}}}}2/52 || 39.4 || 0 || 0
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Syed Quadri]]
| style="text-align:left" | 6 || 6 || '''6''' || 40.83 || 5.78 || {{ntsh|{{#expr:1+1/20}}}}4/40 || 42.3 || 1 || 0
|}
* '''Source:''' ESPNcricinfo<ref name=VHaverages />

==See also==
* [[Hyderabad cricket team]]
* [[Hyderabad Cricket Association]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.hycricket.org Hyderabad cricket team official site]

{{Hyderabad C.A. seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hyderabad Cricket Team}}
[[Category:Cricket in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Cricket in Telangana]]
[[Category:Sport in Telangana]]

Santokh Singh Anand

2026-01-01T00:39:20Z

ErnestBuntine9: started bio

{{Short description|Indian surgeon (1909 – 1996)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_date = {{birth date|1909|11|9|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Sibi]], [[Balochistan|Baluchistan]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1996|6|4|1909|11|9|df=yes}}
| office1 = Advisor and Secretary of Medical Education for the [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| term_start1 = 1972
| term_end1 = 1975
| office2 = Director of [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]]
| term_start2 = 1963
| term_end2 = 1969
| successor2 = [[Pran Nath Chhuttani]]
| awards = {{Awards|[[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]]|1977||}}
| occupation = [[surgeon]]
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|unlinked=MBBS FRCS FACS FCCP}}
| honorific_prefix =
}}
'''Santokh Singh Anand''' (9 November 1909 – 4 June 1996) was an Indian surgeon and medical educator known for his contributions to developing medical education and institutions in India. He was instrumental in establishing the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, and served as its first Director.

== Early life and education ==
Santokh Singh Anand was born on 9 November 1909 in [[Sibi]], [[Balochistan|Baluchistan]] (present-day [[Pakistan]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QBcgAAAAMAAJ |title=Famous India: Nation's Who's who |date=1975 |publisher=Famous India Publications. |pages=180 |language=en}}</ref> He completed his [[M.B.B.S.]] (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery) at [[King Edward Medical University|King Edward Medical College, Lahore]], in 1932<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Prof. Santokh Singh Anand Endowment Lecturers – The Association of Surgeons of India |url=https://asiindia.org/prof-santokh-singh-anand-endowment-lecturers/ |access-date=January 14, 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> and earned the [[Fellowship of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons|Fellowship of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons (FRCS)]] in 1939.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Anand, Santokh Singh ( - 1996) |url=https://scp.rcseng.ac.uk/client/en_GB/default/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ASSET$002f0$002fSD_ASSET:380628/one?qu=Anand++Santokh+Singh |access-date=January 14, 2025 |website=livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk}}</ref> In 1951, he was awarded fellowships from the [[American College of Surgeons]] (FACS) and the [[American College of Chest Physicians]] (FCCP).<ref name=":1" /> Later, in 1960, he became a Fellow of the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences|Academy of Medical Sciences, India]] (FAMS).<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Anand began his career in academia as a lecturer in [[Anatomy]] at [[Government Medical College, Amritsar]], where he served from 1940 to 1943.<ref name=":0" /> He then joined [[King Edward Medical University|King Edward Medical College, Lahore]], as a Clinical Assistant Professor of [[Surgery]], working there until 1947.<ref name=":0" /> Following the [[partition of India]], he relocated to [[Amritsar]], where he became Professor of Surgery at Government Medical College, Amritsar.<ref name=":0" /> He held this position from 1947 to 1962, during which he also served as the Medical Superintendent of Victoria Jubilee Hospital, Amritsar, from 1956 to 1958.<ref name=":0" /> He was later appointed Principal of the Medical College, a role he held from 1958 to 1962.<ref name=":0" />

In 1962, the [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research|Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER)]] was established in [[Chandigarh]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Values, traditions sustain PGI |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/chandigarh/values-traditions-sustain-pgi-412394/ |access-date=January 14, 2025 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Dr. S. S. Anand, along with Dr. Tulsi Das and Dr. [[Pran Nath Chhuttani]], proposed the concept of the institute.<ref name=":3" /> With the support of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] [[Partap Singh Kairon]] and approval from [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], PGIMER was established.<ref name=":3" /> Anand was appointed as the institute's first Director and served in this capacity from 1963 to 1969, during which time he also served as Professor of Surgery.<ref name=":1" />

After his tenure at PGIMER, Anand worked as Advisor and Secretary of Medical Education for the [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir|Government of Jammu & Kashmir]] from 1972 to 1975.<ref name=":1" />

=== Professional roles ===
Anand held several distinguished academic and professional positions, including:

* [[Hunterian Professorship|Hunterian Professor]] at the [[Royal College of Surgeons of England]] (1956).<ref>{{Cite book |last=England |first=Royal College of Surgeons of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NDNRAQAAIAAJ |title=Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England |date=1955 |publisher=Royal College of Surgeons of England |pages=134 |language=en}}</ref>
* Fellowship of the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] (1961).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Foundation |first=Rockefeller |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jhsJAQAAIAAJ |title=Annual Report |date=1960 |publisher=The Foundation |language=en}}</ref>
* Visiting professor at the [[Royal Postgraduate Medical School|Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith]] (1967).<ref name=":1" />
* Honorary Consulting Surgeon to the [[Armed Forces of India]] (from 1968).<ref name=":1" />
* Honorary Surgeon to first four [[President of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=WSN |title=Former PGI Dir. dead |url=https://sikhheritageeducation.com/former-pgi-dir-dead/ |access-date=January 14, 2025 |website=SIKH HERITAGE EDUCATION |language=en-US}}</ref>

He also contributed to medical organizations:

* President, Association of Surgeons of India (1959)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Presidents & Secretaries – The Association of Surgeons of India |url=https://asiindia.org/past-presidents/ |access-date=January 14, 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> and its Thoracic Section (1960).<ref name=":0" />
* President, Scientific Section of the Association of Chest Diseases.<ref name=":0" />
* Vice-president, National Third World Conference on Medical Education, [[New Delhi]] (1966).<ref name=":0" />
* Vice-president, [[National Academy of Medical Sciences|Indian Academy of Medical Sciences]].<ref name=":0" />
* Member, [[Medical Council of India]];<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=India |first=Medical Council of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh4gAQAAMAAJ |title=Dr. B.C. Roy Anniversary Souvenir |date=1979 |language=en}}</ref> Scientific Advisory Board of the [[Indian Council of Medical Research|Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)]].
* President, Selection Board of the [[Union Public Service Commission]].<ref name=":1" />
* Fellow, [[National Academy of Medical Sciences|Indian Academy of Medical Sciences]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=NAMS {{!}} National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) |url=https://nams-india.in/knowledgehub.php?n=obituary |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=nams-india.in}}</ref> Senate and Syndicate of Panjab University and Punjabi University.<ref name=":0" />

In 1977, the Medical Council of India awarded Anand the [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] in the category of "Eminent Medical Teacher in Surgery".<ref name=":4" />

== Legacy ==
S. S. Anand died on 4 June 1996.<ref name=":2" /> In 2009, the Association of Surgeons of India established the Prof. Santokh Singh Anand Endowment Lecture in his memory to honour his contributions to surgery and medical education.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners]]
[[Category:King Edward Medical University alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American College of Surgeons]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]
[[Category:20th-century American surgeons]]

Pazhayangadi

2025-12-28T10:28:57Z

ErnestBuntine9: small improved formatting for accuracy additionally and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pazhayangadi
| other_name = Payangadi
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = File:Madayi Kavu Arayal Thara.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Madayi Kavu, Pazhayangadi
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.0189|N|75.2588|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of talukas of Kerala|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Payyanur Taluk|Payyanur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = Madayi Grama Panchayat & Ezhome Grama Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 37.17
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 10
| population_total = 55,149
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 670358,670303,670334,670305
| registration_plate = KL-86
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest Towns
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kannur]], [[Payyanur]], [[Taliparamba]]
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasaragod]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Assembly constituency]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Kalliasseri (State Assembly constituency)|Kalliasseri]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Pazhayangadi BusStand.jpeg|thumbnail|Pazhayangadi Bus Station]]
[[File:Fathima Church Thavam.jpg|thumb|Thavam Church]]
[[File:Mattul Kannur.jpg|thumb|Boat service to Kannur]]

'''Pazhayangadi''' (Also called '''Payangadi'''), is a small township, approximately {{cvt|23|km}} north of district headquarters [[Kannur]], {{cvt|13.5|km}} south of [[Payyanur]] and {{cvt|13.5|km}} west of [[Taliparamba]] in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Kerala]]. In the local language of Malayalam it literally means "Old Market". The town is bounded by the Madayi Hills ([[Madayippara]]) on the west and by the Pazhayangadi River on the south. [[Ezhimala]], a range of hills, that is believed to be home to a variety of medical herbs including mrithasanjeevini, and a very ancient [[recorded history]], is situated nearly 8 km west of Pazhayangadi. Pazhayangadi town is spread over [[Madayi]] and [[Ezhome]] [[Grama Panchayat]]s. Madayi Hill offers a splendid scene of [[Ezhimala]] which means a chain of seven mountains, where the [[Indian Naval Academy]] is situated.

== Etymology ==

Name pazhanyangadi originated from the king name 'Pazhi'. Pazhi was defeated in pazhi war.

==History==
From before the period of known history, some chapters of the [[Ramayana]] and local Hindu legends associate the [[Ezhimala Hill]]s with the famous epic, in particular with Lord [[Hanuman]].<ref name="google1993">{{Cite book|title = Ezhimala: The Abode of the Naval Academy|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7Hue54bWk6IC|publisher = Northern Book Centre|date = 1993-01-01|isbn = 9788172110529|first = Murkot|last = Ramunny}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Kerala District Gazetteers: Palghat|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PDJuAAAAMAAJ|publisher = printed by the Superintendent of Govt. Presses|date = 1976-01-01|place = Kerala, India|first = C. K.|last = Kareem}}</ref>

Ezhimala, Pazhayangadi, and several villages and towns in this region find plenty of mention in the extant Tamil [[Sangam Period]]'s literature (500 BC to 300 AD). Pazhayangadi is the present corrupted form of its ancient name of Pazhi. Pazhi is mentioned as the ancient capital of King ''Udayan Venmon Nannan'' (known as ''Nannan'' or ''Nandan'') of the [[Mushika Kingdom|Mushika]] or [[Kolathiri]] Royal Family. Though the Dynasty of ''Nannan''s was a cousin or sister dynasty of the Cheras and Pandyas and Cholas, warfare among them was nearly consistent, and the period of ''Nannan'' was no exception.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Indian History|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC|publisher = Allied Publishers|isbn = 9788184245684}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = History of Kerala|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pXpuAAAAMAAJ|publisher = Vidyarthi Mithram Press & Book Depot|date = 1986-01-01|first = R. Leela|last = Devi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9-RtAAAAMAAJ&q=Nannan|date = 1981|publisher = Indian History Congress}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Glimpses of Tamil civilization: articles from the university quarterly, Tamil civilization|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HgRuAAAAMAAJ|publisher = Tamil University|date = 1994-01-01|first = Tañcai Tamilp Palkalaik|last = Kalakam}}</ref> There are texts that speak of ''Nannan'' fighting heroic battles at Pazhi against the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] Kings who invaded his kingdom ([[Kolathunadu]]). Eventually, ''Nannan'' was killed in battle by the Chera king, ''Narmudi Cheral''. Like the other kings of the then Tamilakam cultural polity, ''Narmudi Cheral'' was a great patron of scholars and poets, and he once gifted his court-poet, ''Kappiyattu Kappiyanar'' with 40 lakhs gold coins, as a token of his poetic genius.

Extant Tamil Sangam texts describe the glory and wealth of the ancient Pazhi in the highest terms.<ref name="google1993"/> Sangam Era poets, as well as Classical Tamil poets of later centuries, like Paranar speak of the wealth of Pazhi in the greatest degree. One of the Sangam pieces, ''Akam 173'' speaks of "''Nannan'''s great mountain slopes where gold fields abound, and long bamboos dried in the Sun burst and released the unfinished pearls."<ref name="google1993"/> Noted scholar, [[Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai]] states that "It is from Kottayam (of North Malabar) and Cannanore regions of old Ezhimalainad that innumerable Roman (gold) coins have been excavated. On one (single) occasion (gold) coins that could be carried by six porters were obtained. These coins were found to belong to the period down to 491 AD".<ref name="google1993"/>

The ''Mooshaka Vamsam'', written on the Mushika (Kolathiri) family of ''Nannan'' in the Eleventh Century, also mentions Pazhayangadi several times.

==Ezhimala Hills==
Pazhayangadi is just 8 kilometers away from [[Ezhimala]] which was the later Capital of the [[Kolathiri]] Dynasty. Pazhayangadi is famous for the ''Madayi Kavu'' which was a temple associated with the [[Kolathiri]]s ([[Mushika Kingdom|Mushika]] Kings). The ''Madayi'' village which includes Pazhayangadi, is mentioned as ''Marahi'' in extant ancient texts, which was a famous port of the ancient times. Pazhayangadi has a lot of temples, such as the ''Vadakunda Shiva Temple'' at ''Madayi Para'', and the ''[[Eripuram]] Sree Krishna Temple''. The ''Tharapuram Sree Durgambika Temple'' is also a well-known temple at Pazhayangadi; and is well-known for its ''Kalampattu''; the name ''Tharapuram'' itself derived from the name of the Goddess ''Thara'' (Uchulikadavathu Bagavathi). Sree Durga, along with ''Yakshiyamma'' is worshiped here. The recorded history of Pazhayangadi and nearby places which belonged to the Kolathunadu, is described in the book 'Kolathupuzha', written by MP Kumaran.

==Administration==
Pazhayangadi town is administered by [[Ezhome]] and [[Madayi]] [[Grama Panchayat]]s under Kalliassery [[Block Panchayat]]. Pazhayangadi is politically a part of [[Kalliasseri Assembly constituency]] under [[Kasaragod Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title = Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|accessdate = 2008-10-18
|work = Kerala
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archivedate = 2009-03-04
}}</ref>

==Law and Order==
The town comes under the jurisdiction of Pazhayangadi police station, which was opened on 29-09-1959. This police station is part of Payyanur subdivision under Kannur rural police district.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ps.keralapolice.gov.in/payangadi-ps |title=About - Pazhayangadi police station}}</ref>

==Educational Institutions==
* College of Applied Science, Neruvambaram
* Crescent B.Ed College, Madayipara <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://highereducation.kerala.gov.in/index.php/academic/institutions/self-financing?showall=&start=3 |title=Higher Education Institutes in Kannur University}}</ref>
* Crescent College of Pharmaceutical Science
* Co-operative Arts and Science College, Madayi<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vidyatime.com/degree-colleges/4/kerala/kannur/ |title=Degree colleges in Kannur-Kerala |website=vidyatime.com}}</ref>
* Wadihuda Institute

==Economy==
The local economy is based upon fisheries and agriculture. Majority of the locals are working in [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Persian Gulf countries]] and their remittances also contribute to the economy in a major way.

==Environmental movements==
Pazhayangadi is well known for environmental movements like Mangrove Conservation and Movement against Sand Mining. Noted environmentalist [[Kallen Pokkudan]] is from Pazhayangadi. A woman from Pazhayangadi called [[Sand mining in Kerala#Jazeera's fight|Jazeera]] appeared in a BBC report in 2013 <ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-24803097 Indian woman fights against sand mining in Kerala village – BBC News]. Bbc.com. Retrieved on 2018-01-15.</ref> because of her lone fight against Sand Mining in Kerala.

==Transportation==
Pazhayangadi town lies on the [[Pilathara]]-[[Pappinisseri]] KSTP road which act as bypass to National Highway.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/pappinissery-pilathara-kstp-road-formally-inaugurated/articleshow/66793894.cms |title=Pappinissery-Pilathara KSTP road formally inaugurated |work=[[Times of India]] |access-date=25 November 2018}}</ref> The National Highway 66 passes through Pilathara junction, which is 6.5 km from the Pazhayangadi town. [[Goa]] and [[Mumbai]] can be accessed on the northern side and [[Cochin]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] can be accessed on the southern side. Other major roads are Pazhayangadi-Ezhome-Taliparamba road and Pazhayangadi-Madayi-Ezhimala road.

Pazhayangadi has several private buses plying places inside the Kannur district. Pazhayangadi is well-connected to its suburbs through several bus services. Pazhayangadi town has one bus terminal - Pazhayangadi Bus Stand.

The nearest railway station is [[Pazhayangadi railway station|Pazhayangadi]] on [[Shoranur-Mangalore section]] under southern railway.
Trains are available to almost all parts of India subject to advance booking over the internet. There are airports at [[Kannur International Airport|Kannur]], [[Mangalore Airport|Mangalore]] and [[Calicut International Airport|Calicut]] . All of them are international airports but direct flights are available only to Middle Eastern countries.

==See also==
* [[Ettammal]]
* [[Mattool]]
* [[Madayi]]
* [[Cherukunnu]]
* [[Ezhome]]
* [[Madayi Kavu|Madayi kavu]]
* [[Madayi Palli]]

==References==
{{commons category|Pazhayangadi}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Kannur district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kannur district]]
[[Category:Villages near Kannapuram]]

2018 Asia Cup Qualifier

2025-12-23T20:40:34Z

ErnestBuntine9: minor cleanup

{{short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2018 Asia Cup Qualifier
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| administrator = [[Asian Cricket Council]]
| cricket format =[[One Day International]] and [[Limited overs cricket|Limited overs]] (50–over)
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Final (competition)|final]]
| host = Malaysia
| fromdate = 29 August
| todate = 6 September 2018
| champions = {{cr|HK}}
| count = 1
| participants = 6
| matches = 16
| player of the series = {{cricon|UAE}} [[Ahmed Raza (Emirati cricketer)|Ahmed Raza]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiancricket.org/index.php/tournaments/acc-asia-cup-qualifier-2018/3290 |title=ACC Asia Cup Qualifier Final: Hong Kong Edge UAE in Thrilling Final to Qualify for Asia Cup |work=Asian Cricket Council |access-date=6 September 2018}}</ref>
| most runs = {{cricon|UAE}} [[Ashfaq Ahmed (Emirati cricketer)|Ashfaq Ahmed]] (224)
| most wickets = {{cricon|UAE}} [[Ahmed Raza (Emirati cricketer)|Ahmed Raza]] (16)
| previous_year = 2016
| previous_tournament = 2016 Asia Cup Qualifier
| next_year = 2022
| next_tournament = 2022 Asia Cup Qualifier
}}

The '''2018 Asia Cup Qualifier''' was a [[cricket]] tournament that was held in Malaysia from 29 August to 6 September 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiancricket.org/index.php/tournaments/acc-asia-cup-qualifier-2018 |title=2018 Asia Cup Qualifier |work=Asian Cricket Council |access-date=27 July 2018}}</ref> The event served as the qualifier for the [[2018 Asia Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24183708/india-pakistan-asia-cup-match-september-19 |title=India-Pakistan Asia Cup match on September 19 |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/103293/bangladesh-sri-lanka-encounter-to-kick-start-2018-asia-cup |title=Bangladesh-Sri Lanka encounter to kick-start 2018 Asia Cup |work=CricBuzz |access-date=25 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="Sept18ACC">{{cite web |url=http://asiancricket.org/downloads/2018/ACC%20CALENDAR%202018.jpg |title=ACC Calendar 2018 |access-date=19 March 2018 |work=Asian Cricket Council |archive-date=19 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319213737/http://asiancricket.org/downloads/2018/ACC%20CALENDAR%202018.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> The top two teams from the group stage met in the final, with the winner progressing to the 2018 Asia Cup.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiancricket.org/index.php/tournaments/acc-asia-cup-qualifier-2018/3269 |title=Six Countries to Compete in 2018 ACC Asia Cup Qualifier |work=Asian Cricket Council |access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref> The fixture between the [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|United Arab Emirates]] and [[Nepal national cricket team|Nepal]] on 30 August 2018 was a [[One Day International]] (ODI) match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricket.com.np/2018/07/28/nepal-to-play-acc-asia-cup-2018-qualifiers/ |title=Nepal to play ACC Asia Cup 2018 Qualifiers |work=Cricket Nepal |access-date=4 August 2018}}</ref> It was the first time both sides had played each other in an ODI match, with the UAE going on to win the fixture by 78 runs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-08-31/second-defeat-in-row-dents-nepals-qualification-hopes.html |title=Second defeat in row dents Nepal’s qualification hopes |work=The Kathmandu Post |access-date=1 September 2018}}</ref>

The UAE finished top of the group stage with eight points. They were joined in the final by [[Hong Kong national cricket team|Hong Kong]], who finished second with seven points, and a better [[net run rate]] than [[Oman national cricket team|Oman]], who also finished with seven points.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/844452 |title=UAE, Hong Kong to face off for Asia Cup berth |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=4 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/asia-cup-qualifiers-2018-hong-kong-uae-to-clash-in-final-742253 |title=Asia Cup Qualifiers 2018: Hong Kong, UAE to clash in final |work=Cricket Country |access-date=4 September 2018}}</ref> Hong Kong won the final, beating the UAE by two wickets, to qualify for the 2018 Asia Cup.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/845119 |title=Hong Kong hold their nerve to clinch Asia Cup berth |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=6 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hkcricket.org/en/media/news/hong-kong-claim-famous-win-against-uae-and-qualify-for-the-2018-asia-cup |title=Hong Kong claim famous win against UAE and qualify for the 2018 Asia Cup |work=Hong Kong Cricket |access-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015222546/http://www.hkcricket.org/en/media/news/hong-kong-claim-famous-win-against-uae-and-qualify-for-the-2018-asia-cup |archive-date=15 October 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hong Kong's captain, [[Anshuman Rath]], said afterwards that "all the hard work that has gone in this tournament over the last couple of months really has paid off".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/845551 |title='The hard work has paid off' – Anshuman Rath |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=7 September 2018}}</ref>

==Squads==
The following teams and squads were selected to take part:<ref name="Sept18ACC"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! {{Cr|HK}}<ref name="HKSquad">{{cite web |url=http://www.hkcricket.org/en/media/news/hong-kong-squad-for-the-acc-asia-cup-qualifiers-2018-%EF%BC%8D-27th-august-8th-september-2018 |title=Hong Kong Squad for the ACC Asia Cup Qualifiers 2018 － 27th August - 8th September 2018 |work=Hong Kong Cricket |access-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804200907/http://www.hkcricket.org/en/media/news/hong-kong-squad-for-the-acc-asia-cup-qualifiers-2018-%EF%BC%8D-27th-august-8th-september-2018 |archive-date=4 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
! {{Cr|MAS}}<ref name="MasSquad">{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketmalaysia.com/malaysia-put-seasoned-players-forward-for-acc-asia-cup-qualifiers-2018/ |title=Malaysia put seasoned players forward for ACC Asia Cup Qualifiers 2018 |work=Cricket Malaysia |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174302/https://www.cricketmalaysia.com/malaysia-put-seasoned-players-forward-for-acc-asia-cup-qualifiers-2018/ |archive-date=23 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
! {{Cr|NEP}}<ref name="NepSquad">{{cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/sports/nepal-announce-squad-for-asia-cup-qualifier-fixtures-decided/ |title=Nepal announce squad for Asia Cup Qualifier, fixtures decided |work=The Himalayan |access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref>
! {{Cr|OMN}}<ref name="OmanSquad">{{cite web|url=https://timesofoman.com/article/139366 |title=Cricket: Maqsood to lead Oman at Asia Cup Qualifiers in Malaysia |work=Times of Oman |access-date=6 August 2018}}</ref>
! {{Cr|SIN}}<ref name="SinSquad">{{cite web|url=http://www.asiancricket.org/index.php/tournaments/acc-asia-cup-qualifier-2018/3275 |title=Singapore Team |work=Asian Cricket Council |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref>
! {{Cr|UAE}}<ref name="UAESquad">{{cite web|url=http://www.emiratescricket.com/whatsnew/Emirates%20Cricket%20Board%20has%20officially%20announced%20the%20team%20that%20will%20represent%20the%20UAE%20in%20the%20Asia%20Cup%202018%20Qualifier. |title=Emirates Cricket Board officially announces team to represent the UAE in the Asia Cup Qualifiers 2018 |work=Emirates Cricket Board |access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Anshuman Rath]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Tanwir Afzal]]
* [[Nadeem Ahmed]]
* [[Haroon Arshad]]
* [[Christopher Carter (cricketer)|Christopher Carter]]
* [[Babar Hayat]]
* [[Aftab Hussain]]
* [[Aizaz Khan]]
* [[Ehsan Khan (cricketer)|Ehsan Khan]]
* [[Nizakat Khan]]
* [[Waqas Khan]]
* [[Cameron McAuslan]]
* [[Scott McKechnie]]
* [[Ehsan Nawaz]]
* [[Kinchit Shah]]
* <s>[[Jhathavedh Subramanyan]]</s>
|
* [[Ahmad Faiz]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Muhamad Syahadat]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Rashid Ahad]]
* [[Anwar Arudin]]
* [[Syed Aziz]]
* [[Suharril Fetri]]
* Ainool Haqqiem
* [[Syazrul Idrus]]
* Saifullah Malik
* [[Dhivendran Mogan]]
* [[Sharvin Muniandy]]
* [[Anwar Rahman]]
* [[Shafiq Sharif]]
* [[Pavandeep Singh]]
* [[Virandeep Singh]]
|
* [[Paras Khadka]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Gyanendra Malla]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Dipendra Singh Airee]]
* [[Binod Bhandari]]
* [[Lalit Bhandari]]
* [[Sompal Kami]]
* [[Karan KC]]
* [[Subash Khakurel]]
* [[Sandeep Lamichhane]]
* [[Rohit Paudel]]
* [[Sagar Pun]]
* [[Lalit Rajbanshi]]
* [[Basanta Regmi]]
* [[Anil Sah]]
* [[Aarif Sheikh]]
|
* [[Zeeshan Maqsood]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Khawar Ali]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Fayyaz Butt]]
* [[Aqib Ilyas]]
* [[Kaleemullah (cricketer)|Kaleemullah]]
* [[Bilal Khan (cricketer)|Bilal Khan]]
* [[Mehran Khan]]
* [[Naseem Khushi]]
* [[Suraj Kumar]]
* [[Ajay Lalcheta]]
* [[Sufyan Mehmood]]
* [[Mohammad Nadeem (Omani cricketer)|Mohammad Nadeem]]
* [[Jay Odedra]]
* [[Jatinder Singh]]
* [[Vaibhav Wategaonkar]]
|
* [[Chetan Suryawanshi]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* Aritra Dutta
* Aalap Asurlekar
* Rezza Gaznavi
* [[Anantha Krishna]]
* [[Amjad Mahboob]]
* [[Arjun Mutreja]]
* [[Anish Paraam]]
* [[Rohan Rangarajan]]
* [[Abhiraj Singh]]
* [[Manpreet Singh (Singaporean cricketer)|Manpreet Singh]]
* Kartikeyan Subramanian
* [[Aryaman Sunil]]
* Sharan Swaminathan
* [[Selladore Vijayakumar]]
|
* [[Rohan Mustafa]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Ashfaq Ahmed (Emirati cricketer)|Ashfaq Ahmed]]
* [[Shaiman Anwar]]
* Rahul Bhatia
* [[Imran Haider]]
* [[Amir Hayat]]
* [[Zahoor Khan]]
* [[Adnan Mufti]]
* [[Mohammad Naveed]]
* [[Fahad Nawaz]]
* [[Ahmed Raza (Emirati cricketer)|Ahmed Raza]]
* [[Rameez Shahzad]]
* [[Abdul Shakoor (Emirati cricketer)|Abdul Shakhoor]]
* [[Chirag Suri]]
* [[Muhammad Usman (cricketer)|Muhammad Usman]]
|}

Prior to the tournament, [[Anshuman Rath]] replaced [[Babar Hayat]] as captain of Hong Kong.<ref name="Anshy">{{cite web |url=http://www.hkcricket.org/en/media/news/captaincy-change-at-asia-cup-qualifiers-for-hong-kong |title=Captaincy Change at Asia Cup Qualifiers for Hong Kong |work=Hong Kong Cricket |access-date=30 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830073844/http://www.hkcricket.org/en/media/news/captaincy-change-at-asia-cup-qualifiers-for-hong-kong |archive-date=30 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Jhathavedh Subramanyan]] was ruled out of Hong Kong's squad with injury, and was replaced by [[Aftab Hussain]].<ref name="AH-JS">{{cite web |url=http://www.hkcricket.org/en/media/news/aftab-hussain-replaces-jhatha-subramanyan-in-asia-cup-qualifiers-squad. |title=Aftab Hussain replaces Jhatha Subramanyan in Asia Cup Qualifiers squad |work=Hong Kong Cricket |access-date=31 August 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Points table==
{{2018 Asia Cup Qualifier}}

==Fixtures==
===Round 1===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 29 August 2018
| time = 09:30
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|HK}}
| team2 = {{cr|MAS}}
| score1 = 161 (46.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Babar Hayat]] 58 (58)
| wickets1 = [[Pavandeep Singh]] 3/13 (10 overs)
| score2 = 162/7 (42.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shafiq Sharif]] 49 (63)
| wickets2 = [[Nadeem Ahmed]] 4/25 (10 overs)
| result = Malaysia won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1154646.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kinrara Academy Oval]], [[Bandar Kinrara]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Masudur Rahman (umpire)|Masudur Rahman]] (Ban)
| motm = [[Pavandeep Singh]] (Mas)
| toss = Malaysia won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 29 August 2018
| time = 09:30
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NEP}}
| team2 = {{cr|OMA}}
| score1 = 221/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sagar Pun]] 83 (84)
| wickets1 = [[Ajay Lalcheta]] 2/34 (10 overs)
| score2 = 224/3 (48 overs)
| runs2 = [[Khawar Ali]] 84[[not out|*]] (96)
| wickets2 = [[Paras Khadka]] 1/24 (7 overs)
| result = Oman won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1154647.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bayuemas Oval]], [[Pandamaran]]
| umpires = [[Viswanadan Kalidas]] (Mas) and [[Sarika Prasad]] (Sin)
| motm = [[Khawar Ali]] (Oma)
| toss = Oman won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 29 August 2018
| time = 09:30
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|UAE}}
| team2 = {{cr|SIN}}
| score1 = 312/8 (49 overs)
| runs1 = [[Chirag Suri]] 111 (124)
| wickets1 = [[Amjad Mahboob]] 3/61 (10 overs)
| score2 = 97 (25.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Chetan Suryawanshi]] 51[[not out|*]] (64)
| wickets2 = [[Ahmed Raza (Emirati cricketer)|Ahmed Raza]] 6/20 (8.4 overs)
| result = United Arab Emirates won by 215 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1154648.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[National University of Malaysia|UKM]] Cricket Oval, [[Bangi, Malaysia|Bangi]]
| umpires = [[Lyndon Hannibal]] (SL) and [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Chirag Suri]] (UAE)
| toss = Singapore won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = The match was reduced to 49 overs per side due to rain.
| notes =
}}

===Round 2===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 30 August 2018
| time = 09:30
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|UAE}}
| team2 = {{cr|NEP}}
| score1 = 254/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Chirag Suri]] 65 (91)
| wickets1 = [[Sandeep Lamichhane]] 4/24 (10 overs)
| score2 = 176 (48.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Subash Khakurel]] 50 (97)
| wickets2 = [[Ahmed Raza (Emirati cricketer)|Ahmed Raza]] 4/37 (10 overs)
| result = United Arab Emirates won by 78 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1154649.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kinrara Academy Oval]], [[Bandar Kinrara]]
| umpires = [[Lyndon Hannibal]] (SL) and [[Masudur Rahman (umpire)|Masudur Rahman]] (Ban)
| motm = [[Ahmed Raza (Emirati cricketer)|Ahmed Raza]] (UAE)
| toss = Nepal won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Sagar Pun]] (Nep) made his ODI debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 30 August 2018
| time = 09:30
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|HK}}
| score1 = 150 (41.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Abhiraj Singh]] 42 (71)
| wickets1 = [[Nadeem Ahmed]] 4/30 (8.2 overs)
| score2 = 154/5 (34.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kinchit Shah]] 47[[not out|*]] (72)
| wickets2 = [[Selladore Vijayakumar]] 3/27 (10 overs)
| result = Hong Kong won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1154650.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bayuemas Oval]], [[Pandamaran]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and Narayanan Sivan (Mas)
| motm = [[Nadeem Ahmed]] (HK)
| toss = Hong Kong won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 30 August 2018
| time = 09:30
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|MAS}}
| team2 = {{cr|OMA}}
| score1 = 198/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Virandeep Singh]] 74[[not out|*]] (110)
| wickets1 = [[Bilal Khan (cricketer)|Bilal Khan]] 3/28 (10 overs)
| score2 = 199/8 (49.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ajay Lalcheta]] 44[[not out|*]] (58)
| wickets2 = [[Rashid Ahad]] 4/30 (10 overs)
| result = Oman won by 2 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1154651.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[National University of Malaysia|UKM]] Cricket Oval, [[Bangi, Malaysia|Bangi]]
| umpires = [[Buddhi Pradhan]] (Nep) and [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Ajay Lalcheta]] (Oma)
| toss = Oman won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Round 3===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 September 2018
| time = 09:30
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|OMA}}
| score1 = 215/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Anish Paraam]] 77 (93)
| wickets1 = [[Bilal Khan (cricketer)|Bilal Khan]] 4/40 (10 overs)
| score2 = 216/2 (26.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aqib Ilyas]] 108 (71)
| wickets2 = [[Manpreet Singh (Singaporean cricketer)|Manpreet Singh]] 1/23 (4 overs)
| result = Oman won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1154652.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kinrara Academy Oval]], [[Bandar Kinrara]]
| umpires = Batumalai Ramani (Mas) and [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Aqib Ilyas]] (Oma)
| toss = Singapore won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 September 2018
| time = 09:30
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NEP}}
| team2 = {{cr|MAS}}
| score1 = 188/7 (30 overs)
| runs1 = [[Aarif Sheikh]] 64[[not out|*]] (48)
| wickets1 = Syazrul Idrus 3/27 (6 overs)
| score2 = 169/9 (30 overs)
| runs2 = [[Syed Aziz]] 34 (25)
| wickets2 = [[Basanta Regmi]] 3/36 (6 overs)
| result = Nepal won by 19 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1154653.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bayuemas Oval]], [[Pandamaran]]
| umpires = [[Lyndon Hannibal]] (SL) and [[Sarika Prasad]] (Sin)
| motm = [[Dipendra Singh Airee]] (Nep)
| toss = Malaysia won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = The match was reduced to 30 overs per side due to rain.
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 September 2018
| time = 09:30
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|HK}}
| team2 = {{cr|UAE}}
| score1 = 275/8 (49 overs)
| runs1 = [[Babar Hayat]] 107 (105)
| wickets1 = [[Rohan Mustafa]] 3/55 (10 overs)
| score2 = 93 (24.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rohan Mustafa]] 33 (42)
| wickets2 = [[Ehsan Khan (cricketer)|Ehsan Khan]] 4/17 (6 overs)
| result = Hong Kong won by 182 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1154654.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[National University of Malaysia|UKM]] Cricket Oval, [[Bangi, Malaysia|Bangi]]
| umpires = [[Viswanadan Kalidas]] (Mas) and Narayanan Sivan (Mas)
| motm = [[Babar Hayat]] (HK)
| toss = United Arab Emirates won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = The match was reduced to 49 overs per side due to rain.
| notes =
}}

===Round 4===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 September 2018
| time = 09:30
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|OMA}}
| team2 = {{cr|HK}}
| score1 = 183 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mohammad Nadeem (Omani cricketer)|Mohammad Nadeem]] 54 (93)
| wickets1 = [[Ehsan Nawaz]] 4/39 (10 overs)
| score2 = 25/0 (5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Christopher Carter (cricketer)|Christopher Carter]] 14[[not out|*]] (21)
| wickets2 =
| result = No result
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1154655.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kinrara Academy Oval]], [[Bandar Kinrara]]
| umpires = [[Masudur Rahman (umpire)|Masudur Rahman]] (Ban) and Narayanan Sivan (Mas)
| motm =
| toss = Hong Kong won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain stopped play during Hong Kong's innings.
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 September 2018
| time = 09:30
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|MAS}}
| team2 = {{cr|UAE}}
| score1 = 92 (31.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sharvin Muniandy]] 16 (21)
| wickets1 = [[Ahmed Raza (Emirati cricketer)|Ahmed Raza]] 4/28 (10 overs)
| score2 = 93/2 (8.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rohan Mustafa]] 38[[not out|*]] (26)
| wickets2 = [[Syed Aziz]] 2/35 (3 overs)
| result = United Arab Emirates won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1154656.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bayuemas Oval]], [[Pandamaran]]
| umpires = [[Buddhi Pradhan]] (Nep) and [[Sarika Prasad]] (Sin)
| motm = [[Rohan Mustafa]] (UAE)
| toss = Malaysia won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 September 2018
| time = 09:30
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|NEP}}
| score1 = 151 (42 overs)
| runs1 = [[Chetan Suryawanshi]] 60 (88)
| wickets1 = [[Lalit Rajbanshi]] 3/27 (9 overs)
| score2 = 152/6 (28.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Anil Sah]] 43 (32)
| wickets2 = [[Selladore Vijayakumar]] 2/33 (8 overs)
| result = Nepal won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1154657.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[National University of Malaysia|UKM]] Cricket Oval, [[Bangi, Malaysia|Bangi]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and Batumalai Ramani (Mas)
| motm = [[Lalit Rajbanshi]] (Nep)
| toss = Singapore won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Round 5===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 September 2018
| time = 09:30
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|MAS}}
| score1 = 276/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Anish Paraam]] 100 (95)
| wickets1 = Syazrul Idrus 3/51 (7 overs)
| score2 = 247 (49.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shafiq Sharif]] 93 (101)
| wickets2 = [[Amjad Mahboob]] 5/49 (10 overs)
| result = Singapore won by 29 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1154658.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kinrara Academy Oval]], [[Bandar Kinrara]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Buddhi Pradhan]] (Nep)
| motm = [[Anish Paraam]] (Sin)
| toss = Singapore won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 September 2018
| time = 09:30
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|UAE}}
| team2 = {{cr|OMA}}
| score1 = 208/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rohan Mustafa]] 71 (104)
| wickets1 = [[Zeeshan Maqsood]] 2/21 (5 overs)
| score2 = 195 (47.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aqib Ilyas]] 43 (43)
| wickets2 = [[Rohan Mustafa]] 2/31 (10 overs)
| result = United Arab Emirates won by 13 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1154659.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bayuemas Oval]], [[Pandamaran]]
| umpires = [[Lyndon Hannibal]] (SL) and [[Viswanadan Kalidas]] (Mas)
| motm = [[Rohan Mustafa]] (UAE)
| toss = Oman won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 September 2018
| time = 09:30
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NEP}}
| team2 = {{cr|HK}}
| score1 = 95 (37.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Aarif Sheikh]] 18 (53)
| wickets1 = [[Ehsan Khan (cricketer)|Ehsan Khan]] 4/15 (7.5 overs)
| score2 = 96/7 (32.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Anshuman Rath]] 52 (81)
| wickets2 = [[Sandeep Lamichhane]] 5/27 (10 overs)
| result = Hong Kong won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1154660.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[National University of Malaysia|UKM]] Cricket Oval, [[Bangi, Malaysia|Bangi]]
| umpires = Batumalai Ramani (Mas) and [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Anshuman Rath]] (HK)
| toss = Nepal won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Final==
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 September 2018
| time = 09:30
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|UAE}}
| team2 = {{cr|HK}}
| score1 = 176/9 (24 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ashfaq Ahmed (Emirati cricketer)|Ashfaq Ahmed]] 79 (51)
| wickets1 = [[Aizaz Khan]] 5/28 (5 overs)
| score2 = 179/8 (23.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nizakat Khan]] 38 (20)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammad Naveed]] 2/47 (5 overs)
| result = Hong Kong won by 2 wickets ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|DLS method]])
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1154661.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kinrara Academy Oval]], [[Bandar Kinrara]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Aizaz Khan]] (HK)
| toss = Hong Kong won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Hong Kong were set a revised target of 179 runs from 24 overs due to rain.
| notes =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/scores/series/1154639/season/2018/asia-cup-qualifiers Series home at ESPN Cricinfo]

{{Asia Cup}}
{{International cricket in 2018–19}}

[[Category:Asia Cup Qualifiers]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in Malaysia]]
[[Category:2018 in Malaysian sport]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2018–19]]
[[Category:September 2018 sports events in Malaysia|ACC Asia Cup Qualifier]]

30th International Film Festival of India

2025-12-15T03:36:28Z

ErnestBuntine9: starting initial data initial version

{{Short description|Indian film festival in 1999}}
{{Infobox film awards
| number =30
| award = International Film Festival of India
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Best of World cinema
| award_org =
| presenting_org = [[Directorate of Film Festivals]]
| announced_date =
| presented_date = 20 January 1999
| host =
| website = {{URL|http://www.iffigoa.org/}}
| lifetime_achievement =[[Bernardo Bertolucci]]
| best_feature =
| last =29th
| next =31st
}}
The '''30th [[International Film Festival of India]]''' was held from 10–20 January 1999 in [[Hyderabad]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rrtd.nic.in/iffi-2002.htm|title=30th IFFI, Hyderabad}}</ref> The non-competitive edition was restricted to lifetime achievement awards, and tributes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19990118-30th-international-film-festival-of-india-opens-with-impressive-line-up-of-films-825166-1999-01-18|title=30th International Film Festival of India opens with impressive line-up of films|first1=Amarnath K. |last=Menon|date=January 18, 1999|website=India Today}}</ref> [[Argentina]] was the country of focus in the festival, whilst Bollywood actor [[Dev Anand]] was the chief guest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/31F34F32CBB8B165652569400062014D?OpenDocument|title=Dev Anand will be the chief guest at IFFI'99 - The Times of India|website=www.cscsarchive.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Devi|first=Priya|date=January 1999|title=Savitri: A Moon Among Stars|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm30IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=30IIFA.pdf|work=30th International Film Festival of India '99|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=23 March 2018|page=150|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130012630/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm30IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=30IIFA.pdf|archive-date=30 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/media/story/19990125-nothing-goes-right-at-international-film-festival-of-india-in-hyderabad-780010-1999-01-25|title=Nothing goes right at International Film Festival of India in Hyderabad|first1=Madhu|last1=Jain|first2=Amarnath K.|last2=Menon|date=January 25, 1999|website=India Today}}</ref>

==Winners==
*[[IFFI - Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]] - [[Bernardo Bertolucci]] (Italy)

===Opening Film===
*[[Elizabeth (film)|Elizabeth]] by [[Shekhar Kapur]]

===Woman in Cinema Honors===
*[[Bhanumathi Ramakrishna]] - ''Holding Sway for 60 years''
*[[Shabana Azmi]] - ''The Icon and the Actress''
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] - ''A Moon Among Stars''

===Honors===
*Homage - [[Akira Kurosawa]] (Japan)
*Centenary Tribute - [[Sergei Eisenstein]] (Russia)

===Tributes===
*[[Theo Angelopoulos]] (Greece)
*[[Hou Hsiao-hsien]] (Taiwan)
*[[Zsolt Kézdi-Kovács]] (Hungary)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{International Film Festival of India|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:1999 film festivals]]
[[Category:Film festivals in India|India 30th]]
[[Category:1999 in Indian cinema]]

Bovonto

2025-12-09T14:37:28Z

ErnestBuntine9: new

{{Short description|Indian soft drink}}
{{moresources|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Beverage
|image= Bovanto.jpg
|type=[[Colas]]
|manufacturer=Kali Aerated Water Works
|origin=[[India]]
|introduced=1958
|related=Trio [[Solo (Indian soft drink)|Solo]] [[Frutang]]
|website={{Official website|kalimarkbovonto.com}}
|variants=
}}
'''Bovonto''' is a [[soft drink]] popular in [[Tamil Nadu, India]].

It is manufactured and marketed by Kali Mark (Kalis Sparkling Water (P) Ltd.), which has offices and bottling plants at several locations in [[Tamil Nadu]]. At present, it has put up a distribution point at Chennai.

The drink is mildly [[carbonated]] and has a tangy [[grape]]-[[cola]] taste.

Kali mark is a regional-level player and is one of the very few indigenous soft-drink manufacturers in India that survived the onslaught of take-overs by multinational giants [[Pepsi]] and [[Coca-Cola]], during the mid-1990s. Other than Bovonto, the company also used to produce soft drinks like Trio, Solo, and Frutang. The company still maintains a low profile in marketing and advertising. It has a minimal online presence.

== History ==
The product Bovonto came into existence in 1958, in [[Virudhunagar]] under Mr. P.V.S.K. Palaniappa Nadar. The company is being run by the fourth generation of the family.

During the 1990s, almost all of the local soft drinks were either bought or driven out of business by aggressive pricing and marketing by foreign competitors. But Kalimark made a strong ground in Tamil Nadu with almost all small players out of the game. Recently Kalimark group has reinvented itself with modern technology for production. The shape of the Bovonto pet bottle was redesigned and production was increased.

== Operations and Marketing ==
Over the years, Bovonto has contested against the Indian players such as Parle, and other MNCs for market share. When Pepsi and Coke entered the market, they sold 500 ml bottles at Rs 5, while Bovonto sold for Rs 8. Kalimark maintained its price. Kalimark is now a Rs 100 crore brand.

Bovonto does not do aggressive marketing, they mostly rely on word of mouth. Recently to increase their brand penetration they started sponsoring TV shows. Bovonto currently presents reality show on Vijay TV. The parent company of Bovonto has manufacturing units at eight places in [[Tamil Nadu]]. The company lacks economy of scale, but the strengths of the company include great product, a popular brand and strong distribution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/small-brands-in-india-kalimark/story/184745.html|title=Customer loyalty helps soft drink maker Kalimark stand its ground in Tamil Nadu|website=www.businesstoday.in}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/indias-homegrown-sodas-that-survived-despite-cola-wars/|title=India's homegrown sodas that survived despite cola wars|date=1 June 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official site|https://kalimarkbovonto.com}}

[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Cola brands]]
[[Category:Indian drinks]]
[[Category:Indian drink brands]]
[[Category:Companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1958]]

Jay Ganapathy

2025-11-09T04:41:18Z

ErnestBuntine9: fixed issues

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{orphan|date=August 2024}}
'''Jay Ganapathy''' is a politician and incumbent [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate in the [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2001]] and [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2006 elections]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf 2001 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf 2006 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganapathy, Jay}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century births]]
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

2025-11-05T06:38:17Z

ErnestBuntine9: basic corrected layout after review additionally and cleaned formatting for accuracy

#REDIRECT [[Affordable Care Act]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from long name}}
}}

[[Category:United States federal health legislation]]

Ashrita Shetty

2025-11-03T19:24:02Z

ErnestBuntine9: added references

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| name = Ashrita Shetty
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|7|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| birth_name =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor, [[Model (people)|model]]
| years_active = 2012–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Manish Pandey]]|December 2019}}
}}

'''Ashrita Shetty''' (born 16 July 1993) is an Indian actress who predominantly works in [[Tamil language]] films.

==Early life==
Shetty was born on 16 July 1993 in a South Indian family from [[Karnataka]].<ref name=TH1>{{Cite news |last1=Naig| first1=Udhav |date=21 April 2013 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/on-the-highway-to-fame/article4638455.ece |title = On the highway to fame |work=The Hindu |access-date=2 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129084444/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/on-the-highway-to-fame/article4638455.ece |archive-date=29 November 2016 |quote=Though I am a South Indian (Kannadiga), I didn’t know much about Tamil cinema.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Ashrita Shetty? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/who-is-ashrita-shetty-manish-pandey-marriage-6063030/ |work=The Indian Express |date=11 October 2019 |access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Ashrita Shetty? |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/who-is-ashrita-shetty/ar-AAIA9X4 |work=MSN |date=10 October 2019 |access-date=2 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208175751/https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/who-is-ashrita-shetty/ar-AAIA9X4 |archive-date=8 December 2019}}</ref> She hails from [[Mumbai]] and has studied finance.<ref name=TH1/>

==Career==
In 2010, Shetty participated in a beauty contest organised by ''[[The Times of India]]'', Clean & Clear Fresh Face. Competing in [[Mumbai]], she won the event there and then went on to win it again at the national level, eventually becoming the face of the brand for a year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ashrita Shetty teams up with Siddharth, feels lucky|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/ashrita-shetty-teams-up-with-siddharth-feels-lucky_131959.html|accessdate=10 September 2015|work=Zee News|date=12 April 2013}}</ref> She made her film debut in 2012, with a [[Tulu cinema|Tulu film]], ''[[Telikeda Bolli]]''.<ref name=TelekRef1>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/telikeda-bolli-to-hit-theatres-tomorrow/article4165947.ece|title='Telikeda Bolli' to hit theatres tomorrow|author=(Special Correspondent)|date=5 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Mangalore|accessdate=10 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831194714/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/telikeda-bolli-to-hit-theatres-tomorrow/article4165947.ece |archive-date=31 August 2014}}</ref><ref name=TelekRef2>{{cite web|url=http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=363019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402133350/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=363019 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 April 2015 |title=Tulu Film Telikeda Bolli Hits the Silver Screen in Twin Districts |last1=Pereira |first1=Violet |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Mangalorean.com |location=Mangalore |accessdate=10 October 2013 }}</ref> During the time, she appeared in various other television commercials. This was when film directors [[Vetrimaaran]] and [[Manimaran]] approached her to play the lead role in their venture, ''[[Udhayam NH4]]''.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ashrita-shetty-teams-up-with-siddharth-feels-lucky-news-national-nemmOebfcgh.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317234625/http://www.sify.com/movies/ashrita-shetty-teams-up-with-siddharth-feels-lucky-news-national-nemmOebfcgh.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=17 March 2014 | title=Ashrita Shetty teams up with Siddharth, feels lucky| website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> The film saw her play a [[Bangalore]]-based [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-speaking college girl, who elopes with the character played by [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2013/apr/15/bangalore-chennai-highway-story-468261.html|work=New Indian Express|title=Bangalore-Chennai highway story|date=15 April 2013|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> She gained mixed reviews for her portrayal in the film, with a reviewer noting she could be a promising actress in the making.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.sify.com/news/udhayam-nh4-salvaged-by-presentation-taut-screenplay-tamil-movie-review-news-international-neurEoiajcb.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317233121/http://www.sify.com/news/udhayam-nh4-salvaged-by-presentation-taut-screenplay-tamil-movie-review-news-international-neurEoiajcb.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=17 March 2014 | title='Udhayam NH4' salvaged by presentation, taut screenplay (Tamil Movie Review)| website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> Sangeeta Devi from ''The Hindu'' said "Newcomer Ashrita Shetty shows promise and her capability of bringing to the screen the vulnerability and innocence of a 17/18-year-old makes her endearing. This girl has huge potential."<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/nh4-take-this-route/article4636533.ece | title=NH4: Take this route| newspaper=The Hindu| date=20 April 2013| last1=Dundoo| first1=Sangeetha Devi}}</ref> She then signed the lead in the action adventure film ''[[Indrajith (2016 film)|Indrajith]]'' opposite [[Gautham Karthik]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://behindwoods.com/new-videos/tamil-actress/ashritha-shetty/ashrita-shetty-interview.html | title=Ashrita Shetty Interview - 'WITH A CUTE HERO CHEMISTRY IS EASY' - ASHRITHA SHETTY|work=Behind Woods |access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Shetty married Indian cricketer [[Manish Pandey]] on 2 December 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manish Pandey ties knot with Tamil actress Ashrita Shetty hours after winning Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/manish-pandey-gets-married-to-tamil-actress-ashrita-shetty/story-8IUgc106BJ34Lvc9tSJYIK.html |accessdate=2 December 2019 |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Manish Pandey Marries Actress Ashrita Shetty in Mumbai |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/manish-pandey-marries-actress-ashrita-shetty-in-mumbai-2142090 |work=NDTV |date=2 December 2019 |language=en |access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
|2012 || ''[[Telikeda Bolli]]'' || Malli || [[Tulu language|Tulu]] || Debut
|-
|2013 || ''[[Udhayam NH4]]'' || Rithika || rowspan="3" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
|2014 || ''[[Oru Kanniyum Moonu Kalavaanikalum]]'' || Isabella ||
|-
|2017 || ''[[Indrajith (2017 film)|Indrajith]]'' || Smitha ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|5645911}}
* {{Instagram|ashritashetty_}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetty, Ashrita}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Tulu actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tulu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]

Battle of Sindhuli

2025-10-27T02:38:11Z

ErnestBuntine9: content update

{{short description|1767 war between Gorkha Kingdom and East India Company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Sindhuli
| width = 20
| partof = the [[Unification of Nepal]]
| image = Sindhuli Fort 01.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = The ruins of Sindhuli Gadhi
| date = 6 November 1767
| place = [[Sindhuli Gadhi]], [[Kingdom of Nepal]] (present day [[Sindhuli District]], [[Bagmati Province]], [[Nepal]])
| coordinates = {{coord|27.2806|N|85.95501|E|source:wikidata|display=title;inline}}
| map_type = Nepal Bagmati Province#Nepal
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label = Sindhuli Gadhi
| territory =
| result = Gorkhali victory
| status =
| combatant1 = [[File:Shreenath Company Flag (cropped).png|25px|border]] [[Gorkha Kingdom|Kingdom of Gorkha]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=|title=पृथ्वीनारायण शाहद्वारा स्थापित पाँच सैन्य एकाइ कुन हुन् र अहिले कहाँ छन्|language=ne|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/nepali/news-55617531|access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref>
| combatant2 = {{flag|East India Company}} [[Kingdom of Kantipur]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]]
| commander2 = [[Jaya Prakash Malla]] Captain Kinloch
| commander3 =
| units1 =
| units2 =
| units3 =
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| strength3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}The '''Battle of Sindhuli''' ({{Langx|ne|सिन्धुलीको युद्ध}}; also known as the '''Battle of Sindhuli Gadhi''') was fought on 6 November 1767 near [[Sindhuli Gadhi]]. The battle was part of the [[unification of Nepal]] led by [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]], King of [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkha]] (later [[King of Nepal]]).

== Background ==

=== Unification campaign ===
{{Main|Unification of Nepal}}
Before the unification, Nepal was divided into many various [[petty kingdom]]s, notability [[Baise rajya]]s (22 kingdoms) in the west,{{Sfn|Shrestha|2017|p=66}} [[Chaubisi Rajya]]s (24 kingdoms) in the [[Gandaki Zone|Gandaki region]],{{Sfn|Bista|1991|p=44}} [[Malla (Kathmandu Valley)|Malla Kingdoms]] in the [[Kathmandu Valley]],{{Sfn|Shrestha|2017|p=66}} and other kingdoms to extending to [[Sikkim]].{{Sfn|Subba|2008|p=386}} [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkha]], an Independent kingdom in Gandaki, was founded in 1559 by [[Dravya Shah]], the second son of [[Yasho Brahma Shah]], King of [[Kaski District|Kaski]] and because he did not see other ways to stop them [[Lamjung]].{{sfn|Rana|2018|p=1}} In 1739, King [[Nara Bhupal Shah]], launched an attack on [[Nuwakot, Bagmati Province|Nuwakot]], a territory controlled by Malla kings and Gorkhalis lost the war.{{Sfn|Sinha|2018|p=chapter 2}} Once again, he launched another attack with help from [[Kingdom of Kantipur|Kantipur]] and [[Kingdom of Patan|Patan]](now known as [[Kathmandu]], and [[Lalitpur, Nepal|Lalitpur]] respectively), and Gorkhas were ultimately defeated.{{Sfn|Sinha|2018|p=chapter 2}}

On 3 April 1743,{{Sfn|Shrestha|1997|p=6}} 20-year-old, [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] ascended the throne of the Gorkha after the death of his father Nara Bhupal Shah.{{Sfn|Sinha|2018|p=chapter 2}} Like his father, he attacked Nuwakot in 1742 and he suffered another defeat so Shah realised he needed more military technology and manpower to capture Nuwakot.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=176}} Shah acquired weapons from [[Banaras]], created alliances with other kingdoms, increased the manpower, and [[Battle of Nuwakot|started the assault on 26 September 1744]].{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=97}} This time Gorkhalis won the war which resulted in Nuwakot ceding from Malla Kings and subsequently started the [[unification of Nepal]] campaign.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=99}} As Gorkhas were continuing their expansion, [[Jaya Prakash Malla]], King of Kantipur requested assistance from the [[East India Company]] .{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=116}} [[Thomas Rumbold]], head of the company in [[Patna]] advised Shah to remove the blockade of Kantipur and abstain from attacking Malla or else it could result in a war.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=116}} Rumbold not receiving any positive response from Prithvi Narayan Shah led to the Battle of Sindhuli.{{Sfn|Hamal|1995|p=116}}

=== Trade route ===
During the reign of Gorkha's [[Ram Shah]] and Kantipur's [[Pratap Malla]], both gained control of important areas in [[Tibet]]'s border crossing areas where most of the trans-[[Himalayas|Himalayan]] trade occurred.{{Sfn|Rose|1971|p=13}} Shah invaded Tibet around c. 1625-1630, the first attack was unsuccessful however the second strike proved to be successful which gained control of [[Gyirong Town|Kerong]] and went far as Kukurghat, north of Kerong.{{Sfn|Rose|1971|p=13}} War ended with Gorkha signing a treaty with Tibet which gave Shah access to the main trade route.{{Sfn|Rose|1971|p=13}} This created a problem for [[Lhasa Newar|Kantipur as their traders]] used the same route, Malla did not fight for Kerong but he gained access to [[Nyalam Town|Kuti]], second important route.{{Sfn|Rose|1971|p=13}} He also signed a treaty, which created a monopoly for their traders as the trade between India and Tibet was extremely profitable, and the king also profited from the coins minted for their government.{{Sfn|Rose|1971|p=13}} [[East India Company]] carried their trades to Tibet and [[Qing dynasty|China]] from Kathmandu, and they came in conflict with the Gorkhas because Prithvi Narayan Shah's [[Battle of Kathmandu|blockade of Kantipur]] which affected them.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Basnyat|first=Prem Singh|title=The battle of Sindhuli|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/72404/|access-date=25 January 2021|website=My Republica|language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Waller|2014|p=171}}

=== Terrain ===
[[Sindhuli Gadhi]] is located 4,648 feet above the sea level and it is about 150-kilometre away from [[Kathmandu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Basnet|first=Rakshya|title=Sindhuli Gadhi: History that deserves to be remembered|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/100970/|access-date=26 January 2021|website=My Republica|language=en}}</ref>

==Battle==
{{Missing information|section|battle|date=January 2021}}
== References ==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{Cite book|last=Bista|first=Dor Bahadur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzFROpFVYRAC|title=Fatalism and Development: Nepal's Struggle for Modernization|date=1991|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-0188-1|location=|pages=44|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Shrestha|first=Nanda R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qZapDQAAQBAJ|title=Historical Dictionary of Nepal|date=8 February 2017|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-7770-0|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Subba|first=J. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iY4bVR9--XAC|title=History, Culture and Customs of Sikkim|date=2008|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-212-0964-9|language=en}}
* {{Cite web|last=Rana|first=Ramji|date=14 October 2018|title=CoAS Thapa unveils statute of 16th-century monarch Yasho Brahma Shah|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/coas-thapa-unveils-statute-of-16th-century-monarch-yasho-brahma-shah/|access-date=18 January 2021|website=The Himalayan Times|language=en-US}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sinha|first=Awadhesh C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hfl0DwAAQBAJ|title=Dawn of Democracy in the Eastern Himalayan Kingdoms: The 20th Century|date=26 October 2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-429-68568-2|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Shrestha|first=Nanda R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vx7yuCmp_iYC|title=In the Name of Development: A Reflection on Nepal|date=1997|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-0759-9|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hamal|first=Lakshman B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3RuAAAAMAAJ|title=Military History of Nepal|date=1995|publisher=Sharda Pustak Mandir|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Pradhan|first=K. L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PP1yElRzIUC|title=Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806-1839|date=2012|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-813-2|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Rose|first1=Leo E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v07Vo3vAaKwC&dq=kathmandu+trade+to+tibet&pg=PA14|title=Nepal; Strategy for Survival|date=1971|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-01643-9|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Waller|first=Derek|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqkeBgAAQBAJ|title=The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia|date=11 July 2014|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-8131-4904-2|language=en}}

[[Category:Battles of the Unification of Nepal|Sindhuli]]
[[Category:Gurkhas]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1767|Sindhuli]]
[[Category:Wars involving the British East India Company|Sindhuli]]
[[Category:1767 in Nepal]]
[[Category:History of Bagmati Province|S]]

R. S. Brar

2025-10-05T13:26:52Z

ErnestBuntine9: put up some article w/ sources.

{{short description|Indian Army officer and equestrian (polo & tent pegging)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}

{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Colonel]]
| name = R. S. Brar
| image =
| caption = Colonel Rupinder Singh Brar (Retd.)
| nickname = Rupi
| birth_name = Rupinder Singh Brar
| birth_date = c. 1940s
| birth_place = Punjab, British India
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{flagicon|India}} Indian Army
| serviceyears = 1960s–1990s
| rank = [[Colonel]]
| unit = [[61st Cavalry (India)|61st Cavalry]]
| commands = 61st Cavalry
| awards = [[Arjuna Award]]
}}

{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = R. S. Brar
| country = {{flag|India}}
| sport = [[Equestrianism|Equestrian]] (Tent Pegging, Polo)
| event = Individual Tent Pegging, Polo
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates = {{Medal|Gold|[[1982 Asian Games]]|Individual Tent Pegging}}
}}

'''Colonel Rupinder Singh "R. S." Brar''' (born c. 1940s) (sometimes known as Col R.S. “Rupi” Brar) is a retired officer of the [[Indian Army]] and a decorated Indian equestrian. He served in the [[61st Cavalry (India)|61st Cavalry]], one of the world’s last remaining horse-mounted cavalry regiments, and rose to become its Commandant. Brar was a leading [[Polo|polo player]] for [[Polo in India|India]], captaining the national polo team and achieving a handicap of +5,<ref name="HT2021" /> Brar also won the gold medal in individual tent pegging at the [[1982 Asian Games]] in New Delhi.<ref name="HT2021">{{cite news |title=A good life that started with the polo quartet |url=https://www.hindustimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/a-good-life-that-started-with-the-polo-quartet-101624882272998.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 June 2021 |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="Onmanorama2023">{{cite web |title=Asian Games: India clinch gold in equestrian after 41 years |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/other-sports/2023/09/26/asian-games-india-clinch-gold-in-equestrian-after-41-years.html |website=Onmanorama |date=26 September 2023 |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref> Brar was honoured with the [[Arjuna Award]] for his contributions to equestrian in 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lalotra |first=Gautam |date=2016-05-29 |title=The Indian armed forces and their heroics in the sporting arena |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/sports/indian-armed-forces-and-their-heroics-in-the-sporting-arena-2 |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Brar was born in Punjab into a family with a long polo and equestrian tradition. His great-grandfather had been a polo player who kept more than a hundred ponies.<ref name="HT2021"/> He received his schooling at [[The Lawrence School, Sanawar]]. Brar attended the [[National Defence Academy]] in 1961, where he trained for a career in the Army and began pursuing polo at a competitive level.<ref name="HT2021"/>

== Military career ==
Brar was commissioned into the Indian Army in the mid-1960s and later transferred to the [[61st Cavalry (India)|61st Cavalry]].<ref name="HT2021"/> Within the regiment, he emerged as one of the unit’s strongest polo players and equestrians, eventually becoming the regiment’s Commandant. Brar has also been vocal in defending the cavalry tradition: in 2020 he publicly opposed proposals to convert the 61st Cavalry into a mechanised unit, arguing that the regiment’s heritage and contribution to equestrian sport should be preserved.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Is the Indian Army’s 61 Cavalry Regiment Being Downsized? |url=https://thewire.in/security/indian-army-61-cavalry-downsizing |work=The Wire |date=27 May 2020 |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref>

== Equestrian career ==
Brar represented India in multiple equestrian disciplines, including tent pegging and polo.
* At the [[1982 Asian Games]] in New Delhi he won the gold medal in individual tent pegging, the only time the discipline has been included in the Games.<ref name="Onmanorama2023"/>
* In polo, he achieved a handicap of +5, held for more than 15 years and was captain of the strongest 61st Cavalry team in the modern era, comprising [[Kuldeep Singh Garcha|Col. Kuldeep Singh Garcha]], Capt. Bhawani Singh and Major M. S. Sekhon that won every major Indian Trophy in the 1980s.<ref name="HT2021"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=IPA {{!}} Tournaments |url=https://ipa.co.in/user/tournaments.php?tourid=156 |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=ipa.co.in}}</ref>
* He captained the Indian national polo team and competed internationally in the United Kingdom, Argentina, Mexico, France and South Africa.<ref name="HT2021" />
* Domestically, he competed in and won major tournaments such as the Indian Polo Association Gold Cup and President’s Cup, representing the Army and the 61st Cavalry.

== Awards and honours ==
* Gold Medal – Individual Tent Pegging, [[1982 Asian Games]] (New Delhi).<ref name="Onmanorama2023"/>
* Arjuna Award 1982 - Equestrian
* Numerous domestic polo trophies and recognition as one of India’s leading high-goal players.<ref name="HT2021"/>

== Later life and legacy ==
Brar retired from the Army with the rank of Colonel in the 1990s. He remained associated with polo clubs and equestrian institutions, mentoring young riders and advising schools such as The Punjab Public School, Nabha, in reviving horse-riding programmes.<ref name="HT2021"/> He is remembered for sustaining India’s equestrian visibility during the 1980s and 1990s and for his gold medal achievement at the 1982 Asian Games, a landmark in Indian tent pegging. His leadership of the 61st Cavalry further cemented the regiment’s role as a hub of Indian equestrian sport. Brar has also been associated with the [[Indian Polo Association]] and the [[Equestrian Federation of India]] in advisory capacities, leveraging his experience to develop the next generation of riders.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brar, R.S.}}
[[Category:1940s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:61st Cavalry (India)]]
[[Category:Indian polo players]]
[[Category:Indian male equestrians]]
[[Category:Equestrians at the 1982 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in equestrian]]

Madhiyadoh

2025-08-13T02:41:23Z

ErnestBuntine9: Adding Some Info More To Come

{{Short description|Village in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Madiyadoh
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = Madiyado.png
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.28|N|79.63|E|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''Madhiyadoh''' or '''Madiyado''' is a village in [[Hatta, Madhya Pradesh|Hatta tehsil]], [[Damoh district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. It belongs to [[Sagar Division|Sagar division]].<ref name="damoh">{{cite web|url=https://damoh.nic.in/en/public-utility/madiyado-thana/|title=Madiyado Thana {{pipe}} District Damoh Government of Madhya Pradesh {{pipe}} India|website=damoh.nic.in|access-date=2024-01-09}}</ref>

==History ==
Madhiyadoh was one of the 52 forts of Sangram Singh. That was part of [[Garha Kingdom]] The fort and temple are situated on the banks of [[Sunar River]] in Madiyadoh.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

==Geography ==
It is located 58 km north of the District headquarters [[Damoh]], and 298 km from the state capital of [[Bhopal]].{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

Madhiyadoh's pin code is 470775, and its postal head office is Hatta (Damoh).{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

Madhiyadoh is surrounded by [[Patera, Damoh|Patera]] Tehsil towards the south, [[Batiyagarh]] and [[Buxwaha]] to the west, and [[Bijawar]] to the north. Its nearest cities are [[Damoh]], [[Panna, India|Panna]], [[Chhatarpur]], and [[Murwara]].{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

==Demographics==
Madhiyadoh had a population of 7,923, of which 4,159 are males while 3764 are females as per the Population Census 2011.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/461702-madhiyadoh-madhya-pradesh.html|title=Madhiyadoh Village Population - Hatta - Damoh, Madhya Pradesh|website=census2011.co.in|access-date=2024-01-09}}</ref>

==References ==
<references/>

{{Sagar Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Damoh district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Damoh district]]

Karkota dynasty

2025-06-19T02:49:54Z

ErnestBuntine9: minor edit

{{Short description|625 – 855 CE dynasty of Kashmir and neighbouring areas}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Karkota dynasty
| era = [[Classical India]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| capital = [[Parihaspur]]
| year_start = 625
| year_end = 855
| image_map = {{South Asia in 800 CE|center|{{center|Heartland of the Karkota dynasty around [[Srinagara]], with neighbouring polities, circa 700 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=31, map (a)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/reference/schwartzberg/query.py?object=068&display_type=image_display#gsc.tab=0}}</ref>}}|{{Annotation|102|37|[[File:Long Fine Rectangle (plain).png|45px]]}}||none}}
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| p1 = Alchon Huns
| p2 = Gonanda dynasty (II)
| s1 = Utpala dynasty
| today = [[Afghanistan]] [[India]] [[Pakistan]] [[Bangladesh]]
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
}}

The '''Karkota dynasty''' (c. 625 − 855 CE) ruled over the [[Kashmir valley]] and some northern parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]] during 7th and 8th centuries. Their rule saw a period of political expansion, economic prosperity and emergence of Kashmir as a centre of culture and scholarship.<ref name=":17">{{Cite book|last=Larson|first=Gerald James|title=The Arts of Kashmir|publisher=Asia Society ; 5 Continents|year=2007|editor-last=Pal|editor-first=Pratapaditya|pages=36–37|language=English|chapter=Nagas, Monks, Tantrics and Poets|editor-last2=Ames|editor-first2=Frank}}</ref><ref name=":24" />

The Karkota rulers constructed several shrines to Vishnu in their dominions.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sanderson|first=Alexis|title=Genesis and Development of Tantrism|publisher=Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo|year=2009|isbn=978-4-903235-08-0|editor-last=Einoo|editor-first=Shingo|series=Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series: 23|location=Tokyo|pages=60–61, 73, 298–300|chapter=The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period}}</ref> They however also allowed Buddhism to flourish under them. [[Stupa]], [[Chaitya]] and [[Vihara]] can be found in the ruins of their capital. [[Martand Sun Temple]] in the [[Anantnag district]] was built by Lalitaditya. It is the oldest known Sun temple in India and was also one of the biggest temple complexes at the time.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVft0FqSxc0C&q=karkota|title=The Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Ancient Kashmir and its Influences|isbn=978-9004248328|last1=Siudmak|first1=John|date=5 April 2013|publisher=BRILL }}</ref>

[[Avanti Varman (Utpala dynasty)|Avanti Varman]] ascended the throne of Kashmir in 855, establishing the [[Utpala dynasty]] and ending the rule of Karkota dynasty.

== Sources ==

=== Literature ===
[[File:Karkota_Empire_map.jpg|thumb|Maximum extent of the Karkota Empire circa 750 CE at the time of [[Lalitaditya Muktapida]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=146, map XIV.2 (f)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/reference/schwartzberg/query.py?display_type=image_display&object=183#gsc.tab=0}}</ref> Only [[Lalitaditya Muktapida|Lalitaditya]]'s conquests in the Kashmir neighbourhood and the Gangetic plains are considered as historical.]]
The [[Nilamata Purana]], believed to have been commissioned by Durlabhavardhana, the first ruler of the dynasty, provides information on contemporary affairs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Zutshi|first=Chitralekha|title=Kashmir|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2019|location=Delhi|at=Aryavarta|chapter=Kashmir as Sacred Space}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last=Witzel|first=Michael|date=September 1991|title=THE BRAHMINS OF KASHMIR|url=https://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/KashmiriBrahmins.pdf|pages=24–28}}</ref> However, not only that the Purana was penned to reconstruct Kashmir as one of the most sacred space in the subcontinental cosmos by attributing Brahminical divinity to its geographical features and then, establish Durlabhavardhana as its rightful king but also that there have been interpolations as late as the 10th century, the text cannot be treated as objective history.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Mahesh|date=1 July 2008|title=Puranic Texts from Kashmir: Vitasta and River Ceremonials in the Nilamata Purana|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/026272800802800201|journal=South Asia Research|language=en|volume=28|issue=2|pages=123–145|doi=10.1177/026272800802800201|issn=0262-7280|s2cid=144448359|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jamwal|first=Suman|date=2011|title=The Making of the Religious Geography of Kashmir: From Nilamata Purana to Rajatarangini|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44146700|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=72|pages=101–109|issn=2249-1937|jstor=44146700}}</ref> The [[Vishnudharmottara Purana]] is another local and contemporary source; it played similar roles in the Karkota polity.<ref name=":42" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":6" />

Other sources include the chronicles of a multitude of Buddhist pilgrims—[[Xuanzang]] (May 631−April 633), [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]] (673−685), [[Wukong (monk)|Wukong]], [[Hyecho]] and others—who visited Kashmir during the dynasty.<ref name=":24" /> The [[Kuttanimata]], penned by a court-poet of Jayapida, was a [[Didactic method|didactic work]] on erotics but gave a lively account of contemporary Kashmiri life.<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":26">{{Cite journal|last=Ray|first=Sunil Chandra|date=1957|title=Dāmodaragupta's Kuṭṭanīmata : Its Value as a Source of Ancient Indian History|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44304455|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=20|pages=144–148|issn=2249-1937|jstor=44304455}}</ref>

==== Rajatarangini ====
The ''[[Rajatarangini]]'', an 11th-century work by Kalhana, was aimed at sketching an outline of Kashmir's history since ancient times, and it did discuss the Karkota dynasty in depth.<ref name=":23">{{Cite book|last=Siudmak|first=John|url=https://brill.com/view/book/9789004248328/B9789004248328_003.xml|title=1. Historical and Cultural Background of Kashmir Up to 1003 AD|date=1 January 2013|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-24832-8|pages=11, 16–19, 251, 262|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Zutshi|first=Chitralekha|title=Kashmir|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2019|location=Delhi|at=Especially Blessed Landscape/Peripheral Kingdom|chapter=Kashmir as Sacred Space}}</ref>{{Efn|At least three other Rajataranginis were composed in medieval Kashmir. They are since-lost.<ref name=":15" />}} Kalhana depended on a variety of material including earlier historical works, dynastic genealogies, inscriptions, coins and Puranas.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last=Witzel|first=Michael|date=1990|title=On Indian Historical Writing: The role of the Vamsavalis|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjasas1989/1990/2/1990_2_1/_article/-char/ja|journal=南アジア研究|publisher=Japanese Association for South Asian Studies|volume=2|pages=10–11, 30|doi=10.11384/jjasas1989.1990.1}}</ref> The work has a contested repute of being the only pre-modern work in Sanskrit resembling Western notions of history; however, its historical accuracy is disputed—Zutshi and other scholars find the poem to be a blend of "mythical, political, social, spiritual, and geographical" narratives, which aimed at defining Kashmir as an idealised ethical space.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":52">{{Cite journal|last=Roy|first=Kumkum|date=1994|title=Defining the Household: Some Aspects of Prescription and Practice in Early India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517849|journal=Social Scientist|volume=22|issue=1/2|pages=15|doi=10.2307/3517849|jstor=3517849|issn=0970-0293|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shulman|first=David|date=1 April 2013|title=Preface: Kalhaṇa's Rājataraṅgiṇī: What is it?|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0019464613487096|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|language=en|volume=50|issue=2|pages=127–130|doi=10.1177/0019464613487096|s2cid=220678233|issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Bronner|first=Yigal|date=1 April 2013|title=From conqueror to connoisseur: Kalhaṇa's account of Jayāpīḍa and the fashioning of Kashmir as a Kingdom of learning|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0019464613487098|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|language=en|volume=50|issue=2|pages=161–177|doi=10.1177/0019464613487098|s2cid=144762916|issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last=ZUTSHI|first=CHITRALEKHA|date=2011|title=Translating the Past: Rethinking "Rajatarangini" Narratives in Colonial India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41302205|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=70|issue=1|pages=5–27|doi=10.1017/S0021911810002998|jstor=41302205|s2cid=146160013|issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":25">{{Cite book|last=Dezső|first=Csaba|title=Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History|publisher=Barkhuis|year=2020|isbn=9789493194014|editor-last=Balogh|editor-first=Daniel|location=Groningen|pages=296–308|chapter=X.1.3: The Kashmir Secular Tradition}}</ref><ref name=":20" />

Nonetheless, historical accuracy increases drastically from the fourth book onward, and the narrative of the Karkota dynasty in the ''Rajatarangini'' has been heavily used to reconstruct Kashmiri history.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":23" /><ref name=":15" /> [[Michael Witzel]] notes the fourth book to be accurate in its chronology (down to day) in that it aligns perfectly with contemporary Chinese sources; however a correction of +25 years need to be introduced throughout the dynasty.<ref name=":24">{{Cite book|last=Witzel|first=Michael|title=Around Abhinavagupta: Aspects of the Intellectual History of Kashmir from the Ninth to the Eleventh Century|year=2016|isbn=978-3-643-90697-7|editor-last=Franco|editor-first=Eli|series=Leipziger Studien zu Kultur und Geschichte Süd- und Zentralasiens|location=Münster, Germany|pages=609–643|chapter=Kashmiri Brahmins under the Karkota, Utpala and Lohara Dynasties, 625-1101 CE|editor-last2=Ratié|editor-first2=Isabelle}}</ref><ref name=":23" />{{Efn|Kalhana misunderstood a Karkota Vamsavali to be in Laukika Samvat, when it was actually in Kali Samvat. Both calendars were used in medieval Kashmir and the beginning of Laukika Samvat equals Kali Samvat 25 (expired).}}

=== Coins ===
Coins issued by all major rulers until Muktapida (and Jayapida) have been excavated; these coins were always inscribed in the name of [[Kidara]] on the reverse.<ref name="AMS16">{{cite book|last1=Shastri|first1=A. M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=979BKkAiQowC&pg=PA16|title=India As Seen In The Kuttanimata Of Damodara Gupta|date=31 December 1996|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-1336-6|page=16|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Inden|first1=Ronald|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPARDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA74|title=Querying the Medieval: Texts and the History of Practices in South Asia|last2=Inden|first2=Professor of South Asian History Ronald|last3=Walters|first3=Jonathan S.|last4=Walters|first4=Jonathan|last5=Ali|first5=Daud|last6=Ali|first6=Lecturer in Ancient and Medieval Indian History Daud|date=8 June 2000|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-512430-9|pages=74–77|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite book|last=Stein|first=Marc Aurel|title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir|publisher=[[Archibald Constable]]|year=1900|location=Westminster|pages=86–97, 136, 142 (Introduction), 120–185 (The Rajatarangini of Kalahana: Fourth Book)}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Establishment ===
[[File:Vajrasattva, Ancient Kingdom of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, 8th century CE.jpg|thumb|Sculpture of the [[Buddhist]] [[Bodhisattva]] [[Vajra]]sattva, Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, 8th century.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Bodhisattva Vajrasattva |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/39342 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Reedy |first1=Chandra L. |title=Himalayan Bronzes: Technology, Style, and Choices |year=1997 |publisher=Associated University Press |isbn=978-0-87413-570-1 |page=156, K47 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3dNiLUB3usMC&pg=PA156 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pal |first1=Pratapaditya |title=Bronzes of Kashmir |year=1975 |publisher=Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt |isbn=978-3-201-00929-4 |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQw4AQAAIAAJ |language=en|quote="Fig 59a: Vajrasattva Kashmir , 8th century H : 65/8 in . ( 16.9 cm ) Pan - Asian Collection A regal Bodhisattva is seated on a lotus which rests on a pedestal of unusual form. The pedestal is composed of two tiers of jagged and contorted rock formations, the stylized design of the rockery being indicated by shallow , uneven incisions peculiar to Kashmiri bronzes . The narrow , recessed portions between the two tiers appear to be crushed by the entwined tails of two nāgas who , at the same time , are engaged in adoring the deity . The rock formations obviously represent a mountain , but the exact significance of the behaviour of the någas is not known . Clad in a dhoti , the Bodhisattva is elaborately crowned and ornamented . His hair is gathered up behind in what is generally known as the Parthian bob and is held in place by a filet . Five identical effigies of a seated Buddha - each showing the samadhimudra - are delineated on the crown and at the back . The Bodhisattva carries the thunderbolt ( vajra ) against his chest and a bell ( ghanță ) against his thigh . Because of the emblems and the manner in which they are disposed , the Bodhisattva may be identified as Vajrasattva ."}}</ref>]]
Scholars disagree on the specifics of establishment of the Karkotas, though it is held that their establishment followed the rule of the [[Alchon Huns|Hunas]] in the region of Kashmir.<ref name=":27">{{cite journal|last1=Pal|first1=Pratapaditya|date=1973|title=Bronzes of Kashmir: Their Sources and Influences|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41371150|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Arts|volume=121|issue=5207|pages=727, 746|issn=0035-9114|jstor=41371150}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kim|first=Hyun Jin|title=The Huns|date=19 November 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-34090-4|pages=58|language=en|chapter=THE HUNS OF CENTRAL ASIA AND SOUTH ASIA: THE KIDARITE AND HEPHTHALITE WHITE HUNS|doi=10.4324/9781315661704|chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315661704-11/huns-central-asia-south-asia-kidarite-hephthalite-white-huns-hyun-jin-kim|access-date=29 March 2021|archive-date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125135448/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315661704-11/huns-central-asia-south-asia-kidarite-hephthalite-white-huns-hyun-jin-kim|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Kalhana's third book mentions of a [[Gonanda dynasty (II)]], which ruled for about 590 years till the establishment of the Karkotas;<ref name=":16" /> on cross-vetting with coins and inscriptions, names of some of these rulers are found to correspond with the [[Alchon Huns]], who ruled hundreds of years later.<ref name=":22" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cribb|first=Joe|author-link=Joe Cribb|date=2016|title=Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage – A New Hoard and An Anomaly|journal=Numismatic Digest|publisher=Numismatic Society of Bombay|volume=40|pages=98}}</ref> Across the first three books, Kalhana reshuffles multiple names, retrofits the same stories, assigns abnormally long reigns, and telescopes some rulers into the past.<ref name=":25" />{{Efn|The first book of Rajatarangini ends with Yudhisthira I being deposed by Pratapaditya c.180 B.C. Yudhisthira I, the son of a Narendraditya Khinkhila is noted to be the 9th successor of Mihirakula (who is dated to around 704 BC). Mihirakula, in turn, has figures from the Ramayana pantheon — Vibhisana, Ravana, Indrajit et al — among ancestors.{{pb}}Pratapaditya's successors (second book) are noted to be Jalauka and Tunjina I. The latter was deposed by Vijaya from another family, who was succeeded by his son Jayendra. The next ruler was his minister Samdhimati, who went on to abdicate the throne after a few decades.{{pb}}The third book starts with Meghavahana, the great-great-grandson of Yudhisthira I, being restored to the vacant throne from his exile. There is also a Yudhisthir II, the son of Pravarsena II and grandson of Toramana (grandson of Meghavahana). He is dated to 170-210 AD and had a son Lakhana-Narendraditya; Baladitya is noted to be Narendraditya's nephew (and his third successor).}} Durlabhavardhana—the founder of the Karkotas—was held to be under the employment of Baladitya, the last ruler of the Gonanda dynasty (II).<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Rangachari|first=Devika|date=1 April 2002|title=Kalhana's Rājataranginī: A Gender Perspective1|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/097194580200500103|journal=The Medieval History Journal|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=46, 48|doi=10.1177/097194580200500103|issn=0971-9458|s2cid=144377502|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Baladitya had no male heir but a daughter Anaṅgalekhā and did not wish his territory to be annexed by in-laws.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":16" /> To avert such a possibility he had her married to Durlabhavardhana, who was from a low caste.<ref name=":16" /> However, after Baladitya's death, Durlabhavardhana ascended to the throne with help from a minister, and claimed descent from the mythical Naga king [[Karkotaka]], establishing the Karkota dynasty.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":72">{{Citation|last=Pal|first=Sayantani|title=Karkota dynasty of Kashmir|date=2016|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe049|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Empire|pages=1–2|publisher=American Cancer Society|language=en|doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe049|isbn=978-1-118-45507-4|access-date=18 March 2021|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":16" /> Witzel seems to accept this view.<ref name=":24" />

Atreyi Biswas however rejects this literal description of the establishment of the Karkota dynasty as fictitious.<ref name=":20">{{Cite book|last=Biswas|first=Atreyi|url=|title=The Political History of the Hūṇas in India|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|year=1971|isbn=978-0-88386-301-5|pages=112–113, 135, 138, 143|language=en}}</ref> In a critical reading of the ''Rajatarangini'', and taking into account numismatic as well as literary sources, the dates of the Gonanda rulers are adjusted and Biswas deems the first ruler of the Karkota dynasty to be Durlabhaka Pratapaditya, who claimed the throne after defeating [[Yudhishthira (Huna king)|Yudhisthira]], the last [[Alchon Hun]] ruler of Kashmir.<ref name=":20" />{{efn|name=fn1|Mihirakula has been precisely dated to 502 - 530 AD on the basis of inscriptions and coins; he was a Huna ruler. He has been similarly confirmed to be Toramana's son and immediate successor. Biswas notes that no historical evidence has been located for the first six successors of Mihirakula or Yudhisthira I, himself. Ditto as to Yudhishtira II or the three successors of Narendraditya. Biswas however notes that coins and inscriptions attesting to the immediate predecessor of Yudhisthira I (Narendraditya Khinkhila) have been excavated, as have been coins minted by Pravarsena II.{{pb}}Noting that contemporary Huna kings are located across three books and spaced out by over 1000 years, Biswas proposes that Kalhana had the names of individual kings and content (including popular legends) about their rule but not the chronological framework to fit them. Pravarsena II was Mihirakula's brother and he was alive as late as 597 A.D.; he was succeeded by Narendraditya Khinkhila, whose reign, assuming the regnal spans of the first book of Rajtarangini to be correct, ended in around 633 AD. He was followed by a Yudhisthira, who was defeated by (Durlabhaka) Pratapaditya — content-parts of both books thus stand true, if these two rulers were concurrent, which automatically follows if we assume Yudhisthira I and Yudhisthira II to be the [[Yudhishthira (Huna king)|same ruler]].}} His father Durlabhavardhana would have been a subordinate king under the-then Huna ruler, [[Narendraditya Khinkhila]].<ref name=":20" />{{efn|name=fn1}} Baladitya and his immediate predecessors of the [[Gonanda dynasty of Kashmir III|Gonanda dynasty]] would never have existed at all or were subordinate kings under the Karkotas.<ref name=":20" />{{efn|Maulavi Hasan Shah wrote a history of Kashmir (not published; late 19th century), based on a Persian translation of Ratnakara Purana by Mulla Ahmed, court poet of [[Zayn al-Abidin (sultan of Kashmir)|Zain-ul-Abidin]]. All the three works are currently lost or untraceable. However, a partial translation (in English) of Shah's manuscript was published over a journal in 1918 by Pandit Ananda Kaul.{{pb}}Biswas hyothesizes a probable time-frame for the predecessors based on Kaul's translation.}} [[Ahmad Hasan Dani]] follows her interpretation in one of his works.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dani|first1=Ahmad Hasan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA169|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750|last2=Litvinsky|first2=B. A.|date=1996|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=9789231032110|pages=169–170|language=en}}</ref> However, Gudrun Melzer notes that Biswas did not take into account a different chronology proposed by two German historians (Humbach and Göbl), which has since received eminence in Huna studies; scholars have disputed her dating and commentary on Narendraditya Khinkhila.<ref name=":21">{{Cite book|last1=Melzer|first1=Gudrun|title=Buddhist Manuscripts in the Schøyen Collection|last2=Sander|first2=Lore|publisher=Hermes Publishing|year=2006|editor-last=Braarvig|editor-first=Jens|volume=III|location=Oslo|pages=257|chapter=A Copper Scroll Inscription from the Time of the Alchon Huns}}</ref>{{efn|Gobl and Kuwayama notes a Khingila (not Narendraditya Khinkhila in the above note) to precede Toramana, based on numismatic and literary evidence.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://britishacademy.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.5871/bacad/9780197262856.001.0001/upso-9780197262856|title=Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples |series=Proceedings of the British Academy|date=23 January 2003|publisher=British Academy|isbn=978-0-19-726285-6|editor-last=Sims-Williams|editor-first=Nicholas|edition=1|language=en|doi=10.5871/bacad/9780197262856.001.0001}}</ref> In contrast, Biswas had noted Tijin (Thunjina II in the third book of Rajatarangini) to be Toramana's father and predecessor. Melzer expresses reservations on all of these readings.{{pb}}Biswas identifies her Narendraditya Khinkhila with the "Shahi Khimgala" mentioned over [[Gardez Ganesha|a Ganesha inscription]] but this is disputed by others. Dhavalikar as well as Tucci reject that the two rulers are same and note that there are too many possibilities to date the inscribed king; Tucci however dates the inscription to late fifth or early sixth on a paleographic analysis and Dhavalikar confirms the same time-span on an artistic analysis of the statue. D.C. Sircar as well as Petech date the inscription to sixth or seventh century. Melzer notes that the inscribed Khinkhila was "most probably" a different ruler than Khingila (first paragraph), who could not have existed before the second half of 6th century. However, [[David Bivar]] identifies Khingila (first paragraph) with Narendraditya Khinkhila; he is noted to be the second successor of [[Pravarsena II]] and dated to sometime before 600. [[Shōshin Kuwayama]] rejects that Narendraditya Khinkhila ruled Kashmir at all and assigns him to sometime "before or long before" 600; the inscribed ruler is dated to 753. Overall, Melzer notes that there might have been multiple Huna rulers of the name Khingila (or variants) who had ruled different territories across different time-spans and their details remain hazy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kuawayama|first=Shōshin|date=1999|title=Historical Notes on Kāpiśī and Kābul in the Sixth-Eighth Centuries|journal=Zinbun (Annals of the Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University)|volume=34|issue=1|pages=25–77}}</ref><ref name=":21" /> {{pb}}Gobl notes the Alchon Hunas to have migrated to the Kapisa-Kabul area, after Mihirakula's defeat in India. This has been since accepted by Alram and others; numismatic evidence supports such proposition. The ruler who defeated the native Nezak kings is variably identified as Pravarsena II (Gobl) and Narendraditya Khinkhila ([[David Bivar]]). In contrast, Biswas rejects these theories of migration on a critical reading of Puranas, Rajatarangini, Xuanzang's chronicles and other literary sources.}}

=== Durlabhavardhana ===
[[File:Coin of Śri Durlabha (Jammu and Kashmir).jpg|thumb|300px|Debased gold Dinar of Durlabhavardhana, founder of the dynasty. '''Obverse:''' abstract [[Kipunada|Kushan-style]] king standing, with legend ''Jayati Kidāra'' ([[Sharada script]]). '''Reverse:''' abstract seated goddess [[Ardoxsho]], holding garland and [[cornucopia]], legend: ''Śri Durla'' and ''Deva''.<ref name="RCM">"Kalhaņa tells us little about Durlabha-vardhana (...) The mixed metal coins bearing the legend Sri Durlabha on the obverse and jayati Kidāra on the reverse, belong to this monarch." {{cite book|editor-last1=Majumdar|editor-first1=R. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRBuAAAAMAAJ|title=A Comprehensive History of India: pt. 1. A.D. 300-985|date=1981|publisher=People's Publishing House|page=30|language=en}}</ref> Karkota coins are simplified/symbolised versions of [[:File:Kipunada.jpg|Late Kushan coins]] and [[:File:HUNNIC_TRIBES_Kidarites_Kidara_Circa_CE_350-385.jpg|Kidarite coins]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cribb|first1=Joe|author-link=Joe Cribb|title=Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage – A New Hoard and An Anomaly|url=https://www.academia.edu/32663187|journal=Numismatic Digest |volume=40 |year=2016|language=en|pages=106–108}}</ref>]]

Kalhana assigns a regnal span of thirty-six years from 625 to 661/2.<ref name=":23" /> He was also known as Prajnaditya and gifted many villages ([[Agraharam|''agraharas'']]) to Brahmins.<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":24" /> Rajatarangini records no military activity during his reign; assuming [[Xuanzang]] to have visited Kashmir twice during his reign, Durlabhavardhana controlled vast swaths of territories including modern day [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Kashmir]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":72" /><ref name=":6">{{Citation|last=Inden|first=Ronald|title=Imperial Purāṇas: Kashmir as Vaiṣṇava Center of the World|date=22 March 2018|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1205493|doi=10.5281/zenodo.1205493|access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref>

=== Durlabhaka===
Per Kalhana, Anaṅgalekhā had him declared as her ''dauhitra'' and Durlabhaka became known as Pratapaditya, adopting the surname of his maternal grandfather.<ref name=":52"/><ref name=":16" /> Durlabhaka is assigned a regnal span of 50 years (662−712).<ref name=":23" /> He had a brother Malhana.<ref name=":16" /> Durlabhaka married Narendraprabhā, who had been earlier married to Nona, a wealthy merchant from outside Kashmir.<ref name=":23" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=AROLE |first=MEERA |date=1990 |title=The Institution of Devadāsīs in Literature and Archaeology |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42931375 |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute |volume=50 |pages=137 |issn=0045-9801 |jstor=42931375}}</ref><ref name=":8" />{{Efn|Kalhana notes their romantic overtures to have started when Durlabhaka accepted Nona's invite to have a stay in his residence. The invite was a reciprocation of Durlabhaka having honoured Nona with a stay at the royal palace, for having constructed an accommodation for Brahmins in his homeland Rauhitaka. Durlabhaka suppressed his desires for being unworthy of a king but fell gradually ill, till Nona learned of it. He offered Narendraprabha as a Devadasi, urging him to marry her and regain his health.}} He had three sons—Chandrapida, Tarapida and Lalitaditya—in descending order of age.<ref name=":23" />

Durlabhaka's reign saw increasing trade relation with neighbouring polities and the development of the Classical Kārkoṭa style of sculpture.<ref name=":23" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ray|first=Sunil Chandra|title=Early History and Culture of Kashmir|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|year=1970|edition=2|pages=44|language=en}}</ref> Kalhana records him to have impressive military prowess.<ref name=":23" /> Several [[Agraharam|''agraharas'']] were established by Hanumant, son of his minister Uda (var. Oda, Aida).<ref name=":24" />

=== Candrapida ===
[[File:Arabsum5.png|thumb|300px|right|Candrapida was affected by the [[Umayyad campaigns in India]] in 711-715 AD. 
{{legend|yellow|Desert areas ([[Registan Desert]] and [[Thar Desert]])}}
{{legend|#FFD700|[[Zunbils]]}}
{{legend|#FF8C00|[[Turk Shahis]]}}
{{legend|#9932CC|Kingdom of Kashmir (Karkota dynasty)}}
{{legend|#DEB887|[[Brahman dynasty of Sindh|Kingdom of Sindh]] (c. 632– 712 CE)}}
{{legend|#7FFF00|[[Maitraka dynasty|Maitraka Kingdom]] (c.475–c.776 CE)}}
{{legend|white|[[Umayyad Caliphate]] (c.710 CE)}}
]]
Candrapida ruled from 712/13−720 and bore the name Vajraditya.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":16" /> He is otherwise known from the [[New Book of Tang|''Tangshu'']] under the name ''Zhentuoluobili''.<ref name=":9" /><ref name="JC99">{{cite journal|last1=Cribb|first1=Joe|author-link=Joe Cribb|title=Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage – A New Hoard and An Anomaly|url=https://www.academia.edu/32663187|journal=Numismatic Digest |volume=40 |year=2016|language=en|page=99|quote= "Candrapida-Vajraditya is mentioned in the Chinese Tang Chronicle as a contemporary of the period CE 716-720 and Muktapida-Lalitaditya was mentioned in the same chronicle as a contemporary of the period CE 736-747 and according to the Rajatarangini was in conflict with the Indian king [[Yashovarman|Yasovarman]], datable from the Tang Chronicle and other Chinese sources to c. CE 691-731 or later."}}</ref> Kalhana paints a benevolent and virtuous image of the ruler—two stories are narrated to the same effect.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rana|first=Suman Jamwal|title=Revenue System of Ancient Kashmir|date=1998|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44146979|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=59|pages=109|jstor=44146979|issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref name=":222">{{Cite book|last=Siudmak|first=John|url=https://brill.com/view/book/9789004248328/B9789004248328_003.xml|title=1. Historical and Cultural Background of Kashmir Up to 1003 AD|date=1 January 2013|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-24832-8|pages=11, 16, 18|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=SAXENA|first=HINA|title=Vaishnavism in Kashmir During the Time of the Karkotas|date=1995|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158593|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=56|pages=118|jstor=44158593|issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref name=":16" /> [[Jayanta Bhatta]]'s great-grandfather Saktisvāmin was one of his ministers.<ref name=":24" />

In 713, [[Emperor Xuanzong of Tang]] received an embassy from Candrapida requesting aid against Arab invasions.<ref name=":23" /> Candrapida did not receive any help but nonetheless, managed to defend his territory.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=SHARMA|first=ARVIND|title='Albīrūnī's India' as a Source of Political History|date=1982|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41927345|journal=Central Asiatic Journal|volume=26|issue=1/2|pages=135|jstor=41927345|issn=0008-9192}}</ref> In 720, Xuanzong sent an envoy to bestow upon him, the title "King of Kashmir".<ref name=":9" /> These diplomatic exchanges led to the formation of an imperial alliance between the Tangs and Karakotas; in 722, after the Tangs emerged victorious against Tibet, the Chinese court credits Kashmir for having provided ample food to their troops stationed in Gilgit.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":27" />

Kalhana notes him to have been assassinated by his brother, Tarapida, who recruited a Brahmin for the purpose.<ref name=":16" />{{Efn|name=fn2|Stein notes that the cause might have been derived from contemporary Tantric tradition.}}

=== Tarapida ===
Little is noted about his rule in Rajatarangini except that he was tyrannical and oppressed the Brahmins.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|date=1999|publisher=New Age International|isbn=978-81-224-1198-0|pages=294|language=en|chapter=The Himalayan Kingdom}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=Lorenzen|first=David N.|date=1978|title=Warrior Ascetics in Indian History|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/600151|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=98|issue=1|pages=66|doi=10.2307/600151|jstor=600151|issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription}}</ref> He bore the name Udayaditya, and was murdered after four years; the practice of magic-rites by Brahmins is held to be the cause.<ref name=":16" />{{efn|name=fn2}}

In October–November 724, Chinese chronicles mention of an unhappy [[Princess Jincheng|Jincheng]] seeking defection to Kashmir; the-then King (unnamed) apparently consented and urged for military assistance from [[Zabulistan]] to ward off the Tibetan troops.<ref name=":9" /> Tansen Sen notes this king to be Tarapida; however other scholars have identified him with Candrapida.<ref name=":9" />

===Lalitaditya===
{{main|Lalitaditya Muktapida}}
[[File:Ancient Ruins at Parihaspora 01.jpg|thumb|[[Parihaspur]] Stupa, built during the reign of [[Lalitaditya Muktapida]], 8th century.]]
A world conqueror, Lalitaditya Muktapida (724/725−760/761) is credited by Kalhana with extensive conquests spanning major parts of India, Afghanistan and Central Asia; he is said to have even subdued [[Yashovarman]], winning Kannauj.<ref name="JC99" /><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":9" /> Kalhana lived around four centuries after Lalitaditya, and popular imagination appears to have embellished Lalitaditya's achievements by then.<ref>{{cite book|author=Shyam Manohar Mishra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZWgj-YMdVEC&pg=PA95|title=Yaśovarman of Kanauj|publisher=Abhinav|year=1977|page=95|oclc=5782454|quote=And as usually happens the achievements of Lalitaditya must have been coloured and exaggerated by popular imagination during the four centuries or so that intervened between Kalhana and the events of the reign of the Kashmir king. This is illustrated by the stories of Lalitaditya's miraculous powers recorded by Kalhana.}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> A century before, [[Al-Biruni]] noted the Kashmiris to celebrate an annual festival in commemoration of Lalitaditya, who "defeated the Turks and ruled over the world".<ref name=":9" /> Lalitaditya is also known from the [[New Book of Tang|''Tangshu'']].<ref name="JC99" />

Stein had rejected Kalhana's description of Lalitaditya's conquests as "mythology" and noted his ignorance about territories outside Kashmir. However, [[Hermann Goetz (art historian)|Hermann Goetz]] found little amiss with Kalhana's claims and accepted them as "historical fact"; Goetz's acceptance has since penetrated into the work of numerous scholars like [[André Wink]] and [[Ronald Inden]].<ref name=":9" /> Sen, comparing Kalhana's account with contemporary Chinese and Tibetan sources including [[New Book of Tang|official histories]], coins and [[Wang ocheonchukguk jeon|pilgrim-chronicles]], agrees with Stein.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=SEN|first=TANSEN|title=Kaśmīr, Tang China, and Muktāpīḍa Lalitā-Ditya's Ascendancy over the Southern Hindukush Region|date=2004|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41933381|journal=Journal of Asian History|volume=38|issue=2|pages=141–162|jstor=41933381|issn=0021-910X}}</ref>

Numerous Brahmin immigrants were brought to Kashmir during his time including the ancestors of [[Abhinavagupta]].<ref name=":24" /> A brilliant intellectual and artistic culture flourished during his reign.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Michell |first1=George |last2=Davies |first2=Philip H. |title=The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu |year=1989 |publisher=Penguin Books |page=96 |isbn=9780140081442 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2BVDAQAAIAAJ |language=en|quote= "During the Karkota period, especially in the reign of the 8th-century ruler Lalitaditya, the central Kashmir valley became the setting of a brilliant intellectual and artistic culture."}}</ref>

=== Kuvalayapida ===
Son of Lalitaditya and his first queen Kamaladevi, his short reign of one year and half a month was marked by a succession struggle between him and his half-brother.<ref name=":16" /> No evidence other than the Rajatarangini exists to corroborate his reign.<ref name=":16" /> Kalhana held him to be a virtuous ruler.<ref name=":16" /> After being subject to treachery by his minister, Kuvalayapida realised the folly of material gains, abdicated the throne, and retreated to a holy forest where he attained ''[[siddhi]]''.<ref name=":16" />

=== Vajraditya ===
[[File:Vajraditya (Vigraha Deva) of the Karkota dynasty Circa 763-770.jpg |thumb|Coin of king Vajraditya (Vigraha Deva) of the Karkota dynasty, c. 763−770.]]
Son of Lalitaditya and his second queen Chakramardika, he was also known as Bappiyaka.<ref name=":16" /> No evidence other than the Rajatarangini exists to corroborate his reign.<ref name=":16" /> Kalhana noted the seven years of his rule to have been cruel.<ref name=":16" />

Vajraditya's reign saw a successful raid by the Governor of Sindh and introduction of slave trade.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":16" /> He had numerous concubines and at-least four wives Meghavali, Amrtaprabha, Manjarika and Mamma; his four sons were Tribhuvanapida (from Meghabali), Jayapida (from Amrtaprabha), Prithivyapida I (from Manjarika) and Samgramapida I (from Mamma).<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":4" />

=== Prithivyapida I ===
According to Kalhana, he ruled for a span of four years and one month.<ref name=":16" /> He was overthrown by Samgramapida I, who ruled for seven days.<ref name=":16" /> Tribhuvanapida, despite being the eldest, had abdicated the throne.<ref name=":16" />

Kalhana does not note any additional detail except not finding either of them to be worthy of wielding royal power, and Stein reiterates that no other evidence of these rulers have been located.<ref name=":16" />

=== Jayapida ===
[[File:Yinayaditya of Kashmir Late 5th century CE.jpg|thumb|Coin of king Jayapida "Vinayaditya". [[Jammu]] and [[Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cribb|first1=Joe|author-link=Joe Cribb|title=Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage – A New Hoard and An Anomaly|url=https://www.academia.edu/32663187|journal=Numismatic Digest |volume=40 |year=2016|language=en|page=108}}</ref>]]
[[File:Buddha Shakyamuni or the Jina Buddha Vairochana, Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, 725-750 CE.jpg|thumb|[[Vairocana Buddha]] performing the [[dharmacakra]]-pravartana mudrā. Circa 725–750, Kashmir, [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. [[Lacma]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Buddha Shakyamuni or the Jina Buddha Vairochana (LACMA Collections) |url=https://collections.lacma.org/node/236668 |website=collections.lacma.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Twist |first1=Rebecca L. (Art Department, Pacific University, Forest Grove, OR 97123, USA) |title=Images of the Crowned Buddha along the Silk Road: Iconography and Ideology |journal=Humanities |date=2018 |volume=7 |issue=92 |page=25, Fig. 31 |doi=10.3390/h7040092 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0787/7/4/92/pdf-vor|doi-access=free }}</ref>]]
Jayapida ruled for 31 years and partook in multiple conquests to faraway territories in an apparent bid to out-rival Muktapida; however, Kalhana's narrative is noted to be excessively exaggerated and in absence of other corroborating sources from across a vast geographical region, the authenticity of the raids and other events must be disputed.<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":14" /><ref name=":16" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Textures of Time: Writing History in South India 1600-1800|last1=Rao|first1=Velcheru Narayana|last2=Shulman|first2=David Dean|last3=Subrahmanyam|first3=Sanjay|date=2003|publisher=Other Press|isbn=978-1-59051-044-5|location=New York|pages=254–260|language=en|chapter=Conclusion}}</ref> He was also known by the name Vinayaditya.<ref name=":16" />

Brahmin immigrants from Indus and Dravida regions were settled in Kashmir during Jayapida's reign; [[Kshemendra]]'s great-great-grandfather Narendra was a minister in his court.<ref name=":24" /> Jayapida married Kalyanadevi, daughter of King Jayanta of [[Cooch Behar]], whilst away in a conquest.<ref name=":14" /> Returning to Kashmir, he found his brother-in-law Jajja to have usurped the throne but went on to defeat him.<ref name=":14" />

Kalhana notes his later years to be tyrannical when Jayapida sought to (unsuccessfully) rescind [[Agraharam|''agraharas'']] and imposed a cruel taxation regime on Brahmins, forcing them to emigrate; he was cursed to death by a Brahmin.<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> Jayapida had two sons—Lalitapida (from Durga) and Samgramapida II (from Kalyanadevi).<ref name=":16" />

=== Lalitapida ===
Kalhana condemns Lalitapida as a recklessly extravagant ruler, whose court was infested with courtesans/concubines and jesters, and provided no patronage to learning.<ref name=":23" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bhattacharji|first=Sukumari|date=1987|title=Prostitution in Ancient India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3520437|journal=Social Scientist|volume=15|issue=2|pages=49|doi=10.2307/3520437|jstor=3520437|issn=0970-0293|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":16" /> He ruled for twelve years and had donated ''agraharas''.<ref name=":16" />

He had one son Cippatajayapida, from his concubine Jayadevi, who was the daughter of a spirit distiller.<ref name=":16" />

=== Samgramapida II ===
Lalitapida was succeeded by his step-brother Samgramapida II, also known as Prithivyapida II.<ref name=":16" /> He had at least one son - Anangipida and ruled for seven years; Kalhana notes no additional detail.<ref name=":16" />

=== Cippatajayapida ===
Cippatajayapida (var. Brhaspati) was crowned in 837/8.<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":16" /> However, due to his young age, the real power was vested in the five brothers of Jayadevi—Padma, Utpala, Kalyana, Mamma, and Dharma—who followed the orders of Jayadevi but yet engaged in an acute mismanagement of affairs.<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":16" />

=== Disintegration ===
After Cippatajayapida was murdered in around 840, having ruled for twelve years, the brothers gained considerable power but fought each other to retain complete control of the empire, whilst installing puppet kings belonging to the Karkota lineage.<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":16" />

Tribhuvanapida's son, Ajitapida was nominated by Utpala immediately after Cippatajayapida's death.<ref name=":16" /> A few years afterwards, Mamma waged a successful battle against Utpala, and installed Anangipida.<ref name=":16" /> Three years later, Utpala's son Sukhavarman rebelled successfully and installed Utpalapida, a son of Ajitapida.<ref name=":16" /> Under his rule, merchants declared independence at the outposts of the territory.<ref name=":16" /> Within a few years, Sukhavarman set out to assume the throne for himself but was murdered by a relative; finally, his son Avantivarman deposed Utpalapida and claimed the throne c. 855 with help from minister Sura, thus establishing the [[Utpala dynasty]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":16" />

== Society ==
On a reading of Kuttanimata, the society seems to be unequal and dominated by merchant communities.<ref name=":26" /> Materialism was in vogue among the elites, and prostitution received state patronage.<ref name=":26" /> [[Sati (practice)|Sati]] as well as [[Devadasi|Devadasi system]] were prevalent.<ref name=":26" /> The dynasty (at least, the earlier rulers) had sought to restore Hinduism after a lengthy span of Buddhist influence in the valley; however a syncretic environment flourished.<ref name=":24" />{{Efn|The extents of prior Buddhist influence is doubtful; the religious culture of Hunas is subject to extensive debates in scholarship.}}

Hunting was a popular sport for the princely class. Theaters were frequently organised and there were halls for the purpose; [[Ratnavali]] is noted to be a popular drama.<ref name=":26" />

== Economy ==
Metallic coins as well as cowrie shells were used as currency. The state collected a variety of taxes—customs-levy, prostitution-levy, market-tax etc.—corruption was rampant and Damodaragupta takes frequent digs.<ref name=":26" />

== Art and architecture ==

=== Literature ===
The [[Nilamata Purana]] is believed to have been commissioned by Durlabhavardhana.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /> The [[Vishnudharmottara Purana]], was crafted around the same times.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":6" /> A famed patron of arts, Lalitaditya invited scholars from abroad to his court and promoted study of religions.<ref name=":17" />

Kalhana notes Jayapida to be a liberal patron of arts and even invited scholars from abroad; [[Yigal Bronner]] notes his court to have ushered a breakthrough moment in Kashmiri poetics.<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Bronner|first=Yigal|title=Around Abhinavagupta: Aspects of the Intellectual History of Kashmir from the Ninth to the Eleventh Century|year=2016|isbn=978-3-643-90697-7|editor-last=Franco|editor-first=Eli|series=Leipziger Studien zu Kultur und Geschichte Süd- und Zentralasiens|location=Münster, Germany|pages=81–148|chapter=Understanding Udbhaṭa: The Invention of Kashmiri Poetics in the Jayāpīḍa Moment|editor-last2=Ratié|editor-first2=Isabelle}}</ref> [[Daniel H. H. Ingalls Sr.|Daniel Ingalls]] writes that Jayapada's court was responsible for birthing the "school of literary criticism in Kashmir".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ānandavardhana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3NJvxASBA9IC|title=The Dhvanyāloka of Ānandavardhana with the Locana of Abhinavagupta|date=1990|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-20278-8|language=en}}</ref> Two literary theorists were installed in his office: Vāmana as a minister and Udbhaṭa as the chief scholar.<ref name=":2" />{{Efn|Udbhata was probably senior to Vāmana and might have begun his career under Lalitaditya.<ref name=":2" />}} Udbhata wrote four works—Kumārasambhava, a poem on the theme of the marriage of Śiva and Pārvatī; Kāvyālaṃkārasaṃgraha, a short commentary on [[Bhamaha|Bhāmaha's]] Kāvyālaṃkāra; another (now-lost) commentary on the Nāṭyaśāstra; and a mostly-lost but extensive Vivaraṇa on Bhāmaha—in what Bronner notes to be an unprecedented volume of literature production by contemporary standards.<ref name=":2" /> Vāmana composed sūtra texts.<ref name=":2" /> Both aimed at an audience of literary scholars and engaged (for the first time) in critical discussions surrounding poetic theory, praxis and semantic cognition using tools from mīmāṃsā etc.; a grand universe of poetry, rigidly theorising the many elements of aesthetics, their scopes and inter-relation was sought to be created.<ref name=":2" /> Kuttanimata was penned by Damodaragupta in his court.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=SINGH|first=Y.B.|date=1991|title=System of Land Grants in Early Medieval Kashmir|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44142574|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=52|pages=116|issn=2249-1937|jstor=44142574}}</ref> Among other noted figures were the grammarian Kṣīra, the poets Manoratha, Śaṅkhadatta, Caṭaka, and Sandhimat, and a Buddhist philosopher Dharmottara.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dāmodaraguptaviracitaṃ Kuṭṭanīmatam — The Bawd's Counsel: Being an Eighth-century Verse Novel in Sanskrit|date=16 November 2012|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-69-80158-2|editor-last=Goodall|editor-first=Dominic|series=Groningen Oriental Studies - 23|pages=21|editor-last2=Desző|editor-first2=Csaba}}</ref>

[[Ratnākara]] wrote [[Haravijaya]], under the patronage of Cippatajayapida; in fifty cantos and 4351 verses, it is the largest surviving Mahākāvya and is based on the defeat of [[Andhaka]] by [[Shiva]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Winternitz|first=Moriz|title=History of Indian Literature|date=1985|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0056-4|pages=77|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":16" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pasedach|first=Peter|date=9 July 2018|title=Ratnākara's ''Haravijaya'': Critical Edition, Including Commentaries, and Annotated Translation|journal=World Sanskrit Conference|publication-place=Vancouver|volume=17}}</ref>

=== Sculpture ===
[[File:Vaikhunta Vishnu, Kingdom of Kashmie, 775-800 CE.jpg|thumb|[[Vaikuntha Vishnu]], Kashmir, 775−800. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/38515 |website=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kossak |first1=Steven |last2=Lerner |first2=Martin |title=The Arts of South and Southeast Asia |journal=The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin |date=1994 |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=32ff |doi=10.2307/3269200 |jstor=3269200 |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/The_Arts_of_South_and_Southeast_Asia_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_Bulletin_v_51_no_4_Spring_1994|url-access=subscription }}</ref>]]
Sculpting proliferated during the Karkota dynasty, and Rajatarangini notes of several bronzes.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19">{{Cite book|last=Pal|first=Pratapaditya|title=Bronzes of Kashmir|publisher=Hacker Art Books|year=1975|location=New York|pages=9–10}}</ref> Lalitaditya commissioned numerous gold and silver images for temples and monasteries across faiths, and his span is considered to be the zenith of Kashmiri sculpture.<ref name=":19" />

Contemporary [[terracotta]] works (typically, faces) have been located.<ref name=":18">{{Cite book|last=Pal|first=Pratapaditya|title=The arts of Kashmir|publisher=Asia Society ; 5 Continents|year=2007|editor-last=Pal|editor-first=Pratapaditya|pages=67–69, 75–82|language=English|chapter=Faith And Form|editor-last2=Ames|editor-first2=Frank}}</ref> Stone sculptures dedicated to Durlabhaka have been excavated.<ref name=":23" />

=== Shrines and cities ===
Durlabhavardhana, built a shrine dedicated to Lord [[Vishnu]] at [[Srinagar]] named "Durlabhasvāmin"; his wife had constructed a Buddhist monastery - Anangabhavana.<ref name=":42">{{Cite journal|last=Pingree|first=David|date=1990|title=The Purāṇas and Jyotiḥśāstra: Astronomy|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/604530|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=110|issue=2|pages=276|doi=10.2307/604530|jstor=604530|issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":23" /> He also introduced a distinct style of architecture into Kashmir by borrowing post-Gupta trends from Sarnath, Nalanda etc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sculpture and Bronze Images from Kashmir {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/sculpture-and-bronze-images-kashmir|access-date=18 March 2021|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref name=":23" /> Durlabhaka established the city of Pratāpapura (current day Tapar between Baramula and Srinagar) and the shrine of Malhanasvāmin; his wife had established the Narendreśvara Temple.<ref name=":23" />

Candrapika had multiple Vishnu shrines installed.<ref name=":1" /> Jayapida set up Buddhist Viharas and commissioned the construction of multiple Buddha statues; he also established a new capital town at Jayapura (current day Andrkoth).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schroeder|first=Ulrich von|url=https://library.si.edu/donate/adopt-a-book/indo-tibetan-bronzes|title=Indo-Tibetan Bronzes|publisher=Visual Dharma Publications|year=1981|pages=101|chapter=North-Western India: Kashmir}}</ref><ref name=":16" /> Lalitaditya commissioned a number of shrines in Kashmir, including the now-ruined [[Martand Sun Temple]] and numerous Buddhist structures.<ref name=":17" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Siudmak|first=John|title=The arts of Kashmir|publisher=Asia Society ; 5 Continents|year=2007|editor-last=Pal|editor-first=Pratapaditya|pages=56–57|language=English|chapter=Religious architecture: 500 - 1200|editor-last2=Ames|editor-first2=Frank}}</ref> He also established several towns, including a new capital at [[Parihasapura]].<ref name=":16" />

The five brothers had set up a Shiva shrine—Jayesvara during Cippatajayapida's rule. After coming to the helm, they commissioned multiple towns and temples—Utapalasvāmin, Padmasvāmin, Dharmasvāmin, Kalyanasvāmin, Mamasvāmin, Utpalapura, Padmapura, etc. Padma's wife had two mathas built.<ref name=":16" />

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Martand Sun Temple approach (6133822315).jpg|Ruins of the [[Martand Sun Temple]]
File:Martand Sun Temple Central shrine (6133772365).jpg|Central temple of the [[Martand Sun Temple]] built by Lalitaditya Muktapida.
File:Martand Ruins.JPG|Sculptures in the Martand Temple. The trefoil arch is a characteristic feature of Brahminical temple architecture in Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Siudmak|first=John|title=The arts of Kashmir|publisher=Asia Society ; 5 Continents|year=2007|editor-last=Pal|editor-first=Pratapaditya|pages=46|language=English|chapter=Religious architecture: 500 - 1200|editor-last2=Ames|editor-first2=Frank}}</ref>
</gallery>

== List of rulers ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Karkota rulers of Kashmir
! S.N.
! Ruler
! Reign (CE)
|-
|1
|Durlabhavardhana
|625–662
|-
|2
|Durlabhaka or Pratipaditya
|662–712
|-
|3
|Chandrapeeda or Varnaditya
|712–720
|-
|4
|Tarapida or Udayaditya
|720–724
|-
|5
|[[Lalitaditya Muktapida]]
|724–760
|-
|6
|Kuvalayaditya
|760–761
|-
|7
|Vajraditya or Bapyayika or Lalitapida
|761–768
|-
|8
|Prithivyapida I
|768–772
|-
|9
|Sangramapida
|772–779
|-
|10
|Jayapida
|779–813
|-
|11
|Lalitapida
|813–825
|-
|12
|Sangramapida II
|825–832
|-
|13
|Chipyata-Jayapida
|832–885
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Other puppet rulers under [[Utpala dynasty]]'''
|-
|14
|Ajitapida
|~
|-
|15
|Anangapida
|~
|-
|16
|Utpalapida
|~
|-
|17
|Sukhavarma
|~
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Karkotaka]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[Rajatarangini]] and [[Kalhana]]
* [[List of monarchs of Kashmir]]
* [[Martand Sun Temple]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Medieval India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karkota Empire}}
[[Category:Karkota dynasty| ]]
[[Category:7th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:9th-century disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Kashmir]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian dynasties]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 850s]]

Mahesh Parmar

2025-06-10T16:09:14Z

ErnestBuntine9:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{infobox officeholder|
|name=Mahesh Parmar
|office=[[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|constituency=[[Tarana Assembly constituency|Tarana]]
|predecessor=[[Anil Firojiya]]
|term_start=11 December 2018
|education= Post-graduate (MA, LLB, BA)
|alma_mater=[[Vikram University]], [[Ujjain]]
|profession=Agriculture, Warehousing, Legislator's salary
|parents=Mangilalji Parmar (father)
}}

'''Mahesh Parmar''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He is a member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], elected twice from [[Tarana Assembly constituency|Tarana]] (SC) in [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]] and [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=215 | title=Mahesh Parmar(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- TARANA (SC)(UJJAIN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate }}</ref>

He has been a critic of the claims of development under the "double-engine government" plank of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and has protested by taking a public vow dipping into the heavily polluted [[Shipra River|Shipra]] river, using it as an example of the lack of development and vowing to clean it up if elected.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lok-sabha-polls-video-congress-ujjain-candidate-mahesh-parmar-sits-in-drain-water-takes-a-dip-in-polluted-river-5520875 | title=Video: Congress Leader Sits in Drain Water, Takes a Dip in Polluted River }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parmar, Mahesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Vikram University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Ujjain]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Rajendra Kumar Singh

2025-05-19T09:40:12Z

ErnestBuntine9: updated page

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajendra Kumar Singh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1950|09|03}}
| birth_place =
| residence = [[Amarpatan]], [[Maihar district]]
| nationality = Indian
| citizenship =
| office = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| term_end = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| constituency = [[Amarpatan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amarpatan]] |successor = Ramkhelawan Patel
| predecessor = Ramkhelawan Patel

| term_start2 = [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| term_end2 = [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| predecessor2 = Shivmohan Singh
|successor2= Ramkhelawan Patel
| term_start3 = [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| term_end3 = [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| predecessor3 = [[Ramhit Gupta]]
|successor3= Shivmohan Singh
| term_start4 = [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| term_end4 = [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| predecessor4 = [[Ramhit Gupta]]
|successor4= [[Ramhit Gupta]]
| education = [[PhD]]<ref>{{cite web|title=MLA Profile|url=http://mpvidhansabha.nic.in/14thvs/2014_66.pdf|website=MP Vidhansabha|accessdate=16 May 2018}}</ref>
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| footnotes =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Ranjana Kumari Singh
|children =2
| date = 27 July |
| year = 2018 |
| source =
{{cite web|url=http://mpvidhansabha.nic.in/14thvs/2014_66.pdf |title=Biography: Rajendra Kumar Singh |publisher=Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
}}
'''Rajendra Kumar Singh''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.

==Political career==
He became an MLA in 2013, for the sixth time.<ref>{{cite web|title=MLA Information|url=http://myneta.info/mp2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=755|website=myneta.info|accessdate=16 May 2018}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
He was a part of the Indian Contingent for World Peace Council in the year 1980 and toured Russia, Bulgaria and Romania.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mishra|first1=Suresh|url=https://www.patrika.com/news/satna/rajendra-kumar-singh-1563076|title=Rajendra Kumar Singh|accessdate=16 May 2018|agency=Patrika News|publisher=patrika.com|date=26 April 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
*[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
*[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
*[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Facebook|rajendrasinghdadabhai}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rajendra Kumar}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

National Highway 707A (India)

2025-03-04T21:52:50Z

ErnestBuntine9: Adding Basic Page Initial Version

{{short description|National Highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 707A
| image = Dhanaulti snow fall.jpg
| image_notes = NH in Dhanaulti area
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=200|zoom=8|frame-lat=30.58|frame-long=78.26|frame-align=center|type=line|id=Q55864141|stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 707A}}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes = Map of the National Highway in red
| direction_a = North
| direction_b = South
| terminus_a = Tiuni
| terminus_b = [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]]
| junction =
| established = 31 March 2015
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 7
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 707 
| next_route = 7 
| states = [[Uttarakhand]]
| destinations =
}}

'''National Highway 707A''', commonly referred to as '''NH 707A''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2015/163579.pdf|title=New national highways notification dated March, 2015|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=1 Aug 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=1 Aug 2018}}</ref> It is a [[Spur route|spur]] road of [[National Highway 7 (India)|National Highway 7]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=1 Aug 2018}}</ref> NH-707A traverses the state of [[Uttarakhand]] in India connecting [[National Highway 7 (India)|National Highway 7]] with [[National Highway 34 (India)|National Highway 34]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://pwd.uk.gov.in/files/PWD/Length_of_NH.pdf|title=List of National Highways in Uttarakhand|website=Public Works Department - [[Government of Uttarakhand]]|access-date=1 Aug 2018}}</ref>

== Route ==
NH707A connects Tiuni, [[Chakrata]], Bhediyana, [[Mussoorie]], [[Dhanaulti]], [[Chamba, Uttarakhand|Chamba]], [[New Tehri]] and Maletha near [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]] in the state of Uttarakhand.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> covering {{convert|324|km|mi}}

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}

: {{jct|NH|707|country=IND}} Terminal near Tiuni.<ref name=":1" />
: {{jct|NH|34|country=IND}} near New Tehri.
: {{jct|NH|7|country=IND}} at Maletha near Srinagar.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/5721217 NH 707A on OpenStreetMap]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181204094735/https://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways] [[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]

{{commons category}}
{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH7 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Uttarakhand]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

State Disaster Response Force (Assam)

2024-09-26T10:46:47Z

ErnestBuntine9: started a entry.

{{short description|Indian specialized force}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = State Disaster Response Force Assam
| logo = Sdrf_Assam_logo.png
| formed = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2011}}
| jurisdiction = [[Assam|Assam, India]]
| parent_department = [[Assam Police]]
}}

'''State Disaster Response Force (SDRF) Assam''' is the [[search and rescue]] division of the [[Assam Police]] department in north-eastern India.

== History ==
[[File:Sdrf in Nimatighat boat accident.jpg|thumb|SDRF Assam personnel during search and rescue at a 2021 incident near Nimati ghat.<ref>{{cite web|author=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/one-dead-33-missing-as-boat-sinks-in-assam-after-hitting-ferry-steamer-121090801524_1.html |title=One dead, 33 missing as boat sinks in Assam after hitting ferry steamer | Business Standard News |publisher=Business-standard.com |date=2021-09-09 |accessdate=2023-01-14}}</ref>]]
The National Policy on Disaster Management 2009 requires the state governments in [[India]] to raise their own forces for rapid disaster response.<ref name="mha">{{cite web|url=https://ndmindia.mha.gov.in/state-response-force|title=Response Force|website=NDM India|access-date=2023-01-05}}</ref> As a result, the Assam State Government made the decision to raise the SDRF in September 2010, in line with the [[National Disaster Response Force]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Disaster response force in State soon |url=https://assamtribune.com/disaster-response-force-in-state-soon?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=15 June 2023 |work=[[Assam Tribune]] |date=15 September 2010}}</ref> This was enacted on 15 December 2011.<ref name="ndma">{{cite web|url=https://ndma.gov.in/Response/SDRF|title=SDRF {{pipe}} NDMA, GoI|website=ndma.gov.in|access-date=2023-01-05}}</ref> The SDRF had a total strength of 3 companies with 337 active members, which is approximately 10 personnel per district.<ref name="ndma"/>

In 2013, the SDRF was attached to the ''Assam Fire and Emergency Services'', a branch of the Assam police department.<ref name="assam2">{{cite web|url=https://fireandemergencyservices.assam.gov.in/about-us/our-history-1|title=Our History {{pipe}} Fire & Emergency Services {{pipe}} Government Of Assam, India|website=fireandemergencyservices.assam.gov.in|access-date=2023-01-05}}</ref>

{{as of|2021}}, the SDRF had five companies: [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]], [[Cachar]], [[Guwahati]], [[Abhayapuri]], and [[Dergaon]].<ref name="assam3">{{cite web|url=https://fireandemergencyservices.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/fire_emergency_webcomindia_org_oid_4/menu/information_and_services/annual_administrative_report_of_fes_2.pdf|date=2021-07-26|title=ANNUAL ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT OF FIRE & EMERGENCY SERVICES, ASSAM, GUWAHATI FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR 2020-2021|access-date=2023-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fire Services to get 20 fire stations and two more battalions of SDRF in Assam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-city/fire-services-to-get-20-fire-stations-and-two-more-battalions-of-sdrf-in-assam-551940 |website=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)|Sentinel Assam]] |access-date=15 June 2023 |date=26 August 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Odisha Disaster Rapid Action Force]]
* [[State Disaster Response Force Uttarakhand]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Government of Assam]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2011]]
[[Category:Disaster Response Forces in India]]

Chedilpakkam

2024-07-08T18:48:56Z

ErnestBuntine9: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chedilpakkam
| other_name = Sedhilpakkam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.4530378|N|79.9808143|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gummidipoondi taluk|Gummidipoondi]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 31
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1369
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 628572
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chedilpakkam''' is a village in the [[Tiruvallur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Gummidipoondi taluk]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |title=Tamil Nadu village directory |publisher=Government of India |accessdate=2015-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095332/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Tamil%20Nadu.pdf# |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Chedilpakkam has 329 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 61.28%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-3301-F-Census.xlsx |title=Thiruvallur population |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu |accessdate=2015-10-11 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 1369 || 671 || 698
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 163 || 83 || 80
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 724 || 346 || 378
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 2 || 2 || 0
|-
| Literates || 739 || 412 || 327
|-
| Workers (all) || 771 || 415 || 356
|-
| Main workers (total) || 765 || 412 || 353
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 16 || 11 || 5
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 664 || 343 || 321
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 6 || 3 || 3
|-
| Main workers: Other || 79 || 55 || 24
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 6 || 3 || 3
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 3 || 1 || 2
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 2 || 1 || 1
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Non-workers || 598 || 256 || 342
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Gummidipoondi taluk}}

[[Category:Villages in Gummidipoondi taluk]]

List of Gram Panchayats in Malappuram district

2024-05-24T03:22:54Z

ErnestBuntine9: refined intro and improved wording per standard format

#REDIRECT [[List of gram panchayats in Malappuram district]]

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