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Dhemaji Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T10:07:07Z

ErmaT39411378: Adding new details...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dhemaji
| constituency_no = 78
| type = SLA
| map_image = Dhemaji Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year =
| loksabha_cons = [[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency|Lakhimpur]]
| district = [[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| electors =
}}
'''Dhemaji Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]] a north east state of [[India]]. [[Dhemaji]] is also part of [[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is a reserved seat for the Scheduled tribes (ST).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Details==

Following are details on Dhemaji Assembly constituency:

*Country: India.
* State: Assam.
* District: Dhemaji district .
* Lok Sabha Constituency: Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency.
* Area Includes: Dhemaji MB, Bordoloni Dev. Block(Part), Dhemaji Dev. Block(Part), Machkhowa Dev. Block(Part).

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Election
!Member
!Party
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Swatantra Party}}" |
|[[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
! rowspan="2" |Romesh Mohon Kuli
! rowspan="2" |[[Swatantra Party]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Swatantra Party}}" |
|[[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
!Purna Chandra Bora
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
!Durgeswar Patir
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
! rowspan="4" |[[Dilip Kumar Saikia]]
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
! rowspan="3" |[[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Sumitra Patir]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
![[Pradan Baruah]]
! rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|2017^
! rowspan="3" |[[Ranoj Pegu]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|}
^ Indicates Bye-Elections

==Election Results==

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhemaji}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Ranoj Pegu|Dr. Ranoj Pegu]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=83,649
|percentage= 58.51 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Sailen Sonowal |party=Indian National Congress|votes=51,420 |percentage=35.96 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Narendra Kumar Paw|party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes= 3,550 |percentage=2.48 |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Babul Sonowal |party=Independent |votes= 1,675 |percentage=1.17 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lilimai Doley |party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) |votes= 394 |percentage=0.28 |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]] |party=None of the above (India) |votes=1,197 |percentage=0.84 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,229 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= 142,976 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhemaji<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ranoj Pegu]]
|votes = 87,681
|percentage = 45.33
|change = -4.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Assam Jatiya Parishad
|candidate = Chittaranjan Basumatary
|votes = 56,889
|percentage = 29.41
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sailen Sonowal
|votes = 44,832
|percentage = 23.18
|change = -20.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ayub Khang Brahma
|votes = 1,209
|percentage = 0.63
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Hem Kanta Miri
|votes = 1,158
|percentage = 0.6
|change = -0.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,643
|percentage = 0.85
|change = +0.2
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 30,792
|percentage = 15.92
|change = +9.74
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,93,412
|percentage = 77.97
|change = +9.88
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 2,48,047
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2017 by-election===

A by-election was held in 2017 to fill the vacancy created by [[Pradan Baruah]]'s election as MP for [[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency|Lakhimpur]]

{{Election box begin|
title=2017 by-election: Dhemaji}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ranoj Pegu
|votes = 75,217
|percentage = 50.13
|change = +9.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Babul Sonowal
|votes = 65,932
|percentage = 43.95
|change = +14.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Jadu Hazarika
|votes = 4,944
|percentage = 3.30
|change = +1.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Raj Kumar Doley
|votes = 1,347
|percentage = 0.90
|change = -0.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Hem Kanta Miri
|votes = 1,218
|percentage = 0.81
|change = +0.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,371
|percentage = 0.91
|change = +0.08
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,285
|percentage = 6.18
|change = -5.05
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,50,029
|percentage = 68.09
|change = -12.60
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 2,20,332
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhemaji}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pradan Baruah]]
|votes = 69,592
|percentage = 40.89
|change = -12.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sumitra Patir]]
|votes = 50,471
|percentage = 29.66
|change = -12.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Paramananda Chayengia]]
|votes = 21,874
|percentage = 12.85
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sailen Sonowal
|votes = 16,548
|percentage = 9.72
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Gandheswar Borah
|votes = 3,830
|percentage = 2.25
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = LDP
|candidate = Kiranban Deori
|votes = 2,456
|percentage = 1.44
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rajkumar Doley
|votes = 2,173
|percentage = 1.27
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Durgeswar Patir
|votes = 1,275
|percentage = 0.74
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Hem Kanta Miri
|votes = 524
|percentage = 0.30
|change = -0.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,417
|percentage = 0.83
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 19,121
|percentage = 11.23
|change = +6.02
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,70,160
|percentage = 80.69
|change = +4.61
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 2,10,865
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhemaji}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sumitra Patir]]
|votes = 59,633
|percentage = 42.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Parmananda Sonowal
|votes = 52,348
|percentage = 37.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sailen Sonowal
|votes = 21,957
|percentage = 15.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Khadagraj Pegu
|votes = 2,792
|percentage = 2.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Hem Kanta Miri
|votes = 1,357
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Dimple Sonowal
|votes = 1,168
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samata Party
|candidate = Lalit Narah
|votes = 604
|percentage = 0.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,285
|percentage = 5.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,39,859
|percentage = 76.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,83,823
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Dhemaji]]
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Dhemaji]]
[[Category:Dhemaji district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Assam]]

Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi

2026-04-26T21:20:09Z

ErmaT39411378: Made First Entry V1...

{{Short description|Official Bangla language authority in India}}
{{Distinguish|Bangla Academy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{More citations|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi
| full_name =
| native_name = {{lang|bn|পশ্চিমবঙ্গ বাংলা আকাদেমি}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| logo = [[File:Official-logo-bangla-akademi.JPG|300px]]
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption = Logo
| image = [[File:Bangla-Akademi-Nandan.jpg|300px]]
| image_size =
| image_alt = 
| caption = Head Edifice of Pashchimbanga Bangla Akademi in [[Kolkata]], India
| map_caption =
| map2 = 
| map2_size =
| map2_alt =
| map2_caption =
| abbreviation = PBA
| pronunciation = {{IPA|bn|pɔʃtʃimbɔŋɡo baŋla akad̪emi|}}
| pronounce_ref =
| pronounce_comment =
| named_after = [[Académie Française]] [[Bangla Academy]]
| predecessor =
| merged_into = 
| successor =
| formation = {{Start date and age|1986|05|20|df=yes}}
| founder = 
| founding_location =
| dissolved = 
| merger = 
| type = Autonomous [[Government agency|governmental body]] 
| tax_id = 
| registration_id = 
| status = [[List of language regulators|Official language regulator]]
| purpose = Reforming Bengali spelling and grammar, compiling dictionaries, encyclopediæ and terminologies, and promoting the [[Bengali language]] and [[Bengali culture|culture]] in [[West Bengal]]
| professional_title = 
| headquarters = [[Rabindra Sadan]] and Rabindra-Okakura Bhawan
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| coordinates = 
| origins =
| region_served = [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]], [[Barak Valley]]
| products = 
| services =
| methods = 
| fields = 
| num_members = 
| num_members_year = 
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| owner = 
| secretary_general = 
| leader_title = [[President (corporate title)|President]]
| leader_name = [[Bratya Basu]]
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| leader_title5 =
| leader_name5 =
| board_of_directors =
| key_people =
| main_organ = 
| parent_organization = [[Ministry of Information & Cultural Affairs (West Bengal)|Department of Information and Cultural Affairs]]
| subsidiaries =
| secessions =
| affiliations =
| ror_id = 
| budget =
| budget_year =
| revenue =
| revenue_year =
| disbursements =
| expenses =
| expenses_year =
| endowment =
| endowment_year =
| funding = [[Government of West Bengal]]
| num_staff =
| num_staff_year =
| num_volunteers =
| num_volunteers_year =
| num_students =
| num_students_year =
| awards =
| website = {{URL|https://pbba.wbicad.in/}}
| remarks =
| former_name = 
| footnotes =
| bodystyle =
}}

'''Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi''' ({{langx|bn|পশ্চিমবঙ্গ বাংলা আকাদেমি}}, {{IPA|bn|pɔʃtʃimbɔŋɡo baŋla akad̪emi|pron}}) is the [[List of language regulators|official regulatory body]] of the [[Bengali language]] in [[India]]. It was founded on 20 May 1986 in [[Kolkata]] to act as the official authority of the language and is entrusted with the responsibility of reforming Bengali spelling and grammar, compiling dictionaries, encyclopedias and terminologies and promoting Bengali language and culture in West Bengal. They are widely accepted by the Governments of West Bengal and [[Tripura]] as well as a considerable number of private publishing houses and institutions such as the [[Oxford University Press]] and the [[Ramakrishna Mission]].

The institute is housed in two separate buildings, one is [[Nandan (Kolkata)|Nandan]]-[[Rabindra Sadan]] Complex in [[South Kolkata]] and the other Rabindra-Okakura Complex at [[Bidhannagar]]. [[Annadashankar Roy]] became the first President and Sanat Kumar Chattopadhyay the first secretary of the academy. Pashchimbanga Bangla Akademi has been successful in extending its activities and programs to different districts of West Bengal and even to other states in India. In Kolkata, The organization hosts different programs in collaboration with such bodies like [[Bangiya Sahitya Parishad|Bengal literature council]] and [[Sahitya Akademi|National Academy of Letters]].

==History==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2023}}
[[File:Bangiya Sahitya Parishad - Kolkata.JPG|thumb|200px|Bangiya Sahitya Parishad - Kolkata]]

===Origins===
{{Main|Bangiya Sahitya Parishat|Bangla Academy}}

Bengal Academy of Literature, the first academic association to regulate and promote Bengali language and literature was set up in Kolkata under the chairmanship of Benoy Krishna Dev in 1893. In April 1894, the academy was reorganized and rechristened as [[Bangiya Sahitya Parishad]], and [[Romesh Chunder Dutt]] became the first president of it. Scholars like Chandranath Bose, [[Dwijendranath Tagore]], [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]], [[Prafulla Chandra Roy]], [[Satyendranath Tagore]], Haraprasad Shastri, Ramendra Sundar Trivedi later served the Parishad as presidents. [[Rabindranth Tagore]] (Vice-president: 1894–96, 1901, 1905–1909, 1917; Special Delegate: 1910) himself was closely associated to the institution since its inception.

Bangiya Sahitya Parishad is the first academic institution on matters pertaining to Bengali language. It endeavored to compile standard Bengali dictionary, grammar and terminologies, both philosophical and scientific, to collect and publish old and medieval Bengali manuscripts, and to carry out translation from other language into Bengali and research on history, philosophy and science. During the 20th century, the affairs concerning the promotion of Bengali language did not remain a sole responsibility of Bangiya Sahitya Parishad. As language prospered and literature enriched, a need of linguistic reform as well as an authority to enforce the reforms was felt by the scholars of the time. In the late 1930s, [[Rabindranath Tagore]] asked the [[University of Calcutta]] to determine the rules of Bengali spelling and [[Shyama Prasad Mukherjee]], the then Vice-Chancellor of the university, set up a committee to look over the subject in November 1935. In May 1936, a standard rule for Bengali spelling was first imposed. These rules were later amended by Rabindranath Tagore and other scholars and practiced at academic level in all over Bengal for next 70 years. After the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]] in 1947, the [[Bangla Academy]] in [[Dhaka]] was established in 1955 by then governor of East Pakistan [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]]. In 1990, the Bangla Academy enforced new regulations for Bengali spelling. In West Bengal, various prominent institutions backed the process of development of the language, but that resulted in inconsistencies in it. For example, [[Rajsekhar Basu]] and [[Ananda Bazaar Patrika]] tried to simplify Bengali spelling; but instead of rationalizing the spelling system, it aroused controversy over the authority of such bodies. Even institutions like [[Visva-Bharati University]] failed in the task. In 1962, the Government of West Bengal started using Bengali for all official purposes. Since then, a need for an official regulator of the language has been felt. In 1986, with the general consent of Bengali intellectuals of the time, the [[Government of West Bengal]] inaugurated the Pashchimbanga Bangla Akademi as a wing of the Information and Cultural Affairs Department of the was set up. Afterward it was converted into a society and registered under Societies Registration Act. On 8 December 1994, it was declared an autonomous governmental body.

==Structure and function==
{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; background:#ffffcc; color:black; width:20em; max-width: 75%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
! style="background-color:#cccccc;" | Presidents
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |
*[[Annadashankar Roy]], 1986–2002
*[[Asitkumar Bandyopadhyay]], 2002–2003
*[[Nirendranath Chakravarty]], 2003–2011 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-05-19 |title=Three more big names put in papers |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/three-more-big-names-put-in-papers/cid/1192693 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}</ref>
*[[Mahashweta Devi]], 2011–2012 <ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-05-24 |title=‘Insulted’, Mahasweta Devi quits Bangla Akademi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/insulted-mahasweta-devi-quits-bangla-akademi/articleshow/13423422.cms |access-date=2025-10-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*[[Shaoli Mitra]], 2012-2018 <ref>{{Cite news |last=Dasgupta |first=Priyanka |date=2018-01-07 |title=Why did Saoli Mitra tender her resignation from Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/why-did-saoli-mitra-tender-her-resignation-from-paschimbanga-bangla-akademi/articleshow/62406111.cms |access-date=2025-10-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2018-04-22 |title=Shaoli Mitra quits as chief of Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/shaoli-mitra-quits-as-chief-of-paschimbanga-bangla-akademi-295734 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Bratya Basu]], 2018-current <ref>{{Cite web |last=MPost |date=2022-01-21 |title=Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi reconstituted with Bratya as chairman |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/paschimbanga-bangla-akademi-reconstituted-with-bratya-as-chairman-465750 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021020809/https://pbba.wbicad.in/members-corner.php |archive-date=2025-10-21 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi (PBBA)- Members Corner |url=https://pbba.wbicad.in/members-corner.php |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=pbba.wbicad.in}}</ref>
|}
[[File:Rabindra-Okakura Bhaban at Bidhannagar.JPG|thumb|250px|Rabindra-Okakura Bhaban at [[Bidhannagar]], India. It is the academy's second building|left]]The academy is the official authority on [[Bengali language]] in [[West Bengal]]; although its recommendations carry no legal power, but still the educational boards and the universities of [[West Bengal]] and [[Tripura]] have deep regard for its rulings. The institution furthermore accomplishes all its activities in close liaison with other academic and educational institutions including universities engaged in various aspects of [[Bengali language]], literature and culture across India. Apart from its own programs, it also arranges programs in cooperation with different such societies. Such activities are not confined to [[Kolkata]] only, but also in districts and sub-divisions, even in the other states.

At the time of its foundation, the academy had 30 members in its ''Karma Samiti'' (Working Committee) and 78 in General Council including the government delegation. The chairman is called ''Sabhapati'' and ''Vice-Chairman'' is called ''Saha-Sabhapati''. Members, officially known as ''Sadasyas'', remain in the academy for life. However, any member can resign from his office by his will. In 2007, after the Nandigram massacre, some of academy members including [[Sankha Ghosh]] and Ashru Kumar Sikdar resigned from the academy. There is also a post of Secretary, or ''Sachib'', who is the chief governmental delegation at the Akademi. The office of the Secretary of the academy is held by Sanat Kumar Chattopadhyay since its inception.

The members of the first Working Committee were was established immediately after the foundation with [[Annadashankar Roy]] was the inaugural president of the academy. The committee consisted of 25 bureaucrats including, [[Leela Majumdar]] and [[Bhabatosh Datta|Bhabatosh Dutta]].

[[Image:Tagore-at-Akademi.jpg|thumb|250px|Statue of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] at [[Nandan (Kolkata)|Nandan]]]]

The members of the first General Council were consisted of 55 intellectuals and linguists of West Bengal with notable figures like [[Nisith Ranjan Ray]], [[Rabindra Kumar DasGupta]], [[Arun Mitra]], [[Satyajit Ray]], [[Malini Bhattacharya]], [[Mohit Chattopadhyay]] and [[Purnendu Patri]]. The council reported to the secretary of [[Ministry of Information & Cultural Affairs (West Bengal)|West Bengal's ministry of information and cultural affairs]]. The function of the academy was initially settled by a seminar held at [[Sisir Mancha]], [[West Bengal]] from 24 February to 1 March. These seminars determined the rationale of the institution and proposed to make a design and blue print to achieve its goals.. The Academy Spelling Sub-Committee was created to reform and rationalize Bengali orthography in India. This Sub-Committee includes [[Nirendranath Chakravarty]], Sankha Ghosh, Pabitra Sarkar, Jyoti Bhushan Chaki, Nirmal Das, Ashok Mukhopadhyay, Subhash Bhattacharya, Amitabha Chowdhuri, Amitabha Mukhopadhyay, Sourin Bhattacharya, Prasun Dutta, Sanat Kumar Chattopadhyay, Arun Kumar Basu and Shubhomoy Mondal. On the recommendation of this Sub-Committee, the academy did its historical reforms on Bengali spelling. Another important sub-committee is the Terminology Sub-Committee which is entrusted to compile standard Bengali terminology for both academic and administrative purposes. This sub-committee includes Ananda Ghosh Hazra, Alapan Bandyaopadhyay, I.A.S., Krishno Dhar, Jyoti Bhushan Chaki, [[Nirendranath Chakravarty]], Pabitra Sarkar, Sanat Kumar Chattopadhyay, Swapan Chowdhuri and Bhabatosh Tapadar. Editorial boards are generally founded to edit works of great authors. One of such bodies that compiled the Complete Works of [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], [[Syed Waliullah]] and [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]]. The board was embodied with 15 members including [[Annadashankar Roy]] and former chief minister [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]].

Scholars at the institute work and research on [[spelling]], [[grammar]] and the origin and development of Bengali. They have published works by prominent writers in the language. They have built a large [[library]] to preserve original [[manuscript]]s. The [[government of Japan]] has donated 500,000 [[Indian rupee|rupees]] for research in the academy. The academy is spending the money on the Indo-Japan Cultural Center in [[Bidhannagar]]. Pashchimbanga Bangla Akademi has furthermore developed a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[font]] designed according to the changes made by them in the [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali script]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=http://www.banglarmukh.com/BanglarMukh/Download?AlfrescoPath=Documents/TTF&FileName=Bangla%20Akademi.ttf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401081524/http://www.banglarmukh.com/BanglarMukh/Download?AlfrescoPath=Documents/TTF&FileName=Bangla%20Akademi.ttf |archive-date=2012-04-01 |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=www.banglarmukh.com}}</ref>

==Awards awarded by Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi==
*[[Rabindra Puraskar]]

==Selected bibliography==

===Dictionaries and terminologies===

[[Image:Cover-Banan-Abhidhan.JPG|thumb|250px|Cover of the Bangla Akademi Spelling Dictionary]]

*''Akademi Bidyarthi Abidhan'' (Bangla Akademi Bengali Dictionary for Students)
*''Akademi Banan Abidhan'' (Bangla Akademi Spelling Dictionary)
*''Paribhasha Sankalan'' – Prashashan (Collection of Administrative Terminologies)
*''Sahityer Shabdartho-Kosh'' (Dictionary of Literary Terms)
*''Bhasha-Tattwer Paribhasha'' (Terminology of Linguistics)
*''Byutpatti-Sidhyartha-Bangla Kosmh'' (Dictionary of Bengali Word Origin)
*''Bangla Bhashay Arthaniti Charcha Granthapanji'' (Catalogue of Economic Studies in Bengali)
*''Bangla Bhashay Itihaas Charcha Granthapanji'' (Catalogue of Historical Studies in Bengali)
*''Dhatubidya Paribhasha'' (Terminology of Metallurgy)
*''Saontali-Bangla Samashabda Abidhan'' (A Dictionary of Santali-Bengali Identical Words)

===Complete and selected works of legendary authors===

*''Sanchayita, Vol. II'', (Ed. By Arun Kumar Basu) – an alternative anthology of Tagore Poems other than Sanchayita
*''Manik Bandyopadhyay Rachana Samagra, (Ek-Ekadash Khanda)'' – Complete Works of [[Manik Bandopadhyay]], Vols. I-XI
*''Manik Bandyopadhyay Kishor Rachana Sambhar'', (Ed. By. Parthojit Gangopadhyay) – Collected Juvenile Literature of [[Manik Bandopadhyay]]
*''Kazi Nazrul Islam Rachana Samagra (Ek-Saptam Khanda)'' – Complete Works of [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], Vols. I-VII
*''Budhhadeb Bose Prabandha Samagra (Ek-dui Khanda)'' – Complete Essays of Budhhadeva Basu, Vols. I-IV
*''Nirendranath Chakravarty Gadya Samagra (Ek-Tritiya)'' – Complete Prose Works of [[Nirendranath Chakravarty]], Vols. I-III
*''Rezaul Karim Prabandha Samagra'' – Complete Essays of Rezaul Karim
*''Jyoti Bhattacharya Prabandha Samagra'' – Complete Essays of Jyoti Bhattacharya
*''Dwijendra-Giti Samagra'' – Complete Songs of Dwijendra Lal Roy
*''Somen Chanda Nirbachito Galpa Sangraha'' – Selected Stories of [[Somen Chanda]]
*''Samparka (Sampriti Bishayak Galpa)'' – Samparka: Stories on Communal Harmony (Ed. By Ashok Kumar Mitra and Bishnu Basu)

===Collected essays===

*''Bhasha-Bhabna: Unish-Bish Shatak'' – Thoughts on Language, A Collection of 37 Essays on Bengali dated from 1850 to 1950.
*''Prasanga Bangla Byakaran, Prothom Khanda''- On Bengali Grammar, Vol. I, (20 essays on [[Bengali grammar]] from old periodicals)
*''Prasanga Bangla Byakaran, Dwitiyo Khanda''- On Bengali Grammar, Vol. II, (Contemporary Essays on Bengali Grammar)
*''Saraswat'' – A History of Bengali Literary Academies (Ed. By Arun Kumar Basu)
*''Bangalir Gaan'' – Songs of Bengal, A Golden Treasury of Bengali Music (Ed. By. Durgadas Lahiri)
*''Akademi Pratishtha Barshiki Bhashan Sankalan'' – Akademi Collection of Foundation Day Lectures
*''Akademi Bhashan Sankalan'' – Akademi Collection of Lectures
*''Puratan Gadyagrantha Sangraha'' – Collection of Old Texts (Ed. By Dr. Asit Kumar Bandyaopadhyay)
*''Sangbad-Samayikpatre Unish Shataker Bangali Samaj (Ek-Dui Khanda)'' – Nineteenth Century Bengali Society in Periodicals, Vols. I-II (Col. & Ed. By Swapan Bose)
*''Manaswi Annadashankar'' – [[Annadashankar Roy]], A Great Thinker (Ed. By Dhiman Dasgupta)
*''Bangla Primer Sangraha'' – A Collection of Bengali Primers (Ed. By Ashish Khastogir)

== Criticism ==
In May 2022, the academies decision to give Bangla Akademi Literature Award to [[Mamata Banerjee]] for her poems was met with fierce criticism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=নিউজডেস্ক |first=বিডিনিউজ টোয়েন্টিফোর ডটকম |title=মমতার ‘বাংলা আকাদেমি’ সাহিত্য পুরস্কার পাওয়া নিয়ে প্রতিবাদের ঝড় |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/neighbour/article2059006.bdnews |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=bangla.bdnews24.com|language=bn}}</ref> Mamata Banerjee in the end gave back the prize.<ref>{{Cite web |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |title=Mamata Banerjee: ক্ষমতার অপব্যবহারেই মমতাকে পুরস্কার, আকাদেমির মর্যাদা ক্ষুণ্ণ, চিঠি বাম বিশিষ্টদের |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/prominent-people-of-bengal-criticized-awarding-mamata-banerjee-in-an-open-letter-dgtl/cid/1343759 |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bangla Academy]]
*[[Paschim Banga Natya Akademi]]
*[[Annadashankar Roy]]
*[[Bangiya Sahitya Parishad]]
*[[University of Calcutta]]
*[[Rabindranath Tagore]]
*[[Manipuri Sahitya Parishad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080708210236/http://paschimbangabanglaakademi.org/images/index.html.htm Akademi Gallery]

{{Bengali language topics}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1986 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Cultural organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indic literature societies]]
[[Category:Bengali-language education]]
[[Category:Bengali literary institutions]]
[[Category:Academic language institutions]]
[[Category:Language regulators]]
[[Category:Bengali language in India]]

Tanuku Municipality

2026-04-26T17:40:15Z

ErmaT39411378: new new bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox organisation
| name = Tanuku Town Municipality

Tanuku Municipal Commissioner
= N Vasu babu

| native_name = Tarakapuri
| native_name_lang = te
| named_after =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
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| map_size =
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| map_caption =
| abbreviation =
| predecessor =
| merged_into =
| successor =
| formation = 1979
| founder =
| founding_location =
| extinction =
| merger = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| type = [[Governmental organisation]]
| status = [[Local government]]
| purpose = Civic administration
| professional_title = 
| headquarters = [[Tanuku]]
| location = [[West Godavari district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| coordinates =
| region_served =
| services =
| num_members =
| num_members_year =
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 = Municipal Commissioner
| leader_name2 =
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}}
'''Tanuku Municipality''' is the [[Self-governance|local self government]] in [[Tanuku]], a Town in the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is classified as a ''first grade municipality''.<ref name="civicbody">{{cite web|title=Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs|url=http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=12 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128175528/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2016}}</ref>

== History ==
''Mullapudi Harischandra Prasad'' was the first chairman of Tanuku.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mullapudi Harischandra Prasad dead|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/mullapudi-harischandra-prasad-dead/article2421591.ece|accessdate=3 November 2016|work=The Hindu|date=4 September 2011|language=en-IN}}</ref> After So Many Municipal Chairman'S Of Tanuku Was Going Generation. Tanuku Town Municipality.

Last Term Municipal Chairman Was

( Parimi Venkatesulu )

Son/Of ( Parimi Krupavaram)

== Administration ==
The [[municipality]] was constituted in 1979 and the urban local body is classified as a ''first grade municipality''.<ref name="civicbody" /> The jurisdictional area of the municipality is spread over an area of {{convert|24.83|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, with 34 municipal wards.<ref name="profile">{{cite web|title=Municipality Profile|url=http://tanuku.cdma.ap.gov.in/en/municipality-profile|website=Tanuku Municipality|accessdate=3 November 2016}}</ref> The present [[municipal commissioner]] of the city is Mr.Gorantla Sambasiva Rao<ref>{{cite web|title=Municipality Contacts|url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/Municipality_Contacts.html|website=Commissioner & Director of Municipal Administration|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=13 May 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515172537/http://cdma.ap.gov.in/Municipality_Contacts.html|archive-date=15 May 2015}}</ref> and the chairperson is SS REDDY GARU.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Elected Municipal Chairpersons, 2014 (Andhra)|url=http://www.apsec.gov.in/ELECTIONRESULTS/RESULTS%202014/List%20of%20Elected%20Municipal%20Chairpersons,%202014%20(Andhra).pdf|website=State Election Commission|accessdate=13 May 2016|date=2014|archive-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906162345/http://www.apsec.gov.in/ELECTIONRESULTS/RESULTS%202014/List%20of%20Elected%20Municipal%20Chairpersons,%202014%20(Andhra).pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Tanuku Municipal Chairman - Ss Reddy Ysrcp

==Civic works and services==
Tanuku is one of the municipality to be a part of energy conservation project, in coordination with ''Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL)'', under ''Union Ministry of Power''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/EESL-Pitches-for-AP-Govt%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98Save-Power%E2%80%99-Campaign/2014/07/08/article2320413.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603205800/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/EESL-Pitches-for-AP-Govt%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98Save-Power%E2%80%99-Campaign/2014/07/08/article2320413.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 June 2016|title=EESL Pitches for AP Govt's 'Save Power' Campaign|date=8 July 2014|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=13 May 2013}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of municipalities in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:1979 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1979]]
[[Category:Municipal Councils in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Amanjot Kaur

2026-04-25T18:04:05Z

ErmaT39411378: Added Basic Data V1.

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 2000)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Amanjot Kaur
| female = true
| image = Amanjot Kaur.jpg
| caption = Kaur in 2025
| country = India
| international = true
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|08|25|df=yes}}|
| birth_place= [[Mohali, Punjab]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
| role = [[All-rounder]]

| odidebutdate = 16 July
| odidebutyear = 2023
| odidebutagainst = Bangladesh
| odicap = 139
| lastodidate = 2 November
| lastodiyear = 2025
| lastodiagainst = South Africa
| odishirt = 30

| T20Idebutdate = 19 January
| T20Idebutyear = 2023
| T20Idebutagainst = South Africa
| T20Icap = 73
| lastT20Idate = 30 December
| lastT20Iyear = 2025
| lastT20Iagainst = Sri Lanka
| T20Ishirt = 30

| club1 = [[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| year1 = 2017/18–2018/19, 2022/23–present
| club2 = [[Chandigarh women's cricket team|Chandigarh]]
| year2 = {{nowrap|2019/20–2021/22}}
| club3 = [[Mumbai Indians (WPL)|Mumbai Indians]]
| year3 = 2023–present
| club4 =
| year4 =

| columns = 2

| column1 = [[Women's One Day International|WODI]]
| matches1 = 16
| runs1 = 244
| bat avg1 = 22.18
| 100s/50s1 = 0/1
| top score1 = 57
| deliveries1 = 629
| wickets1 = 19
| bowl avg1 = 33.73
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 4/31
| catches/stumpings1 = 4/–
| column2 = [[Women's Twenty20 International|WT20I]]
| matches2 = 21
| runs2 = 185
| bat avg2 = 30.83
| 100s/50s2 = 0/1
| top score2 = 63[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 234
| wickets2 = 8
| bowl avg2 = 36.00
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 2/25
| catches/stumpings2 = 7/–

| date = 10 January 2026
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/amanjot-kaur-1255411 ESPNcricinfo
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Women's [[cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Cricket World Cup|ICC Cricket World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025 India]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[Cricket at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's tournament|2022 Hangzhou]]}}
}}
'''Amanjot Kaur''' (born 25 August 2000) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who currently plays for [[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]].<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web |title=Amanjot Kaur |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/125541.html |access-date=24 January 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> She plays as a right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] [[Bowling (cricket)|bowler]] and right-handed [[Batting (cricket)|batter]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-20 |title=Amanjot Kaur’s dream debut in India win |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/amanjot-kaur-s-dream-debut-in-india-win-101674237749046.html |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=WPL Auction 2023: Mumbai Indians Buys Harmanpreet Kaur For Rs 1.80 Cr |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/cricket/wpl-auction-2023-mumbai-indians-buys-harmanpreet-kaur-for-rs-180-cr-10064937 |access-date=13 February 2023 |work=English Jagran |date=13 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==International career==
She made her debut for [[India women's national cricket team|India]] in January 2023, scoring 41[[not out|*]] in a Player of the Match performance against [[South Africa women's national cricket team|South Africa]].<ref name="debut">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/south-africa-women-s-t20i-tri-series-2022-23-1344500/south-africa-women-vs-india-women-1st-match-1344511/match-report |title=Amanjot, Deepti star as India begin tri-series with a win |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=19 January 2023 |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref>

She made her ODI debut against [[Bangladesh women's national cricket team|Bangladesh]], on 16 July 2023 and took 4 wickets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1382166.html |title=1st ODI, Mirpur, July 16, 2023, ICC Women's Championship |access-date=16 July 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In July 2023, she was selected in India's [[Cricket at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's tournament|2023 Asian Games]] squad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55556018/india-s-squad-for-19th-asian-games-hangzhou-2022-announced |title=Team India (Senior Women) squad for 19th Asian Games |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref>

In 2025, she was selected in the squad for the [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup]]. She played a crucial role in the opening match and took an important catch in the final, eventually winning their maiden World Cup title.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1255411}}

{{Mumbai Indians WPL squad}}
{{India Squad 2025 Women's Cricket World Cup}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Amanjot}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Indian women cricketers]]
[[Category:India women One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India women Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:Punjab, India women cricketers]]
[[Category:Chandigarh women cricketers]]
[[Category:Mumbai Indians (WPL) cricketers]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in cricket]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]

{{India-cricket-bio-2000s-stub}}

G4 nations

2026-04-22T02:32:45Z

ErmaT39411378: Adding a entry...

{{Short description|Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan in the UN}}
{{See also|G4 (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox international organization
| name = G4
| native_name = {{unbulleted list | {{native name|pt|Grupo dos Quatro}} | {{native name|de|Gruppe der Vier}} | {{native name|hi| ४ राष्ट्रों का समूह}} | {{native name|ja|G4諸国}}
}}
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| map = File:G4 Nations.svg
| map_caption = Map of G4 countries
| abbreviation =
| predecessor =
| formation = 2005
| extinction =
| type = Political cooperative alliance
| status =
| purpose = Reform of the [[United Nations Security Council|UNSC]]
| location =
| membership = {{Collapsible list
| title = G4 nations
| {{BRA}} | {{GER}} | {{IND}} | {{JAP}} }}
| leader_title =
| leader_name = '''{{flag|Brazil}}'''
: [[President of Brazil|President]] [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]

'''{{flag|Germany}}'''
: [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]] [[Friedrich Merz]]

'''{{flag|India}}'''
: [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]]

'''{{flag|Japan}}'''
: [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Sanae Takaichi]]
| main_organ =
| parent_organization =
| affiliations =
| budget =
| num_staff =
| num_staff_year =
| num_volunteers =
| num_volunteers_year =
| website =
| remarks =
| bodystyle = width:25em
}}

The '''G4 nations,''' comprising [[Brazil]], [[Germany]], [[India]], and [[Japan]], are four countries which support each other's [[Reform of the United Nations Security Council|bids for permanent seats]] on the [[United Nations Security Council]]. Unlike the [[Group of Seven|G7]], where the common denominator is the [[economy]] and long-term political motives, the G4's primary aim is the [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent member seats]] on the Security Council. Each of these four countries have figured among the elected non-permanent members of the council since the UN's establishment. Their economic, political and military influence has grown significantly in the last decades, reaching a scope comparable to the permanent members (P5). However, the G4's bids are often opposed by the [[Uniting for Consensus]] movement led by [[Italy]], and particularly their economic competitors or political rivals.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/200/41231.html| title=Japan Says No to G4 Bid| publisher=Globalpolicy.org| date=2006-01-07| access-date=2011-05-30| archive-date=5 March 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305191017/https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/200/41231.html| url-status=live}}</ref>

==Background==
The [[United Nations]] currently has five permanent members with [[United Nations Security Council veto power|veto power]] in the Security Council: [[China]], [[France]], [[Russia]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] – comprising the victors, or successor states of the victors, of [[World War II]]. The G4 nations are regularly elected to two-year terms on the Security Council as non-permanent members by their respective regional groups: in the 24-year period from 1987 to 2010, [[Brazil]] and [[Japan]] were elected for five terms each, [[Germany]] for four terms (one term as West Germany and three terms as unified Germany) and [[India]] for eight terms.<ref name="UNSC_membership">{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/sc/members.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706231352/http://www.un.org/sc/members.asp|url-status=dead|title=Membership of the Security Council|archivedate=6 July 2010}}</ref> Cumulatively, the G4 has spent 64 years on the Security Council since the UN's inception, with each country serving at least a decade.<ref>[[List of members of the United Nations Security Council]]</ref>

{{clear}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
! colspan="14" | Comparison of G4 and [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|P5]] nations
|-
! width=130|Country data
! {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]]
! {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Germany]]
! {{flagicon|India}} [[India]]
! {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Japan]]
! {{flagicon|China}} [[China]]
! {{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
! {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia]]
! {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
! {{flagicon|United States}} [[United States]]
|-
|align=left|''' G4 nation ''or'' [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|P5 nation]]'''
|'''G4'''
|'''G4'''
|'''G4'''
|'''G4'''
|'''P5'''
|'''P5'''
|'''P5'''
|'''P5'''
|'''P5'''
|-
|align=left|'''[[United Nations Regional Groups|Region]]'''
|'''Latin America and Caribbean'''
|'''Western Europe and Others'''
|'''Indo-Pacific'''
|'''Indo-Pacific'''
|'''Indo-Pacific'''
|'''Western European and Others'''
|'''Eastern Europe'''
|'''Western Europe and Others'''
|'''Western Europe and Others (observer)'''
|-
|align=left|'''[[List of countries and dependencies by population|Population]]'''
|2.7% '''7th'''
|1.1% '''19th'''
|17.9% '''1st'''
|1.6% '''11th'''
|17.9% '''2nd'''
|0.9% '''20th'''
|1.9% '''9th'''
|0.9% '''21st'''
|4.2% '''3rd'''
|-
|align=left|'''[[List of countries and dependencies by area|Territory]]'''
|8 515 767 km2 '''5th'''
|357 114 km2 '''62nd'''
|3 287 263 km2 '''7th'''
|377 973 km2 '''61st'''
|9 596 961 km2 '''4th'''
|640 679 km2 '''42nd'''
|17 098 246 km2 '''1st'''
|242 495 km2 '''78th'''
|9 833 517 km2 '''3rd'''
|-
|align=left|'''[[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|GDP (nominal) (US$trillion)]]'''
|$2.63 '''10th'''
|$5.45 '''3rd'''
|$4.15 '''6th'''
|$4.37 '''4th'''
|$20.85 '''2nd'''
|$3.59 '''7th'''
|$2.63 '''9th'''
|$4.26 '''5th'''
|$32.38 '''1st'''
|-
|align=left|'''[[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|GDP (PPP) (US$trillion)]]'''
|$4.973 '''8th'''
|$6.153 '''6th'''
|$17.714 '''3rd'''
|$6.758 '''5th'''
|$41.015 '''1st'''
|$4.533 '''9th'''
|$7.143 '''4th'''
|$4.454 '''10th'''
|$30.615 '''2nd'''
|-
|align=left|'''[[United Nations#Funding|UN funding]]'''1
|2.95% '''8th'''
|6.09% '''4th'''
|0.83% '''21st'''
|8.56% '''3rd'''
|12.01% '''2nd'''
|4.43% '''6th'''
|2.41% '''10th'''
|4.57% '''5th'''
|22.00% '''1st'''
|-
|align=left|'''[[United Nations#Funding|UN peacekeeping funding]]'''2
|0.59% '''19th'''
|6.09% '''4th'''
|0.17% '''38th'''
|8.56% '''3rd'''
|15.22% '''2nd'''
|5.61% '''6th'''
|3.04% '''8th'''
|5.79% '''5th'''
|27.89% '''1st'''
|-
|align=left|'''[[List of countries by number of UN peacekeepers|UN peacekeepers]]'''
|282 '''47th'''
|504 '''37th'''
|5,353 '''5th'''
|6 '''105th'''
|2,531 '''9th'''
|706 '''30th'''
|70 '''70th'''
|279 '''48th'''
|33 '''78th'''
|-
|align=left|'''[[List of countries by military expenditures|Defence budget (US$billion)]]'''
|$20.9 '''21st'''
|$88.5 '''4th'''
|$86.1 '''5th'''
|$55.3 '''10th'''
|$314.0 '''2nd'''
|$64.7 '''9th'''
|$149.0 '''3rd'''
|$81.8 '''6th'''
|$997.0 '''1st'''
|-
|align=left|'''[[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|Military (active)]]'''
|374,500 '''14th'''
|179,850 '''26th'''
|1,475,750 '''2nd'''
|247,150 '''22nd'''
|2,035,000 '''1st'''
|202,000 '''23rd'''
|1,134,000 '''5th'''
|141,100 '''35th'''
|1,315,600 '''3rd'''
|-
|align=left|'''[[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|Military (reserve)]]'''
|1,415,000 '''5th'''
|34,100 '''52nd'''
|1,155,000 '''6th'''
|55,900 '''41st'''
|510,000 '''10th'''
|38,500 '''49th'''
|1,500,000 '''4th'''
|70,450 '''34th'''
|797,200 '''7th'''
|-
|align=left|'''[[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|Paramilitary (active)]]'''
|395,000 '''7th'''
|0 '''—'''
|1,616,050 '''3rd'''
|14,800 '''59th'''
|500,000 '''5th'''
|95,100 '''22nd'''
|569,000 '''4th'''
|0 '''—'''
|0 '''—'''
|-
|align=left|'''[[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|Military (total)]]'''
|2,184,500 '''7th'''
|213,950 '''45th'''
|4,246,800 '''4th'''
|317,850 '''34th'''
|3,045,000 '''6th'''
|335,600 '''33rd'''
|3,203,000 '''5th'''
|211,550 '''46th'''
|2,112,800 '''8th'''
|-
|align=left|'''[[List of government space agencies|Active space program]]'''
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Helicopter carrier|Helicopter carriers projects]]'''
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|{{Y}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Aircraft carrier|Aircraft carriers projects]]'''
|{{N}}
|{{N}}
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[Nuclear submarine#Lineage|Nuclear submarines projects]]'''
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|{{Y}}
|{{N}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|{{Y}}
|-
|align=left|'''[[List of states with nuclear weapons|Active nuclear arsenal]]'''
|{{N}}
|{{N}}3
|180
'''7th'''
|{{N}}
|350
'''3rd'''
|290
'''4th'''
|5,977
'''1st'''
|225
'''5th'''
|5,428
'''2nd'''
|-
! colspan="13" style=font-size:85% | 1share of annual UN budget 2share of funding for UN peacekeeping 3Germany takes part in [[NATO]] [[Nuclear sharing|nuclear weapons sharing]] agreement
|}
{{clear}}

==Opinions==

===Support===
The United Kingdom and France have backed the G4's bid for permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page15144|title=Joint UK-France Summit Declaration|date=27 March 2008|publisher=British Prime Minister’s |access-date=15 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909001137/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page15144|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 September 2008}}</ref> Japan has received support from the United States<ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn//doc/2005-04/18/content_435251.htm US backs Japan's UNSC bid despite setback to momentum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130234032/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn//doc/2005-04/18/content_435251.htm |date=30 January 2021 }}, [[People's Daily]], 19 April 2005</ref> and the United Kingdom.<ref>[http://www.centralchronicle.com/20070111/1101194.htm UK backs Japan for UNSC bid] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221044357/http://www.centralchronicle.com/20070111/1101194.htm |date=21 February 2007 }}, Central Chronicle, 11 January 2007</ref>

All the permanent members of [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|P5]] have supported India's bids for permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), but China has previously implied that it is only ready to support India's bid for a permanent seat on United Nations Security Council if India does not associate its bid with Japan.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://thediplomat.com/2015/02/china-should-back-india-for-a-permanent-un-security-council-seat/|title = China Should Back India for a Permanent UN Security Council Seat|access-date = 12 February 2021|archive-date = 8 November 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201108133158/https://thediplomat.com/2015/02/china-should-back-india-for-a-permanent-un-security-council-seat/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>[http://in.chineseembassy.org/eng/ssygd/zygx/t191495.htm China supports India's bid for UNSC seat: Wen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111212310/http://in.chineseembassy.org/eng/ssygd/zygx/t191495.htm |date=11 November 2020 }}.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article2233806.ece |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |first=Ananth |last=Krishnan |title=China ready to support Indian bid for UNSC |date=16 July 2011 |access-date=23 September 2014 |archive-date=13 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113184845/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article2233806.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.centerforunreform.org/node/386 "Countries Welcome Work Plan as Security Council Reform Process Commences New Phase"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927134550/http://www.centerforunreform.org/node/386 |date=27 September 2015 }}. Center for UN Reform Education.</ref>

The United States has sent strong indications to Brazil that it is willing to support its membership, albeit without a veto.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/story/powell-brazil-not-developing-nukes "Powell: Brazil Not Developing Nukes"] [[News Channel]]. Retrieved 28 June 2009.</ref> The [[Council on Foreign Relations]] recommended that the U.S. government fully endorse the inclusion of Brazil as a permanent member of the Security Council.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/brazil/global-brazil-us-brazil-relations/p25407|title=Global Brazil and U.S.-Brazil Relations|access-date=16 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908084417/http://www.cfr.org/brazil/global-brazil-us-brazil-relations/p25407|archive-date=8 September 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Brazil has received backing from three of the current permanent members, namely France,<ref>[http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files_156/brazil_444/index.html "France and Brazil"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110062022/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files_156/brazil_444/index.html |date=10 January 2008 }}, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of France. Retrieved 28 June 2009.</ref><ref name="UK-France Brazil">{{cite web|url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page15144|title=Joint UK-France Summit Declaration|date=27 March 2008|publisher=British Prime Minister's |access-date=15 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909001137/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page15144|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 September 2008}}</ref> Russia,<ref>[http://www.brazzilmag.com/content/view/832/41/ "Putin in Brazil"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724180420/http://www.brazzilmag.com/content/view/832/41/ |date=24 July 2009 }}, ''Brazzil''. Retrieved 28 June 2009.</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/3994885 |title=Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov's remarks and answers to questions at a plenary session of the Raisina Dialogue international conference, New Delhi, January 15, 2020 |access-date=17 January 2020 |archive-date=10 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510231833/https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/3994885 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the United Kingdom.<ref>[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100511105408/http://number10.gov.uk/news/latest-news/2009/03/uk-backs-brazil-as-permanent-security-council-member-18798 "UK backs Brazil as permanent Security Council member"], 10 Downing ., 27 March 2009. Retrieved 28 June 2009.</ref><ref name="UK-France Brazil"/>

In the final document of the [[11th BRICS summit|2019 BRICS summit]], China and Russia say they "reiterate the importance of a comprehensive Security Council reform" and "support Brazil and India's aspiration for more relevant UN roles".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2019/11/14/brics-divulgam-declaracao-de-brasilia-documento-final-da-cupula-do-grupo-leia-a-integra.ghtml |website=G1 |title=BRICS divulga "Declaração de Brasília" |date=14 November 2019 |access-date=14 November 2019 |archive-date=18 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218163350/https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2019/11/14/brics-divulgam-declaracao-de-brasilia-documento-final-da-cupula-do-grupo-leia-a-integra.ghtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

As stated by the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] [[Sergey Lavrov]] at the Raisina Dialogue in New Delhi in January 2020: "I would say the Security Council's main shortcoming is the under-representation of developing countries. We reiterate our position that India and Brazil absolutely deserve to be on the council together with an African candidate, our position is that the purpose of the reform is to make sure that the developing countries enjoy a better treatment in the central organ of the United Nations".<ref name="auto"/>

===Opposition===
There has been discontent among the present permanent members regarding the inclusion of controversial nations or countries not supported by them. For instance, [[Japan]]'s bid is opposed by [[China]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/allying-with-japan-at-security-council-is-indias-biggest-mistake-chinese-media-1219912 |title=Allying with Japan at Security Council is India's 'Biggest Mistake': Chinese Media |access-date=12 April 2016 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024154903/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/allying-with-japan-at-security-council-is-indias-biggest-mistake-chinese-media-1219912 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Russia]], [[North Korea]] and [[South Korea]].{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Under the leadership of [[Spain]]{{citation needed|date=March 2025}} and [[Italy]],<ref>"[http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/reform/cluster1/2005/0603models.htm Players and Proposals in the Security Council Debate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115065908/https://www.globalpolicy.org/security/reform/cluster1/2005/0603models.htm |date=15 January 2022 }}", Global Policy Forum, 3 July 2005. Retrieved 14 May 2006.</ref> countries that strongly oppose the G4 countries' bids have formed the [[Uniting for Consensus]] movement, composed mainly of [[regional power]]s that oppose the rise of some nearby country to permanent member status. Uniting for Consensus supports expanding the number of non-permanent security council members and restricting the usage of the veto. The bloc argues that adding more permanent seats to the security council only benefits the nations that gain those seats, and believes that an expansion of the non-permanent membership will make the UNSC both more flexible and more democratic.<ref>{{Cite web|title='UNITING FOR CONSENSUS' GROUP OF STATES INTRODUCES TEXT ON SECURITY COUNCIL REFORM TO GENERAL ASSEMBLY {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2005/ga10371.doc.htm|access-date=2021-05-19|website=www.un.org|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021102037/https://www.un.org/press/en/2005/ga10371.doc.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Latin America]] countries, [[Colombia]],{{citation needed|date=March 2025}} [[Mexico]]{{citation needed|date=March 2025}} and [[Argentina]] opposes a seat for [[Brazil]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=People's Daily Online -- Argentina opposes Brazilian admission to UN Security Council |url=http://en.people.cn/200504/15/eng20050415_181210.html |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=en.people.cn |archive-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302025350/http://en.people.cn/200504/15/eng20050415_181210.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Asia]], [[Pakistan]] opposes [[India]]'s bid.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Iqbal|first=Anwar|date=2020-09-27|title=Pakistan opposes India's demand for UNSC seat|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1581834|access-date=2021-11-29|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129140255/https://www.dawn.com/news/1581834|url-status=live}}</ref>

Another counter-proposal, the [[Ezulwini Consensus]], was presented by the African Union, calling for the addition of five new non-permanent seats and two new permanent seats to be allocated to African nations, in response to a lack of African representation on the Security Council.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-10-25|title=African Union. Inventory of International Nonproliferation Organizations and Regimes|url=http://cns.miis.edu/inventory/pdfs/au.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-19|website=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025001131/http://cns.miis.edu/inventory/pdfs/au.pdf|archive-date=25 October 2011|via=archive.org}}</ref>

==Activity==
[[File:UN Security Council and G4.svg|thumb|right|300px|The G4 and [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|P5]] members as a future reformed UNSC]]
[[File:Meeting of G4 Leaders on United Nations Security Council Reform 20150926 1.jpg|thumb|Meeting of G4 leaders (September 26, 2015)]]
The G4 suggested that two African nations, in addition to themselves, be included in the enlarged UNSC. In several conferences during the summer of 2005, African Union was unable to agree on two nominees: Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa all lay claim to a permanent African UNSC seat.<ref>[https://www.un.org/av/radio/unandafrica/transcript57.htm Africa's Battle for Power in the Security Council], United Nations Radio, 21 July 2005. Retrieved 14 May 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227142848/http://www.un.org/av/radio/unandafrica/transcript57.htm |date=27 December 2005 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.africafocus.org/docs05/un0504.php Africa: Security Council Expansion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224221709/http://www.africafocus.org/docs05/un0504.php |date=24 February 2009 }}, AfricaFocus Bulletin, 30 April 2005. Retrieved 14 May 2006.</ref>

A UN General Assembly in September 2005 marked the 60th anniversary of the UN and the members were to decide on a number of necessary reforms—including the enlarged Security Council. However the unwillingness to find a negotiable position stopped even the most urgent reforms; the September 2005 General Assembly was a setback for the UN.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

The G4 retain their goal of permanent UNSC membership for all four nations (plus two African nations). In January 2006, Japan announced it would not support putting the G4 resolution back on the table, not to interfere with any effort by the African Union to unite behind a single plan. And meanwhile, Japan's continuing relations with the G4 were not mutually exclusive.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb137/is_2_28/ai_n29284034/?tag=content;col1Harvard |title=International Review, Summer, 2006 by Emily Bruemmer |access-date=8 April 2011 |archive-date=11 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111032544/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb137/is_2_28/ai_n29284034/?tag=content;col1Harvard |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/reform/cluster1/2006/0107bid.htm Japan Says No to G4 Bid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519045627/http://www.globalpolicy.org//security//reform/cluster1/2006/0107bid.htm |date=19 May 2009 }}, Global Policy Forum, News24.com, 7 Jan 2006</ref> G4 issued a joint statement on 12 February 2011, in which their foreign ministers agreed to seek concrete outcome in the current session of the UN General Assembly.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

In September 2015, [[Narendra Modi]], the Prime Minister of [[India]], invited the leaders of the G4 for a summit following the adoption of UN General Assembly Decision 69/560 by consensus, which moved forward for the first time.<ref>{{cite web |last = Sharma |first = Rajeev |url = http://www.firstpost.com/world/india-pushes-the-envelope-at-g4-summit-pm-modi-tells-unsc-to-make-space-for-largest-democracies-2446526.html |title = India pushes the envelope at G4 Summit: PM Modi tells UNSC to make space for largest democracies |date = 27 September 2015 |access-date = 20 October 2015 |work = First Post |archive-date = 2 June 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210602011854/https://www.firstpost.com/world/india-pushes-the-envelope-at-g4-summit-pm-modi-tells-unsc-to-make-space-for-largest-democracies-2446526.html |url-status = live }}</ref> In 2017, it was reported that the G4 nations were willing to temporarily forgo [[United Nations Security Council veto power|veto power]] if granted a permanent UNSC seat.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Offers To Temporarily Forgo Veto Power If Granted Permanent UNSC Seat|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/03/08/india-offers-to-temporarily-forgo-veto-power-if-granted-permanen/|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-date=8 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308181726/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/03/08/india-offers-to-temporarily-forgo-veto-power-if-granted-permanen/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2019, in a joint press statement during the 74th session of the United Nations General Assembly, the G4 ministers reiterated their strong commitment to an early and comprehensive reform of the UNSC. Bearing in mind that in 2020 the United Nations would celebrate its 75th anniversary, the G4 ministers also expressed their firm hope that the current session of the General Assembly would pave the way for finally moving on the call for an ‘early reform’ of the Security Council and underscored their steadfast support for Africa's representation in both the permanent and non-permanent categories of membership of a future reform.<ref>{{cite news |title=Joint Press Statement |url=http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/en/press-releases/20897-meeting-of-the-foreign-ministers-of-the-g4-countries-brazil-germany-india-and-japan-united-nations-security-council-reform-joint-press-statement-new-york-25-september-2019 |website=Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date=25 September 2019 |access-date=26 September 2019 |archive-date=5 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005154208/http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/en/press-releases/20897-meeting-of-the-foreign-ministers-of-the-g4-countries-brazil-germany-india-and-japan-united-nations-security-council-reform-joint-press-statement-new-york-25-september-2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2023, in a joint press statement during the 78th session of the United Nations General Assembly, the foreign ministers of G4, joined to discuss the state of play of the negotiations for the reform of the UNSC, and reiterated that the expansion of the Security Council is essential to make the body more representative, legitimate, effective and efficient, adding that Africa needs to be represented in both the permanent and non-permanent categories of membership of a reformed and expanded Council.<ref>{{cite news |title=Joint Press Statement |url=https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/comunicado-conjunto-da-reuniao-ministerial-do-g4-2013-nova-york-21-de-setembro-de-2023 |website=Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date=21 September 2023 |access-date=9 November 2023 |archive-date=9 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109141656/https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/comunicado-conjunto-da-reuniao-ministerial-do-g4-2013-nova-york-21-de-setembro-de-2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2025, in reference to the 80th anniversary of the United Nations, Brazil, supported by Germany, India, and Japan, called for the start of reform negotiations, stating, "as confidence in the UN is shaken and the international order anchored in international law and the [[UN Charter]] faces unprecedented pressure, reform is necessary not only to strengthen this organization as a whole, but also to reinforce the entire multilateral system on which it is based and sustained".<ref>{{cite news |last=Chade |first=Jamil |title=Brasil propõe que negociação para expansão de Conselho da ONU seja iniciada |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/colunas/jamil-chade/2025/11/18/brasil-propoe-que-negociacao-para-expansao-de-conselho-da-onu-seja-iniciada.htm |website=UOL |date=18 November 2025 |language=pt}}</ref>

==Current leaders of the G4 Nations==

The following are the [[head of state]] and [[heads of government]] that represent the members of the G4 nations as of 2025:

<gallery class="center" widths="145">
File:Lula (05-09-2024).jpg|{{flagicon|Brazil}} '''[[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Lula da Silva]]''' [[President of Brazil|President of the Federative Republic of Brazil]] since 1 January 2023
File:2025-02-23 Bundestagswahl – Wahlabend CDU by Sandro Halank–070.jpg|{{Flagicon|Germany}} '''[[Friedrich Merz]]''' [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany]] since 6 May 2025
File:The official portrait of Shri Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of the Republic of India.jpg|{{flagicon|India}} '''[[Narendra Modi]]''' [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister of the Republic of India]] since 26 May 2014
File:Sanae Takaichi 20251021 (cropped) 1.jpg|{{flagicon|Japan}} '''[[Sanae Takaichi]]''' [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister of the State of Japan]] since 21 October 2025
</gallery>

===Current ministerial leaders===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! Member
! Minister of Foreign/External Affairs
! Defense Minister
|-
| {{flagcountry|Brazil}}
| [[Mauro Vieira]]
| [[José Múcio]]
|-
| {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|Germany}}}}
| [[Johann Wadephul]]
| [[Boris Pistorius]]
|-
| {{flagcountry|India}}
| [[Subrahmanyam Jaishankar]]
| [[Rajnath Singh]]
|-
| {{flagcountry|Japan}}
| [[Toshimitsu Motegi]]
| [[Shinjirō Koizumi]]
|}

==See also==
*[[Group of Five]]
*[[Group of Eleven]]
*[[G8+5]]
*[[List of country groupings]]
*[[List of multilateral free-trade agreements]]
*[[BRICS]]
*[[MIKTA]]

===Relations between G4 countries===
*[[Brazil–Germany relations]]
*[[Brazil–India relations]]
*[[Brazil–Japan relations]]
*[[Germany–India relations]]
*[[Germany–Japan relations]]
*[[India–Japan relations]]

===Relations between G4 and P5 countries===
*[[Brazil–China relations]]
*[[Brazil–France relations]]
*[[Brazil–Russia relations]]
*[[Brazil–United Kingdom relations]]
*[[Brazil–United States relations]]
*[[China–Germany relations]]
*[[France–Germany relations]]
*[[Germany–Russia relations]]
*[[Germany–United Kingdom relations]]
*[[Germany–United States relations]]
*[[China–India relations]]
*[[France–India relations]]
*[[India–Russia relations]]
*[[India–United Kingdom relations]]
*[[India–United States relations]]
*[[China–Japan relations]]
*[[France–Japan relations]]
*[[Japan–Russia relations]]
*[[Japan–United Kingdom relations]]
*[[Japan–United States relations]]

===Relations between P5 countries===
*[[China–France relations]]
*[[China–Russia relations]]
*[[China–United Kingdom relations]]
*[[China–United States relations]]
*[[France–Russia relations]]
*[[France–United Kingdom relations]]
*[[France–United States relations]]
*[[Russia–United Kingdom relations]]
*[[Russia–United States relations]]
*[[United Kingdom–United States relations]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{International power}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2005 establishments]]
[[Category:2005 in international relations]]
[[Category:United Nations coalitions and unofficial groups]]
[[Category:United Nations reform]]
[[Category:Brazil and the United Nations]]
[[Category:Germany and the United Nations]]
[[Category:India and the United Nations]]
[[Category:Japan and the United Nations]]
[[Category:Brazil–Germany relations]]
[[Category:Brazil–India relations]]
[[Category:Brazil–Japan relations]]
[[Category:Germany–India relations]]
[[Category:Germany–Japan relations]]
[[Category:India–Japan relations]]
[[Category:Multilateral relations of Brazil]]
[[Category:Multilateral relations of India]]
[[Category:Multilateral relations of Germany]]
[[Category:Multilateral relations of Japan]]

Ponnur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:32:22Z

ErmaT39411378: Made Basic Pg Nd Citations...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ponnur
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (88- highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Ponnur Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Dhulipalla Narendra Kumar]]
| incumbent_image = Dhulipalla Narendra.jpg
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency|Guntur]]
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 88
| electors = 2,25,815
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
}}

'''Ponnur Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Guntur district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref name="electors" /> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=22, 31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Dhulipalla Narendra Kumar]] of the [[Telugu Desam Party]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/|title=Statistical Report of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2019|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=6 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/may/25/nine-lost-polls-by-narrow-margin-as--jana-sena-front-bjp-play-spoilsport-1981501.html|title=Nine lost polls by narrow margin as Jana Sena front, BJP play spoilsport|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-05-31}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 225,815 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=https://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors%20Summary%2022.01.2024.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=22 January 2024|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh}}</ref> The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Ponnur mandal|Ponnur]]
|-
| [[Chebrolu mandal|Chebrolu]]
|-
| [[Pedakakani mandal|Pedakakani]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Kolla Venkaiah
| {{Full party name with color| Communist Party of India }}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| Govada Paramdhamaiah
| {{Full party name with color| Krishikar Lok Party }}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Nannapaneni Venkata Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress }}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| P.A.Prasadarao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress }}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Doppapudi Ranga Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician) }}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Gogineni Nageswara Rao
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Dhulipalla Veeraiah Chowdary]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Chittineni Venkata Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| rowspan=5 |[[Dhulipalla Narendra Kumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party| rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Kilari Venkata Rosaiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Dhulipalla Narendra Kumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ponnur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Dhulipalla Narendra Kumar]]|votes= 1,10,410 |percentage=56.95 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Ambati Murali Krishna|votes= 77,495 |percentage=39.97 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jakka Ravindranath
|votes = 2,400
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,248
|percentage = 0.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority||votes= 32,915 |percentage= 16.98 |change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes= 1,93,875 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,27,648|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ponnur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Kilari Venkata Rosaiah]]|votes=87,570|percentage=45.88|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Dhulipalla Narendra Kumar]]|votes=86,458|percentage=45.30|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=Boni Parvathi (Naidu)|votes=12,033|percentage=6.30|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,112|percentage=0.58|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,90,861|percentage=83.61|change=-1.06}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,28,234|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Mandal Wise Voting
|-
!
![[YSR Congress|YSRCP]]
![[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
![[Janasena Party|JSP]]
!Others
!NOTA
!Total
|-
|[[Pedakakani mandal|Pedakakani]]
|25,787
|24,417
|3,406
|942
|265
|54,817
|-
|[[Chebrolu mandal|Chebrolu]]
|25,351
|25,115
|4,192
|1,165
|446
|56,269
|-
|[[Ponnur mandal|Ponnur]]
|17,497
|18,355
|2,225
|678
|223
|38,978
|-
|Ponnur Urban
|17,947
|17,925
|2,117
|764
|249
|39,002
|-
|Postal Votes
|988
|646
|93
|52
|16
|1,795
|-
!Total
|87,570
|86,458
|12,033
|3,601
|1,199
|190,861
|-
!Percentage
|45.88%
|45.30%
|6.30%
|1.89%
|0.63%
|100.00%
|}
Source: [https://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/form20_ac.html CEO Andhra Pradesh]

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ponnur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Dhulipalla Narendra Kumar]]|votes=88,386|percentage=50.15|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Ravi Venkata Ramana|votes=80,625|percentage=45.74|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=7,761|percentage=4.41|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=176,251|percentage=84.67|change=+3.62}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ponnur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Dhulipalla Narendra Kumar]]|votes=61,008|percentage=38.51|change=-15.70}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Marupudi Leeladhara Rao|votes=58,840|percentage=37.14|change=-7.51}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Tella Venkateswara Rao|votes=30,317|percentage=19.14|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,168|percentage=1.37|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=158,425|percentage=81.05|change=+4.45}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ponnur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Dhulipalla Narendra Kumar]]|votes=51,288|percentage=54.21|change=-3.57}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Mannava Raja Kishore|votes=42,243|percentage=44.65|change=-3.23}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,025|percentage=9.56|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=94,606|percentage=76.60|change=+10.82}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ponnur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1999 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4052-andhra-pradesh-1999/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Dhulipalla Narendra Kumar]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=54,865|percentage=57.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Chittineni Prathap Babu]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=39,332|percentage=41.42%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,533 |percentage=16.36% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=96,318|percentage=66.73%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 144,347|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ponnur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1994 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4051-andhra-pradesh-1994/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Dhulipalla Narendra Kumar]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=52,087 |percentage=56.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Talasila Venkata Ramaiah ]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=30,358|percentage=32.72%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,729 |percentage=23.42% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=94,067|percentage=69.47%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 135,408 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= Indian National Congress|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ponnur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1989 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4050-andhra-pradesh-1989/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Chittineni Venkata Rao]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=46,831 |percentage=48.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Dhulipalla Veeraiah Chowdary ]]|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=45,177|percentage=46.66%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,654 |percentage=1.71% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=100,984|percentage=75.87%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 133,100|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress|loser= Telugu Desam Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ponnur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1985 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4049-andhra-pradesh-1985/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Dhulipalla Veeraiah Chowdary]] |party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=43,714 |percentage=52.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Chittineni Venkata Rao]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=37,303|percentage=44.89%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,411|percentage=7.71% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=84,125|percentage=71.63%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 117,451 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Telugu Desam Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ponnur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1983 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4048-andhra-pradesh-1983/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Dhulipalla Veeraiah Chowdary]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=49,478 |percentage=65.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Nageswara Rao Gogineni]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=25,766|percentage=34.24%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,712 |percentage=31.51% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=76,355|percentage=71.94%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 106,131 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= Indian National Congress (I) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1978===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ponnur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1978 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4047-andhra-pradesh-1978/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Nageswara Rao Gogineni]]|party= Indian National Congress (I) |votes=30,066 |percentage=42.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Talasila Venkata Ramaiah]]|party=Janata Party|votes=22,614|percentage=32.19%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,452 |percentage=10.61% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=71,523|percentage=71.10%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,592 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner= Indian National Congress (I) ||loser= Independent (politician) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ponnur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1972 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4046-andhra-pradesh-1972/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Doppapudi Ranga Rao]]|party= Independent (politician)|votes=26,649 |percentage=44.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Manu Anta Rao Yalavarti]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=26,307|percentage=44.40%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=342 |percentage=0.58% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=60,271|percentage=69.97%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,135 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Independent (politician)|loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ponnur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1967 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4045-andhra-pradesh-1967/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[A.P Pamulapati]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=32,996 |percentage=58.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kolla Venkaiah]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=20,821|percentage=45
.70%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,175 |percentage=21.46% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=58,221|percentage=80.61%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,230 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ponnur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1962 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4044-andhra-pradesh-1962/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Nannapaneni Venkata Rao]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=31,534 |percentage=58.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pamulapati Butchi Naidu Chowdary|party=Swatantra Party|votes=20,608|percentage=38.46%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,926 |percentage=20.39% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=55,482|percentage=80.32%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,074 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= Krishikar Lok Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1955===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1955 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ponnur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1955 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4042-andhra-pradesh-1955/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Govada Paramdamiah|party= Krishikar Lok Party |votes=31,077 |percentage=64.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Jonnalagadda Joshi]]|party=Communist Party of India|votes=16,788|percentage=35.07%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,289 |percentage=29.85% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=47,865|percentage=71.71%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,746 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Krishikar Lok Party ||loser= Communist Party of India |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Ponnur<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kolla Venkaiah |party=Communist Party of India |votes=20,054 |percentage=36.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Coginam Lakshminarayana|party=Krishikar Lok Party|votes=11,240|percentage=20.71%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ambati Tirupati Nayudu|party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party|votes=9,059|percentage=16.69%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Raminoni Norayana|party=Indian National Congress|votes=8,140|percentage=14.99%|change=14.99%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=P. V. Krishnaiah Chowdary|party=Independent politician|votes=3,396|percentage=6.26%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Borugadda Ananda Rao|party=Independent politician|votes=1,591|percentage=2.93%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bhodeti Jacob|party=Independent politician|votes=805|percentage=1.48%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,814 |percentage=16.24% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=54,285|percentage=74.15%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,206 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|16.07|80.55|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Guntur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Palanati Brahmanaidu (film)

2026-04-14T01:50:27Z

ErmaT39411378: Made Initial Article Added Tags...

{{short description|Indian Telugu movie}}
{{About|the film|the historical person|Palanati Brahmanaidu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Palanati Brahmanaidu (film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| writer = [[Paruchuri Brothers]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = [[Posani Krishna Murali]]
| screenplay = Paruchuri Brothers [[Posani Krishna Murali]]
| producer = Medikonda Murali Krishna
| director = [[B. Gopal]]
| starring = [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] [[Aarthi Agarwal]] [[Sonali Bendre]]
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = [[V. S. R. Swamy]]
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| studio = Venkata Ramana Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2003|06|05}}
| runtime = 179 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Palanati Brahmanaidu''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film]] produced by Medikonda Murali Krishna on Venkata Ramana Productions banner and directed by [[B. Gopal]]. The film stars [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Aarthi Agarwal]] and [[Sonali Bendre]] in the lead roles. The music composed by [[Mani Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-08 |title=Narthanasala to Akbar Salim Anarkali, List of Remakes Starring Nandamuri Balakrishna |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/narthanasala-to-akbar-salim-anarkali-list-of-remakes-nandamuri-balakrishna-worked-in-5335177.html |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622205342/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/narthanasala-to-akbar-salim-anarkali-list-of-remakes-nandamuri-balakrishna-worked-in-5335177.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
Bhavani Prasad is a local leader in the village of [[Karempudi]] who works for the good of the people. The people respect him, adore him, and are even willing to give up their life for him. On the occasion of his sister's marriage, he meets Sruthi, a friend of his sister, who has been engaged to an American-born Indian Prudhvi. They both part ways as he asks her to undergo a virginity test before marriage. In the due course of events, she falls in love with Bhavani Prasad. Both families agree to their marriage. On this occasion, Sivanageshwari enters and shoots Bhavani Prasad.

Flashback unveils in the second half. One of the persons who works under Bhavani Prasad gets bashed up by goons of the rival faction – Nagayalanka Narasinga Naidu for no reason of his. They presume that he wrote love letters to his daughter Siva Nageswari and trash the pulp out of him. Due to this, Jatin becomes a cripple for life. Bhavani Prasad vows to get Nageswari married to Jatin, but the story takes a U-turn from then. Another of Bhavani's rivals – Chandramouleshwar Rao joins hands with Narasinga Naidu and plans to damage Bhavani's image and withhold Siva Nageswari's marriage. It is also revealed that Mukesh Rushi's son fell in love with Bhavani's sister who rejected his love and married someone else. To avenge these defaming incidents both these villains unite.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] as Siva Sankara Satya Bhavani Prasad
* [[Aarthi Agarwal]] as Sruthi
* [[Sonali Bendre]] as Sivanageshwari, Narasinga Naidu's Daughter
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Narasinga Naidu
* [[Mukesh Rishi]] as Chandramouleshwar Rao
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Priest
* [[Brahmanandam]]
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
* [[Narra Venkateswara Rao]] as Minister
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as Gurazala Chandrudu
* [[Sivaji Raja]] as Pandit
* [[Sujitha]] as Kalyani
* [[Sri Lakshmi (actor)|Srilakshmi]]
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]]
* [[Ahuti Prasad]]
* [[Mohan Raj]]
* [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]]
* [[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]]
* [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]]
* [[Chitti Babu Punyamurthula|Chitti Babu]]
* [[Babloo Prithviraj|Prudhvi Raj]]
* [[Bandla Ganesh]]
* [[Raghunatha Reddy]]
* [[Shobaraj]]
* [[Kazan Khan]]
* [[Jatin Grewal]] as Kumar Das
* [[Hemanth Ravan]]
* [[Mahadevan (actor)|Rama Raju]]
* [[Ananth Babu|Ananth]]
* [[Gautam Raju]]
* [[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]]
* [[Kallu Chidambaram]]
* Lahari
* [[Rajitha]]
* Delhi Rajeswari
* Vimala Sri
* Supriya Karnik
* Sumana Sri
* Madhurisen
* Radhika
* Nirmala Reddy
*[[Anirudh Agarwal]] as guy getting attacked by roosters
{{colend}}

==Production==
The film saw the team of ''Narasimha Naidu'', consisting of film's lead actor, director, producer, composer and writer, collaborating for second time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.cc/artman/publish/news_oct11.shtml|title=Six writers for NBK-B Gopal film|website=[[Telugucinema.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021022114158/http://www.telugucinema.cc/artman/publish/news_oct11.shtml|archive-date=22 October 2002|access-date=8 January 2025}}</ref> When Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao met minister Kodela Siva Prasad at Kotappakonda, he came to know that the rulers in Palnadu cut their hands for blood and mix it in the Naguleru river which still happens there. This point led Rao to create a plot revolving it.<ref name="id">{{cite web |date=21 May 2003 |title=Audio Function of 'Palanati Brahmanaidu' |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-brahmanaidu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611220808/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-brahmanaidu.html |archive-date=11 June 2025 |access-date=8 January 2025 |website=Idlebrain}}</ref>
== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Palnati Brahmanayudu
| type = film
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 21 May 2003
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 31:51
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Mani Sharma]]
| prev_title = [[Taarak]]
| prev_year = 2003
| next_title = [[Kalyana Ramudu]]
| next_year = 2003
}}

Music is composed by [[Mani Sharma]]. Music is released on [[Aditya Music]] company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/ajuke/box-brahmanaidu.html|title=
Juke Box - Palanati Brahmanaidu|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030618185954/https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/ajuke/box-brahmanaidu.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 June 2003|access-date=29 October 2023}}</ref> The audio was launched at Holiday Inn on 21 May 2003.<ref name=id /> ''The Hindu'' criticized the songs for its vulgar lyrics.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 June 2003 |title=Chords & Notes |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/09/stories/2003060901830300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050521165234/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/09/stories/2003060901830300.htm |archive-date=21 May 2005 |access-date=6 February 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 31:51
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =

| title1 = Gundammo Gundammo
| lyrics1 = [[Vennelakanti]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Kalpana Raghavendar|Kalpana]]
| length1 = 4:57

| title2 = Brindavanamlo
| lyrics2 = [[Bhuvanachandra]]
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Kalpana
| length2 = 5:53

| title3 = Bandarulo
| lyrics3 = [[Veturi]]
| extra3 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length3 = 5:25

| title4 = Oososi Poolateega
| lyrics4 = Bhuvanachandra
| extra4 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| length4 = 4:53

| title5 = Palaka Balapam
| lyrics5 = Bhuvanachandra
| extra5 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Shalini Singh]]
| length5 = 4:45

| title6 = Sarasala Sundarayya
| lyrics6 = Bhuvanachandra
| extra6 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Radhika Thilak]], [[Poornima (singer)|Poornima]]
| length6 = 5:47
}}

== Reception ==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film {{Fraction|2|1|2}} out of 5 and wrote that "First half of the film lacks any story element and is slow. The second half has some story, but too many twists spoil the mood of the film. The main drawback of the film is that the director B Gopal never got the audiences in his grip with his narrative".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-brahmanaidu.html|title=Movie review - Palanati Brahmanaidu|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=jeevi|date=5 June 2003|access-date=29 October 2023|archive-date=28 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028180236/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-brahmanaidu.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''The Hindu'' wrote "The film has lengthy fights, a bit of fantasy (a chair and a train move back and forth at the command of the hero) and some special effects (a battalion of hens belonging to Bhavani Prasad attack a goonda hired by the villains and police as well). But, all these constitute the mass element. The fantasy part would have gained credence had there been some thematic support to the hero's mysterious acts".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-brahmanaidu.html|title=Palanati Brahmanaidu|website=The Hindu|via=Idlebrain|last=Srihari|first=Gudipoodi|access-date=8 January 2025|archive-date=21 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221095131/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-brahmanaidu.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Rediff'' wrote "The blame lies at the door of director Gopal. Instead of sticking to a strong storyline like he had done earlier, he overconfidently tries to cash in on his previous hits with Balakrishna".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2003/jun/06bonda.htm|title=Overconfidence is Palnati Brahmanaidu's downfall|work=Rediff|access-date=23 October 2021|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023071447/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2003/jun/06bonda.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Harikrishna of ''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' wrote "Palnati Brahmanaidu is a Hi-Tec version of Palnati Brahmanaidu and Nagamma with graphics and modern masala. It is a movie without factionalism and can better be called a fantasy experimented in the name of Palanadu".<ref>{{cite web |last=Harikrishna |date=5 June 2003 |title=Palnati Brahmanaidu Movie Review |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/movies/PBN_review_June_5.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040820043922/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/movies/PBN_review_June_5.shtml |archive-date=20 August 2004 |access-date=23 September 2025 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref>

==Legacy==
The film is well remembered for the scene where Balakrishna sends back the train in reverse direction with his eyesight which resulted in extensive [[trolling]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vyas |date=2020-02-15 |title=Director feels sorry to embarrass Balakrishna |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/director-feels-sorry-to-embarrass-balakrishna-605237 |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en |archive-date=23 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923222823/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/director-feels-sorry-to-embarrass-balakrishna-605237 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0373219}}

{{Posani Krishna Murali}}

{{B. Gopal}}

[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. Gopal]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Posani Krishna Murali]]
[[Category:2003 action drama films]]
[[Category:Cockfighting in film]]

Faridkot Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-13T16:26:28Z

ErmaT39411378: Adding a data...

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Faridkot {{Small|PB-9}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Punjab/Faridkot.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Faridkot Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1977
| party = {{Party index link|Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Independent politician|shortname=None}}
| mp = [[Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa]]
| preceded_by = [[Muhammad Sadiq (singer)|Muhammad Sadique]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| assembly_cons = [[Nihal Singh Wala Assembly Constituency|Nihal Singhwala]] [[Bhagha Purana Assembly Constituency|Bhagha Purana]] [[Moga Assembly Constituency|Moga]] [[Dharamkot Assembly Constituency|Dharamkot]] [[Gidderbaha Assembly Constituency|Gidderbaha]] [[Faridkot Assembly Constituency|Faridkot]] [[Kotkapura Assembly Constituency|Kotkapura]] [[Jaitu Assembly Constituency|Jaitu]] [[Rampura Phul Assembly Constituency|Rampura Phul]]
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image =
}}
'''Faridkot''' is one of the 13 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] state in northern [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Faridkot Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following nine [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceopunjab.nic.in/English/ElectoralRolls/ACPCROERO/PCACLIST.html|title=List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Punjab website}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" | Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|71
|[[Nihal Singh Wala Assembly Constituency|Nihal Singhwala]] (SC)
| rowspan="4" |[[Moga district|Moga]]
|[[Manjit Singh Bilaspur]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=9}}
|{{party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND|rowspan=5}}
|-
|72
|[[Bhagha Purana Assembly Constituency|Bhagha Purana]]
|[[Amritpal Singh Sukhanand]]
|-
|73
|[[Moga Assembly Constituency|Moga]]
|[[Amandeep Kaur Arora]]
|-
|74
|[[Dharamkot Assembly Constituency|Dharamkot]]
|[[Devinder Singh Laddi Dhos]]
|-
|84
|[[Gidderbaha Assembly Constituency|Giddarbaha]]
|[[Sri Muktsar Sahib district|Sri Muktsar Sahib]]
|[[Hardeep Singh Dhillon|Hardeep Singh Dimpy Dhillon]]
|-
|87
|[[Faridkot Assembly Constituency|Faridkot]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
|[[Gurdit Singh Sekhon]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|88
|[[Kotkapura Assembly Constituency|Kotkapura]]
|[[Kultar Singh Sandhwan]]
|-
|89
|[[Jaitu Assembly Constituency|Jaitu]] (SC)
|[[Amolak Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND|rowspan=2}}
|-
|90
|[[Rampura Phul Assembly Constituency|Rampura Phul]]
|[[Bathinda district|Bathinda]]
|[[Balkar Singh Sidhu]]
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{{Pie chart|value1=46.153|value2=23.076|value3=7.692|label1=[[Shiromani Akali Dal|'''SAD''' (6 Times)]]|label2=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC '''(3 Times)]]|label3=[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|'''SAD (A)''' (1 Time)]]|color1={{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}|color2={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color3={{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)}}|caption=Most Successful parties from Faridkot Lok Sabha|label4=[[Aam Aadmi Party|'''AAP''' (1 Time)]]|color4={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}|value4=7.692|label5=[[Indian National Congress (I)|'''INC (I)''' (1 Time)]]|label6=[[Independent Candidate|'''IND''' (1 Time)]]|color5={{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|color6={{party color|Independent Candidate}}|value5=7.692|value6=7.692}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year!!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faridkot Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/punjab/parliamentary-constituencies/faridkot.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|colspan="4"|{{center|''1952-76 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| [[Parkash Singh Badal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| [[Gurbinder Kaur Brar]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress }}" |
|[[Indian National Congress ]]
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| [[Bhai Shaminder Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| [[Jagdev Singh Khudian]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)}}" |
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|Shiromani Akali Dal (A)]]
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| [[Jagmeet Singh Brar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Sukhbir Singh Badal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| [[Jagmeet Singh Brar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| [[Sukhbir Singh Badal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[Paramjit Kaur Gulshan]]
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election in Punjab|2014]]
| [[Sadhu Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election in Punjab|2019]]
| [[Muhammad Sadiq (singer)|Muhammad Sadiq]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election in Punjab|2024]]
|[[Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Faridkot">{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Faridkot|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S199.htm|accessdate=17 June 2024|date=4 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617170124/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S199.htm|archivedate=17 June 2024}}</ref>
{{Election box begin |title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Faridkot, India|Faridkot]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate||party=[[Independent politician|IND]]|candidate=[[Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa]]|votes={{formatnum:298062}}|percentage=29.38|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Karamjit Anmol]]|votes={{formatnum:228009}}|percentage=22.48|change={{increase}}10.65}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Amarjit Kaur Sahoke|votes={{formatnum:160357}}|percentage=15.81|change={{decrease}}27.17}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=Rajwinder Singh|votes={{formatnum:138251}}|percentage=13.63|change={{decrease}}20.81}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Hans Raj Hans]]|votes={{formatnum:123533}}|percentage=12.18|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes={{formatnum:4143}}|percentage=0.41|change={{decrease}}1.56}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:70053}}|percentage=6.91|change={{decrease}} 1.63}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:1014455}}|percentage=63.64|change={{increase}}0.39}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Faridkot, Punjab|Faridkot]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Muhammad Sadiq (singer)|Muhammad Sadiq]]
|votes = {{formatnum:419065}}
|percentage = 42.98
|change = {{increase}}18.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Gulzar Singh Ranike]]
|votes = {{formatnum:335809}}
|percentage = 34.44
|change = {{increase}}7.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Sadhu Singh|Prof. Sadhu Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:115319}}
|percentage = 11.83
|change = {{decrease}}31.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Punjab Ekta Party
|candidate = Baldev Singh Jaito
|votes = {{formatnum:43932}}
|percentage = 4.51
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:19246}}
|percentage = 1.97
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:83056}}
|percentage = 8.54
|change = {{decrease}}8.17
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:975242}}
|percentage = 63.25
|change ={{decrease}}7.70
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Aam Aadmi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Faridkot, Punjab|Faridkot]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Sadhu Singh|Prof. Sadhu Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:450751}}
|percentage = 43.66
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate =[[Paramjit Kaur Gulshan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:278235}}
|percentage = 26.95
|change = {{decrease}}22.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Joginder Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:251222}}
|percentage = 24.34
|change = {{decrease}}18.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Kashmir Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:14573}}
|percentage = 1.41
|change ={{decrease}}0.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sant Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:8282}}
|percentage = 0.80
|change ={{decrease}}2.91
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:172516}}
|percentage = 16.71
|change = {{increase}}10.04
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:1032345}}
|percentage =70.95
|change ={{decrease}}1.34
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Shiromani Akali Dal
|swing = {{increase}}32.95
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Faridkot, Punjab|Faridkot]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Paramjit Kaur Gulshan]]
|votes = 457,734
|percentage = 49.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sukhwinder Singh Danny
|votes = 395,692
|percentage = 42.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Resham Singh
|votes = 34,479
|percentage = 3.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Communist Party of India
|candidate = Kaushalya Chaman Bhaura
|votes = 19,459
|percentage = 2.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party =[[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Veerpaul Kaur
|votes = 6,720
|percentage = 0.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 62,042
|percentage = 6.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,31,144
|percentage =72.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Shiromani Akali Dal
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1977===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Indian general election]]: [[Faridkot, Punjab|Faridkot]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Parkash Singh Badal]]
|votes = 282,713
|percentage = 58.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Avtar Singh
|votes = 195,692
|percentage = 37.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party =[[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Jeeta Ram
|votes = 9,889
|percentage = 2.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party =[[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Hari Chand
|votes = 2,933
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 100,701
|percentage = 20.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 487,098
|percentage =75.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Shiromani Akali Dal
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Faridkot district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Moga district]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/punjab/faridkot/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Faridkot lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Punjab}}

{{coord|30.68|74.75|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Faridkot district]]
[[Category:Moga district]]

Ramdular Gaur

2026-04-11T20:52:08Z

ErmaT39411378: Made First Entry Initial Version...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ramdular Gaur
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Shahganj Assembly constituency]]
| term_start1 = March 2022
| term_end1 = December 2023
| predecessor1 =
| birth_date = 1973
| birth_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Politician
| alma_mater =
}}
'''Ramdular Gaur''' (born 1973)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramdular(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- DUDDHI (ST)(SONBHADRA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=4835 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He is a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from Duddhi Assembly constituency, which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[Sonbhadra district]]. He won the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=सोनी |first=संतोष कुमार |date=2023-12-23 |title=BJP विधायक की सदस्यता रद्द, यूपी में खाली हुई 2 विधानसभा सीट, फिर होगी सियासी जंग |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/up-bypoll-2024-bjp-mla-ramdular-gaur-asutosh-tandon-membership-cancel-on-duddhi-seat-2567417 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Gaur is from [[Dudhi|Duddhi]], Sonbhadra district, Uttar Pradesh. He is the son of late Ramdhani. He studied intermediate at Choukdi Choura Inter College, [[Ghazipur]], Uttar Pradesh and passed the examinations conducted by Board of Secondary Education, Uttar Pradesh in 1992.

== Career ==
Gaur won from [[Duddhi Assembly constituency]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 84,407 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Vijay Singh Gond]] of the [[Samajwadi Party]], by a margin of 6,297 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Duddhi Election Result: दुद्धी से सपा के विजय सिंह को 6297 वोटों से मिली हार, BJP के रामदुलार बने विजयी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/sonbhadra-uttar-pradesh-assembly-duddhi-seat-result-live-update-win-loss-ramdular-gaur-vijay-singh-gour-basanti-pani-hariram-pushpa-devi-nodnc-4048555.html |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

He was convicted by a court on 12 December 2023 and sentenced to 25 years of imprisonment in a [[Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act|Protection of Children from Sexual Offences]] case pertaining to the rape of a minor girl in November 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Livemint |date=2023-12-15 |title=BJP MLA found guilty of raping minor girl, gets 25 years imprisonment {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/uttar-pradesh-bjp-mla-ramdular-gaur-found-guilty-of-raping-minor-girl-gets-25-years-imprisonment-11702642425905.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207031934/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/uttar-pradesh-bjp-mla-ramdular-gaur-found-guilty-of-raping-minor-girl-gets-25-years-imprisonment-11702642425905.html |archive-date=7 December 2024 |access-date=2024-12-22 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2023-12-12 |title=BJP MLA found guilty of raping minor girl 9 years ago, verdict on Dec 15 |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/uttar-pradesh/bjp-mla-found-guilty-of-raping-minor-girl-9-years-ago-verdict-on-dec-15/na20231212195838898898616 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> After the conviction, he was disqualified from the house and a by election was held in 2023 for the Duddhi seat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP विधायक को रेप में 25 साल की जेल की पूरी कहानीः जज के सामने फूट-फूटकर रो पड़ी थी लड़की, बता दिया था सबकुछ |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/sonbhadra/bjp-duddhi-mla-ramdular-gaur-jailed-in-rape-case-sonbhadra-mp-mla-court-judgment-update-news/articleshow/106036929.cms |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaur, Ramdular}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Sonbhadra district]]
[[Category:Indian politicians convicted of crimes]]

G. Govindan

2026-04-07T12:52:26Z

ErmaT39411378: Adding new article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = G. Govindan
| image =
| office = Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency = Paramakudi
| term_start = 1952
| term_end =
| party = Indian National Congress
}}

'''G. Govindan''' was an Indian politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate from [[Paramakudi Assembly constituency|Paramakudi constituency]] in [[1952 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1952 election]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf 1951/52 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Govindan}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

Hoshiar Singh Dahiya

2026-03-29T01:35:05Z

ErmaT39411378: expanded intro after review

{{Short description|(Recipient of Param Vir Chakra) Indian Military Officer (1936-1998)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{distinguish| text= [[Hoshiar Singh (Brigadier)|Brigadier Hoshiar Singh Rathi]] of 1962 India-China War}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Colonel]]
| name = Hoshiar Singh Dahiya
| other_name = H. S. Dahiya
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|size=100%|country=IND|PVC}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Major Hoshiar Singh.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1936|5|5|df=y}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Param Vir Chakra winners since 1950 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Param-Vir-Chakra-winners-since-1950/articleshow/2731710.cms |access-date=11 April 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411012041/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Param-Vir-Chakra-winners-since-1950/articleshow/2731710.cms |archive-date=11 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1998|12|6|1936|5|5}}
| birth_place = [[Sisana]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Bravery award winners honoured|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100518/harplus.htm#21|access-date=11 April 2016|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]]|date=18 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411001420/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100518/harplus.htm#21|archive-date=11 April 2016}}</ref> [[Rohtak District]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Sonipat District]], [[Haryana]], [[India]])
| death_place = [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_name = Hoshiar Singh Dahiya
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 1963–1988<ref name="dauntless"/>
| rank = [[File:Colonel of the Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[Colonel]]
| servicenumber = IC-14608A<ref name="commission"/>
| unit = [[File:Grenadiers Insignia (India).svg|20px]] [[The Grenadiers]]
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1965]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
** [[Battle of Basantar]]
{{tree list/end}}
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:Param-Vir-Chakra-ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vir Chakra]]
| spouse = 
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website = 
}}
[[Colonel (India)|Colonel]] '''Hoshiar Singh Dahiya''', {{Post-nominals|country=IND|PVC}} (5 May 1936 – 6 December 1998) was an Indian military officer and a recipient of India's highest military honour, the [[Param Vir Chakra]], for his gallantry during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]].

==Early life==

Hoshiar Singh Dahiya was born in [[Sisana]] village, [[Sonipat]] district, [[Haryana]] to Choudhary Hira Singh in a [[Jat]] family of Dahiya clan. After his schooling and one year's study at the [[Jat Education Society Rohtak|Jat College, Rohtak]], he joined the Army.<ref name=PVC/> He was married to Dhano Devi, who is still alive as of January 2026.<ref name="jathosh1">{{Cite web |date=2026-01-10 |title=Border 2: Colonel Hoshiar Singh Dahiya's wife blesses Varun Dhawan, showers praise for his performance. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/border-2-colonel-hoshiar-singh-dahiyas-wife-blesses-varun-dhawan-showers-praise-for-his-performance-101768057083175.html |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He was commissioned in [[The Grenadiers]] [[Regiment]] of the [[Indian Army]] on 30 June 1963,<ref name=PVC/><ref name="commission">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=655 |date=11 December 1965|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1965/O-1728-1965-0050-78955.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> and was promoted lieutenant on 30 June 1965.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=330 |date=4 June 1966|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1966/O-1663-1966-0023-75844.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>

His first posting was in [[North-East Frontier Agency|NEFA]].{{citation needed|date=January 2012}} In the 1965 Indo-Pakistan war, he saw some action in the Rajasthan sector,<ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite news|url=https://m.indiatimes.com/news/here-are-12-untold-stories-of-martyrs-who-sacrificed-their-lives-in-1971-indo-pak-war-267549.html|title=Here Are 12 Untold Stories Of Martyrs Who Sacrificed Their Lives In 1971 Indo-Pak War|date=2016-12-16|work=indiatimes.com|access-date=2018-11-24|language=en}}</ref> for which he was [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 1|page=733 |date=5 November 1966 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> He was promoted to captain on 30 June 1969.

==Param Vir Chakra Citation==
The [[Param Vir Chakra]] citation on the Official [[Indian Army]] Website reads as follows:
{{Quotation|{{center|'''CITATION''' 
'''MAJOR HOSHIAR SINGH''' 
'''3 GRENADIERS (IC-14608)'''}}

On 15 December 1971 a battalion of the Grenadiers was given the task of establishing a bridgehead across the Basantar river in the Shakargarh Sector. Major Hoshiar Singh was commanding the left forward company and he was ordered to capture the enemy locality of Jarpal. This was a well-fortified position and was held in strength by the enemy. During the assault, his company came under intense shelling and effective crossfire from enemy medium machine guns. Undeterred, he led the charge and captured the objective after a fierce hand-to hand fight. The enemy reacted and put in three counter attacks on 16 December 1971, two of them supported by armour, Major Hoshiar Singh unmindful of the heavy shelling and tank fire went from trench to trench, motivating his command and encouraging his men to stand fast and fight. Inspired by his courage and dauntless leadership, his company repulsed all the attacks inflicting heavy casualties on the enemy. Again, on 17 December 1971 the enemy made another attack with a battalion supported by heavy artillery fire. Though seriously wounded by enemy shelling, Major Hoshiar Singh again went from trench to trench moving about in the open with utter disregard to his personal safety when an enemy shell landed near the medium machine gun post injuring the crew and rendering it inoperative. Major Hoshiar Singh, realizing the importance of machine-gun fire, immediately rushed to the machine-gun pit and though seriously wounded himself, manned the gun inflicting heavy casualties on the enemy. The attack was successfully repulsed and the enemy retreated leaving behind 85 dead including their Commanding Officer and three other officers. Though seriously wounded, Major Hoshiar Singh refused to be evacuated till the ceasefire.

Throughout this operation, Major Hoshiar Singh displayed most conspicuous gallantry, indomitable fighting spirit and leadership in the highest traditions of the Army.<ref name=PVC>{{citation|url=http://www.indianarmy.gov.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmPhotoGalleryWithMenuWithTitle.aspx?MnId=NCvnix4zLfQhf90l3OuEBw%3d%3d&ParentID=1tHir3NYQjroCJ9AgypEwg%3d%3d|access-date=28 August 2014|title=The Param Vir Chakra Winners (PVC) |publisher=Official Website of the Indian Army}} "Profile" and "Citation" tabs.</ref>}}

==Later Major Hoshiar Singh==

Singh was promoted to substantive major on 30 June 1976,<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=39 |date=8 January 1977|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1977/O-1127-1977-0002-50011.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> subsequently serving for two years as an instructor at the Officers Training School, Madras (now Chennai). In 1981 he was posted as an Instructor at the Indian Military Academy, Dehra Dun, and was promoted to lieutenant-colonel on 8 April 1983,<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=148 |date=2 February 1985|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1985/O-0780-1985-0005-34585.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> he eventually rose to command of his battalion. Having reached retirement age for his rank, Singh retired from the army on 31 May 1988 with the honorary rank of colonel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1865 |date=17 December 1988|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1988/O-0635-1988-0051-28053.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|title=Col. Hoshiar Singh Dahiya | Param Vir Chakra | Indo-Pakistani war of 1971 #RememberAndNeverForget #SaluteToSoldier #IndianArmy|user=KSBSectt|number=993719740928528385|date=2018-05-07}}</ref> He settled in Jaipur, but frequently visited his village of Sisana and successfully encouraged many residents to join the armed forces.<ref name="dauntless">{{cite news|title=Dauntless leadership in the face of enemy|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/weekly-pullouts/haryana-tribune/dauntless-leadership-in-the-face-of-enemy/587903.html|access-date=30 June 2019|newspaper=The Tribune (Haryana)|date=12 May 2018|archive-date=1 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701010350/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/weekly-pullouts/haryana-tribune/dauntless-leadership-in-the-face-of-enemy/587903.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He succumbed to a [[cardiac arrest]] on 6 December 1998, aged 62, and was cremated with full military honors at Jaipur. He was survived by three sons, two of whom followed their father into the army as commissioned officers in the Grenadiers, with one joining the 3rd Grenadiers.<ref name="dauntless"/>

== In popular culture ==
[[File:Major Hoshiar Singh statue at Param Yodha Sthal Delhi.jpg|250px|thumb|Dahiya's statue at ''Param Yodha Sthal'', [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]], New Delhi]]
[[Varun Dhawan]] played the role of Hoshiar Singh in the Hindi film ''[[Border 2 (film)|Border 2]]'', a sequel to the 1997 film ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-11 |title=Varun Dhawan gears up to portray war hero Major Hoshiar Singh Dahiya in 'Border 2'- reports |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-dhawan-gears-up-to-portray-war-hero-major-hoshiar-singh-dahiya-in-border-2-reports/articleshow/121075075.cms |access-date=2025-09-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

[[Mohanlal]] reprised Major Hoshiar Singh's character as Major Sahadevan in the 2017 [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]], ''[[1971: Beyond Borders]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/previews/1971-beyond-borders/articleshow/57985042.cms|title=1971: Beyond Borders}}</ref>

[[Mangal Dhillon]] was cast as Major Hoshiar Singh in the tele-serial [[Param Vir Chakra (TV series)| Param Vir Chakra]] aired on Doordarshan in the 1980s

==See also==
*[[Battle of Basantar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/PVC/photo_12.htm |publisher=Indian Army |title=Major Hoshiar Singh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401161801/http://indianarmy.nic.in/PVC/photo_12.htm |archive-date=2008-04-01}}

{{Param Vir Chakra recipients}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh Dahiya, Hoshiar}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vir Chakra]]
[[Category:People from Sonipat district]]
[[Category:People of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:People from Rohtak]]

Diés Iraé

2026-03-27T10:15:02Z

ErmaT39411378:

{{Short description|2025 Indian film by Rahul Sadasivan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Diés Iraé
| image = Dies Irae poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rahul Sadasivan]]
| writer = Rahul Sadasivan
| producer = {{ubl|[[Chakravarthy Ramachandra]]|[[S. Sashikanth]]}}
| starring = [[Pranav Mohanlal]] Gibin Gopinath Jaya Kurup [[Sushmitha Bhat]]
| cinematography = [[Shehnad Jalal]]
| editing = Shafique Mohammed Ali
| music = [[Christo Xavier]]
| studio = {{ubl|[[Night Shift Studios]]|[[YNOT Studios]]}}
| distributor = {{ubl|Think Studios (domestic)|Home Screen Entertainment (overseas)}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|10|31}}
| runtime = 113 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2025 |title=''Diés Iraé'' (2025) |url=https://www.ifco.ie/en/ifco/pages/603D5C010039F434 |access-date=24 October 2025 |website=[[Irish Film Classification Office]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross = {{INR|83}} crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-29 |title=Diés Iraé OTT Release: When And Where To Watch Pranav Mohanlal Starrer Malayalam Horror Film |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/south-cinema/di%C3%A9s-ira%C3%A9-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-pranav-mohanlal-starrer-malayalam-horror-film |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=When and where to watch Pranav Mohanlal`s Dies Irae on OTT |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/dies-irae-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-pranav-mohanlal-malayalam-horror-drama-23605504 |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=[[Mid-Day]] |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Diés Iraé''''' ([[Latin]] for "[[Dies irae|Day of Wrath]]") is a 2025 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Horror film|horror]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by [[Rahul Sadasivan]] and produced by [[Chakravarthy Ramachandra]] and [[S. Sashikanth]] under [[Night Shift Studios]] and [[YNOT Studios]]. It stars [[Pranav Mohanlal]] with [[Sushmitha Bhat|Sushmita Bhat]], Gibin Gopinath and Jaya Kurup. The film follows a man, who is increasingly haunted by a former classmate, after taking her hairclip as a souvenir.

The film was officially announced in March 2025 under the tentative title ''NSS2'', as it is Night Shift Studios' second production, and the official title was revealed the following May. [[Principal photography]] took place from March to April 2025. The film features music composed by [[Christo Xavier]], cinematography by [[Shehnad Jalal]] and editing by Shafique Mohammed Ali.

''Diés Iraé'' was released worldwide on 31 October 2025, coinciding with [[Halloween]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pranav Mohanlal film with Rahul Sadasivan gets a title: It's called Dies Irae; here's what it means |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pranav-mohanlal-film-with-rahul-sadasivan-gets-a-title-its-called-dies-irae-heres-what-it-means/articleshow/121024750.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2025-05-08 |access-date=2025-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dies Irae: Pranav Mohanlal reveals release date of upcoming horror thriller |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dies-irae-pranav-mohanlal-reveals-release-date-of-upcoming-horror-thriller/eec39d7ef3357 |work=OTTplay |date=2025-05-18 |access-date=2025-06-07}}</ref> The film received positive reviews, with praise for the performances, direction, cinematography, music, horror elements, screenplay and runtime. It is currently the [[List of Malayalam films of 2025#Box office collection|sixth highest-grossing Malayalam film of 2025]] and one of the [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|highest-grossing Malayalam films]] of all time.

== Plot ==
Rohan, an [[Indian American|Indo-American]] [[architect]] and the son of Shankar, owner of the prominent firm Shankar Associates, leads a comfortable life in [[Kerala]]. One day, he learns of the suicide of Kani, a [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer and former classmate with whom he had a brief relationship after reconnecting at an alumni event. Moved by her death, Rohan visits her grieving family, where he meets their neighbour Madhusudanan “Madhu” Potti, a descendant of the [[Bramayugam|Potti]] lineage of traditional exorcists. While in Kani's room, Rohan takes a red [[hair clip]] as a keepsake.

After returning home, Rohan begins experiencing disturbing supernatural events. He hears the jingling of [[Ghungroo|chilanka]], feels unseen hands ruffle his hair, and is violently attacked by an invisible presence that chokes him. Frightened, he confides in Madhu, who advises him to wait until Kani's [[Antyesti|pathinaru]], believing her soul will then find peace.

However, the hauntings intensify. Hoping to distract himself, Rohan invites Kani's brother Kiran to stay with him. During the visit, the spirit violently throws Kiran off a balcony, leaving him severely injured and disfigured. Soon after, Rohan witnesses the ghostly figure — a tall, thin, headless man — confirming that the haunting spirit is not Kani. Madhu concludes that it may be the restless soul of someone connected to Kani's past who bore a grudge against her.

Their investigation leads them to Kani's former dance school, where they learn of a local [[Photostat machine|copy-shop]] worker named Philip who had obsessively stalked her. Madhu discovers that “Philip” is actually Manu Philip Sebastian, the son of Kani's neighbour and housemaid, Elsamma.

Rohan visits Elsamma's house, initially to obtain contact details of an agent who helped Manu go abroad, unaware that Philip and Manu are the same person. There, he discovers Manu's decaying corpse lying on his bed, wearing Kani's chilanka on his feet. Elsamma knocks him unconscious, revealing that she had stolen Kani's anklets to comfort her [[cancer]]-inflicted son in his final days. Because Manu's body was never properly laid to rest and his mother's fervent prayers anchored his soul to the mortal world, his spirit remained trapped — vengeful and confused — attacking Rohan for taking Kani's hair clip.

Madhu finds Rohan unconscious and they both struggle with Elsamma. Rohan grabs a knife, cuts off Manu's rotting legs bearing the chilanka, and sets them ablaze as that was what bound his spirit. The ritual fire spreads, consuming the house and finally releasing Manu's tormented spirit.

In the aftermath, Madhu is approached by George, who requests his help to investigate strange occurrences in a house once occupied by a woman and her son, hinting to the incidences that occur in ''[[Bhoothakaalam]]''. Meanwhile, as Rohan prepares to return to the United States, he is confronted once again—this time by the ghost of Kani—suggesting that his ordeal may not yet be over.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|

* [[Pranav Mohanlal]] as Rohan Shankar
* [[Sushmitha Bhat|Sushmita Bhat]] as Kani, Rohan's ex-girlfriend (spirit)
* Gibin Gopinath as Madhusudhanan "Madhu" Potti, a descendant of [[Bramayugam|Kodumon Potthi]]
* [[Shine Tom Chacko]] as Manu / Philip Sebastian, Kani's stalker (spirit) (Photographic Appearance)
* Jaya Kurup as Elsamma, Manu / Philip's Mother
* Arun Ajikumar as Kiran, Kani's younger brother and Rohan's friend
* [[Sreedhanya]] as Kani's mother
* Madan Babu K. as Kani's father
* Sudha Sumithran as Kani's grandmother
* [[Manohari Joy]] as Madhu's mother
* Swathi Das Prabhu as Vinoy, Rohan's friend
* Athulya Chandra as Tessa, Rohan's friend
* Anagha Ashok as Kani's friend
* Saheer Mohammed as Church [[Priest]]
* Manoj Moorthy as Rohan's security guard
* Nidhinya Pattayil as Rohan's cook
* Priya Sreejith as Rohan's maid
* [[Saiju Kurup]] as [[Bhoothakalam|George]] (Cameo Appearance)
}}

== Production ==
===Development===
In December 2024, several industry analysts in [[Twitter|X.com]] reported that director [[Rahul Sadasivan]] had cast [[Pranav Mohanlal]] in his upcoming film, which, like his previous works, would also be a horror film. They noted that the shoot was expected to begin in either January or February 2025 and be completed in 40 days.<ref>{{cite web |last1=P. |first1=Divya |title=Pranav Mohanlal to star in Bramayugam director Rahul Sadasivan's horror thriller? Here's what we know |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/pranav-mohanlal-to-star-bramayugam-director-rahul-sadasivan-horror-thriller-reports/8462904d0e19 |publisher=[[OTTPlay]] |access-date=26 May 2025 |date=4 December 2024}}</ref> In an interview in January 2025, Rahul confirmed that his next film would indeed be a horror project, though he refrained from sharing further details.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Express Features |title='Bramayugam' director Rahul Sadasivan confirms next |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Jan/03/bramayugam-director-rahul-sadasivan-confirms-next |access-date=26 May 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=3 January 2025}}</ref> The official announcement came on 24 March 2025, when [[Chakravarthy Ramachandra]] of [[Night Shift Studios]], [[S. Sashikanth]] of [[YNOT Studios]], Rahul, and Pranav revealed through their social media handles that they were collaborating on a horror film [[Working title|tentatively titled]] ''NSS 2'' (indicating the second production from Night Shift Studios).<ref name="THR1">{{cite web |author1=Team THR India |title=Pranav Mohanlal's 'NSS2' with 'Bramayugam' Director Begins Filming |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/pranav-mohanlals-nss2-with-bramayugam-director-begins-filming |publisher=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref> The same producers had backed Rahul's previous film ''[[Bramayugam]]'', and for this project, he retained its core technical team.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pranav Mohanlal to headline Rahul Sadasivan's horror thriller Dies Irae |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/dies-irae-pranav-mohanlal-horror-thriller-1.10573448 |work=Mathrubhumi |date=2025-05-09 |access-date=2025-06-07}}</ref> The announcement also confirmed that filming had commenced on the same day.<ref>{{cite news |author1=The Hindu Bureau |title=Pranav Mohanlal teams up with 'Bramayugam' director Rahul Sadasivan; film goes on floors |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pranav-mohanlal-bramayugam-rahul-sadasivan-night-shift-studios-y-not-studios/article69371982.ece |access-date=26 May 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 March 2025}}</ref>

The project marks Pranav's debut in the horror genre.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bramayugam producers officially title Pranav Mohanlal's 1st horror film as Dies Irae; unveil an eerie and unsettling look |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/bramayugam-producers-officially-title-pranav-mohanlals-1st-horror-film-as-dies-irae-unveil-an-eerie-and-unsettling-look-1386871 |website=Pinkville |date=9 May 2025 |access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref> The screenplay is written by Rahul himself. In a correspondence with ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', Rahul stated that "compared to my previous films, ''Diés Iraé'' explores a diametrically opposite emotional spectrum which connects to the new generation." Describing the film's genre, he added that "it stays true to the [[horror thriller]] space." The publication also reported that the film is slated for a worldwide release by the latter half of 2025. The title was officially announced in early May, during post-production.<ref name="V1">{{cite web|last=Ramachandran|first=Naman|title=Night Shift Studios' Pranav Mohanlal Indian Horror Film Title Revealed as 'Dies Irae' (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/pranav-mohanlal-indian-horror-film-title-dies-irae-1236390757/|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=29 May 2025|date=9 May 2025}}</ref> The title translates to "day of wrath" in [[Latin language|Latin]], referencing a medieval hymn associated with the [[Judgment Day]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pranav Mohanlal-Rahul Sadasivan film titled Diés Iraé |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/May/09/pranav-mohanlal-rahul-sadasivan-film-titled-dies-irae |website=The New Indian Express |date=9 May 2025 |access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What does 'Dies Irae' mean? Pranav Mohanlal's horror debut stirs curiosity|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/05/18/pranav-mohanlal-rahul-sadasivan-dies-irae-horror-film-meaning.html|website=Onmanorama|date=18 May 2025 |access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref> According to the makers, the story is based on true events.<ref name="premiere">{{cite news |author1=Entertainment Desk |title=Spooky red! Pranav Mohanlal’s ‘Dies Irae’ trailer drops to hit theatres this Halloween |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/dies-irae-release-trailer-pranav-mohanlal-horror-thriller-premiere-october-31-kitvqwj1 |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=25 October 2025}}</ref>

===Casting===
Besides Pranav, the rest of the cast was kept under wraps until the release of the first teaser. The teaser revealed Gibin Gopinath, Manohari Joy,<ref>{{cite news |author1=The Hindu Bureau |title=‘Diés Iraé’: Teaser of Pranav Mohanlal-Rahul Sadasivan horror drama out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/di%C3%A9s-ira%C3%A9-teaser-pranav-mohanlal-rahul-sadasivan-release-date-bramayugam-malayalam-movie/article69982345.ece |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 August 2025}}</ref> and Arun Ajikumar.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Team Latestly |title=‘Diés Iraé’ Trailer: Rahul Sadasivan and Pranav Mohanlal Unite for a Spine-Chilling Horror-Thriller Releasing Halloween 2025 (Watch Video)|url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/south/dies-irae-trailer-rahul-sadasivan-and-pranav-mohanlal-unite-for-a-spine-chilling-horror-thriller-releasing-halloween-2025-watch-video-7138193.html |publisher=Latestly|access-date=30 October 2025 |date=1 October 2025}}</ref> The cast also includes Jaya Kurup.<ref>{{cite web |last1=S. |first1=Goutham |title=Top 4 Malayalam films to release on Diwali 2025 in theatres: Pranav Mohanlal’s Diés Iraé to The Pet Detective |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/top-4-malayalam-films-to-release-on-diwali-2025-in-theaters-pranav-mohanlals-dies-irae-to-the-pet-detective-1397486 |publisher=[[Pinkvilla]] |access-date=30 October 2025 |date=7 October 2025}}</ref>

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] began on 24 March 2025. [[Shehnad Jalal]] was the cinematographer.<ref name="THR1"/> Filming was wrapped up on 29 April 2025. Jothish Shankar served as the art director, while editing was done by Shafique Mohammed Ali. Kalai Kingson was the stunt director. Sound design was provided by [[Jayadevan Chakkadath]], while sound mixing was done by [[M. R. Rajakrishnan]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Pranav Mohanlal-Rahul Sadasivan film completes shoot, titled Diés Iraé |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2025/05/09/pranav-mohanlal-rahul-sadasivan-horror-film-title-dies-irae.html |website=Manorama Online |date=9 May 2025 |access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Diés Iraé
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Christo Xavier]]
| released = October 2025
| genre = [[Filmi]]
| length = 50m 2s
| label = Night Shift Records
}}

The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Christo Xavier]].

===Track listing===
{{Tracklisting
|total_length = 50:02
|title1 = The Day of Wrath
|length1 = 3:45
|title2 = Diés Iraé: Teaser Theme
|length2 = 1:36
|title3 = Premonition
|length3 = 1:27
|title4 = The Wailing
|length4 = 1:27
|title5 = Silence
|length5 = 1:12
|title6 = Sense it
|length6 = 1:22
|title7 = Feel it
|length7 = 2:28
|title8 = Lost in Thoughts
|length8 = 1:26
|title9 = Face it
|length9 = 1:57
|title10 = The Rage
|length10 = 1:15
|title11 = Wait for the 16th Day
|length11 = 3:08
|title12 = No Hope
|length12 = 1:45
|title13 = The Confrontation
|length13 = 1:02
|title14 = Who is it
|length14 = 2:36
|title15 = Clueless
|length15 = 1:24
|title16 = Guilty
|length16 = 1:22
|title17 = The Stalker
|length17 = 1:40
|title18 = The Search
|length18 = 1:36
|title19 = Hidden in Plain Sight
|length19 = 1:07
|title20 = Beyond the Veil
|length20 = 2:50
|title21 = Won’t let Go
|length21 = 3:14
|title22 = Anklets
|length22 = 1:10
|title23 = Dance with the Dead
|length23 = 1:35
|title24 = Salvation
|length24 = 3:36
|title25 = Farewell
|length25 = 1:44
|title26 = What The F…
|length26 = 2:18
}}

== Release ==
''Diés Iraé'' was released in theatres worldwide on 31 October 2025, coinciding with [[Halloween]].<ref name="TNIE1">{{cite news|title=First look of Pranav Mohanlal-Rahul Sadasivan's Diés Iraé unveiled|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/May/16/first-look-of-pranav-mohanlal-rahul-sadasivans-di%C3%A9s-ira%C3%A9-unveiled|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=16 May 2025|access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Fear has a new face! First look of Pranav Mohanlal's 'Dies Irae' out |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/cinema/cine-news/fear-has-a-new-face-rahul-sadashivan-with-new-horror-after-bramayugam-first-look-of-pranav-mohanlals-film-di%C3%A9s-ira%C3%A9-out-1535450 |work=Kerala Kaumudi |date=2025-05-09 |access-date=2025-06-07}}</ref> The film had paid premiere shows in select theatres in India and abroad on 30 October from 9 PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].<ref name="premiere"/>

===Certification===
''Diés Iraé'' received an A certificate from [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] due to its gory content.

===Distribution===
''Diés Iraé'' was distributed in [[Kerala]] through Think Studios via E4 Entertainments. Throughout India, it was distributed by Think Studios, excluding [[Karnataka]]. The overseas release was distributed by Berkshire DreamHouse, excluding [[United Kingdom]] and [[Australia]]. Home Screen Entertainments distributed the film globally.

===Home media===
The digital rights of the film were acquired by [[JioHotstar]] and [[ManoramaMAX]]. Diés Iraé began streaming on [[JioHotstar]] worldwide and on [[ManoramaMAX]] (outside India) from 5 December 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dies-irae-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-pranav-mohanlal-horror-thriller-movie/62cdf0491b59|title=Dies Irae OTT release date: When, where to watch Pranav Mohanlal's horror thriller movie|website=OTTplay|date=28 November 2025|access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
''Diés Iraé'' received positive reviews from critics.

Janani K. of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "Director Rahul Sadasivan's ''Diés Iraé'', starring Pranav Mohanlal and Gibin Gopinath, is an immersive horror thriller that is intelligent and never takes the audience for granted. With top-notch making, 'Dies Irae' is a fitting addition to Rahul Sadasivan's filmography."<ref>{{cite news |last=K. |first=Janani |date=31 October 2025 |title=Diés Iraé review: Jump scares, genuine chills make Pranav Mohanlal's film a winner |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/dies-irae-review-pranav-mohanlal-rahul-sadasivan-malayalam-horror-thriller-2811096-2025-10-31 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=4 November 2025}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Sajin Shrijith of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' rated the film 4.5/5 stars and wrote, "After ''[[Bhoothakaalam]]'' and ''[[Bramayugam]]'', director Rahul Sadasivan outdoes himself with a trippy, one-of-a-kind horror experience that dares to take some unprecedented leaps."<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |date=31 October 2025 |title=''Diés Iraé'' review: Pranav Mohanlal aces it in the scariest Malayalam film of the year |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2025/10/31/dies-irae-review-pranav-mohanlal-aces-it-in-the-scariest-malayalam-film-of-the-year.html |magazine=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |access-date=4 November 2025}}{{Rating|4.5|5}}</ref>

Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 4/5 stars and wrote, "One of the major factors that makes ''Diés Iraé'' a magnificent horror thriller is that Rahul hasn't tried to 'scare the audience' all the time. Yes, there are a few jump scares and startling moments, but they only help amplify what the director has already set. Instead of shocking viewers, Rahul has made the movie slither under their skin step by step, each move sending a shiver down their spine. Rather than petrifying, he has focused on making the audience writhe, ensuring that the sensation lingers."<ref>{{cite news |last=Suresh |first=Anandu |date=2 November 2025 |title=Diés Iraé movie review: Rahul Sadasivan and Pranav Mohanlal deliver a visual spectacle that pushes Indian horror cinema to new heights |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/dies-irae-movie-review-rating-rahul-sadasivan-pranav-mohanlal-visual-spectacle-pushes-indian-horror-cinema-new-heights-4-stars-10337135/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=4 November 2025}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref> S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' called ''Diés Iraé'' "one of the finest horror films in Malayalam." She wrote that the film "crafts a chilling horror experience that transforms everyday moments into sources of dread, further proving his greatness in the genre".<ref>{{cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=31 October 2025 |title='Dies Irae' movie review: Rahul Sadasivan delivers one of the finest horror films in Malayalam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dies-irae-movie-review-pranav-mohanlal-rahul-sadasivan-finest-horror-films-malayalam-movie/article70223079.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref>

Vishal Menon of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter|The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' described the film as the "arrival of a modern master of horror" and wrote, "The horrors of Rahul Sadasivan's work go beyond jump scares and camera tricks, taking you to places in your head you never wanted to go to."<ref>{{cite web |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=3 November 2025 |title='Diés Iraé' Movie Review: A Relentless, Unnerving Psychological Drama From Rahul Sadasivan |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/dies-irae-movie-review-pranav-mohanlal-stars-in-a-relentless-unnerving-psychological-drama |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter|The Hollywood Reporter India]] |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>

===Box office===
In its 3-day opening weekend, ''Diés Iraé'' collected {{INR|15.38 crore}} from Kerala and {{INR|4.31 crore}} from Rest of India, totalling {{INR|19.69 crore}} domestically and further collections came from overseas to approximately {{INR|39 crore}} worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sadanandan |first=Hariprasad |date=November 4, 2025 |title='Dies Irae' worldwide box office collection Day 5: Pranav Mohanlal starrer continues to roar |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/11/04/dies-irae-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-5-pranav-mohanlal-starrer-continues-to-roar.html |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref> By sixth day, the film crossed {{INR}}50 crore from the global box office.<ref>{{cite news |title=After father, son follows: ‘Dies Irae’ puts Pranav Mohanlal in ₹50 crore club for third consecutive time |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/dies-irae-puts-pranav-mohanlal-50-crore-club-for-third-time-usttgrq6 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=2025-11-05 |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=അച്ഛന് പിന്നാലെ മോനും അടിച്ചടാ ഹാട്രിക്, 50 കോടി നേടി പ്രണവ് മോഹൻലാലിന്റെ 'ഡീയസ് ഈറേ' |trans-title=Pranav Mohanlal's Dies Irae earns 50 crores in box office |url=https://www.reporterlive.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/11/05/pranav-mohanlals-dies-irae-earns-50-crores-in-box-office |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=[[Reporter TV]] |language=ml}}</ref> In 18 days, ''Diés Iraé'' has earned ₹80.1 crore worldwide with an India gross collection of ₹47.1 crore and an overseas total of ₹33 crore,<ref>https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/dies-irae-crossed-80-crores-in-worldwide-box-office-pranav-mohanlal-rahul-articleshow-hg42mb7</ref> concluding at ₹82 crore.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|36302733}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dies Irae}}
[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2025 horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Christo Xavier]]
[[Category:YNOT Studios films]]
[[Category:Films produced by S. Sashikanth]]

Vineetha

2026-03-26T22:53:00Z

ErmaT39411378: correct details for consistency based on references

{{Short description|Actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vineetha
| image =
| caption =
| imagesize =
| birth_name = Santhiya
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Visakhapatnam]], [[India]]
| othername = Thakkali
| years active = 1993-2009
| spouse =
| parents =
| website =
| occupation = [[Actress]]
}}

'''Vineetha''' is a former Indian actress, who appeared predominantly in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films and [[Malayalam]] films. She has also acted in some [[Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Hindi]] films. She made her debut through the Tamil film ''[[Chinna Jameen]]'' (1993).{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

==Career==
The actress was arrested in 2003 on suspicion of prostitution but was later cleared in 2004 with no charges, with Vineetha stating the trial had put her through mental agony and she added that the police had filed a false case against her to malign her name in the society.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/actress-vinitha-released-news-tamil-kkfvMvefdgj.html |title=Actress Vinitha released |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005010858/http://www.sify.com/movies/actress-vinitha-released-news-tamil-kkfvMvefdgj.html |archive-date=5 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> After taking a break from the industry for eight years, she returned in 2008 to play a supporting role in the low-budget drama ''[[Enga Raasi Nalla Raasi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/38721.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080525175630/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/38721.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 May 2008|title = Tamil Cinema News | Tamil Movie Reviews | Tamil Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Tamil}}</ref> She has acted in over 70 films in most of the major Indian languages.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://tamilwire.net/19349-actress-vinitha.html | title=Tamilwire.net - | work=TamilWire | date=14 September 2008 | access-date=1 July 2014 | archive-date=27 June 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627221609/http://tamilwire.net/19349-actress-vinitha.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Her younger brother Shankar acted in a film called ''Thullum Kaalam'' (2005).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.behindwoods.com/News/9-4-05/vinitha_brother.htm | title=Behindwoods : Vinitha's brother debut! | access-date=18 August 2022 | archive-date=23 February 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223112211/http://www.behindwoods.com/News/9-4-05/vinitha_brother.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Notable filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Language
!class=unsortable|Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |1993 || ''[[Chinna Jameen]]'' || Jyothi || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| ''[[Kattabomman (film)|Kattabomman]]'' || Priya || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |1994 || ''[[Chinna Madam]]'' || Gayathri || Tamil ||
|-
|''Alludu Pooru Ammai Joru''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Nila (1994 film)|Nila]]'' || Nila / Ramya || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Pathavi Pramanam]]'' || Krishnaveni || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Ulavaali'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Uzhiyan]]'' || Kanaka || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Vietnam Colony (1994 film)|Vietnam Colony]]'' || Gayathri || Tamil
||
|-
| rowspan="7"|1995 || ''[[Veluchami]]'' || Rasathi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Raja Muthirai]]'' || Abirami || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Karnaa]]'' || Anjali || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Periya Kudumbam]]'' || Bharathi|| Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Mr. Madras]]'' || Devi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Maa Manithan (1995 film)|Maa Manithan]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Maanthrikam]]'' || Menaka || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="9" |1996 || ''[[Mahaprabhu (film)|Mahaprabhu]]'' || Jyothi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Pudhu Nilavu]]'' || Actor Jeeva || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Gnanapazham]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Karuppu Roja]]'' || Neena || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Rajaputhran]]'' || Moti || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''Dhani''|| Vaani || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| ''[[Intlo Illalu Vantintlo Priyuralu]]'' || Manisha || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''[[Ladies Doctor]]'' || Janaki || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Manava 2022'' || Priya || Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1997 || ''[[Samrat (1997 film)|Samrat]]'' || Chandramukhi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Shapath]]'' || Shalu || [[Hindi]] ||
|-
| rowspan="6"|1998 || ''[[Ponnu Velayira Bhoomi]]'' || Valli || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Veera Thalattu]]'' || Eswari || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Sivappu Nila (1998 film)|Sivappu Nila]]'' || Raani / Jhansi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Mayajalam'' || Surya Shanker || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Ustadon Ke Ustad (1998 film)|Ustadon Ke Ustad]]'' || Sapna || Hindi ||
|-
| ''Vaare Vah Moguda'' || Sailaja || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1999 || ''[[Shera (film)|Shera]]'' || Shivani || Hindi ||
|-
| ''Durgada Huli'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2000 || ''[[Vaanathaippola]]'' || Radha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''The Warrant'' || Annie || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Rapid Action Force (film)|Rapid Action Force]]'' || Vasantha Kumari || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''Paapigala Lokadalli'' || Bhavana || Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2001 || ''[[Engalukkum Kaalam Varum (2001 film)|Engalukkum Kaalam Varum]]'' || Teja || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Bengal Tiger'' || Vangana || Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2002 || ''[[Thandavam]]'' || Vasundharamma || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''Ee Bhargavi Nilayam'' || Devi || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Kaliyodam (2003 film)|Kaliyodam]]'' || Vineetha || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2005 || ''Thullum Kaalam'' || Porkodi || Tamil ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Desiya Paravai]]'' || Priya || Tamil ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Enga Raasi Nalla Raasi]]'' || Chandramukhi || Tamil ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1696867}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Actresses from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

K. R. Nagarajan

2026-03-26T05:51:14Z

ErmaT39411378: new initial pg basic info

{{Story|date=January 2025}}{{Short description|Indian businessman and industrialist}}{{Distinguish|K. R. Nagaraj|K. P. Nagarajan|text=politicians [[K. R. Nagaraj]] and [[K. P. Nagarajan]], or writer [[A. R. Natarajan]]}}[[File:KR Nagarajan Founder of Ramraj Cotton.jpg|thumb]]
'''K. R. Nagarajan''' is an Indian businessman, philanthropist and industrialist.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2020-02-01 |title='Successful entrepreneurs build own strategies' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/successful-entrepreneurs-build-own-strategies/article30713517.ece |access-date=2024-11-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He is the founder and chairperson of the [[Ramraj Cotton]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Aishwarya |date=2024-09-22 |title=Ramraj Cotton Chairman: India requires skill development to compete in textile race |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/india-requires-skill-development-to-compete-in-the-textile-race-ramraj-cotton-chairman-kr-nagarajan/article68664066.ece |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Preetha |first=M. Soundariya |date=2024-01-10 |title=Textile units in Tiruppur plan investments |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/textile-units-in-tiruppur-plan-investments/article67728019.ece |access-date=2024-11-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Under his leadership, Ramraj stepped into the textile business, predominantly selling white cotton shirts, [[lungi]]s and [[dhotis]]. During his tenure, Ramraj Cotton had gained substantial market shares in the textile industry and gained a reputation as a market leader in the ethnic wear industry.<ref name=":0" />

== Education ==
He completed his Secondary School Learning Certificate in 1977. However, the cost of higher education was prohibitive for his family, and he instead started working immediately.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
K. R. Nagarajan spent an eighteen-month stint at a dhoti manufacturing firm in [[Tirupur]] to gain experience in production and marketing. He used this experience to set up his own small firm named "Ramraj Khadi Traders", combining his name and that of his father, Ramaswamy.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=அரவிந்த் |first=க ர பிரசன்ன |date=2020-08-23 |title="13 வயதில் வியாபாரம் செய்ய ஆரம்பித்தேன்..!" - 'ராம்ராஜ் காட்டன்' கே.ஆர்.நாகராஜன் |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/ramraj-cotton-kr-nagarajan-shares-his-success-story |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Vikatan |language=ta}}</ref> At that time, the livelihoods of weavers living in Tirupur area made K. R. Nagarajan sympathise with them and he set up the firm to boost their incomeMore by selling dhoties.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2022-05-23 |title=HE BUILT up A BRAND to help weavers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/he-built-up-a-brand-to-help-weavers/articleshow/91728924.cms |access-date=2024-11-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-21 |title=Ramraj weaves a success story with labour innovation |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/Ramraj-weaves-a-success-story-with-labour-innovation/article20679235.ece |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> He laid the foundation for his dream venture, Ramraj Cotton, with the objective of articulating his keen interest in promoting dhoti, veshti, sarongs, and other Tamil traditional dress suits. He was inspired to establish a Tamil culture-oriented textile brand in order to promote ethnic wear based on his own personal life experiences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Management Team |url=https://ramrajcotton.in/pages/management-team?srsltid=AfmBOopakEu3xzMCVE2_hazgkqNZXr6cD3PXIeoU3Lbug3jxNyASiVN9 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=ramrajcotton.in}}</ref>

As a young man, Nagaraj recalled a few anecdotes of being disrespected and discriminated against due to his choice of a traditional white shirt and dhoti over the Western office suits of his coworkers. In one case, he was stopped by a watchman from entering a hotel where he and his colleagues were to eat dinner; another example was when a receptionist didn't allow him into the boardroom until he verified his credentials.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2013-10-11 |title=A white revolution |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/a-white-revolution/article5221439.ece |access-date=2024-11-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> The memories he gathered on such humiliation and embarrassment, he transformed into a matter of showcasing respect and salute to Dhoti and Veshti by applying a [[paradigm shift]] approach with the focus on enhancing the brand value of his company.<ref name=":3" /> He compiled an anthem titled ''Salute Ramraj'', and he brought prominent actors and celebrities on board to shoot advertisements to uplift his Ramraj brand with the ''Salute Ramraj'' theme being played in the background.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-10-26 |title=Veshti |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/india-news-veshti-news-302289 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

With the advent of his venture, Ramraj Cotton, K. R. Nagarajan aspired to inculcate the Tamil traditional aspects and traditions among the young generation, especially in his home state, [[Tamil Nadu]]. He realized that the positive attitude of youngsters in Tamil Nadu towards traditional clothes started diminishing, whereas the youngsters began showing enthusiasm for wearing western-styled clothes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajan |first=Sangita |date=2024-10-29 |title=How ready-to-wear saris and veshtis are bringing tradition back to everyday style |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/fashion/how-ready-to-wear-saris-and-veshtis-are-bringing-tradition-back-to-everyday-style/article68804268.ece |access-date=2024-11-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Hence he brought innovative marketing ideas including Ottikko Kattikko pasting dhoties for the convenience of boys and men.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-01 |title=Ottikko Kattikko dhoties from Ramraj |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/Jan/01/ottikko-kattikko-dhoties-from-ramraj-2083401.html |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> His "kattikko illa ottikko" promotional marketing campaign turned out to be a redemption arc in getting the younger generation in Tamil Nadu to adapt to the Tamil cultural norms.<ref name=":2" />

He also published a monthly magazine titled ''Venmai Ennangal'' about contemporary social issues.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagarajan, K. R.}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the textile industry]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Tarif-i Husain Shahi

2026-03-25T22:45:40Z

ErmaT39411378: new a data

{{Short description|16th-century illustrated manuscript}}
{{infobox book
| author = Aftabi
| image = File:Husain Nizam Shah I on the Throne, Folio from manuscript Ta'rif-i Husain Shahi, Ahmadnagar, ca. 1565-69, Bharat Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal, Pune.jpg
| caption = Folio 20b, Sultan Husain Nizam Shah enthroned. The image of the queen has been scraped off, and she can only be seen as a silhouette
| language = [[Persian language|Persian]]
| pub_date = {{circa|1565}}
}}

'''''Kitab-i Tarif-i Husain Shah Padshah-i Dakan''''' (''Chronicle of Husain Shah, King of the Deccan''), generally known as '''''Tarif-i Husain Shahi''''' or '''''Tarif-i Husain Shah''''' is a 16th-century illustrated manuscript compiled in the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]].

It is written in praise of the king [[Hussain Nizam Shah I|Husain Nizam Shah]] and his queen consort, [[Khunza Humayun Begum|Khunza Humayun]]. The sultan's victory at the [[battle of Talikota]] is a prominent feature of both the text and the illustrations. It is located at the [[Bharat Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Michell |first1=George |url=https://the-deccan.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/cambridge_history_michell_zebrowski_art_architecture_deccan_sultanates.pdf |title=Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates |last2=Zebrowski |first2=Mark |date=1999-06-10 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn= |pages=145–147}}</ref>

== History ==
It is dated to the middle of the 16th-century.<ref name=":0" />{{Sfn|Sohoni|2018|p=46}} [[Stella Kramrisch]] suggested that the manuscript may not have been a royal commission, given the indigenous style of the paintings. However, modern scholars including [[Pushkar Sohoni]] and Mark Zebrowski agree that it was compiled with royal patronage.{{sfn|Sohoni|2018|p=42}}

It is a matter of contention among scholars as to whether the manuscript was completed by the time of Husain Nizam Shah's death. Zebrowski points out that since his death is not mentioned, it must have been produced between the victory at Talikota, in early 1565 and Husain Shah's death, later the same year.{{sfn|Sohoni|2018|p=42}}{{sfn|Zebrowski|1983|pp=17}} However, the fact that [[Khunza Humayun Begum|Khunza Humayun]] features so prominently in both the text and the illustrations suggests that it might have been completed during her regency.{{Sfn|Sohoni|2018|p=44}}

== Text ==
It belongs to the [[mathnawi]] genre.{{Sfn|Sohoni|2018|p=41}}

== Paintings ==
[[File:Tarif E Hussain Shahi I.tif|thumb|Folio 29a depicts the ''dohada'' theme.]]
[[File:Battle of Talikota (formatted).jpg|thumb|Battle of Talikota]]
It originally contained fourteen illustrations, of which 12 survive. All of the paintings are in a vertical format, and the size ranges from 18 by 12 cm to 18 by 15 cm. The paintings have little to do with the text.{{sfn|Sohoni|2018|pp=41-42, 45}}

Five of the paintings illustrate courtly life, and six illustrate the campaign against Vijayanagara. Thus, eleven of the twelve paintings depict ''razm-o-bazm'' (feasting and fighting), which commonly features in [[Persian art|Persian]] art.{{Sfn|Sohoni|2018|p=42}}

The folios 20b, 21b, 26b, 36a and 40b depict court life. In these, the queen [[Khunza Humayun Begum|Khunza Humayun]] was featured, in Indian poses, such as sitting on her husband's lap. Such poses were common in the representation of Hindu gods. These paintings were unorthodox for a work commissioned for the court of a Muslim kingdom. The images of the queen have been scraped off, probably during the reign of her son Murtaza I.{{sfn|Sohoni|2018|p=44}}{{sfn|Zebrowski|1983|pp=18}}

The folio 29a shows the ''dohada'' theme, where a tree blooms at the touch of a young woman. The young woman here is the queen Khunza Humayun, and the painting symbolizes the kingdom's prosperity during her reign. However, her image is not scraped off. Six women surround her, all being dressed in [[sari]]s.{{sfn|Sohoni|2018|p=42}}{{sfn|Zebrowski|1983|pp=18}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Museum |first1=Salar Jung |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm63aoHBPZEC&q=tarif+i+husain+shahi+dohada |title=Gulshan-e-muṣawwari: Seven Illustrated Manuscripts from the Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad |last2=Khandalavala |first2=Karl J. |last3=Khan |first3=Rahmat Ali |date=1986 |publisher=Salar Jung Museum |language=en}}</ref>

The folios 34b, 43b, 44a, 45b, 46b and 47a depict the campaign against [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]]. Husain Shah is seen in five of these paintings.{{sfn|Zebrowski|1983|pp=18}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Sohoni |first=Pushkar |author-link=Pushkar Sohoni |title=The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India |date=2018 |publisher=I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd}}
*{{Cite book |last=Zebrowski |first=Mark |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.25577/page/17/mode/2up |title=Deccani painting |date=1983 |publisher=Roli Books International, New Delhi}}

[[Category:Indian manuscripts]]
[[Category:16th-century Persian books]]
[[Category:16th-century illuminated manuscripts]]
[[Category:Ahmadnagar Sultanate]]
[[Category:Mathnawis]]

Maru-Gurjara architecture

2026-03-22T22:06:08Z

ErmaT39411378: Adding New Data

{{short description|Style of north Indian temple architecture}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
[[File:Navlakha arial view 02 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Navlakha Temple, Ghumli]], [[Gujarat]], 12th century]]
[[File:Dilwara Temple - Luna Vasahi.jpg|thumb|Interior of [[Jain]] Luna Vasahi temple at [[Dilwara]], [[Mount Abu]], 1230 and later, with typical "flying arches".]]

'''Māru-Gurjara architecture''' or '''Solaṅkī style''',<ref>Hegewald, note 3. Mitchell (1977) uses "Solanki style", while Harle is reluctant to tie the style to a specific name.</ref> is the style of West Indian temple architecture that originated in [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]] from the 11th to 13th centuries, under the [[Chaulukya dynasty]] (also called Solaṅkī dynasty).<ref>Mitchell (1977), 123; Hegewald</ref> Although originating as a regional style in [[Hindu temple architecture]], it became especially popular in [[Jain temple]]s, and mainly under [[Jain]] patronage later spread across India, then later to [[diaspora]] communities around the world.<ref>Hegewald</ref>

On the exteriors, the style of Māru-Gurjara architecture is distinguished from other North Indian temple styles of the period in "that the external walls of the temples have been structured by increasing numbers of projections and recesses, accommodating sharply carved statues in niches. These are normally positioned in superimposed registers, above the lower bands of moldings. The latter display continuous lines of horse riders, elephants, and [[kīrttimukha]]s. Hardly any segment of the surface is left unadorned." The main [[shikhara]] tower usually has many ''[[urushringa]]'' subsidiary spirelets on it, and two smaller side-entrances with porches are common in larger temples.<ref>Hegewald</ref>
[[File:Ranakpur Jain Temple Ceiling detail.jpg|thumb|Mandapa ceiling in the [[Ranakpur Jain Temple]]]]
Interiors are if anything even more lavishly decorated, with elaborate carving on most surfaces. In particular, Jain temples often have small low domes carved on the inside with a highly intricate rosette design. Another distinctive feature is "flying" arch-like elements between pillars, touching the horizontal beam above in the centre, and elaborately carved. These have no structural function, and are purely decorative. The style developed large pillared halls, many open at the sides, with Jain temples often having one closed and two pillared halls in sequence on the main axis leading to the shrine.<ref>Hegewald; Harle, 219–220</ref>
[[File:BAPS Houston Aarti.jpg|thumb|Devotions in the [[Swaminarayan]] [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Houston|temple in Houston, Texas]] (2004)]]

The style mostly fell from use in Hindu temples in its original regions by the 13th century, especially as the area had fallen to the Muslim [[Delhi Sultanate]] by 1298. But, unusually for an Indian temple style, it continued to be used by Jains there and elsewhere, with a notable "revival" in the 15th century.<ref>Harle, 239–240; Hegewald</ref> Since then it has continued in use in Jain and some Hindu temples, and from the 20th century has spread to temples built outside India. These include many large temples built by the [[Swaminarayan Sampradaya|Hindu Swaminarayan tradition]], with the [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London|Neasden temple in London]] (1995) an early example, and smaller ones built by the Jain diaspora, such as the [[Jainism in Belgium|Jain temple]], [[Antwerp]], [[Belgium]] (completed 2010), and temples in [[Potters Bar]] and [[Leicester]] in England.<ref>Hegewald</ref>

==Origin of the name==
The name of the Māru-Gurjara style is a 20th-century invention; previously, and still by many, it is called the "Solanki style".<ref>Hegewald, note 3</ref> The ancient name of Rajasthan was ''Marudesh'' while Gujarat was called ''[[Gurjaradesa|Gurjaratra]]''. The term "Māru-Gurjara" was coined by art and architectural historian [[Madhusudan Dhaky]], who also coined the terms "Surāṣṭra", "Mahā-Māru", and "Mahā-Gurjara" to describe other historical styles of Western Indian architecture. The Māru-Gurjara style is a synthesis of the Mahā-Māru style of [[Marwar]] region in Rajasthan and the Mahā-Gurjara style of [[Gujarat]].<ref name="Jutta_1981">{{cite book |author=Jutta Jain-Neubauer |title=The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61fSwBF4bbYC&pg=PR14 |year=1981 |publisher=Abhinav |isbn=978-0-391-02284-3 |pages=xiv-xv}}</ref> However, Hegewald suggests "This change in terminology appears to have been suggested first by A. Ghosh during a symposium in Delhi in 1967".<ref>Hegewald, note 3, citing "Pramod Chandra "The Study of Indian Tempe Architecture", in ''Studies in Indian Temple Architecture'', ed. Pramod Chandra (New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies, 1975), 36"</ref> She notes that the change was an "attempt to avoid dynastic terms", and that both "Māru-Gurjara" and "Maru-Gurjara" are used by different writers, and that the Jain community mostly continues to call the style "Solanki".<ref>Hegewald, note 3</ref>

==Development==
[[File:Carved elephants on the walls of Jagdish Mandir.jpg|thumb|Bands of [[relief]] on the base wall of the [[Jagdish Temple, Udaipur]], built by Maharana Jagat Singh I in 1651]]
The style developed from that of the dynasties preceding the Solankis, mainly the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty]], and the local dynasties under it. The most famous monuments of this period are the [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments]] built under the [[Chandela]] dynasty between 950 and 1050. These are famous for their erotic [[relief]]s. Many of the broad features of this earlier style are continued in the Māru-Gurjara style. The beginnings of the new style can be seen in the small [[Ambika Mata temple]] in Jagat, Rajasthan. The earliest inscription here records a repair in 961 (well before the Solankis came to power).<ref>Harle, 220–221; Mitchell (1990), 288</ref> For George Mitchell, in the Jagat temple (and others he names) "the Pratihara style was fully evolved in its Western Indian expression".<ref>Mitchell (1990), 263</ref>

===Early Hindu temples===
The [[Somnath temple]], dedicated to [[Shiva]], was the most famous in Gujarat, but was largely destroyed by the [[Ghaznavid]] ruler [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]] in a raid in 1024–1025 CE. It was then rebuilt, but sacked again when the Delhi Sultanate conquered the area at the end of the 13th century.<ref>Rowland, 293–294</ref> The ruins have recently been restored and rebuilt in what is intended as the Solanki style.

The [[Sun Temple, Modhera]], Gujarat, was built in 1026–27 CE, just after Mahmud's raid. The shikhara is now missing, but the lower levels are well-preserved, and there is a large [[stepwell]] tank of the same period in front of the temple. There is a large detached [[mandapa]] between the main sanctuary building and the tank, which is slightly later. The carving of all parts is "extremely luxuriant and exquisitely refined in the rendering of detail".<ref>Rowland, 294–296, 296 quoted; Michell (1990), 299–300; Harle, 223–227</ref>

The [[Rudra Mahalaya Temple]] was a large complex in [[Siddhpur]] Gujarat, mostly destroyed under Muslim rule. The main temple was surrounded by a screen of subsidiary shrines (partly surviving as a mosque), and the porches, parts of which remain, and a stand-alone ''[[torana]]'' were exceptionally grand. The mandapa had three storeys. It was completed in 1140, ending a long period of construction.<ref>Michell (1990), 300; Harle, 227–228</ref> Two groups of smaller ruined temples of similar date are the two [[Rama Lakshamana Temple, Baradia|Rama Lakshamana temples, Baradia]] and the five [[Kiradu temples]]; both have their lowest storeys fairly intact, and some of the Kiradu group retain part of their shikharas.<ref>Michell (1990), 295–296 (Kiradu, which he sees as mostly "late Pratihara"; Harle, 223–227</ref>

The [[Rani ki vav]] ("Queen's Stepwell", probably 1063–83) is a very grand [[stepwell]] in [[Patan, Gujarat]], once the Chaulukya capital. With a very different architectural form and function, "throughout, the ornamentation of the architectural elements is sumptuous" in the contemporary temple style, including very many Hindu figures. Another non-temple example is the 80 foot [[Kirti Stambha]] tower in [[Chittor Fort]], Rajasthan, built for a Jain merchant, mostly in the early 13th century, with the pavilion at the top a 15th-century restoration.<ref>Michell (1990), 283; Harle, 227–228</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Jagat 22-76 (cropped).jpg|[[Ambika Mata temple]] in Jagat, Rajasthan, by 960
File:Ambika-Tempel (Jagat)3.jpg|[[Durga]] on the Jagat temple
File:Sun Temple, Modhera Gudhamandapa with annotation of exterior mouldings.jpg|Wall below the shikhara, [[Sun Temple, Modhera]], 1020s
File:રૂદ્રમહલ.jpg|Outside face of screen shrines at [[Rudra Mahalaya Temple]], by 1140
File:The Kiradu Temples in perspective (cropped).jpg|[[Kiradu temples]]
File:Rani ki vav1.jpg|[[Rani ki vav]], [[Patan, Gujarat]], 11th century
</gallery>

===Early Jain temples===
{{multiple image
| image1 = Taranga Jain Tirth, Satlasana, Mehsana, Gujarat, India (2017).jpg
| caption1 = [[Taranga Jain temple|Ajitanatha Temple, Taranga]], 1161
| image2 = Kutch Bhadreshwar Jain Temple.jpg
| caption2 = [[Bhadreshwar Jain Temple]], 1248, rebuilt 2010
| image3 = Delwada.jpg
| caption3 = Vimal Vasahi, [[Dilwara temples]], 1031
| image4 = Kumbhariya Jain temple.jpg
| caption4 = [[Kumbharia Jain temples|Kumbharia Mahavira temple]], 1062
| perrow = 2
| width = 200
}}
[[File:Temple de Shanthinath.jpg|thumb|Detail of the Jain [[Kirti Stambha]] tower, [[Chittor Fort]] ]]

The five [[Dilwara Temples]] on [[Mount Abu]] are among the most famous [[Jain temple]]s. The Vimal Vasahi is much the earliest, constructed by 1031, with the Luna Vasahi by 1230, and the others at intervals between 1459 and 1582. All are in a very white [[marble]] that adds greatly to their effect, and remain in use. The oldest and largest two have large amounts of intricate carving even by the standards of the style, reaching a peak in the Luna Vasahi temple. The main buildings of the first three named are surrounded by "cloister" screens of ''devakulikā'' shrines, and are fairly plain on the outer walls of these; in the case of the Vimal Vasahi this screen was a later addition, around the time of the second temple. These three have an axis from the sanctuary through a closed, then an open mandapa to an open ''rangamandapa'', or larger hall for dance or drama.<ref>Michell (1990), 274–276; Harle, 226–227</ref> Surrounding the main temple with a curtain of shrines was to become a distinctive feature of the Jain temples of West India, still employed in some modern temples.<ref>Harle, 228</ref>

The Ajitanatha Temple, the largest and earliest of the cluster of [[Taranga Jain temple]]s, was constructed in 1161, and is a fine example of the style, which remains largely intact, and in religious use. The shikhara and the much lower superstructure over the mandapa are both among the "most complicated" in the style. The former begins with three rows of ''[[bhumija]]''-style miniature towers in clusters, before turning to the [[Sekhari (architecture)|''sekhari'']] style higher up, where the miniature towers are of varying lengths, and overlap. Over the mandapa, the lowest level continues the regular miniature tower clusters over the sanctuary, above which shallow pitched planes of roof are studded with miniature towers, with rows of beasts and urns along the edges of the planes. The surfaces are heavily decorated with figures and "honeycomb" [[gavaksha]] decoration, the figures "characterized by lively poses and sharply cut faces and costumes".<ref>Michell (1990), 310–311, 311 quoted</ref>

The Ajitanatha Temple was built under, and very probably by, King [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]] (r. 1143 – 1172 CE) of the Solanki/Chaulukya dynasty, who was the most favourable towards Jains of the dynasty. According to Jain sources he converted to Jainism towards the end of his life; at the least he was influenced by the religion. His reign marked the height of Jain power and influence; his son [[Ajayapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Ajayapala]], something of a villain in Jain chronicles, was much less favourable, although there continued to be Jain ministers.<ref>Hegewald</ref>

[[Kumbharia Jain temples]] is a complex of five Jain temples in [[Kumbhariya, Banaskantha district]] built between 1062 - 1231 CE. The five temples are famous for their elaborate architecture.{{Sfn|Neubauer|1981|p=15}} The Jain temples, Kumbhariya along with [[Dilwara temples]], [[Girnar Jain temples]] and [[Taranga Jain temple]] are considered excellent examples of Chaulukyan architecture.{{Sfn|Kumar|2001|p=67}} Mahavira, Shantinatha, and Parshvanatha temples are some of the most renowned temples in India.{{Sfn|Jain|2009|p=283}} These five marble temples vary in size and architecture details, but every temple is surrounded by a protective walled courtyard with elaborate arched gateways.{{Sfn|Ward|1998|p=171}}

The [[Bhadreshwar Jain Temple]], mostly constructed for a merchant in 1248, just at the end of the Solanki dynasty, is surrounded by the high walls of a curtain of subsidiary shrines, each with a shikhara in ''sekhari'' style, except for a much later two-storey porch at the entrance, which has elements from [[Indo-Islamic architecture]] in the domes and arches. The main temple, in a courtyard considerably above ground level, is comparable to the earlier examples described above.<ref>Michell (1990), 280; Hegewald</ref>

The clustered group of [[Girnar Jain temples]], with a magnificent mountain-top position, are mostly in the style, with the major temples ranging in date (of basic construction) from 1128, 1231, 1453 and another 15th century example.<ref>Michell (1990), 294; Hegewald</ref> Other temples, like the large example at the [[Rajgadhi Timbo]] ("mound"), have been completely destroyed.

===Later temples===
[[File:Chaumukha Jain temple at Ranakpur in Aravalli range near Udaipur Rajasthan India.jpg|thumb|[[Ranakpur Jain temple]], 15th century]]
[[File:Ranakpur Jain temple, marble.jpg|thumb|Detailed carvings on the pillar of Ranakpur Jain temple]]

The Solanki dynasty finally fell around 1244, replaced by the Hindu [[Vaghela dynasty]] for some decades before the Muslim [[Delhi Sultanate]] conquered the region. Temple building then largely ceased in the original areas of the style for a considerable time, although a trickle of repairs and additions to existing temples are recorded, and some small new buildings. However, Solanki rule came to be seen by Jains as something of a "golden age", and the Māru-Gurjara style evidently became something of a standard for Jains, specifically the [[Śvetāmbara]] wing of the religion. The style began to re-appear in Jain temples in the same area in the 15th century, and then spread elsewhere in India, initially moving eastwards.<ref>Hegewald</ref>

The Adinatha [[Ranakpur Jain temple]] in Rajasthan is a major construction for a merchant, built between 1439 and 1458 or 1496. It is a thorough-going, but not strict, revival of Māru-Gurjara style, on the same broad model as Bhadreshwar, with a high outside wall of the back of shrines, but also a number of Islamic-style corbelled domes. There are four three-storey porches, already up two flights of steps. The interior of the temple is "unsurpassed for its spatial complexity", with the sanctuary at the centre of the compound surrounded by many mandapas of two or three storeys, with all levels very open between the supporting columns allowing views in several directions inside the compound. Even the shikhara has balconies at three levels. The carving on the interior is in most areas as lavish as ever.<ref>Michell (1990), 305–306; Hegewald</ref>

The large group of [[Palitana temples]] on the [[Shatrunjaya]] hills in Gujarat are another very important Jain pilgrimage site, with temples numbering into the hundreds (most very small, and all but one Svetambara). Though many were founded much earlier, the site was so thoroughly destroyed by Muslim armies, starting in 1311, that there is little surviving that dates back before the 16th century. The temples are packed tightly together in a number of high-walled compounds called "tuks" or "tonks". Michell calls them "characteristic of the final phase of Western Indian temple architecture", with traditional shikharas, double storey porches, often on three or four sides, and miniature-urn roofs to the main mandapas. But there are influences from [[Indo-Islamic architecture]] in the domes, often fluted, over porches and second mandapas, "arches with petalled fringes, parapets of [[merlon]]s", and other features.<ref>Michell (1990), 308–310, 308 quoted</ref> The [[Polo Forest]] in Gujarat has groups of Hindu and Jain ruined temples of various dates, but mostly 15th century.<ref>Michell (1990), 273</ref>

The [[Jagdish Temple, Udaipur]] (completed 1651) is an example of a Hindu temple using the style at a late date; in this case a commission of [[Jagat Singh I]], ruler of [[Udaipur State|Mewar]].<ref>Michell (1990), 311; Hegewald</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Jain temples on Girnar mountain aerial view.jpg|Seven of the [[Girnar Jain temples]], 12th-15th centuries
File:Balabhai Tonk.jpg|View across the [[Palitana temples]]
File:Jagdish mandir 1.jpg|The Hindu [[Jagdish Temple, Udaipur]] (completed 1651)

</gallery>

====19th century====
[[File:Sheth Hutheesinh Temple.jpg|thumb|[[Hutheesing Jain Temple]] (1848) in [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat]]
There was a considerable number of new Jain temples in the 19th century, as the Jain community continued to grow and prosper. Temples were built by wealthy Jains, often individually, or by community trusts. The large [[Hutheesing Jain Temple]] (1848) in [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat, was built by the [[Hutheesing family]]. It uses the Māru-Gurjara style, with many similarities to Bhadreshwar and Ranakpur. There is a good deal of "sharply sculpted" decoration, "but figures appear only at the brackets". There are three sanctuaries in a row, and so three shikharas, but the porch and the outer mandapa each have three domes.<ref>Michell (1990), 278 (quoted); Hegewald</ref>

But the style is not invariably used: the large [[Ajmer Jain temple]] (1864–1895) in Rajasthan uses a kind of [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Neo-Mughal]] style. This is a [[Digambar]] foundation, and the Digambar wing of Jainism always favoured the Māru-Gurjara style rather less, at least in India itself. The large [[Anandji Kalyanji Trust]], which devotes itself to temple-building and renovation, has played a role in promoting the Māru-Gurjara style, at [[Palitana]] in particular.<ref>Hegewald</ref>

====20th century====
The 20th and 21st centuries, especially from about 1950, have seen increasing Jain [[diaspora]] communities in many parts of the world. In India there has been much construction of large temples and complexes, and the smaller diaspora communities have constructed buildings on a somewhat smaller scale. In both cases use of the Māru-Gurjara style is very common, although the thoroughness with which it is adopted varies greatly. Some buildings mix Māru-Gurjara elements with those of local temple styles and modern international ones. Generally, where there is elaborate carving, often still done by craftsmen from Gujarat or Rajasthan, this has more ornamental and decorative work than small figures. A similar mix is seen in many modern Hindu temples in India and abroad, for example those of the [[Swaminarayan]] sect, or the [[Prem Mandir, Vrindavan]] near [[Mathura]] (built 2001-2011). Sometimes the Māru-Gurjara influence is limited to the "flying arches" and mandapa ceiling rosettes, and a preference for white marble.<ref>Hegewald; Singh, 49-50, 56-57, 59-60, 73-75</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Jain Temple, Kakinada.jpg|Entrance fronting an essentially modern Jain temple building, [[Kakinada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
File:Bonter Jinalaya, Koday - panoramio.jpg|The Bounter Jinalaya (or "72 Jinalaya") Jain temple at [[Mandvi]], [[Kutch]], Gujarat, begun 1982
File:Templejaindanvers.jpg|The [[Jain temple, Antwerp]], [[Belgium]], completed 2010
File:The Jain Centre on Oxford Street - geograph.org.uk - 1034296.jpg|The Jain Centre, [[Leicester]], England. A facade "clad with Māru-Gurjara ornamentation" on a former church.<ref>Hegewald</ref>
File:Jain Temple Oshwal Centre Pottersbar Hertfordshire UK.jpg|Jain Temple at the Oshwal Centre, [[Potters Bar]], Hertfordshire, which "recreates a general Māru-Gurjara aesthetic".<ref>Hegewald</ref> Side view.

</gallery>

==Background==
The Māru-Gurjara style did not represent a radical break with earlier styles. The previous styles in north-west India are mentioned above, and the group of [[Jain temples of Khajuraho]], forming part of the famous [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments]] are very largely in the same style as their Hindu companions, which were mostly built between 950 and 1050. They share many features with the Māru-Gurjara style: high plinths with many decorated bands on the walls, lavish figurative and decorative carving, balconies looking out on multiple sides, ceiling rosettes, and others, but at Khajuraho the great height of the shikharas is given more emphasis. There are similarities with the contemporary [[Hoysala architecture]] from much further south. In both of these styles architecture is treated sculpturally.<ref>''The legacy of G.S. Ghurye: a centennial festschrift'', By Govind Sadashiv Ghurye, A. R. Momin, p-205</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{commons category}}
*Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Hegewald|first=Julia A. B.|title=The International Jaina Style? Māru-Gurjara Temples Under the Solaṅkīs, throughout India and in the Diaspora|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/a/ars/13441566.0045.005?view=text;rgn=main|journal=Ars Orientalis|volume=45|doi=10.3998/ars.13441566.0045.005|issn=2328-1286|year=2011|doi-access=free}}
*Michell, George, (1977) ''The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to its Meaning and Forms'', 1977, University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|978-0-226-53230-1}}
*Michell, George (1990), ''The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu'', 1990, Penguin Books, {{ISBN|0140081445}}
*Rowland, Benjamin, ''The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain'', 1967 (3rd edn.), Pelican History of Art, Penguin, {{ISBN|0140561021}}
*Singh, Kavita, "The Temple's Eternal Return: Swaminarayan Akshardham Complex in Delhi", 2010, ''Artibus Asiae'', Vol 70, no. 1, [https://www.academia.edu/381962/The_Temples_Eternal_Return_Swaminarayan_Akshardham_Complex_in_Delhi academia.edu]
* {{citation|last=Ward|first=Philip|url={{Google books|P7EHTBl_pyQC|page=171|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=Gujarat–Daman–Diu: A Travel Guide | volume=22 |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |date=1998|isbn=9788125013839}}
* {{citation|last=Neubauer|first=Jutta Jain|url={{Google books|61fSwBF4bbYC|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective |publisher=Abhinav Publications |date=1981|isbn=9780391022843}}
* {{Citation | last=Kumar | first=Sehdev | url={{Google books|nSDACkmA_ukC|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | title=A Thousand Petalled Lotus: Jain Temples of Rajasthan : Architecture & Iconography | publisher=Abhinav Publications | date=2001 | isbn=9788170173489 }}
* {{citation|last=Jain|first=Arun Kumar|url={{Google books|y4aVRLGhf-8C|page=283|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=Faith & Philosophy of Jainism |publisher=Gyan Publishing House|date=2009|isbn=9788178357232}}
{{Architecture of India}}
[[Category:Māru-Gurjara architecture| ]]
[[Category:Architecture of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Jain architecture]]
[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]
[[Category:Culture of Gujarat]]

1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-15T08:48:47Z

ErmaT39411378:

{{Short description|Indian union territory election}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1990
| election_date = 15 June 1991
| next_election = 1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1996
| seats_for_election = 30 seats in the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 16
| registered = {{formatnum:593318}}
| turnout = 67.73%
| image_size = 100px

| party1 = Indian National Congress
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=V. Vaithilingam.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=17|oTop=03}}
| leader1 = [[V. Vaithilingam]]
| leaders_seat1 =
| leader_since1 =
| seats1 = 15
| seats_before1 = 11
| popular_vote1 = 32.29%
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 4

| party2 = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| leader_since2 =
| seats2 = 4
| seats_before2 = 9
| popular_vote2 = 24.71%
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 5


| title = [[Chief Minister of Puducherry|CM]]
| before_election = [[President's rule]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[V. Vaithilingam]]
}}
Elections to the '''[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]''' were held in June 1991, to elect members of the 30 constituencies in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] (then known as Pondicherry), in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/PDF/Se1991.PDF |title=Union Territory of Pondicherry Assembly - General Elections - 1991 |access-date= 4 September 2022}}</ref> The [[Indian National Congress]] won the popular vote and the most seats, and [[V. Vaithilingam]] was appointed as the [[Chief Minister of Puducherry]].<ref> {{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Vaithilingam-sworn-in-as-Puducherry-Chief-Minister/articleshow/3443222.cms |title=Vaithilingam sworn in as Puducherry Chief Minister |date=4 September 2008 |agency=PTI |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |quote=This is 58-year old Vaithilingam's second term as Chief Minister. He had earlier headed the Congress government between 1991 and 1996. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021173333/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-04/india/27901371_1_office-and-secrecy-vaithilingam-ministers |archive-date=21 October 2012 |access-date=10 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/pondicherry.HTML |title=Pondicherry Legislative Assembly |access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> The Indian National Congress was in an alliance with the AIADMK.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/03/26/explained-puducherry-the-territory-of-coalitions-and-presidents-rule.html |title=Explained: Puducherry, the territory of coalitions and President's Rule |magazine=[[The Week (Indian magazine)]] |date=26 March 2021 |quote=8th election: 1991 - The Congress retained its position as the single-largest party, winning 15 seats with a vote share of 30 per cent. The Congress continued its tie-up with the AIADMK, which won six of the 10 seats it contested and had a vote share of 17 per cent. |access-date= 4 September 2022}}</ref>

==Seat allotments==
===[[Indian National Congress|Congress Alliance]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! scope="col" style="width:40px;"| No. 
! scope="col" style="width:300px;" colspan="2"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:180px;"| Leader
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|1. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || style="text-align:center;"|
[[File:Hand INC.svg|50x50px]]
|| [[V. Vaithilingam]] || style="text-align:center;"|19
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|2. || {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|50x50px]] || [[J. Jayalalithaa]] || style="text-align:center;"|10
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|3. || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}} || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Blank.svg|50px]]|| P. Rajavelu (''In Bagoor constituency'')|| style="text-align:center;"|1
|}

===[[DMK-led Alliance]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! scope="col" style="width:40px;"| No. 
! scope="col" style="width:300px;" colspan="2"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:180px;"| Leader
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|1. || {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|50x50px]] || [[M. Karunanidhi]] || style="text-align:center;"|19
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|2. || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Janata Dal symbol.svg|50px]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || style="text-align:center;"|6
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|3. || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}|| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:CPI symbol.svg|50x50px]] || [[Indrajit Gupta]] || style="text-align:center;"|3
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|4. || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50x50px]] || [[Harkishan Singh Surjeet]]|| style="text-align:center;"|2
|}

==Results==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Pondicherry Legislative Assembly 1991.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=117289|seats1=15|sc1={{increase}}4
|party2=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes2=96607|seats2=4|sc2={{decrease}}5
|party3=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes3=67792|seats3=6|sc3={{increase}}3
|party4=[[Janata Dal]]|votes4=26321|seats4=1|sc4={{decrease}}3
|party5=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes5=19503|seats5=1|sc5={{decrease}}1
|party20=Others|votes20=27678|seats20=0|sc20=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=35739|seats21=3|sc21={{increase}}2
|total_sc=0
|invalid=10895
|electorate=593318
|source=ECI<ref name=election1991>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3433-puducherry-1991/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1991 to the Legislative Assembly of Pondicherry |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 July 2022}}</ref>
}}

==Elected members==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Results by constituency |
* Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
!Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #k
! Names
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-
| 1 || [[Muthialpet Assembly constituency|Muthialpet]] || 63.69% || M. Balasubramaniam || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 9,175 || 52.38% || S. Anandavelu || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 8,060 || 46.02% || 1,115
|-
| 2 || [[Cassicade Assembly constituency|Cassicade]] || 57.22% || M. Elango || {{party name with color|Janata Dal}} || 4,927 || 49.97% || P. Shanmugan || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,478 || 45.42% || 449
|-
| 3 || [[Raj Bhavan Assembly constituency|Raj Bhavan]] || 55.95% || A. Gandhiraj || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,381 || 48.45% || S. P. Sivakumar || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,332 || 47.46% || 49
|-
| 4 || [[Bussy Assembly constituency|Bussy]] || 54.96% || C. M. Achraff || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,083 || 58.80% || G. Perularaja || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,042 || 38.95% || 1,041
|-
| 5 || [[Oupalam Assembly constituency|Oupalam]] || 65.16% || U. C. Arumugan || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 7,352 || 57.27% || N. Nathamuthu || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 5,283 || 41.15% || 2,069
|-
| 6 || [[Orleampeth Assembly constituency|Orleampeth]] || 58.15% || K. Parasuraman || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 8,697 || 59.44% || N. Manimaran || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 5,613 || 38.36% || 3,084
|-
| 7 || [[Nellithope Assembly constituency|Nellithope]] || 59.08% || [[R. V. Janakiraman]] || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 7,067 || 49.05% || N. R. Shanmugam || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 6,988 || 48.50% || 79
|-
| 8 || [[Mudaliarpet Assembly constituency|Mudaliarpet]] || 67.66% || V. Sababady Kothandraman || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 8,230 || 45.45% || M. Manjini || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 4,295 || 23.72% || 3,935
|-
| 9 || [[Ariankuppam Assembly constituency|Ariankuppam]] || 69.40% || [[P. Subbarayan]] || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 5,794 || 35.59% || S. Ramsing || {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} || 4,624 || 28.40% || 1,170
|-
| 10 || [[Embalam Assembly constituency|Embalam]] || 73.00% || K. Pakkiri Ammal || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,171 || 37.57% || R. Rajaraman || {{party name with color|Janata Dal}} || 2,587 || 23.30% || 1,584
|-
| 11 || [[Nettapakkam Assembly constituency|Nettapakkam]] || 70.68% || [[V. Vaithilingam]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 8,095 || 66.14% || R. Subbaraya Gounder || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,782 || 30.90% || 4,313
|-
| 12 || [[Kuruvinatham Assembly constituency|Kuruvinatham]] || 80.41% || T. Thiagarajan || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 6,765 || 51.72% || N. Vengadasamy || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 4,014 || 30.69% || 2,751
|-
| 13 || [[Bahour Assembly constituency|Bahour]] || 73.30% || P. Rajavelu || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 6,377 || 48.63% || E. Rajalingam || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 4,454 || 33.96% || 1,923
|-
| 14 || [[Thirubuvanai Assembly constituency|Thirubuvanai]] || 69.35% || D. Viswanathan || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 7,453 || 55.69% || M. Thangavelu || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 4,939 || 36.90% || 2,514
|-
| 15 || [[Mannadipet Assembly constituency|Mannadipet]] || 77.87% || N. Rajaram || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 7,771 || 52.33% || D. Ramachandran || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 6,874 || 46.29% || 897
|-
| 16 || [[Ossudu Assembly constituency|Ossudu]] || 73.28% || N. Marimuthu || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 7,293 || 63.00% || S. Balaraman || {{party name with color|Janata Dal}} || 4,162 || 35.95% || 3,131
|-
| 17 || [[Villianur Assembly constituency|Villianur]] || 74.99% || P. Anandabaskaran || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 8,190 || 54.09% || C. Jayakumar || {{party name with color|Janata Dal}} || 6,740 || 44.51% || 1,450
|-
| 18 || [[Ozhukarai Assembly constituency|Ozhukarai]] || 71.15% || K. Natarajan || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 8,566 || 56.82% || M. Rasan Alias Vazhumuni || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 6,279 || 41.65% || 2,287
|-
| 19 || [[Thattanchavady Assembly constituency|Thattanchavady]] || 64.70% || [[N. Rangaswamy]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 12,545 || 69.71% || V. Pethaperumal || {{party name with color|Janata Dal}} || 5,285 || 29.37% || 7,260
|-
| 20 || [[Reddiarpalayam Assembly constituency|Reddiarpalayam]] || 57.85% || R. Viswanathan || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 13,134 || 64.00% || Indira Munusamy || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 6,517 || 31.76% || 6,617
|-
| 21 || [[Lawspet Assembly constituency|Lawspet]] || 66.15% || P. Kanann || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 13,475 || 61.51% || P. Sankaran || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} || 8,088 || 36.92% || 5,387
|-
| 22 || [[Cotchery Assembly constituency|Cotchery]] || 76.19% || R. Nalamaharajan || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 5,051 || 37.01% || M. Vaithilingam || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,592 || 33.64% || 459
|-
| 23 || [[Karaikal North Assembly constituency|Karaikal North]] || 57.35% || [[A. M. H. Nazeem]] || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 6,809 || 59.31% || M. Gnanadesigan || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 4,389 || 38.23% || 2,420
|-
| 24 || [[Karaikal South Assembly constituency|Karaikal South]] || 65.69% || [[A. V. Subramanian]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 6,189 || 61.10% || S. Savarirajan || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,724 || 36.76% || 2,465
|-
| 25 || [[Neravy T R Pattinam Assembly constituency|Neravy T R Pattinam]] || 75.92% || V. M. C. V. Ganapathy || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 6,384 || 49.67% || [[V. M. C. Sivakumar]] || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 6,145 || 47.81% || 239
|-
| 26 || [[Thirunallar Assembly constituency|Thirunallar]] || 72.09% || A. Soundararengan || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 4,401 || 41.37% || R. Kamalakkannan || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,994 || 28.14% || 1,407
|-
| 27 || [[Nedungadu Assembly constituency|Nedungadu]] || 75.75% || M. Chandirakasu || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,955 || 55.25% || S. A. Marimuthu || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 4,824 || 44.75% || 1,131
|-
| 28 || [[Mahe Assembly constituency|Mahe]] || 70.09% || E. Valsaraj || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,099 || 62.62% || K. V. Raghavan || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} || 2,421 || 29.73% || 2,678
|-
| 29 || [[Palloor Assembly constituency|Palloor]] || 70.41% || A. V. Sreedharan || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,922 || 59.02% || K. M. Raju Master || {{party name with color|Janata Dal}} || 2,620 || 31.41% || 2,302
|-
| 30 || [[Yanam Assembly constituency|Yanam]] || 83.39% || Velaga Rajeshwara Rao || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 6,331 || 56.87% || Raksha Harikrishna || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 4,704 || 42.26% || 1,627
|}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
*[[1991 elections in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Puducherry Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/87-puducherry/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=19 May 2022}}

{{Puducherry elections}}

[[Category:1991 State Assembly elections in India|p]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Puducherry]]
[[Category:1990s in Pondicherry]]

Prime Minister of Bangladesh

2026-03-14T10:46:09Z

ErmaT39411378:

{{short description|Head of government of Bangladesh}}
{{for|a list|List of prime ministers of Bangladesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Prime Minister
| body = the People's Republic of Bangladesh
| native_name = {{lang|bn|গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশের প্রধানমন্ত্রী}}
| flag = Flag of the Prime Minister of Bangladesh.svg
| flagsize = 166px
| flagborder = yes
| flagcaption = Standard of the prime minister of Bangladesh
| insignia = Seal of the Prime Minister of Bangladesh.svg
| insigniasize = 120px
| insigniacaption = Seal of the prime minister of Bangladesh
| image = Tarique Rahman as chief guest at inaugural ceremony of Ekushey Book Fair 2026, Bangla Academy, Dhaka, 2026-02-26 (cropped).jpg
| imagesize = 200 px
| department = {{ubl|[[Government of Bangladesh]]|[[Prime Minister's Office (Bangladesh)|Prime Minister's Office]]|[[Cabinet Division]]}}
| type = [[Head of government]]
| status =
| abbreviation = PM
| incumbent = [[Tarique Rahman]]
| acting =
| incumbentsince = 17 February 2026
| style = {{plainlist|
* Mr. [[Prime Minister]] (informal)
* [[The Honourable#Bangladesh|The Honorable]] (formal)
* [[Excellency|His Excellency]] (diplomatic)
}}
| seat = Primary: [[Prime Minister's Office (Bangladesh)|Prime Minister's Office]], Old Sangsad Bhaban, [[Tejgaon Thana|Tejgaon]], [[Dhaka]] Secondary: [[Bangladesh Secretariat]], [[Segunbagicha]], Dhaka
| residence = [[State Guest House Jamuna]]
| member_of = {{ubl|[[Cabinet of Bangladesh|Cabinet]]|[[Parliament of Bangladesh|Parliament]]|[[Armed Forces Division]]|[[Bangladesh Planning Commission|Planning Commission]]|[[Bangladeshi intelligence community|Intelligence Community]]|[[National Committee on Security Affairs]]|[[National Cyber Security Council (Bangladesh)|National Cyber Security Council]]}}
| reports_to = {{ubl|[[President of Bangladesh]]|[[Parliament of Bangladesh]]}}
| appointer = [[President of Bangladesh]] by [[Convention (norm)|convention]], based on appointee's ability to [[parliamentary system|command the confidence]] of the Jatiya Sangsad
| termlength = [[At His Majesty's pleasure#Derivatives|At the pleasure of the president]]
| termlength_qualified = [[Jatiya Sangsad]] term is 5 years unless dissolved sooner No term limits
| deputy =
| constituting_instrument = [[Constitution of Bangladesh]]
| formation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1971|04|17}}
| inaugural = [[Tajuddin Ahmed]]
| salary = {{BDTConvert|305000}} per month (incl. allowances)
<ref name="bdnews24.com">{{cite web |title=Bangladesh raises president, prime minister's pay, perks |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/bangladesh-raises-president-prime-ministers-pay-perks |archive-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921023118/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2016/05/05/bangladesh-raises-president-prime-ministers-pay-perks |url-status=live |website=bdnews24.com |access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|pmo.gov.bd}}
| precursor =
| incumbentlabel = Incumbent
}}
{{Politics of Bangladesh}}

The '''Prime Minister of Bangladesh'''{{efn|{{langx|bn|বাংলাদেশের প্রধানমন্ত্রী|Baṅladeśer Prôdhanmôntri}}, {{IPA|bn|ˈbaŋlaˌdeʃeɾ ˈpɾɔdʱanˌmɔntɾiˑ|pron}}}}, officially the '''Prime Minister of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh''' {{efn|{{langx|bn|গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশের প্রধানমন্ত্রী|Gôṇôprôjatôntri Baṅladeśer Prôdhanmôntri}},{{IPA|bn|ˈɡɔnoˌpɾodʒaˌtɔntɾiˑ ˈbaŋlaˌdeʃeɾ ˈpɾɔdʱanˌmɔntɾiˑ|pron}}}}, is the [[head of government]] of [[Bangladesh]]. The Prime Minister leads the [[Cabinet of Bangladesh|cabinet]] and, together with the cabinet, is collectively responsible for their policies and decisions to the [[Jatiya Sangsad|parliament]], to their political party, and ultimately to the electorate. While the Prime Minister is the chief executive of the government, they are ceremonially appointed by the [[President of Bangladesh]] and exercise powers in accordance with the constitution and parliamentary conventions.

[[File:Prime Minister's Emblem of Bangladesh.svg|150px|thumb|Prime Minister’s crest.]]
The position was taken over by the military during the years of [[History of Bangladesh|1975–78, 1982–86 and 1990–91]] due to imposed [[Military coups in Bangladesh|martial law]]. In each of these periods, the national government leadership was controlled by the military with the executive authority of the president and the prime minister. During the period between 1996 and 2008, the [[Chief Adviser (Bangladesh)|chief adviser]] of the [[Caretaker government of Bangladesh|caretaker government]] exercised authority as per the constitution as chief executive for 90 days during the transition from one [[Elections in Bangladesh|elected]] government to another. The chief adviser headed an advisory committee comprising ten advisers. With powers roughly equivalent to an elected prime minister, his executive power was constrained by certain constitutional limitations. The system was scrapped in 2011 by the 15th amendment of the constitution to allow any political government to conduct a general election in the future. However, on 17 December 2024, the 15th amendment was declared illegal by the [[Supreme Court of Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=15th amendment to constitution declared illegal |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/15th-amendment-to-constitution-declared-illegal |work=[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)|The Financial Express]]|date=17 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=15th amendment to abolish caretaker govt is illegal, HC verdict |url=https://www.observerbd.com/news/503317 |work=[[The Daily Observer (Bangladesh)|The Daily Observer]]|date=17 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217063750/https://www.observerbd.com/news/503317 |archive-date=17 December 2024 }}</ref>

[[Sheikh Hasina]] was the longest-serving prime minister in the country's history until [[Resignation of Sheikh Hasina|her resignation]] on 5 August 2024, which left the position vacant.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McVeigh |first1=Tracy |title=Sheikh Hasina: child of the revolution who eroded Bangladesh's democracy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/article/2024/aug/06/sheikh-hasina-profile-ousted-bangladesh-prime-minister |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806160751/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/article/2024/aug/06/sheikh-hasina-profile-ousted-bangladesh-prime-minister |archive-date=6 August 2024 }}</ref> [[Tarique Rahman]] assumed office on 17 February 2026, after his [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] won the [[2026 Bangladeshi general election|2026 general election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-14 |title=Bangladesh’s newly elected MPs to take oath on February 17 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/bangladesh-oath-taking-ceremony-elected-mps-bnp-february-17-2026/article70633269.ece |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://up6.org/2026/02/17/tarique-rahman-angkat-sumpah-pm-bangladesh-baharu/ |title=Tarique Rahman angkat sumpah PM Bangladesh baharu |date=17 February 2026 |website=UP6 Suara Semasa |language=ms |access-date=17 February 2026}}</ref>

==Appointment==
According to the [[Constitution]], the prime minister is appointed by the president based upon the result of the electorate's choice in a parliamentary general election held by the Election Commission. The [[Prime Minister|prime minister]] will be the leader of the majority party (or coalition) in the ''Jatiya Sangsad'' and must have the confidence of the ''Jatiya Sangsad'' to govern. The cabinet is composed of ministers selected by the prime minister and appointed by the [[President (government title)|president]]. At least 90% of the ministers must be MPs. The other 10% may be non-MP experts or "technocrats" who are not otherwise disqualified from being elected MPs. According to the constitution, the president can dissolve Parliament upon the written request of the prime minister. The appointments of the prime minister and other ministers of state and deputy ministers shall be made by the president:
At least nine-tenths of their number shall be appointed from among members of parliament, and not more than one-tenth of their number may be chosen from persons qualified for election as members of parliament.

The prime minister is appointed and sworn in by the president:

'''Bangla'''

{{Blockquote|{{lang|bn|আমি, (নাম), সশ্রদ্ধচিত্তে শপথ (বা দৃঢ়ভাবে ঘোষণা) করিতেছি যে, আমি আইন-অনুযায়ী সরকারের প্রধানমন্ত্রী (কিংবা ক্ষেত্রমত মন্ত্রী, প্রতি-মন্ত্রী, বা উপমন্ত্রী)-পদের কর্তব্য বিশ্বস্ততার সহিত পালন করিব: আমি বাংলাদেশের প্রতি অকৃত্রিম বিশ্বাস ও আনুগত্য পোষণ করিব; আমি সংবিধানের রক্ষণ, সমর্থন ও নিরাপত্তাবিধান করিব; এবং আমি ভীতি বা অনুগ্রহ, অনুরাগ বা বিরাগের বশবর্তী না হইয়া সকলের প্রতি আইন-অনুযায়ী যথাবিহীত আচরণ করিব।}}}}

'''English'''

{{Blockquote|I, (name) do swear with honor (or solemnly affirm) that I, according to the laws, shall faithfully discharge the functions of the office of the Prime Minister (or Minister or State Minister or Sub-minister, as the circumstances allow). I shall possess pure faith and obedience to Bangladesh. I shall preserve, support, and secure the constitution and deal with all with equity as suggested by laws, without being affected by fear or mercy, love or hatred.}}

== Duties of the office ==
{{main|Prime Minister's Office (Bangladesh)}}

The office of the prime minister is located at [[Tejgaon Thana|Tejgaon]] in [[Dhaka]] city. It is considered a government ministry and, among other duties, provides clerical, security, and other support to the prime minister, governs [[Bangladeshi intelligence community|intelligence]] affairs and NGOs, and arranges protocol and ceremonies.

Some specific ministries/departments are not allocated to anyone in the cabinet but the prime minister. The prime minister is usually always in charge/head of:
*[[Leader of the House (Bangladesh)|Leader of the House]] (responsible for managing and scheduling government business in the [[Jatiya Sangsad|Sangsad]])
*[[Cabinet Division]]
*Head of the [[Armed Forces Division]] and [[Ministry of Defence (Bangladesh)|minister of defence]]
*[[Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources|Minister of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources]]
*Chairperson of the [[Bangladesh Planning Commission|Planning Commission]]
*[[Bangladeshi intelligence community]]

== History and timeline==
Bangladesh's origins lie in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], a province of [[British India]] that included present-day [[West Bengal]]. Between 1937 and 1947, it was intermittently governed by a popularly elected [[ministry (collective executive)|ministry]], whose head was often designated the [[premier of Bengal]]. In 1947, the Province of Bengal was [[Partition of India|partitioned]] into the Indian State of West Bengal and [[East Pakistan]]. All three erstwhile Bengal premiers—[[A. K. Fazlul Huq]], [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]] and [[H. S. Suhrawardy]]—became Pakistani citizens; the latter two went on to become [[Prime Ministers of Pakistan|prime ministers of Pakistan]] in the 1950s.

East Pakistan's history from 1947 to 1971 was marked by political instability and economic difficulties. The nascent democratic institutions foundered in the face of military intervention in 1958, and the government imposed martial law between 1958 and 1962 and again between 1969 and 1971. Between 1947 and 1971, it was intermittently governed by governors and the chief minister of East Pakistan.

=== Independence and first parliamentary era (1971–1975) ===
The modern office of the prime minister was established following the [[Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence|declaration of independence]] of [[East Pakistan]] with the [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh]] on 17 April 1971, of which [[Tajuddin Ahmad]] became the first prime minister of Bangladesh. Since the adoption of the current [[Constitution of Bangladesh]] in 1972 the formal title of the office is the prime minister of the People's Republic of Bangladesh.

=== Military coups and presidential regimes (1975–1991) ===
From 1975 to 1991, the prime minister was appointed by the president while the president had executive power.

=== Return of parliamentary government (1991–present) ===
In September 1991, the electorate approved changes to the constitution, formally creating a parliamentary system and returning governing power to the office of the prime minister, as in Bangladesh's original constitution. In October 1991, members of parliament elected a new head of state, President Abdur Rahman Biswas.<ref name=History>{{cite web |date=15 December 1992 |title=Background Note: Bangladesh |url=http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/bgnotes/sa/bangladesh9201.html |publisher=US Department of State |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402124354/http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/bgnotes/sa/bangladesh9201.html |archive-date=2 April 2017 |access-date=5 April 2008 |via=University of Illinois at Chicago}}</ref>

====Premiership of Khaleda Zia (1991–1996, 2001–2006)====
Khaleda Zia served as prime minister of Bangladesh twice from 1991 to 1996 and from 2001 to 2006. Once in power, Khaleda Zia's government made substantial changes in education policy, introducing free education for girls up to the 10th grade, a stipend for female students, and food for education programme funds. It also made highest budgetary allocation in the education sector.

She became prime minister for the second consecutive term after the BNP had a landslide victory on 15 February 1996 general election to the sixth Jatiya Sangsad which is widely believed to be rigged voting after bribing the election commissioner. The election was, however, boycotted by all other major parties who were demanding that the elections be held under a neutral caretaker government, following allegations of rigging in a by-election held in 1994. Turnout was estimated at around 5%, though the government at the time claimed it to be much higher. On 12 June 1996 polls, BNP lost to Hasina's [[Awami League]] but emerged as the largest opposition party in the country's parliamentary history with 116 seats.

Aiming to return to power, the BNP formed a four-party alliance on 6 January 1999 with its former political opponent the [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]], and the Islamic party of [[Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh]] and the [[Islami Oikya Jot]] and launched several agitation programmes against the ruling [[Awami League]]. In the 2001 general elections [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|BNP]] won the election with a two-thirds majority of seats in parliament and 46% of the vote (compared to the principal opposition party's 40%) and Khaleda Zia was once again sworn in as the prime minister of Bangladesh.

In 2008 election, they faced a landslide defeat. Khaleda led four-party alliance won only 32 seats and emerged as the smallest opposition party in the country's parliamentary history. They won only 32% of the total vote where their main rival Awami League won more than 50% of the total vote.

In the Tenth Jatiyo Sangsad election of 2014, the BNP along with its 18 party alliance boycotted and violently protested the election to no avail.

==== 2007 political crisis and caretaker government====
{{main|2006–2008 Bangladeshi political crisis|Caretaker government of Bangladesh}}

The scheduled [[2007 Bangladeshi parliamentary elections|22 January 2007 elections]] were marred by controversy. The Awami League and its allies protested, saying that the elections would not be fair because of alleged bias by the caretaker government in favour of Khaleda Zia and the BNP. Hasina demanded that the head of the caretaker government, President [[Iajuddin Ahmed]], step down from that position, and on 3 January 2007, she announced that the Awami League and its allies would boycott the elections.<ref>{{cite news |last=Habib |first=Haroon |author-link=Haroon Habib |date=4 January 2007 |title =Polls won't be fair: Hasina |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/04/stories/2007010405671400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107193852/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/04/stories/2007010405671400.htm |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=7 January 2007 }}</ref> Later in the month, the military led by Army chief general Moinuddin Ahmed intervened and President [[Iajuddin Ahmed]] was asked to resign as the chief adviser. He was also made to declare a state of emergency. A new military-controlled caretaker government was formed with Fakhruddin Ahmed as the chief adviser. The scheduled parliamentary election was postponed.

On 12 January 2007, President Ahmed swore in [[Fakhruddin Ahmed]] as the chief adviser to the interim caretaker government. For a country widely perceived as one of the world's most corrupt, the most dramatic aspect of Fakhruddin Ahmed's rule is his antigraft campaign against the establishment. So far, more than 160 senior politicians, top civil servants and security officials have been arrested on suspicion of graft and other economic crimes.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Abdullah |first=Abir |date=22 March 2007 |title=Corruption has emerged as a great threat |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1601618,00.html |magazine=Time |access-date=12 April 2008 |archive-date=24 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824210804/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1601618,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Update inline|date=July 2020}} The roundup has netted former ministers from the two main political parties, including former prime ministers [[Khaleda Zia]] and [[Sheikh Hasina]] and former adviser [[Fazlul Haque (judge)|Fazlul Haque]].

On 11 May 2017, the Office of Bangladesh Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]] announced that US secretary of state [[Hillary Clinton]] called her office in March 2011 to demand that [[Muhammad Yunus]], a 2006 [[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner, be restored to his role as chairman of microcredit bank, [[Grameen Bank]]. The bank's nonprofit Grameen America, which Yunus chairs, has given between $100,000 and $250,000 to the [[Clinton Global Initiative]]. Grameen Research, which is chaired by Yunus, has donated between $25,000 and $50,000, according to the Clinton Foundation website.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nation.foxnews.com/2017/05/16/circa-prime-minister-bangladesh-says-clinton-personally-pressured-her-help-donor|title=Circa: Prime Minister of Bangladesh Says Clinton Personally Pressured Her to Help Donor|date=2017-07-31|website=Fox Nation|language=en-US|access-date=2017-07-31|archive-date=31 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731235430/http://nation.foxnews.com/2017/05/16/circa-prime-minister-bangladesh-says-clinton-personally-pressured-her-help-donor|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://townhall.com/tipsheet/mattvespa/2017/05/16/oh-my-prime-minister-of-bangladesh-says-clinton-put-pressure-on-her-to-help--donor-n2325645|title=Oh My: Prime Minister Of Bangladesh Says Clinton Put Pressure On Her To Help Donor|last=Vespa|first=Matt|work=Townhall|access-date=2017-07-31|language=en|archive-date=31 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731233425/https://townhall.com/tipsheet/mattvespa/2017/05/16/oh-my-prime-minister-of-bangladesh-says-clinton-put-pressure-on-her-to-help--donor-n2325645|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Premiership of Sheikh Hasina (1996–2001, 2009–2024)====
[[Sheikh Hasina]] lost to [[Khaleda Zia]] in the 1991 parliamentary election after managing to win 88 seats and her party sat in opposition benches. She boycotted the 1996 February 15 elections giving Khaleda Zia a default victory.

The [[Awami League]] won 146 seats in the 1996 June 12 parliamentary elections. The support of the [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]] and a few independent candidates were enough chawal for the 150 or more seats needed for the required majority. Hasina took the oath as the prime minister of [[Bangladesh]]. She vowed to create a ''Government of National Unity''. Though some smaller parties and a few individuals from BNP did join the government, the distance between the main two political parties as well as their leaders remained as large as ever.

The Awami League was defeated in the 2001 Parliament election. It won only 62 seats in the Parliament, while the Four-Party Alliance led by the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] won more than 200 seats, giving them a two-thirds majority in the Parliament. Hasina herself was defeated from a constituency in [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]], which happened to contain her husband's hometown, but won from three other seats. Sheikh Hasina and the Awami League rejected the results, claiming that the election was rigged with the help of the [[President of Bangladesh|president]] and the [[Caretaker government of Bangladesh|caretaker government]]. However, the [[international community]] was largely satisfied with the elections and the [[20 Party Alliance|Four-Party Alliance]] went on to form the government.

In the December [[2008 Bangladeshi general election|2008 election]], the Sheikh Hasina–led Awami League got a landslide victory, winning 230 seats, which gave them the [[Supermajority|two-thirds majority]] in the parliament. She made an alliance with JP and left fronts and her [[Grand Alliance (Bangladesh)|grand alliance]] won 252 seats in the parliament. Sheikh Hasina took oath as prime minister on 6 January 2009. She was the prime minister of Bangladesh after winning a walkover 5 January 2014 election when Khaleda Zia's BNP boycotted the general election.

Sheikh Hasina secured a fourth term as prime minister after winning the [[2018 Bangladeshi general election|2018 general election]]. Hasina became the longest-serving prime minister of Bangladesh since independence.

After [[July Revolution (Bangladesh)|nationwide protests]] against the [[Fifth Hasina ministry|government]], on 5 August 2024, Sheikh Hasina was [[Non-cooperation movement (2024)|forced to resign and flee]] from Bangladesh to [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=Bangladesh PM Sheikh Hasina Ousted After 15 Years, What Happens If Military Rule Returns? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/world/asia/bangladesh-pm-sheikh-hasina-ousted-after-15-years-what-happens-if-military-rule-returns-article-112284595 |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=Bangladesh Protests LIVE: Army says interim govt will be formed as PM Hasina lands in India |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/bangladesh-protests-live-pm-sheikh-hasina-flees-dhaka-army-to-address-soon-as-clashes-intensify-13801048.html |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=Bangladesh prime minister is reportedly ousted by student-led protests |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/bangladesh-prime-minister-reportedly-ousted-student-led-protests-rcna165110 |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/ckdgg87lnkdt?post=asset%3Ae6e668c5-08e9-4000-b710-25d40a70f96a#post|title=Why would Hasina head for India?|date=5 August 2024|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

==== Premiership of Tarique Rahman (2026–present) ====
Following an 18-month transition under an interim government led by Nobel Laureate [[Muhammad Yunus]], Bangladesh held its [[13th General elections in Bangladesh|13th general election]] on 12 February 2026. The [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP)]], led by Chairman [[Tarique Rahman]], secured a landslide victory, winning 209 seats in the [[Jatiya Sangsad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=13th National Parliamentary Election, Bangladesh |url=https://election.dhakatribune.com/result-winner |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=election.dhakatribune.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarique Rahman-led BNP wins landslide majority in first election since Gen Z uprising |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cd03znje072t |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> On 17 February 2026, Tarique Rahman was sworn in as the 11th Prime Minister of Bangladesh by President [[Mohammed Shahabuddin]], marking the end of the interim administration and the country's first elected government since the 2024 uprising.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Al Jazeera |title=Tarique Rahman sworn in as new Bangladesh prime minister |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/17/incoming-bangladesh-pm-tarique-rahman-lawmakers-sworn-into-parliament |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

== Prime Ministerial residence and office ==

The principal official residence of the prime minister at [[State Guest House Jamuna]] is located in [[Dhaka]]. The Prime Minister’s Office is situated at [[Tejgaon Thana|Tejgaon]] in Dhaka, which serves as the principal workplace of the prime minister.

<gallery mode="packed" style="text-align: center;" caption="Prime ministerial amenities" heights="95px" perrow="3">
File:State Guest House, Dhaka.jpg|[[State Guest House Jamuna]], official residence of the prime minister, located in [[Dhaka]].
File:Bangladesh Life (31).jpg|[[Prime Minister's Office (Bangladesh)|Prime Minister's Office]], located at [[Tejgaon Thana|Tejgaon]], Dhaka.
File:Ssfpic1.jpg|[[Special Security Force]], provide physical security to the president and prime minister.
File:Biman Bangladesh Airlines, S2-AJS, Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner - EGLF (41646443610).jpg|[[Biman Bangladesh Airlines]] Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner, used for official overseas visits by the prime minister.
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Chief Adviser of Bangladesh]]
* [[Constitution of Bangladesh]]
* [[Deputy Prime Minister of Bangladesh]]
* [[Foreign Minister of Bangladesh]]
* [[List of prime ministers of Bangladesh]]
* [[Politics of Bangladesh]]
* [[President of Bangladesh]]
* [[Prime Minister of Bengal]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons}}
{{Ministries of Bangladesh}}
{{Bangladesh topics}}
{{Prime Minister}}
{{Heads of state and government of Asia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prime Minister Of Bangladesh}}
[[Category:Prime ministers of Bangladesh| ]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Heads of government of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Bangladesh]]

[[dv:ބަންގާޅުގެ ބޮޑުވަޒީރު]]
[[id:Daftar Perdana Menteri Bangladesh]]
[[zh:孟加拉国总理]]

Vidyut Jammwal

2026-03-10T12:01:04Z

ErmaT39411378: Revised content for better accuracy

{{short description|Indian actor, martial artist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vidyut Jammwal
| image = Vidhyut & Arhaan at the launch of 'Big RTL Thrill' channel.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Jammwal in 2013
| birth_name = Vidyut Dev Singh Jammwal
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1980|12|10}}
| birth_place = [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]], India
| yearsactive = 2011–present
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|film producer}}
| organization = Action Hero Films
| website =
| signature =
}}
'''Vidyut Dev Singh Jammwal''' (born 10 December 1980)<ref name="mmbd">{{cite web | title = Vidyut Jammwal's birthday wishes 'ad' up | last = Lohana | first = Avinash | work = Mumbai Mirror | date = 11 December 2015 | access-date = 2016-05-31 | url = https://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Vidyut-Jammwals-birthday-wishes-ad-up/articleshow/50129162.cms | archive-date = 6 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160806072054/https://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Vidyut-Jammwals-birthday-wishes-ad-up/articleshow/50129162.cms | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/us|title=Vidyut Jamwal ready to be typecast as an action hero|date=3 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=4 April 2013 |url-status=live| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130411041034/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-03/news-interviews/38247053_1_vidyut-jamwal-dilip-ghosh-miss-india-pooja-chopra | archive-date = 2013-04-11}}</ref> is an Indian actor and martial artist<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-30 |title=Vidyut Jamwal named one of the top 6 martial artistes in the world |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/vidyut-jamwal-named-one-of-the-6-top-martial-artistes-in-the-world/story-wg6Kmb1oTL0iHnyCRby3bM.html |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426120417/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/vidyut-jamwal-named-one-of-the-6-top-martial-artistes-in-the-world/story-wg6Kmb1oTL0iHnyCRby3bM.html |url-status=live }}</ref> who predominantly works in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. He is also a practitioner of [[Kalaripayattu]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/trailer-talk/junglee-trailer-talk-vidyut-jamwal-and-kalaripayattu-saves-the-elephants |title=Junglee Trailer Talk: Vidyut Jammwal and Kalaripayattu Save the Elephants |date=March 2019 |access-date=25 April 2024 |archive-date=9 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609131044/https://www.filmcompanion.in/amp/story/news/kartik-aaryan-about-chandu-champions-producer-sajid-nadiadwala-hes-been-backing-this-film-like-his-own-child |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vidyut-made-a-new-friend-while-shooting-for-junglee-4389711.html|title=Vidyut made a new friend while shooting for Junglee. The movie was shot at Chandaka forest in Odisha. Chandaka forest in Odisha also known for elephant reserve.|work=Firstpost|date=14 March 2018|access-date=6 April 2018|archive-date=6 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406225815/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vidyut-made-a-new-friend-while-shooting-for-junglee-4389711.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He is a recipient of several accolades, including a [[Stardust Award]], [[FICCI Frames|FICCI Frames Award]], [[Filmfare Award]], and [[IIFA Award]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-15/news-interviews/37743173_1_commando-kalaripayattu-dilip-ghosh|title=Commando: I want to be unique, says Vidyut Jamwal|access-date=4 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411033958/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-15/news-interviews/37743173_1_commando-kalaripayattu-dilip-ghosh|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref>

He ranked in ''[[The Times of India]]'''s list of India's Top 10 Most Desirable Men in 2012 and 2013. ''[[Men's Health]]'' named him among its Best Bodies list in 2011 and among the Top 5 Fittest Men in 2012. In 2012, ''[[People Magazine]] India'' included him in its list of The Sexiest Men Alive.

He made his acting debut in the Telugu film ''[[Sakthi (2011 film)|Sakthi]]'' (2011), and his first Hindi film appearance was in ''[[Force (2011 film)|Force]]'' (2011). Starting out with negative roles, he had his first lead role in the martial arts film ''[[Commando: A One Man Army|Commando]]'' (2013). He went on to appear in several commercially successful Tamil films such as ''[[Billa II]]'' (2012), ''[[Thuppakki]]'' (2012), and ''[[Anjaan (2014 film)|Anjaan]]'' (2014). His later Hindi films include ''[[Baadshaho]]'' (2017), ''[[Commando 2: The Black Money Trail|Commando 2]]'' (2017), ''[[Commando 3 (film)|Commando 3]]'' (2019), ''[[Yaara]]'' (2020), and ''[[Sanak]]'' (2021). He is also set to make his Hollywood debut in the film ''[[Street Fighter (2026 film)|Street Fighter]]'' (2026), where he will portray [[Dhalsim]].

==Early life==
Vidyut Dev Singh Jammwal was born on 10 December 1980 in a [[Rajput]]<ref>{{cite web | title=विद्युत जामवाल बर्थडे: बॉलीवुड एक्टर के बारे में ये बातें बिल्कुल नहीं जानते होंगे आप | url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/news-from-bollywood/vidyut-jamwal-birthday-lesser-known-facts-of-actor-age-family-wife-films-and-other-things/articleshow/108425980.cms }}</ref> family of [[Jammu]], India.<ref name="gulf">{{cite news | title = Vidyut Jamwal: I was born to do action | last = Radhakrishnan | first = Manjusha | work = [[Gulf News]] | date = 11 April 2013 | access-date = 30 July 2020 | url = https://gulfnews.com/general/vidyut-jamwal-i-was-born-to-do-action-1.1168717 | archive-date = 11 October 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201011223706/https://gulfnews.com/general/vidyut-jamwal-i-was-born-to-do-action-1.1168717 | url-status = live}}</ref> He is one of three children born to an [[Indian Army]] officer and lived in various parts of India (owing to his father's transferable job) and trained in [[Kalaripayattu]] in an [[ashram]] in [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]] which was run by his mother,<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Kalaripayattu-connected-me-to-my-soul-Vidyut-Jammwal/articleshow/40008900.cms |title=Kalaripayattu connected me to my soul: Vidyut Jammwal |work=The Times of India |date=11 August 2014 |access-date=22 June 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203032736/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Kalaripayattu-connected-me-to-my-soul-Vidyut-Jammwal/articleshow/40008900.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> since he was three years old. He traveled to many countries training with martial artists in various forms, some of which find their base in Kalaripayattu.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/> Jammwal travelled to over 25 countries, where he performed in live action shows.<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite web |author=Dipannita Ghosh Biswas |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-post-debut-actor-vidyut-jammwal-on-a-high-1609295 |title=Post debut, actor Vidyut Jammwal on a high |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=8 November 2011 |access-date=22 June 2015 |archive-date=10 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810224605/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-post-debut-actor-vidyut-jammwal-on-a-high-1609295 |url-status=live }}</ref> Growing up, Jammwal was inspired by [[Jackie Chan]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/exclusive-vidyut-jammwal-used-to-watch-jackie-chan-movies-and-try-to-copy-him-23198078 |title=Exclusive! Vidyut Jammwal: Used to watch Jackie Chan movies and try to copy him |date=25 October 2021 |access-date=25 April 2024 |archive-date=25 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425134612/https://www.mid-day.com/amp/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/exclusive-vidyut-jammwal-used-to-watch-jackie-chan-movies-and-try-to-copy-him-23198078 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
===Early career and recognition (2011 – 2012)===
Jammwal made his lead Bollywood debut with the [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] starrer action film ''[[Force (2011 film)|Force]]'' (2011), a remake of the Tamil-language film ''[[Kaakha Kaakha]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/this-guy-will-fight-john-in-force.html|title=This guy will fight John in Force|author=Kunal Guha|website=[[Yahoo!]]|date=7 September 2011|access-date=14 January 2012|archive-date=10 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210204224/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/this-guy-will-fight-john-in-force.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He played a negative role in the film and won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut]]. In the same year, Jammwal featured in negative roles in the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language films ''[[Shakti (2011 film)|Shakti]]'' and ''[[Oosaravelli]]'', both starring [[Jr. NTR|NTR]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article391269.ece | title=Vidyut Jamwal, actor | work=[[The New Indian Express]] | date=30 April 2012 | access-date=20 July 2013 | archive-date=23 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023133343/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article391269.ece | url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2012, Jammwal made his debut in [[Tamil cinema]] with ''[[Billa II]]'', as the antagonist opposite [[Ajith Kumar]] which earned him critical appreciation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-previews/preview-1/jul-12-02/billa-ii-movie-preview.html |title=Billa Ii Preview – Billa Ii Movie Preview |website=Behindwoods.com |access-date=14 March 2013 |archive-date=22 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222221948/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-previews/preview-1/jul-12-02/billa-ii-movie-preview.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He also played the antagonist in ''[[Thuppakki]]'' opposite actor [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], which became a blockbuster.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ajith's warm, Vijay's cool: Vidyut Jamwal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Ajiths-warm-Vijays-cool-Vidyut-Jamwal/articleshow/11724653.cms|access-date=2 February 2012|date=2 February 2012|archive-date=14 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714233431/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-02/news-interviews/31016776_1_ajith-billa-vidyut-jamwal|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> For his performance in the film, he received a [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role – Tamil|SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role]].

===Martial arts films (2013–present)===
Jammwal later acted in Hindi-language film ''[[Commando: A One Man Army|Commando]]'' as a protagonist and performing real-world combat-based action without the aid of stuntmen. The film was showcased internationally for the first time in July 2013 at the [[Fantasia Film Festival|Fantasia Film Fest]] in Montreal,<ref>{{cite web |author=Ranjit Rodricks |url=http://www.missmalini.com/2013/07/18/vidyut-jammwals-commando-selected-for-fantasia-international-film-festival-in-canada/ |title=Vidyut Jammwal's Commando Selected for Fantasia International Film Festival in Canada |publisher=MissMalini |date=18 July 2013 |access-date=22 June 2015 |archive-date=22 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622213558/http://www.missmalini.com/2013/07/18/vidyut-jammwals-commando-selected-for-fantasia-international-film-festival-in-canada/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://fantasiafestival.com/2013/en/films-schedule/211/commando-a-one-man-army |title=Commando: A One Man Army – Sympatico & Ubisoft Present Fantasia 2013 |website=Fantasiafestival.com |date=7 August 2013 |access-date=22 June 2015 |archive-date=22 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622204341/http://fantasiafestival.com/2013/en/films-schedule/211/commando-a-one-man-army |url-status=live }}</ref> followed by a screening at the [[Fantastic Fest]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fantasticfest.com/films/commando-a-one-man-army |title=Commando – A One Man Army |publisher=Fantastic Fest |access-date=22 June 2015 |archive-date=22 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622195957/http://fantasticfest.com/films/commando-a-one-man-army |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Vidyuts-action-goes-international/articleshow/20476391.cms |title=Vidyut's action goes international |work=The Times of India |date=7 June 2013 |access-date=22 June 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203032736/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Vidyuts-action-goes-international/articleshow/20476391.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Ranjit Rodricks |url=http://www.missmalini.com/2013/06/03/international-fantastic-fest-gets-some-action-from-bollywood-hottie-vidyut-jammwal/ |title=Vidyut Jammwal Goes to the Fantastic Fest |publisher=MissMalini |date=3 June 2013 |access-date=22 June 2015 |archive-date=22 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622211140/http://www.missmalini.com/2013/06/03/international-fantastic-fest-gets-some-action-from-bollywood-hottie-vidyut-jammwal/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in Texas in September 2013. He received positive feedback from international media<ref name="blogs.montrealgazette.com">{{cite web |url=http://blogs.montrealgazette.com/2013/07/28/fantasia-film-festival-audience-member-says-thats-the-sexiest-man-ive-seen-in-my-life/ |title=Fantasia Film Festival: "That's the sexiest man I've seen in my life!" happy and astonished audience member says, in awe of actor Vidyut Jamwal &#124; Montreal Gazette |work=The Gazette |location=Montreal |date=28 July 2013 |access-date=22 June 2015 |archive-date=20 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620174912/http://blogs.montrealgazette.com/2013/07/28/fantasia-film-festival-audience-member-says-thats-the-sexiest-man-ive-seen-in-my-life/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and action directors, calling him India's answer to Bruce Lee and Tony Jaa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Vidyut-Jammwal-draws-comparisons-to-Jackie-Chan-Tony-Jaa/articleshow/19428215.cms |title=Vidyut Jammwal draws comparisons to Jackie Chan, Tony Jaa |work=The Times of India |date=8 April 2013 |access-date=22 June 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203032736/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Vidyut-Jammwal-draws-comparisons-to-Jackie-Chan-Tony-Jaa/articleshow/19428215.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> After the success of ''Commando'', he played a sharpshooter cop in [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]]'s ''[[Bullett Raja]]''. In 2014, he played a supporting role in the Tamil-language film ''[[Anjaan (2014 film)|Anjaan]]'', alongside [[Suriya]]. In 2017, he starred in ''[[Commando 2: The Black Money Trail|Commando 2]]'', the sequel to ''Commando'', which became a box office success. ''[[Baadshaho]] was'' his next release that year in which he played Major Seher Singh, the movie did average business worldwide.

[[File:Vidyut Jamwal walks for Manish Malhotra & Shaina NC's show for CPAA 22.jpg|thumb|200px|Jammwal ramp walking for a fashion show in 2012]]
In 2019, Jammwal starred in American director [[Chuck Russell]]'s first Bollywood film ''[[Junglee (2019 film)|Junglee]]'' and ''[[Commando 3 (film)|Commando 3]]''. The latter saw him returning to the ''Commando series'' and became the most successful film in the franchise.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/commando-3-box-office-collection-day-5-vidyut-jammwal-movie-earns-rs-27-crore-top-grosser-among-other-franchise-films/story/391537.html|title=Commando 3 box office collection Day 6: Vidyut Jammwal's movie earns Rs 27 crore; top grosser among other franchise films|website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|date=5 December 2019 |access-date=16 December 2019|archive-date=5 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205215114/https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/commando-3-box-office-collection-day-5-vidyut-jammwal-movie-earns-rs-27-crore-top-grosser-among-other-franchise-films/story/391537.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His next project was Tigmanshu Dhulia's ''[[Yaara]]'', an official remake of the French film ''[[Les Lyonnais]].''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2506460/Tigmanshu-Dhulias-Yaara-is-a-remake-of-French-film |title=Tigmanshu Dhulia's Yaara is a remake of French film &#124; Hindi Movies News |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=21 May 2014 |access-date=22 June 2015 |archive-date=22 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622203714/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2506460/Tigmanshu-Dhulias-Yaara-is-a-remake-of-French-film |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.santabanta.com/bollywood/84782/soon-vidyut-going-retro-for-tigmanshus-next/ |title=Soon, Vidyut going retro for Tigmanshu's next |website=Santabanta.com |date=21 May 2014 |access-date=22 June 2015 |archive-date=22 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622201336/http://www.santabanta.com/bollywood/84782/soon-vidyut-going-retro-for-tigmanshus-next/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Yaara'' was one of three films Vidyut signed for – the other two being large format films by director [[Ram Madhvani]], creating an aura similar to the Hollywood flick ''300''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Vidyut-Jamwal-to-star-in-desi-300/articleshow/26074894.cms |title=Vidyut Jamwal to star in desi '300'? |work=The Times of India |date=20 November 2013 |access-date=22 June 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203032736/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Vidyut-Jamwal-to-star-in-desi-300/articleshow/26074894.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, he appeared in an action thriller ''[[Khuda Haafiz]]'', which was inspired from real life events. The movie became his biggest opener ever<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/khuda-haafiz-becomes-vidyut-jammwals-biggest-opener-ever-2303518.html |title=Khuda Haafiz becomes Vidyut Jammwal's biggest opener ever |publisher=Zee News |date=18 August 2020 |access-date=11 September 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819073200/https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/khuda-haafiz-becomes-vidyut-jammwals-biggest-opener-ever-2303518.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and its sequel ''Khuda Haafiz Chapter II'' was announced with same leads.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/vidyut-jammwal-s-actioner-khuda-haafiz-gets-a-sequel-filming-begins-in-2021/story-QmYLmkDafVHxx6PQyXXDvJ.html |title=Vidyut Jammwal's action film Khuda Haafiz gets a sequel, filming begins in 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |date=3 September 2020 |access-date=11 September 2020 |archive-date=4 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904064320/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/vidyut-jammwal-s-actioner-khuda-haafiz-gets-a-sequel-filming-begins-in-2021/story-QmYLmkDafVHxx6PQyXXDvJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Hosted the show ''[[India's Ultimate Warrior|India’s Ultimate Warrior]]'' on Discovery, a series featuring Vidyut Jammwal. He also played the lead role in the movie ''[[Sanak]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-22 |title=Vidyut Jammwal action film Sanak to release on Disney+ Hotstar Multiplex |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vidyut-jammwal-action-film-sanak-to-release-on-disney-hotstar-multiplex-9985921.html |access-date=2021-10-13 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005202942/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vidyut-jammwal-action-film-sanak-to-release-on-disney-hotstar-multiplex-9985921.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2024, Jammwal starred in the sports action film ''[[Crakk]]'' which he also produced; it emerged a major failure.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-30 |title=Vidyut Jammwal talks about Crakk failure and debt, reveals he worked in a circus |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/vidyut-jammwal-talks-about-crakk-failure-and-debt-reveals-he-worked-in-a-circus-736480 |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=WION |language=en-us}}</ref> Next up for Jammwal, he will be appearing in the upcoming ''[[Street Fighter]]'' movie as [[Dhalsim]]. It will mark his debut in Hollywood.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2025/07/street-fighter-movie-casts-vidyut-jammwal-dhalsim-1236457106/|title=Legendary's 'Street Fighter' Movie Casts Vidyut Jammwal As Dhalsim|author=Matt Grobar|work=Deadline|date=July 14, 2025|access-date=July 15, 2025}}</ref>

==In the media==
Jammwal has been part of a number of popular magazine lists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.videosamachar.com/play/vidyut-jamwal-times-most-desirable-men-zoomdekho |title=Vidyut Jamwal Times Most Desirable Men Zoomdekho » &#124; India Video News |website=VideoSamachar.com |date=22 May 2014 |access-date=22 June 2015 |archive-date=22 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622205534/http://www.videosamachar.com/play/vidyut-jamwal-times-most-desirable-men-zoomdekho |url-status=live }}</ref> He ranked in ''[[The Times of India]]'''s listing of India's Top 10 Most Desirable Men in 2012 and 2013.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Times-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2011-Vidyut-Jamwal--No-39/videoshow/11759871.cms |title=Times Most Desirable Men of 2011: Vidyut Jamwal – No. 39 – Video |work=The Times of India |date=5 February 2012 |access-date=22 June 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203032736/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Times-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2011-Vidyut-Jamwal--No-39/videoshow/11759871.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ww.itimes.com">{{cite web |url=http://ww.itimes.com/times-polls/times-most-desirable-men-2013 |title=Times Most Desirable Men 2013 &#124; Times Polls |website=itimes.com |date=1 October 2012 |access-date=22 June 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203032736/http://ww.itimes.com/times-polls/times-most-desirable-men-2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[Men's Health]]'' declared him as List of Best Bodies and Top 5 Fittest Men in 2011 and 2012 respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/force-actor-vidyut-jamwal-ranked-among-top-five-fittest-men-of-2012/309614-8-66.html |title=Vidyut Jamwal ranked among top five fittest men – IBNLive |website=Ibnlive.in.com |date=9 December 2012 |access-date=22 June 2015 |archive-date=29 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529200833/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/force-actor-vidyut-jamwal-ranked-among-top-five-fittest-men-of-2012/309614-8-66.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2012, ''[[People Magazine]] India '' listed him in as one of The Sexiest Men Alive.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/vidyut-jamwal-among-top-five-fittest-men-112120900267_1.html |title=Vidyut Jamwal among top five fittest men &#124; Business Standard News |work=Business Standard |date=9 December 2012 |access-date=22 June 2015 |archive-date=22 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622203612/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/vidyut-jamwal-among-top-five-fittest-men-112120900267_1.html |url-status=live |agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=New Delhi |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/297428/vidyut-jamwal-among |title=Vidyut Jamwal among top five fittest men |work=Deccan Herald |date=9 December 2012 |access-date=22 June 2015 |archive-date=22 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622203028/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/297428/vidyut-jamwal-among |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, he was honoured as [[PETA]]'s Hottest Vegetarian along with [[Kangana Ranaut]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidyut Jammwal And Kangana Ranaut Crowned PETA India'S Hottest Vegetarians - Media Centre |url=https://www.peta.org.uk/media/news-releases/vidyut-jammwal-and-kangana-ranaut-crowned-peta-indias-hottest-vegetarians/#:~:text=Vidyut%20Jammwal%20And%20Kangana%20Ranaut%20Crowned%20PETA%20India'S%20Hottest%20Vegetarians,-Help%20Save%20Animals&text=London%20%E2%80%93%20The%20competition%20to%20be,Celebrity%20of%202013%20was%20fierce. |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=PETA UK |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Jammwal is a [[vegan]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Vidyut Jammwal reveals he is vegan, says meat-free diet helps him stay fit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/fitness/vidyut-jammwal-reveals-he-is-vegan-here-s-how-a-meat-free-diet-helps-him-stay-fit/story-PfT2sNf4k8C66sJ7hMSr3H.html |access-date=19 May 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 September 2018 |language=en |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519202838/https://www.hindustantimes.com/fitness/vidyut-jammwal-reveals-he-is-vegan-here-s-how-a-meat-free-diet-helps-him-stay-fit/story-PfT2sNf4k8C66sJ7hMSr3H.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kangana Ranaut and Vidyut Jamwal are India's Hottest Vegetarians|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/01/kangana-ranaut-and-vidyut-jamwal-are-indias-hottest-vegetarians/|work=Biharprabha News|access-date=4 January 2014|archive-date=6 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106160204/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/01/kangana-ranaut-and-vidyut-jamwal-are-indias-hottest-vegetarians/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/vidyut-jamwal-ranked-among-top-five-fittest-men-525785/ |title=Latest News: Latest Headlines Today, Latest Current Affairs News |access-date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=8 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808154257/https://www.news18.com/news/india/vidyut-jamwal-ranked-among-top-five-fittest-men-525785/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> and a rock climber.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/vidyut-jammwal-goes-rock-climbing-at-piedra-parada-argentina/226670 |title=Vidyut Jammwal goes rock climbing at Piedra Parada, Argentina – Entertainment |website=Mid-day.com |date=13 August 2013 |access-date=22 June 2015 |archive-date=9 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109042132/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/vidyut-jammwal-goes-rock-climbing-at-piedra-parada-argentina/226670 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glamsham.com/picture-gallery/vidyut-jammwal-takes-on-rock-climbing-in-argentina-gallery/11807/0/event/.htm |title=Vidyut Jammwal takes on rock climbing in Argentina gallery Page # 1 |website=glamsham.com |date=18 May 2015 |access-date=22 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051323/http://www.glamsham.com/picture-gallery/vidyut-jammwal-takes-on-rock-climbing-in-argentina-gallery/11807/0/event/.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 1 September 2021, Vidyut Jamwal announced his engagement with Indian fashion designer [[Nandita Mahtani]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-13|title=Vidyut Jammwal, Nandita Mahtani officially confirm engagement: 'Did it the Commando way'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vidyut-jammwal-nandita-mahtani-officially-confirm-engagement-did-it-the-commando-way-101631512288750.html|access-date=2021-09-13|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=26 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726111655/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vidyut-jammwal-nandita-mahtani-officially-confirm-engagement-did-it-the-commando-way-101631512288750.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, Jammwal and Mahtani broke their engagement.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vidyut Jammwal, Nandita Mahtani go their separate ways |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vidyut-jammwal-nandita-mahtani-go-their-separate-ways/articleshow/98688589.cms |access-date=19 May 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=16 March 2023 |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519202412/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vidyut-jammwal-nandita-mahtani-go-their-separate-ways/articleshow/98688589.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Film ===
* ''All films are in [[Hindi-language|Hindi]] unless otherwise noted.''
{| class= "sortable wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2011
| ''[[Sakthi (2011 film)|Sakthi]]''
| Wasim Ali
| [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film
|
|-
| ''[[Stanley Ka Dabba]]''
| Zoyaab
|
|
|-
| ''[[Force (2011 film)|Force]]''
| Vishnu Reddy
|
|
|-
| ''[[Oosaravelli]]''
| Irfan Bhai
|Telugu film
|
|-
| rowspan ="2" |2012
| ''[[Billa II]]''
| Dimitri
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films
|
|-
| ''[[Thuppakki]]''
| Sleeper cell's leader
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2013
| ''[[Bullett Raja]]''
| ACP Arun Singh/Munna ||
|
|-
| ''[[Commando: A One Man Army|Commando]]''
| Captain Karanvir Singh Dogra
||
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Anjaan (2014 film)|Anjaan]]''
| Chandru
|Tamil film
|
|-
| rowspan = "2"| 2017
| ''[[Baadshaho]]''
| Major Seher Singh
|
|
|-
| ''[[Commando 2: The Black Money Trail|Commando 2]]''
| Captain Karanvir Singh Dogra
|
|
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2019
| ''[[Junglee (2019 film)|Junglee]]''
| Rajveer "Raj" Chandrashekhar
|
|
|-
| ''[[Commando 3 (film)|Commando 3]]''
| Captain Karanvir Singh Dogra
|
|
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2020
| ''[[Yaara]]''
| Paramveer/Phagun
|
|
|-
| ''[[Khuda Haafiz]]''
| Sameer Chaudhary
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021
| ''[[The Power (2021 Indian film)|The Power]]''
| Devidas Thakur
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sanak]]''
| Vivaan Ahuja
|
|
|-
|2022
| ''[[Khuda Haafiz: Chapter 2 – Agni Pariksha]]''
|Sameer Chaudhary
|
|
|-
|2023
| ''[[IB71]]''
|Dev Jammwal
| rowspan="2" |Also producer
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-12 |title=IB 71 movie review: Vidyut Jammwal steps out of his comfort zone only to leave us confused |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ib-71-movie-review-vidyut-jammwal-steps-out-of-his-comfort-zone-only-to-leave-us-confused-101683867428532.html |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208152618/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ib-71-movie-review-vidyut-jammwal-steps-out-of-his-comfort-zone-only-to-leave-us-confused-101683867428532.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Crakk]]''
|Siddharth Dikshit
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 2022 |title=Vidyut Jammwal, Jacqueline Fernandez and Arjun Rampal come together for India's first-ever extreme sports action film Crakk |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vidyut-jammwal-jacqueline-fernandez-arjun-rampal-come-together-indias-first-ever-extreme-sports-action-film-crakk/ |access-date=20 October 2022 |archive-date=16 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116184010/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vidyut-jammwal-jacqueline-fernandez-arjun-rampal-come-together-indias-first-ever-extreme-sports-action-film-crakk/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2025
|''[[Madharaasi]]''
| Virat
| Tamil film
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 November 2023 |title=Vidyut Jamwal cast in Sivakarthikeyan's film with AR Murugadoss |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mohanlal-and-vidyut-jamwal-in-sivakarthikeyans-film-with-ar-murugadoss/articleshow/105260499.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119113200/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mohanlal-and-vidyut-jamwal-in-sivakarthikeyans-film-with-ar-murugadoss/articleshow/105260499.cms |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=19 November 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2026
| {{Pending film|[[Street Fighter (2026 film)|Street Fighter]]}}
| [[Dhalsim]]
| [[Cinema of the United States|American]] film
| <ref>{{cite web |last=Couch |first=Aaron |date=September 4, 2025 |title='Street Fighter' Moves to Paramount as Legendary Deal Becomes Official |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/street-fighter-movie-plot-cast-1236361494/ |access-date=September 4, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
!Ref.
|-
| 2013
| ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''
| Commando
| Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Amrita Prakash in CID|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/amrita-prakash-in-cid/articleshow/19514013.cms|access-date=2021-10-13|website=The Times of India|date=12 April 2013|language=en|archive-date=11 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911040502/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Amrita-Prakash-in-CID/articleshow/19514013.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Ultimate Beastmaster]]''
| Host/presenter
| rowspan="2"|Hindi / English
|<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Stanhope|first1=Kate|date=2017-11-08|title=Netflix Competition Series 'Ultimate Beastmaster' Renewed for Season 2|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/ultimate-beastmaster-renewed-season-2-1056097/|access-date=2021-10-13|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en-US|archive-date=9 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609131100/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/ultimate-beastmaster-renewed-season-2-1056097/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[India's Ultimate Warrior]]''
| Dojo Master
| <ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Grace Cyril |date=1 March 2022 |title=Vidyut Jammwal debuts as host with India's Ultimate Warrior, to be seen as a Dojo master |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/vidyut-jammwal-debuts-as-host-with-india-s-ultimate-warrior-to-be-seen-as-a-dojo-master-1919157-2022-03-01 |access-date=2022-03-03 |magazine=India Today |language=en |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419062627/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/vidyut-jammwal-debuts-as-host-with-india-s-ultimate-warrior-to-be-seen-as-a-dojo-master-1919157-2022-03-01 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

===Music video===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Singer(s)
!Label
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || {{no wrap|"[[Tumhe Dillagi]]"}}|| [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]]
| rowspan="2" |[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-09|title=Rahat Fateh Ali Khan weaves magic with 'Tumhe Dillagi' featuring Huma Qureshi and Vidyut Jamwal|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rahat-fateh-ali-khan-weaves-magic-with-tumhe-dillagi-featuring-huma-qureshi-and-vidyut-jamwal-1253848.html|access-date=2021-10-13|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=10 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210132950/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rahat-fateh-ali-khan-weaves-magic-with-tumhe-dillagi-featuring-huma-qureshi-and-vidyut-jamwal-1253848.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|"Gal Ban Gayi"
|[[Neha Kakkar]], [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], [[Meet Bros]], [[Sukhbir (musician)|Sukhbir]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-08|title=Vidyut Jamwal is the next-gen action hero: Urvashi Rautela|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/vidyut-jamwal-is-the-next-gen-action-hero-urvashi-rautela/story-rExwP262gAaU3v5G6mibjJ.html|access-date=2021-10-13|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=10 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210132958/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/vidyut-jamwal-is-the-next-gen-action-hero-urvashi-rautela/story-rExwP262gAaU3v5G6mibjJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! {{Abbr|Ref|Reference(s)}}.
|-
| rowspan="4" |2012
|[[Stardust Awards]]
| Breakthrough Performance (Male)
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" |''[[Force (2011 film)|Force]]''
|{{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxWVH8XNHkY |title=MAX Stardust Awards – Break Through Supporting Performance Award Male – Vidyut Jamwal |via=YouTube |date=25 February 2012 |access-date=22 June 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203032736/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxWVH8XNHkY |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[FICCI Frames|FICCI Frames Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |Best Debut (Male)
|{{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2012/03/sony-sweeps-ficci-frames-2012-awards-star-plus-remains-best-channel/ |title=Sony sweeps Ficci Frames 2012 awards; Star Plus remains best channel &#124; Best Media Info, News and Analysis on Indian Advertising, Marketing and Media Industry |website=Bestmediainfo.com |date=19 March 2012 |access-date=22 June 2015 |archive-date=7 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707031544/http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2012/03/sony-sweeps-ficci-frames-2012-awards-star-plus-remains-best-channel/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award]]s
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]]
|Star Debut of the Year – Male
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2013
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role – Tamil|SIIMA Awards]]
|Best Actor in a Negative Role
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2|''[[Thuppakki]]''
|{{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Filmfare-Awards-2011-Winners/articleshow/11676105.cms |title=Filmfare Awards 2011 Winners – The Times of India |language=ru |work=The Times of India |date=31 January 2012 |access-date=22 June 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203032736/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Filmfare-Awards-2011-Winners/articleshow/11676105.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil|Best Supporting Actor - Tamil]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>[http://ibnlive.in.com/news/filmfare-awards-south-dhanush-eega-win-big-awards/408186-71-177.html Filmfare awards list of winners] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510051756/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/filmfare-awards-south-dhanush-eega-win-big-awards/408186-71-177.html |date=2015-05-10 }}</ref>
|-
|2014
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|Umeed Ka Naya Chehra - Male
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Commando: A One Man Army|Commando]]''
|{{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zeecineawards.com/2014/videos/vidyut-jamwal-is-umeed-ka-naya-chehra.html |title=Vidyut Jamwal on Red Carpet |work=Zee Cine Awards |access-date=16 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034144/http://www.zeecineawards.com/2014/videos/vidyut-jamwal-is-umeed-ka-naya-chehra.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Bollywood actors]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{IMDb name|4651098}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|vidyut-jammwal}}

{{FilmfareAwardBestMaleDebut}}
{{IIFA AwardBestMaleDebut}}
{{Veganism}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jammwal, Vidyut}}
[[Category:Dogra]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Dogra people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male martial artists]]
[[Category:Indian stunt performers]]
[[Category:Kalarippayattu practitioners]]
[[Category:Male actors from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:People from Jammu (city)]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]

Maanikya

2026-03-09T08:39:46Z

ErmaT39411378:

{{short description|2014 Kannada action drama film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maanikya
| image = Maanikya poster1.jpg
| caption = Music DVD cover
| director = [[Sudeepa]]
| producer = N. M. Kumar Priya Sudeep
| writer = [[Ravi Srivatsa]] (dialogues)
| story = [[Koratala Siva]]
| screenplay = Sudeep
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]]'' (Telugu) by Koratala Siva}}
| starring = [[Sudeepa]] [[Ranya Rao|Ranya]] [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]]
| music = [[Arjun Janya]]
| cinematography = Shekhar Chandra
| editing = N. M. Vishwa
| studio = MNK Movies Kiccha Creations Kolla Entertainments
| distributor = M. N. Kumar
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|05|01}}
| runtime = 165 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = ₹18 crore <ref name=":31">{{cite web | url=https://news.abplive.com/web-stories/south-cinema/kannada-star-sudeep-highest-grossing-films-vikrant-rona-eega-pailwaan-1737613 | title=Eega to Vikrant Rona: 9 Top Grossing Films of Kannada Star Sudeep }}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}35.7 crore <ref name=":31"/>
}}

'''''Maanikya''''' ({{translation}} ''The Ruby'') is a 2014 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[Sudeepa]]. The film stars Sudeep and [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]], alongside [[Ranya Rao|Ranya]], [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] and [[P. Ravi Shankar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Presenting-the-Mirchi-girls/articleshow/22188063.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904162958/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-01/news-interviews/41661823_1_kannada-film-industry-sudeep-sandalwood-debut |url-status=live |archive-date=4 September 2013 |title=Presenting the Mirchi girls |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 September 2013 |access-date=1 September 2013}}</ref> The music was composed by [[Arjun Janya]], while cinematography and editing were handled by Shekhar Chandra and N. M. Vishwa. It is a remake of 2013 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]]''.

''Maanikya'' was released on 1 May 2014 to positive reviews from critics and was successful at the box office.<ref name="Maanikya budget">{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/5183-maanikya-250-days-planned-for-august-8.html|title=Maanikya 100 days Planned for August 8|publisher=www.chitraloka.com|date=10 July 2014}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-05-06/Sudeeps-Maanikya-strikes-gold-at-box-office/94215 | title=Sudeep's Maanikya strikes gold at box office | date=6 May 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://ianslive.in/index.php?param=news/Maanikya_mints_Rs14_crore_on_its_opening_weekend-421829/ENTERTAINMENT/15 | title="Maanikya" mints Rs.14 crore on its opening weekend | publisher=IANS Live | date=6 May 2014 }}</ref> The film retained its title for the Hindi dub.

==Plot==
The movie begins with a girl collecting funds for an organisation in Singapore. A goon gives her money and then chases her at night when she goes home. Then Vijay, enters and resolves the conflict without fighting. The girl introduces herself as Manasa. They slowly become friends. But one day she asks Vijay to leave her and go as she fears that if their relationship develops any further, separation would be painful. He then goes back to India and influences Manasa's brother to a large extent. In his conservative and ancestral village, Vijay changes everyone's viewpoint and makes them more lovable.

Eventually Manasa expresses her love for him, but Vijay hesitates. It is then revealed that he was born to their rival's family. His father wanted to change the people of his village. But his mother Lavanya didn't want to stay there, so she left him. When Vijay goes there, he falls in love with Sindhu.

He starts taking revenge on the Manasa's family without revealing his identity. Then they decide to marry Vijay with Sindhu because they both are in love with each other. During the marriage the Inspector tells his father that the enmity is rekindling because his son is taking revenge on the rivals. Soon afterwards, the rivals come and start killing everyone. After the fight it is known that Vijay's mother dies. His father banishes him and blames her death on him. The story is now back to the present. Manasa's uncle, Beera challenges Vijay that if he can defeat his men then he too would follow non violence. After successfully defeating them, her uncle asks Vijay that if he could defeat the rival's son (not knowing that it was Vijay himself) he would marry Manasa to Vijay.

Vijay gets angry at his stubbornness and reveals his true identity. He starts fighting with Manasa's brother. Then all her family members come and convert him too. This was watched by his father who had just arrived there. His father welcomes him back to the family. The film ends with him reuniting with Sindhu.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Sudeepa]] as Vijay aka manikya
* [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]] as Adishesha, Vijay's father
* [[Ranya Rao|Ranya]] as Manasa
* [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar|Varalaxmi Sharathkumar]] as Sindhu, Vijay's paternal cousin
* [[Ramya Krishna]] as Lavanya, Adisesha's wife and Vijay's mother (Extended Cameo Appearance)
* [[P. Ravi Shankar]] as Beera, Adisesha's rival and Manasa's paternal uncle
* [[Shobaraj]] as Bhadra, Adisesha's younger brother
* Dharma as Shiva, Manasa's brother
* [[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]] as Ugrappa, Beera's elder brother
* [[Padma Vasanthi]] as Lakshmi
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Adisesha's brother-in-law
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Adisesha's father and Vijay's grandfather
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Veera Pratapa Simha
* [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] as College Security guard
* Rekha Krishnappa as Manasa's mother
* [[Chitra Shenoy]] as Rathna
* [[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]] as Bheema, Beera's second brother
* [[Tennis Krishna]] as Nagappa
* [[Veena Sundar]] as Fathima
* Komal Gandhi as Vijay's friend
* [[Rahul Salanke]] as Yogi
* [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]] as cameo appearance in song "Mani Mani Maanikya"
* [[Arjun Janya]] as cameo appearance in song "Mani Mani Maanikya"
* [[Yogaraj Bhat]] as cameo appearance in song "Mani Mani Maanikya"
* [[Dwarakish]] as cameo appearance in song "Mani Mani Maanikya"
* [[V. Harikrishna]] as cameo appearance in song "Mani Mani Maanikya"
* [[Chi Guru Dutt]] as cameo appearance in song "Mani Mani Maanikya"
* [[Kiran Rathod]] in item number "Pantara Panta"
* Shweta Pandit in item number "Pantara Panta"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=QKYS2WDKb0Y | title=Maanikya || Pantara Panta || HD Video Song || Kichcha Sudeep || V. Ravichandran || Arjun Janya || | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>
* [[Rishika Singh]] in item number "Pantara Panta"
{{colend}}

==Production==

===Development===
After the success of his previous venture, ''[[Bachchan (2013 film)|Bachchan]]'', [[Sudeepa]] was met with lot of offers from various south film directors. However, he announced in his social network site that he would be teaming up with ace actor – director [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] in his next venture.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2013/sudeep-ravichandran-movie-confirm-115663.html |title=Sudeep Confirms His Next With Ravichandran|publisher=Oneindia |date=27 July 2013 |access-date=25 January 2014}}</ref> It was reported that Sudeepa would be directing Ravichandran for his next film. Later in July 2013, it was speculated that Ravichandran would be playing father to Sudeepa and the film may be a remake of 2013 Telugu film ''[[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]]'' which starred [[Prabhas]] and [[Satyaraj]] in the son – father roles respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/3622-ravichandran-to-play-sudeep-s-father.html |title=Ravichandran To Play Sudeep's Father?|publisher=chitraloka.com |date=27 July 2013 |accessdate=25 January 2014}}</ref> It was later confirmed that the story is tweaked and Ravichandran would be playing the father role to Sudeep and [[Ramya Krishna]] would be his pair.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Mirchi-gets-Crazy-cuts/articleshow/22086977.cms |title=Mirchi gets Crazy cuts|publisher=bangaloremirror.com |date=21 August 2013 |accessdate=25 January 2014}}</ref> [[Bollywood]] actress [[Juhi Chawla]] was initially offered the role of Ravichandran's partner, but turned it down as she didn't want to play a mother to the hero. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/will-juhi-chawla-and-ravichandaran-recreate-their-prema-loka-magic/articleshow/21726173.cms |title=Will Juhi Chawla and Ravichandran recreate their Prema Loka magic?|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=10 August 2013 |accessdate=25 January 2014}}</ref>

===Title===
Sudeepa profusely thanked veteran [[Dwarakish]] for suggesting the title ''Maanikya''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/106677.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429163027/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/106677.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 April 2014|title=It is Mighty 'Maanikya'|work=indiaglitz.com|date=26 April 2014}}</ref>

===Filming===
The filming of the film commenced from August 2013 at a Bangalore city college.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/3768-sudeep-ravichandran-film-shooting-from-august-25.html |title=Sudeep-Ravichandran Film Shooting From August 25 |publisher=chitraloka.com |date=22 August 2013 |accessdate=25 January 2014 |archive-date=18 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218232730/http://www.chitraloka.com/news/3768-sudeep-ravichandran-film-shooting-from-august-25.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Major portions of the film is shot at [[Bidar]](a crown city of karnataka) and [[Hyderabad]]. The film unit also flew to [[Bangkok]] to film a song sequence and few action sequences.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/news/2014-01-17/Manikya-Team-Flying-To-BangKok.php |title=Manikya Team Flying To BangKok |publisher=nthwall.com |date=17 January 2014 |accessdate=25 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203095036/http://www.nthwall.com/ka/news/2014-01-17/Manikya-Team-Flying-To-BangKok.php |archivedate=3 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Maanikya
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Arjun Janya]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2014|04|09}}
| recorded = 2014
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 29:06
| language = [[Kannada]]
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer = [[Arjun Janya]]
| prev_title = [[Angaaraka]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Paru Wife of Devadas]]
| next_year = 2014
}}

The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Arjun Janya]]. The soundtrack was released by [[Anand Audio]] on 9 April 2014.

{{Track listing
| total_length = 29:06
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ninna Hinde
| lyrics1 = [[Jayanth Kaikini]]
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length1 = 04:31
| title2 = Huchcha Na
| lyrics2 = [[Yograj Bhat]]
| extra2 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length2 = 04:09
| title3 = Maamu Maamu
| lyrics3 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| extra3 = Vijay Prakash, [[Priya Himesh]]
| length3 = 03:58
| title4 = Pantara Panta
| lyrics4 = Dr. V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra4 = [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathi]]
| length4 = 02:02
| title5 = Jeeva Jeeva
| lyrics5 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| extra5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length5 = 04:55
| title6 = Jeena Jeena Ya
| lyrics6 = Dr. V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra6 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| length6 = 03:50
| title7 = Nalla Malla
| lyrics7 = Dr. V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra7 = [[Arjun Janya]]
| length7 = 02:43
| title8 = Belake Belake
| lyrics8 = Dr. V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra8 = Shankar Mahadevan
| length8 = 01:11
| title9 = Mani Mani Maanikya
| lyrics9 = Kaviraj
| extra9 = G. Vijay Babu, Shivarudra Naik (kanakapura)
| length9 = 01:43
}}

==Release==

''Maanikya'' was released in around 250 screens on 1 May 2014. And also released on 15 May 2014 in [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]], on 16 May 2014 in [[Dubai]] and [[Abu Dhabi]].<ref name="Maanikya in UAE">{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=234745|title=Dubai: 'Maanikya,' Kannada movie to hit screen across UAE|publisher=daijiworld.com|date=14 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="Maanikya in gulf">{{cite web|url=http://www.bellevision.com/belle/index.php?action=topnews&type=9236|title=Dubai: Most awaited Kannada movie 'MAANIKYA' to hit screen across UAE on May 15|publisher=bellevision.com|date=12 May 2014}}</ref> Maanikya is the first Kannada film released in [[Oman]] and [[Bahrain]] and released on 30 May 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2014/sudeep-maanikya-first-kannada-movie-release-muscat-bahrain-141252.html|title=Maanikya, First Kannada Movie To Get Released In Muscat-Bahrain|publisher=Oneindia|date=28 May 2014|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-date=9 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709223422/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/news/2014/sudeep-maanikya-first-kannada-movie-release-muscat-bahrain-141252.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140526/entertainment-sandalwood/article/maanikya-become-first-kannada-film-release-oman|title=Maanikya become the first Kannada film to release in Oman|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=26 May 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/5009-maanikya-in-oman-first-kannada-film.html|title=Maanikya in Oman – First Kannada film|publisher=chitraloka.com|date=25 May 2014|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204151938/https://www.chitraloka.com/news/5009-maanikya-in-oman-first-kannada-film.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maanikya also released in United States on 30 May 2014 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.towne3.com/|title=Towne 3 Cinemas|publisher=towne3.com|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204154748/http://towne3.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and in [[Perth]], Australia on 17 August 2014 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://singh.com.au/kannada-movie-maanikya-in-perth-on-17th-august-2014/|title=Kannada Movie "Maanikya" in Perth on 17th August 2014|publisher=singh.com.au|date=18 July 2014}}</ref> Maanikya is the first Kannada film screened in Indian Film Festival of Ireland and screened on 20 September 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianfilmfestivalofireland.ie/pdf/New%20IFFI%202014%20Schedule.pdf|title=Indian Film Festival Ireland 2014 Schedule|publisher=indianfilmfestivalofireland.ie|date=20 September 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220183835/http://indianfilmfestivalofireland.ie/pdf/New%20IFFI%202014%20Schedule.pdf|archivedate=20 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Box office===

Maanikya completed 100 days on 8 August 2014.<ref name="Maanikya boxoffice">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/-nbsp-nbsp-read-full-story-raquo--hindi-news-111652 |title='Maanikya' 100 |work=www.indiaglitz.com |date=8 August 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809224553/http://www.indiaglitz.com/-nbsp-nbsp-read-full-story-raquo--hindi-news-111652 |archivedate=9 August 2014}}</ref>

==Reception==
* Bangalore mirror gave the film 3.5/5 stars saying "It's a near-perfect mix of action, drama, romance and comedy. In a line, it's the story of a scion of a family to bring together two warring families. However, it is not as simple as that. The film meddles with multiple genres —from romance to action to comedy to family drama to something more. The plot of the film matches its length, the narration and the twists keep the audience glued. Credit should go to director Sudeep for packing every available slot with good actors. The film is a real ensemble. There are top-notch actors everywhere."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Movie-review-Maanikya/articleshow/34490100.cms | title=Movie review: Maanikya | publisher=bangaloremirror.com | date=1 May 2014 }}</ref>
* Chitraloka gave the film 3.75/5 stars and called it a complete family entertainer and further said "Maanikya comes as a cool breeze for the summer. It is the perfect holiday gift from Sudeep and team. It has all the masala elements that a commercial film demands. There are so many things in Maanikya but all of them are perfectly placed. It is a film you will love to watch in a cool big screen theatre. This is one film you should reserve a day for this week."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/4912-manikya-review.html | title=Manikya Movie Review | publisher=chitraloka.com | date=1 May 2014 | access-date=1 May 2014 | archive-date=4 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204154747/https://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/4912-manikya-review.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* One India gave the film 3.5/5 stars and said "Maanikya, which is the first combination of Abhinaya Chakravarthy Kichcha Sudeep and Sandalwood's ace actor Crazy Star Ravichandran, has got a grand opening across the state, and will be a biggest treat for the long weekend. Sudeep looks superb in action, comedy, dance and sentimental sequence. It is Kiccha, who steals the show."<ref>{{ cite web | url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/reviews/2014/maanikya-movie-review-138113.html | title=Maanikya – Movie Review: Nalla-Malla Rocks | publisher=Oneindia | date=1 May 2014 }}</ref>
* Times of India gave 4/5 stars and said "Armed with a good script, the director has taken care to see that the narration does not lag at any point. The story moves fast and almost all the major characters have equal share of work to do. With a long list of senior artistes, Sudeep has succeeded in giving them the right roles."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/moviereviewarticlelist/movie-review/34599055.cms|title=Maanikya Movie Review|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=3 May 2014}}</ref>
* Deccan Herald gave the film 3/5 stars and said: "Fans will surely have no complaints with Maanikya."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/403727/avenging-wrong-has-another-way.html | title=Avenging a wrong has another way now | publisher=deccanherald.com | date=2 May 2014 }}</ref>
* Sharadhaa from the India express called Maanikya a Refreshing Treat for Sudeep's Fans, saying "Sudeep has pulled off the film credibly as a director and actor but looks a bit tired at times probably because of the huge responsibility he undertook. He is excellent in scenes when he shows the human frailty of his character. A role only matched by Ravichandran as the father. With writing by Koratala Siva, a good supporting cast combined with Arjun Janya’s music, cinematography by Shekhar Chandra and Sudeep’s over all effort, the film has turned out to be a good family entertainer."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/A-Refreshing-Treat-for-Sudeeps-Fans/2014/05/03/article2203356.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503101859/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/A-Refreshing-Treat-for-Sudeeps-Fans/2014/05/03/article2203356.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 May 2014 | title=A Refreshing Treat for Sudeep's Fans | publisher=newindianexpress.com | date=3 May 2014}}</ref>
* Shashiprasad from the Deccan Chronicle said "What happens when Crazy Star V. Ravichandran and Kichcha Sudeep come together on big screen for the first time? 'Entertainment' at its best would be the simplest answer to it. When nobody could imagine the evergreen lover of sandalwood shifting his gear down for a 'fathrer' role, Maanikya is a well crafted remake of the hit Telugu movie Mirchi. Crazy, Kichcha shine in yet another 'remake'."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140502/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-maanikya-crazt-kichcha-shine-yet-another | title=Movie Review 'Maanikya': Crazy, Kichcha shine in yet another 'remake' | publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]] | date=2 May 2014 }}</ref>

===Other revenues===
The film did {{INRConvert|8.5|c}} of business before its release by the (satellite-dubbing-audio-DVD-other) rights.<ref name="Maanikya sold">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Maanikya-sold-for-Rs-8-5-crore/articleshow/34227065.cms|title=Maanikya sold for Rs 8.5 crore?|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 April 2014 }}</ref>

The satellite rights of the film were sold for {{INRConvert|5.5|c}} to [[Asianet Suvarna]] and Hindi dubbing rights for {{INRConvert|1.5|c}}. Meanwhile, Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam dubbing rights for {{INRConvert|75|l}} each.<ref name="Maanikya sold"/> The audio rights have been acquired by Anand Audio for {{INRConvert|25|l}} and the DVD rights have gone for a similar amount. The remaining rights too have been secured for {{INRConvert|25|l}}.<ref name="Maanikya sold"/>

==References==
{{reflist|35em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3184756|Maanikya}}
* {{official website|http://maanikyathemovie.com/}}


{{Sudeepa}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maanikya}}
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 action drama films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:2014 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Arjun Janya]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]

Ek Deewaana Tha

2026-03-07T20:07:59Z

ErmaT39411378: updated page

{{short description|Indian romantic thriller TV series on Sony TV}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ek Deewaana Tha Poster.jpeg
| caption =
| genre = [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] [[Romantic drama|Romance]]
| creator = [[Prateek R Sharma|Prateek Sharma]]
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer = {{ubl|[[Mrinal Jha]]|Shilpa D'Mello|Sharad Tripathi}}
| director = {{ubl|Manan Rawat|Prateek Shah|Ashish singh}}
| creative_director = Anil Kunwar
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme = Ek Deewana Tha
| composer = Adil Prashant
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 160
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{ubl|[[Prateek R Sharma|Prateek Sharma]]|Prem Krishen|Suman Sharma}}
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 21-22 minutes
| company = [[LSD Films|LSD Films Private Limited]]
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2017|10|23}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2018|06|01}}
}}

'''''Ek Deewaana Tha''''' ({{Translation|''There was a lover''}}) is an Indian horror thriller television show which was broadcast on [[Sony Entertainment Television]] from 23 October 2017 to 1 June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/sony-tv-launch-ek-deewana-tha-month/|title=Sony TV to launch 'Ek Deewana Tha' this month|last=Baddhan|first=Raj|date=2017-10-06|website=BizAsia {{!}} Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Events and Music|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/vivacity/spooky-affair.html|title=Spooky affair|last=Pioneer|first=The|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/this-is-when-namik-paul-s-ek-deewaana-tha-will-go-off-air-1224016-2018-05-01|title=This is when Namik Paul's Ek Deewaana Tha will go off air|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-08-13|agency=Ist}}</ref> The show was created by [[Prateek R Sharma|Prateek Sharma]] and produced by [[LSD Films|LSD Films Private Limited]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ek-deewana-tha-producer-says-content-and-casting-equally-important-for-hit-show-1569227.html|title=Ek Deewana Tha Producer Says Content and Casting Equally Important for Hit Show|website=News18|date=7 November 2017 |access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref>

The series starred [[Namik Paul]], [[Vikram Singh Chauhan]] and [[Donal Bisht]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Keshri|first1=Shweta|title=Ek Deewana Tha to Ishq Mein Marjawan: Romantic thrillers are the flavour of the season|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/ek-deewana-tha-to-ishq-mein-mar-jawaan-romantic-thrillers-are-the-flavour-of-the-season-lifetv-1044737-2017-09-14|access-date=14 September 2017|work=indiatoday.in}}</ref>

==Plot==
In an accident, Sharanya ends up in a coma. When she wakes up, she has no memory of the last 3 years. Vyom Bedi claims to be her boyfriend. After strange incidents threaten Vyom's life caused by a spirit, Sharanya decides to marry Vyom to save his life angering the spirit. As they get married, the spirit kills Sharanya's father. The spirit attacks and injures Vyom and Sharanya goes to Kapali Hills to find out how she can protect Vyom. There she discovers Shiv’s (the spirit) dead body.

Sharanya tries to prove Vyom's crimes, his mother Madhvi takes the blame instead and is arrested. Vyom's father Rajan Bedi wants his wife released so he fake his death and put the blame on him thus procuring Madhvi's release.

Vyom called Odhni to help him get rid of Shiv's spirit and, on her advice, Shiv's mother Swarna to get Sharanya to perform Shiv's last rites and burn all his belongings. Sharanya sees Rajan and Madhvi together and confronts Vyom. Vyom is forced to admit his crime - the murder of Shiv's father (to protect his own parents).

Sharanya tells him that she could never love him and prepares to leave but Rajan told Sharanya to give him Shiv's ring so he can get rid of Shiv's spirit for good. But before she can remove it, Swarna pushes her off a cliff to her death.

About to kill Swarna, a distraught Vyom instead kills himself.

===25 years later===
Rajan and Madhvi are raising a girl named Shivani who returns from [[London]] with her boyfriend Akash who is Vyom's lookalike and whose mannerisms also remind Rajan of Vyom.

Shivani and Akash decide to get engaged and at their engagement party, Akash surprises her with her favourite superstar Krrish Khanna (KK) who is Shiv's lookalike. Then they meet Radhika at their film shooting who is Sharanya's lookalike.

Swarna reveals that Radhika is Sharanya's reincarnation and that Odhni and Swarna swapped the babies because Rajan and Madhvi wanted to adopt the girl expected to be Sharanya's reincarnation.

Krish and Radhika see Swarna and try to help her. Meanwhile, at Akash and Shivani's wedding, Akash is revealed to be Vyom. Swarna had prevented him from killing himself declaring it his punishment to stay alive. Akash described his true identity as Vyom and his story.

Shivani has gone missing and Radhika takes her place in the film. Krish convinces Radhika to join the film as they continue searching for Shivani. Radhika hears Shivani's phone ringing in the basement and goes there to find her but is confronted by Freddy and faints on seeing him. She awakens in her bed and is told by Akash that she was imagining things and that Rajan and Madhavi are in [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]] to look for Shivani. However, Radhika shows Krish Freddy's shirt button to prove to him that she did see him in the basement.

Radhika and Krish go to the basement to find Shivani but are overpowered by Freddy. Radhika recall her past life and says that she remembers being in love with Vyom. Krish is shocked but Vyom is overjoyed to finally get Sharanya. But she is lying to find Swarna, Rajan and Madhvi. Krish tricks him into killing Freddy. Vyom commits suicide by jumping off a cliff.

Krish and Radhika are united, however it is not without obstacles; Vyom's spirit returns as he was deewana of Sharanya, is deewana of Sharanya and will be deewana of Sharanya.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Namik Paul (actor)|Namik Paul]] as [[double role]]
** Shiv Kapoor: Sharanya's boyfriend, Swarna and Dhananjay's son(2017-2018)(Dead)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/namik-paul-convinced-his-mother-for-ek-deewaana-tha-which-will-replace-kaun-banega-crorepati-season-9-4900058/|title=Namik Paul convinced his mother for Ek Deewaana Tha|date=2017-10-21|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref>
**Krish Khanna: Shiv's reincarnation; Radhika's boyfriend (2018)
* [[Vikram Singh Chauhan]] as [[double role]]
** Vyom Bedi: Sharanya's husband; Rajan and Madhvi's son; Rameshwar and Suman's son-in-law, Aditya's brother-in-law (2017-2018) <ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/ek-deewaana-tha-i-love-performing-my-own-stunts-says-vikram-singh-chauhan-2060594.html|title=Ek Deewaana Tha: I love performing my own stunts, says Vikram Singh Chauhan|date=2017-11-27|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref>
** Aakash Khurana: Vyom's reincarnation; Shivani's boyfriend (2018)
* [[Donal Bisht]] as [[double role]]
** Sharanya Bisht / Sharanya Bedi: Suman and Rameshwar's daughter; Aditya's sister; Shiv's girlfriend; Vyom's wife, Rajan and Madhavi's daughter-in-law (2017-2018)(Dead)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/television/donal-bisht-gets-mothers-help-onscreen-wedding-1502547298.html|title=Donal Bisht gets mother's help for onscreen wedding|date=2017-12-18|website=The Statesman|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref>
** Radhika : Sharanya's reincarnation, Shivani's best friend, Krish's girlfriend (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/donal-bishts-character-in-show-inspired-by-deepika-padokune|title=Donal Bisht's character in show inspired by Deepika Padokune|website=Latest Indian news, Top Breaking headlines, Today Headlines, Top Stories {{!}} Free Press Journal|language=en|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref>
* [[Shivani Surve]] as Shivani Bedi: Aakash's girlfriend, Rajan and Madhvi's adoptive daughter(2018)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/jana-na-dil-se-door-s-shivani-surve-to-enter-ek-deewana-tha-1187496-2018-03-12|title=Jana Na Dil Se Door's Shivani Surve to enter Ek Deewana Tha?|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-08-13|agency=Ist}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jaana-na-dil-se-doors-shivani-surve-and-vikram-singh-rathod-reunite-on-ek-deewana-tha/articleshow/63471048.cms|title=Jaana Na Dil Se Door's Shivani Surve and Vikram Singh Chauhan reunite on Ek Deewana Tha - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=26 March 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref>

===Recurring===
* Sachin Parikh as Rameshwar "Ram" Bisht: Suman's husband; Sharanya and Aditya's father, Vyom's father-in-law (2017)
* Mamta Verma as Suman Bisht: Rameshwar's wife; Sharanya and Aditya's mother, Vyom's mother-in-law (2017)
* Gaurav Sareen as Aditya Bisht: Suman and Rameshwar's son; Sharanya's brother, Vyom's brother-in-law (2017)
*[[Amar Upadhyay]] as Rajan Bedi: Vidyut's elder brother; Madhvi's husband; Vyom's father, Sharanya's father-in-law, Shivani's adoptive father (2017-2018)
* Jaswinder Gardner as Madhvi Bedi: Rajan's wife; Vyom's mother, Sharanya 's mother-in-law, Shivani's adoptive mother (2017-2018)
* Ajay Nain as Vidyut Bedi: Rajan's younger brother; Rati's husband; Avni's father, Sharanya's molester (2017)
* Geeta Bisht as Rati Bedi: Vidyut's widow; Avni's mother (2017-2018)
* Raymon Kakar as Chandni Bedi: Rajan and Vidyut's sister-in-law, Rab's mother (2017-2018)
* [[Ayaan Khan]] as Rab Bedi: Chandni's son (2017-2018)
*[[Delnaaz Irani]] as Odhni: Freddy's ex-best friends (2017-2018)
*[[Jason Tham]] as Detective Freddy D’Mello: Vyom's best friend (2017-2018)
*[[Shilpa Tulaskar]] as Sadhvi: A spiritual lady (2017)
* [[Payal Nair]] as Swarna Mehra: Dhananjay's widow; Shiv's mother, Sharanya's murderer (2018)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* ''[http://www.sonyliv.com/details/show/5622321687001/Ek-Deewaana-Tha Ek Deewaana Tha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508172338/http://www.sonyliv.com/details/show/5622321687001/Ek-Deewaana-Tha |date=8 May 2019 }}'' on [[Sony LIV]]
* {{IMDb title|tt7651284}}

{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Indian mystery television series]]
[[Category:Indian horror fiction television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows about ghosts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Himachal Pradesh]]

Yamudiki Mogudu (1988 film)

2026-03-06T06:09:35Z

ErmaT39411378: new a entry

{{Short description|1988 Telugu film by Ravi Raja Pinisetty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yamudiki Mogudu
| image = Yamudiki Mogudu.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]]
| producer = [[G. V. Narayana Rao]] [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]]
| writer = '''Story''': Dynamic Movie Makers '''Screenplay''': Ravi Raja Pinisetty '''Dialogues''': [[Satyanand (writer)|Satyanand]]
| starring = [[Chiranjeevi]] [[Vijayashanti]] [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
| music = [[Raj–Koti]]
| cinematography = K. S. Hari
| editing = Vellaiswamy
| studio = Dynamic Movie Makers
| distributor = [[Geetha Arts]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1988|04|29|ref1=}}
| runtime = 145
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Yamudiki Mogudu''''' ({{Translation|Overlord to [[Yama]]}}) is a 1988 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[fantasy film]] directed by [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]]. The film stars [[Chiranjeevi]] in a dual role, alongside [[Vijayashanti]] and [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]. The supporting cast includes [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]], [[Allu Ramalingaiah]], [[Rao Gopal Rao]], and [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]. The music was composed by [[Raj–Koti]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=29 April 2021 |title=Chiranjeevi: మెగాస్టార్ చిరంజీవి ఇండస్ట్రీ హిట్ మూవీకి 33 యేళ్లు పూర్తి.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/megastar-chiranjeevi-radha-vijayashanti-ravi-raja-pinisetty-tollywood-industry-hit-yamudiki-mogudu-movie-complets-33-years-ta-855482-page-5.html |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=[[News18]] |language=te}}</ref>

''Yamudiki Mogudu'' was produced by Chiranjeevi's friends from his film institute days—[[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]], Hariprasad, and [[G. V. Narayana Rao]] on Dynamic Movie Makers banner. Released on 29 April 1988, ''Yamudiki Mogudu'' was a major success, becoming the highest-grossing Telugu film at the time of its release.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=S. Hari Prasad |date=18 April 2024 |title=Most Industry hits telugu hero: కెరీర్లో ఎక్కువ ఇండస్ట్రీ హిట్స్ అందుకున్న తెలుగు హీరోలు వీళ్లే.. టాప్‌లో మెగాస్టార్ |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-hero-with-most-industry-hits-chiranjeevi-on-top-anr-ntr-prabhas-allu-arjun-balakrishna-in-the-list-121713439405225.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526124435/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-hero-with-most-industry-hits-chiranjeevi-on-top-anr-ntr-prabhas-allu-arjun-balakrishna-in-the-list-121713439405225.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 May 2024 |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=te}}</ref> The film was remade in Tamil as ''[[Athisaya Piravi]]'' (1990).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mzyPGSfwKMC&q=Athisaya+Piravi&pg=PA1993 |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |pages=129–130 |orig-date=2012}}</ref>

==Plot==
Kaali is a small town goon who helps his neighbourhood with his earnings. He is good at heart and is loved by everyone in town. He works for Kotayya, whose rival is Gollapudi. Once, when he goes to warn Gollapudi, he meets and falls in love with Radha, Gollapudi's daughter. When they decide to marry even without Gollapudi's consent, he gets Kaali killed in an accident and Kaali goes to Yamalokam.

There, he challenges [[Yama]] that he was brought wrongly and catches [[Chitragupta]] red-handed for cheating. To correct the mistake, Yama and Chitragupta leave for Earth to find Kaali's body so he can return to Earth. Unfortunately Kaali's body has been cremated and Kaali refuses to enter another body. However, Yama and Chitragupta convince him to enter into the body of a person that is identical to him. Kaali refuses, taking heed to a warning by Vichitragupta. They then show him Balu in a village and tell him it is his last option.

Kaali learns that Balu was a soft-spoken and non-confrontational man who was often ill-treated by his family. Gowri([[Vijayashanti]]) is his love interest. Balu's relatives plan to kill him on his 25th birthday as they have to hand over his property. This is when Kaali's soul is put into Balu's body and he plays black and blue with them. However, he remembers his own life once he sees Kotayya's photo in a newspaper and returns to the city. The rest of the plot is woven on how he balances the two lives and two girls, until Yama sees his determination and willingness to save all the people he loves.

==Cast==
* [[Chiranjeevi]] as Kaali & Balu
* [[Vijayashanti]] as Gowri
* [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] as Radha
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yamadharmaraja]]
* [[Rao Gopal Rao]]
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Kotayya
* [[Gollapudi Maruti Rao]] as Gollapudi
* [[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as [[Chitragupta]]
* [[Prasad Babu]]
* [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]]
* [[Hariprasad]]
* [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Dancer
* [[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]]
* [[Annapurna (actress)|Annaporna]]
* [[Y. Vijaya]]
* [[King Kong (actor)|King Kong]]
* [[Omakuchi Narasimhan|Juttu Narasimham]]
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]]

== Production ==
''Yamudiki Mogudu'' was produced by Chiranjeevi's friends from his film institute days—[[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]], Hariprasad, and [[G. V. Narayana Rao]].<ref name=":2" /> This film marked Narayana Rao's second production with Chiranjeevi after ''[[Devanthakudu (1984 film)|Devanthakudu]]'' (1984), and Chiranjeevi's third collaboration with director [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-04-29 |title=35 ఏళ్ళ చిరంజీవి 'యముడికి మొగుడు'! |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/chiranjeevi-yamudiki-mogudu-completed-35-years-360376.html |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=[[NTV (India)|NTV]] |language=te-IN}}</ref> The film was distributed by [[Geetha Arts]].<ref name=":1" />

Despite initial discussions with veteran writer [[D. V. Narasa Raju]], [[Satyanand (writer)|Satyanand]] ultimately wrote the script. The story, co-developed by Satyanand and G. V. Narayana Rao, was inspired by the American film ''[[Heaven Can Wait (1978 film)|Heaven Can Wait]]'' (1978), which itself was based on the 1938 stage play of the same name by [[Harry Segall]]. During the story discussions, Satyanand introduced the concept of seven [[Look-alike|look-alikes]] existing in the world, and the idea of one person's soul entering another's body, which became a central theme of the screenplay.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=23 January 2022 |title=య‌ముడికి మొగుడుకు ఆధారం హాలీవుడ్ ఫిల్మ్ హెవెన్ కెన్ వెయిట్‌! |url=https://www.teluguone.com/tmdb/amp/featuredarticles/did-you-know-chiranjeevi-starrer-yamudiki-mogudu-was-based-on-hollywood-film-heaven-can-wait-tl-130604c49.html |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=Ghostarchive |language=te |archive-date=18 October 2024 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241018101004/https://www.teluguone.com/tmdb/amp/featuredarticles/did-you-know-chiranjeevi-starrer-yamudiki-mogudu-was-based-on-hollywood-film-heaven-can-wait-tl-130604c49.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

== Music ==
The music was composed by [[Raj–Koti]] and released by [[Aditya Music]]. All lyrics were penned by [[Veturi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 1988 |title=Yamudiki Mogudu |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/yamudiki-mogudu/vO0Ywc7OIlc_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012220238/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/yamudiki-mogudu/vO0Ywc7OIlc_ |archive-date=12 October 2021 |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> The song "Andam Hindolam" was remixed in ''[[Supreme (film)|Supreme]]'' (2016).<ref>{{cite web |date=8 April 2020 |title=No more mega remixes for Sai Dharam Tej |url=https://archive.telugucinema.com/news/no-more-mega-remixes-sai-dharam-tej |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908163927/https://archive.telugucinema.com/news/no-more-mega-remixes-sai-dharam-tej |archive-date=8 September 2023 |access-date=8 September 2023 |work=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:12
| title1 = Ekku Bandekku Mava
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[P. Susheela]]
| length1 = 4:21
| title2 = Vanajallu Gillutunte
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length2 = 4:43
| title3 = Pillatoti
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length3 = 4:45
| title4 = Andam Hindolam
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
| length4 = 4:47
| title5 = Bahusha Ninu
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
| length5 = 4:26
| title6 = No No Natyamida
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length6 = 3:10
}}

== Reception ==
''Yamudiki Mogudu'' was an ''Industry'' ''Hit'' and the highest-grossing Telugu film at the time of its release.<ref name=":1" /> It marked director Ravi Raja Pinisetty's first blockbuster hit. Chiranjeevi's dual role was well received, and the music, composed by [[Raj–Koti]], was a chartbuster and a key factor in the film's success.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-18 |title=చిరంజీవి ..యముడికి మొగుడు |url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/content/chiranjeevi-yamudiki-mogudu-movie-9562?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=[[HMTV]] |language=te}}</ref> The film's success helped the producers achieve financial stability.<ref name=":3" />

During the film's 100-day celebration, part of the proceeds was donated to the families of cotton farmers who had committed suicide that year.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2020 |title=ఫ్రెండ్స్ కోసం చిరంజీవి చేసిన సినిమా.. ఎంత పెద్ద హిట్టో తెలుసా? |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/megastar-chiranjeevi-acts-yamudiki-mogudu-movie-for-friends/articleshow/78885315.cms |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=te}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Yamudiki Mogudu'' was later remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Athisaya Piravi]]'' (1990) starring [[Rajinikanth]]. The Telugu original was dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Chiranjeevi''. In 2012, a film titled ''[[Yamudiki Mogudu (2012 film)|Yamudiki Mogudu]]'' was released with [[Allari Naresh]] in the lead, inspired by the original film.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0246339}}
{{Ravi Raja Pinisetty}}

[[Category:1980s fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:1980s romantic fantasy films]]
[[Category:1988 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1988 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about reincarnation]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ravi Raja Pinisetty]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raj–Koti]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian religious comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic fantasy films]]
[[Category:Religion in fantasy fiction]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Yama in popular culture]]

Yevam

2026-03-03T09:12:19Z

ErmaT39411378: new new data

{{Short description|2024 film by Prakash Dantuluri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Yevam
| image = Yevam poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Prakash Dantuluri
| screenplay =
| story =
| writer = Prakash Dantuluri
| producer = {{plain list|
*[[Navdeep]]
*Pavan Goparaju}}
| starring = {{plain list|
*[[Chandini Chowdary]]
*[[Vasishta N. Simha]]
*Jai Bharat Raj}}
| cinematography = S. V. Vishweshwar
| editing = Srujana Adusumilli
| music = '''Score''' Keertana Sesh '''Songs''' Keertana Sesh Neelesh Mandalapu
| studio = {{plain list|
*CSpace
*Prakash Dantuluri Productions
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|06|14}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Yevam''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[psychological thriller]] film written and directed by Prakash Dantuluri. Produced by [[Navdeep]] and Pavan Goparaju through CSpace and Prakash Dantuluri Productions, the film features [[Chandini Chowdary]], [[Vasishta N. Simha]] and Jai Bharat Raj in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-04 |title=Actress Ashu Reddy's New Look From Telugu Film Yevam Out |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actress-ashu-reddys-new-look-from-telugu-film-yevam-out-8877635.html |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>

The film was theatrically released on 14 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=Yevam: జూన్‌ 14న థియేట‌ర్ల‌లోకి.. చాందిని 'యేవ‌మ్‌' {{!}} Chandini Chowdary Yevam Movie Relasing[sic] On June 14 KTR |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2024/tollywood/chandini-chowdary-yevam-movie-relasing-on-june-14-ktr-53851.html |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=[[Andhra Jyothy|Chitrajyothy]] |language=te}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=June 2024}}

==Cast==
*[[Chandini Chowdary]] as [[Sub-inspector|S.I]] K. Soumya
*Jai Bharat Raj as [[Sub-inspector|S.I]] C.H. Abhiram; an introvert and sincere cop; had a troubled past.
**[[Vasishta N. Simha]] as Yugandhar, Abhi's alter ego
*Ashu Reddy as Harika Amaram, Abhi's wife
*[[Goparaju Ramana]] as a [[Police Constable|P.C]] M. Gangadhar
*Devi Prasad as Soumya's father
*[[Kalpa Latha]] as Soumya's mother
*[[Annie (Telugu actress)|Annie]] as Keerthi

==Production==
The film was announced and started filming in late 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yevam: చాందిని చౌదరి, మోహన్ భగత్ జంటగా 'యేవమ్' ప్రారంభం |url=https://www.eenadu.net/videos/playVideo/navadeep-yevam-movie-shooting-started/2/31764 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te}}</ref> This is the second directorial film of Dantuluri, after the 2010 drama [[Om Shanti (film)|''Om Shanti'']], which featured Navdeep as one of the leads.{{cn|date=October 2024}} The film was shot extensively in the nearby areas of [[Hyderabad]], including [[Vikarabad]], where the story is set. Filming was completed in May 2023.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

== Music ==
The film's [[Soundtrack|soundtrack album]] is composed by Keertana Sesh and Neelesh Mandalapu, whereas [[background score]] is composed by Keertana Sesh.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Rap Song
| length1 = 3:00
| lyrics1 = AsurA
| music1 = Neelesh Mandalapu
| extra1 = AsurA
| title2 = Oggu Katha
| length2 = 3:25
| lyrics2 = Midde Vineeth Goud
| music2 = Neelesh Mandalapu
| extra2 = Midde Vineeth Goud and team
}}

==Release and reception==
''Yevam'' was released on 14 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2024-06-06 |title=Yevam trailer: Chandini Chowdary plays a determined yet vulnerable cop in upcoming thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jun/06/yevam-trailer-chandini-chowdary-plays-a-determined-yet-vulnerable-cop-in-upcoming-thriller |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' reported that the film [[Box-office bomb|performed poorly]] at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-17 |title=Weekend BO Report: Harom Hara, Maharaja, and Yevam |url=https://telugucinema.com/box-office/weekend-bo-report-harom-hara-maharaja-and-yevam |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Post-theatrical streaming rights were acquired by [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] and premiered on 25 July 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-25 |title='Yevam' OTT release date out: Watch Chandini Chowdary's latest cop drama. Check plot, cast |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/yevam-ott-release-date-out-watch-chandini-chowdarys-latest-cop-drama-check-plot-cast/articleshow/112007816.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined that the film has an interesting premise but was letdown by "lacklustre writing". She further wrote that "Chandini Chowdary is the saving grace" of the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2024-06-14 |title='Yevam' movie review: Interesting premise let down by lacklustre writing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/yevam-movie-review-interesting-premise-let-down-by-lacklustre-writing/article68287908.ece |access-date=2024-06-19 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|32284140|title=Yevam}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2024 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Telangana Police]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about dissociative identity disorder]]

Vijaygiri Bava

2026-02-12T06:12:47Z

ErmaT39411378: new new entry

{{short description|Indian film maker and screenwriter|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vijaygiri Bava
| image = Vijaygiri Bava.jpg
| caption = Bava at the trailer launch of ''[[Montu Ni Bittu]]'', July 2019
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1987|3|24}}
| birth_place = Chansol, [[Kheralu]], Gujarat, India
| other_names =
| occupation = Film director, screenwriter
| years_active =
| known_for = {{plainlist|

* ''[[Premji: Rise of a Warrior]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Montu Ni Bittu]]'' (2019)
}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Twinkle Bava|2011}}
|website = {{Official website}}
}}

'''Vijaygiri Bava''' (born 24 March 1987) is an Indian filmmaker and screenwriter who primarily works in [[Gujarati cinema]].

== Career ==
He made his debut as a director in the film ''[[Premji: Rise of a Warrior]]'' (2015), for which he received the State Film Award in the best film category.<ref name=":0">{{cite magazine |editor-last=Vala |editor-first=Bhupen |magazine=The Footage : Reflection of Gujarati Cinema |title=Interview with Director Vijaygiri Bava |language=gu |publisher=Gujarat Movement |location=Ahmedabad |page=3 |date=1 November 2019}}</ref>

His second film ''[[Montu Ni Bittu]]'' ({{Translation|Montu's Bittu}}), starring Maulik Nayak and [[Aarohi Patel]] and written by [[Raam Mori]], was released in 2019.<ref name="The Times of India 2019">{{cite web | title=Aarohi Patel: 'Montu Ni Bittu' film trailer will be out on 27 July | website=The Times of India | date=26 July 2019 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/aarohi-patel-montu-ni-bittu-film-trailer-will-be-out-on-27-july/articleshow/70397879.cms | access-date=7 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="Times of India 2020">{{cite web | title=Photo: Aarohi Patel clicked on the sets of her next venture with director Sandeep Patel | website=The Times of India | date=1 January 2020 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/photo-aarohi-patel-clicked-on-the-sets-of-her-next-venture-with-director-sandeep-patel/articleshow/73057303.cms | access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref> Its story follows a love triangle between the two title characters Montu and Bittu.<ref name="Times of India 2019">{{cite web | title=Esha Kansara, Ojas Rawal attend the glamorous premiere of 'Montu Ni Bittu' | website=The Times of India | date=23 August 2019 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/esha-kansara-ojas-rawal-attend-the-glamorous-premiere-of-montu-ni-bittu/articleshow/70805754.cms | access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref> His next film, ''[[21mu Tiffin]]'', starring Netri Trivedi, [[Niilam Paanchal]] and Raunaq Kamdar, was released in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dasgupta|first=Aakanksha|date=2020-08-31|title=We have to be mindful on the sets now: Vijaygiri Bava|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/we-have-to-be-mindful-on-the-sets-now-vijaygiri-bava/articleshow/77849561.cms|access-date=2020-09-14|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2020-08-17|title=Netri Trivedi to be lead in Ram Mori and Vijaygiri Bawa's next 'Ekvismu Tiffin'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/netri-trivedi-to-be-lead-in-ram-mori-and-vijaygiri-bawas-next-ekvismu-tiffin/articleshow/77590457.cms|access-date=2020-09-14|website=The Times of India}}</ref> He produces films under his banner Vijaygiri Filmos.

Bava has directed a short film ''Mahotu'' ({{Translation|a filthy rag}}) written by Raam Mori.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="The Better India 2019">{{cite web | title=Short is Beautiful: 12 Spectacular Indian Short Films You Need to Watch ASAP! | website=The Better India | date=11 January 2019 | url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/169338/indian-short-films-best-list-recommendations-youtube/ | access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Bava completed his schooling at his native place Kheralu. He received his Bachelor of Arts in 2007 degree from L. D. Arts College, [[Ahmedabad]]. He married Twinkle Bava in 2011, and they have a daughter.<ref name=":0" />

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Films
!Year
!Title
!Director
!Writer
!Notes
|-
|2015
|''[[Premji: Rise of a Warrior]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|2018
|''Mahotu''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|Short film
|-
|2019
|''[[Montu Ni Bittu]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Kasoombo]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Television
!Year
!Title
!Director
!Writer
!Notes
|-
|2021
|''Riverfront Stories''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|Episode: "Madhyahana na Zhanzhva" Also producer
|-
|}

==Accolades==
Bava's ''Premji: Rise of a Warrior'' won the State Film Award for best film category. ''Premji'' received 10 State Award for Films from the [[Gujarat government]], and the Transmedia Screen and Stage Award. Bava received the Transmedia Screen and Stage Award for best dialogue category.<ref name=":0"/><ref name="VIJAYGIRI FILMOS">{{cite web | title=VIJAYGIRI FILMOS | website=VIJAYGIRI FILMOS | url=http://www.vijaygirifilmos.in/aboutus.html | access-date=26 January 2020 | archive-date=25 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225224255/http://www.vijaygirifilmos.in/aboutus.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="RJ Aditi 2016">{{cite web | title=Transmedia Awards 2015 | website=RJ Aditi | date=29 February 2016 | url=http://www.rjaditi.com/transmediaawards2015/ | access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref> He was awarded the Best Director Award at the 19th Transmedia Gujarati Screen and Stage Awards for ''Montu Ni Bittu''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=૧૯મો વાર્ષિક ટ્રાન્સમીડિયા ગુજરાતી સ્ક્રીન એન્ડ સ્ટેજ એવોર્ડ્સ – ૨૦૧૯|url=https://www.newzviewz.com/gujarati/news-detail/19th-transmedia-gujarati-screen-and-stage-awards-2019|access-date=2020-09-27|website=www.newzviewz.com|language=en}}</ref> He also won the 2019 GIFA award for Best Director for ''Montu Ni Bittu''.<ref name="Revoi 2019">{{cite web|date=26 December 2019|title=GIFA 2019: Pratik, Aarohi get Best Actor and Best Actress awards|url=https://www.revoi.in/gifa-2019-pratik-aarohi-get-best-actor-and-best-actress-awards/|access-date=26 January 2020|website=Revoi|archive-date=27 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127074942/https://www.revoi.in/gifa-2019-pratik-aarohi-get-best-actor-and-best-actress-awards/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===GIFA -Gujarati Iconic Film Award ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Films
!Category
!Result
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Montu Ni Bittu]]'' {{small|(As director)}}
|rowspan=1| Best Director<ref name=":0"/>
|rowspan="1" {{won}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bava, Vijaygiri}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Gujarat]]
[[Category:1987 births]]

Dhammapada (Easwaran translation)

2026-02-01T17:08:18Z

ErmaT39411378: Adding stub...

{{Short description|1986 English-language book}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox book
| name = The Dhammapada Introduced & Translated by Eknath Easwaran
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = EE-Dhammapada.jpg
| image_size = 120px
| caption =
| author = [[Eknath Easwaran]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country =
| language = English; also: German,<ref name=german06/> Korean<ref name=korean18/>
| series =
| subject =
| genre = 
| publisher = Nilgiri
| pub_date = 1986; 2007; others
| english_pub_date =
| media_type =
| pages = 275 (2007)
| isbn = 978-1-58638-020-5
| oclc = 
}}
'''''The Dhammapada / Introduced & Translated by Eknath Easwaran''''' is an English-language book originally published in 1986. It contains [[Eknath Easwaran|Easwaran's]] translation of the ''[[Dhammapada]]'', a [[Buddhist]] [[scripture]] traditionally ascribed to the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] himself. The book also contains a substantial overall introduction of about 70 pages,<ref>The introductions in English are 66 pages in the first edition (1986, pp. 7-72) and 86 pages in the second edition (2007, pp. 13-98).</ref> together with introductory notes to each of the ''Dhammapada''{{'s}} 26 chapters. English-language editions have also been published in the UK and India, and a re-translation of the full book has been published in German.<ref
name=german06>{{cite book |title=Dhammapada: Buddhas zentrale Lehren |last=Easwaran |first=Eknath |author-link=Eknath Easwaran |year=2006 |others=Peter Kobbe (trans) |publisher=[[Goldmann (publisher)|Random House / Goldmann]] |location=Munich, Germany |isbn=978-3-442-21764-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIFwPgAACAAJ&q=9783442217649 |access-date=29 November 2021 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317163455/https://books.google.com/books?id=yIFwPgAACAAJ&q=9783442217649 |url-status=live }}</ref>
and Korean.<ref
name=korean18>{{cite book |title=Dhammapada |last=Easwaran |first=Eknath |author-link=Eknath Easwaran |year=2018 |others=Kim Byung Chae (trans) |publisher=Shree Krishna Das Ashram |location=Korea |isbn=978-89-91596-57-3 |url=https://kyobobook.co.kr/product/detailViewKor.laf?mallGb=KOR&ejkGb=KOR&barcode=9788991596573&orderClick=JAj |access-date=2 August 2018 |archive-date=3 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803014241/https://kyobobook.co.kr/product/detailViewKor.laf?mallGb=KOR&ejkGb=KOR&barcode=9788991596573&orderClick=JAj |url-status=live }}</ref><ref
name=npnonus>[http://www.easwaran.org/non-us-editions-of-nilgiri-press-books-by-title.html Non-US Editions of Nilgiri Press Books] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130112203926/http://www.easwaran.org/non-us-editions-of-nilgiri-press-books-by-title.html |date=12 January 2013 }}, accessed 24 April 2011.</ref>

==Topics covered==
Both US editions of ''The Dhammapada'' contain Easwaran's general introduction, followed by his translations from the original [[Pali]] of the Dhammapada's 26 chapters. Selections from Easwaran's chapter titles, which in some cases differ from other translations,<ref name=dptitle5/><ref name=dptitle15/> are shown in the table at below left.

{| width=120 style="float: left; border: 1px solid darkgray; margin: .46em; font-size: 90%;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1"
| colspan="1" align="center" |Chapter Titles, Selected (Easwaran translation)
|-valign="top"
|width=110 |1. Twin Verses
|-valign="top"
|3. Mind
|-valign="top"
|5. The Immature<ref name=dptitle5>"The title of chapter 5 is usually translated as 'The Fool' and that of chapter 6 as 'The Wise,' as if they dealt with utterly opposite temperaments. However, ''bala'' means not only 'fool' but 'child.' A fool's behavior is not likely to improve, but a child is simply immature; given time and experience, children grow up.... Translating ''bala'' as "immature" gives all of us the benefit of the doubt" (p. 119, 2007 edition)</ref>
|-valign="top"
|6. The Wise
|-valign="top"
|7. The Saint
|-valign="top"
|15. Joy<ref name=dptitle15>"The Pali word ''sukkha'' (Sanskrit ''sukha'') is usually translated as happiness. As the opposite of ''duhkha'', however, it connotes the end of all suffering, a state of being that is not subject to the ups and downs of change – that is, abiding joy.... the Buddha's... questionings just before going forth to the Four Noble Sights were chiefly concerned with the search for absolute joy" (p. 173, 2007 edition)</ref>
|-valign="top"
|20. The Path
|-valign="top"
|21. Varied Verses
|-valign="top"
|23. The Elephant
|-valign="top"
|
|}
{|style="float: right; width: 40%; border: 1px solid darkgray; margin: .46em; font-size: 95%;" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" |'''Selected Verses from ''Dhammapada''''' '''(Easwaran translation):'''<ref>From Easwaran (2007), pp. 105, 211.</ref>
|-valign="top"
|align="right"|1.1.
|All that we are is the result of what we have thought: we are formed and molded by our thoughts. Those whose minds are shaped by selfish thoughts cause misery when they speak or act. Sorrows roll over them as the wheels of a cart roll over the tracks of the bullock that draws it. [1]
|-valign="top"
|align="right"|3.1.
|As an archer aims an arrow, the wise aim their restless thoughts, hard to aim, hard to restrain. [33]
|-valign="top"
|align="right"|3.11.
|More than your mother, more than your father, more than all your family, a well-disciplined mind does greater good. [43]
|-valign="top"
|align="right"| 20.3.
|All the effort must be made by you; Buddhas only show the way. Follow this path and practice meditation; go beyond the power of [[Mara (demon)|Mara]]. [276]
|-valign="top"
|align="right"| 21.1.
|If one who enjoys a lesser happiness beholds a greater one, let him leave aside the lesser to gain the greater. [290]
|}
The 2007 edition contains a foreword<ref>The foreword is entitled "The Classics of Indian Spirituality," and is also used to introduced the two other books in that series, [[Easwaran]]'s translations of the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' and selected ''[[Upanishads]]''.</ref> in which Easwaran states that he translated the ''Dhammapada'' for "kindred spirits:"<ref name=ee2007/>{{rp|10}} "men and women in every age and culture"<ref name=ee2007/>{{rp|10}} who "thrill" to the ''Dhammapada''{{'s}} message that "the wider field of consciousness is our native land.... The world of the senses is just a base camp: we are meant to be as much at home in consciousness as in the world of physical reality."<ref name=ee2007/>{{rp|10}}

Each US edition's ''Introduction'' opens with a claim, mentioned by several reviewers,<ref name=eastwest86/><ref name=varughese97/><ref name=amertheos87/><ref>This claim was quoted in the ''Life Positive'' and ''East/West'' reviews, and paraphrased in the ''American Theosophist'' review. None of the reviews discussed or evaluated the claim.</ref> about the value of the Dhammapada within the corpus of Buddhist literature:
[[File:Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra).jpg|thumb|left|Statue of Buddha, 4th century BCE|120px]]
<blockquote>
If all of the [[New Testament]] had been lost, it has been said, and only the [[Sermon on the Mount]] had managed to survive these two thousand years of history, we would still have all that is necessary for following the teachings of [[Jesus|Jesus the Christ]]..... [[Buddhist scripture]] is much more voluminous than the Bible, but... if everything else were lost, we would need nothing more than the [[Dhammapada]] to follow the way of the Buddha.<ref name=ee2007>Easwaran (2007), [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtYYu6Z6_V0C&q=easwaran+isbn:9781586380205 ''The Dhammapada'', 2nd edition.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317163502/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtYYu6Z6_V0C&q=easwaran+isbn:9781586380205 |date=17 March 2023 }}</ref>{{rp|p13}}
</blockquote>
The introduction states that the ''Dhammapada'' has "none of the stories, parables, and extended instruction that characterizes the main Buddhist scriptures, the sutras."<ref name=ee2007/>{{rp|13}} Rather, the ''Dhammapada'' is:
<blockquote>
...a collection of vivid, practical verses, gathered probably from direct disciples who wanted to preserve what they had heard from the Buddha himself..... the equivalent of a handbook: a ready reference of the Buddha's teachings, condensed in haunting poetry and arranged by theme – anger, greed, fear, happiness, thought.<ref name=ee2007/>{{rp|13}}
</blockquote>
Each US edition's introduction has the same four major sections:

{| width=95% cellspacing=2  align="center" 
|-valign="top"
|width="10" |1.
|width="50"|''The Buddha's World'' (pp. 14–27)
|width="450"|A subsection on "The Legacy"<ref>Subsections of ''The Buddha's World'' are "The Legacy" (pp. 14-23) and "The Buddha's Times" (pp. 23-27).</ref> describes the cultural context of [[Vedas|Vedic religion]], already millennia old, in which the [[Upanishads]] endorsed the "practice of spiritual disciplines to realize directly the divine ground of life.... as the human being's highest vocation."<ref name=ee2007/>{{rp|15}} Describes concepts such as ''[[rta|ritam]]'' (cosmic order), ''[[dharma]]'', ''[[karma]]'', [[rebirth (Buddhism)|rebirth]], and ''[[moksha]]'' that "form the background of the Buddha's life and became the currency of his message."<ref name=ee2007/>{{rp|23}} "The Buddha's Times" describes the world's and India's 6th century BCE cultural ferment – "Into this world, poised between the Vedic past and a new high-water mark of Indian culture, the Buddha was born.... squarely in the tradition of the [[Upanishads]].... Yet [bringing] a genius all his own.... the joy in his message is the joy of knowing that he has found a way for everyone, not just great sages, to put an end to sorrow."<ref name=ee2007/>{{rp|26–27}}<ref>Google Books view: [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtYYu6Z6_V0C "the joy of knowing that he has found a way for everyone, not just great sages, to put an end to sorrow"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317163457/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtYYu6Z6_V0C |date=17 March 2023 }} (p. 27 of Easwaran, 2007)</ref><ref name=joymessage>The full quote reads: "The Buddha sought to save, and the joy in his message is the joy of knowing that he has found a way for everyone, not just great sages, to put an end to sorrow" (Easwaran, 2007, p. 27).</ref>
|-valign="top"
|2.
|''Life and Teaching'' (pp. 28–63)
|"The Wheel of [[Dharma]]"<ref>Subsections of ''Life and Teaching'' include "The Wheel of Dharma" (pp. 41-47) and "The Years of Teaching" (pp. 47-63).</ref> describes the Buddha's first sermon on the [[Four Noble Truths]]; "The Years of Teaching" has parts covering The Homecoming, The [[Bhikkhuni|Order of Women]], The [[Middle Way|Middle Path]], [[Parable of the arrow|Malunkyaputra (the Parable of the Arrow)]], [[Simsapa tree#Buddhist scriptural references|Teaching With an Open Hand]],<ref>"What I know... is like the leaves on that [[Simsapa tree#Buddhist scriptural references|shimshapa]] tree; what I teach is only a small part. But I offer it to all with an open hand" (pp. 57-58, Easwaran, 2007).</ref> The [[Kisa Gotami|Handful of Mustard Seed]], The Clay Lamp, and [[Gautama Buddha#Mahaparinirvana|The Last Entry into Nirvana]].
|-valign="top"
|3.
|''The Stages of Enlightenment'' (pp. 64–80)
|Describes the [[Dhyāna in Buddhism|Four Dhyanas]].<ref>Subsections of ''The Stages of Enlightenment'' are "The First Dhyana" (pp. 67-69), "The Second Dhyana" (pp. 70-73), "The Third Dhyana" (pp. 74-77), and "The Fourth Dhyana" (pp. 77-80).</ref> States that "scholars sometimes treat passage through the four dhyanas as a peculiarly Buddhist experience, but the Buddha's description tallies not only with Hindu authorities like [[Patañjali|Patanjali]] but also with Western [[mysticism|mystics]] like [[John of the Cross]], [[Teresa of Ávila|Teresa of Avila]], [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]], and [[Meister Eckhart]]."<ref name=ee2007/>{{rp|64}}
|-valign="top"
|4.
|''The Buddha's Universe'' (pp. 80–98)
|States that the Buddha "in his own words, loved the world as a mother loves her only child. But... behind that immense compassion is the penetrating vision of a scientific mind."<ref name=ee2007/>{{rp|80}} Subsections present the Buddha's views on "Personality"<ref>Subsections of ''The Buddha's Universe'' are "Personality" (pp. 81-86), "The World" (pp. 86-91), "Karma, Death and Birth" (pp. 91-95), and "Nirvana" (pp. 95-98).</ref> as a blend of five ''[[skandha]]s''; "The World" as "shaped by our mind, for we become what we think"<ref name=ee2007/>{{rp|86}} (verse 1.1); "[[Karma]], Death and Birth," arguing that "placing physical phenomena and mind in the same field... leads to a view of the world that is elegant in its simplicity";<ref name=ee2007/>{{rp|91}} and that those who enter [[Nirvana]] will "live to give, and their capacity to go on giving is a source of joy so great that it cannot be measured against any sensation the world offers. Without understanding this dimension, the Buddha's universe is an intellectually heady affair."<ref name=ee2007/>{{rp|97}}
|}

{{Eknath Easwaran}}In each edition, short sections by Stephen Ruppenthal introduce individual chapters by providing background and clarifying Indian philosophical concepts.<ref>Often two consecutive chapters are preceded by a single introduction of 3 or 4 pages.</ref> Many Buddhist philosophical terms are rendered in [[Sanskrit]], and about 30 such terms are defined in a glossary.<ref name=whyskrit>"The Dhammapada is best known in its Pali form, and that is the version translated here. Buddhist terms, however, appear here in [[Sanskrit]], because it is in Sanskrit rather than Pali – ''[[nirvana]]'' rather than ''nibana'', ''[[dharma]]'' rather than ''dhamma'', ''[[karma]]'' rather than ''kamma'', and so on – that these words have become familiar in the West" (p. 100, 2007 edition)</ref> Endnotes provide more detailed clarification of particular verses, and the second edition contains a 5-page index.

==Reception==
Reviews have appeared in [[Huston Smith|Smith]] and [[Philip Novak|Novak's]] ''Buddhism: A Concise Introduction'' (2003),<ref
name=smith03>{{cite book |title=Buddhism: A concise introduction |last=Smith |first=Huston |author-link=Huston Smith |author2=Philip Novak |year=2003 |publisher=HarperSanFrancisco |location=San Francisco |isbn=978-0-06-050696-4 |oclc=51973917 |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Smith+novak+isbn%3A9780060506964&btnG=Search+Books |author2-link=Philip Novak |access-date=29 November 2021 |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317163511/https://www.google.com/search?q=Smith+novak+isbn%3A9780060506964&btnG=Search+Books&google_abuse=GOOGLE_ABUSE_EXEMPTION%3DID%3D5af2a46f3c641c40:TM%3D1679070910:C%3D%3E:IP%3D207.241.225.246-:S%3DZVYyUSOK-QJVnemQW-7xBA%3B+path%3D/%3B+domain%3Dgoogle.com%3B+expires%3DFri,+17-Mar-2023+19:35:10+GMT |url-status=live }} {{ISBN|0-06-050696-2}}, {{OCLC|51973917}}</ref> as well as in the
''[[Mountain Path]]'',<ref
name=sundaram90>{{cite journal |author=P.S. Sundaram |year=1990 |title=Untitled <nowiki>[</nowiki>review of the Dhammapada, translated by Eknath Easwaran<nowiki>]</nowiki> |journal=[[Mountain Path]] |volume=27 |issue=3 & 4 |pages=194–195 |issn=0027-2574 |oclc=1774529 |url=http://www.sriramanamaharshi.org/mountainpath.html |access-date=25 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427180134/http://www.sriramanamaharshi.org/mountainpath.html |archive-date=27 April 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''East West'',<ref
name=eastwest86>{{cite journal
|author=Anonymous |year=1986
|title=Untitled [review of the Dhammapada, translated by Eknath Easwaran]
|journal=East West |issue= August |pages=76–77
|issn=0745-0494 |oclc=8767394}}</ref> ''Life Positive'' (India),<ref
name=varughese97>{{cite journal |author=Suma Varughese |year=1997 |title=Basket of Buddhist wisdom <nowiki>[</nowiki>review of old path white clouds (Thich Nhat Hanh), the Dhammapada (Easwaran, trans.), and Stopping & Seeing (Cleary, trans.)<nowiki>]</nowiki> |journal=Life Positive |volume=2 |issue=7 |pages=44 |url=http://www.lifepositive.com/ |access-date=25 April 2011 |archive-date=27 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427185632/http://www.lifepositive.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the ''American Theosophist'',<ref
name=amertheos87>{{cite journal |author=Anonymous |year=1987
|title=Untitled <nowiki>[</nowiki> review of the Bhagavad Gita, the Dhammapada, the Upanishads, by Eknath Easwaran<nowiki>]</nowiki>
|journal=American Theosophist |publisher=[[Theosophical Society in America|American Theosophical Society]] |volume=75 |issue=November |pages=400
|issn=0003-1402 |oclc=3967981 |lccn=78004922}}</ref> ''[[Parabola (magazine)|Parabola]]'',<ref
name=parabola2000>{{cite journal |author=Anonymous |year=2000
|title=Extraordinary book sets from a Parabola favorite
|journal=[[Parabola (magazine)|Parabola]] |publisher=Society for the Study of Myth and Tradition |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=S22}} (NB: Retrieved from Factiva)</ref> ''Voice of Youth Advocates'',<ref
name=rakow06>{{cite journal |author=Susan Rakow |author2=Timothy Capehart |year=2006
|title=Untitled <nowiki>[</nowiki>review of Dhammapada, translated by Eknath Easwaran<nowiki>]</nowiki>
|journal=Voice of Youth Advocates |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=15
|issn=0160-4201 |lccn=91640652}}; Part of their larger review (pp. 14-19) entitled "Buddhism: A World Religions Resource List for Teens."</ref> and websites.<ref name=bruya11>Brian Bruya (Accessed 7 May 2011). [http://www.teluguwebsite.com/Telugu_DivineBooks.html Divine books <nowiki>[</nowiki>including review of the Bhagavad Gita, the Dhammapada, and the Upanishads, by Eknath Easwaran<nowiki>]</nowiki>] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629052837/http://www.teluguwebsite.com/Telugu_DivineBooks.html |date=29 June 2011 }} Telugu Website (http://www.teluguwebsite.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430083113/http://teluguwebsite.com/ |date=30 April 2011 }}), accessed 7 May 2011.</ref>

In ''Buddhism: A Concise Introduction'',<ref>[[Huston Smith|Smith]] and [[Philip Novak|Novak]] (2003) state that "Our favorite translation is Eknath Easwaran's ''The Dhammapada''. His Indian heritage, literary gifts, and spiritual sensibilities (which have given us excellent translations of Hinduism's ''Upanishads'' and ''Bhagavad Gita'') here produce a sublime rendering of the words of the Buddha. Verse after verse shimmers with quiet, confident authority. A bonus is the sparkling 70-page introduction to the Buddha's life and teachings that precedes the translation" (p. 222 of ''Buddhism: A Concise Introduction'', {{ISBN|0-06-050696-2}}).</ref> influential scholar of religion [[Huston Smith]] and his coauthor [[Philip Novak]] wrote that "Our favorite translation is Eknath Easwaran's ''The Dhammapada''. His Indian heritage, literary gifts, and spiritual sensibilities... here produce a sublime rendering of the words of the Buddha. Verse after verse shimmers with quiet, confident authority;"<ref name=smith03/>{{rp|222}} the introduction is described as "sparkling."<ref name=smith03/>{{rp|222}} Elsewhere, the publishers quote Smith as stating that no one else in "modern times" is as qualified as Easwaran to translate the ''Dhammapada'' and other Indian spiritual classics.<ref name=smithquote>[[Huston Smith]] is quoted on [http://www.google.com/search?q=isbn%3A9781586380205+smith+admiration&btnG=Search+Books&tbm=bks&tbo=1 page 277] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317163503/https://www.google.com/search?q=isbn%3A9781586380205+smith+admiration&btnG=Search+Books&tbm=bks&tbo=1&gws_rd=ssl&google_abuse=GOOGLE_ABUSE_EXEMPTION%3DID%3Dacef42bc3c5316aa:TM%3D1679070902:C%3D%3E:IP%3D207.241.235.134-:S%3DLiz7NX6LeNP-tc7WtGGbYQ%3B+path%3D/%3B+domain%3Dgoogle.com%3B+expires%3DFri,+17-Mar-2023+19:35:02+GMT |date=17 March 2023 }} as stating that "No one in modern times is more qualified – no, make that 'as qualified' – to translate the epochal Classics of Indian Spirituality than Eknath Easwaran. And the reason is clear. It is impossible to go to the heart of those Classics unless you live them, and he did live them. My admiration of the man and his works is boundless." (''The Dhammapada'', Easwaran, 2007, p. 277; the "Classics of Indian Spirituality" is a set of 3 translations that includes this ''Dhammapada'').</ref>

In the ''[[Mountain Path]]'', P. S. Sundaram wrote that [[Eknath Easwaran|Easwaran]]:
<blockquote>
writes of mysticism not from the outside but as one who seems himself to have undergone the experience through profound... meditation. In his introduction he is less a guide post than a guide offering himself as a companion to the reader, and inviting him to take the plunge into the depths of being.<ref name=sundaram90/>{{rp|194}}
</blockquote>
Sundaram also stated that in comparison to the [[Dhammapada (Radhakrishnan translation)|Radhakrishnan translation of the ''Dhammapada'']], "The present one... by Mr. Easwaran is superior to it in every way, introduction, translation and get-up, except only that it does not have the original [Pali] verses.... we may set Radhakrishnan's [translation] of the very first verse<ref name=versecompare>Sundaram (p. 195) quotes [[Dhammapada (Radhakrishnan translation)|Radhakrishnan's]] opening verse as "(The mental) natures are the result of what we have thought, are chieftained by our thoughts, are made up of our thoughts. If a man speaks or acts with an evil thought, sorrow follows him (as a consequence) even as the wheel follows the foot of the drawer (i.e., the ox which draws the cart). Easwaran's opening verse is quoted (p. 195) as "Our life is shaped by our mind; we become what we think. Suffering follows an evil thought as the wheels of a cart follow the oxen that draw it."</ref>... beside Easwaran's<ref name=versecompare/>.... The difference is the difference between a crib and a piece of literature, which is not the less faithful to the original for being a piece of literature."<ref name=sundaram90/>{{rp|194–5}}

In ''Life Positive'', Suma Varughese wrote that:
<blockquote>
Easwaran's ''Dhammapada'' has a tone which is easy and contemporary. It is at once energetic and clear as well as mellifluous.... [and] has a limpid clarity that homes right in. As a vehicle of Buddhist thought, the ''Dhammapada's'' haunting poetry adds beauty and emotion to what can often seem a rigorously intellectual discipline.<ref name=varughese97/>
</blockquote>

In ''Voice of Youth Advocates'', Rakow and Capehart wrote that "The Buddha's direct teachings are poetic and arranged by theme... Introductory explanations to each verse will help young adult readers understand the text."<ref name=rakow06/>{{rp|15}}

In other reviews, the translation was described as "exceptionally readable"<ref name=amertheos87/>{{rp|400}} (''American Theosophist''), or the introduction was described as "clear and lively"<ref name=parabola2000/> (''[[Parabola (magazine)|Parabola]]''), or as "inspiring and comprehensive"<ref name=eastwest86/>{{rp|76}}<ref>"Easwaran here offers a new translation from the Pali together with an inspiring and comprehensive introduction" (''East West'', p. 76)</ref> (''East West'').
The review in ''East West'' also quoted the introduction's claim that:
<blockquote>
[The ''Dhammapada'''s] verses can be read and appreciated simply as wise philosophy; as such, they are part of the great literature of the world. But for those who would follow it to the end, the Dhammapada is a sure guide to nothing less than the highest goal life can offer: self-realization.<ref name=eastwest86/>{{rp|77}}
</blockquote>

In 1989, ''[[The Guardian]]'' listed the book among the top 5 best-sellers on Buddhism.<ref
name=guardianbest>{{cite news
|author=Anonymous |title=Books: Bestsellers
|newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=5 May 1989 }} Article states its statistics are based on information supplied by Neal Street East (accessed via Lexis Nexis Academic, 24 April 2011)</ref> In 2009, the ''[[Journal of Religious History]]'' noted that among ''Dhammapada'' translations, Easwaran's had been "very popular."<ref name=friedlander09>{{cite journal
|author=Peter Gerard Friedlander |year=2009
|title=Dhammapada traditions and translations
|journal=[[Journal of Religious History]] |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=215–234
|publisher= Blackwell Publishing Asia
|doi= 10.1111/j.1467-9809.2009.00795.x |issn= 1467-9809|hdl=1885/56398
|hdl-access=free}}</ref>{{rp|231}} It also stated that because Easwaran situated the ''Dhammapada'' against the background of the Upanishads, his translation should be seen in the context of Hindu readings.

==Editions==
The book has been published in English, German, and Korean. English-language editions have been published in the US, the UK, and India. In the US, the book has also been issued by its original publisher as part of a series entitled ''Classics of Indian Spirituality''.<ref name=classicsis>Eknath Easwaran (1989). ''Classics of Indian Spirituality Series: The Bhagavad Gita, The Dhammapada, & The Upanishads''. Tomales, CA: Nilgiri Press. {{ISBN|978-0-915132-45-4}}, {{ISBN|0-915132-45-1}}, {{OCLC|230187262}}.</ref> The stand-alone US editions are:
:*{{cite book
|title=The Dhammapada / Introduced & translated by Eknath Easwaran
|last=Easwaran |first=Eknath |author-link=Eknath Easwaran |year=2007
|edition=2nd
|publisher=Nilgiri Press |location=Tomales, CA |isbn=978-1-58638-020-5
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtYYu6Z6_V0C&q=easwaran+isbn:9781586380205}}; {{ISBN|1-58638-020-6}} (275 pages)
:*{{cite book
|title=The Dhammapada / translated with a general introduction by Eknath Easwaran; with chapter introductions by Stephen Ruppenthal
|last=Easwaran |first=Eknath |author-link=Eknath Easwaran |year=1986
|edition=1st
|publisher=Nilgiri Press |location=Tomales, CA |isbn=978-0-915132-37-9
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J8in3kF1ycMC&q=easwaran+isbn:0915132370}}; {{ISBN|978-0-915132-38-6}}; {{ISBN|0-915132-38-9}}; {{ISBN|0-915132-37-0}} (208 pages)

UK edition:
:*{{cite book
|title=The Dhammapada
|last=Easwaran |first=Eknath |author-link=Eknath Easwaran |year=1986
|edition=1st
|publisher=[[Arkana Publishing|Arkana]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-85063-068-5
}}; {{ISBN|1-85063-068-2}} (208 pages)

Indian editions:
:*{{cite book
|title=The Dhammapada (With DVD)
|last=Easwaran |first=Eknath |author-link=Eknath Easwaran |year=2009
|publisher=[[Jaico Publishing House|Jaico]]|location=Mumbai, India |isbn=978-81-8495-073-1
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9KISQAACAAJ&q=easwaran+isbn:9788184950731}}; {{ISBN|81-8495-073-X}} (280 pages); Reprinted in 2010: {{ISBN|81-8495-092-6}}, {{ISBN|978-81-8495-092-2}} (275 pages).

:*{{cite book
|title=The Dhammapada
|last=Easwaran |first=Eknath |author-link=Eknath Easwaran |year=1996
|publisher=Penguin |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-0-14-019014-4
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtYYu6Z6_V0C&q=easwaran+isbn:9781586380205}}; {{ISBN|0-14-019014-7}} (208 pages)

German edition:
:*{{cite book
|title=Dhammapada: Buddhas zentrale Lehren <nowiki>[Dhammapada: Buddha's central teachings]</nowiki>
|last=Easwaran |first=Eknath |author-link=Eknath Easwaran |year=2006
|others=Peter Kobbe (trans)
|publisher=[[Goldmann (publisher)|Random House / Goldmann]]
|location=Munich, Germany
|isbn=978-3-442-21764-9
|oclc=162462783
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIFwPgAACAAJ&q=9783442217649 }}; {{ISBN|3-442-21764-4}} (284 pages)

Korean edition:
:*{{cite book |title=담마빠다(경전 6) [Dhammapada]
|last=엑나뜨이스와란 [Easwaran |first=Eknath] |author-link=Eknath Easwaran |year=2018
|others=김병채[Kim Byung Chae] (trans)
|publisher=슈리크리슈나다스아쉬람 [Shree Krishna Das Ashram] / www.krishnadass.com
|location=Korea
|isbn=978-89-91596-57-3
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_BCtAEACAAJ}} [https://kyobobook.co.kr/product/detailViewKor.laf?mallGb=KOR&ejkGb=KOR&barcode=9788991596573&orderClick=JAj (online)] {{ISBN|8991596576}} (267 pages)



==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Buddhism topics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhammapada}}
[[Category:1986 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Philosophy books]]
[[Category:Books about spirituality]]
[[Category:Buddhism studies books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Works by Eknath Easwaran]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian books]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]

A Rural Manifesto

2026-01-31T02:49:29Z

ErmaT39411378: Added The Entry W/ Infobox.

{{Short description|2018 book}}'''A Rural Manifesto: Realising India's Future Through Her Villages''' is a book written by [[Varun Gandhi]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Mohua |date=2018-11-26 |title=BJP MP Varun Gandhi completes book on India's rural society and economy |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-mp-varun-gandhi-completes-book-on-indias-rural-society-and-economy/articleshow/66815902.cms |access-date=2023-06-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and published by [[Rupa Publications]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Feroze Varun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_C4mwAEACAAJ |title=A Rural Manifesto: Realizing India's Future Through Her Villages |date=2018 |publisher=[[Rupa Publications]] |isbn=978-93-5333-309-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=K. Upreti |first=Deepak |title=Varun Gandhi pens 'A Rural Manifesto' with rural distress |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/india/varun-gandhi-pens----a-rural-manifesto----with-rural-distress.html |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=[[Daily Pioneer]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gyanesh |first=Aditi |date=2018-12-20 |title=Varun Gandhi releases 'A Rural Manifesto' at IIMB |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/varun-gandhi-releases-a-rural-manifesto-at-iimb/articleshow/67179049.cms |access-date=2023-06-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
[[Santosh Mehrotra]] of [[The Hindu]] wrote: "Through anecdotes, research and ground work, a BJP MP suggests ways to tackle agricultural distress and the way forward".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mehrotra |first=Santosh |date=2019-02-02 |title=Santosh Mehrotra reviews A Rural Manifesto: Realizing India's Future through Her Villages by Feroze Varun Gandhi |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/a-rural-manifesto-realizing-indias-future-through-her-villages-review-from-the-fields/article26152221.ece |access-date=2023-06-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Panchanan Chattopadhyay of [[Assam University]] wrote: "A Rural Manifesto, is really a ‘grand narrative’ of India’s rural society to be reformed or to be revolutionised. It is a worthy collection for any university or college library. This book is an essential reading for administrators and policymakers of the country to understand the Indian villages."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Panchanan |date=2022-03-01 |title=Book review: Marginal Farmers of India |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00195561211052110 |journal=Indian Journal of Public Administration |language=en |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=130–133 |doi=10.1177/00195561211052110 |s2cid=247191256 |issn=0019-5561 |via=Sage Publications|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Roshan Kishore of [[Hindustan Times]] wrote: "The book is a much needed political intervention to the collective effort which must be channelized behind this cause."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kishore |first=Roshan |date=2019-03-01 |title=An attempt to fill the intellectual vacuum on Indian agriculture |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-a-rural-manifesto-by-varun-gandhi/story-dnOuOG9H7XOBcrm3xLX03J.html |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rural Manifesto A}}
[[Category:2018 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Rupa Publications books]]
[[Category:Books about politics of India]]
[[Category:Books by Varun Gandhi]]

Taj Mahal Marathon

2026-01-08T15:33:14Z

ErmaT39411378: adjust information and improved wording

{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=September 2014}}
{{update|date=September 2014}}
{{notability|Sports|date=April 2017}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox athletics race
| image = Start line of The Taj Mahal Marathon.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| caption = The eastern gate of Taj Mahal, Agra, is the start line of the Taj Mahal Marathon, spread across 222 km.
| date = 14–16 June 2013
| location = [[Agra]], [[India]]
| type = Road
| distance = [[Ultramarathon]]
| est = 2013
| homepage = [http://www.enduranceindia.wordpress.com Endurance India]
}}
The '''Taj Mahal Marathon''' is a long-distance running event in [[Agra]], [[India]], held annually since 14 June 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taj Mahal Marathon |url=http://www.ultramarathonrunning.com/races/tajmahalmarathon.html |website=www.ultramarathonrunning.com |access-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106234306/http://www.ultramarathonrunning.com/races/tajmahalmarathon.html |archive-date=January 6, 2019 |language=en |date=2018{{ndash}}19 |url-status=live}}</ref> The race was founded by India's youngest [[ultramarathon]] runner,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guides |first=Bluworlds |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vVZjAwAAQBAJ&dq=gaurav+madan+taj+mahal+marathon&pg=PA39 |title=Taj Mahal Pocket Travel Guide |publisher=Bluworlds Guides |language=en}}</ref> engineer Gaurav Madan. Set over a largely flat course around the [[Chambal River]] and [[River Yamuna]], the race begins at three separate points around [[Taj Mahal]], [[Agra]], and finishes in [[Bhangarh]], [[Rajasthan]]. The crew-supported marathon is the longest in India in terms of distance.{{Cn|date=November 2023}}

==Route==
The marathon is set over a largely flat course along the [[Chambal River]] from [[River Yamuna]], spanning 222 kilometres (138 miles). The course begins at three points: the Eastern Gate, Southern Gate and Western Gate of Taj Mahal, and leads to [[National Highway 11 (India)|NH 11]] towards [[Jaipur]], then on to [[Bharatpur, India|Bharatpur]], [[Rajasthan]] via [[Fatehpur Sikri]]. The course runs alongside the [[Keoladeo National Park]].

After crossing [[Bharatpur, India|Bharatpur]], the route leads to the city of [[Dausa]], [[Rajasthan]]. This partially deserted landscape is considerably hot in the month of June, with daytime temperatures rising above 116 °F (47 °C).{{Cn|date=November 2023}} In Dausa, the marathon route joins the National Highway 11A Dausa, which leads to the finish at [[Bhangarh]], [[Alwar]], [[Rajasthan]].

The runners scale a distance of 222 km (138 mi) during the marathon, passing the three mandatory checkpoints: [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]], [[Mehandipur Balaji Temple]] and [[Dausa]], with a gross elevation gain of 2,000 ft. For the duration of the marathon, runners are accompanied by their mandatory support crew, along with the support vehicle and medical support team.

The marathon has a cut-off time of 48 hours from the start, with no individual time station cut-offs. Runners must be over 21 years of age and have completed at least two ultramarathons to participate in the marathon.

==See also==
* [[Taj Mahal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.enduranceindia.wordpress.com/ Official website]
*[https://enduranceindia.wordpress.com/the-taj-mahal-marathon/route/ Official map - splits given in kilometers]

{{Road running competitions in India}}

[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:June]]
[[Category:Sport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Agra]]
[[Category:Athletics competitions in India]]

1954 Prayag Kumbh Mela stampede

2026-01-01T09:29:01Z

ErmaT39411378: content update

{{Short description|Indian stampede}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox event
| title = 1954 Kumbh Mela stampede
| image =
| image_size =
| date = {{Start date|df=yes|1954|02|03}}
| place = [[Prayagraj]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| reported death(s) = 316–800
| reported injuries = 2000
| cause = failure of [[crowd control]] measures
| notes =
}}
'''1954 Kumbh Mela crowd collapses''' was a major [[crowd crush]] that occurred on 3 February 1954 at [[Prayag Kumbh Mela|Kumbha Mela]] in [[Prayagraj]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in [[India]]. It was the main bathing day of ''Mauni [[Amavasya]]'' ([[New Moon]]), when the incident took place. 4–5 million pilgrims took part in the festival that year, which was also the first Kumbh Mela after India's [[Independence of India|Independence]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=9XC9bwMMPcwC&dq=1954+Kumbh+stampede&pg=RA16-PA200 Kumbh Mela – Timeline] ''What Is Hinduism?: Modern Adventures into a Profound Global Faith'', by Editors of Hinduism Today, Hinduism Today Magazine Editors. Published by Himalayan Academy Publications, 2007. {{ISBN|1-934145-00-9}}. ''244''</ref>

The figures for the tragedy varied according to different sources. Officially, 316 people lost their lives.<ref>{{cite book |first=Kama |last=Maclean |year=2008 |title=Pilgrimage and Power |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199713356 |page=192}}</ref> While ''[[The Guardian]]'' reported more than 800 people died, and over 100 were injured,<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/aug/28/india.maseehrahman The worst stampede was in Allahabad in 1954, killing 800.] ''[[The Guardian]]'', 28 August 2003.</ref> ''[[TIME]]'' reported "no fewer than 350 people were trampled to death and drowned, 200 were counted missing, and over 2,000 were injured".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071025060100/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828666,00.html The Urn Festival] ''[[TIME]]'', 8 February 1960.</ref> According to the book ''Law and Order in India,'' over 500 people died.<ref name=sak>[https://books.google.com/books?id=3F5IAAAAMAAJ&q=1954+Kumbh+stampede 1954 Kumbh stampede] ''Law and Order in India'', by N. S. Saksena. Published by Abhinav Publications, 1987. {{ISBN|81-7017-216-0}}. ''pp. 81, 164''.</ref>

== Reasons and aftermath ==
[[File:NorthIndiaCircuit 250.jpg|right|270px|thumb|The [[Triveni Sangam]], or the intersection of [[Yamuna River]] and [[Ganges River]] and the mythical [[Sarasvati River|Saraswati River]], where devotees perform rituals, and the site of the great baths during the [[Kumbh Mela]]]]
The 1954 [[Kumbh Mela]] occasion was used by politicians to connect with the Indian populace as the first Kumbh Mela after Independence in 1947, with more than 5 million pilgrims in attendance for the 40-day festival, at Allahabad, (today known as [[Prayagraj]]); many leading politicians visited the city during the event.

In addition to the compounding failures of [[crowd control]] measures, and the presence of a large number of [[politicians]],<ref name="hin">{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20080406075155/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/01/23/stories/05232512.htm Politics at the Kumbh Mela]}} ''[[The Hindu]]'', 23 January 2001.</ref><ref name="sak" /> a major factor contributing to the incident was that the Ganges River had changed course and moved in closer to the [[Bunding|Bund]] ([[Levee|embankment]]) and the city, reducing the available space of the temporary Kumbh township, and restricting movement of the people.<ref name="mis">[https://books.google.com/books?id=1pCXqynwwQcC&dq=1954+Kumbh+stampede&pg=PA21 Maha Kumbh] ''Mahakumbh: The Greatest Show on Earth'', by J.S. Mishra. Published by Har-Anand Publications, 2007. {{ISBN|81-241-0993-1}}. ''p. 21''.</ref> Ultimately, what triggered the tragedy was a crowd surge that broke through the barriers, separating them from a procession of [[sadhu]]s and holy men of various [[akhara]]s, resulting in the fatal crush.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CO-AAAAAIAAJ&q=1954+Kumbh+stampede 1954 Kumbh stampede] ''Can the Ganga be Cleaned?'', by Brojendra Nath Banerjee. Published by B.R. Pub. Corp., 1989. {{ISBN|81-7018-544-0}}. ''p. 22''.</ref>

After the event, Prime Minister Jawahar Lal Nehru suggested that politicians and VIPs should refrain from visiting the Mela,<ref name="hin" /> and were all exonerated, along with the government, of any wrongdoing after an inquiry.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070607031911/http://www.sasnet.lu.se/panelabstracts/22.html Paper 8 Title: Speaking to Subalterns/Subalterns Speaking: Pilgrims, Governments and the durghatna (tragedy) at the 1954 Kumbh Mela] by Dr Kama Maclean, School of History, ''[[University of New South Wales]]'', Australia.</ref> The judicial inquiry commission, set up after what was one of the worst crowd crushes in India's history, was headed by Justice Kamala Kant Verma, and its recommendations became the basis for better management of future events in the coming decades. This tragedy has stood as a grim reminder to Mela planners and district administrators.<ref name="mis" /> Over the years, the crowds have progressively increased, so much so that 80–100 million people took part in the 2010 Kumbh Mela, making it the [[List of largest gatherings in history|largest gathering]] anywhere in the world.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6226895.stm Millions bathe at Hindu festival] ''[[BBC News]]'', 3 January 2007.</ref><ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1137833.stm Kumbh Mela pictured from space – probably the largest human gathering in history] ''[[BBC News]]'', 26 January 2001.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081015173858/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/travel_images/article3597725.ece Kumbh Mela: the largest pilgrimage – Pictures: Kumbh Mela by Karoki Lewis] ''[[The Times]]'', 22 March 2008.</ref> Among the other fatal Kumbh Mela crushes, the most notable have been in the years 1840, 1906, 1954, 1986, 2003 (39 deaths), 2010 (7 deaths), [[2013 Prayag Kumbh Mela stampede|2013]] (36 deaths) and [[2025_Prayag_Maha_Kumbh_Mela#Incidents|2025 (30 deaths)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Seven-die-in-Kumbh-stampede-two-drown/articleshow/5805305.cms?referral=PM|title=Seven die in Kumbh stampede, two drown | India News |website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030828/main1.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Main News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/11/world/asia/deadly-stampede-at-the-hindu-festival-kumbh-mela.html?_r=0|title = Deadly Stampede at Hindu Festival That Draws Millions|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 10 February 2013|last1 = Harris|first1 = Gardiner}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
*There is a reference to the 1954 Kumbh Mela Stampede in the 1993 novel ''[[A Suitable Boy]]'' by [[Vikram Seth]]. In the novel, the event is called "Pul Mela" instead of "Kumbh Mela". It is also depicted (again as "Pul Mela"), in the 2020 [[A Suitable Boy (TV series)|television adaptation]].
*In the novel written by Kalkut ([[Samaresh Basu]]), ''Amrita Kumbher Sandhane'', the tragedy of the tragedy is highlighted along with reaction of the pilgrims. It was later made into [[Amrita Kumbher Sandhane|a film]].

==See also==
*[[2013 Kumbh Mela stampede]]
* {{slink|Crowd collapses and crushes|Crowd "stampedes"}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=qMtGAAAAMAAJ&q=1954+Kumbh+stampede]


{{Human stampedes}}
{{Allahabad division topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1954 Kumbh Mela Stampede}}
[[Category:History of Uttar Pradesh (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Disasters in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1954 in India|Kumbh Mela Stampede, 1954]]
[[Category:History of Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths in India]]
[[Category:Human stampedes in India]]
[[Category:1954 disasters in India|Kumbh Mela Stampede, 1954]]
[[Category:Kumbh Mela]]
[[Category:Nehru administration]]
[[Category:February 1954 in Asia]]

Nisha Chaudhary

2025-12-25T05:28:53Z

ErmaT39411378:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nisha Chaudhary
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes| 1952|09|10}}
| death_date =
| constituency = [[Sabarkantha Lok Sabha constituency|Sabarkantha]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
| term_start = 1996
| term_end = 2001 (Dead)
| nationality = [[India]]n
| spouse = [[Amarsinh Chaudhary|Amarsinh B. Chaudhary]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| residence = [[New Delhi]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Teacher, Sportsperson, Politician, Social Worker, Educationist
| religion =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nisha Chaudhary''' (1952–2001) was a social and political social worker and was elected to Lok Sabha from the [[Sabarkantha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sabarkantha]] constituency in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]] thrice in the 1990s, as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate.<ref name="Lok Sabha">{{cite web|title=Biographical Sketch Member of Parliament 12th Lok Sabha|url=http://www.indiapress.org/election/archives/lok12/biodata/12gj15.php|accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She was born Nisha Gameti on 10 September 1952 in the Saclawada, district [[Dungarpur]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Rajasthan]]. She divorced her husband, with whom she had two children, in 1990. In late 1980s she was a companion of former CM [[Amarsinh Chaudhary|Amarsinh B. Chaudhary]]. The couple married on 13 July 1991. The wedding caused controversy because Amarsinh Chaudhary was still married to his first wife Gajraben with whom he had 3 children.<ref name="Lok Sabha"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19911015-former-gujarat-cm-amarsinh-chaudharys-second-marriage-creates-a-stir-814940-1991-10-15|title=Former Gujarat CM Amarsinh Chaudhary's second marriage creates a stir}}</ref> Nisha was elected to Lok Sabha in 1996, 1998 and 1999, and died in 2001 in the middle of her term as Lok Sabha member.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Sabarkantha-poll-battle-Voters-feel-trapped/articleshow/602348.cms|title=Sabarkantha poll battle: Voters feel trapped | Ahmedabad News - Times of India}}</ref>

==Education & Interests==
Nisha was an [[Master of Arts|M.A]] in [[Sociology]]. She was educated at Birla Institute, [[Pilani]] and [[Rajasthan University]], [[Jaipur]]. Nisha's hobbies included singing, playing music and classical dances. Nisha is a [[sportsperson]] and participated in several sports like hockey, tennis and badminton. She was also a member of the [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] and also attended Republic Day Contingent Camp in New Delhi for many years.<ref name="Lok Sabha"/>

==Career==
Nisha had worked as a Radio Artist in [[All India Radio]], Jaipur. As a Chairman of the State Social Welfare Advisory Board, Nisha worked for women and child welfare and towards the advancement of backward classes, particularly the tribals. All throughout her career she has been associated with several social and educational institutions and continues to work for the underprivileged.

Nisha Chaudhary died in 2001. Madhusudan Mistry of Congress won the Lok Sabha bye-poll, necessitated by her death.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Nisha}}
[[Category:Women in Gujarat politics]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:Articles created or expanded during Women's History Month (India) - 2014]]
[[Category:People from Dungarpur district]]
[[Category:Politicians from New Delhi]]
[[Category:All India Radio people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:All India Radio women]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Pallar

2025-12-20T16:59:45Z

ErmaT39411378: small reworked information per standard format and cleaned formatting based on references

{{short description|Agricultural Caste in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Pallar
| image =
| poptime =
| population =
| popplace = [[Pandya Nadu|Southern]], [[Chola Nadu|Central]] and [[Kongu Nadu|Western]] districts of [[Tamil Nadu]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://scroll.in/article/918626/one-tamil-nadu-marginal-group-has-key-presence-in-many-areas-but-its-own-divisions-may-weaken-it| newspaper=Scroll| title= One Tamil Nadu marginal group has key presence in many areas – but its own divisions may weaken it| date= 13 April 2019 | first= | last=| access-date=20 March 2024}}</ref> [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern]] and [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern]] [[Provinces of Sri Lanka|Provinces]] of [[Sri Lanka]]<ref name="Political Change and Agrarian Tradition in South India2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8dp_b7GBrEC&pg=PA51|title=Political Change and Agrarian Tradition in South India|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1986|page=51}}</ref>
| languages = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]]
| related = [[Tamil people]], [[Sri Lankan Pallar]]
}}

The '''Pallar''', also called '''Mallar''', are an agricultural community from the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka. The Pallars traditionally inhabited the fertile wetland area referred to as ''Marutham'' in the literary devices of the [[Sangam landscape]]. Today, they are the dominant [[Dalit]] community of southern Tamil Nadu and have developed a reputation for being assertive about their rights.<ref name="Ramaiah-journal"/>{{Sfn|Venkatasubramanian|1986|p=51}} Due to the demand of the Pallar community to classify them under a more dignified generic name Devendrakula Velalar, recently they together with six other related castes have been given the name [[Devendrakula Velalar]]; however their original caste name remains valid and they are still part of the [[Scheduled Caste]] list.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/not-a-valid-demand-say-dalit-intellectuals/article23788597.ece |title=Not a valid demand, say Dalit intellectuals |date=6 May 2018 |access-date=2020-07-20}}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/lok-sabha-okays-putting-seven-castes-under-devendrakula-vellalars/article34109785.ece
| newspaper=The Hindu| title= Lok Sabha passes bill to place seven castes under Devendrakula Velalars in Tamil Nadu| date= 19 March 2021 | first= | last=| access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name ''Pallar'' name might have be derived from ''Pallam'', which means a geographically low lying area such as the "Plains". This aligns with their traditional occupation of cultivators of the low wetlands in the [[Sangam landscape|Marutham land of Sangam landscape]]. There is literary evidence that suggests that Pallars were traditional farmers who produced large quantities of food grains, and that some were probably rulers ([[Pallava dynasty]]) in the Tamil region.<ref name="Ramaiah-journal">{{cite journal|last=Ramaiah|first=A.|year=2004|title=Untouchability and Inter-Caste Relations in Rural India: The Case of Southern Tamil Villages|url=http://web.uni-frankfurt.de/irenik/relkultur70.pdf|journal=Journal of Religious Culture|issue=70}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DtjSpIRhNNMC&pg=PA602|title=Handbook of Research on Ethnic Minority Entrepreneurship: A Co-Evolutionary View on Resource Management|last=Dana|first=Leo Paul|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84542-733-7|page=602|access-date=16 April 2012}}</ref> The change of name from "Mallar" to "Pallar" is believed to have been imposed upon them after the decline of their rule, when the leaders of competing tribes such as [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and the succeeding [[Nayak (title)|Nayakars]] wanted to suggest a degradation in status.<ref name="Ramaiah-journal"/>{{Sfn|Venkatasubramanian|1986|p=51}} The caste name is sometimes being spelled as ''Pallan''. The -"an" suffix is originally masculine singular and in colloquial usage often attached when implying disrespect. This usage has been observed for other service castes. The plural and respectable suffix is denoted by -"ar", resulting in the name ''Pallar'', which is the one usually preferred.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Williams |first1=T. Edward |title=Udaiyar Dialect of Tamil |last2=Jeyapaul |first2=V. Y. |date=1977 |publisher=Annamalai University |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Dana |first=Leo Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DtjSpIRhNNMC&pg=PA602 |title=Handbook of Research on Ethnic Minority Entrepreneurship: A Co-Evolutionary View on Resource Management |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84542-733-7 |page=602 |access-date=16 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Contributions to Indian Sociology |publisher=Mouton & Co. Institute of Social Anthropology, Research Centre on Social and Economic Development in Asia |year=1993 |volume=27-28 |location=University of Oxford |pages=102 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The Pallars traditionally inhabited the fertile wetland area referred to as ''Marutham'' in the literary devices of the [[Sangam landscape]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6eccAQAAMAAJ&q=marutham|title=Census of India, 1961|last=General|first=India Office of the Registrar|date=1964|publisher=Manager of Publications|pages=11}}</ref> Vendan, also known as Devendra and identified with [[Indra]], is the god of the ''Marutham'' landscape and also one of the chief deities of the Pallars.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMJGAAAAMAAJ|title=Śaṅgam polity: the administration and social life of the Śaṅgam Tamils|last=Subrahmanian|first=N.|publisher=Ennes|year=1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8IO3AAAAIAAJ|title=Dalits in Dravidian land: Frontline reports on Anti-Dalit violence in Tamil Nadu, 1995–2004|last=Viswanathan|first=S.|publisher=Navayana|year=2005|isbn=978-81-89059-05-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Us08AAAAMAAJ|title=Caste system: myths, reality, challenge|last=Sinha|first=Sachchidanand|publisher=Intellectual Pub. House|year=1982|isbn=9780836407914}}</ref> Agriculture, being the dominant occupation in Sangam society, had gained a status and expertise. Some historians have claimed the Pallars are descendants of the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]] who ruled the Andhra and Tamil countries between the 6th and 9th centuries. Tamil scholar M. Srinivasa Iyengar claimed the Pallars were one of the communities who served often in Pallava armies.{{Sfn|Venkatasubramanian|1986|p=35}}

Under the Cholas, agricultural life throughout Tamil country was dominated by independent peasant-proprietors while there also existed a large class of landless agricultural labourers. During Vijayanagara rule and the [[Madurai Nayak dynasty|Nayak]] period after, the Pallars were primarily agricultural labourers with no right to own land.{{Sfn|Venkatasubramanian|1986|p=36-37}}{{Sfn|Fuller|1997|p=77}}<ref name="Ramaiah-journal" /> Two 17th-century inscriptions calling the Pallars ''Devendrakutumpan'' and "son of the celestial woman" have been found in Tirunelveli and Ramanathapuram districts.{{Sfn|Venkatasubramanian|1986|p=51}} The socio-economic position of the Pallar as bonded servants working on farms is a central theme of [[Pallu (poetry)|Pallu poetry]] popular in the 17th century.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LspBFqePhpwC&pg=PA44|title=Re-exploring the Links: History and Constructed Histories Between Portugal and Sri Lanka|last=Flores|first=Jorge Manuel|date=2007|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=9783447054904|page=44}}</ref>

Together with the [[Udayar (caste)|Udayar]] and [[Kallar (caste)|Kallar]], they form the Marava castes, who are quite dominant in the region variously known as [[Ramanathapuram district|Ramnad]] and the [[Maravar]] country.<ref>{{cite book|last=Raj|first=Selva J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zv42cV5dQmYC|title=Popular Christianity in India: Riting Between the Lines|publisher=SUNY Press|year=2002|isbn=9780791455197|editor1-last=Raj|editor1-first=Selva J.|page=86|chapter=Transgressing Boundaries, Transcending Turner: The Pilgrimage Tradition at the Shrine of St. John de Britto|access-date=2012-05-01|editor2-last=Dempsey|editor2-first=Corinne G.}}</ref>

Movements to improve the condition of the Pallars have existed since the 1920s.{{Sfn|Wyatt|2012|p=140}} Starting in the 1930s, the Pallars began to get educated with the support of Christian missionaries, giving them access to new opportunities outside the village. In the 1950s the Pallars began to organize themselves around [[Immanuvel Devendrar|Immanuel Sekaran]]. Sekaran, born to a Christian Pallar family and a veteran of the Second World War, was presuaded to join Congress to oppose the [[All India Forward Bloc]] of [[U. Muthuramalingam Thevar]], a popular leader among the Pallars' traditional [[Mukkulathor|Thevar]] rivals. His rise caused a wave of assertion among the Pallars as they became sensitized to their rights and resisted exploitation by dominant castes. During a fraught by-election in 1957, a peace meeting between Thevar and Sekaran was called, during which Sekaran was murdered allegedly with Thevar's support. The resultant agitations led to the [[1957 Ramnad riots]], where Thevars and Pallars fought and 47 Dalits were killed. Although the Congress government at the time offered help to the Pallars, they slowly became ignored by mainstream parties starting in the 1960s.{{Sfn|Wyatt|2012|p=133}}

Starting in the 1970s, a number of independent Pallar candidates began contesting elections. In the 1980s, John Pandian emerged as a major leader of the Pallars. At this time, violence between the Pallars and Thevars was increasing and Pandian gained particular notoriety in the media and admiration in the community, with some calling him ''Pallar Padai Thalapathy'' ("Commander of the Pallar force"). He gained particular notoriety after the Bodinayakkanur riots of 1989, when a clip of one of his speeches was replayed and was believed to be one of the causes for the riots.{{Sfn|Wyatt|2012|p=134}}

Starting in the 1990s, Pandian was sidelined with the emergence of [[K. Krishnasamy|K. Krishnaswamy]], leader of the Devendrakula Velalar Federation. During this time, Pallar-Thevar conflict became much more pronounced as each community asserted their rights further. Krishnaswamy gained particular attention after a particularly brutal one of these incidents: the Kodiyankulam riots in 1995, which started with an argument between Thevar students and a Pallar driver, which escalated when a statue of U Muthuramalingam Thevar was vandalized. In the violence that followed 18 people were killed and culminated with a police attack against Dalits in Kodiyankulam. Krishnaswamy was highly critical of the government's response and advocated for strong Dalit resistance to Thevar aggression, bringing him significant support from Pallar youth.{{Sfn|Wyatt|2012|p=134-135}}

Violence between Thevars and Pallars broke out again when the DMK government implemented a decision to name a transport corporation after [[Veeran Sundaralingam]], companion of [[Veerapandiya Kattabomman]] and a Pallar icon. Other riots occurred in [[Virudhunagar district]] in 1997, when Pallars asserted their right to pull the car during a temple festival.{{Sfn|Wyatt|2012|p=134-135}}

== Devendrakula Velalar Movement ==
The title 'Devendrakula Velalar', with connotations of higher status, and the formation of Devendrakula Velalar identity is an ambitious project and it allows a large number of pallar sub-castes to unite under one label. The term 'Devendrakula Velalalar' is politically significant because it is a form of identity that submerges various Pallar subgroups and provides a basis on which unified political action can be taken. The new title implies 'an alternative, superior, non-untouchable identity' and carries an implicit claim for a higher social status.<ref name="Wyatt 2009 p. 140">{{cite book | last=Wyatt | first=A. | title=Party System Change in South India: Political Entrepreneurs, Patterns and Processes | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Routledge Advances in South Asian Studies | year=2009 | isbn=978-1-135-18202-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXeMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA140 | access-date=2023-03-28 | page=140}}</ref> Since the 1990s, community members have preferred to refer to themselves as ''Devendrakula Velalar'' (DKV), literally "Vellalars of the clan of Devendra."{{Sfn|Venkatasubramanian|1986|p=51}}{{Sfn|Wyatt|2012|p=140}} This has primarily been to rid themselves of what they see as a 'demeaning' name and to adopt a more 'respectable' name.{{Sfn|Wyatt|2012|p=140}} In support of a name change to DKV, Pallars have undertaken hunger strikes and rallies.<ref name="Ramaiah-journal" /> The [[Puthiya Tamilagam]] (PT), founded by Krishnaswamy in 2001, has campaigned for the appellation of DKV to be applied to the Pallar, Kudumbar, [[Kaladi (caste)|Kaladi]], Mooppan, [[Devendra Kulathan]] and Pannadi communities since the 1990s and between 2006 and 2011 a one-man commission looked into it on behalf of the state government, then controlled by the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK). Nothing came of the commission because the DMK lost power in 2011. The PT then allied with the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] in the hope that this would lead to the renaming but by 2015 had become frustrated with the inaction and was organising protests.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/agitation-to-bring-many-sc-sects-under-one-common-name/articleshow/48251455.cms |title=Agitation to bring many SC sects under one common name |date=28 July 2015 |agency=PTI |access-date=2020-07-20}}</ref>

In 2015, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], until then a minor player in Tamil Nadu politics, was approached about the name change.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|others=Special Correspondent|date=2021-03-19|title=Parliament proceedings {{!}} Lok Sabha passes bill to place seven castes under Devendrakula Vellalars in Tamil Nadu|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/lok-sabha-okays-putting-seven-castes-under-devendrakula-vellalars/article34109785.ece|access-date=2021-03-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2016, the centre announced it would appoint anthropologists to investigate the DKV claim in relation to the Pallar, Kudumbar, Pannadi, Kaladi, Kadayan, Devendra Kulathan and Vadhiriyar communities. It said that the decision was not motivated by a desire for political support from the affected communities but rather a reaction to a petition organised by the Thevendrar Thannarva Arakattalai (TTA) that had attracted over 500,000 signatories.<ref>{{cite news |title=Centre to depute anthropologists to Tamil Nadu |work=The Hindu |date=10 February 2016 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/centre-to-depute-anthropologists-to-tamil-nadu/article8217043.ece/ |access-date=2020-07-20}}</ref> Whilst the TTA said at the time that the change of name would have no effect on the [[Scheduled Caste]] status enjoyed by the communities under India's [[reservation in India|system of positive discrimination]], by 2018 the PT leader, [[K. Krishnasamy]], was demanding that they be removed from that classification. This announcement met with criticism, in part because it was claimed that Krishnasamy had only in the previous year become an advocate for the putative DVK communities and that previously he had been concerned more generally with Dalit politics. Doubts were expressed by Dalit intellectuals regarding whether Krishnasamy actually had the support of the majority of people from the affected communities for an idea which had originated with the [[Sangh Parivar]] and which, it was claimed, Krishnasamy was "latching on to" because he was "losing his political relevance". It was argued that the ''Vellalar'' term implied that the communities were adopting the [[sanskritisation]] process and that this would further emphasis caste divisions in a society that should be lessening them.

In March 2021 the Lok Sabha passed a bill approving the name change for the seven castes in question, including the Pallars. Opposition MPs, while supporting the name change, claimed it was only done because of the approaching [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Tamil Nadu Assembly Elections]].<ref name=":1" />

The traditional occupation of the Pallars has been agricultural labour. In the past, most were bonded to the land and were forced to perform ''adimai toli'' (slave work). However they never had to perform any particular occupation seen as ritually 'degrading,' such as skinning cattle or collecting feces. Although they also have done gravedigging work, they do it freely and do not see it as demeaning as they get paid for it.{{Sfn|Fuller|1997|p=77}} Today, a large minority of the Pallars have gained from education and government jobs. Many work in factories, offices, government jobs and other non-agricultural occupations.{{Sfn|Wyatt|2012|p=141}}

Due to the demand of the Pallar community to classify them under a more dignified generic name Devendrakula Velalar, recently they together with six other related castes have been given the name [[Devendrakula Velalar]]; however their original caste name remains valid and they are still part of the [[Scheduled Caste]] list.

== Social status ==
The social status of the Pallars has remained low since the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] rule. Upper castes, especially [[Tamil Brahmin|Brahmins]], [[Chettiar|Chettiyars]], [[Vellalar]]s as well as many middle castes practice [[untouchability]] against them, and they face severe social restrictions such as not walking through dominant-caste localities or the [[Two tumbler system]] especially prevalent in southern districts.<ref name="Ramaiah-journal" /> In villages where they are small minorities and are highly dependent on dominant castes for livelihoods, this untouchability is highly practised. But since they do not practice a particular task seen as 'degrading,' the source of this low ritual status is highly unclear.{{Sfn|Fuller|1997|p=76}} Consequently, they have also been seen as having the highest status among Dalit communities, especially compared to the other major Dalit communities: [[Paraiyar]]s and [[Arunthathiyar]]s. In many cases, the Pallars practice untouchability against other Dalit castes to maintain this status.<ref name="Ramaiah-journal" />{{Sfn|Wyatt|2012|p=140}} However, being a majority in a village Pallars remained not only prosperous but they also gained political power. This disparity let many discussions among scholarly fields, concluding that the Pallars form two groups of one being untouchables and the other one regarded as high.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=A.|first=Ramaiah|date=2004|title=Untouchability and Inter-Caste Relations in Rural India: The Case of Southern Tamil Villages|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/14500435.pdf|journal=Journal of Religious Culture|volume=70}}</ref>

In some points, Pallars deem themselves superior to communities such as the Valaiyars, who have fewer dietary restrictions than the Pallar. However, their history of ''adimai toli'' meant they were considered 'lower' than the Valaiyars, who are classified under Backward Classes. They have also been forced to live outside the village boundary, also a marker of untouchability.{{Sfn|Fuller|1997|p=77}}

The Pallars have become the most socially mobile Dalit community due to a significant minority in non-traditional occupations. This has meant that in villages where Pallars form a significant population, they have higher rates of land ownership, corresponding to educational and economic advancement.<ref name="Ramaiah-journal" />{{Sfn|Wyatt|2012|p=141}} This lessened dependence on dominant castes has allowed the Pallars to become highly assertive about their rights and dignity in society, as the Pallars have often rejected their low social status. The Pallars also claim descent from [[Kshatriya]]s, making them more inclined to a more 'martial' tradition.{{Sfn|Fuller|1997|p=77}} However, this increased assertiveness has also provoked resentment from the poor among dominant communities, especially the Thevars, who see the Pallars' rise as against the 'natural order.' For this reason, violence between the two communities is not uncommon.{{Sfn|Wyatt|2012|p=141}}

==Temple festivals==
The Devendrakula Velalar community traditionally celebrate and initiate the temple car festivals at various major historic temples, such as the [[Perur Pateeswarar Temple]]<ref>{{cite news|date=19 March 2019|title=Temple Car Festival at Perur Pateeswarar Temple in Coimbatore|newspaper=Maalai Malar|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/worship/2019/03/19094531/1232974/perur-pateeswarar-kovil-therottam.vpf|access-date=2021-03-31}}</ref> and [[Koniamman Temple, Coimbatore|Koniamman Temple]] at [[Coimbatore]], [[Srivilliputhur Andal temple]].<ref>{{cite news|date=29 October 2020|title=Andal car festival-2022|newspaper=Kotravai News|url=http://www.kotravainews.com/news/srivilliputhur-andal-temple-pallar-devendrakula-velalar/ |access-date=2022-02-16}}</ref> [[Nellaiappar Temple]] at [[Tirunelveli]].<ref>{{cite news|date=28 June 2018|title=Andal car festival-2022|newspaper=Vikatan News|url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/temples/129068-an-inspector-who-helped-in-nellaiyappar-car-festival-was-celebrated-by-devotees |access-date=2022-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2023-02-14|title=Temple Car Festival at Koniamman Temple in Coimbatore|newspaper=Lokal App|url=https://tamil.getlokalapp.com/tamilnadu-news/coimbatore/coimbatore/poochattu-festival-today-at-koniamman-temple-9244166|access-date=2023-02-14}}</ref> the [[Vandiyur Mariamman Teppakulam]],<ref>{{cite news|date=9 February 2020|title=Grandeur marks float fest in Madurai|newspaper=Times Of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/grandeur-marks-float-fest-in-madurai/articleshow/74036052.cms |access-date=2021-03-29}}</ref> [[Makara Nedunkuzhaikathar Temple]] at [[Thenthiruperai]].<ref>{{cite news|date=26 March 2022|title=Thenthiruperai car festival-2022|newspaper=Maalaimalar|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/news/district/2022/03/26151719/3616106/Thoothukudi-News--Thenthirupparai-Makara-Nedungukulaikkadar.vpf |access-date=2022-05-14}}</ref> and the dedcorated flower palanquin at [[Kamakshi Amman Temple]] at [[Kanchipuram]].<ref>{{cite news|date=2022-03-01|title=BrahmotsavamFestival|newspaper=Dinakaran|url=https://www.dinakaran.com/News_Detail.asp?Nid=746387|access-date=2022-12-11}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As per [[2011 Census of India|2011 Indian Census]], the community constitutes 4% of the population of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=India - Census of India 2011 - Tamil Nadu - Series 34 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Madurai | url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1130 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417173716/http://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1130 | access-date=2025-03-18 | archive-date=2023-04-17}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Devendrar Jayanti]]
* [[Immanuvel Devendrar]]
* [[Paramakudi Riots]]
* [[1957 Ramnad riots]]
* [[Veeran Sundaralingam]]
* [[Periya Kaladi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book|last=Venkatasubramanian|first=T. K.|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001075877|title=Political change and agrarian tradition in South India (c. 1600-1801): a case study|date=1986|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=Delhi, India}}
*{{Cite book|last=Fuller|first=C. J.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/43169281|title=Caste today|date=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-564247-3|oclc=43169281}}
*{{Cite book|last=Wyatt|first=Andrew|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/773428836|title=Party system change in South India: political entrepreneurs, patterns & processes|chapter=The PT and caste politics in southern Tamil Nadu|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-53315-7|oclc=773428836}}
{{refend}}

{{commons category|Mallar}}

[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Tamil Nadu]]

Greek campaigns in India

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#REDIRECT [[Indo-Greek Wars]]

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Karma in Jainism

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{{Short description|Religious principle}}
{{other uses|Karma (disambiguation)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
[[File:Types of Karma.JPG|thumb|Broad classification of ''Karmas'' as per Jain philosophy]]
{{Jainism}}
'''Karma''' is the basic principle within an overarching psycho-cosmology in [[Jainism]]. Human moral actions form the basis of the transmigration of the [[soul]] (''{{IAST|[[Jiva|jīva]]}}''). The soul is constrained to a cycle of rebirth, trapped within the [[Temporality|temporal]] world (''{{IAST|[[Samsara (Jainism)|saṃsāra]]}}''), until it finally achieves liberation (''{{IAST|[[Moksa (Jainism)|mokṣa]]}}''). Liberation is achieved by following a path of purification.<ref>{{harvnb|Chapple|1990|p=255}}</ref>

Jains believe that karma is a physical substance that is everywhere in the universe. Karma particles are attracted to the soul by the actions of that soul. Karma particles are attracted when we do, think, or say things, when we kill something, when we lie, when we steal and so on. Karma not only encompasses the [[causality]] of transmigration, but is also conceived of as an extremely subtle matter, which infiltrates the [[soul]]—obscuring its natural, transparent and pure qualities. Karma is thought of as a kind of pollution, that taints the soul with various colours (''[[Lesya|leśyā]]''). Based on its karma, a soul undergoes transmigration and [[Reincarnation|reincarnates]] in various states of existence—like heavens or hells, or as humans or animals.

Jains cite [[problem of evil|inequalities, sufferings, and pain]] as evidence for the existence of karma. Various types of karma are classified according to their effects on the potency of the soul. The Jain theory seeks to explain the karmic process by specifying the various causes of karmic influx (''[[asrava|āsrava]]'') and bondage (''[[Bandha (Jainism)|bandha]]''), placing equal emphasis on deeds themselves, and the [[Intentionality|intentions]] behind those deeds. The Jain karmic theory attaches great responsibility to individual actions, and eliminates any reliance on some supposed existence of [[divine grace]] or [[retributive justice|retribution]]. The Jain doctrine also holds that it is possible for us to both modify our karma, and to obtain release from it, through the austerities and purity of conduct.

== Philosophical overview ==

According to Jains, all souls are intrinsically pure in their inherent and ideal state, possessing the qualities of infinite knowledge, infinite perception, infinite bliss and infinite energy.<ref>{{harvnb|Jaini|1998|pp=104–06}}</ref> However, in contemporary experience, these qualities are found to be defiled and obstructed, on account of the association of these souls with karma. The soul has been associated with karma in this way throughout an eternity of beginning-less time.<ref name=Jaini107>{{harvnb|Jaini|1998|p=107}}</ref> This bondage of the soul is explained in the [[Jain Agamas|Jain texts]] by analogy with gold ore, which—in its natural state—is always found unrefined of admixture with impurities. Similarly, the ideally pure state of the soul has always been overlaid with the impurities of karma. This analogy with gold ore is also taken one step further: the purification of the soul can be achieved if the proper methods of refining are applied.<ref name=Jaini107/> Over the centuries, [[Jain monasticism|Jain monks]] have developed a large and sophisticated corpus of literature describing the nature of the soul, various aspects of the working of karma, and the ways and means of attaining ''{{IAST|mokṣa}}''.<ref name=Jaini107/> ''Tirthankara-nama-karma'' is a special type of karma, bondage of which raises a soul to the supreme status of a ''tirthankara''.{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929b|p=48}}

=== Material theory ===
Jainism speaks of karmic "dirt", as karma is thought to be manifest as very subtle and sensually imperceptible particles pervading the entire universe.<ref>{{harvnb|Gombrich|2006|p=50}}</ref> They are so small that one space-point—the smallest possible extent of space—contains an infinite number of karmic particles (or quantity of karmic dirt). It is these karmic particles that adhere to the soul and affect its natural potency.<ref name =Jaini112>{{harvnb|Jaini|1998|p=112}}</ref> This material karma is called ''dravya karma''; and the resultant emotions—pleasure, pain, love, hatred, and so on—experienced by the soul are called ''bhava karma'', psychic karma.<ref>{{harvnb|Shah|1998|p=262}}</ref> The relationship between the material and psychic karma is that of cause and effect. The material karma gives rise to the feelings and emotions in worldly souls,<ref group=note>[[Jain philosophy]] categorises the souls ''jivas'' into two categories: worldly souls, who are unliberated; and liberated souls, who are free from all karma.</ref> which—in turn—give rise to psychic karma, causing emotional modifications within the soul. These emotions, yet again, result in influx and bondage of fresh material karma.<ref>{{harvnb|Jhaveri|2001|pp=1328–1329}}</ref> Jains hold that the karmic matter is actually an agent that enables the consciousness to act within the material context of this universe. They are the material carrier of a soul's desire to physically experience this world. When attracted to the consciousness, they are stored in an interactive karmic field called ''{{IAST|kārmaṇa śarīra}}'', which emanates from the soul.<ref name="Tatia1994">{{harvnb|Tatia|1994|p=55}}</ref> Thus, karma is a subtle matter surrounding the consciousness of a soul. When these two components—consciousness and ripened karma—interact, the soul experiences life as known in the present material universe.<ref name="Tatia1994" />

=== Self regulating mechanism ===

{{See also|Jain cosmology|Jainism and non-creationism}}

According to [[Indologist]] [[Robert J. Zydenbos]], karma is a system of natural laws, where actions that carry moral significance are considered to cause certain consequences in the same way as physical actions. When one holds an apple and then lets it go, the apple will fall. There is no judge, and no moral judgment involved, since this is a mechanical consequence of the physical action.<ref name=zydenbos>{{harvnb|Zydenbos|2006|p=34}}</ref> In the same manner, consequences occur naturally when one utters a lie, steals something, commits senseless violence or leads a life of debauchery. Rather than assume that these consequences—the moral rewards and retributions—are a work of some divine judge, Jains believe that there is an innate moral order in the cosmos, self-regulating through the workings of the law of karma. Morality and ethics are important in Jainism not because of a God, but because a life led in agreement with moral and ethical principles (''[[mahavrata]]'') is considered beneficial: it leads to a decrease—and finally to the total loss of—karma, which in turn leads to everlasting happiness.<ref>{{harvnb|Zydenbos|2006|p=35}}</ref> The Jain conception of karma takes away the responsibility for salvation from God and bestows it on man himself. In the words of the Jain scholar, J. L. Jaini:<ref>{{harvnb|Tukol|1980|p=73}}</ref>
{{blockquote|Jainism, more than any other creed, gives absolute religious independence and freedom to man. Nothing can intervene between the actions which we do and the fruits thereof. Once done, they become our masters and must fructify. As my independence is great, so my responsibility is co-extensive with it. I can live as I like; but my voice is irrevocable, and I cannot escape the consequences of it. No God, his Prophet or his deputy or beloved can interfere with human life. The soul, and it alone is responsible for all it does.}}

=== Predominance of karma ===

According to Jainism, karmic consequences are unerringly certain and inescapable. No divine grace can save a person from experiencing them. Only the practice of austerities and self-control can modify or alleviate the consequences of karma.<ref>{{harvnb|Jaini|2000|p=76}}</ref><ref name="Krishan, Yuvraj 1997 p.50">{{harvnb|Krishan|1997|p=50}}</ref> Even then, in some cases, there is no option but to accept karma with equanimity. The second-century Jain text, ''Bhagavatī Ārādhanā'' (verse no. 1616) sums up the predominance of karma in Jain doctrine:<ref>{{harvnb|Dundas|2002|p=97}}</ref> {{blockquote|There is nothing mightier in the world than karma; karma tramples down all powers, as an elephant a clump of lotuses.}} This predominance of karma is a theme often explored by Jain ascetics in the literature they have produced, throughout all centuries. [[Paul Dundas]] notes that the ascetics often used [[cautionary tale]]s to underline the full karmic implications of morally incorrect modes of life, or excessively intense emotional relationships. However, he notes that such narratives were often softened by concluding statements about the transforming effects of the protagonists' pious actions, and their eventual attainment of liberation.<ref name="Dundas Paul 2002 p 101">{{harvnb|Dundas|2002|p=101}}</ref>

The biographies of legendary persons like [[Rama]] and [[Krishna]], in the Jain versions of the epics ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]'',<ref group=note>
"The first Jain version of the ''{{IAST|Rāmāyaṇa}}'' was written in about the fourth century CE in {{IAST|Prākrit}} by {{IAST|Vimala Sūri}}." see Dundas, Paul (2002): pp. 238–39.</ref><ref group=note>
"The Jains seem at times to have employed the epic to engage in confrontation with the Hindus. In the sixteenth century, Jain writers in western India produced versions of the ''{{IAST|Mahābhārata}}'' libelling {{IAST|Viṣṇu}} who, according to another influential Hindu text, the ''{{IAST|Śiva Purāṇa}}'', had created a fordmaker-like figure who converted the demons to Jain mendicancy, thus enabling the gods to defeat them. Another target of these Jain ''{{IAST|Mahābhāratas}}'' was {{IAST|Kṛṣṇa}} who ceases to be the pious Jain of early {{IAST|Śvetāmbara}} tradition and instead is portrayed as a devious and immoral schemer." see Dundas, Paul (2002): p. 237.</ref>
also have karma as one of the major themes. The major events, characters and circumstances are explained by reference to their past lives, with examples of specific actions of particular intensity in one life determining events in the next.<ref>{{harvnb|Dundas|2002|pp=237–239}}</ref> Jain texts narrate how even [[Māhavīra]], one of the most popular propagators of Jainism and the 24th ''{{IAST|[[Tirthankara|tīrthaṇkara]]}}'' (ford-maker),<ref group=note>The word ''{{IAST|[[Tirthankara|tīrthaṇkara]]}}'' is translated as ''ford-maker'', but is also loosely translated as a ''prophet'' or a ''teacher''. Fording means crossing or wading in the river. Hence, they are called ford-makers because they serve as ferrymen across the river of [[Samsara (Jainism)|transmigration]]. see Grimes, John (1996) p. 320</ref> had to bear the brunt of his previous karma before attaining ''[[Kevala Jnana|kevala jñāna]]''. He attained it only after bearing twelve years of severe austerity with detachment.<ref>{{harvnb|Shah|1998|p=75}}</ref> The ''{{IAST|[[Acaranga Sutra|Ācāranga Sūtra]]}}'' speaks of how Māhavīra bore his karma with complete equanimity, as follows:<ref>{{harvnb|Pratt|2007|p=289}}</ref>
{{blockquote|He was struck with a stick, the fist, a lance, hit with a fruit, a clod, a potsherd. Beating him again and again many cried. When he once sat without moving his body many cut his flesh, tore his hair under pain, or covered him with dust. Throwing him up they let him fall, or disturbed him in his religious postures; abandoning the care of his body, the Venerable One humbled himself and bore pain, free from desires. As a hero at the head of the battle is surrounded by all sides, so was there Māhavīra. Bearing all hardships, the Venerable One, undisturbed, proceeded on the road to ''[[Nirvana (Jainism)|nirvāṇa]].''|Ācāranga Sūtra 8–356:60}}

=== Reincarnation and transmigration ===

Karma forms a central and fundamental part of Jain faith, being intricately connected to other of its philosophical concepts like transmigration, reincarnation, liberation, non-violence (''[[Ahimsa in Jainism|ahiṃsā]]'') and non-attachment, among others. Actions are seen to have consequences: some immediate, some delayed, even into future incarnations. So the doctrine of karma is not considered simply in relation to one life-time, but also in relation to both future incarnations and past lives. '' [[Uttaradhyayana|Uttarādhyayana-sūtra]]'' 3.3–4 states:<ref name=krishan43>{{harvnb|Krishan|1997|p=43}}</ref>
{{blockquote|The ''jīva'' or the soul is sometimes born in [[devaloka|the world of gods]], sometimes in [[Naraka (Jainism)|hell]]. Sometimes it acquires the body of a [[asura|demon]]; all this happens on account of its karma. This ''jīva'' sometimes takes birth as a worm, as an insect or as an ant.}}

The text further states (32.7):<ref name=krishan43 />
{{blockquote|Karma is the root of birth and death. The souls bound by karma go round and round in the cycle of existence.}}

There is no retribution, judgment or reward involved but a natural consequences of the choices in life made either knowingly or unknowingly.<ref name=zydenbos /> Hence, whatever suffering or pleasure that a soul may be experiencing in its present life is on account of choices that it has made in the past. As a result of this doctrine, Jainism attributes supreme importance to pure thinking and moral behavior.<ref>{{harvnb|Rankin|2006|p=67}}</ref>

===Four Gatis (states of existence)===

{{See also|Jain cosmology}}

[[File:Gati or existences.jpg|left|thumb|200px|The soul travels to any one of the four states of existence after the death depending on its karmas.]]

The Jain texts postulate four ''gatis'', that is states-of-existence or birth-categories, within which the soul transmigrates. The four ''gatis'' are: ''[[Deva (Jainism)|deva]]'' (demi-gods), ''manuṣya'' (humans), ''[[Naraka (Jainism)|nāraki]]'' (hell beings) and ''tiryañca'' (animals, plants and micro-organisms).<ref name=Jaini108>{{harvnb|Jaini|1998|p=108}}</ref> The four ''gatis'' have four corresponding realms or habitation levels in the vertically tiered [[Jain cosmology#Jain geography|Jain universe]]: demi-gods occupy the higher levels where the heavens are situated; humans, plants and animals occupy the middle levels; and hellish beings occupy the lower levels where seven hells are situated.<ref name=Jaini108/>

Single-sensed souls, however, called ''[[nigoda]]'',<ref group=note>The Jain hierarchy of life classifies living beings on the basis of the senses: five-sensed beings like humans and animals are at the top, and single sensed beings like microbes and plants are at the bottom.</ref> and element-bodied souls pervade all tiers of this universe. ''Nigodas'' are souls at the bottom end of the existential hierarchy. They are so tiny and undifferentiated, that they lack even individual bodies, living in colonies. According to Jain texts, this infinity of ''nigodas'' can also be found in plant tissues, root vegetables and animal bodies.<ref>{{harvnb|Jaini|1998|pp=108–109}}</ref> Depending on its karma, a soul transmigrates and reincarnates within the scope of this cosmology of destinies. The four main destinies are further divided into sub-categories and still smaller sub–sub categories. In all, Jain texts speak of a cycle of 8.4 million birth destinies in which souls find themselves again and again as they cycle within ''[[Samsara (Jainism)|samsara]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Jaini|2000|p=130}}</ref>

In Jainism, God has no role to play in an individual's destiny; one's personal destiny is not seen as a consequence of any system of reward or punishment, but rather as a result of its own personal karma.<ref name="Krishan1997">{{harvnb|Krishan|1997|p=44}}</ref> A text from a volume of the ancient Jain canon, ''[[Vyakhyaprajnapti|Bhagvati sūtra]]'' 8.9.9, links specific states of existence to specific karmas. Violent deeds, killing of creatures having five sense organs, eating fish, and so on, lead to rebirth in hell. Deception, fraud and falsehood leads to rebirth in the animal and vegetable world. Kindness, compassion and humble character result in human birth; while austerities and the making and keeping of vows leads to rebirth in heaven.<ref name="Krishan1997" />

There are five types of bodies in the Jain thought: earthly (e.g. most humans, animals and plants), metamorphic (e.g. gods, hell beings, fine matter, some animals and a few humans who can morph because of their perfections), transference type (e.g. good and pure substances realized by ascetics), fiery (e.g. heat that transforms or digests food), and karmic (the substrate where the karmic particles reside and which make the soul ever changing).{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=195–196}}

Jain philosophy further divides the earthly body by symmetry, number of sensory organs, vitalities (''ayus''), functional capabilities and whether one body hosts one soul or one body hosts many.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=195–198}} Every living being has one to five senses, three ''balas'' (power of body, language and mind), respiration (inhalation and exhalation), and life-duration.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=198–201}}{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=34}} All living beings, in every realm including the gods and hell beings, accrue and destroy eight types of karma according to the elaborate theories in Jain texts.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=185–194}} Elaborate descriptions of the shape and function of the physical and metaphysical universe, and its constituents are also provided in the [[Jain texts]].<ref>Shah, R.S. "Jaina Mathematics: Lore of Large Numbers". ''Bulletin of the Marathwada Mathematical Society'' 10.1 (2009): 43–61.</ref>{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=241}} All of these elaborate theories attempt to illustrate and consistently explain the Jain karma theory in a deeply moral framework, much like Buddhism and Hinduism but with significant differences in the details and assumptions.{{sfn|Long|2013|pp=180–182}}

===Lesya – colouring of the soul===
[[File:Lesya.jpg|right|thumb|The common representation of the mango tree and men analogy of the lesyas.]]
{{Main|Lesya}}

According to the Jain theory of karma, the karmic matter imparts a colour (''leśyā'') to the soul, depending on the mental activities behind an action.<ref>{{harvnb|Dundas|2002|p=100}}</ref> The coloring of the soul is explained through the analogy of crystal, that acquires the color of the matter associated with it. In the same way, the soul also reflects the qualities of taste, smell and touch of associated karmic matter, although it is usually the colour that is referred to when discussing the ''leśyās''.<ref>{{Citation | last =Wiley | first =Kristi | title =Colors of the Soul: By-Products of Activity or Passions? | journal =[[Philosophy East and West]] | volume =50 | issue =3 | pages =351 | publisher =[[University of Hawaii Press|University of Hawai'i Press]] | location =Hawai'i | date =July 2000 | jstor =1400178 | issn =1527-943X}}</ref> ''Uttarādhyayana-sūtra'' 34.3 speaks of six main categories of ''leśyā'' represented by six colours: black, blue, grey, yellow, red and white.<ref>{{harvnb|Jacobi|1895|p=197}}</ref> The black, blue and grey are inauspicious ''leśyā'', leading to the soul being born into misfortunes. The yellow, red and white are auspicious ''leśyās'', that lead to the soul being born into good fortune.<ref name=varni>{{harvnb|Varni|1993|p=197}}</ref> ''Uttarādhyayana-sūtra'' describes the mental disposition of persons having black and white ''leśyās'':<ref>{{harvnb|Jacobi|1895|pp=199–200}}</ref>

The Jain texts further illustrate the effects of ''leśyās'' on the mental dispositions of a soul, using an example of the reactions of six travellers on seeing a fruit-bearing tree. They see a tree laden with fruit and begin to think of getting those fruits: one of them suggests uprooting the entire tree and eating the fruit; the second one suggests cutting the trunk of the tree; the third one suggests simply cutting the branches; the fourth one suggests cutting the twigs and sparing the branches and the tree; the fifth one suggests plucking only the fruits; the sixth one suggests picking up only the fruits that have fallen down.<ref name=varni/> The thoughts, words and bodily activities of each of these six travellers are different based on their mental dispositions and are respectively illustrative of the six ''leśyās''. At one extreme, the person with the black ''leśyā'', having evil disposition, thinks of uprooting the whole tree even though he wants to eat only one fruit. At the other extreme, the person with the white ''leśyā'', having a pure disposition, thinks of picking up the fallen fruit, in order to spare the tree.<ref name=varni/>

=== Role of deeds and intent ===

The role of intent is one of the most important and definitive elements of the karma theory, in all its traditions. In Jainism, intent is important but not an essential precondition of sin or wrong conduct. Evil intent forms only one of the modes of committing sin.<ref name=krishan47>{{harvnb|Krishan|1997|p=47}}</ref> Any action committed, knowingly or ''unknowingly'', has karmic repercussions. In certain philosophies, like Buddhism, a person is guilty of violence only if he had an intention to commit violence. On the other hand, according to Jains, if an act produces violence, then the person is guilty of it, whether or not he had an intention to commit it.<ref name=koller23>{{harvnb|Koller|2007|p=23}}</ref>

John Koller explains the role of intent in Jainism with the example of a monk, who unknowingly offered poisoned food to his brethren. According to the Jain view, the monk is guilty of a violent act if the other monks die because they eat the poisoned food; but according to the Buddhist view he would not be guilty.<ref name=koller23/> The crucial difference between the two views is that the Buddhist view excuses the act, categorizing it as non-intentional, since he was not aware that the food was poisoned; whereas the Jain view holds the monk to have been responsible, due to his ignorance and carelessness. Jains argue that the monk's very ignorance and carelessness constitute an intent to do violence and hence entail his guilt.<ref name=koller23/> So the absence of intent does not absolve a person from the karmic ''consequences'' of guilt either, according to the Jain analysis.

Intent is a function of [[Kashaya (Jainism)|kaṣāya]], which refers to negative emotions and negative qualities of mental (or deliberative) action. The presence of intent acts as an aggravating factor, increasing the vibrations of the soul, which results in the soul absorbing more karma.<ref>{{harvnb|Krishan|1997|p=48}}</ref> This is explained by ''[[Tattvarthasutra|Tattvārthasūtra]]'' 6.7: "[The] intentional act produces a strong karmic bondage and [the] unintentional produces weak, shortlived karmic bondage."<ref>{{harvnb|Krishan|1997|pp=48–49}}</ref> Similarly, the physical act is also not a [[Necessary and sufficient condition|necessary condition]] for karma to bind to the soul: the existence of intent alone is sufficient. This is explained by [[Kundakunda]] (1st Century CE) in ''[[Samayasāra]]'' 262–263: "The intent to kill, to steal, to be unchaste and to acquire property, whether these offences are actually carried or not, leads to bondage of evil karmas."<ref>{{harvnb|Krishan|1997|p=49}}</ref> Jainism thus places an equal emphasis on the physical act as well as intent for binding of karmas.

== Origins and influence ==

Although the doctrine of karma is central to all [[Indian religions]], it is difficult to say when and where in India the concept of karma originated. In Jainism, it is assumed its development took place in an era from which the literary documents are not available,{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=176}} since the basics of this doctrine were present and concluded even in the earliest documents of Jains.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=175}} ''[[Acaranga Sutra]]'' and ''[[Sutrakritanga]]'', contain a general outline of the doctrines of karma and reincarnation.<ref name="E.B 2001 3357, 3372">{{harvnb|E.B|2001|pp=3357, 3372}}</ref> The roots of this doctrine in Jainism might be in the teachings of Parsva, who is said to have lived about two hundred fifty years before Mahavira.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=176}} The Jain conception of karma—as something material that encumbers the soul—has an archaic nature<ref>{{harvnb|Freidhelm|1990|p=57}}</ref> which justifies the hypothesis that it goes back to 8th or 9th century BCE.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=176}}{{sfn|von Glasenapp|2003|p=ix}}

The present form of the doctrine seems to be unchanged at least since the time of Bhadrabahu (c. 300 BCE) who is respected by both the sects.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=176}} This is supported by the fact that both Svetambara and Digambara sects agree on the basic doctrine, giving indication that it reached in its present form before the schism took place. Bhadrabahu is usually seen as the last leader of united Jain sangh. Detailed codification of types of karma and their effects were attested by [[Umasvati]] who is regarded by both Digambara and Svetambara as one of theirs.<ref name="E.B 2001 3357, 3372"/>

Jain and Buddhist scholar [[Padmanabh Jaini]] observes:<ref name="jaini">{{harvnb|Jaini|2000|p=122}}</ref> {{blockquote|We are not yet in a position to explain definitivetly the earlier and more intense interest in karma shown by Jaina thinkers (and, to a lesser extent, by those of Buddhists) relative to their Brahmanic counterparts. Perhaps the entire concept that a person's situation and experiences are in fact the results of deeds committed in various lives may not be [[Aryan]] origin at all, but rather may have developed as a part of the indigenous [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Gangetic]] traditions from which the various Sramana movements arose. In any case we shall see, Jaina views on the process and possibilities of rebirth are distinctly non-Hindu; the social ramifications of these views, moreover, have been profound.}}

With regards to the influence of the theory of karma on development of various religious and social practices in ancient India, Padmanabh Jaini states:<ref name="jaini-1">Padmanabh Jaini, Collected papers on Jaina Studies, Chapter 7, Pg 137</ref> {{blockquote|The emphasis on reaping the fruits only of one's own karma was not restricted to the Jainas; both Hindus and Buddhist writers have produced doctrinal materials stressing the same point. Each of the latter traditions, however, developed practices in basic contradiction to such belief. In addition to ''[[śrāddha]]'' (the Hindu ritual of offering to the dead ancestors), we find among Hindus widespread adherence to the notion of divine intervention in one's fate, while (Mahayana) Buddhists eventually came to propound such theories like boon-granting [[Bodhisattva]]s, transfer of merit and like. Only Jains have been absolutely unwilling to allow such ideas to penetrate their community, despite the fact that there must have been tremendous amount of social pressure on them to do so.}}

The Jain socio-religious practices like regular fasting, practicing severe austerities and penances,<ref name="Krishan, Yuvraj 1997 p.50"/> the ritual death of ''[[Sallekhana]]''<ref>{{harvnb|Jaini|2000|p=134}}</ref> and rejection of God as the creator and operator of the universe can all be linked to the Jain theory of karma. Jaini notes that the disagreement over the karmic theory of transmigration resulted in the social distinction between the Jains and their Hindu neighbours.<ref name=Jaini135>{{harvnb|Jaini|2000|p=135}}</ref> Thus one of the most important Hindu rituals, ''śrāddha'' was not only rejected but strongly criticized by the Jains as superstition.<ref name=Jaini135/> Certain authors have also noted the strong influence of the concept of karma on the [[Mahavrata|Jain ethics]], especially the ethics of non-violence. Once the doctrine of transmigration of souls came to include rebirth on earth in animal as well as human form, depending upon one's karmas, it is quite probable that, it created a humanitarian sentiment of kinship amongst all life forms and thus contributed to the notion of ''{{IAST|ahiṃsā}}'' (non-violence).<ref>{{harvnb|Patil|2006|p=11}}</ref>

== Factors affecting the effects of Karma ==
{{See also|Types of Karma (Jainism)}}
The nature of experience of the effects of the karma depends on the following four factors:<ref name=sukhlal302/>
*'''''Prakriti''''' (nature or type of karma) – According to Jain texts, there are eight main types of karma which categorized into the 'harming' and the 'non-harming'; each divided into four types. The harming karmas (''ghātiyā karmas'') directly affect the soul powers by impeding its perception, knowledge and energy, and also brings about delusion. These harming karmas are: ''darśanāvaraṇa'' (perception-obscuring karma), ''jñānavāraṇa'' (knowledge-obscuring karma), ''antarāya'' (obstacle-creating karma) and ''mohanīya'' (deluding karma). The non-harming category (''aghātiyā karmas'') is responsible for the reborn soul's physical and mental circumstances, longevity, spiritual potential and experience of pleasant and unpleasant sensations. These non-harming karmas are: ''nāma'' (body-determining karma), ''āyu'' (lifespan-determining karma), ''gotra'' (status-determining karma) and ''vedanīya'' (feeling-producing karma), respectively.<ref name=sukhlal302>{{harvnb|Sanghvi|1974|p=302}}</ref> Different types of karmas thus affect the soul in different ways as per their nature.
*'''''Sthiti''''' (the [[Types of Karma#Duration of Karmas|duration of the karmic bond]]) – The karmic bond remains latent and bound to the consciousness up to the time it is activated. Although latent karma does not affect the soul directly, its existence limits the spiritual growth of the soul. Jain texts provide the minimum and the maximum duration for which such karma is bound before it matures.
*'''''Anubhava''''' (intensity of karmas) – The degree of the experience of the karmas, that is, mild or intense, depends on the ''anubhava'' quality or the intensity of the bondage. It determines the power of karmas and its effect on the soul. ''Anubhava'' depends on the intensity of the passions at the time of binding the karmas. More intense the emotions—like anger, greed etc.—at the time of binding the karma, the more intense will be its experience at the time of maturity.
*'''''Pradesha''''' (The quantity of the karmas) – It is the quantity of karmic matter that is received and gets activated at the time of experience.<ref name=sukhlal302/>
Both emotions and activity play a part in binding of karmas. Duration and intensity of the karmic bond are determined by emotions or ''"[[Kashaya (Jainism)|{{IAST|kaṣāya}}]]"'' and type and quantity of the karmas bound is depended on ''yoga'' or activity.<ref name=sukhlal302/>

==The process of bondage and release==
The karmic process in Jainism is based on seven truths or fundamental principles (''[[Tattva (Jainism)|tattva]]'') of Jainism which explain the human predicament.<ref name=soni>{{Citation|last=Soni |first=Jayandra |editor=E. Craig |title=Jain Philosophy |journal=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=1998 |url=http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/F005SECT1 |access-date=2008-03-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060722002023/http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/F005SECT1 |archive-date=22 July 2006 }}</ref> Out that the seven ''tattvas'', the four—influx (''[[Asrava|āsrava]]''), bondage (''[[Bandha (Jainism)|bandha]]''), stoppage (''[[Samvara|saṃvara]]'') and release (''[[Nirjara|nirjarā]]'')—pertain to the karmic process.<ref name=soni/> In some instances these truths can also include non-meritorious types of karma (pāpa-prakṛti) and meritorious types (puṇya-prakṛti).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Donaldson |first=Brianne |title=Insistent Life: Principles for Bioethics in the Jain Tradition |publisher=University of California Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-520-38057-8 |location=California, United States of America |pages=15 |language=English}}</ref>

===Attraction and binding===
[[File:Reincarnation AS.jpg|thumb|Representation of a soul undergoing reincarnation.]]
The karmic bondage occurs as a result of the following two processes: ''āsrava'' and ''bandha''. ''Āsrava'' is the inflow of karma.<ref name="Jaini112" /> The karmic influx occurs when the particles are attracted to the soul on account of ''[[Yoga#Jainism|yoga]]''. ''Yoga'' is the vibrations of the soul due to activities of mind, speech and body.<ref>{{harvnb|Tatia|1994|p=151}}</ref> Some of these particles are then capable of interacting with a soul, and are divided into two categories: those that are karmically bondable to the soul (yogya), and those that are not bondable (aprayogya).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Donaldson |first=Brianne |title=Insistent Life : Principles for Bioethics in the Jain Tradition |publisher=University of California Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-520-38057-8 |location=California, United States of America |publication-date=2021 |pages=20 |language=English}}</ref> Pūjyapāda, a renowned acharya, compares the activities through which karma flows into a soul to streams by means of which water flows into a lake.<ref name=":0" /> However, the ''yoga'' alone do not produce bondage. The karmas have effect only when they are bound to the consciousness. This binding of the karma to the consciousness is called ''bandha''.<ref>{{harvnb|Tatia|1994|p=6}}</ref> Out of the many causes of bondage, emotions or passions are considered as the main cause of bondage. The karmas are literally bound on account of the stickiness of the soul due to existence of various passions or mental dispositions.<ref name=Jaini112/> The passions like anger, pride, deceit and greed are called sticky (''[[Kashaya (Jainism)|kaṣāyas]]'') because they act like glue in making karmic particles stick to the soul resulting in ''bandha''.<ref>{{Citation | last =Reichenbach | first =Bruce | title =Karma, Causation, and Divine Intervention | journal =Philosophy East and West | volume =39 | issue =2 | pages =135–149 | publisher =University of Hawai press | date =April 1989| doi =10.2307/1399374 | jstor =1399374 }}</ref> The karmic inflow on account of ''yoga'' driven by passions and emotions cause a long-term inflow of karma prolonging the cycle of reincarnations. On the other hand, the karmic inflows on account of actions that are not driven by passions and emotions have only a transient, short-lived karmic effect.<ref>{{harvnb|Tatia|1994|p=152}}</ref> Hence the ancient Jain texts talk of subduing these negative emotions:<ref>{{harvnb|Johnson|1995|p=36}}</ref>
{{blockquote| When he wishes that which is good for him, he should get rid of the four faults—anger, pride, deceit and greed—which increase the evil. Anger and pride when not suppressed, and deceit and greed when arising: all these four black passions water the roots of re-birth.|Daśavaikālika sūtra, 8:36–39}}

=== Causes of attraction and bondage ===
{{Main|Causes of karma in Jainism}}

The Jain theory of karma proposes that karma particles are attracted and then bound to the consciousness of souls by a combination of four factors pertaining to actions: instrumentality, process, modality and motivation.<ref name="tat">{{harvnb|Tatia|1994|p=191}}</ref>
*The '''instrumentality''' of an action refers to whether the instrument of the action was: the body, as in physical actions; one's speech, as in [[Speech act theory|speech acts]]; or the mind, as in thoughtful deliberation.
*The '''process''' of an action refers to the temporal sequence in which it occurs: the decision to act, plans to facilitate the act, making preparations necessary for the act, and ultimately the carrying through of the act itself.
*The '''modality''' of an action refers to different modes in which one can participate in an action, for example: being the one who carries out the act itself; being one who instigates another to perform the act; or being one who gives permission, approval or endorsement of an act.
*The '''motivation''' for an action refers to the internal passions or negative emotions that prompt the act, including: anger, greed, pride, deceit and so on.

All actions have the above four factor present in them. When different [[permutation]]s of the sub-elements of the four factors are calculated, the Jain teachers speak of 108 ways in which the karmic matter can be attracted to the soul.<ref>{{harvnb|Sanghvi|1974|pp=239–240}}</ref> Even giving silent assent or endorsement to acts of violence from far away has karmic consequences for the soul.<ref>Prasada, Ajit (1974) p.33</ref> Hence, the scriptures advise carefulness in actions, awareness of the world, and purity in thoughts as means to avoid the burden of karma.<ref>{{harvnb|Varni|1993|p=61}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Varni|1993|p=195}}</ref>

According to the major [[Jain text]], ''[[Tattvartha sutra]]'':
<ref name="Vidyanand2011">{{cite book|last=Jain|first=Vijay K.|title=Acharya Umasvami's Tattvarthsutra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLmx9bvtglkC|year=2011|publisher=Vikalp Printers|isbn=978-81-903639-2-1|page=113}}</ref>
{{blockquote|Wrong belief, non-abstinence, negligence, passions, and activities are the causes of bondage.|Tattvārthasūtra, 8-1}}
{{blockquote|The individual self attracts particles of matter which are fit to turn into karma, as the self is actuated by passions. This is bondage.|Tattvārthasūtra, 8-2}}
The causes of ''bandha'' or the karmic bondage—in the order they are required to be eliminated by a soul for spiritual progress—are:
* ''Mithyātva'' (Irrationality and a deluded world view) – The deluded world view is the misunderstanding as to how this world really functions on account of one-sided perspectives, perverse viewpoints, pointless generalisations and ignorance.
* ''Avirati'' (non-restraint or a vowless life) – ''Avirati'' is the inability to refrain voluntarily from the evil actions, that harms oneself and others.<ref>{{harvnb|Jaini|1998|p=158}}</ref> The state of ''avirati'' can only be overcome by observing the minor vows of a layman.
* ''Pramāda'' (carelessness and laxity of conduct) – This third cause of bondage consists of absentmindedness, lack of enthusiasm towards acquiring merit and spiritual growth, and improper actions of mind, body and speech without any regard to oneself or others.<ref name=tatia190>{{harvnb|Tatia|1994|p=190}}</ref>
* ''[[Kashaya (Jainism)|{{IAST|Kaṣāya}}]]'' (passions or negative emotions) – The four passions—anger, pride, deceit and greed—are the primary reason for the attachment of the karmas to the soul. They keep the soul immersed in the darkness of delusion leading to deluded conduct and unending cycles of reincarnations.<ref>{{harvnb|Tatia|1994|p=194}}</ref>
* ''Yoga'' (activities of mind, speech and body)

Each cause presupposes the existence of the next cause, but the next cause does not necessarily presuppose the existence of the previous cause.<ref name=tatia190/> A soul is able to advance on the spiritual ladder called ''[[Gunasthana|{{IAST|guṇasthāna}}]]'', only when it is able to eliminate the above causes of bondage one by one.

===Fruition===

[[File:Karma AS.jpg|160px|thumb|right|Karma as moral [[Action (philosophy)|action]] and reaction: [[Goodness and value theory|goodness]] sown is reaped as goodness.]]

The consequences of karma are inevitable, though they may take some time to take effect. To explain this, a Jain monk, Ratnaprabhacharya says:<ref name="real">{{harvnb|Bhattacharya|1966|p=197}}</ref> {{blockquote|The prosperity of a vicious man and misery of a virtuous man are respectively but the effects of good deeds and bad deeds done previously. The vice and virtue may have their effects in their next lives. In this way the law of causality is not infringed here.}}

The latent karma becomes active and bears fruit when the supportive conditions arise. A great part of attracted karma bears its consequences with minor fleeting effects, as generally most of our activities are influenced by mild negative emotions. However, those actions that are influenced by intense negative emotions cause an equally strong karmic attachment which usually does not bear fruit immediately.<ref name="real"/> It takes on an inactive state and waits for the supportive conditions—like proper time, place, and environment—to arise for it to manifest and produce effects. If the supportive conditions do not arise, the respective karmas will manifest at the end of maximum period for which it can remain bound to the soul. These supportive conditions for activation of latent karmas are determined by the nature of karmas, intensity of emotional engagement at the time of binding karmas and our actual relation to time, place, surroundings. There are certain laws of precedence among the karmas, according to which the fruition of some of the karmas may be deferred but not absolutely barred.<ref name="real"/>

Jain texts distinguish between the effect of the fruition of ''karma'' on a right believer and a wrong believer:
{{blockquote|The ignorant, engrossed in the nature of various species of karmas, enjoys the fruits of karmas (in the form of pleasure
and pain), and the knowledgeable is aware of the fruits of karmas but does not enjoy them|[[Samayasāra]] (10-9-316)<ref>{{cite book|last=Jain|first=Vijay K.|title=Acharya Kundkund's Samayasara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwPT79iyRHMC|year=2012|publisher=Vikalp Printers|isbn=978-81-903639-3-8|page=151}}</ref>}}

===Modifications===
Although the Jains believe the karmic consequences as inevitable, Jain texts also hold that a soul has energy to transform and modify the effects of karma.<ref name= Jaini139>{{harvnb|Jaini|1998|p=139}}</ref> Karma undergoes following modifications:

*''Udaya'' (maturity) – It is the fruition of karmas as per its nature in the due course.<ref name=tatia257>{{harvnb|Tatia|2006|p=257}}</ref>
*''Udīraṇa'' (premature operation) – By this process, it is possible to make certain karmas operative before their predetermined time.<ref>{{harvnb|Tatia|2006|pp=257–258}}</ref>
*''Udvartanā'' (augmentation) – By this process, there is a subsequent increase in duration and intensity of the karmas due to additional negative emotions and feelings.<ref name=tatia257/>
*''Apavartanā'' (diminution) – In this case, there is subsequent decrease in duration and intensity of the karmas due to positive emotions and feelings.<ref name=tatia257/>
*''{{IAST|Saṃkramaṇa}}'' (transformation) – It is the mutation or conversion of one sub-type of karmas into another sub-type. However, this does not occur between different types. For example, ''papa'' (bad karma) can be converted into ''[[Punya (Hinduism)|punya]]'' (good karma) as both sub-types belong to the same type of karma.<ref>{{harvnb|Tatia|2006|p=255}}</ref>
*''Upaśamanā'' (state of subsidence) – During this state the operation of karma does not occur. The karma becomes operative only when the duration of subsidence ceases.<ref>{{harvnb|Tatia|2006|p=258}}</ref>
*''Nidhatti'' (prevention) – In this state, premature operation and transformation is not possible but augmentation and diminution of karmas is possible.<ref name=tatia259>{{harvnb|Tatia|2006|p=259}}</ref>
*''Nikācanā'' (invariance) – For some sub-types, no variations or modifications are possible—the consequences are the same as were established at the time of bonding.<ref name=tatia259/>

The Jain karmic theory, thus speaks of great powers of soul to manipulate the karmas by its actions.<ref name= Jaini139/>

===Release===
[[Jain philosophy]] assert that emancipation is not possible as long as the soul is not released from bondage of karma. This is possible by ''[[samvara]]'' (stoppage of inflow of new karmas) and ''[[nirjara|nirjarā]]'' (shedding of existing karmas through conscious efforts).<ref>{{harvnb|Sanghvi|1974|p=320}}</ref> ''Samvara'' is achieved through practice of:
*Three ''guptis'' or three controls of mind, speech and body,<ref>{{harvnb|Bhattacharya|1976|p=45}}</ref>
*Five ''samitis'' or observing carefulness in movement, speaking, eating, placing objects and disposing refuse.<ref>{{harvnb|Bhattacharya|1976|pp=45–46}}</ref>
*Ten ''dharmas'' or observation of good acts like – forgiveness, humility, straightforwardness, contentment, truthfulness, self-control, penance, renunciation, non-attachment and continence.<ref name=hari46>{{harvnb|Bhattacharya|1976|p=46}}</ref>
*''[[Anupreksha]]s'' or meditation on the truths of this universe.<ref name=hari46/>
*''Pariṣahajaya'', that is, a man on moral path must develop a perfectly patient and unperturbed attitude in the midst of trying and difficult circumstances.<ref name=hari46/>
*''Cāritra'', that is, endeavour to remain in steady spiritual practices.<ref>{{harvnb|Bhattacharya|1976|p=47}}</ref>

''Nirjarā'' is possible through ''[[Tapas (Sanskrit)|tapas]]'', austerities and penances. ''Tapas'' can be either external or internal. Six forms of external ''tapas'' are—fasting, control of appetite, accepting food under certain conditions, renunciation of delicious food, sitting and sleeping in lonely place and renunciation of comforts. Six forms of internal ''tapas'' are—atonement, reverence, rendering of service to worthy ones, spiritual study, avoiding selfish feelings and meditation.<ref>{{harvnb|Bhattacharya|1976|pp=48–50}}</ref>

==Rationale==
Justice Tukol notes that the supreme importance of the doctrine of karma lies in providing a rational and satisfying explanation to the apparent unexplainable phenomenon of birth and death, of happiness and misery, of inequalities and of existence of different species of living beings.<ref>{{harvnb|Tukol|1980|p=106}}</ref> The ''[[Sutrakritanga|Sūtrakṛtāṅga]]'', one of the oldest canons of Jainism, states:<ref>{{harvnb|Krishan|1997|p=46}}</ref>
{{blockquote|Here in the east, west, north, and south many men have been born according to their merit, as inhabitants of this our world—some as Aryas, some as non-Aryas, some in noble families, some in low families, some as big men, some as small men, some of good complexion, some of bad complexion, some as handsome men, some as ugly men. And of these men one man is king.|Sūtrakṛtāṅga, 2.1.13}}
Jains thus cite inequalities, sufferings, and pain as evidence for the existence of karma. The theory of karma is able to explain day-to-day observable phenomena such as inequality between the rich and the poor, luck, differences in lifespan, and the ability to enjoy life despite being immoral. According to Jains, such inequalities and oddities that exist even from the time of birth can be attributed to the deeds of the past lives and thus provide evidence to existence of karmas:<ref>{{harvnb|Kirtivijay|1957|p=21}}</ref>
{{blockquote|One is stout while another is lean; one is a master while another is a slave and similarly we find the high and the low, the mutilated and the lame, the blind and the deaf and many such oddities. The thrones of mighty monarchs are gone. The proud and the haughty have been humiliated in a moment and reduced to ashes. Even amongst the twins born of the same mother, we find one a dullard and another intelligent, one rich and another poor, one black and another white. What is all this due to? They could not have done any deeds while they were in their mother's womb. Then, why then should such oddities exist? We have then to infer that these disparities must be the result of their deeds in their past births though they are born together at one time. There are many oddities in this world and it will have to be admitted that behind all this some powerful force is at work whereby the world appears to be full of oddities. This force is called 'karma'. We are unable to perceive karma by our naked eyes, yet we are able to know it from its actions.}}

== Criticisms ==
The Jain theory of karma has been challenged from an early time by the [[Vedanta]] and {{IAST|[[Sāṃkhya]]}} branches of [[Hindu philosophy]].
In particular, Vedanta Hindus considered the Jain position on the supremacy and potency of karma, specifically its insistence on non-intervention by any Supreme Being in regard to the fate of souls, as ''nāstika'' or [[atheism|atheistic]].<ref>{{harvnb|Pande|1978|p=1}}</ref>
For example, in a commentary to the [[Brahma Sutras]] (III, 2, 38, and 41), [[Adi Sankara]], argues that the original karmic actions themselves cannot bring about the proper results at some future time; neither can super sensuous, non-intelligent qualities like ''[[adrsta]]''—an unseen force being the metaphysical link between work and its result—by themselves mediate the appropriate, justly deserved pleasure and pain. The fruits, according to him, then, must be administered through the action of a conscious agent, namely, a supreme being ([[Ishvara]]).<ref>{{Citation | last =Reichenbach | first =Bruce R. | title =Karma, causation, and divine intervention | journal =Philosophy East and West | volume =39 | issue =2 | pages =135–149 [145] | publisher =University of Hawaii Press | location =Hawaii | date =April 1989 | url =http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/reiche2.htm | access-date =2009-12-29 | doi =10.2307/1399374 | jstor =1399374 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20091027070413/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/reiche2.htm | archive-date =27 October 2009 | url-status =dead | url-access =subscription }}</ref><ref group=note>For the Jain refutation of the theory of God as operator and dispenser of karma, see [[Jainism and non-creationism]].</ref>

Jainism's strong emphasis on the doctrine of karma and intense asceticism was also criticised by the Buddhists. Thus, the ''[[Samyutta Nikaya|Saṃyutta Nikāya]]'' narrates the story of Asibandhakaputta, a headman who was originally a disciple of Māhavīra. He debates with the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], telling him that, according to Māhavīra (Nigaṇṭha Nātaputta), a man's fate or karma is decided by what he does habitually. The Buddha responds, considering this view to be inadequate, stating that even a habitual sinner spends more time "not doing the sin" and only some time actually "doing the sin."<ref>{{harvnb|Malalasekera|2003|p=211}}</ref>

In another Buddhist text ''[[Majjhima Nikaya|Majjhima Nikāya]]'', the Buddha criticizes Jain emphasis on the destruction of unobservable and unverifiable types of karma as a means to end suffering, rather than on eliminating evil mental states such as greed, hatred and delusion, which are observable and verifiable.<ref>{{harvnb|Thomas|1975|pp=205–206}}</ref> In the Upālisutta dialogue of this ''Majjhima Nikāya'' text, Buddha contends with a Jain monk who asserts that bodily actions are the most criminal, in comparison to the actions of speech and mind. Buddha criticises this view, saying that the actions of ''mind'' are most criminal, and not the actions of speech or body.<ref>{{harvnb|Krishan|1997|p=64}}</ref> Buddha also criticises the Jain ascetic practice of various austerities, claiming that he, Buddha, is happier when ''not'' practising the austerities.<ref>{{harvnb|Bronkhorst|1993|pp=29–28}}</ref><ref group=note>In the 8th century [[Jain text]] ''Aṣṭakaprakaraṇam'' (11.1–8), [[Haribhadra]] refutes the Buddhist view that austerities and penances results in suffering and pain. According to him suffering is on account of past karmas and not due to penances. Even if penances result in some suffering and efforts, they should be undertaken as it is the only means of getting rid of the karma. He compares it to the efforts and pains undertaken by a businessman to earn profit, which makes him happy. In the same way the austerities and penances are blissful to an ascetic who desires emancipation. See Haribhadrasūri, Sinha, Ashok Kumar, & Jain, Sagarmal (2000) p. 47</ref>

While admitting the complexity and sophistication of the Jain doctrine, Padmanabh Jaini compares it with that of Hindu doctrine of rebirth and points out that the Jain seers are silent on the exact moment and mode of rebirth, that is, the re-entry of soul in womb after the death.<ref>{{harvnb|Jaini|2000|p=124}}</ref> The concept of ''nitya-nigoda'', which states that there are certain categories of souls who have always been ''nigodas'', is also criticized. According to Jainism, ''nigodas'' are lowest form of extremely microscopic beings having momentary life spans, living in colonies and pervading the entire universe. According to Jaini, the entire concept of ''nitya-nigoda'' undermines the concept of karma, as these beings clearly would not have had prior opportunity to perform any karmically meaningful actions.<ref>{{harvnb|Jaini|2000|p=128}}</ref>

Karma is also criticised on the grounds that it leads to the dampening of spirits with men suffering the ills of life because the course of one's life is determined by karma.<ref>{{harvnb|Kalghatgi|1988|p=184}}</ref> It is often maintained that the impression of karma as the accumulation of a mountain of bad deeds looming over our heads without any recourse leads to fatalism. However, as Paul Dundas puts it, the Jain theory of karma does not imply lack of [[free will]] or operation of total [[determinism|deterministic]] control over destinies.<ref name="Dundas Paul 2002 p 101"/> Furthermore, the doctrine of karma does not promote fatalism amongst its believers on account of belief in personal responsibility of actions and that austerities could expatiate the evil karmas and it was possible to attain salvation by emulating the life of the Jinas.<ref name="Krishan, Yuvraj 1997 p.50"/>

==See also==
* [[Karma]]
*[[Karma in Buddhism]]
*[[Karma in Hinduism]]

==Notes==
<references group=note/>

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

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==External links==
* {{citation |last=Johnson |first=Helen M. |author-link=Helen Moore Johnson |title=Karma (Appendix 1.2 of the Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra) |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc212555.html |publisher=[[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda#Oriental Institute|Baroda Oriental Institute]] |date=1931 }}
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/a-history-of-indian-philosophy-volume-1/d/doc209775.html The Jaina Philosophy, Karma Theory], Surendranath Dasgupta, 1940

{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karma In Jainism}}
[[Category:Karma in Jainism| ]]

2023–24 Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) season

2025-10-29T14:50:59Z

ErmaT39411378:

{{Short description|Indian football club season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox football club season
|club = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|season = 2023–24
|owner = {{ubl|Mohammedan Sporting Club Private Limited (50%)|Bunkerhill Private Limited (50%)}}
|chairman = Gulam Ashraf
|mgrtitle = Head coach
|manager = [[Andrey Chernyshov]]
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]],
[[Bankimanjali Stadium]] ([[I-League]])
|league = [[I-League]]
|league result = [[2023–24 I-League|'''1st''']] (promoted)
|cup1 = [[Durand Cup]]
|cup1 result = [[2023 Durand Cup#Group B|Group stage]]
|league topscorer = [[Eddie Hernández]] (13)
|season topscorer = Eddie Hernández (13)
|highest attendance =
|lowest attendance =
|average attendance =
|largest win = '''6–0''' v [[TRAU FC|TRAU]] (Home) 7 November 2023 (I-League)
|largest loss =
|prevseason = [[2022–23 Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) season|2022–23]]
|nextseason = [[2024–25 Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) season|''2024–25'']]
}}

The '''2023–24 season''' was the 131st season in the existence of [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] and the club's third consecutive season in the [[I-League]]. In addition to the [[I-League]], they also competed in the [[Durand Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/aiff-looks-to-increase-teams-in-i-league-number-of-foreigners-in-squad-to-be-reduced-8585723/|title=AIFF looks to increase teams in I-League, number of foreigners in squad to be reduced|date=1 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://i-league.org/aiff-invites-bids-for-new-clubs-to-join-hero-i-league-2023-24-season-onwards/|title=AIFF invites bids for new clubs to join Hero I-League 2023–24 season onwards | Hero I-League}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-01 |title=AIFF looks to increase teams in I-League, number of foreigners in the squad to be reduced |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/aiff-looks-to-increase-teams-in-i-league-number-of-foreigners-in-squad-to-be-reduced-8585723/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-01 |title=I-League Foreigner Rule: AIFF League Committee reduces number of foreigners in I-League |url=https://www.insidesport.in/i-league-foreigner-rule-aiff-league-committee-reduces-number-of-foreigners-in-i-league-makes-five-u-22-players-mandatory-in-squad-check-out/ |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Inside Sport India |language=en-US}}</ref> On 30th June its confirmed Mohammedan's participation in the Durand cup.<ref>https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/three-foreign-teams-among-24-sides-to-compete-in-durand-cup-2197505</ref>

==Staff==
{{Fb cs header}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Manager |s={{flagicon|RUS}} [[Andrey Chernyshov]]}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Assistant Manager |s={{flagicon|IND}} [[Alison Kharsyntiew]]}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Head of Goalkeeping |s={{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalit Thapa]]}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Head Physiotherapist |s={{flagicon|IND}} Dibyajit Mitra}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Assistant Physiotherapist |s={{flagicon|IND}} Md. Belal Qureshi}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Strength & Conditioning Coach |s={{flagicon|IND}} Arsalan Mirza}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Performance Analyst |s={{flagicon|IND}} Devrup J. Gupta}}
{{Fb cs staff |bg= |p=Media manager |s={{flagicon|IND}} Koustav Halder}}
{{Fb cs footer|date=July 2023}}

==Squad==
===First-team squad===
{{updated|30 December 2023}}
{{fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Padam Chettri}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Dettol Moirangthem|other=on loan from Classic FA}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=UZB|pos=MF|name=Mirjalol Kosimov}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=ARG|pos=MF|name=[[Juan Nellar]]}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Abhishek Halder]]}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Beneston Barretto}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=ARG|pos=FW|name=[[Alexis Gómez (footballer)|Alexis Gómez]]}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Wahengbam Angousana]]}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Zodingliana Ralte]]}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Dipu Halder}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Mohammed Irshad]]}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=David Lalhlansanga}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=HON|pos=FW|name= [[Eddie Hernández]]}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Sagolsem Bikash Singh|other=on loan from [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Samad Ali Mallick]]}}(captain)
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Samuel Lalmuanpuia]]}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=GHA|pos=DF|name=[[Joseph Adjei]]}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Lalremsanga Fanai]]|other=on loan from [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]}}
{{fs player|no=33|pos=GK|nat=IND|name=[[Lalbiakhlua Jongte]]|other=on loan from [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]}}
{{Fs player|no=34|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Vanlalzuidika Chhakchhuak|Vanlalzuidika]]}}
{{Fs player|no=47|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[S. K. Faiaz|SK Faiaz]]}}
{{Fs player|no=55|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Mohammed Jassim]]}}
{{Fs player|no=69|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Jetli Sorokhaibam}}
{{Fs player|no=77|nat=RUS|pos=FW|name=[[Yevgeni Kozlov|Evgeniy Kozlov]]}}
{{Fs player|no=99|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Tanmoy Ghosh}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[James Kithan]]}}
{{fs end}}

===Reserve squad===
{{fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Thokchom James Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Sujit Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Abhijit Sarkar (footballer)|Abhijit Sarkar]]}}
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Ganesh Besra}}
{{Fs player|no=36|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Deep Biswas}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Rakibul Mallick}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Karandeep Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Meitalkeishangbam Roger}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Ajay Alex Antonay}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Laishram Bedashwor Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Bamiya Samad}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=William Lalgoulien}}
{{fs end}}

==Transfers==
===Transfers in===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%"
|-
!style="background:black;color:#FFFFFF;width:130px"| Date
!style="background:black;color:#FFFFFF;width:50px"| Position
!style="background:black;color:#FFFFFF;width:50px"| Nationality
!style="background:black;color:#FFFFFF;width:150px"| Player
!style="background:black;color:#FFFFFF;width:180px"| From
!style="background:black;color:#FFFFFF;width:120px"| Fee
!style="background:black;color:#FFFFFF;width:25px"| Ref
|-
| 13 June 2023
| FW
| {{flagicon|ARG}}
| [[Alexis Gómez (footballer)|Alexis Gómez]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
| 15 June 2023
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Zodingliana Ralte]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
| 16 June 2023
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Denzil Kharshandi]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[ARA FC|ARA]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
| 17 June 2023
| GK
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Rakibul Mollick]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
|Free Transfer
|
|-
| 17 June 2023
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Ganesh Besra]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Wari AC]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
| 17 June 2023
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Bamiya Samad]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
|Free Transfer
|
|-
| 19 June 2023
| FW
| {{flagicon|GHA}}
| [[Prince Opoku Agyemang]]
| {{flagicon|IRQ}} [[Duhok SC]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://xtratimebangla.in/mohammedan-signs-ghana-forward-prince-opoku/|title=গোল তুলে আনতে ঘানার তারকা ফরোয়ার্ডকে সই করল মহামেডান|trans-title=Mohammedan Sporting sign Ghanaian star forward for scoring goals|website=xtratimebangla.in|publisher=The XtraTime Bangla|language=bn|date=19 June 2023|access-date=23 June 2023|location=Kolkata|first=ET Sports|last=Web Desk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623093446/https://xtratimebangla.in/mohammedan-signs-ghana-forward-prince-opoku/|archive-date=23 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 20 June 2023
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Sujit Singh]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} The Diamond Rock FC
|Free Transfer
|
|-
| 23 June 2023
| DF
| {{flagicon|GHA}}
| [[Joseph Adjei]]
| {{flagicon|SYR}} [[Al-Ittihad SC Aleppo|Al-Ittihad]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>https://twitter.com/MohammedanSC/status/1672284084805201920?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet</ref>
|-
| 01 July 2023
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| Tanmoy Ghosh
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
| 07 July 2023
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Beneston Barretto]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>https://twitter.com/MohammedanSC/status/1676524635050102785 We are delighted to announce the signing of the energetic forward 𝐁𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐧 𝐏𝐢𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐧 𝐁𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐨. We hope an exciting journey together</ref>
|-
| 07 July 2023
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| Meitalkeishangbam Roger
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
| 07 July 2023
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[David Lalhlansanga]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>https://twitter.com/MohammedanSC/status/1676511434795253761 We are delighted to announce the signing of young and promising forward, 𝐃𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐝 𝐋𝐚𝐥𝐡𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐚. We hope an exciting journey together!</ref>
|-
| 07 July 2023
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Abhijit Sarkar (footballer)|Abhijit Sarkar]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
| 06 July 2023
| GK
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Padam Chettri]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai Kenkre FC|Mumbai Kenkre]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
| 07 July 2023
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Thokchom James Singh]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| Free Transfer
|
|-
| 07 July 2023
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Karandeep Singh]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Delhi FC]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
| 07 July 2023
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Deep Biswas]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan B]]
| Free Transfer
|<ref>https://twitter.com/MohammedanSC/status/1677031545360781312|title= We are delighted to announce the signing of the young, talented defender 𝐃𝐄𝐄𝐏 𝐁𝐈𝐒𝐖𝐀𝐒. We hope for an exciting journey together!</ref>
|-
| 23 July 2023
| MF
| {{flagicon|UZB}}
| [[Mirjalol Kasimov(born 1995)|Mirjalol Kasimov]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| Free Transfer
|<ref>https://twitter.com/MohammedanSC/status/1682984820819804160|title= Welcome to the City of Joy, Mirjalol Kasimov! 🖤🤍</ref>
|-
| 14 August 2023
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Wahengbam Angousana]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal B]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
| 20 August 2023
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Mohammed Irshad]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
| 24 August 2023
| GK
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| Jetli Sorokhaibam
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Classic FA]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
| 2 September 2023
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Samuel Lalmuanpuia]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[RoundGlass Punjab FC| Punjab]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
| 13 September 2023
| FW
| {{flagicon|HON}}
| [[Eddie Hernández]]
|{{flagicon|HON}} [[F.C. Motagua|Motagua]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
| 16 September 2023
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Mohammed Jassim]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
| 29 September 2023
| MF
| {{flagicon|ARG}}
| [[Juan Nellar]]
| Free Agent
|Free Transfer
|
|-
| 16 January 2024
| FW
| {{flagicon|RUS}}
| [[Evgeniy Kozlov]]
| {{flagicon|KAZ}} [[FC Atyrau|Atyrau]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
| 25 January 2024
| GK
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[James Kithan]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Delhi FC]]
|Free Transfer
|
|-
|}

===Loans in===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%"
|-
!style="background:black;color:#FFFFFF;width:130px"| Date from
!style="background:black;color:#FFFFFF;width:50px"| Position
!style="background:black;color:#FFFFFF;width:50px"| Nationality
!style="background:black;color:#FFFFFF;width:150px"| Player
!style="background:black;color:#FFFFFF;width:180px"| From
!style="background:black;color:#FFFFFF;width:120px"| Date until
!style="background:black;color:#FFFFFF;width:25px"| Ref.
|-
|
|GK
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Lalbiakhlua Jongte]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|31 May 2024
|
|-
|27 June 2023
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Sagolsem Bikash Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|31 May 2024
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=26 June 2023 |title=ISL: Sagolsem Bikash Singh joins Kerala Blasters |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-06-isl-kerala-blasters-sagolsem-bikash-singh-sign |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=Khel Now |language=English}}</ref>
|-
|06 July 2023
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Lalremsanga Fanai]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|31 May 2024
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/MarcusMergulhao/status/1676979355627708416 |title=Sairuat Kima moves to Rajasthan United and Remsanga heads to Mohammedan Sporting on loan |date=6 July 2023 |publisher=Marcus Mergulhao |access-date=6 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
|24 July 2023
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Dettol Moirangthem]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Classic FA]]
|31 May 2024
|
|-
|}
{{notelist}}

===Loans out===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%"
|-
!style="background:black;color:#FFFFFF;width:130px"| Date from
!style="background:black;color:#FFFFFF;width:50px"| Position
!style="background:black;color:#FFFFFF;width:50px"| Nationality
!style="background:black;color:#FFFFFF;width:150px"| Player
!style="background:black;color:#FFFFFF;width:180px"| To
!style="background:black;color:#FFFFFF;width:120px"| Date until
!style="background:black;color:#FFFFFF;width:25px"| Ref
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}
{{notelist}}

===Transfers out===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%"
|-
!style="background:black;color:#FFFFFF;width:130px"| Date
!style="background:black;color:#FFFFFF;width:50px"| Position
!style="background:black;color:#FFFFFF;width:50px"| Nationality
!style="background:black;color:#FFFFFF;width:150px"| Player
!style="background:black;color:#FFFFFF;width:180px"| To
!style="background:black;color:#FFFFFF;width:120px"| Fee
!style="background:black;color:#FFFFFF;width:25px"| Ref
|-
| 12 June 2023
| DF
| {{flagicon|SYR}}
| [[Shaher Shaheen]]
|
| Free Agent
|
|-
| 12 June 2023
| MF
| {{flagicon|SER}}
| [[Nikola Stojanović (footballer, born 1995)|Nikola Stojanović]]
|
| Free Agent
|
|-
| 12 June 2023
| MF
| {{flagicon|NGA}}
| [[Abiola Dauda]]
|
| Free Agent
|
|-
| 12 June 2023
| DF
| {{flagicon|SEN}}
| [[Ousmane N'Diaye (footballer)|Ousmane N'Diaye]]
|
| Free Agent
|
|-
| 12 June 2023
| FW
| {{flagicon|TRI}}
| [[Marcus Joseph]]
|
| Free Agent
|
|-
| 12 June 2023
| FW
| {{flagicon|KGZ}}
| [[Mirlan Murzayev|Mirlan Murzaev]]
| {{flagicon|VIE}} [[Hanoi FC]]
| Free Agent
|
|-
| 26 June 2023
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Abhishek Ambekar]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| Free Agent
|<ref>https://twitter.com/sreenidideccan/status/1673164460079603712?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet</ref>
|-
| 29 June 2023
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Azharuddin Mallick]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| Free Agent
|<ref>{{cite tweet|user=Delhi_FC|number=1674296643750092801|title=Say hello 👋 to our prolific and intelligent striker! ⚡⚽ Welcome aboard, 𝐀𝐳𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐮𝐝𝐝𝐢𝐧 𝐌𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐤!. }}</ref>
|-
| 01 July 2023
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Kean Lewis]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| Free Agent
|<ref>{{cite tweet|user=sreenidideccan|number=1675056511272488960|title=he is finally coming to hyderabad, welcom Kean Lewis}}</ref>
|-
| 17 July 2023
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Sairuat Kima]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| Free Agent
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/RajasthanUnited/status/1680902966285578241 |title=𝗚𝘂𝗿𝗱𝗶𝗮𝗻 of our Fort |date=17 July 2023 |publisher=@RajasthanUnited |access-date=20 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 19 July 2023
| GK
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Zothanmawia]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| Free Agent
|<ref>https://twitter.com/GokulamKeralaFC/status/1681627984736948225/Title:Meet the newest addition to our goalkeeping squad, Zothanmawia! 🧤</ref>
|-
| 26 August 2023
| GK
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| Mithun Samanta
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| Free Agent
|
|-
| 1 September 2023
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
|Christy Molly Davis
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| Free Agent
|
|-
| 7 September 2023
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| Safiul Rahman
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| Free Agent
|
|-
| 19 December 2023
| FW
| {{flagicon|GHA}}
| [[Prince Opoku Agyemang]]
|TBD
| Free Agent
|
|-
| 30 December 2023
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| Denzil Kharshandi
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|
|
|-
|}
{{notelist}}

==Pre-season and friendlies==

{{football box collapsible
| round = [[Friendly match]]
| date = 30 July 2023
| time = 16:00 IST
| team1 = Mohammedan SC
| score = 1–1
| report =
| team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| goals1 =
*[[Alexis Gómez (footballer)|Alexis Gómez]] {{goal|12}}
| goals2 =
*[[Irfan Yadwad]] {{goal|79}}
| stadium =
| location =
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = D
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = [[Friendly match|Friendly]]
| date = 14 October 2023
| time = 16:00 IST
| team1 = Mohammedan SC
| score = 0–1
| report =
| team2 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| location = Delhi
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = L
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = [[Friendly match|Friendly]]
| date = 17 October 2023
| time = 16:00 IST
| team1 = Mohammedan SC
| score = 1–1
| report =
| team2 = [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| location = Delhi
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = D
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = [[Friendly match|Friendly]]
| date = 20 October 2023
| time = 15:30 IST
| team1 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| score = 1–3
| report =
| team2 = Mohammedan SC
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| location = [[Jaipur]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = W
}}

== Competitions ==

=== Overview ===
{{Fb overview2
|c=1
|c1=[[2023-24 I-League|I League]] |fm1=29 October 2023 |lm1=13 April 2024 |sr1= Match Day 1 |fp1=Winners |w1=15 |l1=2|d1=7|f1=44 |a1=22
|c2=[[Durand Cup]]|fm2=5 August 2023|lm2=20 August 2023 |sr2=[[2023 Durand Cup#Group stage|Group stage]] |fp2=Group stage|w2=2|l2=1|d2=0|f2=9|a2=4
|u={{Start date|2024|04|13|df=y}}.
}}

=== I-League ===
{{Main|2023–24 I-League}}

==== League table ====
{{:2023–24 I-League|showteam=MOH}}

==== Matches ====
'''Note''': I-League announced the fixtures for the 2023–24 season on 6 October 2023.<ref>https://i-league.org/aiff-announces-fixtures-for-i-league-iwl/feed/</ref>

{{football box collapsible
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2023|10|29|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Mohammedan
| score = 2–1
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21854
| team2 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| goals1 = *[[Samuel Lalmuanpuia]] {{goal|7}}
*[[Alexis Gómez (footballer)|Alexis Gómez]] {{goal|28}}
| goals2 = *[[K Lalrinfela]] {{goal|12}}
| location = [[Naihati]]
| stadium = [[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]]
| attendance = 4,900
| result = W
| motm = [[Alexis Gómez (footballer)|Alexis Gómez]] (Mohammedan)
| referee = Joyshing Monsang Thumli
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|03|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Mohammedan
| score = 1–1
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21859
| team2 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| goals1 = *[[David Lalhlansanga]] {{goal|53}}
| goals2 = *[[Takuto Miki]] {{goal|45+1}}
| location = [[Naihati]]
| stadium = [[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]]
| attendance = 3,786
| result = D
| motm = Daniel Gonçalves(Shillong Lajong)
| referee = Anand Rana
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|07|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Mohammedan
| score = 6–0
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21865
| team2 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| goals1 = *[[David Lalhlansanga]] {{goal|3||10}}
*[[Joseph Adjei]] {{goal|29}}
*Mirjalol Kosimov {{goal|37}}
*[[Lalremsanga Fanai]] {{goal|63}}
*[[Samuel Lalmuanpuia]] {{goal|90+5}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Naihati]]
| stadium = [[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]]
| attendance = 1,773
| result =W
| motm = [[Joseph Adjei]] (Mohammedan)
| referee = Williams Joy Koshy
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 4
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|10|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| score = 1–2
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21869
| team2 = Mohammedan
| goals1 = *[[Bali Gagandeep]] {{goal|90+8}}
| goals2 = *[[Gurtej Singh]] {{goal|4|OG}}
*[[Lalremsanga Fanai]] {{goal|13}}
| location = [[Bhaini Ala|Bhaini Sahib]]
| stadium = Namdhari Stadium
| attendance =
| result = W
| motm = Padam Chetri (Mohammedan)
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 5
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|18|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| score = 1–2
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21878
| team2 = Mohammedan
| goals1 = *Ragav Gupta {{goal|90+4}}
| goals2 = *[[Sagolsem Bikash Singh]] {{goal|45+1}}
*[[Eddie Hernández|E. Hernández]] {{goal|69}}
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| stadium = [[Deccan Arena]]
| attendance =
| result = W
| motm = [[Sagolsem Bikash Singh]] (Mohammedan)
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 6
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|21|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
| score = 0–2
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21881
| team2 = Mohammedan
| goals1 =
| goals2 = *[[Eddie Hernández|E. Hernández]] {{goal|44}}
*[[Wahengbam Angousana]] {{goal|50}}
| location = [[Lucknow]]
| stadium = Ekana Football Stadium
| attendance =
| result = W
| motm = [[Wahengbam Angousana]] (Mohammedan)
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 7
| date = {{Start date|2023|12|3|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Mohammedan
| score = 2–1
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/21898
| team2 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| goals1 =
*Kasimov {{goal|37}}
*[[Eddie Hernández|E. Hernández]] {{goal|60}}
| goals2 = *William {{goal|84|pen.}}
| location = [[Naihati]]
| stadium = [[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result = W
| motm = [[Eddie Hernández|E. Hernández]] (Mohammedan)
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 8
| date = {{Start date|2023|12|8|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Mohammedan
| score = 1–1
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21904 Report]
| team2 =[[Gokulam Kerala]]
| goals1 = *[[Abdul Nediyodath|Abdul Hakku]] {{goal|69|o.g.}}
| goals2 = *[[Sreekuttan V. S.|Sreekuttan VS]] {{goal|69}}
| location = [[Naihati]]
| stadium = [[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result = D
| motm = Mirjalol kasimov (Mohammedan)
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 9
| date = {{Start date|2023|12|13|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| score = 0–1
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21910
| team2 = Mohammedan
| goals1 =
| goals2 = *Beneston Barretto {{goal|81}}
| location = [[Bhaini Ala]]
| stadium = Namdhari Stadium
| attendance =
| result = W
| motm = Mirjalol Kasimov (Mohammedan)
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 10
| date = {{Start date|2023|12|17|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| score = 0–0
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21916
| team2 = Mohammedan
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]]
| stadium = [[Tilak Maidan]]
| attendance =
| result = D
| motm = Padam Chhetri (Mohammedan)
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 11
| date = {{Start date|2023|12|24|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Mohammedan
| score = 2–1
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21922
| team2 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| goals1 = *[[David Lalhlansanga]] {{goal|19}}
*[[Lalremsanga Fanai]] {{goal|30}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Naihati]]
| stadium = [[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result = W
| motm = Lalremsanga (Mohammedan)
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 12
| date = {{Start date|2024|02|04|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Mohammedan
| score = 0–3
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=26836 Report]
| team2 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = *[[Shaher Shaheen]] {{goal|55}}
*[[Gnohere Krizo]] {{goal|65||90+5|P}}
| location = [[Naihati]]
| stadium = [[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result = L
| motm =
| referee = ADITYA PURKAYASTHA
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 13
| date = {{Start date|2024|02|10|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| score = 0–0
| report =
| team2 = Mohammedan
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Aizawl]]
| stadium = [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result = D
| motm =
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 14
| date = {{Start date|2024|02|13|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Mohammedan
| score = 5–1
| report =
| team2 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| goals1 = *[[Lalremsanga Fanai]] {{goal|20}}
*[[Eddie Hernández|E. Hernández]] {{goal|27||44||88}}
*Kasimov {{goal|65|P}}
| goals2 = *William P {{goal|29}}
| location = [[Naihati]]
| stadium = [[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]]
| attendance = 0
| result = W
| motm = [[Eddie Hernández|E. Hernández]]
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 15
| date = {{Start date|2024|02|17|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| score = 0–2
| report =
| team2 = Mohammedan
| goals1 =
| goals2 = [[Eddie Hernández|Hernández]] {{goal|45+1||90+1}}
| location = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| stadium = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
| attendance = 512
| result = W
| motm = [[Eddie Hernández]] (Mohammedan)
| referee = Mrutyunjay L. Amatya
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 16
| date = {{Start date|2024|02|29|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| score = 1–1
| report =
| team2 = Mohammedan
| goals1 = * [[David Castañeda (footballer)|David Castañeda]] {{goal|4}}
| goals2 = * [[Mohammed Jassim]] {{goal|84}}
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| stadium = [[Deccan Arena]]
| attendance =
| result = D
| motm =
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 17
| date = {{Start date|2024|03|03|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala]]
| score = 2–3
| report =
| team2 = Mohammedan
| goals1 = *[[Noufal PN]] {{goal|45+1}}
*Nidhin Krishna {{goal|65}}
| goals2 = *[[Eddie Hernández]] {{goal|16}}
*[[Alexis Gómez (footballer)|Alexis Gómez]] {{goal|23}}
*David Lalhlansanga {{goal|90+7}}
| location = [[Kozhikode]]
| stadium = [[Kozhikode Corporation EMS Stadium|EMS Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result = W
| motm =
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 18
| date = {{Start date|2024|03|09|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Mohammedan
| score = 3–1
| report =
| team2 = [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| goals1 = *[[Zodingliana Ralte]] {{goal|38}}
*[[Sagolsem Bikash Singh]] {{goal|67||78}}
| goals2 = *Imanol Arana {{goal|74}}
| location = [[Naihati]]
| stadium = [[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result = W
| motm = [[Sagolsem Bikash Singh]]
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 19
| date = {{Start date|2024|03|12|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Mohammedan
| score = 3–2
| report = https://i-league.org/a-three-pointer-against-churchill-brothers-takes-mohammedan-sporting-closer-to-i-league-title
| team2 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| goals1 = *[[Eddie Hernández]] {{goal|28||33}}
*[[Lalremsanga Fanai]] {{goal|75}}
| goals2 = *[[Stendly Fernandes]] {{goal|10}}
*[[Martín Cháves]] {{goal|51}}
| location = [[Naihati]]
| stadium = [[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result = W
| motm = [[Eddie Hernández]]
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 20
| date = {{Start date|2024|03|17|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| score = 0–2
| report =
| team2 = Mohammedan
| goals1 =
| goals2 = *[[Eddie Hernández]] {{goal|42||55}}
| location = [[Shillong]]
| stadium = [[SSA Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result = W
| motm = [[Eddie Hernández]]
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 21
| date = {{Start date|2024|03|23|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| score = 0–0
| report = https://i-league.org/real-kashmir-fc-fade-away-from-title-race-after-draw-with-mohammedan-sporting
| team2 = Mohammedan
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Srinagar]]
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]
| attendance = 7,632
| result = D
| motm = [[Muhammad Hammad]] (Real Kashmir)
| referee = Harish Kundu
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 22
| date = {{Start date|2024|03|30|df=y}}
| time = 18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Mohammedan
| score = 1–1
| report = https://i-league.org/mohammedan-sporting-a-victory-away-from-title-after-drawing-with-inter-kashi
| team2 = [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
| goals1 = [[Alexis Gómez (footballer)|Gómez]] {{goal|8}}
| goals2 = [[Mario Barco|Barco]] {{goal|83}}
| location = [[Naihati]]
| stadium = [[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]]
| attendance = 2,000
| result = D
| motm = [[Mario Barco]] (Inter Kashi)
| referee = Jehrul Islam
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 23
| date = {{Start date|2024|04|06|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| score = 1–2
| report = https://i-league.org/mohammedan-sporting-win-maiden-i-league-title
| team2 = Mohammedan
| goals1 = [[Douglas Tardin|Tardin]] {{goal|15|pen.}}
| goals2 =
* [[Alexis Gómez (footballer)|Gómez]] {{goal|1}}
* [[Yevgeni Kozlov|Kozlov]] {{goal|63}}
| location = [[Shillong]]
| stadium = SSA Stadium
| attendance = 7,816
| result = W
| motm = [[Padam Chettri]] (Mohammedan)
| referee = Senthil Nathan S.
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 24
| date = {{Start date|2024|04|13|df=y}}
| time = 18:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Mohammedan
| score = 1–3
| report = https://i-league.org/mohammedan-sporting-embrace-history-amidst-thunderous-cheers-at-yuba-bharati-krirangan
| team2 = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| goals1 = Mirjalol Kasimov {{goal|90+9}}
| goals2 =
* [[Alisher Kholmurodov|Kholmurodov]] {{goal|7}}
* [[Gwgwmsar Goyary|Goyary]] {{goal|31}}
* [[Sérgio Barboza|Barboza]] {{goal|90+8}}
| location = [[Naihati]]
| stadium = [[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]]
| attendance = 24,678
| result = L
| motm = [[Alisher Kholmurodov]] (Delhi)
| referee = Jehrul Islam
}}

=== Durand Cup ===
{{Main|2023 Durand Cup}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/sport/durand-cup-2023-football-tournament-to-kick-off-from-august-3/1619424/|title=Durand Cup 2023 football tournament to kick off from August 3|date=8 June 2023}}</ref>

=== Group B ===
{{:2023 Durand Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group B|showteam=MSC}}

==== Matches ====
{{football box collapsible
| round = 1
| date = {{start date|2023|08|05|df=y}}
| time = 16.45 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| score = 1–3
| report = https://web.archive.org/web/20230805131739/https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/19694_Match_Summary_V1_1691241216.pdf
| team2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| goals1 = *D. Lalhlansanga {{goal|42}}
| goals2 =
*[[Rostyn Griffiths|Griffiths]] {{goal|12}}
*[[Jorge Pereyra Díaz|Díaz]] {{goal|24}}
*[[Lallianzuala Chhangte|Chhangte]] {{goal|35}}
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance = 3,652
| motm = [[Alberto Noguera]] (Mumbai City)
| referee = Harish Kundu
| result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
| round = 2
| date = {{start date|2023|08|11|df=y}}
| time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| score = 2–1
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19705
| team2 = [[Indian Navy (football team)|Indian Navy]]
| goals1 =
*D. Lalhlansanga {{goal|50}}
*[[Lalremsanga Fanai|Lalremsanga]] {{goal|69}}
| goals2 =
*[[Britto P. M.|Britto]] {{goal|90+7|pen.}}
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| motm =
| referee =
| result = W
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 2
| date = {{start date|2023|08|20|df=y}}
| time = 16.45 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| score = 6–0
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19722
| team2 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| goals1 =
*[[Lalremsanga Fanai|Lalremsanga]] {{goal|10||16}}
*D. Lalhlansanga {{goal|28||69||82||89}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| motm =
| referee =
| result = W
}}

==Statistics==

===Goal scorers===
{{updated|13 April 2024}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! text-align:center;"|Rank
! " text-align:center;"|No.
! " text-align:center;"|Pos.
! " text-align:center;"|Nat.
! " text-align:center;"|Name
! " text-align:center;"|I League
! " text-align:center;"|Durand cup
! " text-align:center;"|Total
|-
| rowspan="1"| 1
| 20
| FW
| {{flagicon|HON}}
| [[Eddie Hernández]]
| |13||0||'''13'''
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2
| 19
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| David Lalhlansanga
|5
|6
|'''11'''
|-
| 3
| 29
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Lalremsanga Fanai]]
|5
|3
|'''8'''
|-
| rowspan="2"| 4
| 4
| MF
| {{flagicon|UZB}}
| Mirjalol Kosimov
| |4||0||'''4'''
|-
| 10
| FW
| {{flagicon|ARG}}
| [[Alexis Gómez (footballer)|Alexis Gómez]]
| |4||0||'''4'''
|-
| rowspan="1"| 6
| 22
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Sagolsem Bikash Singh]]
| |3||0||'''3'''
|-
| rowspan="1"| 7
| 26
| MF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Samuel Lalmuanpuia]]
| |2||0||'''2'''
|-
| rowspan="6"| 8
| 7
| FW
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Beneston Barretto]]
| |1||0||'''1'''
|-
| 11
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Wahengbam Angousana]]
| |1||0||'''1'''
|-
| 14
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Zodingliana Ralte]]
| |1||0||'''1'''
|-
| 28
| DF
| {{flagicon|GHA}}
| [[Joseph Adjei]]
| |1|||0||'''1'''
|-
| 55
| DF
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Mohammed Jassim]]
| |1||0||'''1'''
|-
| 77
| FW
| {{flagicon|RUS}}
| [[Yevgeni Kozlov|Evgeniy Kozlov]]
| |1|||0||'''1'''
|-
|colspan="5"| '''Own Goals'''||'''2'''||'''0'''||'''2'''
|-
|colspan="5"| '''Total'''||'''44'''||'''9'''||'''53'''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)}}
{{2023–24 in Indian football}}

[[Category:Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) seasons]]
[[Category:2023–24 I-League by team]]

Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College

2025-10-01T13:32:55Z

ErmaT39411378: brief cleaned up structure to improve readability additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Public medical college in Kanpur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College
| image_name = GSVM Kanpur.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| established = {{Start date and age|df=y|1956|4|24}}
| principal = Dr. Sanjay Kala
| city = Swaroop Nagar, [[Kanpur]]-208002, [[India]]
| free_label =
| free = GSVM Medical College
| type = Public
| country = India
| campus = [[Urban areas|Urban]]
| academic_affiliation = *[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]] (2021–present) 
*[[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University]] (1968–2021)
*[[University of Lucknow]] (1956–1968)
| website = {{URL|www.gsvmmedicalcollege.com}}
}}
{{Coord|26.481099|N|80.307682|E|type:edu_region:IN-UP|display=title}}
'''Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College''' ('''GSVMMC''' or '''GSVM Medical College''') is a public [[medical college]] in [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The college is named after [[Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi]], a [[Freedom fighters of India|freedom fighter]] and journalist from Kanpur. It was founded in 1956.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://gsvmmedicalcollege.com/history/|title=History – G.S.V.M. Medical College, Kanpur}}</ref>

There is an annual intake of 250 students for the [[MBBS]] course, decided by an all-India common entrance examination: NEET-UG.15% of seats come under the all-India quota and 85% of seats come under the state quota.

The institute has a lush green eco-friendly campus with big trees and well-spread gardens all over. GSVMMC has a sprawling campus with hospital and college sections accommodated in huge buildings.
[[File:Academic Block GSVM.jpg|thumb|Academic Block, GSVM Medical College]]
The students here identify themselves as Ganeshians and the alumni are called GEMs(GSVM Ex Medicos).

==Affiliated teaching hospitals and research institutes==
Lala Lajpat Rai Hospital (LLR Hospital), which is also known as Hallet Hospital, is associated with GSVM, Kanpur.

Other associated hospitals are LPS Institute of Cardiology, Rawatpur, JK Cancer Institute, Rawatpur, Murari Lal Chest Hospital Rawatpur and Atal Bihari Vajpayee Postgraduate Institute of Neuro Sciences. LLR Along with its Sister Hospitals forms one of the biggest patient care units of Asia.

*[[Lala Lajpat Rai Hospital|L.L.R. Hospital]], established in 1943, and has a total of 1235 hospital beds
*Children Hospital, established in 1957
*Upper India Sugar Exchange Maternity Hospital, established in 1959
*Dina Nath Parvati Bagla Infectious Disease Hospital, established in 1949
*Dr. Murari Lal Chest Hospital, established in 1969
*Laxmipat Singhania Institute of Cardiology, established in 1975.
*Juggilal Kamlapat Cancer Institute, established in 1961.
*G.S.V.M Super Speciality Post Graduate Institute, established in 2021.

[[File:Emergency Block, GSVM Kanpur.jpg|thumb|Emergency Block of LLR Hospital, GSVM Medical College]]
[[File:LPS Institute of Cardiology, GSVM Kanpur.jpg|thumb|LPS Institute of Cardiology, GSVM Medical College]]
[[File:GSVM Super-speciality Post-Graduate Institute.jpg|thumb|GSVM Super-Speciality PGI]]

==Affiliations==
At first the college was affiliated to [[University of Lucknow]]. In the year 1968, it got affiliated to newly established [[Kanpur University]] (now [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University]]).<ref name="auto"/> From 2021, this college is affiliated to the newly built Medical University, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University|ABVMU]].

==Campus==

[[File:Gsvm Main gate.jpg|thumb|Main Gate, GSVM Medical College]]

The medical college campus comprises the following.

* Teaching And Administrative Block/Main Building
*Hostels
[[File:Boys_Hostel_1.jpg|thumb|Boys Hostel 1(BH-1), GSVM[[File:Boys_Hostel_1_GSVM.jpg|thumb]]Boys Hostel, GSVM]]
1. Boys Hostel No. 1

2. Boys Hostel No. 2

3. Boys Hostel No. 3

4. Boys Hostel No. 4

5. Boys Hostel No. 5

6. U.G. Girls Hostel

7. P.G. Girls Hostel

8. New Resident Hostel

9. Pharmacy Hostel

10. Samaj Kalyan Hostel

* Residential Block, which includes:
1. Principal’s Bungalow

2. P Block- Professors

3. R Block- Associate Professors and Professors

4. L Block, Type 4- All Teachers

5. D Block and Type 3- Teachers, Medical Officers, Demonstrators and Senior Residents

6. C,T and Block 2- Class 3 staff

7. Type 1 Block- Class 4 Staff

* Maintenance Block, which includes:
1. Staff club

2. Post office

3. Animal house

4. Tennis court

5. Swimming pool

6. Sports ground

7. Children school

8. College of Nursing

9. Badminton hall and gymnasium

10. Dept. of Electricity, water supply and sewage

*Gardens and Grounds

==2014 police incident==
On 28 February 2014, Samajwadi Party [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from Sisamau, [[Irfan Solanki]], his driver and official gunner were involved in a minor accident with two doctors of GSVMMC.

The gunner allegedly assaulted the two junior doctors. As more doctors arrived, Solanki and his gunner fled. Later, a large group of [[Samajwadi Party]] hoodlums arrived and beat up many students. Following the incident, heavy police force was deployed but was unable to control the growing tension from both sides.<ref name="TheIncident">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/sp-mla-beaten-up-by-junior-doctors/articleshow/31186170.cms|title=SP MLA beaten up by junior doctors | Kanpur News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Heavy police force, comprising [[Uttar Pradesh Provincial Armed Constabulary|PAC]] and [[Rapid Action Force|RAF]], rushed to the spot to control the situation by carrying out a heavy raid on GSVM hostels. The following morning, 1 March 2014, the late night raid carried out by police presented a sordid picture of police high-handedness and the pitched battle waged by junior doctors. Besides violating personal rights and properties of many hostel residents, police destroyed windowpanes and door locks to get into the rooms of residents. The principal of college Navneet Kumar, who was trying to calm the situation down, was misbehaved and insulted. According to Navneet Kumar, among the students who were seriously injured, one of them suffered a pelvic fracture.<ref name="TheAssault">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/police-unleash-terror-on-ganesh-shankar-vidhyathi-medical-college-campus/articleshow/31276020.cms|title=Police unleash terror on Ganesh Shankar Vidhyathi Medical College campus | Kanpur News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="TheConsquences">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/doctors-go-on-indefinite-strike-protesting-lathicharge/article5740232.ece|title=Doctors go on indefinite strike protesting lathicharge|newspaper=The Hindu |date=1 March 2014|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

As a reaction to the raid, GSVM and [[Lala Lajpat Rai Hospital]] went on an indefinite strike in protest against police atrocities. The strike was supported at six other medical colleges in the state. Meanwhile, the [[Indian Medical Association|IMA]] announced that its members would remain on strike across the state on 2 March 2014 to protest police action. The strike at the GSVM Hospital, called by the IMA has crippled services in wards at the associated [[Lala Lajpat Rai Hospital|Hallett Hospital]].<ref name="TheAssault" /><ref name="TheConsquences" />

==Upgradation==
In August 2014, the Government of India decided to upgrade the institute along with six other medical college hospitals in Uttar Pradesh, as part of phase-3 of Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY) whereby the Central Government will bear 80% of the cost of up gradation and 20% cost will be borne by State Government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/six-medical-college-hospitals-in-up-will-be-upgraded-harsh-vardhan_957068.html|title=Six medical college hospitals in UP will be upgraded: Harsh Vardhan|date=25 August 2014|website=Zee News}}</ref> The upgrading plan started with 12 other Government Medical College/Institutions on 3 August 2016 at the cost of 200 crore (Central Share: Rs. 120 Crore, State share: Rs. 80 crore) each under '''Phase-IV of Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY)'''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pmssy-mohfw.nic.in/Phase3.aspx |title=Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana(PMSSY) |access-date=5 July 2018 |archive-date=5 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705233532/http://pmssy-mohfw.nic.in/Phase3.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
*[[Khalid Hameed, Baron Hameed]], CBE DL is the Chairman of [[Alpha Hospital Group]], and chairman and chief executive officer of the London International Hospital, [[Padma Shri]] in 1992 and the [[Padma Bhushan]], "third in the hierarchy of civilian awards", by the [[Government of India]] in 2009
*[[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]] - Former [[Minister of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Union Minister of Health and Family Welfare]], [[Minister of Science and Technology (India)|Union Minister of Science and Technology]], [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] and [[Ministry of Earth Sciences]], former State Minister of Health in 1994 and chairperson of the executive board of the [[World Health Organization]] from 22 May 2020
*[[Satendra Singh (doctor)|Satendra Singh]] - noted disability rights activist and the first Indian to win the prestigious [[Henry Viscardi Achievement Awards]] given to extraordinary leaders in the global disability community
*[[Ashutosh Tewari]], [[Chairman]] of [[Urology]] at the [[Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai|Icahn School of Medicine]] at [[Mount Sinai Hospital, New York|Mount Sinai Hospital]] in [[New York City]]
*[[Raj Kumar (professor)|Raj Kumar]], former director of [[Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences]], founding and former director of [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh|AIIMS Rishikesh]] and former VC of [[Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences]]
*[[Mohsin Wali]], [[Padma Shri]] awardee
* [[Ambrish Mithal]], [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] recipient

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.gsvmmedicalcollege.com/}}

{{Kanpur}}
{{Kanpur division topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kanpur]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Indian cricket team in Pakistan in 1989–90

2025-09-22T03:09:09Z

ErmaT39411378: new initial post added tags

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Infobox cricket tour |
series_name = Indians in Pakistan in 1989-90 |
team1_image = Flag of India.svg |
team1_name = India |
team2_image = Flag of Pakistan.svg |
team2_name = Pakistan |
from_date = 11 November 1989|
to_date = 22 December 1989 |
team1_captain = [[K Srikkanth]]|
team2_captain = [[Imran Khan]]|
no_of_tests = 4|
team1_tests_won = 0|
team2_tests_won = 0|
team1_tests_most_runs = [[Sanjay Manjrekar]] (569) |
team2_tests_most_runs = [[Shoaib Mohammad]] (412) |
team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Manoj Prabhakar]] (16) |
team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Wasim Akram]] (18) |
player_of_test_series = |
no_of_ODIs = 4|
team1_ODIs_won = 0|
team2_ODIs_won = 2|
team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Krishnamachari Srikkanth|K Srikkanth]] (48) |
team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Saeed Anwar]] (49)|
team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Imran Khan]] (5) [[Aaqib Javed]] (5)|
team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Manoj Prabhakar]] (5)|
player_of_ODI_series = |
}}

The [[India national cricket team]] toured the [[Pakistan]] during the 1989–90 cricket season. [[India national cricket team|India]] played four [[Test cricket|Test]] and [[One Day International]] matches each, and three other matches between 11 November and 22 December 1989, against the [[Pakistan cricket team]]. The Test series was drawn 0–0 and Pakistan won the ODI series 2–0.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-pakistan-1989-90-62328/match-schedule-fixtures|title=India tour of Pakistan - Cricket Schedules, Updates, Results |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> The tour marked the international debut of [[Sachin Tendulkar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149530.html|title=Two legends make their entrance |work=ESPNcricinfo|date=13 November 2008 |access-date=20 November 2018}}</ref>

== Touring party ==
India's 16-member squad for the tour was announced on 5 November 1989. [[Krishnamachari Srikkanth]] was retained as captain. [[Dilip Vengsarkar]] opted out because of mental and physical staleness, while [[Arun Lal]], [[Mohinder Amarnath]], [[Atul Wassan]] and [[Venkatapathy Raju]] were excluded. 20-year-old [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] medium-fast bowler [[Vivek Razdan]], the first player to come through the [[MRF Pace Foundation]], and 16-year-old [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] batsman [[Sachin Tendulkar]] were added as replacements. [[Chandu Borde]] was the tour manager. The party left [[New Delhi]] for [[Lahore]] on 9 November.<ref name="tct">{{cite web |title=Test Cricket Tours - India to Pakistan 1989-90 |url=http://test-cricket-tours.co.uk/page_2630710.html |publisher=test-cricket-tours.co.uk |access-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303120545/http://test-cricket-tours.co.uk/page_2630710.html |archive-date=3 March 2017}}</ref>

The squad included:<ref name="tct"/>
* [[Krishnamachari Srikkanth|K Srikkanth]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Ravi Shastri]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Salil Ankola]]
* [[Arshad Ayub]]
* [[Mohammad Azharuddin]]
* [[Kapil Dev]]
* [[Raman Lamba]]
* [[Maninder Singh (cricketer)|Maninder Singh]]
* [[Sanjay Manjrekar]]
* [[Kiran More]]
* [[Manoj Prabhakar]]
* [[Woorkeri Raman]]
* [[Vivek Razdan]]
* [[Ajay Sharma]]
* [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]

== Tour matches ==
=== One-day: Pakistan XI v India XI ===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 10 November 1989
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK|name=Pakistan XI}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND|name=India XI}}
| score1 = 187/7 (37 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rameez Raja]] 56
| wickets1 = [[Vivek Razdan]] 3/42
| score2 = 183/7 (37 overs)
| runs2 = [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]] 69
| wickets2 = [[Abdul Qadir (cricketer)|Abdul Qadir]] 3/39
| result = Pakistan XI won by 4 runs
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1989-90/IND_IN_PAK/IND_PAK_BFT_10NOV1989_SCORES.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| round =
| rain =
| notes =
}}

The match was played at the [[Gaddafi Stadium]] in [[Lahore]] to raise funds for [[Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre]], the brainchild of Pakistan captain [[Imran Khan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://shaukatkhanum.org.pk/history |website=Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Centre |access-date=3 August 2023 |date=2 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="tct"/>

=== Three-day: Cricket Board Patron's XI v Indians ===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 11–13 November 1989
| team1 = Cricket Board Patron's XI
| team2 = {{cr|IND|name=Indians}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 234 (63 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Akram Raza]] 62
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Salil Ankola]] 6/77 (17 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 272 (75.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Raman Lamba]] 62
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Shahid Saeed]] 4/10 (3.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 301/4 (62 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Saeed Anwar]] 150
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1989-90/IND_IN_PAK/IND_PATRON-XI_11-13NOV1989.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Army Stadium, Rawalpindi|Army Stadium]], [[Rawalpindi]]
| umpires = [[Javed Akhtar (cricketer)|Javed Akhtar]] and [[Khizer Hayat]]
| motm =
| toss = Cricket Board Patron's XI won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

=== Exhibition: Pakistan XI v India XI ===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 December 1989
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK|name=Pakistan XI}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND|name=India XI}}
| score1 = 157/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Saleem Malik]] 75
| wickets1 = [[Salil Ankola]] 1/3 (2 overs)
| score2 = 153/3 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 53[[not out|*]] (18)
| wickets2 = [[Mushtaq Ahmed (cricketer)|Mushtaq Ahmed]] 2/23 (2 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 4 runs
| report = [https://i.imgci.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1989-90/IND_IN_PAK/IND_PAK_EXHIB_16DEC1989.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arbab Niaz Stadium]], [[Peshawar]]
| umpires = [[Javed Akhtar (cricketer)|Javed Akhtar]] and [[Khizer Hayat]]
| motm =
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| round =
| rain =
| notes = This 20-over-per-side match was played after [[#1st ODI|the ODI]] was abandoned because of [[Glossary of cricket terms#B|bad light]].
}}

==Test matches==
===1st Test===
{{Test match
| date =15–20 November 1989
| team1 ={{cr-rt|Pakistan}}
| team2 ={{cr|India}}

| score-team1-inns1 =409 (116.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Imran Khan]] 109[[not out|*]] (146)
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Manoj Prabhakar]] 5/104 (34.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =262 (72.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Kiran More]] 58[[not out|*]] (96)
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Waqar Younis]] 4/80 (19 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =305/5[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (96 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 =[[Saleem Malik]] 102* (145)
| wickets-team1-inns2 =[[Kapil Dev]] 3/82 (36 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =303/3 (96 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 =[[Sanjay Manjrekar]] 113* (243)
| wickets-team2-inns2 =[[Imran Khan]] 1/56 (28 overs)

| result =Match drawn
| venue =[[National Stadium, Karachi|National Stadium]], [[Karachi]]
| umpires =[[John Hampshire]] (Eng) and [[John Holder (cricketer)|John Holder]] (Eng)
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63513.html Scorecard]
| toss =India won the toss and decided to field.
| motm= [[Kapil Dev]] (Ind)
| notes = [[Salil Ankola]] and [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (both Ind), and [[Shahid Saeed]] and [[Waqar Younis]] (both Pak) made their Test debuts. Tendulkar became India's youngest ever Test debutant (16 years, 205 days) and third overall.<ref name="tct"/>
*[[Kapil Dev]] (Ind) became the first bowler to play 100 Tests. He claimed his 350th Test wicket in the match.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAKISTAN v INDIA 1989-90 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistan-v-india-1989-90-152035 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
*18 November was a [[Glossary of cricket terms#R|rest day]].
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Test match
| date =23–28 November 1989
| team1 ={{cr-rt|India}}
| team2 ={{cr|Pakistan}}

| score-team1-inns1 =288 (113.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Sanjay Manjrekar]] 76 (240)
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Imran Khan]] 4/45 (26.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =423/9[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (132.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Aamer Malik]] 117 (205)
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Manoj Prabhakar]] 6/132 (42.3 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =398/7 (116 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 =[[Mohammad Azharuddin]] 109 (174)
| wickets-team1-inns2 =[[Wasim Akram]] 2/86 (31 overs)

| result =Match drawn
| venue =[[Iqbal Stadium]], [[Faisalabad]]
| umpires =[[John Hampshire]] (Eng) and [[John Holder (cricketer)|John Holder]] (Eng)
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/63514.html Scorecard]
| toss =Pakistan won the toss and decided to field.
| rain =
| motm= [[Sanjay Manjrekar]] (Ind)
| notes = [[Nadeem Abbasi]], [[Naved Anjum]] (both Pak) and [[Vivek Razdan]] (Ind) all made their Test debuts.
*26 November was a [[Glossary of cricket terms#R|rest day]].
}}

===3rd Test===
{{Test match
| date =1–6 December 1989
| team1 ={{cr-rt|India}}
| team2 ={{cr|Pakistan}}

| score-team1-inns1 =509 (178.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Sanjay Manjrekar]] 218 (401)
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Abdul Qadir (cricketer)|Abdul Qadir]] 3/97 (35 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =699/5 (203.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Shoaib Mohammad]] 203[[not out|*]] (338)
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Ravi Shastri]] 2/104 (26.4 overs)

| result =Match drawn
| venue =[[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]]
| umpires =[[John Hampshire]] (Eng) and [[John Holder (cricketer)|John Holder]] (Eng)
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/63515.html Scorecard]
| toss =India won the toss and decided to bat.
| rain =
| motm=[[Sanjay Manjrekar]]
| notes = [[Akram Raza]] and [[Shahid Mahboob]] (Pak) both made their test debuts.
*4 December was a [[Glossary of cricket terms#R|rest day]].
}}

===4th Test===
{{Test match
| date =9–14 December 1989
| team1 ={{cr-rt|India}}
| team2 ={{cr|Pakistan}}

| score-team1-inns1 =324 (84.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Sanjay Manjrekar]] 72 (127)
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Wasim Akram]] 5/101 (28.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =250 (103.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Rameez Raja]] 56 (143)
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Vivek Razdan]] 5/79 (27 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =234/7 (84 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 =[[Navjot Sidhu]] 97 (234)
| wickets-team1-inns2 =[[Imran Khan]] 3/68 (22 overs)

| result =Match drawn
| venue =[[Jinnah Stadium Sialkot|Jinnah Stadium]], [[Sialkot]]
| umpires =[[John Hampshire]] (Eng) and [[John Holder (cricketer)|John Holder]] (Eng)
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/63516.html Scorecard]
| toss =Pakistan won the toss and decided to field.
| rain =
| motm=[[Navjot Sidhu]] (Ind)
| notes = 12 December was a [[Glossary of cricket terms#R|rest day]].
*[[Vivek Razdan]] (Ind) took his maiden five-wicket haul in Tests.<ref name="tct"/>
}}

==One Day Internationals (ODIs)==

Pakistan won the Wills Challenge 2–0, with one no result and one match abandoned.

===1st ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 16 December 1989
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =

| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =

| result = Match abandoned
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16635/scorecard/66396/pakistan-vs-india-1st-odi-india-tour-of-pakistan-1989-90 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arbab Niaz Stadium]], [[Peshawar]]
| umpires = [[Javed Akhtar (cricketer)|Javed Akhtar]] and [[Khizer Hayat]]
| motm =
| toss = No toss made.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 18 December 1989
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score1 = 87/9 (16 overs)
| runs1 = [[Saeed Anwar]] 42[[not out|*]] (32)
| wickets1 = [[Maninder Singh (cricketer)|Maninder Singh]] 2/17 (4 overs)

| score2 = 80/9 (16 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mohammad Azharuddin|M Azharuddin]] 21 (19)
| wickets2 = [[Waqar Younis]] 3/21 (4 overs)

| result = Pakistan won by 7 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16635/scorecard/64346/pakistan-vs-india-2nd-odi-india-tour-of-pakistan-1989-90 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Jinnah Stadium, Gujranwala|Municipal Stadium]], [[Gujranwala]]
| umpires = [[Feroze Butt]] and [[Mohammad Aslam (umpire)|Mohammad Aslam]]
| motm = [[Saeed Anwar]] (PAK)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = The match was reduced before play started to 20 overs per side, and was later reduced to 16 overs per side.
| notes = [[Salil Ankola|SA Ankola]], [[Vivek Razdan|V Razdan]] and [[Sachin Tendulkar|SR Tendulkar]] (all IND) made their ODI debuts.
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 20 December 1989
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score1 = 28/3 (14.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shoaib Mohammad]] 13 (32)
| wickets1 = [[Manoj Prabhakar|M Prabhakar]] 3/5 (5 overs)

| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =

| result = No result
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16635/scorecard/64347/pakistan-vs-india-3rd-odi-india-tour-of-pakistan-1989-90 Scorecard]
| venue = [[National Stadium, Karachi|National Stadium]], [[Karachi]]
| umpires = [[Mahboob Shah]] and [[Saleem Badar]]
| motm =
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Match abandoned due to crowd disruption.
| notes =
}}

===4th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 22 December 1989
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score1 = 150/8 (37 overs)
| runs1 = [[Javed Miandad]] 30 (52)
| wickets1 = [[Manoj Prabhakar|M Prabhakar]] 2/24 (8 overs)

| score2 = 112 (30.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Krishnamachari Srikkanth|K Srikkanth]] 31 (63)
| wickets2 = [[Aaqib Javed]] 3/28 (8 overs)

| result = Pakistan won by 38 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/16635/scorecard/64348/pakistan-vs-india-4th-odi-india-tour-of-pakistan-1989-90 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]]
| umpires = [[Khalid Aziz]] and [[Shakoor Rana]]
| motm = [[Aaqib Javed]] (PAK)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = The match was reduced before play started to 37 overs per side.
| notes =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/62328.html Tour page] at [[ESPNcricinfo]]
* {{CricketArchive|ref=Archive/Events/2/India_in_Pakistan_1989-90|name=India in Pakistan 1989/90}}

{{International cricket tours of Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian cricket team in Pakistan in 1989-90}}
[[Category:1989 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1989 in Pakistani cricket]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of Pakistan|1989-90]]
[[Category:Pakistani cricket seasons from 1970–71 to 1999–2000]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions from 1988–89 to 1991]]

Bangla (drink)

2025-09-21T21:44:03Z

ErmaT39411378: quick cleaned up page per standard format and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Alcoholic beverage made from starch and sold in West Bengal}}
[[File:Dutch Cemetry at Chinsurah, Hooghly 34.jpg|thumb|right|An empty bottle of Bangla liquor.]]
'''Bangla'''<ref>{{cite news |title=বাংলা মদের বাংলা বাজার |url=http://magazine.kolkata24x7.com/cover-stroy/03-07-2016-bangla-mod-ladly/ |date=3 July 2016 |access-date=9 July 2018 |publisher=kolkata24x7.com |archive-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710010521/http://magazine.kolkata24x7.com/cover-stroy/03-07-2016-bangla-mod-ladly/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Tathagata |title=Alcohol and Bengalis: A troubled relationship |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/food/alcohol-and-bengalis-a-troubled-relationship |access-date=14 February 2024 |work=National Herald |date=22 October 2017}}</ref> is an alcoholic beverage made from starch and sold in [[West Bengal]]. There are government licensed counters that sell this beverage. Bangla is a distilled country liquor. Notable Bengali liquor brand names are Uran, Captain, Pincon Bangla number one, Sengupta's Punch, Sengupta's Spark, Tarzan, Dada, Wonder, etc.<ref name=an/>

== Ingredients ==
Bangla is made from grains such as [[Sorghum bicolor|sorghum]], [[Pearl millet|bajra]] and [[wheat]].<ref name=an/>

==Production and consumption==
According to the government data of 2015, 48% of the West Bengal state's market share is [[Indian-made foreign liquor]] (IMFL), 39% is the Bangla drink. 11% of the market share is beer and the remaining 2% are occupied by wine and other spirits.<ref name=an /> Bangla is generally consumed by those who cannot afford other more expensive alcohol.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/food/alcohol-and-bengalis-a-troubled-relationship |title=Alcohol and Bengalis: A troubled relationship|author=Tathagata Bhattacharya |date=23 October 2017|work=National Herald }}</ref> The market, however, has been increasing for domestic liquor; this is due to a combination of a change in government policy that allows Bengali liquor to be sold in more outlets, improved production, better packaging, and new marketing strategies.<ref name=an>{{cite news|title=কুলীন হওয়ার দৌড়ে এতদিনের ব্রাত্য বাংলা |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/business/bengal-liquor-is-hit-in-market-1.155290|date =5 Jun 2015|access-date= 9 July 2018| publisher= আনন্দবাজার পত্রিকা }}</ref>

A major proportion of excise revenue in the state of [[West Bengal]] comes from cheap Bengali liquor. In the 2014-15 fiscal year, the figure reached 3,600 [[crore]].<ref name=an/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian beverages}}

[[Category:Indian alcoholic beverages]]
[[Category:Indian drinks]]
[[Category:Traditional Indian alcoholic beverages]]

Mount Manipur

2025-09-13T02:34:57Z

ErmaT39411378: Adding Page

{{Short description|Mountain in the Andaman and Nicobar islands, India}}
{{About|a mountain peak of the [[Andaman Islands]]|the mountains in [[Manipur]]|Geography of Manipur}}
{{Redirect|Mount Harriet, India|other uses|Mount Harriet (disambiguation){{!}}Mount Harriet}}
{{See also|Manipur (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|Mountains in Manipuri culture}}
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| translation = ''Manipur Mountain''
| pronunciation = /ma-nī-pūr chīng-jāo/
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'''Mount Manipur''', formerly known as '''Mount Harriet''',{{efn|According to [[WP:COMMONNAME]], the most popular name of the mountain peak, "Mount Manipur", is the appropriate title of the article. According to Google Search, "Mount Manipur" gets about 1,13,00,000 results and "Mount Harriet" gets about 1,03,00,000 results.}} is the third highest peak in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Manipur alias Mt Harriet in Andamans |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/10/24/S-BalakrishnanMount-Manipur-is-the-new-name-for-Mt-Harriet-in-Andamans-This-was-recently-announc.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref> The mountain houses the [[Mount Manipur Memorial]], which commemorates the [[Manipuris|Manipuri freedom fighters]] of the [[Anglo-Manipur War]] and the [[Mount Harriet National Park|Mount Manipur National Park ''(Mount Harriet National Park)'']], which is best known for its rich biodiversity in the archipelago.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-20 |title=Explained: Why a peak in Andaman and Nicobar Islands is now named after Manipur |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/andaman-and-nicobar-islands-mount-harriet-mount-manipur-7581032/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Manipur alias Mt Harriet in Andamans |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/10/24/S-BalakrishnanMount-Manipur-is-the-new-name-for-Mt-Harriet-in-Andamans-This-was-recently-announc.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>
On 17 October 2021, ''Mount Harriet'' was officially renamed as ''Mount Manipur'' by the [[Union Government of India]], as a tribute to the freedom fighters of [[Manipur]]. This was initially announced by [[Amit Shah]], the [[Union Home Minister]] of India, in a function in [[Port Blair]], highlighting about the sacrifices of Yuvaraj [[Tikendrajit Singh]], General Thangal,{{efn|Yuvaraj [[Tikendrajit Singh]] and General Thangal were already publicly hanged in [[Imphal]]. So, the two freedom fighters were not included in the exile to the mountain of the [[Andaman Islands]].}} [[List of Meitei kings|Meitei King]] [[Kulachandra Singh|Kulachandra Dhwaja Singh]], the Maharajah of [[Manipur kingdom]] and other 22 freedom fighters of the [[Anglo-Manipur war]] of 1891.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-17 |title=Mount Harriet in Andaman to be named Mount Manipur in tribute to freedom fighters |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/mount-harriet-in-andaman-to-be-named-mount-manipur-in-tribute-to-freedom-fighters-101634462840801.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2021-10-16 |title=Tribute to Manipuri freedom fighters: Mount Harriet in Kalapani to be renamed as Mount Manipur |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/tribute-to-manipuri-freedom-fighters-mount-harriet-in-kalapani-to-be-renamed-as-mount-manipur.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |title=Manipur breaks into celebration as Centre renames Andaman's 'Mount Harriet' as 'Mount Manipur' |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/manipur-breaks-into-celebration-as-centre-renames-andamans-mount-harriet-as-mount-manipur/articleshow/87086747.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Laithangbam |first=Iboyaima |date=2021-10-17 |title=Manipur residents celebrate renaming of Mount Harriet |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur-residents-celebrate-renaming-of-mount-harriet/article37046069.ece |access-date=2022-09-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Manipur alias Mt Harriet in Andamans |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/10/24/S-BalakrishnanMount-Manipur-is-the-new-name-for-Mt-Harriet-in-Andamans-This-was-recently-announc.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Harriet to be called Mount Manipur: Amit Shah |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/10401/mount-harriet-to-be-called-mount-manipur-amit-shah |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Imphal Free Press |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:India P-089A 20 Rupees Gandhi 2002, reverse.jpg|thumb|300px|''Mount Manipur'' (''Mount Harriet'') being depicted in the [[Indian 20-rupee note]] (pre-2019 edition)]]
The re-[[naming ceremony|christening]] of the name of the mountain peak in honor of the [[Manipuri people|Manipuri freedom fighters]] was given positive reactions from [[Manipur]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2021-10-17 |title=Manipur celebrates renaming of Andaman's Mount Harriet as Mount Manipur |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/andamans-mount-harriet-mount-manipur.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2021-10-16 |title=Tribute to Manipuri freedom fighters: Mount Harriet in Kalapani to be renamed as Mount Manipur |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/tribute-to-manipuri-freedom-fighters-mount-harriet-in-kalapani-to-be-renamed-as-mount-manipur.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |title=Manipur breaks into celebration as Centre renames Andaman's 'Mount Harriet' as 'Mount Manipur' |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/manipur-breaks-into-celebration-as-centre-renames-andamans-mount-harriet-as-mount-manipur/articleshow/87086747.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Laithangbam |first=Iboyaima |date=2021-10-17 |title=Manipur residents celebrate renaming of Mount Harriet |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur-residents-celebrate-renaming-of-mount-harriet/article37046069.ece |access-date=2022-09-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2021-10-17 |title=Assam CM welcomes move to rename Mount Harriet in Andaman as Mount Manipur |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-cm-welcomes-move-to-rename-mount-harriet-in-andaman-as-mount-manipur.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}
</ref>

== Connection with the British ==
[[File:HarrietRobertTytler-2.jpg|thumb|Harriet and Robert Tytler]]
The mountain peak's former name "Mount Harriet" was given in honor of [[Harriet Christina Tytler]], a British artist and photographer, who was the wife of [[Robert Christopher Tytler]], a British soldier. The peak was one of the summer headquarters of the [[Chief Commissioner]] during [[British Raj]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-20 |title=Explained: Why a peak in Andaman and Nicobar Islands is now named after Manipur |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/andaman-and-nicobar-islands-mount-harriet-mount-manipur-7581032/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Connection with Manipur ==
{{See also|History of Manipur|History of Andaman and Nicobar Islands}}
The ''Mount Manipur'' of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] of the [[Bay of Bengal]] has significant historical connections to the [[Manipur kingdom]] of [[Northeast India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-20 |title=Explained: Why a peak in Andaman and Nicobar Islands is now named after Manipur |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/andaman-and-nicobar-islands-mount-harriet-mount-manipur-7581032/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Exile of the Manipuri warriors ===
After the end of the [[Anglo-Manipur War]] in the year 1891, many [[Manipuris|Manipuri]] warriors were exiled to the British penal colony in the [[Andaman Islands]]. Among the exiled warriors, [[List of Meitei kings|Meitei King]] [[Kulachandra Singh|Kulachandra Dhwaja Singh]], the Maharajah of [[Manipur]], was one of them. During that time, the [[Cellular Jail]] ([[Cellular Jail|Kalapani]]) was about to be built. So, [[Kulachandra Singh]] and other prisoners were imprisoned on the ''Mount Manipur'', in the [[South Andaman]] district.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-20 |title=Explained: Why a peak in Andaman and Nicobar Islands is now named after Manipur |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/andaman-and-nicobar-islands-mount-harriet-mount-manipur-7581032/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-17 |title=Mount Harriet in Andaman to be named Mount Manipur in tribute to freedom fighters |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/mount-harriet-in-andaman-to-be-named-mount-manipur-in-tribute-to-freedom-fighters-101634462840801.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2021-10-17 |title=Assam CM welcomes move to rename Mount Harriet in Andaman as Mount Manipur |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-cm-welcomes-move-to-rename-mount-harriet-in-andaman-as-mount-manipur.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2021-10-16 |title=Tribute to Manipuri freedom fighters: Mount Harriet in Kalapani to be renamed as Mount Manipur |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/tribute-to-manipuri-freedom-fighters-mount-harriet-in-kalapani-to-be-renamed-as-mount-manipur.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |title=Manipur breaks into celebration as Centre renames Andaman's 'Mount Harriet' as 'Mount Manipur' |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/manipur-breaks-into-celebration-as-centre-renames-andamans-mount-harriet-as-mount-manipur/articleshow/87086747.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Harriet to be called Mount Manipur: Amit Shah |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/10401/mount-harriet-to-be-called-mount-manipur-amit-shah |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Imphal Free Press |language=en}}</ref> In accordance to a document of the time of [[British Raj]] kept in the "Manipur State Archives", 23 men, including King Kulachandra and his brothers, were ''[[transported for life]]'' to the [[Andaman Islands]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-20 |title=Explained: Why a peak in Andaman and Nicobar Islands is now named after Manipur |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/andaman-and-nicobar-islands-mount-harriet-mount-manipur-7581032/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2021-10-16 |title=Tribute to Manipuri freedom fighters: Mount Harriet in Kalapani to be renamed as Mount Manipur |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/tribute-to-manipuri-freedom-fighters-mount-harriet-in-kalapani-to-be-renamed-as-mount-manipur.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Tracing the records of the pasts ===
In a long period of a decade between 2003 and 2013, experts and scholars from the ''All Manipur Working Journalists’ Union (AMWJU)'' visited ''Mount Manipur'' for the investigation into the information on the exiled prisoners. ''A. Mubi'', the then Vice President of the AMWJU confirmed that [[Kulachandra Singh]] was house-arrested in the mountain.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-20 |title=Explained: Why a peak in Andaman and Nicobar Islands is now named after Manipur |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/andaman-and-nicobar-islands-mount-harriet-mount-manipur-7581032/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-17 |title=Mount Harriet in Andaman to be named Mount Manipur in tribute to freedom fighters |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/mount-harriet-in-andaman-to-be-named-mount-manipur-in-tribute-to-freedom-fighters-101634462840801.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== Construction of a memorial site in the mountain ===
{{Main|Mount Manipur Memorial}}
According to ''Ng. Uttam'', the director of the ''Department of Art and Culture'' of the [[Government of Manipur]], representatives from [[Manipur]] talked to the authorities of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] to provide a piece of land for the construction of a memorial site for the Manipuri warriors in the mountain. In the year 2019, the ''A&N'' authorities agreed to the request. A piece of land was approved near the [[Cellular Jail]]. However, due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the process of the construction was significantly delayed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Harriet to be called Mount Manipur: Amit Shah |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/10401/mount-harriet-to-be-called-mount-manipur-amit-shah |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Imphal Free Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-20 |title=Explained: Why a peak in Andaman and Nicobar Islands is now named after Manipur |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/andaman-and-nicobar-islands-mount-harriet-mount-manipur-7581032/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
The [[Central Government of India]] gave financial assistance to the [[Government of Manipur]], regarding the construction of the memorial site in the mountain.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-17 |title=Mount Harriet in Andaman to be named Mount Manipur in tribute to freedom fighters |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/mount-harriet-in-andaman-to-be-named-mount-manipur-in-tribute-to-freedom-fighters-101634462840801.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2021-10-16 |title=Tribute to Manipuri freedom fighters: Mount Harriet in Kalapani to be renamed as Mount Manipur |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/tribute-to-manipuri-freedom-fighters-mount-harriet-in-kalapani-to-be-renamed-as-mount-manipur.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2021-10-17 |title=Assam CM welcomes move to rename Mount Harriet in Andaman as Mount Manipur |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-cm-welcomes-move-to-rename-mount-harriet-in-andaman-as-mount-manipur.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |title=Manipur breaks into celebration as Centre renames Andaman's 'Mount Harriet' as 'Mount Manipur' |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/manipur-breaks-into-celebration-as-centre-renames-andamans-mount-harriet-as-mount-manipur/articleshow/87086747.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Harriet to be called Mount Manipur: Amit Shah |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/10401/mount-harriet-to-be-called-mount-manipur-amit-shah |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Imphal Free Press |language=en}}</ref> Before the onset of the annual [[Independence Day of India|Indian Independence Day]] celebration in the year 2021, the [[Government of Manipur]] unveiled a [[monolith]] in [[Imphal]], commemorating the sweet memories of the [[Manipuri people|Manipuri]] ''"unsung war heroes"''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-20 |title=Explained: Why a peak in Andaman and Nicobar Islands is now named after Manipur |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/andaman-and-nicobar-islands-mount-harriet-mount-manipur-7581032/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Andaman tree nymph.jpg
File:Pseudocalotes andamanensis.JPG
File:Centaur_Oakblue_andamans_at_Mt_Harriet_National_Park.jpg
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Mount Thullier]]
* [[Saddle Peak (Andaman Islands)]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |last=Samom |first=Sobhapati |date=2019-01-17 |title=Six Andaman islands likely to be named after freedom fighters from Manipur |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/six-andaman-islands-likely-to-be-named-after-freedom-fighters-from-manipur.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manipur, Mount}}
[[Category:Mountains of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Highest points of Indian states and union territories]]

Badbar, Rajasthan

2025-09-08T17:24:58Z

ErmaT39411378: Added New Article From Scratch.

{{Short description|Village in Jhunjhunu (Rajasthan), India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Badbar
| native_name = बडबर
| native_name_lang = hin
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|28.2377644|N|75.8562328|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jhunjhunu district|Jhunjhunu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Buhana]]
| government_type = [[Local Government]]|
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name = Vinod Kumar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarpanch of Badbar - Jhunjhunun, Rajasthan |url=https://jhunjhunu.rajasthan.gov.in/pages/sm/contact-directory/12547/41/30176 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=jhunjhunu.rajasthan.gov.in}}</ref>
| population_total = 5242
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Demography
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics2_title1 = Sex ratio
| demographics2_info1 = 929
| timezone1 = [[India Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 333502
| area_code = 01593
| registration_plate = RJ-53
| website = {{URL|https://jhunjhunu.rajasthan.gov.in|Jhunjhunu District}}
| demographics1_info1 = 79.44%
}}

'''Badbar''' is a village located in the [[Buhana|Buhana Tehsil]] of [[Jhunjhunu district|Jhunjhunu District]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. It is located in [[shekhawati]] region, approx. 55 km east of Jhunjhunu city and 35 km north-west of [[Pilani]]. Hundreds of Badbar's residents serve in the armed forces and the paramilitary forces.

== Demographics ==
At the time of the 2011 National Census, the village's population was 5,242 in 942 households.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Badbar Village Population - Buhana - Jhunjhunun, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/71339-badbar-rajasthan.html |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
{{Bar box|float=none|title=Sex Ratio in Badbar (2011)|bars={{bar percent|[[Male]]|blue|51.85}}
{{bar percent|[[Female]]|red|48.15}}}}
As per Constitution of India and [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchyati Raj Act]], Badbar village is administrated by Sarpanch (Head of Village) who is an elected representative of village.{{Bar box|float=none|title=Literacy in Badbar (2011)|bars={{bar percent|[[Male]]|blue|89.25}}
{{bar percent|[[Female]]|red|69.28}}}}

== Neighborhoods ==
To the north of Badbar is [[Surajgarh]], [[Loharu]], Pilani. To the east is Jhanjha, Narat, Dhulwa, Ghaseda. To the south is [[Buhana]], [[Singhana, Rajasthan|Singhana]], [[Pacheri]], [[Khetri Nagar|Khetri]], Babai, [[Narnaul]]. To the west is [[Chirawa]], [[Bagar, Jhunjhunu|Bagar]], [[Jhunjhunu]], [[Bissau, Rajasthan|Bissau]], [[Churu district|Churu]].

== References ==
<references responsive="0" />

==External links==
*[https://jhunjhunu.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Government site of Jhunjhunu District]
*[https://rajasthan.gov.in/ Government of Rajasthan website]

[[Category:Villages in Jhunjhunu district]]

{{Jaipurdivision-geo-stub}}

Sathya 2

2025-08-28T08:32:05Z

ErmaT39411378: new a post

{{short description|Indian television soap opera}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name =
| image = Sathya 2.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = '''Dialogues''' M. Pazhanisami
| screenplay = {{plainlist|
* SK.Raja
* Sakthivel
* Sarkunam Pungaraj
* R.Saravanan
}}
| director = {{plainlist|
* A.R. Karthik (1 - 113)
* S.N. Rajkumar (114 - 173)
* A.R. Karthik (174 - 303)
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ayesha Zeenath]]
* [[Vishnu (TV actor)|Vishnu]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 303
| list_episodes =
| producer = Anil Sundar Gugan Manohar
| company = Rajammal Creations
| theme_music_composer = [[Vishal Chandrasekar]]
| opentheme =
| composer = Sekar Sai Bharath
| editor = Dhinesh Prakash
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|10|25}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2022|10|09}}
| related = ''[[Sathya (TV series)|Sathya]]''
| network = [[Zee Tamil]]
}}

'''''Sathya 2''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]] television [[drama]], starring [[Ayesha Zeenath]] in a dual role with [[Vishnu (TV actor)|Vishnu]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sathya-tv-actress-ayesha-to-play-a-tomboy/articleshow/68256070.cms|title=Sathya: TV actress Ayesha to play a tomboy - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 March 2019 }}</ref> It aired from 25 October 2021 to 9 October 2022 on [[Zee Tamil]] and streamed on [[ZEE5]] digital platform.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/sathya-2-lost-police-job-sathya-took-a-vow-because-of-the-revealed-truth-/articleshow/93446594.cms|title=Sathya 2 : பறி போன போலீஸ் வேலை.. தெரிய வந்த உண்மையால் சத்யா எடுத்த சபதம் …!|website=Tamil.samayam.com|language=ta}}</ref> It is a sequel series of [[Sathya (TV series)|Sathya]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/oru-oorula-oru-rajakumari-and-sathya-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/86890685.cms|title = Oru Oorula Oru Rajakumari and Sathya to go off-air soon|website=[[The Times of India]] | date=9 October 2021 }}</ref>

The series premiered along with ''[[Oru Oorla Rendu Rajakumari]]'', by ending their first seasons on 24 October 2021 and starting the second seasons on the next day 25 October 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/oru-oorla-oru-rajakumari-and-sathya-ending-on-24th-oct-zee-tamil-official-announcement/articleshow/86868393.cms|title=இரண்டு முக்கிய சீரியல்களை நிறுத்திய ஜீ தமிழ்! கடும் அதிர்ச்சியில் ரசிகர்கள்|website=Tamil.samayam.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKFN14BYXyk|title=Oru Oorla 2 Rajakumari (ஒரு ஊர்ல 2 ராஜகுமாரி) & Sathya- 2 (சத்யா 2) | Season 2 | 25th Oct Onwards |website=[[YouTube]] |date=15 October 2021 }}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Prabhu banishes Sathya from house blaming her as the cause for the abortion, but the truth is that, Prabhu brutally hit Sathya by his car, that caused the abortion (though Prabhu is unaware of this, and Sathya hide this truth).

===5 years later===
Prabhu returns from Mumbai. He meets Sathya's lookalike, Nithya. Soon, He meets Sathya and ignores her due to misunderstanding. Eventually, Prabhu finds the truth about Sathya's abortion and regrets his deeds. Thus, Sathya and Prabhu reunite and remarry.

Later, Sathya joins to police force as a [[Sub-inspector|S.I]] officer with Prabhu's help. Prabhu's aunts, Nirmala and Devika try to separate them, but in vain. The area's former MLA, Gajendran tries to create riots for become next MLA, but Sathya foils his plan, leading to start a rivalry between them. Gajendran puts Prabhu jailed on false charges. Sathya bails Prabhu out and nominates his name for MLA election with Gajendran.

Prabhu wins the election and becomes MLA, making Gajendra furious. Sathya reveals her pregnancy to Prabhu, delighting him. To celebrate Prabhu's victory, she organizes a feast. Gajendran, along with his henchmens' Rohan and Mani, plots to kill Sathya during the feast. However, Nithya learns about their plan, comes in Sathya's disguise and sacrifices her life. Shattered, Sathya burns Gajendran, Rohan and Mani to death.

===5 years later===

Sathya and Prabhu lead a happy life with their daughter, who is named after Nithya. Jr. Nithya is also brave like Sathya. Sathya is about to be promoted as a [[Police commissioner|commissioner]] and expresses her gratitude towards Nithya for her sacrifice. The series ends in a happy note.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Ayesha Zeenath]] as
** [[Sub-inspector|S.I]] Sathya aka Rowdy Baby – A tomboy mechanic turned Sub-Inspector; Janaki and Vadivelu's younger daughter; Divya's sister; Prabhu's wife; Jr. Nithya's mother. (2021–2022)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/zee-tamizh-sathya-serial-actress-aayesha-latest-sizzling-click/|title=பார்பி டால் போல குட்டை பாவாடையில் சத்யா சீரியல் நடிகை கொடுத்த போஸ்.|website=Tamil.behindtalkies.com|date=5 July 2020 |language=ta}}</ref>
** Nithya – Sathya's look-alike; Annam's second daughter; Mullai and Amala's sister. (Dead) (2021-2022)
* [[Vishnu (TV actor)|Vishnu]] as Prabhu aka Amul Baby – A business tycoon turned MLA; Shanmugasundaram and Indumathi's younger son; Vignesh and Anita's brother; Divya's ex-fiancé; Sathya's husband; Jr. Nithya's father. (2021–2022)

=== Recurring ===
* Sandhya Dhaiyan as Sowmya – Sadhasivam and Nirmala's daughter; Saravanan's sister; Kathir's wife; Ammu's mother. (2021–2022)
* Anbalaya Prabhakaran as Shanmugasundaram – Sadhasivam's brother; Indhumathi's widower; Vignesh, Anitha and Prabhu's father; Jr. Nithya's grandfather. (2021–2022) <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/sep/08/vijay-tvs-saravanan-meenatchi-fame-rajasekar-passes-away-2030653.html|title=Rajasekar, popular TV actor and film director dies at the age of 61|website=New Indian Express|date=8 September 2019 |access-date=28 September 2019}}</ref>
* Yuvashree as Indhumathi – Shanthi Devi and Devika's sister; Shanmugasundaram's wife; Vignesh, Anitha and Prabhu's mother; Jr. Nithya's grandmother (Dead) (2022)
* Ravishankar as Sadhasivam – Shanmugam's brother; Nirmala's husband; Saravanan and Soumya's father; Ammu's grandfather (2021–2022)
* Visalakshi Manikandan as Nirmala Sadhasivam – Prabhu's aunt; Sadhasivam's wife; Saravanan and Sowmya's mother; Ammu's grandmother (2021–2022)
* Aarthi Ramkumar as Devika – Indhumathi and Devika's sister; Prabhu's aunt (2021–2022)
* Sujatha Panju as Shanthi Devi – Indhumathi and Devika's sister; Prabhu's aunt (2022)
* Sasha Safa as Ammu – Soumya and Kathir's daughter (2022)
* Sadhishkumar as Makhan – Sathya's friend (2021–2022)
* Giri as Papaali – Sathya's friend (2021–2022)
* Rajesh as Panaimandai – Sathya's friend (2021–2022)
* Sirish as Thakkali – Sathya's friend (2021–2022)
* Deva Dharshini as Thangamshree – Police Constable (2022)
* Britto as Sendharaman aka Jackie Chan – Prabhu's personal assistant (2021–2022)
* Rekha Suresh as Annam – Mullai, Nithya and Amala's mother (2021)
* Auditor Sridhar as Mullai, Nithya and Amala's grandfather (2021)
* Swetha Senthikumar as Amala – Annam's youngest daughter; Mullai and Nithya's sister (2021)
* Hema Dayal as Mullai – Annam's eldest daughter; Nithya and Amala's sister (2021)
* Magima as Gnanam – Rangan's wife; Kaniyappan's mother; Sathya's aunt (2021)
* Ramesh as Rangan – Gnanam's husband; Kaniyappan's father; Sathya's uncle (2021)
* Joshua Suresh as Kanniyappan – Gnanam and Rangan's son; Sathya's cousin (2021)
* Tirupur Rajesh as Prabhu's driver (2021)
* Dhanam as Selvi – Shanti Devi's Assistant (2022)

=== Cameo ===
* [[Amit Bhargav]] as Abhinav Janardhan
* Keerthana Podhuval as Hasini Janardhan
* [[K. Natraj]] as Rangan's father; Kanniyappan's grandfather
* [[Ajay Rathnam]] as (kusthi) vadhiyar, training for sathya
* [[Rachitha Mahalakshmi]]

==Special episode==

* On 19 December 2021, this series held a two-hour special episode as ''Meendum Oru Kadhal Kadhai'' on Sunday.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xoJGkqvVA9U|title=Sathya 2 (சத்யா-2) - மீண்டும் ஒரு காதல் கதை - 19 Dec, This Sunday at 1.30 - 3.30 PM Promo|website=[[YouTube]] |date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/entertainment-galore-zee-tamil-super-sunday-october-24-145424|title = Entertainment Galore on Zee Tamil with Super Sunday on October 24|website=English.sakshi.com}}</ref>
* On 13 February 2022, Sathya 2 with Ninaithale Inikkum and [[Sembaruthi]] series's main leads joined for a special episode as ''Kadhal Sangamam'', which is aired for non-stop two and half hours on Sunday.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_VhRUzkd8W8|title=Kadhal Sangamam (காதல் சங்கமம்), Sunday at 1.30 PM only on Zee Tamil|website=[[YouTube]] |date=}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt10340822}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/sathya-2/0-6-4z529827 ''Sathya 2''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{Zee Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:2010s Tamil-language television series]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language sequel television series]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]

Tenkasi Junction railway station

2025-08-16T20:49:36Z

ErmaT39411378: small reworked information for clarity and improved wording as per guidelines

{{Short description|Railway station in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{one source|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Tenkasi Junction
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = PSX 20190616 215721.jpg
| image_caption = Tenkasi Junction board
| address = Railway feeder road, [[Tenkasi]], [[Tenkasi district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|8.9641|77.3053|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|158|m}}
| line = Tenkasi–Virudhunagar Tenkasi–Tirunelveli [[Kollam–Sengottai Chord Line|Tenkasi-Kollam]]
| other = [[Bus stand]], [[taxicab stand]], [[Auto rickshaw|auto rickshaw stand]]
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 4
| tracks = 4
| parking = Yes
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = TSI<ref name="Station Code">{{cite web| url=http://www.mustseeindia.com/railway-station/TSI| title=Tenkasi Railway Station| website=MustSeeIndia| access-date=13 July 2013| archive-date=27 December 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227062638/http://www.mustseeindia.com/railway-station/TSI| url-status=dead}}</ref>
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Madurai}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers = 1,080,204 (per year) 2,959 (per day)
| pass_system =
| pass_year = 2022–23
| pass_percent =
| pass_rank =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu#India
| map_dot_label = Tenkasi Junction
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]##Location in India
| route_map = {{Virudhunagar–Tenkasi branch line}}
}}

'''Tenkasi Junction railway station''' (station code: TSI) is an NSG–4 category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Madurai railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]].<ref name="sr_stn">{{cite web |title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 (CATEGORY- WISE) |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=4 |date=1 April 2023}}</ref> It is a junction railway station serving the town of [[Tenkasi]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The station is a part of the [[Madurai railway division]] of the [[Southern Railway zone]]. It is the junction point for Virudhunagar and Tirunelveli rail routes.<ref name="map">{{cite web|title=Madurai Division System Map|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1381729275720-Wttmdu.31.12.pdf|website=Southern Railway|access-date=14 May 2017}}</ref>

== Location and layout ==
The railway station is located in the Railway feeder road of Tenkasi. The nearest bus depot is located in [[Tenkasi]] New Bus stand while the nearest airport is situated {{convert|72|km}} away in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].

== Lines ==
The station is a focal point of the historic line that connects [[Chennai]] with {{stnlnk|Madurai Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Tiruchirappalli Junction}}. An additional line branches out east-bound to {{stnlnk|Tirunelveli Junction}} via [[Ambasamudram]].

The lines branching out from Tenkasi Junction are:

* [[broad gauge|BG]] single line towards north – {{stnlnk|Virudhunagar Junction}} via [[Rajapalayam]], {{Stnlnk|Sivakasi}}
* BG single line towards east – {{stnlnk|Tirunelveli Junction}} via [[Ambasamudram]].
* BG single line towards west – {{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}} via [[Punalur]].

== Projects and development ==
It is one of the 73 stations in Tamil Nadu to be named for upgradation under ''Amrit Bharat Station Scheme'' of Indian Railways.<ref>{{cite news |title=AMRIT BHARAT STATIONS |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1897980 |access-date=6 April 2024 |work=Press Information Bureau |date=10 Feb 2023 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

7.08 crore rupees have been allocated for the renovation work of Tenkasi railway station under the Amrit Bharat scheme.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/tirunelveli/pm-modi-allocating-funds-for-the-development-of-tenkasi-railway-station-and-laid-foundation-stone/articleshow/102474367.cms | title=தென்காசி ரயில் நிலைய மேம்பாட்டு பணிக்கு அடிக்கல் நாட்டிய பிரதமர்.! }}</ref>

== Performance and earnings ==
For the FY 2022–23, the annual earnings of the station was {{INRConvert|201156578}} and daily earnings was {{INRConvert|551114}}. For the same financial year, the annual passenger count was 1,080,204 and daily count was 2,959. While, the footfall per day was recorded as 6,572.<ref name="annual_earnings">{{cite web |title=Annual Originating Passengers & Earnings for the year 2022-23 |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1707457097521-Originating%202022-23.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=6 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405104303/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1707457097521-Originating%202022-23.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2024 |page=1}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{external media
| float=right
| video1= [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUH7P6xhS2I Sengottai-Madurai Passenger train entering Tenkasi junction]
}}
* {{IndiaRailInfo|2684}}

{{Railway stations in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Madurai railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Tenkasi district]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Tamil Nadu]]

{{TamilNadu-railstation-stub}}

Chotanagpur Law College

2025-08-15T00:50:58Z

ErmaT39411378: update details to improve readability

{{short description|Law school in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Chotanagpur Law College
| image = Chotanagpur Law College Logo.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| established = 1954
| founder =
| type = Public, Law college
| motto =
| motto_lang = [[Sanskrit]]
| mottoeng =
| city = Nyay Vihar Campus, Namkum [[Ranchi]]
| principal = Pankaj Kumar Chaturvedi<ref>http://www.cnlawcollege.org/faculties/ {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2025}}</ref>
| dean = Pankaj Kumar Chaturvedi
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students = 600
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = 834010
| coordinates = {{coord|23.3199679|85.383961|display=Inline}}
| campus = Urban
| affiliations = [[Ranchi University]]
| language =
| free_label =
| free =
| free_label2 =
| free2 =
| colors = 
| athletics =
| sports =
| athletics_nickname = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| mascot = 
| sports_free_label =
| sports_free =
| sports_free_label2 =
| sports_free2 =
| website = {{URL|https://cnlawcollege.ac.in/}}
| footnotes =
| logo =
}}

'''Chotanagpur Law College''' (also known as '''C.N. Law College''') is a college imparting [[legal education]] in [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]], India. The college was established in 1954 under the tutelage of Barrister S.K. Sahay and was first affiliated to the Bihar University and thereafter to [[Ranchi University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated College of Ranchi University |url=http://ranchiuniversity.ac.in/2014-03-31-05-30-13/colleges.html |access-date=4 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704071551/http://www.ranchiuniversity.ac.in/2014-03-31-05-30-13/colleges.html |archive-date=4 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://www.cnlawcollege.org/about-clc/ {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2025}}</ref> This college is also approved by the [[Bar Council of India]]. The college has UGC and NAAC Accreditation.<ref name="auto">http://www.cnlawcollege.org/wp.../CNLC-Prospectus-Two-Years-LLM-Degree-Program.pdf{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Courses ==
The college offers a five-years integrated B.A. LL.B. (Hons.) course, three-years LL.B. course and two years LL.M. ([[Master of Laws]]) course also. The college is starting a 5-year LL.B for students who have passed the Intermediate exams for academic year 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jharkhandlegal.com/chotanagpur-law-college-to-begin-5-year-l-l-b-from-academic-year-2019/ |title=Chotanagpur Law College to begin 5 year L.L.B from academic year 2019. – Jharkhand Legal |access-date=5 July 2019 |archive-date=5 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705195031/http://jharkhandlegal.com/chotanagpur-law-college-to-begin-5-year-l-l-b-from-academic-year-2019/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The college takes admission to all these courses through an entrance Test conducted by itself and also takes in students through the LSAT Exam.<ref name="auto"/>

== Notable alumni ==
Notable alumni of the college include.
*[[S.B. Sinha]]- Former Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]].{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}
*[[M. Y. Eqbal]]- Former Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]].{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Ranchi University]]
*[[List of law schools in India]]
*[[Literacy in India]]
*[[List of institutions of higher education in Jharkhand]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.cnlawcollege.org CNLC -]
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Chotanagpur+Law+College/@23.3199679,85.383961,162m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x39f4e27735b00099:0x4ec122fb8d3c88ee!8m2!3d23.319963!4d85.3845114|title= Chotanagpur Law College}}

{{Portal bar|India|Education}}
{{Ranchi University}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Law schools in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Ranchi University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Ranchi]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1954]]
[[Category:1954 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Jharkhand]]

{{Jharkhand-university-stub}}

Sammakka Sagar Barrage

2025-08-10T12:48:39Z

ErmaT39411378: new new data

{{Infobox dam
| opening = June 2021 (Signifies date of water impounding, not yet formally inaugurated)
| coordinates = {{coord|80|23|36|E|18|35|10|N|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| plant_operator = [[Telangana Power Generation Corporation]] (TGGENCO)
| plant_commission = Proposed
| plant_type = R
| plant_capacity = 240 MW
| country = India
| spillway_capacity = 8,50,000 [[Cusecs]]
| name_official = Sammakka Sagar Barrage
| builder = Rithwik Projects Private Limited
| operator = Irrigation & CAD Department, [[Government of Telangana]]
| name = Sammakka Sagar Barrage
| location_map_caption = Sammakka Sagar Barrage at Thupakulagudem
| location_map = India Telangana#India
| dam_crosses = [[Godavari River]]
| construction_began = February 2017
| res_capacity_total = 6.94 TMC
| owner = [[Government of Telangana]]
| cost = 2,121 Crores
| status = U
| purpose = Multi-purpose
| spillway_count = 48 (Radial lift gates)
| dam_type = Barrage
| dam_height = 83 meters
| dam_length = 1,132 meters
| location = Thupakulagudem village, [[Eturnagaram]] mandal, [[Mulugu district]], [[Telangana]]
| res_name = Sammakka Sagar
| plant_name = Sammakka Sagar Hydro Electric Project
| plant_turbines = 10 Units of 24MW
| plant_annual_gen = 786 MU (at 50% dependability)
or 317 MU (at 90% dependability)
}}
'''Sammakka Sagar Barrage'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Green Panel Gives Nod to Telangana's Rs 2,121 Cr Dam Project On Godavari|url=https://www.ndtv.com/telangana-news/green-panel-gives-nod-to-telanganas-rs-2-121-cr-dam-project-on-godavari-2061601|access-date=2021-01-21|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Telangana CM names Tupakulagudem barrage after tribal warrior goddess Sammakka|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2020/feb/13/telangana-cm-names-tupakulagudem-barrage-after-tribal-warrior-goddess-sammakka-2102796.html|access-date=2021-01-21|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tupakulagudem Barrage, Near : Eturnagaram Mandal, Warangal Dist - Projects - Rithwik Projects Pvt. Ltd|url=http://www.rithwikprojects.com/portfolio/tupakulagudem-barrage/|access-date=2021-01-21|website=www.rithwikprojects.com|archive-date=2021-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913094411/http://www.rithwikprojects.com/portfolio/tupakulagudem-barrage/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kasara |first=Venu |date=2021-08-01 |title=వరంగల్‌ జిల్లా వరదాయిని సమ్మక్కసాగర్‌ ప్రాజెక్టు |url=https://magazine.telangana.gov.in/sammakka-sagar-project-is-warangal-district-godess/ |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=తెలంగాణ |language=en-US}}</ref> (or '''Thupakulagudem Barrage''') is a [[Barrage (dam)|barrage]] across [[Godavari River]] at Thupakulagudem Village, [[Eturnagaram]] Mandal, [[Mulugu district|Mulugu District]] of [[Telangana]] State. It stabilizes the existing irrigated area of 2,51,310 [[Hectare]] under [[J. Chokka Rao Devadula Lift Irrigation Scheme]] and 3,04,000 hectares of [[Sriram Sagar Project]] stages I & II with 50 TMC of water.<ref>{{cite news |title=Smitha Sabharwal tells officials to expedite barrage works |url=https://telanganatoday.com/smitha-sabharwal-tells-officials-to-expedite-barrage-works?from=mdr |work=Telangana Today |date=22 November 2019 }}</ref> Another 50 TMC will be used for providing drinking water to villages en route.

'''Sammakka Sagar Hydro Electric Project''' has been planned for generation of 240MW (10 units of 24MW) through run-of-the-river generation. This hydro electric project is expected to be completed by [[Telangana Power Generation Corporation]] (TGGENCO).

== History ==
This barrage was earlier referred to as ''Kanthanapally Barrage''<ref>{{Cite web|last=D. Chandrabhaskar Rao|title=Telangana from perennial drought to brimming reservoirs|url=https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-from-perennial-drought-to-brimming-reservoirs|access-date=2021-01-21|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref> and it was proposed at 17 km downstream of the existing [[J. Chokka Rao Devadula Lift Irrigation Scheme|J. Chokka Rao Devadula Lift Irrigation]] pump house with ''Full Reservoir Level (FRL)'' at +85.0 meters. The barrage would've been constructed at narrow gorge on Godavari river at Kanthanapally village ({{Coord|18|27|40.22|N|80|24|35.24|E|name=Thupakulagudem Barrage Original Location|display=}}) but this would've led to submergence of about 4 villages fully and 11 villages partially. Potential land acquisition hurdles were also expected, as this would require acquisition of 7789.42 hectares of land. This barrage was earlier part of ''P V Narasimha Rao Kanthanapally Sujala Sravathi Project (PVNRKSSP)''.

In 2016, in order to avoid issues related to submergence and land acquisition, [[Government of Telangana]] decided to construct Thupakulagudem Barrage at the present location, which is 3 km downstream of the existing J. Chokka Rao Devadula Lift Irrigation pump house with FRL of +77.0 meters. At this location, there is no large land submergence with only river bed of 580.18 hectares and 94 hectares of surrounding land will get submerged. This would provide pondage for drawing the water for J. Chokka Rao Devadula Lift Irrigation scheme.

On February 13, 2020, Thupakulagudem Barrage was officially renamed as Sammakka Barrage,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Council of Ministers for Telangana Government renames barrages|url=https://twitter.com/TelanganaCMO/status/1291076864245555200|access-date=|website=Chief Ministers Office, Telangana (Twitter)}}</ref> after tribal warrior goddess Sammakka. The boundary of [[Eturnagaram Wildlife Sanctuary]] is located at the close proximity from this barrage, where biennial festival of [[Sammakka Saralamma Jatara]] is held honour the [[Hindu]] [[Adivasi|tribal]] goddesses Sammakka.

In Spring 2021, the civil works of the barrage were mostly completed<ref>{{cite news |title=Cap Sammakka barrage works: Smita Sabharwal |url=https://telanganatoday.com/cap-sammakka-barrage-works-smita-sabharwal |work=Telangana Today |date=11 May 2021 }}</ref> and subsequently in June, 2021<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-16|title=జూన్‌లో 'సమ్మక్క సాగర్‌' జాతికి అంకితం|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/telangana/tupakulagudem-ready-inaugurate-1364097|access-date=2021-08-12|website=Sakshi|language=te}}</ref> the process of impounding water into barrage commenced. At an FRL of +85 meters, 6.94 TMC of water is expected to be stored whereas, at reservoir level of 70 to 71 meters 2.90 TMC of water is expected to be stored. J. Chokka Rao Devadula Lift Irrigation Project uses water from 71 meters.

The works pertaining to ''Sammakka Hydro Electric Project'' are yet to be started by ''Telangana State Power Generation Corporation Limited'' and only civil works pertaining to the intake penstock gates has been reported to completed.

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{Hydrography of Telangana}}

[[Category:Barrages in India]]
[[Category:Dams in Telangana]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in Telangana]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 2021]]

S. Kathiresan

2025-08-08T00:39:39Z

ErmaT39411378: Made Basic Stub V1...

{{Short description|Indian film producer and director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S. Kathiresan
| image =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* [[Film producer]]
* [[Film director]]
}}
| spouse =
| website = {{official website|https://fivestarcreations.in/movies}}
}}
'''S. Kathiresan''' is an Indian film producer and film director who has worked on [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]]. He made his debut production with ''[[Polladhavan (2007 film)|Polladhavan]]'' in 2007 and debuted direction with ''[[Rudhran]]''. He owns the production company, Five Star Creations.

== Career ==
S. Kathiresan was born in [[Chennai]]. He made his debuted production with [[Vetrimaaran]]'s direction ''[[Polladhavan (2007 film)|Polladhavan]]'' (2007) starring [[Dhanush]]. The film was received positive responses from the audience and went on to become a super hit.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=POLLADHAVAN MOVIE REVIEW cast crew DHANUSH DIVYA KUTHU RAMYA Direction VETTRIMARAN Music G V PRAKASH KUMAR Production KATHIRESAN movie wallpapers hot stills picture image gallery |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-articles/movies-07/polladhavan-review.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.behindwoods.com |archive-date=2023-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414112944/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-articles/movies-07/polladhavan-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2011 Kathiresan made his second collaboration with [[Vetrimaaran]] starring [[Dhanush]]'s ''[[Aadukalam]]''. This was later released by Sun pictures which was a all time Block buster bagging six national awards.

2013, Kathrisan made 3rd collaboration with [[Dhanush]] and produced ''[[Naiyaandi]] which was a disaster at the box office.'' Later,[[Karthik Subbaraj]] direction ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'' (2014) was produced. The film [[Jigarthanda (2014 film)]] was given a [[U/A certificate]] by the [[Indian Censor Board]] due to its violent content. Producer Kathiresan, however, wanted a [[U certificate (India)|U certificate]] to avoid problems while selling the satellite rights of the film, for which the violent sequences were demanded to be cut short, which Karthik Subbaraj did not agree to. Due to the conflict, the film's release got further delayed, but the movie became a blockbuster.<ref name="indiaglitz.com">{{Cite web |date=2014-07-04 |title=Siddharth leaves it in the hands of the Producer - Tamil News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/siddharth-leaves-it-in-the-hands-of-the-producer-tamil-news-109906 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=IndiaGlitz.com |archive-date=2023-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414112941/https://www.indiaglitz.com/siddharth-leaves-it-in-the-hands-of-the-producer-tamil-news-109906 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-09 |title='Jigarthanda' gets a release date! |website=[[Sify]] |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jigarthanda-gets-a-release-date-news-tamil-ohjkRPcghjcii.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709212424/http://www.sify.com/movies/jigarthanda-gets-a-release-date-news-tamil-ohjkRPcghjcii.html |archive-date=2014-07-09 }}</ref>

He made his debut direction with [[Raghava Lawrence]] starring ''[[Rudhran]]''.The film was released in 2023 and was a disaster.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Year
! Title
! Producer
! Director
! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2007
|''[[Polladhavan (2007 film)|Polladhavan]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2011
|''[[Aadukalam]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Naiyaandi]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2013-07-30 |title=Dhanush & Nazriya Nazim in Naiyandi First Look Posters |url=https://moviegalleri.net/2013/07/dhanush-nazriya-nazim-in-naiyandi-first-look-posters.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414112943/https://moviegalleri.net/2013/07/dhanush-nazriya-nazim-in-naiyandi-first-look-posters.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|2014
|''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|<ref name="indiaglitz.com"/>
|-
|2022
|''[[Diary (2022 film)|Diary]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Rudhran]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghava Lawrence's Rudhran release date postponed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/sep/26/raghava-lawrences-rudhran-release-date-postponed-35065.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311114209/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/sep/26/raghava-lawrences-rudhran-release-date-postponed-35065.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jigarthanda DoubleX]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|Adhigaaram}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title='Adhigaaram': Thaman to handle the music department for Raghava Lawrence's starrer |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/adhigaaram-thaman-to-handle-the-music-department-for-raghava-lawrences-starrer/articleshow/84437583.cms |access-date=2023-04-14 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414114445/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/adhigaaram-thaman-to-handle-the-music-department-for-raghava-lawrences-starrer/articleshow/84437583.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kathiresan, S.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film producers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare

2025-07-17T00:03:13Z

ErmaT39411378: rework content also and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox award
| name = National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = National award for contributions to [[Cinema of India|Indian Cinema]]
| awarded_for =
| sponsor = [[Directorate of Film Festivals]]
| firstawarded = 1968
| lastawarded = 2008
| reward = {{ubl|Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus)|{{INR|50,000}}}}
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = ''[[Little Zizou]]''
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 21
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = ''Anchal Ke Phool''
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner = ''[[Little Zizou]]''
| website =
| previous =
| next =
}}
The '''National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare''' was one of the [[National Film Awards]] presented annually by the [[Directorate of Film Festivals]], the organisation set up by [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India]]. It was one of several awards presented for feature films and awarded with Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus). At the [[70th National Film Awards]], the category was discontinued and combined with [[National Film Award for Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation|Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation]], [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration|Best Film on National Integration]] and [[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues|Best Film on Other Social Issues]]. The new award is named as Best Feature Film Promoting National, Social and Environmental Values.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-02-13 |title=National Film Awards Undergo Changes, Nargis Dutt, Indira Gandhi Categories Renamed |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/national-film-awards-undergo-changes-nargis-dutt-indira-gandhi-categories-renamed-enn24021305335 |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-13 |title=Indira Gandhi, Nargis Dutt's names dropped from National Film Awards categories |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/indira-gandhi-nargis-dutts-names-dropped-from-national-film-awards-categories-2501516-2024-02-13 |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

The award was instituted in 1968, at [[16th National Film Awards]] and awarded annually for films produced in the year across the country, in all Indian languages [[Hindi]] (7 Awards), [[Bengali language|Bengali]] (4 Awards), [[Malayalam]] (5 awards), [[Tamil language|Tamil]] (3 awards), [[Kannada]], [[Indian English|English]] and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] (1 each).

== Winners ==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|bgcolor="#EBEBE0" width=30| ||Indicates a joint award for that year
|}

Award includes 'Rajat Kamal' (Silver Lotus) and cash prize. Following are the award winners over the years:

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
! colspan="6" | List of films, showing the year (award ceremony), language(s), producer(s) and director(s)
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Film(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"| Language(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Producer(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Director(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:3%" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|Reference}}
|-
| align="center" | [[16th National Film Awards|1968 {{small|(16th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Anchal Ke Phool''
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| M. R. Seth
| Karunesh Thakur
| align="center" |<ref name="16thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/16th_nff_1970.pdf|title=16th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=22 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[17th National Film Awards|1969 {{small|(17th)}}]]
| colspan="4" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="17thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/17th_NFF_1971.pdf|title=17th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[18th National Film Awards|1970 {{small|(18th)}}]]
| colspan="4" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="18thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/17th_NFF_1971.pdf|title=18th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[19th National Film Awards|1971 {{small|(19th)}}]]
| colspan="5" |
|-
| align="center" | [[20th National Film Awards|1972 {{small|(20th)}}]]
| colspan="4" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="20thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx|title=20th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=26 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220349/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=5 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[21st National Film Awards|1973 {{small|(21st)}}]]
| colspan="4" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="21stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/21st_nff_1973.pdf|title=21st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[22nd National Film Awards|1974 {{small|(22nd)}}]]
| colspan="4" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="22ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/22nd_nff_1974.pdf|title=22nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=1 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[23rd National Film Awards|1975 {{small|(23rd)}}]]
| colspan="4" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="23rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/23rd_nff_1975.pdf|title=23rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[24th National Film Awards|1976 {{small|(24th)}}]]
| colspan="5" |
|-
| align="center" | [[25th National Film Awards|1977 {{small|(25th)}}]]
| colspan="4" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="25thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/25th_nff_1977.pdf|title=25th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[26th National Film Awards|1978 {{small|(26th)}}]]
| colspan="4" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="26thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/26th_NFA.pdf|title=26th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[27th National Film Awards|1979 {{small|(27th)}}]]
| colspan="5" |
|-
| align="center" | [[28th National Film Awards|1980 {{small|(28th)}}]]
| colspan="4" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="28thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/28th_nff_1981.pdf|title=28th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[29th National Film Awards|1981 {{small|(29th)}}]]
| colspan="4" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="29thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/29th_nff_1982.pdf|title=29th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[30th National Film Awards|1982 {{small|(30th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Spandan''
| Hindi
| {{•}}Satyanarayanan Misra {{•}}Abdul Majid {{•}}Durga Nanda
| Biplab Roy Chowdhary
| align="center" |<ref name="30thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/30th_nff_1983.pdf|title=30th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[31st National Film Awards|1983 {{small|(31st)}}]]
| colspan="4" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="31stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/31st_nff_1984.pdf|title=31st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 December 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[32nd National Film Awards|1984 {{small|(32nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Mohan Joshi Hazir Ho!]]''
| Hindi
| [[Saeed Akhtar Mirza]]
| [[Saeed Akhtar Mirza]]
| align="center" |<ref name="32ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/32nd_nff_1985.pdf|title=32nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=6 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[33rd National Film Awards|1985 {{small|(33rd)}}]]
| colspan="4" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="33rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/33nfa.pdf|title=33rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[34th National Film Awards|1986 {{small|(34th)}}]]
| colspan="4" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="34thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/34th_NFF.pdf|title=34th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[35th National Film Awards|1987 {{small|(35th)}}]]
| colspan="4" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="35thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/35th_nff_1988.pdf|title=35th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[36th National Film Awards|1988 {{small|(36th)}}]]
| colspan="4" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="36thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/36nfa.pdf|title=36th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[37th National Film Awards|1989 {{small|(37th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Sandhya Raagam (1989 film)|Sandhya Raagam]]''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| [[Balu Mahendra]] (A [[Doordarshan]] production)
| [[Balu Mahendra]]
| align="center" |<ref name="37thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf|title=37th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[38th National Film Awards|1990 {{small|(38th)}}]]
| colspan="4" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="38thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/38th_nff_1991.pdf|title=38th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[39th National Film Awards|1991 {{small|(39th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Durga''
| Hindi
| [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]
| [[Basu Chatterjee]]
| align="center" |<ref name="39thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/39nd_nff_1985.pdf|title=39th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 February 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[40th National Film Awards|1992 {{small|(40th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Shwet Paatharer Thala''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| Shankar Gope
| [[Prabhat Roy]]
| align="center" |<ref name="40thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf|title=40th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[41st National Film Awards|1993 {{small|(41st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Akashadoothu]]''
| [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| Anupama Cinema
| [[Siby Malayil]]
| align="center" |<ref name="41stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/41st_nff_1994.pdf|title=41st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=3 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[42nd National Film Awards|1994 {{small|(42nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Karuththamma]]''
| Tamil
| Vetrivel Art Creations
| [[Bharathiraja]]
| align="center" |<ref name="42ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/42nd_nff_1995.pdf|title=42nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=5 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[43rd National Film Awards|1995 {{small|(43rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Mini (1995 film)|Mini]]''
| Malayalam
| [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]]
| [[P. Chandrakumar]]
| align="center" |<ref name="43rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/43rd_nff_1996.pdf|title=43rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=6 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[44th National Film Awards|1996 {{small|(44th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Lathi (1996 film)|Lathi]]''
| Bengali
| Robin Agarwal
| [[Prabhat Roy]]
| align="center" |<ref name="44thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/44th_nff_1997.pdf|title=44th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[45th National Film Awards|1997 {{small|(45th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Samaantharangal]]''
| Malayalam
| [[Balachandra Menon]]
| [[Balachandra Menon]]
| align="center" |<ref name="45thaward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/72_45thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=45th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=3 September 2020|archive-date=23 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323163100/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/72_45thNfacatalogue.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[46th National Film Awards|1998 {{small|(46th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Atmiyo Swajan''
| Bengali
| Dhatri Films
| [[Raja Sen]]
| align="center" |<ref name="46thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/46_nff_1999.pdf|title=46th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=12 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[47th National Film Awards|1999 {{small|(47th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Hari-Bhari]]''
| Hindi
| [[Government of India]]
| [[Shyam Benegal]]
| align="center" |<ref name="47thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/47th_nff_2000.pdf|title=47th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=13 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[48th National Film Awards|2000 {{small|(48th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Dhyaas Parva|Kal Kaa Aadmi]]''
| Hindi
| [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
| [[Amol Palekar]]
| align="center" |<ref name="48thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/48th_nff_2001.pdf|title=48th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=13 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[49th National Film Awards|2001 {{small|(49th)}}]]
| colspan="4" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="49thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/49th_nff_2002.pdf|title=49th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=14 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[50th National Film Awards|2002 {{small|(50th)}}]]
| colspan="4" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref name="50thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/50nfa.pdf|title=50th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=14 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[51st National Film Awards|2003 {{small|(51st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Paadam Onnu: Oru Vilapam]]''
| Malayalam
| [[Aryadan Shoukath|Aryadan Shaukat]]
| [[T. V. Chandran]]
| align="center" |<ref name="51stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf|title=51st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=15 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[52nd National Film Awards|2004 {{small|(52nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Hasina (film)|Hasina]]''
| [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| Chiguru Chitra
| [[Girish Kasaravalli]]
| align="center" |<ref name="52ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/52nd_nff_2005.pdf|title=52nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=28 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[53rd National Film Awards|2005 {{small|(53rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Thavamai Thavamirundhu]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|P. Shanmugam
|[[Cheran (director)|Cheran]]
| align="center" |<ref name="53rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/53rd_nff_2006.pdf|title=53rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=19 March 2012}}</ref>
|- style="background-color:#EBEBE0"
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[54th National Film Awards|2006 {{small|(54th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | ''[[Karutha Pakshikal]]''
| Malayalam
| {{•}}Kaladharan K. V. {{•}}Vallabhan K. G.
| [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]]
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref name="54thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/54th_nff_2006.pdf|title=54th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=24 March 2012}}</ref>
|- style="background-color:#EBEBE0"
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | ''[[Faltu]]''
| Bengali
| [[Arindam Chaudhuri]]
| [[Anjan Das]]
|-
| align="center" | [[55th National Film Awards|2007 {{small|(55th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]''
| Hindi
| [[Aamir Khan]]
| [[Aamir Khan]]
| align="center" |<ref name="55thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/55th_nff_2007.pdf|title=55th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[56th National Film Awards|2008 {{small|(56th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Little Zizou]]''
| {{•}}English {{•}}[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| Jigri Dost Productions
| [[Sooni Taraporevala]]
| align="center" |<ref name="56thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/56th_nff_2008.pdf|title=56th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://dff.nic.in Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India]
* [http://dff.nic.in/NFA_archive.asp National Film Awards Archives]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090508040421/http://www.imdb.com/Sections/Awards/National_Film_Awards_India/ National Film Awards] at [[IMDb]]

{{National Film Awards}}

[[Category:National Film Awards (India)|Family Welfare]]

Liril

2024-10-21T23:13:27Z

ErmaT39411378: add intro for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian soap brand}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2012}}
'''Liril''' is a popular [[soap]] [[brand]] sold, to a large degree, in [[India]], and [[Asia]], as well as a few places in [[Europe]]. The soap is currently manufactured by [[Hindustan Unilever]] in India. Liril launched a blue variant called Icy Cool Mint in 2002. It also tried launching an Orange variant, called Liril Orange Splash in India in 2004. Neither of these variants created much splash in the market. The company even changed agencies handling the brand, from Lowe to McCann Erickson before going back to Lowe.

==Advertising and sales==
Liril has had a static market share for quite some time now. The majority of their sales happen during summer. [[Preity Zinta]], among others, has advertised for this product.<ref name="economic times">{{cite web |url=http://connect.in.com/preity-zinta/article-column-liril-minus-its-girl-264-6f20a1ec1a10996dc8ad66ab22d2eb54aa80bf93.html/ |title=News article from economic times |publisher=Connect.in.com |date= |access-date=2012-02-07 }} {{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The original ads, featuring [[Karen Lunel]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-08-05/news/27647255_1_liril-karen-lunel-naju-karani|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103162339/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-08-05/news/27647255_1_liril-karen-lunel-naju-karani|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 3, 2013|title = Business News Today: Read Latest Business news, India Business News Live, Share Market & Economy News}}</ref> from 1975 and 1986 are now popular on the internet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-08-05/news/27658081_1_liril-naju-karani-karen-lunel|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103102442/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-08-05/news/27658081_1_liril-naju-karani-karen-lunel|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 3, 2013|title = Business News Today: Read Latest Business news, India Business News Live, Share Market & Economy News}}</ref>

Some of the others who were also in the Liril ad are [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Hrishita Bhatt]], and [[Pooja Batra]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.rediff.com/money/special/special-40-years-ago-and-now-the-liril-girl-showed-how-to-target-a-state-of-mind/20141016.htm| title = 40 Years Ago and now: The Liril Girl showed how to target a state of mind - Rediff.com}} </ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Unilever}}

[[Category:Soap brands]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Unilever brands]]

{{Product-stub}}

Berainak

2024-07-08T18:46:47Z

ErmaT39411378: basic add layout per sources and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Berainak
| other_name = Badnak, Bada Inak
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Andaman and Nicobar Islands#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8.119444|N|93.513889|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nicobar district|Nicobar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Nancowry tehsil|Nancowry]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 188
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 645129
| footnotes =
}}
'''Berainak''' or '''Badnak''' is a village in the [[Nicobar district]] of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Nancowry tehsil|Nancowry]] [[tehsil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Andaman%20Nicobar.pdf |title=Andaman and Nicobar Islands villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-07-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095346/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Andaman%20Nicobar.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-04 }}</ref> The name is also spelt as "Bada Inak" ("Greater Inak"; contrasted with [[Chota Inak]] or "Little Inak").

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Berainak/Badnak has 38 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 64.38%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3500_PART_B_DCHB_ANDAMAN%20&%20NICOBAR%20ISLANDS.pdf |title=District Census Handbook - Andaman & Nicobar Islands |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andaman & Nicobar Islands |accessdate=2015-07-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801173328/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3500_PART_B_DCHB_ANDAMAN%20%26%20NICOBAR%20ISLANDS.pdf |archivedate=2015-08-01 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 188 || 107 || 81
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 28 || 11 || 17
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 153 || 75 || 78
|-
| Literates || 103 || 65 || 38
|-
| Workers (all) || 69 || 59 || 10
|-
| Main workers (total) || 34 || 34 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 34 || 34 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 35 || 25 || 10
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 2 || 2 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 32 || 22 || 10
|-
| Non-workers || 119 || 48 || 71
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Nicobar district }}

[[Category:Villages in Nancowry tehsil]]

Manini (film)

2024-05-07T22:17:28Z

ErmaT39411378: enhanced citations for clarity further and added references

#REDIRECT [[Manini]]{{R from incomplete disambiguation}}

Chikku Bukku Rayile

2024-04-20T09:07:42Z

ErmaT39411378:

#REDIRECT [[Gentleman (1993 film)]]

{{Rcat shell|{{R from song}}
{{R to related topic}}
}}

George William Forrest

2024-01-22T14:08:05Z

ErmaT39411378: Adding new details

{{Short description|British educator, journalist and historian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
'''Sir George William David Stark Forrest''' (1845–1926) was a British educator, journalist and historian, in India from 1872 to 1900.<ref name="ODNB">{{cite ODNB|id=33206|first=Katherine|last=Prior|title=Forrest, Sir George William David Stark}}</ref>

==Life==
He was the second son of [[George Forrest (VC)|George Forrest]] VC, born at [[Nasirabad, Ajmer]]. He matriculated at [[St John's College, Cambridge]] in 1866, graduating B.A. in 1870.<ref name="IBD">{{cite IBD1915|wstitle=Forrest, George William}}</ref><ref name="acad">{{acad|id=FRST866GW|name=Forrest, George William David Starck}}</ref> He entered the [[Inner Temple]] in 1872, but was not [[called to the bar]]. He began to write for periodicals including the ''[[Saturday Review (London newspaper)|Saturday Review]]''. As a journalist, he was known for work published in ''[[The Times]]'', particularly a scoop in 1880 with the [[Battle of Maiwand]].<ref name="acad"/>

Forrest was appointed to Bombay Educational Department, late in 1872. He was Census Commissioner at Bombay in 1882. He was seconded to work on the Bombay Records, 1884-8, becoming Professor of English History, [[Elphinstone College]], in 1887. He was Director, Bombay Records, in 1888, Assistant Secretary, Government of India, and Director, Government of India Records, 1894–1900.<ref name="IBD"/>

In bad health, Forrest returned to the United Kingdom in 1900.<ref name="ODNB"/> He went in 1904 to Iffley Turn House just outside Oxford, was knighted in 1913, and died there on 28 January 1926.<ref name="acad"/>

==Works==
Forrest published books:<ref name="IBD"/>

*''Selections from the Official Writings of Mountstuart Elphinstone'' (1884)<ref name="ODNB"/>
*''Selections from the State Papers in the Foreign Department'' (1890)<ref name="ODNB"/>
*''The Administration of the Marquis of Lansdowne as Viceroy and Governor'' (1894)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Forrest |first1=Sir George |title=The Administration of the Marquis of Lansdowne as Viceroy and Governor-general of India, 1888-1894 |date=1894 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Print. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R_cOAAAAQAAJ |language=en}}</ref>
*''Sepoy Generals'' (1901)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Forrest |first1=George W. |title=Sepoy Generals: Wellington to Roberts |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-02853-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7ZdzWPDFdwC |language=en}}</ref>
*''Cities of India Past and Present'' (1903)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Forrest |first1=Sir George William |title=Cities of India Past and Present |date=1903 |publisher=Constable |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bc2AAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>
*''History of the Indian Mutiny'' (1904–1912, 3 vols.), a documentary history.<ref name="ODNB"/> [[John Laband]] wrote in 1976 of historiography of the Indian rebellion of 1857 in terms of "the voluminous literature of British historians such as [[John William Kaye|Kaye]], [[Thomas Rice Holmes|Holmes]] and G. W. Forrest."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Laband |first1=J. P. C. |title=The Nature of the Indian Mutiny: A Changing Concept |journal=Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory |date=1976 |issue=46 |page=32 |jstor=41801598 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41801598 |issn=0040-5817}}</ref> [[Rudrangshu Mukherjee]], writing in 2008, stated that "Much of what we write and say today about 1857 is possible because of the work of [Surendra Nath Sen, [[R. C. Majumdar|Ramesh Chundra Majumdar]] and [[Sashi Bhusan Chaudhuri|S B Chaudhuri]]] and of the great narratives produced in the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century by Charles Ball, [[John William Kaye|John Kaye]], G W Forrest and others."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Rudrangshu |title=Two Responses to 1857 in the Centenary Year |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=2008 |volume=43 |issue=24 |pages=51–55 |jstor=40277566 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40277566 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>
*''Selections from the Travels and Journals Preserved in the Bombay Secretariat'' (1906)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Forrest |first1=George William |title=Selections from the Travels and Journals Preserved in the Bombay Secretariat |date=1906 |publisher=Printed at the Government central Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-g-AAAAYAAJ |language=en}}</ref>
*''Life of Field-Marshal Sir Neville Chamberlain, G.C.B., G.C.S.I.'' (1909),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Forrest |first1=George William |title=Life of Field-Marshal Sir Neville Chamberlain, G. C. B., G. C. S. I |date=1909 |publisher=Edinburgh and London, W. Blackwood and Sons |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeoffieldmarsh00forrrich}}</ref> on [[Neville Bowles Chamberlain]].
*''Selections from the State Papers of the Governors-General of India: Warren Hastings'' (2 vols., 1910)<ref name="ODNB"/>
*''Life of Lord Roberts'' (1914)<ref name="ODNB"/>
*''The Life of Lord Clive'' (2 vols., 1918)<ref name="ODNB"/>
*''Selections from the State Papers of the Governors-General of India: Lord Cornwallis'' (2 vols., 1926)<ref name="ODNB"/>

Other works were:

*''The Famine in India'' (1897), pamphlet<ref name="ODNB"/>
*Articles on the [[deforestation]] of India in the ''[[Bombay Gazette]]''.<ref name="IBD"/>

==Family==
In 1877 Forrest married Emma Georgina Viner, daughter of Thomas Viner of Crawley, Sussex. They had a son and a daughter.<ref name="ODNB"/>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Forrest, George William David Stark}}
[[Category:1845 births]]
[[Category:1926 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century British historians]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century British historians]]
[[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]]

Sri Seetha Rama Kalyanam

2023-12-25T12:11:54Z

ErmaT39411378: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Sita Rama Kalyanam (1961 film)]]