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Kalna Assembly constituency

2026-04-29T13:00:03Z

ErlindaLamson9: starting some details nd citations - done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kalna
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Kalna.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kalna Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Deboprasad Bag]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bardhaman Purba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Purba]]
| constituency_no = 264
| established = 1951
| electors = 187,158
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
}}
'''Kalna''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 264 Kalna (SC) assembly constituency covers [[Kalna City|Kalna]] municipality, [[Kalna II]] community development block and Bagnapara, Hatkalna and Krishnadevpur [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Kalna I]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2010-08-21 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

Kalna (SC) assembly segment was part of [[Katwa (Lok Sabha constituency)]] prior to 2009. As per orders of Delimitation Commission it is part of No. 38 [[Bardhaman Purba (Lok Sabha constituency)]] from 2009.<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| Baidyanath Sanyal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Rash Behari Sen
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[Hare Krishna Konar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=3}}
|-
| Jamadar Majhi
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="4"|[[Hare Krishna Konar]]
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Nurul Islam Mollah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Guruprasad Sinha Roy
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=7|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| rowspan="5"|[[Anju Kar]]
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| Anjali Mondal
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Biswajit Kundu]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[Deboprasad Bag|Deboprasad Bag (Poltu)]]
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalna}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Deboprasad Bag (Poltu) |party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Siddhartha Majumdar|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sharmistha Nag Saha|party=Left Front (West Bengal)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Amal Kumar Saha|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nilratan Biswas|party= Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Subrata Mondal|party=Independent|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Anay Saha|party=Independent|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Kalna<ref name=vidhansabha2021>{{cite web | url = https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/kalna-west-bengal-election-result-2021 | title = Kalna Election Result 2021 | publisher = Times Now News.com |access-date =18 May 2021 }}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Deboprosad Bag (Poltu) |votes=96,073|percentage=45.98|change={{decrease}}4.34}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate= Biswjit Kundu|votes=88,595|percentage=42.40|change={{increase}}33.32}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Nirab Khan|votes=19,005|percentage= 9.10|change={{decrease}}28.17}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Bahujan Samaj Party||candidate=Radheshyam Mondal |votes=2,084|percentage=1.00|change={{decrease}}0.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)||candidate=Kali Charan Sardar|votes=687|percentage=0.33|change=}}
{{Election box candidate||party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above|votes=2,507|percentage=1.2|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes= 208,951|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalna<ref name=1vidhansabha2016>{{cite web | url = https://resultuniversity.com/election/kalna-west-bengal-assembly-constituency| title= Kalna| work= 2016 Legislative Assembly Election| publisher = Result University |access-date =18 May 2021}}</ref><ref name=2vidhansabha2016>{{cite web | url = http://infoelections.com/infoelection/electionresult/index.php/home/state-assembly-constituency/west-bengal-election-result/886-Kalna_(SC)assembly_election_result_2016.html | title= Kalna| work= Assembly Election Result 2016 Live| publisher = InfoElections |access-date =18 May 2021}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Biswajit Kundu]]|votes=97,430|percentage=50.32|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Sukul Chandra Sikdar|votes=72,169|percentage=37.27|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Newton Majumdar|votes=17,577|percentage=9.08|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Radheshyam Mondal|votes=1,976|percentage=1.02|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|candidate=Pejush Kumar Sahana|votes=1,612|percentage=0.83|change=}}

{{Election box candidate
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,865
|percentage = 1.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Kalna<ref>{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25264.htm |title = Kalna |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-28 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=264| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120529223543/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=264| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 29 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Kalna| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Kalna |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-05-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030612/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Biswajit Kundu]]|votes=85,096|percentage=49.98|change=+11.01#}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Sukul Chandra Sikdar|votes=72,459|percentage=42.56|change=-17.18}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Dilip Mondal|votes=6,021|percentage=3.54|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Tapan Das
|votes = 2,053
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|candidate=Pijush Kumar Sahana|votes=1,647|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Party of Democratic Socialism (India)|candidate=Shibu Halder|votes=1,557|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Radhesyam Mondal|votes=1,437|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=170,270|percentage=90.98|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = +28.24#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977–2006===
Anjali Mondal of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Kalna assembly seat in [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]], defeating her nearest rival Asis Chakraborty of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Anju Kar of CPI(M) won the seat 2001, 1996, 1991, 1987 and 1982 defeating her nearest rivals, Sridhar Banerjee of Trinamool Congress in 2001, Lakshman Kumar Roy of Congress in 1996, Dhirendranath Chaterjee of Congress in 1991 and 1987, and Sudhir Ghosh of Congress in 1982. Guruprasad Sinha Roy of CPI(M) won the seat in 1977 defeating Debendra Bejoy Ghosh of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp276.htm | title = 276 – Kalna Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977| publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 2010-08-29 }}</ref>

===1951–1972===
[[Nurul Islam Mollah]] of Congress won the Kalna assembly seat in 1972. [[Hare Krishna Konar]] of CPI(M) won the seat in 1971, 1969, 1967 and [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]] (representing CPI). In 1957 and 1951, it was a double member seat. In [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]], it was won by Hare Krishna Konar and Jamadar Majhi, both representing [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]. In [[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]], it was won by Baidyanath Santal and Rasbehari, both Congress.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp |title=Statistical Reports of Assembly Elections |access-date=2010-08-29 |work=General Election Results and Statistics |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=2010-10-05 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purba Bardhaman topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Politics of Paschim Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

St. John's High School, Bengaluru

2026-04-24T14:46:39Z

ErlindaLamson9: Started First Biography Initial Version

{{Short description|School in Bangalore}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{One source|date=April 2026}}

'''St John's High School'''<ref>{{cite web |title=St. John's High School, Bangalore Fee Structure, Admissions for 2026-27, Reviews & Curriculum |url=https://www.schoolsuniverse.com/school/st-johns-high-school-bengaluru |website=schoolsuniverse.com |access-date=24 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref> is a school in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India, founded in 1854.

==History==
The school was built to serve the interests of the Anglo-Indian Community and the children of military personnel and government pensioners. Rev. R. Posnett, an Anglican clergyman, was sent to look after the spiritual interests of the Europeans and the Anglo Indians in the Cantonment area. In 1853 he constructed a small room on the Mootycherry Ridge, which later came to be known as St. John's Hill. This room served as a chapel-cum-schoolroom. In the morning it was used as a school for children; in the afternoon as a library and a reading room and on Sundays for public worship.

A new school building was opened in 1854; it is linked to [[St. John's Church, Bangalore]].

The school operated as a middle school until 1961. At that stage after completing the middle school examination of the erstwhile Mysore State, children transferred to other schools for their last two years.

In 1962 the institution was upgraded to a high school and joined the select band of schools taking the Anglo–Indian School Certificate. The first candidates were presented for that examination in 1970.

When the CSI came into being in 1947 the school and [[St. John's Church, Bangalore|church]] came under the jurisdiction of the erstwhile Mysore Diocese and the property was transferred to the CSITA.

Until December 1962, the school was managed by the Pastorate Committee of [[St. John's Church, Bangalore|St. John's Church]] but, from January 1963, it functioned under a constitution framed by the Pastorate Committee. In 1999, it was transferred to the management of the diocese and the new constitution came into effect from 1 May 2000. From June 2000, ISC (Std XI and Std. XII) was introduced.

The school is managed by a Board of Management. The Chairman of the Board is the Bishop of the Karnataka Central Diocese of the [[Church of South India]]. The Members of the Board are drawn from the fields of finance, education, administration, social services etc.

The school's motto is "Nil Desperandum, Semper Fidendum" which is Latin for "Never despair, always have faith".

St John's was a co-educational Middle School (until 9th Std) till 1962 - being a [[feeder school]] to Bishop Cottons Boys/ Girls School.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint John's High School, Bangalore}}
[[Category:Church of South India schools]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Karnataka]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Bengaluru]]

Mahesh Kashyap

2026-04-20T01:42:56Z

ErlindaLamson9: Put up new post

{{Short description|Member of the Lok Sabha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mahesh Kashyap
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|10|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = Kumbraband Kalcha, [[Jagdalpur]], [[Bastar District|Bastar]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
| birth_name = Mahesh Kashyap
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}}[[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| parents = Sukru Ram Kashyap, Sudhri
| spouse = Champa Kashyap
| children =
| education = Matric
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Bastar Lok Sabha constituency|Bastar]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Deepak Baij]]
| successor =
| website =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Mahesh Kashyap''' (born 1 October 1975) is an Indian politician. He was elected in 2024 to Lok Sabha from [[Bastar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Bastar, Chhattisgarh Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Mahesh Kashyap Emerges Victorious by 55245 Votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/bastar-chhattisgarh-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2548114-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-04 |title=Bastar (ST) election results 2024 live updates: BJP's Mahesh Kashyap wins against CONG's Kawasi Lakhma with a margin of 5,52,45 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bastar-st-election-results-2024-chhattisgarh-bastar-st-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-kawasi-lakhma-cong-mahesh-kashyap-bjp/articleshow/110673955.cms |access-date=2024-06-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is a member of [[Bharatiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=Bastar Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 HIGHLIGHTS: BJP's Mahesh Kashyap wins Bastar by over 55,000 votes |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/bastar-chhattisgarh-lok-sabha-election-result-2024-live-eci-results-naxal-maoist-bjp-congress-winner-latest-news/3509259/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ex-local body heads {{!}} High jumpers">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Ex-local body heads {{!}} High jumpers|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-local-body-heads-high-jumpers-2565844-2024-07-13|accessdate=31 July 2024|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731162655/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-local-body-heads-high-jumpers-2565844-2024-07-13|archivedate=31 July 2024|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashyap, Mahesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:1975 births]]

{{Chhattisgarh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Hitler Gari Pellam

2026-04-11T13:14:58Z

ErlindaLamson9: starting some stub nd citations

{{Short description|Indian Telugu language television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Hitler Gari Pellam.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator =
| developer =
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = Gomathi Priya Nirupam Paritala
| voices =
| narrated =
| opentheme = Na Nishidi Gadhilo
| music = Meenakshi bhujang Rakshith. K (background score)
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 450
| executive_producer = Krishnakanth
| producer = Nirupam Paritala
| company = Om Entertainments
| editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| network = [[Zee Telugu]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|8|17}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2022|1|22}}
| related = ''[[Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega]]''
}}

'''''Hitler Gari Pellam''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language]] television series which aired on [[Zee Telugu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/zee-telugu-to-launch-fiction-offering-hitler-gari-pellam-on-august-17-106654.html|title=Zee Telugu to launch fiction offering 'Hitler Gari Pellam' on August 17|website=Exchange4media|date=7 August 2020 }}</ref> It premiered on 17 August 2020 and stars Gomathi Priya and Nirupam Paritala.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/nirupam-paritala-announces-his-new-show-hitler-gari-pellam-set-to-sport-a-new-look-in-the-show/articleshow/76688991.cms|title=Nirupam Paritala announces his new show 'Hitler Gari Pellam'; set to sport a new look in the show|website=The Times of India|date=29 June 2020 }}</ref> The series is an official remake of [[Zee TV]] series ''[[Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/hitler-gari-pellam-to-be-aired-on-zee-telugu-from-august-17/article32303244.ece|title=Meet Hitler and his wife Bhanumathi on August 17|website=The Hindu|date=8 August 2020 }}</ref>

==Plot==
The story revolves around Bhanumathi, a kind-hearted girl living in Bheemavaram, who in order to save her step-sister's life married a billionaire and famous cook, Abhinav Jagarlamudi (AJ). Bhanumathi lost her mother at a very young age and was brought up by her loving father and stepmother who strongly dislikes her. In a series of flashbacks, it was revealed that Bhanumathi considers herself guilty for being unable to save her birth mother.

On the other hand, Abhinav Jagarlamudi (AJ), a widower, is one of India's most famous and respected chefs who lost his first wife (Pravalika) very early in a traumatic accident which made him get cocooned in his own world. He is very serious-no nonsense kind of person who does not believe in emotions. He is also a father figure for his three nephews (off-springs of his elder brother) and their respective wives. They all fear him and call him Hitler.

When Bhanumathi married Abhinav Jagarlamudi, even though Abhinav did not like her and used to get irritated by her antics, he protected her and supported her when needed. She slowly develops self-confidence, and he begins to feel emotions he does not understand. Early in their marriage, Abhinav thought that Bhanu married him for his money; later, he begins to appreciate her innocence and kindness. As a result, Bhanu slowly regained her confidence and started believing in herself. Aj also started experiencing emotions with Bhanu which he couldn't seem to name. But as they started living together, he began to realize that she is an innocent and kind-hearted girl and starts loving her with a sweet understanding between each other.

Police officer Vikram (Vicky), Pravalika's elder brother, forced Bhanu to stay with Abhinav to collect evidence that he killed Pravalika. Although Bhanu hides her knowledge about Vikram's intentions from Abhinav and the rest of the family, she defends Abhinav when Vikram arrests him. Aj learns that Bhanu was staying at his house to gather evidence against him, and is heartbroken.

Aj takes a promise from Royyala Raju (Bhanumathi's Father) that after the marriage of Aj's cousin in law - Anjali (Bhanu's step sister), he will divorce Bhanumathi. According to Aj's wish he brought a marriage proposal for Anjali and was celebrating her marriage. Bhanu found out that Abhinav will divorce her after Anjali's marriage so tried to change Abhi's opinion on Bhanu, but as Bhanu hid few important things from Abhinav, Abhi's friend's sister who came to take revenge on Abhinav and his family thinking that Abhi is responsible for her brothers death, took advantage of it and made a big scene in Anjali's Marriage that Anjali has a ex- lover Badri who is relative of Abhinav and wanted to marry him. Devayani (Abhinav's Friend's Sister) told Aj that Bhanu was the one who knew all this and didn't even utter a word. As a result, Aj gave divorce papers to Bhanu and told her to meet him in the court and sent her back to her Home. Anjali would be Husband Defended Anjali and married her to take revenge from Abhinav by tottering Anjali.

Bhanu managed to get back to Aj house with the help of her uncle. Bhanu felt that Aj was hiding something from his family so she had to spy on him to and out the truth what he has been hiding. One day Aj himself revealed that he was taking care of a mentally ill patient name Suraj and took his responsibilities. Bhanu took a lot care of Suraj which amazed Aj and melted his heart. Bhanu wondered and was eager to find out who is Suraj and that led to a long distance between Aj and Bhanu. Later one day when Aj enemy's Appalakonda and Edukondalu kidnapped Suraj to get Abhinav's entire business. Though Aj signed on the documents to give his Business to Appalakonda, Appalakonda was about to shoot Suraj but Aj came in between to save Suraj and when Appalakonda was about to shoot Aj it was shot to Bhanu who came in defend him from getting him harmed. Aj understood that Bhanu truly loves him . They shared their feelings and come to trust each other which makes them realize it was nothing but true love.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Gomathi Priya]] as Bhanumathi Abhinav Jagarlamudi (Bhanu also nicknamed by Hitler as Bekari) (2020–2022)
*: A kind-hearted and easy going girl, who married AJ and became AJ's wife, Jayamma's daughter-in-law, Dhaksha, Maya and Chitra's parental mother-in-law.
* Nirupam Paritala as Abhinav Jagarlamudi (AJ also nicknamed by people around as Hitler) (2020–2022)
*: A professional cook, he always needs to be perfect. He first married Pravalika but she died. So as per Pravalika's final wish, he married Bhanu, Jayamma's son, Dhaksha, Maya and Chitra's parental father-in-law.

===Recurring===
* Sunandha Malasetti as Dhaksha: AJ's first parental daughter-in-law (2020–2022)
* Keerthi Jai Dhanush (2020-2021) as Maya: AJ's second parental daughter-in-law, Kavita Vaari replaced Keerthi as Maya (2021–2022)
* Madhu Krishnan as Chitra: AJ's third parental daughter-in-law (2020–2022)
* Krishnaveni as Jayapradha aka Jayamma: AJ's mother (2020–2022)
* Tonisha Kapileswarapu as Anjali: Bhanu's half-sister (2020–2022)
* Madhavi Latha as Kanyakumari: Bhanu's step-mother and Anjali's mother (2020–2022)
* Komma Naveen as Kishor: AJ's son and Maya's husband (2020–2022)
* Charan as Vardhan: AJ's son and Dhaksha's husband (2020–2022)
* Kosaraju Aditya as Raju: Bhanu and Anjali's father and Kanyakumari's husband (2020–2022)
* Venkat Chinthalapudi as Bhadri: Anjali's ex-lover and Sindhu's husband (2020–2022)
* Yamini Bandaru as Sindhu: Bhadri's wife (2020–2022)
* Prince Yawar as Vishnu: Anjali's Husband (2021–2022)
* Prabhakar as Appala Konda: AJ's Enemy & a cook (2021–2022)
* Aadhya Parachuri as Shruthi: Doctor (2021–2022)
* Bramar as Suraj (2021–2022)
* Vasudha as Nandini: Raghuram's cousin (2021–2022)
* Sridevi as Lucky: Raghuram's cousin (2021–2022)
* Ritesh as Raghuram (2021–2022)

===Cameo appearance===
*Manjula Paritala as Pravallika: AJ's first wife (photographic appearance)
*Krishna Baghavan as Don Bhagavan
*Shobha Shetty as Devayani: AJ's enemy
*Posani Krishna Murali as Dubai Raja (Bhanu's Uncle)

===Hitler Pelli Gola===
*Anusha Hegde as Surya 'Suryakantham'
*Siddu as Police Officer Adhithya
*Anushree as Meera
*Madhubala as Mrudula
*Rithvika as Shambhavi
*Amardeep Chowdary as Amar

==Adaptations==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Notes
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega]]'' गुड्डन तुमसे ना हो पायेगा
| 3 September 2018
| [[Zee TV]]
| 26 January 2021
| Original
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Hitler Gari Pellam'' హిట్లర్ గారి పెళ్ళాం
| 17 August 2020
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 22 January 2022
| rowspan="8"| Remake
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Thirumathi Hitler]]'' திருமதி ஹிட்லர்
| 14 December 2020
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 8 January 2022
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Mrs. Hitler]]'' മിസിസ്. ഹിറ്റ്ലർ
| 19 April 2021
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| 11 June 2023
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Hitler Kalyana]]'' ಹಿಟ್ಲರ್ ಕಲ್ಯಾಣ
| 9 August 2021
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 14 March 2024
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Tomar Khola Hawa]]'' তোমার খোলা হাওয়া
| 12 December 2022
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 29 July 2023
|-
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| ''[[Tu Khara Mun Chhai]]'' ତୁ ଖରା ମୁଁ ଛାଇ
| 2 January 2023
| [[Zee Sarthak]]
| Ongoing
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Navri Mile Hitlerla]]'' नवरी मिळे हिटलरला
| 18 March 2024
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 25 May 2025
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| ''Heer Tey Tedhi Kheer'' ਹੀਰ ਤੈ ਟੇਢੀ ਖੀਰ
| 1 April 2024
| [[Zee Punjabi]]
| 29 March 2025
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/hitler-gari-pellam/0-6-2938 ''Hitler Gari Pellam''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Zee Telugu original programming]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television series based on Hindi-language television series]]

Shivajirao Patwardhan

2026-04-09T16:53:59Z

ErlindaLamson9: Started A Biography Initial Version

{{Short description|Indian physician and social reformer (1892–1986)}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Dajisaheb
| image = File:Dr.S.G. PATVARDHAN.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1892|12|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Asangi]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1986|5|7|1892|12|28|df=yes}}
| awards = {{awards|[[Padma Shri]]|1959|||}}
| occupation = physician, freedom fighter, writer, social activist
| spouse = Gangutai Marathe (who changed her name to Parvatibai), }}

'''Shivajirao Patwardhan''' (28 December 1892 – 7 May 1986) was an Indian physician, social reformer and activist. He was the founder of the Vidarbha Maharogi Seva Mandal (Tapovan) and is recognized for his significant contributions to the treatment and rehabilitation of leprosy patients in India, mainly in Maharashtra.

== Early life ==
Shivajirao Patwardhan was born on 28 December 1892 in [[Asangi]], a village in present-day Karnataka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dr.Shivajirao Pathvardhan {{!}} Founder Of Vidarbha Maharogi Seva Mandal Tapovan |url=https://www.vmsmandaltapovan.org/founder.html |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=www.vmsmandaltapovan.org}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Shivajirao Ganesh Patwardhan |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?15563 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav}}</ref> He pursued higher education in [[Kolkata]], where he obtained a degree in homeopathic medicine in 1914.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jjzOIEXw2gIC |title=Future: Development Perspectives on Children |date=1986 |publisher=UNICEF Regional Office for South Central Asia. |pages=6 |language=en}}</ref> During his time in Kolkata, he was influenced by the teachings of [[Swami Vivekananda]], which shaped his approach to social service.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Patwardhan began his medical career during the plague epidemic in Kolkata, where he provided treatment to affected individuals.<ref name=":0" /> He subsequently worked with the Ramakrishna Mission in [[Allahabad]] from 1915 to 1916 and served in [[Wardha]] for one year.<ref name=":0" /> In 1917, he relocated to [[Amravati]] and established his medical practice.<ref name=":2" /> In 1918, Shivajirao married Gangutai Marathe (who changed her name to Parvatibai), the daughter of Theosophist Appasaheb Marathe of Nagpur.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Participation in the Indian independence movement ==
Patwardhan was deeply influenced by the ideologies of Indian leaders such as [[Lokmanya Tilak]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], and [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]].<ref name=":0" /> He actively participated in the Indian independence movement, leading the non-cooperation movement in Amravati and organizing protests such as the [[Salt Satyagraha]] at Dahihanda.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> His activism resulted in several periods of imprisonment: nine months in 1930 for participating in civil disobedience activities, one and a half years in 1932 for involvement in non-cooperation efforts, and three years in 1942 for participating in the [[Quit India Movement]].<ref name=":0" />

== Leprosy rehabilitation ==
While imprisoned in Shioni Jail, Patwardhan witnessed a distressing incident involving a leprosy patient’s death and the subsequent mistreatment of the body.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Bhushan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1w_REAAAQBAJ |title=IAL Textbook of Leprosy |last2=Kar |first2=Hemanta Kumar |last3=Dogra |first3=Sunil |date=2023-01-25 |publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers |isbn=978-93-5465-454-1 |language=en}}</ref> This event marked a turning point in his life, motivating him to dedicate himself to the welfare of leprosy patients.<ref name=":0" /> In 1945, after his release, Patwardhan shifted his focus from politics to social work. He established Tapovan at Amravati in 1946 in the name of Vidarbha Maharogi Seva Mandal with the support of [[Acharya Vinoba Bhave]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w7-2AAAAIAAJ |title=Indian Journal of Leprosy |date=1986 |publisher=Hind Kusht Nivaran Sangh |pages=320–321 |language=en}}</ref> By 1947, under [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s guidance, he expanded his efforts to include the rehabilitation of leprosy patients, emphasizing self-reliance after treatment.<ref name=":0" />

Recognizing the need for economic independence among patients, he established various workshops, including carpentry, weaving, printing, and sewing. These initiatives provided employment opportunities tailored to the capabilities of the patients.<ref name=":3" /> To address social reintegration, he facilitated marriages among cured patients and rehabilitated them within society.<ref name=":0" /> Concerned about the children of leprosy patients, he established schools at Tapovan in 1962, including nursery, primary, and high schools.<ref name=":0" />

==Academic coverage==
The Marathi (2nd language) textbook of [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]] contains a chapter on Tapovan named as Chudiwala.

[[File:Stamp of India - 2017 - Colnect 754665 - Shivajirao Ganesh Patwardhan Social Activist.jpeg|thumb|Dr. Shivajirao Ganesh Patwardhan commemorative stamp |250x250px]]

== Awards and honours ==
In 1959, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] for his work in the rehabilitation of leprosy patients.<ref name=":1" /> On his birth anniversary, 28 December 2017, the Government of India issued a commemorative stamp in his honour.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RsxJDwAAQBAJ&dq=Dr.+Shivajirao+Ganesh+Patwardhan&pg=PA18 |title=Vadophil: Issue No. 153 |publisher=Baroda Philatelic Society |language=en}}</ref>

The Government of India Post Department had released a postage stamp honouring him.

== Death ==
In 1984, Patwardhan handed over the administration of Tapovan to the [[Government of India]].<ref name=":4" /> He retired to Chandur Railway, where he began [[Prayopavesa|Prayopaveshan]] (a voluntary fast unto death) on 20 April 1986.<ref name=":0" /> He died on 7 May 1986.<ref name=":4" />

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patwardhan, Shivajirao}}
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bombay Presidency]]

Uttarakhand Council of Ministers

2026-04-01T06:04:33Z

ErlindaLamson9:

{{Short description|Executive branch of government in a state in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2014}}
{{Politics of Uttarakhand}}

The '''Uttarakhand Council of Ministers''' is the executive wing of [[Government of Uttarakhand]] and headed by [[Chief Minister of Uttarakhand]], who is the head of government and leader of the state cabinet. The term of every executive wing is for five years. The council of ministers are assisted by department secretaries attached to each ministry who are from [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS Uttarakhand Cadre]]. The chief executive officer responsible for issuing orders on behalf of government is [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] to the state government. The current Chief Secretary is Anand Bardhan who took charge on 1 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETGovernment.com |title=Anand Bardhan takes charge as chief secretary of Uttarakhand - ET Government |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/anand-bardhan-takes-charge-as-chief-secretary-of-uttarakhand/119848074#:~:text=Governance-,Anand%20Bardhan%20takes%20charge%20as%20chief%20secretary%20of%20Uttarakhand,be%20among%20his%20major%20priorities. |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=ETGovernment.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Constitutional requirement ==

=== For the Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor ===
According to [http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p06163.html Article 163] of the [[Constitution of India]],
{{cquote|
There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Chief Minister at the head to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his function, except in so far as he is by or under this Constitution required to exercise his functions or any of them in his discretion.
# If any question arises whether any matter is or is not a matter as respects which the Governor is by or under this Constitution required to act in his discretion, the decision of the Governor in his discretion shall be final, and the validity of anything done by the Governor shall not be called in question on the ground that he ought or ought not to have acted in his discretion.
# The question whether any, and if so what, advice was tendered by Ministers to the Governor shall not be inquired into in any court.
}}

This means that the Ministers serve under the pleasure of the Governor and he/she may remove them, on the advice of the Chief Minister, whenever they want.

=== For other provisions as to Ministers ===
According to [http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p06164.html Article 164] of the Constitution of India,
{{cquote|
The Chief Minister shall be appointed by the Governor and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister, and the Minister shall hold office during the pleasure of the Governor: Provided that in the States of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, there shall be a Minister in charge of tribal welfare who may in addition be in charge of the welfare of the Scheduled Castes and backward classes or any other work.
# The Council of Minister shall be collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly of the State.
# Before a Minister enters upon his office, the Governor shall administer to him the oaths of office and of secrecy according to the forms set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule.
# A Minister who for any period of six consecutive months is not a member of the Legislature of the State shall at the expiration of that period cease to be a Minister.
# The salaries and allowances of Ministers shall be such as the Legislature of the State may from time to time by law determine and, until the Legislature of the State so determines, shall be a specified in the Second Schedule.
}}

== Chief Minister ==
{{main|Chief Minister of Uttarakhand}}
Like any Indian state, Chief Ministers of Uttarakhand is the real head of the government and responsible for state administration. He is the leader of the parliamentary party in the legislature and heads the state cabinet. The current Chief Minister is [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]].

== State Cabinet ==

As per the Constitution of India, all portfolios of state government is vested in Chief Minister, who distribute various portfolio to individual ministers whom he nominates to the State Governor. The state governor appoints individual ministers for various portfolios and departments as per advice of Chief Minister and together form the State Cabinet. As the original portfolios are vested with CM, who delegates to others upon his/her wish, actions of individual ministers are part of collective responsibility of the state cabinet and Chief Minister is responsible for actions of each minister. The state cabinet along with Chief Minister, prepares General policy and individual department policy, which will be guiding policy for day-to-day administration of each minister.

===Current Cabinet===
{{main|Second Dhami ministry}}
This is the current Cabinet of Uttarakhand headed by the Chief Minister of Uttarakhand, Pushkar Singh Dhami:<ref>[http://cm.uk.gov.in/pages/display/960-cabinet Cabinet of Uttarakhand]. Retrieved on 5 July 2021.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/trivendra-singh-rawat-sworn-in-as-uttarakhand-cm/|title = Trivendra Singh Rawat sworn in as Uttarakhand CM|date = 18 March 2017}}</ref><ref>http://www.uttara.gov.in/upload/announcements/Announcement-256.pdf (PDF)</ref>

{| class="toccolours"
! Colour key for parties
|-
|{{div col}}
{{legend|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{colend}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!№
!Name
!Constituency
!colspan=2|Departments
!colspan="2"; scope="col" | Party
|-style="text-align:center"
| colspan="7"| '''[[List of chief ministers of Uttarakhand|Chief Minister]]'''
|-style="text-align:center"
| 1
![[File:Pushkar Singh Dhami, Chief Minister of Uttarakhand.jpg|100px]][[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]
| [[Champawat (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Champawat]]
|
* Confidential (Council of Ministers)
* Establishment of Personnel and All India Services
* Alertness, Swaraj, Corruption Elimination and Public Service
* Secretariat Administration
* General Administration
* Planning
* State Property
* Information
* Homes, Prisons, Citizen Protection and Home Guard, Military Welfare
* Revenue
* Industrial Development (Mining)
* Industrial Development
* Labor
|
* Drinking Water
* Energy and Alternative Energy
* Excise
* Justice
* Civil Aviation
* Finance Commercial, Stamp and Registration
* Housing
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center"
| colspan="7"| '''[[Minister (government)|Cabinet Ministers]]'''
|-style="text-align:center"
| 2
! [[File:Shri Satpal Maharaj At UNO.jpg|100px]]
[[Satpal Maharaj]]
| [[Chaubattakhal (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Chaubattakhal]]
|
* Public Works Department
* Panchayati Raj
* Rural Construction
* Tourism
* Minor Irrigation
|
* Culture
* India-Nepal River Projects
* Irrigation
* Charity
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center"
| 3
![[File:Ganesh Joshi Mussoorie MLA.jpg|100px]][[Ganesh Joshi]]
|[[Mussoorie (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Mussoorie]]
|
* [http://agriculture.uk.gov.in/ Agriculture]
|
* Agricultural Marketing
* Agricultural Processing
* Agricultural Education
* Plantation and Horticulture
* Silk Development
* Bio Technology
* Sainik Welfare
* Rural Development
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center"
| 4
![[File:The Higher Education Minister of Uttarakhand, Shri Dhan Singh Rawat calls on the Union Minister for Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Sushri Uma Bharti, in New Delhi on July 14, 2017 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
[[Dhan Singh Rawat]]
|[[Srinagar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Srinagar]]
|
* [[Education]]
|
* Primary Education
* Secondary Education
* Sanskrit Education
* Cooperative
* Higher Education

| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center"
| 5
![[File:"Subodh Uniyal - July 2021.jpg".jpg|100px]][[Subodh Uniyal]]
|[[Narendranagar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Narendranagar]]
| colspan="2" |
* [[Uttarakhand Forest Department|Forest]]
* Elections
* Technical Education
* Parliamentary Affairs
* Medical Health [http://health.uk.gov.in/]
* Medical Education
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center"
| 6
![[File:Rekha Arya.jpg|100px]]
[[Rekha Arya]]
|[[Someshwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Someshwar]]
|
* Women and Child Development
*Food and Civil Supplies [http://fcs.uk.gov.in/]
* Consumer Affairs
|
* Sports
* Youth Welfare
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center"
| 7
! [[Saurabh Bahuguna]]
| [[Sitarganj (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Sitarganj]]
|
* Animal Husbandry
* Milk Development
* Fisheries
|
* Sugarcane Development
* Sugar industry
* Protocol
* Employment
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center"
| 8
! [[Madan Kaushik]]
| [[Haridwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Haridwar]]
|
* Panchayati Raj
*Disaster Management and Rehabilitation
*Ayush and Ayush Education
|
* Reorganization
* Census
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center"
| 9
! [[Bharat Singh Chaudhary]]
| [[Rudraprayag (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Rudraprayag]]
|
* Rural Development
*Small and Micro-Medium Enterprises
|
* Khadi and Village Industries
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center"
| 10
! [[Khajan Dass]]
| [[Rajpur Road (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Rajpur Road]]
|
* Social Welfare
*Minority Welfare
|
* Student Welfare
* Language
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center"
| 11
! [[Pradip Batra]]
| [[Roorkee (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Roorkee]]
|
* Transportation
* Information Technology and Good Governance
|
* Science and Technology
* Biotechnology
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center"
| 12
! [[Ram Singh Kaira]]
| [[Bhimtal (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bhimtal]]
|
* Urban Development
* Environmental Protection and Climate Change
|
* Watershed Management
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center"
|}

== Oath as the state chief minister/minister ==

{{Blockquote|text= I, <Name of Chief Minister/Minister>, do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as a Minister for the State of () and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the law without fear or favour, affection or ill-will.|sign=|source=}}
==See also==

* [[Governor of Uttarakhand]]
* [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Speaker of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Leader of the Opposition in the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Chief Justice of Uttarakhand]]
* [[Union Council of Ministers]]
* [[List of agencies of the government of Uttarakhand]]
* [[List of departments of the government of Uttarakhand]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Uttarakhand ministries}}
{{Councils of ministers of India}}
{{Current Indian ministries}}

{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Government of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:State council of ministers of India]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Cabinets established in 2000]]

Hyderabad massacres

2026-03-30T15:34:46Z

ErlindaLamson9: starting first post added tags - done

{{Short description|Genocidal massacres against Muslims}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{multiple issues|
{{over-quotation|date=December 2020}}
{{original research|date=December 2024}}
{{cite check|date=September 2025}}
{{POV|date=September 2025}}
}}

{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 1948 Hyderabad massacres
| partof = the [[Annexation of Hyderabad]]
| image = File:Indian soldiers sort through the arms and equipment left behind by hostiles during the Operations in Hyderabad.jpg
| map = File:Hyderabad in India (1951).svg
| map_caption = Hyderabad State
| caption = [[Indian Army]] officers ordered the surrender of all arms, but in practice, only [[Muslims]] were disarmed. [[Hindus]], whom the military deemed less of a threat, were often allowed to keep their weapons which resulted in the massacres.{{sfn|Noorani|2014|p=371|loc=Appendix 15: Confidential notes attached to the Sunderlal Committee Report}}
| location = [[Hyderabad State]] (hardest-hit areas were [[Osmanabad]], [[Nanded]], [[Gulbarga]] and [[Bidar]])<ref name="BBC" /><ref>{{harvnb|Noorani|2014|pp=221–246}}{{prtb|date=September 2025}}</ref>
| target = [[Hyderabadi Muslims]]
| date = {{start date|df=yes|1948|09|13}} – {{end date and age|df=yes|1948|10|}}
| type = [[looting]], [[arson]], [[mass murder]], [[rape]]<ref name="BBC"/><ref name="Foundation Books"/>
| fatalities = 27,000-40,000 (Sunderlal committee)<ref name=Sunderlal>{{harvnb|Noorani|2014|loc=Appendix 15: Confidential notes attached to the Sunderlal Committee Report|pp=372–373}}</ref>
 200,000 (estimate by responsible observers)<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4322137 | jstor=4322137 | title=Hyderabad: Muslim Tragedy | last1=Smith | first1=Wilfred Cantwell | journal=Middle East Journal | date=1950 | volume=4 | issue=1 | page=46 }}</ref>
| motive = {{bulleted list
|retributive violence<ref name="BBC">{{Cite news |first=Mike |last=Thomson |date=2013-09-24 |title=Hyderabad 1948: India's hidden massacre |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24159594 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828175952/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24159594 |archive-date=2024-08-28}}</ref>
| [[Religious bigotry]]<ref name=ShermanLSE>{{cite journal|last1=Sherman |first1=Taylor C. |title=The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad and the making of the postcolonial state in India, 1948 – 56 |journal=Indian Economic & Social History Review |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=489–516 |url=https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/32805/ |date=2007 |doi=10.1177/001946460704400404 |s2cid=145000228 |quote=The Committee generally credited the military officers with good conduct but stated that soldiers acted out of bigotry.}}</ref>
}}
| perps = {{bulleted list
|[[Hindu]] population
|[[Indian Army]] soldiers
}}
| dfens =
}}

The '''Hyderabad massacres'''{{sfn|Purushotham|2021|p=330}} were the [[mass killings]] and [[massacre]] of [[Hyderabadi Muslims]] that took place following the [[Annexation of Hyderabad|Indian annexation of Hyderabad]] (Operation Polo). The killings were perpetrated by local [[Hindu]] fanatics, often supported by the [[Indian Army]] soldiers. [[Wilfred Cantwell Smith|Wilfred Cantrell Smith]], based on leaked contents of a confidential report by Pandit Sunderlal and Qazi Abdulghaffar commissioned by Nehru, estimated that between 50,000 and 200,000 Muslims were killed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zubrzycki |first=John |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=wiEtEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA193&dq=Wilfred+Cantrell+Smith+Pandit+Sunderlal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwju_svZ9YOTAxVUWHADHXfeH2MQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=Wilfred%20Cantrell%20Smith%20Pandit%20Sunderlal&f=false |title=Dethroned: The Downfall of India's Princely States |date=2025-05-29 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-80526-309-8 |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{See also| Annexation of Hyderabad}}

== Violence ==
The violence occurred in many rural areas, however, the hardest-hit areas were [[Osmanabad]], [[Nanded]], [[Gulbarga]] and [[Bidar]]<ref name="BBC" /> where "the sufferers were Muslims who formed the hopeless minority."<ref>{{harvnb|Noorani|2014|pp=221–246}}{{prtb|date=September 2025}}</ref>

The crimes that were committed by the local Hindus included the desecration of [[mosques]], mass killings, the seizure of houses and land, looting and burning of Muslim shops, as well as the rape and abduction of Muslim women.<ref name="BBC"/>

In addition to mass killings, activists such as Sundarayya claim that Indian soldiers systematically engaged in torture, rape, and looting.<ref name="Foundation Books">{{cite book |last=Sundarayya |first=Puccalapalli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPjIh1G0TmcC |title=Telangana People's Struggle and Its Lessons |publisher=Foundation Books |year=1972 |isbn=9788175963160}}{{page needed|date=September 2025}}</ref>

The Pandit Sunderlal Committee that was commissioned by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], in his "personal capacity".<ref>{{harvnb|Noorani|2014|pp=221–246}}{{prtb|date=September 2025}}</ref>
Its report contained analysis of the violence that took place during and after [[Operation polo|Operation Polo]].<ref name="BBC"/> The report, although made in 1948, was kept hidden from public eyes, until it was made available for viewing at the [[Nehru Memorial Museum and Library]].<ref name="BBC"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2013 |author=Mir Ayoob Ali Khan |title=Telangana statehood issue: Lessons to learn from Hyderabad's past |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Lessons-to-learn-from-Hyderabads-past/articleshow/27390337.cms}}
</ref> It is unconfirmed why the report was hidden, but some say it was to prevent further instances of communal violence by Razakars from happening. [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] refused to accept this report, and when sent a copy, had said, "There could have been no question of Government of India sending any goodwill mission to India...There is all about the Razakar atrocities on Hindus..."<ref>
Nandurkar, G.M., ed. (1978, 1981), ''Sardar's Letters, Mostly Unknown,'' Ahmedabad: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Smarak Bhavan
</ref> The Confidential Notes of the Sunderlal Report, the authors issued an entire section of [[Razakars (Hyderabad)|Razakar]] atrocities.
<blockquote>
During our tours, we also heard statements of Razakar atrocities...Their atrocities chiefly consisted of levying monthly amounts i.e., Zizya (Jaziya) on every town and village. Wherever these amounts were willingly paid there was generally no further trouble. But at places they were resisted, loot, rape and murder of innocent Hindus followed. If there was no trouble during the loot trouble generally ended, in the removal of looted property, sometimes in motor trucks. But wherever there was further resistance, arson, murder, even rape and abduction of women followed.<ref>{{harvnb|Noorani|2014|pp=221–246}}{{prtb|date=September 2025}}</ref>
</blockquote>
The report also conservatively put the death toll to between 27,000 and 40,000 Muslim civilian lives lost.<ref>{{harvnb|Noorani|2014|pp=221–246}}{{prtb|date=September 2025}}</ref> Violence by Hindus is told largely through the reports, eyewitness accounts and other sources.
<blockquote>
In Osmanabad....the town of [[Latur]] in the same district fared even worse. Some witnesses told us that the number of Muslims murdered by Hindus in Latur was somewhere between 2000 and 2500...Latur was a big business centre. It had big [[Kutchi Memon|Kutchi]] merchants. The total Muslim population was nearly ten thousand. When we visited the town, it was barely three thousand. Many ran away to save their lives, The killing lasted twenty days...Our idea is that the total killed in Gulbarga district must have been between 5000 and 8000...The district of Bidar fared at least as ill if not worse than Gulbarga. The fourth district is Nanded. With the total killed according to our estimate somewhere between 2000 and 4000. When we talk of killing, we do not include those who died fighting but only those murdered in cold blood.<ref name="Noorani Report">{{harvnb|Noorani|2014|pp=361–375|loc=Appendix 14: The Sunderlal Committee Report on the Massacre of Muslims}}{{prtb|date=September 2025}}</ref>

It appears that as the Muslim population fled in panic towards the headquarters of the state or other villages which they thought might be safer, but it was not, a very large number was killed on the way and in the jungles. In many places, we were shown well or Bawaries still full corpses rotting. In one such, we counted 11 bodies which included that of a woman with a small child sticking to her breast...We saw several such wells. We saw remnants of corpses lying in ditches. In several places, the bodies had been burnt, and we could see the charred bones and skulls still lying there.<ref name="Noorani Report"/>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
...we had unimpeachable evidence to the effect that there were instances in which men belonging to the local Hindus and also to the local police took part in the looting and local crimes...soldiers encouraged, persuaded and in a few cases even compelled the Hindu mobs to loot Muslim homes and shops. In another district, a judge's house, among others, was looted by soldiers and a [[Tehsildar]]'s wife was molested. Complaints of molestation and abduction of girls, against Indian soldiers, were none or very rare.<ref>{{harvnb|Noorani|2014|pp=221–246}}{{prtb|date=September 2025}}</ref>

We are also informed that a large mix of trained and armed men from a well-known Hindu organization filtered into the state along with the Indian Army from Sholapur...The Indian Army wherever it went, ordered the people to surrender all arms. The order applied to Hindus and Muslims alike. But in practice, while all arms were taken from the Muslims, sometimes with the Hindu population, the Hindus from whom the Indian military had little to fear were left in possession of their arms.<ref name="Noorani Report"/>
</blockquote>

== See also ==
*[[Partition of India]]
*[[Persecution of Muslims]]
*[[Religious violence in India]]
*[[Violence against Muslims in independent India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |title=The Destruction of Hyderabad |publisher=Tulika Books |year=2014 |isbn=978-93-82381-33-4 |location=New Delhi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Purushotham |first=Sunil |title=From Raj to Republic: Sovereignty, Violence, and Democracy in India |year=2021 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-1455-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4lQMEAAAQBAJ&dq=Hyderabad+Massacres&pg=PT330}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |last=Gulbargavi |first=Talha Hussain |date=2022-09-17 |title=1948 Hyderabad Massacre: A Timeline |url=https://thecognate.com/1948-hyderabad-massacre-a-timeline/ |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=The Cognate |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023111716/https://thecognate.com/1948-hyderabad-massacre-a-timeline/ |archive-date=2023-10-23}}
* {{Cite web |last=Mujtaba |first=Syed Ali |title=The first genocide of Muslims in independent India is celebrated each year on September 17 |website=Muslim Mirror |date=2022-09-18 |url=https://muslimmirror.com/eng/the-first-genocide-of-muslims-in-independent-india-is-celebrated-each-year-on-september-17/ |access-date=2023-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207043813/https://muslimmirror.com/eng/the-first-genocide-of-muslims-in-independent-india-is-celebrated-each-year-on-september-17/ |archive-date=2023-12-07}}

{{coord|18.19|76.04|display=title}}

[[Category:Massacres in 1948]]
[[Category:1948 murders in India]]
[[Category:Military history of Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Massacres of Muslims in India]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by India]]
[[Category:Looting in India]]
[[Category:Massacres of ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Rape in India]]
[[Category:Wartime sexual violence in Asia]]
[[Category:Building and structure arson attacks in India]]
[[Category:Arson in the 1940s]]
[[Category:1948 fires]]
[[Category:1940s fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Attacks on shops in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Mass kidnappings]]
[[Category:Kidnapping in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Kidnappings in India]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murders in India]]

Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly

2026-03-29T12:45:27Z

ErlindaLamson9: expanded content

{{Short description|Unicameral legislature of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox legislature
| background_color = #009933
| name = Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| native_name = {{lang|ta|Tamilnāṭu Saṭṭamaṉṟam}}
| legislature = [[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly]]
| coa_pic = TamilNadu Logo.svg
| house_type = [[Unicameral]]
| term_limits = 5 years
| leader1_type = [[Governor of Tamil Nadu|Governor]]
| leader1 = '''[[Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar]]'''
| election1 = 12 March 2026
| leader2_type = [[Speaker of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| leader2 = '''[[M. Appavu]]'''
| party2 = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| election2 = 12 May 2021
| leader3_type = [[Speaker of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker]]
| leader3 = '''[[K. Pitchandi]]'''
| party3 = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| election3 = 12 May 2021
| leader4_type = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]
| leader4 = '''[[M. K. Stalin]]'''
| party4 = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| election4 = 7 May 2021
| leader6_type = [[List of leaders of the house in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the House]]
| leader6 = '''[[Duraimurugan]]'''
| party6 = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| election6 = 11 May 2021
| leader7_type = [[List of leaders of the house in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Deputy Leader of the House]]
| leader7 = '''[[K. N. Nehru]]'''
| party7 = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| election7 = 11 May 2021
| leader8_type = [[Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader8 = '''[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]'''
| party8 = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
| election8 = 11 May 2021
| leader9_type = [[Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Deputy Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader9 = '''[[R. B. Udhayakumar]]'''
| party9 = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
| election9 = 14 February 2024
| leader5_type = [[Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| leader5 = '''[[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]'''
| party5 = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| election5 = 28 September 2024
| members = '''234'''
| structure1 = {{Switcher|[[File:2025 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Structure (Party Wise).svg|300px]]|By party}}
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 = 
'''[[Government of Tamil Nadu|Government]] (158)'''
: '''[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]] (158)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}} [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] (133)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (17)
:*{{Color box|{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}}} [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|VCK]] (4)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}} [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (2)
:*{{color box|{{Party color|Communist Party of India}}}} [[Communist party of India|CPI]] (2)

'''Official Opposition (67)'''
: '''[[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK+]] (67)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}} [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] (60)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (4)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}}} [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]] (3)

'''[[Opposition (politics)|Other Opposition]] (2)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}}} [[Pattali Makkal Katchi (S. Ramadoss)|PMK(R)]] (2)
'''[[Casual vacancy#India|Vacant]] (7)'''
:{{Color box|{{Party color|Vacant}}}} [[Casual vacancy|Vacant]] (7)
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
| first_election1 = [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|27 March 1952]]
| last_election1 = [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|6 April 2021]]
| next_election1 = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|23 April 2026]]
| session_room = Fort St. George, Chennai 2.jpg
| session_res = 200px
| meeting_place = {{coord|13.0796|80.2873|display=inline,title}} [[Fort St. George, India|Chief Secretariat of Tamil Nadu]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| website = :{{url|https://tnla.neva.gov.in/}}
:{{url|https://assembly.tn.gov.in}}
:{{url|https://tnlasdigital.tn.gov.in/jspui}}
| native_name_lang = தமிழ்நாடு சட்டமன்றப் பேரவை
}}
{{Politics of Tamil Nadu}}

The present state of [[Tamil Nadu]] is a residuary part of the erstwhile [[Madras Presidency]] and was formerly known as [[Madras State]]. The first legislature of any sort for the Presidency was the [[Madras Legislative Council]], which was set up as a non-representative advisory body in 1861. In 1919, direct elections were introduced with the introduction of [[Diarchy in Madras Presidency|diarchy]] under the [[Government of India Act 1919]]. Between 1920 and 1937, the Legislative Council was a unicameral legislature for the Madras Presidency. The [[Government of India Act 1935]] abolished diarchy and created a [[bicameralism|bicameral]] legislature in the Madras Presidency. The Legislative Assembly became the [[Lower House]] of the Presidency.

After the [[Republic of India]] was established in 1950, the Madras Presidency became the Madras State, and the bicameral setup continued. The Madras State's assembly strength was 375, and the first assembly was constituted in 1952. The current state was formed in 1956 after the reorganisation of states, and the strength of the assembly was reduced to 206. Its strength was increased to the present 234 in 1965. Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969, and subsequently, the assembly came to be called the ''Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly''. The Legislative Council was abolished in 1986, making the legislature a unicameral body and the assembly its sole chamber.

The present [[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|Sixteenth Legislative Assembly]] was constituted on 3 May 2021. It was constituted after the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021 assembly election]], which resulted in the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK)-led front winning and forming the government. The next election will take place in 2026.

==History==
===Origin===
{{Main|Madras Legislative Council}}
The first legislature of any kind to be established in Madras was the Madras Legislative Council in 1861. First established as a non-representative advisory body, it saw the introduction of elected members in 1892. The [[Indian Councils Act 1909]] (popularly called the "Minto-Morley Reforms") officially introduced indirect election of members to the Council. In 1919, direct elections were introduced with the introduction of [[Diarchy in Madras Presidency|diarchy]] under the [[Government of India Act 1919]]. Between 1920 and 1937, the Legislative Council was a unicameral legislature for the [[Madras Presidency]]. The [[Government of India Act 1935]] abolished diarchy and created a [[bicameralism|bicameral]] legislature in Madras province. The Legislature consisted of the Governor and two legislative bodies: a Legislative Assembly and a Legislative Council. The Assembly was the lower house and consisted of 215 members, who were further classified into general members and reserved members representing special communities and interests:<ref name="Christopher Baker">{{Citation| last = Christopher Baker| title = The Congress at the 1937 Elections in Madras| journal = Modern Asian Studies| volume = 10| issue = 4| pages = 557–589| year = 1976| jstor = 311763| doi=10.1017/s0026749x00014967| s2cid = 144054002}}</ref><ref name="tnassembly">{{cite web |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/history/history.htm |title=The State Legislature - Origin and Evolution:Brief History Before independence |publisher=Assembly.tn.gov.in |access-date=12 February 2013 |archive-date=13 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413233934/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/history/history.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="width:50%; text-align:center"
!Reservation
!Number of members
|-
|Unreserved
|116
|-
|Scheduled Castes
|30
|-
|Muslims
|28
|-
|Christians
|8
|-
|Women
|8
|-
|Landholders
|6
|-
|Commerce and Industry
|6
|-
|Labour and Trade Unions
|6
|-
|Europeans
|3
|-
|Anglo-Indians
|2
|-
|University
|1
|-
|Tribal
|1
|-
!Total
!215
|}
The presiding officer of the Assembly was called the [[List of speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Assembly]].

===Madras Presidency===
[[File:1937 Madras Legislative Assembly.jpg|thumb|left|First Assembly of the [[Madras Presidency]] meeting in the Senate House, [[University of Madras]] (1937)]]

{{See also|1937 Madras Presidency legislative assembly election|Madras Presidency legislative assembly election, 1946}}
The first [[1937 Madras Presidency legislative assembly election|legislative assembly election]] in the presidency was held in February 1937. The [[Indian National Congress]] obtained a majority by winning 159 of 215 seats. [[C. Rajagopalachari]] became the first elected chief minister of the Presidency under the provincial autonomy system guaranteed by the Government of India Act 1935. The first assembly was constituted in July 1937. [[Bulusu Sambamurti]] and A. Rukmani Lakshmipathi were elected as the Speaker and Deputy Speaker respectively.<ref name="kaliyaperumal1">{{Cite book| last =Kaliyaperumal| first =M| title =The office of the speaker in Tamilnadu : A study| publisher =Madras University| year =1992| page =47| url =http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in:8080/dspace/bitstream/2009/4880/3/MAU-1992-055-2.pdf| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181616/http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in:8080/dspace/bitstream/2009/4880/3/MAU-1992-055-2.pdf| archive-date =21 July 2011| df =dmy-all}}</ref>

The first assembly lasted its term until February 1943, but the Congress cabinet resigned in October 1939, protesting India's participation in [[World War II]]. From 1939 to 1946, Madras was under the direct rule of the governor and no elections were held in 1943 when the assembly's term expired. Next elections were held only in [[1946 Madras Presidency legislative assembly election|1946]], when a political compromise was reached between the Congress and viceroy [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Lord Wavell]].<ref>{{cite book | first=Radhey Shyam| last=Chaurasia| year=2002| title=History of Modern India, 1707 A. D. to 2000 A. D | publisher=Atlantic Publishers| isbn=978-81-269-0085-5| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MS_jrForJOoC&pg=PA388| page=388}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first=Nicholas| last=Mansergh| author-link = Nicholas Mansergh | year=1968| title=Survey of British Commonwealth Affairs: Problems of Wartime Cooperation and Post-War Change 1939–1952 | publisher=Routledge| isbn=978-0-7146-1496-0| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4reb6_TOYjsC&pg=PA209| page=299}}</ref><ref name="commons">{{cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1946/apr/16/india-failure-of-constitutional-machinery |title=INDIA (FAILURE OF CONSTITUTIONAL MACHINERY) HC Deb 16 April 1946 vol 421 cc2586-92 |work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |date=16 April 1946 |access-date=12 February 2013 |archive-date=9 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209050140/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1946/apr/16/india-failure-of-constitutional-machinery |url-status=live }}</ref> The second assembly of the presidency was constituted in April 1946 and [[J. Shivashanmugam Pillai]] was elected as the speaker. The Congress won an absolute majority in the elections and again formed the Government.<ref name="commons"/> On 15 August 1947, India became independent and the new [[Indian Constitution]] came into effect on 26 January 1950. Madras Presidency became [[Madras State]] and the existing assembly and government were retained till new elections could be held in 1951.<ref name="kaliyaperumal2">{{Cite book|last=Kaliyaperumal|first=M|title=The office of the speaker in Tamilnadu : A study|publisher=Madras University|year=1992|page=91|url=http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in:8080/dspace/bitstream/2009/4880/5/MAU-1992-055-4.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181440/http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in:8080/dspace/bitstream/2009/4880/5/MAU-1992-055-4.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref>

===Republic of India===
In the [[Republic of India]], the Madras State Legislative Assembly continued to be the lower house in a bicameral legislature. The [[1952 Madras State legislative assembly election|first election]] to the assembly on the basis of [[Universal suffrage|universal adult suffrage]] was held in January 1952. According to the Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies (Madras) Order, 1951, made by the President under sections 6 and 9 of the Representation of the People Act, 1950, the assembly's strength was 375 members elected from 309 constituencies. Out of the 309 constituencies in the undivided [[Madras State]], 66 were two member constituencies, 62 of which had one seat reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Caste]] candidates and 4 for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Tribe]] candidates.<ref name =A>{{cite web |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/history/history.htm |title=The State Legislature – Origin and Evolution |publisher=Assembly.tn.gov.in |access-date=12 February 2013 |archive-date=13 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413233934/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/history/history.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="analysis">{{cite web |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/Resumes/review_01assly/ch01.pdf |title=1952 Election |access-date=12 February 2013 |archive-date=4 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904134752/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/Resumes/review_01assly/ch01.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The two member constituencies were established in accordance to Article 332 of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]]. The voting method and the plurality electoral formula were defined in The Representation of People Act, 1950.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/legislative/election/volume%201/REPRESENTATION%20OF%20THE%20PEOPLE%20ACT,%201950.pdf |title=The Representation of People Act, 1950 |access-date=12 February 2013 |archive-date=24 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824033852/http://lawmin.nic.in/legislative/election/volume%201/REPRESENTATION%20OF%20THE%20PEOPLE%20ACT,%201950.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> These constituencies were larger in size and had greater number of voters (more than 1,00,000)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/lssnew/constituent/vol4p5.pdf |title=Constituent Assembly of India Debates Vol IV, Friday the 18th July 1947 |access-date=12 February 2013 |archive-date=3 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703135909/http://164.100.47.132/lssnew/constituent/vol4p5.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> when compared to general constituencies. Multiple members were elected only in the 1952 and 1957 elections as double member representation was abolished in 1961 by the enactment of Two-Member Constituencies Abolition Act (1961).<ref>{{cite book | first1=Zoya| last1=Hasan | first2=Eswaran| last2=Sridharan| first3=R| last3=Sudharshan| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0XVAAAAMAAJ | year= 2005| title=India's living constitution: ideas, practices, controversies| publisher= Anthem Press| isbn= 978-1-84331-136-2| pages=360–63}}</ref> Of the 375 seats, 143 were from what later became [[Andhra State|Andhra]] state, 29 were from [[Malabar district|Malabar]], 11 from South Canara (part of present-day [[Karnataka]]) and the remaining 190 belonged to [[Tamil Nadu]].

On 1 October 1953, a separate Andhra State consisting of the Telugu-speaking areas of the composite Madras State was formed and the Kannada-speaking area of [[Bellary]] District was merged with the then [[Mysore State]]. This reduced the strength of the Legislative Assembly to 231. On 1 November 1956, the [[States Reorganisation Act]] took effect and consequently the constituencies in the erstwhile [[Malabar District]] were merged with the [[Kerala State]]. This further reduced the strength to 190. The Tamil-speaking area of Kerala (present day [[Kanyakumari]] district) and [[Sengottai]] taluk were added to Madras State. According to the new Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order 1956, made by the Delimitation Commission of India under the provisions of the State Reorganisation Act of 1956, the strength of the assembly was increased to 205.<ref name =A/>

The 1957 elections were conducted for these 205 seats. In 1959, as result of [[Andhra Pradesh and Madras Alteration of Boundaries Act|The Andhra Pradesh and Madras (Alteration of Boundaries) Act 1959]], one member from the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly was allotted to Madras increasing its Legislative Assembly strength to 206. The 1962 elections were conducted for these 206 seats. In 1965, the elected strength of the assembly was increased to 234 by the Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1965. In addition to the 234, the assembly also has one nominated member representing the [[Anglo-Indian]] community. From 1965, the number of members has remained constant. In 1969, Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu and subsequently the assembly came to be known as the "Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly". The Legislative Council was abolished with effect from 1 November 1986 through an Act of Parliament titled as The Tamil Nadu Legislative Council (Abolition) Act, 1986. With the abolition of the council, the legislature became a unicameral body and remained so for the next 24 years. Of the fourteen assemblies that have been constituted so far, four (the sixth, seventh, ninth and tenth) have been dismissed by the Central Government using [[President's rule|Article 356]] of the Indian Constitution.<ref name =A/> This State Assembly is unique because, since 1996, the actual leader of the official opposition party, though he or she is an official member of the house, has chosen mostly to sign the attendance register outside but not attend the house proceedings. [[M. Karunanidhi]], [[J. Jayalalithaa]], and [[Vijayakant]] conducted themselves in this manner, unless an extremely important situation happened. Once [[M. K. Stalin]] became the leader of the opposition in 2016, the leader of the opposition always came and participated fully in the House. Following the 2021 elections, the leader of the opposition [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]], also attended the house.

==Location==
{{Main|Fort St. George, India}}

[[File:Fort St. George, Chennai 2.jpg|thumb|[[Fort St. George (India)|Fort St. George]] is the current home of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
[[File:Senate House Madras.jpg|thumb|[[Senate House (University of Madras)|Senate House]] at [[University of Madras]], where the assembly met in the 1930s]]
[[File:The_Banqueting_Hall,_Government_House.jpg|thumb|[[Rajaji Hall]] which briefly hosted the assembly in the late 1930s]]
The Legislative Assembly is seated at the [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]], [[Chennai]]. Fort St. George has historically been the seat of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] since colonial times. During 1921–37, the precursor to the assembly – Madras Legislative Council, met at the council chambers within the fort. Between 14 July 1937 – 21 December 1938, the assembly met at the [[Senate House (University of Madras)|Senate House]] of the [[University of Madras]] and between 27 January 1938 – 26 October 1939 in the Banqueting Hall (later renamed as [[Rajaji Hall]]) in the Government Estate complex at [[Mount Road]]. During 1946–52, it moved back to the Fort St. George. In 1952, the strength of the assembly rose to 375, after the constitution of the first assembly, and it was briefly moved into temporary premises at the government estate complex. This move was made in March 1952, as the existing assembly building only had a [[seating capacity]] of 260. Then on 3 May 1952, it moved into the newly constructed assembly building in the same complex. The assembly functioned from the new building (later renamed as "Kalaivanar Arangam") during 1952–56. However, with the reorganisation of states and formation of Andhra, the strength came down to 190 and the assembly moved back to Fort St. George in 1956. From December 1956 till January 2010, the Fort remained the home to the assembly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-22/chennai/27930097_1_balar-arangam-police-station-building|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811081231/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-22/chennai/27930097_1_balar-arangam-police-station-building|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=TN govt's new office complex faces flak|last=Karthikeyan|first=Ajitha |date=22 July 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=From Assembly to theatre |last=S. Muthiah |author-link=S. Muthiah |date=28 July 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/Resumes/review_01assly/ch02_05.pdf|title=A Review of the Madras Legislative Assembly (1952–1957) : Section I, Chapter 2|work=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|access-date=11 February 2010|archive-date=4 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904134827/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/Resumes/review_01assly/ch02_05.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:DJayakumar-Speaker.jpg|Governor's Address at Tamil Nadu Assembly|thumb|right|250px]]
In 2004, during the 12th assembly, the AIADMK Government under [[J. Jayalalithaa]] made unsuccessful attempts to shift the assembly, first to the location of Queen Mary's College and later to the [[Anna University]] campus, [[Guindy]]. Both attempts were withdrawn after public opposition.<ref name="tribune1">{{cite web|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2010/01/15/tamil-nadu-assembly-bids-goodbye-fort-st-george-move-new-complex|title=Tamil Nadu Assembly bids goodbye to Fort St George, to move into new complex|last=S|first=Murari|date=15 January 2010|work=Asian Tribune|access-date=11 February 2010|archive-date=16 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116035237/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2010/01/15/tamil-nadu-assembly-bids-goodbye-fort-st-george-move-new-complex|url-status=live}}</ref> During the 13th Assembly, the DMK government led by [[M. Karunanidhi]] proposed a new plan to shift the assembly and the government secretariat to a [[Tamil Nadu assembly complex|new building]] in the Omandurar Government Estate. In 2007, the German architectural firm GMP International won the design competition to design and construct the new assembly complex. Construction began in 2008 and was completed in 2010. The new assembly building was opened and the assembly started functioning in it from March 2010.<ref name="tribune1"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/19/stories/2008041960610900.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422173838/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/19/stories/2008041960610900.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2008|title= New Assembly complex to have high-rise building |last=Ramakrishnan |first=T. |date=19 April 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/article243990.ece|title=Another milestone in Tamil Nadu's legislative history|last=Ramakrishnan|first=T|date=13 March 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=18 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/article236965.ece|title=State-of-the-art Secretariat draws on Tamil Nadu's democratic traditions |last=Ramakrishnan|first=T|date=11 March 2010|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=18 March 2010}}</ref> After AIADMK's victory in the 2011 elections, the assembly shifted back to Fort St. George.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/assembly-elections-2011/tamil-nadu/Jaya-picks-historic-seat-of-power-Fort-St-George/articleshow/8334951.cms |title=Jaya picks historic seat of power: Fort St George |work=The Times of India |date=15 May 2011 |access-date=12 February 2013 |archive-date=6 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106060627/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/assembly-elections-2011/tamil-nadu/Jaya-picks-historic-seat-of-power-Fort-St-George/articleshow/8334951.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/161622/jayalalitha-bring-back-fort-st.html |title=Jayalalitha to bring back Fort St George as TN secretariat |publisher=Deccanherald.com |date=15 May 2011 |access-date=12 February 2013 |archive-date=30 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830214204/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/161622/jayalalitha-bring-back-fort-st.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/tn-assembly-jayalalithaa-to-be-sworn-in-as-tamil-nadu-chief-minister-on-monday/20110515.htm |title=Jayalalithaa, 33 ministers to be sworn in on Monday : Fort St George |work=Rediff.com |date=15 May 2011 |access-date=12 February 2013 |archive-date=2 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102090759/http://www.rediff.com/news/report/tn-assembly-jayalalithaa-to-be-sworn-in-as-tamil-nadu-chief-minister-on-monday/20110515.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

List of historical locations where the Tamil Nadu Legislature has been housed:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Duration
!Location
|-
|11 July 1921 – 13 July 1937
|Council Chamber, [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]], [[Chennai]]
|-
|14 July 1937 – 21 December 1937
|Beveridge Hall, [[Senate House (University of Madras)|Senate House]], [[Chennai]]
|-
|27 January 1938 – 26 October 1939
|Multipurpose Hall, [[Rajaji Hall]], [[Chennai]]
|-
|24 May 1946 – 27 March 1952
|Council Chamber, [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]], [[Chennai]]
|-
|3 May 1952 – 27 December 1956
|Multipurpose Hall, [[Kalaivanar Arangam]], [[Chennai]]
|-
|29 April 1957 – 30 March 1959
|Assembly Chamber, [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]], [[Chennai]]
|-
|20 April 1959 – 30 April 1959
|Multipurpose Hall, Arranmore Palace, [[Udhagamandalam]]
|-
|31 August 1959 – 11 January 2010
|Assembly Chamber, [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]], [[Chennai]]
|-
|19 March 2010 – 10 February 2011
|Assembly Chamber, [[Tamil Nadu assembly complex|Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly-Secretariat Complex]], [[Chennai]]
|-
|23 May 2011 – 13 September 2020
|Assembly Chamber, [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]], [[Chennai]]
|-
|14 September 2020 – 13 September 2021
|Multipurpose Hall, [[Kalaivanar Arangam]], [[Chennai]]
|-
|5 January 2022 – present
|Assembly Chamber, [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]], [[Chennai]]
|}

==List of the assemblies==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Assembly {{small|([[Elections in Tamil Nadu|Election]])}}
!colspan=2|Ruling Party
![[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]
![[Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Deputy Chief Minister]]
![[Speaker of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
!Deputy Speaker
![[List of leaders of the house in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the House]]
!colspan=2|[[Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
|-
|[[1st Madras Assembly|1st]] {{small|([[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]])}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=3 {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[C. Rajagopalachari]]
----
[[K. Kamaraj]]
|''Vacant''
|[[J. Shivashanmugam Pillai]]
----
[[N. Gopala Menon]]
|[[B. Baktavatsalu Naidu]]
|[[C. Subramaniam]]
|[[T. Nagi Reddy]]
----
[[P. Ramamurthi]]
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[2nd Madras Assembly|2nd]] {{small|([[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]])}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[K. Kamaraj]]
|''Vacant''
|[[U. Krishna Rao]]
|[[B. Baktavatsalu Naidu]]
|[[C. Subramaniam]]
|[[V. K. Ramaswami Mudaliar|V. K. Ramaswami]]
|{{party color cell|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[3rd Madras Assembly|3rd]] {{small|([[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]])}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[K. Kamaraj]]
----
[[M. Bhakthavatsalam]]
|''Vacant''
|[[S. Chellapandian]]
|[[K. Parthasarathi]]
|[[M. Bhakthavatsalam]]
|[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|[[4th Madras Assembly|4th]] {{small|([[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]])}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[C. N. Annadurai]]
----
[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]
----
[[M. Karunanidhi]]
|''Vacant''
|[[S. P. Adithanar]]
----
[[Pulavar K. Govindan]]
|[[Pulavar K. Govindan]]
----
[[G. R. Edmund]]
|[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]
----
[[M. Karunanidhi]]
----
[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]
|[[P. G. Karuthiruman]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[5th Tamil Nadu Assembly|5th]] {{small|([[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]])}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[M. Karunanidhi]]
|''Vacant''
|[[K. A. Mathiazhagan]]
----
[[Pulavar K. Govindan]]
|[[P. Seenivasan]]
----
[[N. Ganapathy (Thanjavur)|N. Ganapathy]]
|[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]
|''Vacant''{{efn|No official opposition because no political party obtained at least 10% of the seats in the following assembly election}}
|style="background:white;"|
|-
|6th {{small|([[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]])}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|rowspan=4 {{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]]
|''Vacant''
|[[Munu Adhi]]
|[[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]]
|[[Nanjil K. Manoharan]]
|[[M. Karunanidhi]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|rowspan=2|7th {{small|([[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]])}}
|rowspan=2|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|rowspan=2|[[M. G. Ramachandran]]
|rowspan=2|''Vacant''
|rowspan=2|[[K. Rajaram]]
|rowspan=2|[[P. H. Pandian]]
|rowspan=2|[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]
|[[M. Karunanidhi]]
|-
|[[K. S. G. Haja Shareef]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
|8th {{small|([[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]])}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]]
----
[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]
----
[[V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]]
|''Vacant''
|[[P. H. Pandian]]
|[[V. P. Balasubramanian]]
|[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]
----
[[R. M. Veerappan]]
|[[O. Subramanian]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|rowspan=3|9th {{small|([[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]])}}
|rowspan=3|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|rowspan=3 {{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|rowspan=3|[[M. Karunanidhi]]
|rowspan=3|''Vacant''
|rowspan=3|[[M. Tamilkudimagan]]
|rowspan=3|[[V. P. Duraisamy]]
|rowspan=3|[[K. Anbazhagan]]
|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|S. R. Eradha
|-
|[[G. K. Moopanar]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|10th {{small|([[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]])}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|''Vacant''
|[[Sedapatti R. Muthiah]]
|K. Ponnusamy
----
[[S. Gandhirajan]]
|[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]
|[[S. R. Balasubramoniyan]]
|-
|11th {{small|([[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]])}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. Karunanidhi]]
|''Vacant''
|[[P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan]]
|[[Parithi Ilamvazhuthi]]
|[[K. Anbazhagan]]
|[[S. Balakrishnan (Mudukulathur MLA)|S. Balakrishnan]]
|{{party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|-
|[[12th Tamil Nadu Assembly|12th]] {{small|([[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]])}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
----
[[O. Panneerselvam]]
----
[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|''Vacant''
|[[K. Kalimuthu]]
|[[A. Arunachalam]]
|[[C. Ponnaiyan]]
|[[K. Anbazhagan]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|[[13th Tamil Nadu Assembly|13th]] {{small|([[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]])}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. Karunanidhi]]
|[[M. K. Stalin]]
|[[R. Avudaiappan]]
|[[V. P. Duraisamy]]
|[[K. Anbazhagan]]
|[[O. Panneerselvam]]
----
[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[14th Tamil Nadu Assembly|14th]] {{small|([[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]])}}
|rowspan=2|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|rowspan=3 {{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|rowspan=2|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
----
[[O. Panneerselvam]]
----
[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|rowspan=2|''Vacant''
|rowspan=2|[[D. Jayakumar]]
----
[[P. Dhanapal]]
|rowspan=2|[[P. Dhanapal]]
----
[[Pollachi V. Jayaraman]]
|rowspan=2|[[O. Panneerselvam]]
----
[[Natham R. Viswanathan]]
----
[[O. Panneerselvam]]
|[[Vijayakant]]
|{{party color cell|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|-
|''Vacant''{{efn|No official opposition because no political party obtained at least 10% of the seats in the assembly}}
|style="background:white;"|
|-
|[[15th Tamil Nadu Assembly|15th]] {{small|([[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]])}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
----
[[O. Panneerselvam]]
----
[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|[[O. Panneerselvam]]
|[[P. Dhanapal]]
|[[Pollachi V. Jayaraman]]
|[[O. Panneerselvam]]
----
[[K. A. Sengottaiyan]]
----
[[O. Panneerselvam]]
|[[M. K. Stalin]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|[[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|16th]] {{small|([[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]])}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. K. Stalin]]
|[[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]
|[[M. Appavu]]
|[[K. Pitchandi]]
|[[Duraimurugan]]
|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}
;Note:
In the 1952 election, no party achieved a majority in the assembly, so [[C. Rajagopalachari]] became the first and only non-elected [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|chief minister]]. In the 1967 election, [[C. N. Annadurai]] was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] and not to the assembly. He resigned as a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member of parliament]] and was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council|state legislative council]] to become chief minister.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{{transcluded section|source=16th Tamil Nadu Assembly}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|Members of Legislative Assembly}}}}

==Party position==
{{transcluded section|source=16th Tamil Nadu Assembly}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|Composition}}}}

==Standing committees of the house (2024–26)==
The following standing committee of the house was constituted on 29 June 2024.
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!No.
!Name
!colspan=2|Chairperson
!No. of members {{small|(Excluding chairperson)}}
|-
!1
|Business Advisory Committee
|[[M. Appavu]]
|rowspan=4 {{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|16
|-
!2
|Committee on Rules
|[[M. Appavu]]
|16
|-
!3
|Committee of Privileges
|[[K. Pitchandi]]
|16
|-
!4
|Committee on Estimates
|[[S. Gandhirajan]]
|19
|-
!5
|Committee on Public Accounts
|[[K. Selvaperunthagai]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|19
|-
!6
|Committee on Public Undertakings
|[[A. P. Nandakumar]]
|rowspan=7 {{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|17
|-
!7
|Committee on Delegated Legislation
|[[G. V. Markandayan]]
|11
|-
!8
|Committee on Government Assurances
|[[T. Velmurugan]]
|11
|-
!9
|House Committee
|[[I. Paranthamen]]
|17
|-
!10
|Committee on Petitions
|[[K. Ramachandran]]
|10
|-
!11
|Library Committee
|[[J. L. Eswarappan]]
|9
|-
!11
|Committee on Papers [[Laying before the house|Laid on the Table of the House]]
|[[R. Lakshmanan]]
|10
|}

==Portraits in the assembly chamber==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!rowspan=2|No.
!rowspan=2|Portrait of
!colspan=2|Unveiled
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|Ruling party
|-
!On
!By
|-
!1
|'''[[C. Rajagopalachari]]'''
|24 June 1948
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|rowspan=3|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=3 {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!2
|'''[[Mahatma Gandhi]]'''
|23 August 1948
|[[C. Rajagopalachari]]
|-
!3
|'''[[Thiruvalluvar]]'''
|22 March 1964
|[[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]]
|-
!4
|'''[[C. N. Annadurai]]'''
|6 October 1969
|[[Indira Gandhi]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
!5
|'''[[K. Kamaraj]]'''
|18 August 1977
|[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
|rowspan=11|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|rowspan=11 {{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
!6
|'''[[E. V. Ramasami]]'''
|rowspan=4|9 August 1980
|rowspan=4|[[Jothi Venkatachalam]]
|-
!7
|'''[[B. R. Ambedkar]]'''
|-
!8
|'''[[U. Muthuramalinga Thevar|U. Muthuramalingam]]'''
|-
!9
|'''[[M. Muhammad Ismail]]'''
|-
!10
|'''[[M. G. Ramachandran]]'''
|31 January 1992
|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|-
!11
|'''[[J. Jayalalithaa]]'''
|12 February 2018
|[[P. Dhanapal]]
|-
!12
|'''[[S. S. Ramasami Padayachi|S. S. Ramaswami]]'''
|19 July 2019
|rowspan=4|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|-
!13
|'''[[V. O. Chidambaram]]'''
|rowspan=3|23 February 2021
|-
!14
|'''[[P. Subbarayan]]'''
|-
!15
|'''[[O. P. Ramaswamy Reddiyar|Omanthur P. Ramaswamy]]'''
|-
!16
|'''[[M. Karunanidhi]]'''
|2 August 2021
|[[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}
The bust of [[P. Rajagopalachari]] and [[L. D. Swamikannu Pillai]], former presidents of the [[Madras Legislative Council]], adorns the assembly lobby.

==See also==
*[[History of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Elections in Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Fort St. George, India|Chief Secretariat of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Speaker of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
*[[List of leaders of the house in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://www.loksabhaelections.in/tamilnadu Tamil Nadu Lok Sabha Election 2019 Result Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603112034/https://www.loksabhaelections.in/tamilnadu |date=3 June 2019 }}
*[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/article244005.ece Slideshow of historical images of the Tamil Nadu Legislature]

{{Tamil Nadu}}
{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Current Indian assemblies}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly| ]]
[[Category:Government of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:State lower houses in India]]

Portuguese people

2026-03-28T20:34:19Z

ErlindaLamson9:

{{Short description|Ethnic group native to Portugal}}
{{For|a specific analysis of the population of Portugal|Demographics of Portugal}}
{{very long|date=May 2023|words=16,000}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Portuguese people
| native_name = {{langx|pt|Portugueses}}
| image = Map of the Portuguese Diaspora in the World.svg
| population = '''{{flag|Portugal}}''': {{Nts|9205938}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=707078398&DESTAQUESmodo=2|title=População residente aumenta, mas envelhecimento continua a agravar-se - 2024 |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|INE]]|date=18 June 2025 |access-date=18 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="AIMA24">{{Cite report|title=Relatório de Migrações e Asilo 2024|trans-title=Report on Migrations and Asylum 2024|language=pt-PT|author=AIMA I.P. - DPEE – Direção de Planeamento, Estudos e Estatística|isbn=978-989-35625-8-1|date=October 2025|access-date=March 28, 2026|url=https://aima.gov.pt/media/pages/documents/fec4d6a712-1760603125/relatorio-migracoes-e-asilo-2024.pdf|page=2|edition=Digital}}</ref>
| popplace =
| region1 = {{flagcountry|Brazil}}
| pop1 = {{circa}} 5,000,000 {{small|(includes Portuguese nationals and their descendants down to the third generation; excludes more distant ancestry)}}<ref name="Dn.pt">{{cite web |url=https://www.dn.pt/inicio/portugal/interior.aspx?content_id=1192698 |title=Estudo descobre 31,19 milhões de portugueses pelo mundo |publisher=Dn.pt |access-date=24 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028023159/http://www.dn.pt/inicio/portugal/interior.aspx?content_id=1192698 |archive-date=28 October 2014}}</ref>
| region2 = {{flagcountry|France}}
| pop2 = 2,577,000 {{small|(Portuguese born & ancestry)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/a-lisbonne-une-visite-d-elisabeth-borne-dediee-a-la-culture-et-aux-dossier-energetiques-20221029 |title=A Lisbonne, une visite d'Elisabeth Borne dédiée à la culture et aux dossiers énergétiques|website=lefigaro.fr|date=29 October 2022 |access-date=29 October 2022 |archive-date=28 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128130807/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/a-lisbonne-une-visite-d-elisabeth-borne-dediee-a-la-culture-et-aux-dossier-energetiques-20221029 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/portugal/relations-bilaterales/|title=Relations bilatérales avec le Portugal et France|website=France Diplomatie : : Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères|access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215045148/https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/portugal/relations-bilaterales/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| region3 = {{flagcountry|United States}}
| pop3 = 1,400,000 {{small|(Portuguese ancestry)}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Portuguese Americans are organized and well connected|date=13 April 2011 |url=https://portuguese-american-journal.com/portuguese-americans-are-organized-and-well-connected/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title="Nós unimos, não dividimos, nós criamos a paz, não a guerra"
|date=11 June 2018 |url=https://www.dn.pt/portugal/10-junho-presidente-da-republica-anuncia-visita-aos-estados-unidos-em-novembro-9429623.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=TVI Internacional disponível para 1 milhão e 400 mil portugueses nos EUA
|work=Jornal SOL |date=15 July 2013 |url=https://sol.sapo.pt/artigo/79654/tvi-internacional-disponivel-para-1-milhao-e-400-mil-portugueses-nos-eua}}</ref>
| region4 = {{flagcountry|Canada}}
| pop4 = 400,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://toronto.consuladoportugal.mne.gov.pt/pt/portugal-no-canada |title= Consulado Geral de Portugal em Toronto|publisher=consuladoportugal.mne.gov.pt |date=n.d.|access-date=23 October 2024}}</ref> – 471,810<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/10003.html |title= Entrada de portugueses no Canadá atinge máximo em 2023|publisher=bservatorioemigracao.pt |date=n.d.|access-date=23 October 2024}}</ref> {{small|(Portuguese ancestry)}}<ref name="Statistics Canada">{{cite web|title=Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories| date=26 October 2022 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810035501#data}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Os passos tímidos da língua portuguesa no Canadá
|date=7 July 2017 |url=https://rr.sapo.pt/noticia/mundo/2017/07/07/os-passos-timidos-da-lingua-portuguesa-no-canada/88264/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Esquema relacionado com burla na imigração está a preocupar portugueses no Canadá
|date=10 January 2016 |url=https://sicnoticias.pt/mundo/2016-01-10-Esquema-relacionado-com-burla-na-imigracao-esta-a-preocupar-portugueses-no-Canada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theportugalnews.com/pt/noticias/2022-06-16/portugueses-no-canada-sao-embaixadores-de-portugal/67915|title="Portugueses no Canadá são embaixadores de Portugal"|website=www.theportugalnews.com}}</ref>
| region5 = {{flagcountry|Venezuela}}
| pop5 = 300,000{{small|(The official data Portuguese born & ancestry 2024)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://observador.pt/2024/12/19/candidato-da-oposicao-na-venezuela-pede-a-comunidade-portuguesa-que-participe-na-recuperacao-do-pais/ |title=Candidato da oposição na Venezuela pede à comunidade portuguesa que participe na recuperação do país |website=observador.pt|date=29 December 2024 |access-date=13 July 2025 |archive-date=13 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250713051703/https://observador.pt/2024/12/19/candidato-da-oposicao-na-venezuela-pede-a-comunidade-portuguesa-que-participe-na-recuperacao-do-pais/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://observador.pt/2019/04/10/governo-portugues-admite-morte-de-portugueses-por-falencia-de-sistema-de-saude-na-venezuela/ |title=Governo português admite morte de portugueses por falência de sistema de saúde na Venezuela |website=observador.pt|date=29 October 2022 |access-date=13 July 2025 |archive-date=13 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250713051647/https://observador.pt/2019/04/10/governo-portugues-admite-morte-de-portugueses-por-falencia-de-sistema-de-saude-na-venezuela/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/es/20200219-portugal-rechaza-la-suspensión-de-tap-en-venezuela-es-inadmisible-y-hostil |title=Portugal rechaza la suspensión de TAP en Venezuela: "Es inadmisible y hostil" |website=F24|date=29 December 2024 |access-date=13 July 2025 |archive-date=13 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250713051927/https://www.france24.com/es/20200219-portugal-rechaza-la-suspensión-de-tap-en-venezuela-es-inadmisible-y-hostil |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elnuevoherald.com/noticias/america-latina/venezuela-es/article156459379.html |title=En medio de la crisis, los portugueses de Venezuela inician el retorno |website=elnuevoherald.com|date=29 December 2024 |access-date=13 July 2025 |archive-date=13 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250713052031/https://www.elnuevoherald.com/noticias/america-latina/venezuela-es/article156459379.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="news.un.org">{{cite web |url=https://news.un.org/pt/story/2019/09/1688742 |title=Ministro de Portugal discutiu crise na Venezuela "todos os dias" na Assembleia Geral|website=News.un.org|date=26 September 2019}}</ref> – 400,000{{small|(ancestry 2019)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/es/crisis-venezolana-obliga-a-portugueses-a-volver-a-su-pa%C3%ADs-de-origen/a-47380260 |title=Crisis venezolana obliga a portugueses a volver a su país
|website=DW.COM|access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-date=26 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126154936/https://amp.dw.com/es/crisis-venezolana-obliga-a-portugueses-a-volver-a-su-pa%C3%ADs-de-origen/a-47380260 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/la-crisis-de-venezuela-devuelve-a-casa-a-los-portugueses/44736546 |title=La crisis de Venezuela devuelve a casa a los portugueses |website=Swissinfo.ch|date=6 February 2019 |access-date=26 November 2024 |archive-date=26 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126155727/https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/la-crisis-de-venezuela-devuelve-a-casa-a-los-portugueses/44736546 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{small|(1,300,000 Ancestry Upper Estimate 2019)}}<ref name="news.un.org">{{cite web |url=https://news.un.org/pt/story/2019/09/1688742 |title=Ministro de Portugal discutiu crise na Venezuela "todos os dias" na Assembleia Geral|website=News.un.org|date=26 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jn.pt/mundo/maior-comunidade-portuguesa-da-america-latina-esperancada-numa-nova-venezuela-3163750.html |title=Maior comunidade portuguesa da América Latina esperançada numa nova Venezuela|website=Jn.pt|date=13 April 2013}}</ref> (49,104 citizens in 2024)<ref name="observatorioemigracao.pt">{{cite web |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=235 |title=Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses na Venezuela|website=Observatorioemigracao.pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190206-crisis-has-venezuelas-portuguese-returning-roots |title=Crisis has Venezuela's Portuguese returning to roots|publisher=France 24|date=6 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.publico.pt/2019/12/08/politica/noticia/reforco-consular-paises-volta-venezuela-1896544 |title=Reforço consular em países à volta da Venezuela |website=Publico.pt |date=8 December 2019}}</ref>
| region6 = {{flagcountry|Switzerland}}
| pop6 = 203 696<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=43 |title= Observatorio Emigraçao|publisher=observatorioemigracao.pt |date=n.d.|access-date=23 October 2024}}</ref> – 265,272<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://berna.embaixadaportugal.mne.gov.pt/pt/inicio/comunidade-portuguesa/caracterizacao |title= Embaixada de Portugal na Suiça|publisher=embaixadaportugal.mne.gov.pt |date=n.d.|access-date=23 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Rausa|first1=Fabienne|first2=Sara|last2=Reist|url=http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/22/publ.Document.114724.pdf|title=Ausländerinnen und Ausländer in der Schweiz: Bericht 2008|trans-title=Foreigners in Switzerland: Report 2008|language=de|publisher=[[Federal Statistical Office (Switzerland)|Swiss Federal Statistical Office]]|location=Neuchâtel|date=2008|page=16|isbn=978-3-303-01243-7|access-date=24 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802014647/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/22/publ.Document.114724.pdf|archive-date=2 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Afonso |first=Alexandre |title=Permanently Provisional. History, Facts & Figures of Portuguese Immigration in Switzerland |journal=International Migration |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=120–134|year= 2015|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2435.2010.00636.x|s2cid=143290940}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=43
|title=Observatório da Emigração-Suíça|website=Observatorioemigracao.pt|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref>
| region7 = {{flagcountry|Angola}}
| pop7 = 200,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.observatorioemigracao.secomunidades.pt/np4/3607.html |title=presença de cerca de 200 mil trabalhadores portugueses no país |website=observatorioemigracao.secomunidades.pt|access-date=22 July 2013 |archive-date=20 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920100459/http://www.observatorioemigracao.secomunidades.pt/np4/3607.html }}</ref> (114,768 citizens)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=9 |title=Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses Angola|website=Observatorioemigracao.pt}}</ref>
| region8 = {{flagcountry|Mozambique}}
| pop8 = 200,000 {{small|(42,008 citizens)}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=158 |title=Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses em Moçambique|website=Observatorioemigracao.pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137265005_9?noAccess=true |title=The Making of a Portuguese Community in South Africa, 1900–1994, pag. 213–238|chapter=The Making of a Portuguese Community in South Africa, 1900–1994 |series=Migration, Diasporas and Citizenship |year=2013 |pages=213–238 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |doi=10.1057/9781137265005_9 |isbn=978-1-137-26500-5 |last1=Glaser |first1=Clive }}</ref>
| region9 = {{flagcountry|Chile}}
| pop9 = 200,000<ref>{{cite web|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=QCCLWmy_8zcC}}|title = origenes de chile:elementos etnicos, apellidos, familas | last1=Ojeda | first1=Luis Thayer | year=1989 }}</ref>
| region10 = {{flagcountry|Spain}}
| pop10 = 184,774<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inclusion.gob.es/documents/2178369/2280852/Nota_Extranjeros_con_certificado.pdf/23bc1fab-4460-dc4e-1fe6-7b53369b8ce7?t=1676918157289|title = Estadística de extranjeros residentes en España
}}</ref><ref name="observatorioemigracao.secomunidades.pt" />
| region11 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| pop11 = 170,000<ref name="ons.gov.uk">{{cite web |title=Population of the United Kingdom by country of birth and nationality, July 2020 to June 2021 |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/datasets/populationoftheunitedkingdombycountryofbirthandnationality/july2020tojune2021/populationbycountryofbirthandnationalityjul20tojun21.xls|website=ons.gov.uk|publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=5 February 2023|archive-date=3 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103215501/https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/datasets/populationoftheunitedkingdombycountryofbirthandnationality/july2020tojune2021/populationbycountryofbirthandnationalityjul20tojun21.xls|url-status=live}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://observador.pt/2021/04/24/brexit-portugueses-no-reino-unido-desesperam-para-renovar-documentos/|title=Brexit: Portugueses no Reino Unido desesperam para renovar documentos|first=Agência|last=Lusa|website=Observador}}</ref>
<ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.dn.pt/internacional/isabel-ii-portugueses-no-reino-unido-mais-preocupados-com-economia-do-que-com-realeza-15159851.html
|title=Portugueses no UK|date=13 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://app.parlamento.pt/webutils/docs/doc.pdf?path=6148523063446f764c324679626d56304c334e706447567a4c31684a53556c4d5a5763765130394e4c7a5244515555765247396a6457316c626e527663306c7561574e7059585270646d46446232317063334e686279387a5a44566a5a6a55315a5330774f5463354c545134596a59744f44457a4d4331695a6d46684d3255334f5449355a6a4d756347526d&fich=3d5cf55e-0979-48b6-8130-bfaa3e7929f3.pdf&Inline=true|title=Parlamento de Portugal sobre portugueses no UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newswiretoday.com/news/10592/|title=UK-Portuguese Newspaper Launched in Thetford Norfolk}}</ref>
| region12 = {{flagcountry|Macau}}
| pop12 = 152,616<ref>{{cite news |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=147|title=Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses em Macau|website=Observatorioemigracao.pt}}</ref>
| region13 = {{flagcountry|Luxembourg}}
| pop13 = 151,028<ref>{{cite news |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=133|title=Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses no Luxemburgo|website=Observatorioemigracao.pt}}</ref>
| region14 = {{flagcountry|Germany}}
| pop14 = 115 165 – 244,217<ref>{{cite web |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=56|title=Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses na Alemanha|website=Observatorioemigracao.pt}}</ref>
| region16 = {{flagcountry|Myanmar}}
| pop16 = 100,000 {{small|([[Bayingyi people|Bayingyi]])}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dn.pt/edicao-do-dia/03-dez-2022/mianmar-a-terra-em-que-houve-reis-portugueses-15419070.htmll/?id=133|title=Mianmar. A terra em que houve reis portugueses|website=Diário de Notícias}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/portuguese/pt/podcast-episode/risking-my-life-to-speak-out-claims-minority-catholic-community-leader-amid-persecution-by-myanmars-junta/7snuhkchj|title=Casas incendiadas, terror e morte em Myanmar: Luso-descendentes católicos Bayingyi no alvo dos militares|website=SBS Language}}</ref>
| region17 = {{flagcountry|India}}
| pop17 = 80,654<ref>{{cite web |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=104 |title=Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses na Índia|website=Observatorioemigracao.pt}}</ref>
| region18 = {{flagcountry|Belgium}}
| pop18 = 80,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=21 |title=Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses na Bélgica|website=Observatorioemigracao.pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://expresso.pt/politica/2016-02-18-Ha-portugueses-que-admitem-renunciar-a-nacionalidade-devido-a-burocracia-nos-consulados-belgas|title=Há portugueses que admitem "renunciar à nacionalidade" devido à burocracia nos consulados belgas
|website=Expresso.pt|date=18 February 2016
}}</ref>
| region19 = {{flagcountry|Australia}}
| pop19 = 73,903<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome.nsf/home/factsheetsa?opendocument&navpos=450|title=Fact sheet – Ancestry|website=Abs.gov.au}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021
|title=Cultural diversity: Census|website=Abs.gov.au|date=12 January 2022 }}</ref>
| region20 = {{flagcountry|Argentina}}
| pop20 = 42,000<ref name="sapo.pt"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://expresso.pt/actualidade/buenos-aires-celebra-portugal-fotogaleria=f656497|title=Buenos Aires celebra Portugal (fotogaleria)|website=Jornal Expresso}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.memoria.fahce.unlp.edu.ar/tesis/te.237/te.237.pdf|title=Los portugueses del Buenos Aires tardocolonial:Inmigración, sociedad, familia, vida cotidiana y religión}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bloguedominho.blogs.sapo.pt/minhotos-na-argentina-celebram-portugal-4348519|title=Minhotos Na Argentina Celebram Portugal |website=bloguedominho.blogs.sapo.pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.noticiasaominuto.com/pais/1506495/10-de-junho-instituicoes-na-argentina-celebram-em-conjunto-pela-1-vez |title=10 de Junho: Instituições na Argentina celebram em conjunto pela 1.ª vez|work=Notícias ao Minuto |date=10 June 2020 }}</ref>
| region21 = {{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}}
| pop21 = 40,000 {{small|(Burgher)}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oliveira |first1=Umberto |url=https://www.gestaoeducacional.com.br/povo-burgher-quem-sao/|date=9 August 2019|title=Povo Burgher – Quem são? Como surgiram? História e Formação |work=Gestão Educacional }}</ref>
| region22 = {{flagcountry|Malaysia}}
| pop22 = 40,000 {{small|(Kristang)}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/malaysia-singapore-brunei/background/other-features/8f3253aa-2294-4762-8523-e9c20d3f636b/a/nar/8f3253aa-2294-4762-8523-e9c20d3f636b/1325999 |title=Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei travel|website=Lonelyplanet.com}}</ref><ref>{{citation |first=Laura |last=Jarnagin |title=Portuguese and Luso-Asian Legacies in Southeast Asia, 1511–2011: Culture and identity in the Luso-Asian world, tenacities & plasticities. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. |page=268|year=2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fieldtrip-malaysia2019.linguistics.hku.hk/malaccan-portuguese-creole-kristang|title=The Malaccan Portuguese Creole: Papia Kristang|website=HKU Malaysia 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto4"/>
| region23 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
| pop23 = 35,633<ref>{{cite web |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=165|title=Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses nos Países Baixos
|website=Observatorioemigracao.pt}}</ref>
| region24 = {{flagcountry|Cape Verde}}
| pop24 = 22,318 {{small|(ancestry)}}<ref name="observatorioemigracao.secomunidades.pt" />
| region25 = {{flagcountry|East Timor}}
| pop25 = 20,853<ref>{{cite web |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=218|title=Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses em Timor-Leste|website=Observatorioemigracao.pt}}</ref>
| region26 = {{flagcountry|Hong Kong}}
| pop26 = 20,700<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://observador.pt/2019/11/13/portugal-apela-a-estudantes-portugueses-em-hong-kong-que-enviem-dados-pessoais-para-receberem-apoio/|title=Portugal apela a estudantes portugueses em Hong Kong que enviem dados pessoais para receberem apoio|first=Agência|last=Lusa|website=Observador}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://imigrantes.no.sapo.pt/page6Cont.html |title=Comunidades Portuguesas no Mundo |access-date=16 May 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007000254/http://imigrantes.no.sapo.pt/page6Cont.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
| region27 = {{flagcountry|Malawi}}
| pop27 = 19,000{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
| region28 = {{flagcountry|Zimbabwe}}
| pop28 = 18,000{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
| region29 = {{flagcountry|Singapore}}
| pop29 = 17,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unravellingmag.com/articles/kristang-in-singapore/ |title=Palabra-palabra di pasadu|date=23 April 2018 }}</ref><ref name="auto3"/>
| region30 = {{flagcountry|Andorra}}
| pop30 = 16,308<ref>{{cite news |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=1|title=Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses em Andorra|website=Observatorioemigracao.pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/relacoesbilaterais/paises-geral/Andorra
|title= Relações Bilaterais Portugal-Andorra|website=Portaldiplomatico.gov.mne.pt}}</ref>
| region31 = {{flagcountry|Bermuda}}
| pop31 = 16,000 {{small| (ancestry)}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thebermudian.com/heritage/heritage-heritage/portuguese-links/ |title=The History of the Portuguese in Bermuda| date=29 April 2021}}</ref> (1,643 Portuguese born)<ref name="observatorioemigracao.pt">{{cite web |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=235 |title=Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses na Venezuela|website=Observatorioemigracao.pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.bm/bermuda-census|website=Gov.bm|title=The Bermuda Census|date=2 March 2016}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://24.sapo.pt/atualidade/artigos/marco-tem-dinheiro-fresco-na-bermuda-mas-sente-falta-da-gastronomia-acoriana|title=Marco tem "dinheiro fresco" na Bermuda, mas sente falta da gastronomia açoriana|website=SAPO 24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acorianooriental.pt/noticia/associacao-prepara-livro-historico-sobre-presenca-portuguesa-nas-bermudas-346793|title=Associação prepara livro histórico sobre presença portuguesa nas Bermudas - Açoriano Oriental |work=Açoriano Oriental |date=18 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dn.pt/lusa/escola-de-portugues-nas-bermudas-procura-acreditacao-junto-do-instituto-camoes-8928190.html/|title=Escola de português nas Bermudas procura acreditação junto do instituto Camões|website=Diário de Notícias|date=19 November 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://observador.pt/2022/10/15/emigrantes-nas-bermudas-deixam-de-visitar-portugal-por-nao-poderem-conduzir-no-pais/|title=Emigrantes nas Bermudas deixam de visitar Portugal por não poderem conduzir no país|first=Agência|last=Lusa|website=Observador}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://diariodosacores.pt/NewsDetail/ArtMID/380/ArticleID/11547/Associa231227o-dos-Emigrantes-A231orianos-foi-224s-Bermudas-para-registar-Hist243ria-de-175-anos-de-presen231a-portuguesa
|title=Associação dos Emigrantes Açorianos foi às Bermudas para registar História de 175 anos de presença portuguesa
|work=Diario dos Açores
|access-date=31 March 2023
|archive-date=31 March 2023
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331190515/http://diariodosacores.pt/NewsDetail/ArtMID/380/ArticleID/11547/Associa231227o-dos-Emigrantes-A231orianos-foi-224s-Bermudas-para-registar-Hist243ria-de-175-anos-de-presen231a-portuguesa
}}</ref>
| region32 = {{flagcountry|Jersey}}
| pop32 = 15,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020220413%20SJ.pdf|title=2021 Jersey census|access-date=19 May 2022|archive-date=13 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413165711/https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020220413%20SJ.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://ccmm.madeira.gov.pt/index.php/publicacoes/noticias/2908-clubes-desportivos-dao-vida-e-visibilidade-a-comunidade-portuguesa-em-jersey| title=Clubes desportivos dão vida e visibilidade à comunidade portuguesa em Jersey}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.publico.pt/2005/11/28/jornal/fluxo-comecou-na-decada-de-50-51253| title=Fluxo começou na década de 50| date=28 November 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://guiame.com.br/gospel/mundo-cristao/nossa-moeda-e-fe-como-uma-igreja-impediu-que-um-templo-virasse-um-restaurante.html| title="Nossa moeda é a fé": Como uma igreja impediu que um templo virasse um restaurante
}}</ref>
| region33 = {{flagcountry|Guinea Bissau}}
| pop33 = 10,400<ref>{{cite web |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=92|title=Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses na Guiné Bissau|website=Observatorioemigracao.pt}}</ref>
| region34 = {{flagcountry|Ireland}}
| pop34 = 9,542<ref>{{cite web |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=101 |title=Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses na Irlanda|website=Observatorioemigracao.pt}}</ref>
| region35 = {{flagcountry|Norway}}
| pop35 = 9,000 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://bomdia.eu/os-portugueses-na-noruega/| title=Os portugueses na Noruega| date=13 March 2020}}</ref>
| region36 = {{flagcountry|Italy}}
| pop36 = 8,288<ref>{{cite web |url=https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/relacoesbilaterais/paises-geral/italia|title= Relações Bilaterais Portugal-Itália|website=Portaldiplomatico.gov.mne.pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=109|title=Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses em Itália|website=Observatorioemigracao.pt}}</ref>
| region37 = {{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}}
| pop37 = 7,971<ref>{{cite web |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=192|title=Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses na Arábia Saudita
|website=Observatorioemigracao.pt}}</ref>
| region38 = {{flagcountry|Austria}}
| pop38 = 7,245<ref>{{cite web |url=https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/relacoesbilaterais/paises-geral/austria
|title=Relações Bilaterais Portugal-Áustria|website=Portaldiplomatico.gov.mne.pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=13|title=Observatório da Emigração: Portugueses na Áustria|website=Observatorioemigracao.pt}}</ref>
| region39 = {{flagcountry|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
| pop39 = 6,400{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
| region40 = {{flagcountry|Zambia}}
| pop40 = 5,700{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
| region41 = {{flagcountry|Jamaica}}
| pop41 = 5,700{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
| region42 = {{flagcountry|Russia}}
| pop42 = 4,945<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.moscovo.embaixadaportugal.mne.pt/pt/ |title=Embaixada de Portugal na Rússia|website=Moscovo.embaixadaportugal.mne.pt}}</ref>
| langs = [[European Portuguese|Portuguese]], [[Mirandese]], [[Portuguese Sign Language|Portuguese Sign Language(LGP)]]
| rels = Predominantly [[Latin Catholic]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Faris|first=Robert N.|year=2014|isbn=978-1-63087-484-1|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |title=Liberating Mission in Mozambique: Faith and Revolution in the Life of Eduardo Mondlane|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=qaENBQAAQBAJ|page=114}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cavendish|first=Marshall|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-7378-7|year=2002 |title=Peoples of Europe|page=382|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=gwqL95lflz4C|page=382}}}}</ref>
| related_groups = Other [[Romance languages|Romance]]-speaking peoples Especially [[Galicians]], [[Extremadurans]], [[Barranquenhos]], [[Mirandese people|Mirandese]], [[Spaniards]], and other [[Geographical distribution of Portuguese speakers|Lusophones]]
| footnotes = {{note|a|a}} Total number of ethnic Portuguese varies wildly based on the definition.
}}

The '''Portuguese people''' ({{Langx|pt|Portugueses}} – masculine – or ''Portuguesas'') are a [[Romance peoples|Romance-speaking ethnic group]] and nation [[Ethnic groups in Europe|indigenous]] to [[Portugal]], a country that occupies the west side of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in [[Southern Europe|south-west Europe]], who share [[Culture of Portugal|culture]], [[ancestry]] and [[Portuguese language|language]].<ref name="Pop">{{cite book|last=Pop|first=Ioan-Aurel|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=xDwMAQAAMAAJ}}|title=Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th century|date=1996|publisher=[[Romanian Cultural Foundation]]|isbn=0-88033-440-1|quote=We could say that contemporary Europe is made up of three large groups of peoples, divided on the criteria of their origin and linguistic affiliation. They are the following: the Romanic or neo-Latin peoples (Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese, French, Romanians, etc.), the Germanic peoples (Germans proper, English, Dutch, Danes, Norwegians, Swedes, Icelanders, etc.), and the Slavic peoples (Russians, Ukrainians, Belorussians, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats, Slovenians, etc.|author-link=Ioan-Aurel Pop}}</ref><ref name="Minahan">{{cite book |last=Minahan |first=James |title=One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC|page=533}} |date=2000 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |page=533 |isbn=0-313-30984-1 |quote=The Portuguese are a Latin nation}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Minahan |first=James |title=One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC|page=776}}|date=2000 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |page=776 |isbn=978-0-313-30984-7 |quote=Romance (Latin) nations... Portuguese}}</ref>

The Portuguese state began with the founding of the [[County of Portugal]] in [[868]]. Following the [[Battle of São Mamede]] (1128), Portugal gained international recognition as a [[Kingdom of Portugal|kingdom]] through the [[Treaty of Zamora]] and the [[papal bull]] [[Manifestis Probatum]]. This Portuguese state paved the way for the Portuguese people to unite as a nation.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |last=says |first=Soraya Gomes |date=2022-09-10 |title=Os 23 povos que deram origem aos portugueses {{!}} VortexMag |url=https://www.vortexmag.net/povos-que-deram-origem-aos-portugueses/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=www.vortexmag.net |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Batalha de São Mamede |url=https://www.leme.pt/magazine/efemerides/0624/batalha-de-sao-mamede.html |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=www.leme.pt}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite web |title=O Tratado de Zamora |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/tratado-de-zamora/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=RTP Ensina |language=pt-PT}}</ref>

The Portuguese [[Portuguese maritime exploration|explored]] [[Hic sunt Dracones|distant lands]] previously unknown to Europeans—in the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania (southwest Pacific Ocean). In 1415, with the [[conquest of Ceuta]], the Portuguese took a significant role in the [[Age of Discovery]], which culminated in a [[Portuguese Empire|colonial empire]]. It was one of the first global empires and one of the world's major economic, political and military powers in the 15th and 16th centuries, with territories that became part of numerous countries.<ref>Melvin Eugene Page, Penny M. Sonnenburg, p. 481</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Valdez |first1=Ana T. |title=(PDF) The First Globalization: The Portuguese and the Age of Discovery |url=https://www.academia.edu/10885837 |journal=Academia.edu |access-date=24 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="weforum1">{{cite web |title=A brief history of globalization |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/01/how-globalization-4-0-fits-into-the-history-of-globalization/ |access-date=24 April 2020 |work=Weforum.org}}</ref> Portugal helped to launch the spread of [[Western culture|Western civilization]] to other geographies.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crowley |first1=Roger |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=NU1GAwAAQBAJ}} |title=Conquerors: How Portugal seized the Indian Ocean and forged the First Global Empire |date=15 September 2015 |publisher=Faber & Faber |isbn=978-0-571-29091-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Page |first1=Martin |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=-IIEhFx0OfwC}} |title=The First Global Village: How Portugal Changed the World |year=2002 |publisher=Casa das Letras |isbn=978-972-46-1313-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Exenberger |first1=Andreas |title=(PDF) The Cradle of Globalisation Venice's and Portugal's Contribution to a World Becoming Global |url=https://www.academia.edu/8378880 |journal=Academia.edu |access-date=24 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="weforum1" />

During and after the period of the [[Portuguese Empire]], the Portuguese diaspora spread across the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portuguese Communities |url=https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/en/foreign-policy/portuguese-communities |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Diplomatic Portal |language=en-gb}}</ref>

{{Toclimit}}

== Ancestry ==

The Portuguese people's [[Ancestor|heritage]] largely derives from the [[Indo-European]] (''[[Lusitanians]], [[Cynetes|Conii]]''),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ppg.revistas.uema.br/index.php/brathair/article/download/1785/1305|title=Celts and the Castro Culture in the Iberian Peninsula – issues of national identity and Proto-Celtic substratum|website=Ppg.revistas.uema.br|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://dc.uwm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=ekeltoi |title=The Celts in Portugal|date=9 September 2004|first=Teresa Júdice |last=Gamito|journal=E-Keltoi Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies}}</ref><ref>"the Indo-European but clearly non-Celtic language that we today call Lusitanian.(...)": Book Reviews: Alejandro G. Sinner, Javier Velaza (eds.). ''Palaeohispanic Languages and Epigraphies'', Oxford University Press, 2019, Juan Luis García Alonso, University of Salamanca, Spain, ''Journal of Language Relationship, № 19/3-4, 2021''</ref> and [[Celts|Celtic]] peoples (''[[Gallaecians]], [[Turduli]] and [[Celtici]]'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Portugal/History |title=Portugal – History |publisher=Britannica |access-date=21 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/CMPL/article/view/53220/48889 |title=Vista de "Lancea", palabra lusitana, y la etnogénesis de los "Lancienses" |journal=Complutum |date=14 July 2016 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=131–168 |publisher=Revistas.ucm.es |doi=10.5209/CMPL.53220 |access-date=21 January 2020|last1=Almagro-Gorbea |first1=Martín |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=kfv6HKXErqAC|page=144}}|page=144 |title = Encyclopedia of European Peoples |isbn=978-1-4381-2918-1 |last1=Waldman|first1=Carl|last2=Mason|first2=Catherine|year=2006|publisher = Infobase }}</ref> They were later [[Romanization (cultural)|Romanized]] after the [[Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|Roman conquest]].<ref name="Bycroft2019">{{cite journal|last=Bycroft|first=Clare|display-authors=etal|title=Patterns of genetic differentiation and the footprints of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula|journal=Nature Communications|volume=10|issue=1|year=2019|article-number=551|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-08272-w|pmid=30710075|pmc=6358624|bibcode=2019NatCo..10..551B}}</ref><ref name="Olalde2019">{{cite journal|last=Olalde|first=Iñigo|display-authors=etal|title=The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years|journal=Science|volume=363 |issue=6432|year=2019|pages=1230–1234|doi=10.1126/science.aav4040|pmid=30872528|pmc=6436108|bibcode=2019Sci...363.1230O}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lenzi |first=Tié |date=2021-12-10 |title=Povo português: conheça as suas origens e características |url=https://www.nacionalidadeportuguesa.com.br/povo-portugues/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Nacionalidade Portuguesa Assessoria |language=en}}</ref> The [[Portuguese language]]–the native language of the [[Languages of Portugal|overwhelming majority]] of Portuguese people–stems from [[Vulgar Latin]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Pöll |first=Bernhard |title=History of the Portuguese Lexicon |date=2019-04-26 |url=https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-463 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics |access-date=2023-07-18 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.463 |isbn=978-0-19-938465-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

A number of male Portuguese lineages descend from [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] tribes who arrived as ruling elites after the Roman period, starting in [[409]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=As invasões bárbaras da Península Ibérica |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/as-invasoes-barbaras-da-peninsula-iberica/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=RTP Ensina |language=pt-PT}}</ref> These included the [[Suebi]], [[Buri tribe|Buri]], [[Hasdingi]] [[Vandals]] and [[Visigoths]]. The pastoral [[North Caucasus]]' [[Alans]] left traces in a few central-southern areas (e.g. [[Alenquer, Portugal|Alenquer]], from "''Alen Kerke''" or "Temple of the Alans").<ref>Milhazes, José. [http://www.rtp.pt/index.php?article=264957&visual=16&rss=0 Os antepassados caucasianos dos portugueses] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101100219/http://www.rtp.pt/index.php?article=264957&visual=16&rss=0 |date=2016-01-01}} – [[Rádio e Televisão de Portugal]] in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].</ref><ref>Ivo Xavier Fernándes. Topónimos e gentílicos, Volume 1, 1941, p. 144.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/13589202|title= Mitos e Concepções dos Alanos no Ocidente Ibérico|last1=Oliveira|first1=Ricardo Costa de|website=Academia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/37321555 |title=IN TEMPORE SUEBORUM. The time of the Suevi in Gallaecia (411–585 AD). Exhibition Catalogue (English) |journal=Jorge López Quiroga-Artemio M. Martínez Tejera (Coord.): In Tempore Sueborum. The Time of the Sueves in Gallaecia (411–585 Ad). The First Medieval Kingdom of the West, Ourense |date=January 2017 |last1=Quiroga |first1=Jorge López }}</ref>

The [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania|Umayyad conquest of Iberia]], between the [[Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula|early 8th century]] until the [[Siege of Faro (1249)|12th century]], also left small [[Moorish]], [[Sephardi Jews|Jewish]] and [[Saqaliba]] genetic contributions.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Portuguese crypto-Jews: the genetic heritage of a complex history|year=2015|pmc=4313780|last1=Nogueiro|first1=I.|last2=Teixeira|first2=J. C.|last3=Amorim|first3=A.|last4=Gusmão|first4=L.|last5=Alvarez|first5=L.|journal=Frontiers in Genetics|volume=6|page=12|doi=10.3389/fgene.2015.00012|pmid=25699075|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{cite journal|title=The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula|year=2008|pmc=2668061 |last1=Adams|first1=S. M.|last2=Bosch|first2=E.|last3=Balaresque|first3=P. L.|last4=Ballereau|first4=S. J.|last5=Lee|first5=A. C.|last6=Arroyo|first6=E.|last7=López-Parra |first7=A. M.|last8=Aler|first8=M.|last9=Grifo|first9=M. S.|last10=Brion|first10=M.|last11=Carracedo|first11=A. |last12=Lavinha|first12=J.|last13=Martínez-Jarreta|first13=B.|last14=Quintana-Murci|first14=L.|last15=Picornell|first15=A.|last16=Ramon |first16=M.|last17=Skorecki|first17=K.|last18=Behar|first18=D. M.|last19=Calafell|first19=F.|last20=Jobling|first20=M. A.|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=83|issue=6 |pages=725–736|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007|pmid=19061982}}</ref><ref name="Bycroft2019" /><ref name="Olalde2019" /> Other minor – as well as later – influences include small [[Viking]] [[Vikings in Iberia|settlements between the 9th and 11th centuries]], made by [[Norsemen]] who raided coastal areas mainly in the northern regions of [[Douro]] and [[Minho (river)|Minho]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=The Viking Routes / Les Routes Des Vikings |url=http://culture-routes.net/sites/default/files/Fiche%20A4-1994-Viking.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911173220/http://www.culture-routes.net/sites/default/files/Fiche%20A4-1994-Viking.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="História da Póvoa de Varzim">{{cite web |title=História da Póvoa de Varzim |url=http://terrasdeportugal.wikidot.com/historia-da-povoa-de-varzim |publisher=Memória Portuguesa |language=pt}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web |title=09 |url=https://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/3886.pdf |access-date=24 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="Vikings- Warriors from the sea">{{cite web |title=Vikings- Warriors from the sea |url=https://portugal.um.dk/en/culture/culture-events/eventdisplaypage/?eventid=1bd54bcf-6989-430b-ab7d-2ddd5640d986 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924073048/https://portugal.um.dk/en/culture/culture-events/eventdisplaypage/?eventid=1bd54bcf-6989-430b-ab7d-2ddd5640d986 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |access-date=24 April 2020 |publisher=Portugal.um.dk}}</ref> Low-incidence, pre-Roman influence came from [[Phoenicians]] and [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]] in southern coastal areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infopedia.pt/apoio/artigos/$fenicios-e-gregos-na-peninsula-iberica|title=Fenícios e Gregos na Península Ibérica - Infopédia}}</ref>

== Name ==
The name Portugal is a [[portmanteau]] that comes from the [[Latin]] word ''Portus'' (meaning port) and a second word ''Cale'', whose meaning and origin are unclear. ''Cale'' is probably a reminder of the [[Gallaeci]] (also known as Callaeci), a [[Celts|Celtic]] tribe that lived in part of [[North Region, Portugal|Northern Portugal]].

Alternatively the name may have come from the early settlement of Cale (today's [[Gaia]]), situated on the mouth of the [[Douro|Douro River]] on the Atlantic coast (''Portus Cale''). The name Cale seems to come from the [[Celts]] – perhaps from one of their specifications, ''Cailleach'' – but which, in everyday life, was synonymous with shelter, anchorage or door.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://manuelfariasousa.pt/ficheiros/d13615381YvuHVwQhxJ.pdf|title=Porque é que Portugal se chama Portugal?}}</ref> Among other theories, some suggest that Cale may stem from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word for ''kalós'' (beautiful). Another theory for Portugal postulates a French derivation, ''Portus Gallus''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MD8zAQAAMAAJ&q=portus+Gallus+etymologie+du+portugal&pg=PA441 | title=Manuel géographique et statistique de l'Espagne et du Portugal | date=25 September 2023 }}</ref> "port of the Gauls".

During the [[Middle Ages]], the area around Cale became known through the [[Visigoths]] as ''Portucale''. Portucale could have evolved in the 7th and 8th centuries, to become ''Portugale'', or Portugal, from the 9th century. The term denoted the area between the Douro and [[Minho (river)|Minho]] rivers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=De onde vem o nome Portugal? |date=24 June 2021 |url=https://www.vortexmag.net/de-onde-vem-o-nome-portugal-2/}}</ref>

== Early inhabitants ==
{{Main|Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula}} {{Further|Genetic history of Europe}}[[File:Aroeira3.jpg|left|thumb|[[Aroeira 3]] skull of 400,000-year-old ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]'' found in 2014. The oldest trace of human history in Portugal]]
Portuguese origins are predominantly from [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and Western Europe. The earliest [[Human|modern humans]] inhabiting Portugal are believed to have arrived in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] 35,000 to 40,000 years ago. [[Y-chromosome]] and [[mtDNA]] data suggest that modern Portuguese trace a proportion of these lineages to the [[Paleolithic]] peoples who began settling the European continent at the end of the [[Wisconsin glaciation|last glaciation]] around 45,000 years ago.

[[File:Y-Haplogroup R1 distribution.png|thumb|left|Distribution of [[R1a]] (purple) and '''[[R1b]]''' (red). See also [[:File:R1b.jpg|this map]] for distribution in Europe.]]
Northern Iberia is believed to have been a major [[Ice age]] refuge from which Paleolithic humans later colonized Europe. Migrations from northern Iberia during the Paleolithic and [[Mesolithic]] link modern [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberians]] to much of Western Europe, particularly the [[British Isles]] and [[Atlantic Europe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cepese.pt/portal/pt/investigacao/livro-historia-da-populacao-portuguesa |title=HISTÓRIA DA POPULAÇÃO PORTUGUESA: Das longas permanências à conquista da modernidade|author=Teresa Ferriera Rodrigues|website=Cepese.pt|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref>

Y-chromosome [[haplogroup]] [[R1b]] is the most common haplogroup in the Iberian peninsula and western Europe.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pericić M, Lauc LB, Klarić IM, Rootsi S, Janićijevic B, Rudan I, Terzić R, Colak I, Kvesić A, Popović D, Sijacki A, Behluli I, Dordevic D, Efremovska L, Bajec DD, Stefanović BD, Villems R, Rudan P |display-authors=6 |title=High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=22 |issue=10 |pages=1964–75 |date=October 2005 |pmid=15944443 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msi185 |doi-access=free }}</ref> One of the best-characterized of Iberian haplotypes is the [[Atlantic Modal Haplotype]] (AMH). This haplotype reaches the highest frequencies there and in the British Isles. In Portugal it reckons generally 65% in the South, ranging from 87-96% northwards.<ref>{{cite web|author=Čeština: Distribuce genu R1b napříč Evropou |url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:R1b-DNA-Distribution.jpg |title=File:R1b-DNA-Distribution – Wikimedia Commons |publisher=Commons.wikimedia.org |date=15 June 2012 |access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref>

=== Neolithic ===
{{See also|Early European Farmers}}
The [[Neolithic]] [[Pre-modern human migration|colonization of Europe]] from Western Asia and the Middle East, beginning around 10,000 years ago, reached [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]] after reaching the rest of the continent. According to the [[demic diffusion]] model its impact was greatest in the southern and eastern regions.<ref name="pmid15044595">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dupanloup I, Bertorelle G, Chikhi L, Barbujani G |title=Estimating the impact of prehistoric admixture on the genome of Europeans |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=21 |issue=7 |pages=1361–72 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15044595 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msh135 |s2cid=17665038 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Celts and Indo-Europeans ===
[[File:Cultures, 1200 BC.PNG|right|thumb|'''A simplified map of archaeological cultures of the late Bronze Age (c. 1200 BC):''' {{legend|#1E90FF|[[Terramare culture]]|size=60%|outline=#1E90FF}} {{legend|#FF0000|central [[Urnfield culture]]|size=60%|outline=#FF0000}} {{legend|#FF8C00|northern Urnfield culture|size=60%|outline=#FF8C00}} {{legend|#FF00FF|[[Lusatian culture]]|size=60%|outline=#FF00FF}} {{legend|#1E90FF|(in central Europe) [[Knovíz culture]]|size=60%|outline=#1E90FF}} {{legend|#808000|[[Danubian culture]]|size=60%|outline=#808000}} {{legend|#00FF7F|[[Atlantic Bronze Age]]|size=60%|outline=#00FF7F}} {{legend|#FFD700|[[Nordic Bronze Age]]|size=60%|outline=#FFD700}}]]

In the 3rd millennium BC, during the [[Bronze Age]], the first wave of migrations by [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] speakers into Iberia occurred. The expansion of [[haplogroup R1b]] in Western Europe, most common in many areas of [[Atlantic Europe]], was primarily due to massive migrations from the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]] of Eastern Europe during the [[Bronze Age]], along with carriers of [[Indo-European languages]] like [[proto-Celtic]] and [[proto-Italic]]. Unlike older studies on uniparental markers, large amounts of [[autosomal DNA]] were analyzed in addition to paternal [[Y-DNA]]. An [[autosomal]] component was detected in modern Europeans that was not present in the Neolithic or Mesolithic, and which entered Europe with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as the Indo-European languages.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Haak |first1=Wolfgang |last2=Lazaridis |first2=Iosif |last3=Patterson |first3=Nick |last4=Rohland |first4=Nadin |last5=Mallick |first5=Swapan |last6=Llamas |first6=Bastien |last7=Brandt |first7=Guido |last8=Nordenfelt |first8=Susanne |last9=Harney |first9=Eadaoin |last10=Stewardson |first10=Kristin |last11=Fu |first11=Qiaomei |last12=Mittnik |first12=Alissa |last13=Bánffy |first13=Eszter |last14=Economou |first14=Christos |last15=Francken |first15=Michael |display-authors=5 |date=2015-03-02 |title=Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe |journal=Nature |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=522 |issue=7555 |pages=207–211 |arxiv=1502.02783 |bibcode=2015Natur.522..207H |biorxiv=10.1101/013433 |doi=10.1038/nature14317 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=5048219 |pmid=25731166 |s2cid=196643946 |last16=Friederich |first16=Susanne |last17=Pena |first17=Rafael Garrido |last18=Hallgren |first18=Fredrik |last19=Khartanovich |first19=Valery |last20=Khokhlov |first20=Aleksandr |last21=Kunst |first21=Michael |last22=Kuznetsov |first22=Pavel |last23=Meller |first23=Harald |last24=Mochalov |first24=Oleg |last25=Moiseyev |first25=Vayacheslav |last26=Nicklisch |first26=Nicole |last27=Pichler |first27=Sandra L. |last28=Risch |first28=Roberto |last29=Rojo Guerra |first29=Manuel A. |last30=Roth |first30=Christina |last31=Szécsényi-Nagy |first31=Anna |last32=Wahl |first32=Joachim |last33=Meyer |first33=Matthias |last34=Krause |first34=Johannes |last35=Brown |first35=Dorcas |last36=Anthony |first36=David |last37=Cooper |first37=Alan |last38=Alt |first38=Kurt Werner |last39=Reich |first39=David}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Allentoft |first1=Morten E. |last2=Sikora |first2=Martin |last3=Sjögren |first3=Karl-Göran |last4=Rasmussen |first4=Simon |last5=Rasmussen |first5=Morten |last6=Stenderup |first6=Jesper |last7=Damgaard |first7=Peter B. |last8=Schroeder |first8=Hannes |last9=Ahlström |first9=Torbjörn |last10=Vinner |first10=Lasse |last11=Malaspinas |first11=Anna-Sapfo |last12=Margaryan |first12=Ashot |last13=Higham |first13=Tom |last14=Chivall |first14=David |last15=Lynnerup |first15=Niels |display-authors=29 |year=2015 |title=Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia |url=https://depot.ceon.pl/handle/123456789/13155 |journal=Nature |volume=522 |issue=7555 |pages=167–172 |bibcode=2015Natur.522..167A |doi=10.1038/nature14507 |pmid=26062507 |s2cid=4399103 |last16=Harvig |first16=Lise |last17=Baron |first17=Justyna |last18=Casa |first18=Philippe Della |last19=Dąbrowski |first19=Paweł |last20=Duffy |first20=Paul R. |last21=Ebel |first21=Alexander V. |last22=Epimakhov |first22=Andrey |last23=Frei |first23=Karin |last24=Furmanek |first24=Mirosław |last25=Gralak |first25=Tomasz |last26=Gromov |first26=Andrey |last27=Gronkiewicz |first27=Stanisław |last28=Grupe |first28=Gisela |last29=Hajdu |first29=Tamás |last30=Jarysz |first30=Radosław}}</ref><ref>{{Cite bioRxiv |last1=Mathieson |first1=Iain |last2=Lazaridis |first2=Iosif |last3=Rohland |first3=Nadin |last4=Mallick |first4=Swapan |last5=Patterson |first5=Nick |last6=Alpaslan Roodenberg |first6=Songul |last7=Harney |first7=Eadaoin |last8=Stewardson |first8=Kristin |last9=Fernandes |first9=Daniel |last10=Novak |first10=Mario |last11=Sirak |first11=Kendra |last12=Gamba |first12=Cristina |last13=Jones |first13=Eppie R. |last14=Llamas |first14=Bastien |last15=Dryomov |first15=Stanislav |display-authors=29 |year=2015 |title=Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe |biorxiv=10.1101/016477 |last16=Pickrell |first16=Joseph |last17=Arsuaga |first17=Juan Luis |last18=De Castro |first18=Jose Maria Bermudez |last19=Carbonell |first19=Eudald |last20=Gerritsen |first20=Fokke |last21=Khokhlov |first21=Aleksandr |last22=Kuznetsov |first22=Pavel |last23=Lozano |first23=Marina |last24=Meller |first24=Harald |last25=Mochalov |first25=Oleg |last26=Moiseyev |first26=Vayacheslav |last27=Rojo Guerra |first27=Manuel A. |last28=Roodenberg |first28=Jacob |last29=Verges |first29=Josep Maria |last30=Krause |first30=Johannes}}</ref>[[File:Indo-European migrations.jpg|thumb|left|Indo-European migrations|224x224px]]
The first immigrations of Indo-European language speakers were followed by waves of [[Celt]]s. The Celts arrived in Portugal about 3,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OS CELTAS |url=https://abemdanacao.blogs.sapo.pt/os-celtas-1422373 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=abemdanacao.blogs.sapo.pt}}</ref> Migration was particularly intense from the 7th to the 5th centuries BC.<ref name=EBO>{{cite book|last=Cunliffe|first=Barry|title=Europe Between the Oceans: Themes and Variations, 9000 BC-AD 1000|year=2008|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|isbn=978-0-300-17086-3|pages=254–258|edition=First printed in paperback 2011.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bowman|first1=Sheridan|first2=Stuart|last2=Needham|journal=The Antiquaries Journal|year=2007|volume=87|pages=53–108|url=http://www.littlethetford.org/archaeology/Bowman-and-Needham.pdf|access-date=22 September 2011|doi=10.1017/s0003581500000846|title=The Dunaverney and Little Thetford Flesh-Hooks: History, Technology and Their Position within the Later Bronze Age Atlantic Zone Feasting Complex|s2cid=161084139}}</ref>

These two processes defined Iberia's cultural landscape "Continental in the northwest and Mediterranean towards the southeast", as historian [[José Mattoso]] described.<ref>[[:pt:José Mattoso|Mattoso, José]] (dir.), História de Portugal. Primeiro Volume: Antes de Portugal, Lisboa, Círculo de Leitores, 1992. (in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]])</ref>

The northwest–southeast cultural shift also shows in genetic differences: based on 2016 findings,<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Barral-Arca R, Pischedda S, Gómez-Carballa A, Pastoriza A, Mosquera-Miguel A, López-Soto M, Martinón-Torres F, Álvarez-Iglesias V, Salas A |date=21 July 2016 |title=Meta-Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Variation in the Iberian Peninsula |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=7 |article-number=e0159735 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1159735B |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0159735 |pmc=4956223 |pmid=27441366 |doi-access=free}}</ref> haplogroup H, a cluster within the haplogroup R category, is more prevalent along the [[Atlantic]] façade, including the [[Cantabrian Coast]] and Portugal. Its highest frequency is in [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] (northwestern corner of Iberia). The frequency of haplogroup H shows a decreasing trend from the Atlantic façade toward the Mediterranean.

This finding adds strong evidence that [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and [[North Region, Portugal|Northern Portugal]] was a cul-de-sac population, a kind of European edge for a major ancient central European migration. An interesting pattern of genetic continuity exists along the [[Cantabria]] coast and Portugal, a pattern observed previously when minor sub-clades of the mtDNA phylogeny were examined.<ref name="autogenerated7825">{{Cite journal |pmc=6534591|year=2019|last1=Pimenta|first1=J.|title=Spatially explicit analysis reveals complex human genetic gradients in the Iberian Peninsula|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=9|issue=1|page=7825|last2=Lopes|first2=A. M.|last3=Carracedo|first3=A. |last4=Arenas|first4=M.|last5=Amorim|first5=A.|last6=Comas|first6=D.|pmid=31127131|doi=10.1038/s41598-019-44121-6|bibcode=2019NatSR...9.7825P}}</ref>

Given the Paleolithic and Neolithic origins, as well as [[Bronze Age]] and [[Iron Age]] [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-European]] migrations, the Portuguese [[ethnic origin]] was mainly a mixture of [[pre-Celtic|pre-Celts]] or para-[[Celts]], such as the [[Lusitanians]]<ref name="google1854">{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aAkFAAAAYAAJ&q=lusitanians+celtic+people&pg=PA583 |title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography|last1=Smith|first1=William|year=1854}}</ref> of [[Lusitania]], and [[Celts|Celtic]] peoples such as [[Gallaeci]] of [[Gallaecia]], the [[Celtici]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC&q=celtici+portugal&pg=PA144 |title=Encyclopedia of European Peoples |isbn=978-1-4381-2918-1 |last1=Waldman |first1=Carl |last2=Mason |first2=Catherine |year=2006|publisher=Infobase }}</ref> and the [[Cynetes]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFJAShEc8ykC&q=kunesioi&pg=PA475 |title=Origines Celticae (A Fragment) and Other Contributions to the History of Britain |isbn=978-0-8046-1223-4 |last1=Guest |first1=Edwin |year=1971|publisher=Ardent Media }}</ref> of [[Alentejo]] and the [[Algarve]].

== Pre-Roman populations ==

===Lusitanians===
{{Distinguish|Lusatia}}

The '''[[Lusitanians]]''' (or '''''Lusitānus''''' – singular – '''''Lusitani''''' – plural – in [[Latin]]) were an [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-European people]] living in the Western [[Iberian Peninsula]] long before it became the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[Roman provinces|province]] of [[Lusitania]] (modern [[Portugal]], Extremadura and part of [[Salamanca]]). They spoke [[Lusitanian language|Lusitanian]], of which only a few short written fragments survive. Most Portuguese consider Lusitanians as their ancestors, although the northern regions ([[Minho Province|Minho]], [[Douro (intermunicipal community)|Douro]], [[Trás-os-Montes]]) identify more with [[Gallaecians]]. Linguists such as [[Ellis Evans]] claimed that [[Gallaecian]]-Lusitanian was one language (thus not separate languages) of the "p" [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] variant.<ref>{{cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://ilg.usc.es/agon/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Callaica_Nomina.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930005923/https://ilg.usc.es/agon/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Callaica_Nomina.pdf |archive-date=30 September 2020 |access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&q=Evans+lusitanian+celt+linguist&pg=PA484 |title=Celtic Culture: A-Celti |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-85109-440-0 |last1=Koch |first1=John T. |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref> They were a large [[tribe]] who lived between [[Douro River|Douro]] and [[Tagus]] rivers.

The [[Lusitanians]] may have originated in the [[Alps]] and settled in the region in the 6th century BC. Scholars such as [[Dáithí Ó hÓgáin]] consider them to be [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ó hÓgáin |first=Dáithí |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-yd1huHoXJwC&pg=PA73 |title=The Celts: A History |publisher=The Collins Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-85115-923-2 |place=Cork |page=73}}</ref> He claimed they were initially dominated by the [[Celt]]s, before gaining full independence. Romanian [[Archaeology|archaeologist]] {{ill|Scarlat Lambrino|ro|Scarlat Lambrino}}, active in Portugal for many years, proposed that they were originally a tribal [[Celts|Celtic]] group, related to the [[Lusones]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lusitani | people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lusitani |website=Britannica.com}}</ref>

The first area settled by the [[Lusitanians]] was probably the [[Douro Valley]] and the region of [[Beira Alta (region)|Beira Alta]]; they subsequently moved south, and expanded on both sides of the [[Tagus river]], before the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] conquest.

The Lusitanians originated from either [[Proto-Celtic]] or [[Proto-Italic]] populations who spread from Central Europe into western Europe after [[Yamnaya culture|Yamnaya]] migrations into the [[Danube|Danube Valley]], while [[Proto-Germanic]] and [[Proto-Balto-Slavic]] may have developed east of the [[Carpathian Mountains]], in present-day [[Ukraine]], moving north and spreading with the [[Corded Ware culture]] in Middle Europe (third millennium BCE). One theory claimed that a European branch of Indo-European dialects, termed "North-west Indo-European" and associated with the [[Bell Beaker culture]], may have been ancestral to Celtic, Italic, Germanic, and Balto-Slavic lanaguages.<ref name="Mallory (2013)">{{cite conference |first=James P. |last=Mallory |author-link=James P. Mallory |date=2013 |editor2=B. Cunliffe |title=The Indo-Europeanization of Atlantic Europe |url=https://www.oxbowbooks.com/oxbow/celtic-from-the-west-2.html |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxbow Books |pages=17–40 |book-title=Celtic From the West 2: Rethinking the Bronze Age and the Arrival of Indo–European in Atlantic Europe |editor1=J. T. Koch |access-date=4 January 2020 |archive-date=26 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326210720/https://www.oxbowbooks.com/oxbow/celtic-from-the-west-2.html }}</ref>

The Lusitanians' Celtic root, is further emphasized by research by the [[Max Planck Institute]] on the origins of Indo-European languages. One study identified one common Celtic branch of peoples and languages spanning most of Atlantic Europe, including Lusitania, at around 7,000 BC. This work contradicts previous theories that excluded Lusitanian from the Celtic linguistic family.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mpg.de/20666229/0725-evan-origin-of-the-indo-european-languages-150495-x|title=New insights into the origin of the Indo-European languages|website=www.mpg.de}}</ref>

In Roman times, the Roman province of [[Lusitania]] was extended north of the areas occupied by the Lusitanians to include the territories of [[Asturias]] and [[Gallaecia]], but these were soon ceded to the jurisdiction of the ''Provincia Tarraconensis'' in the north, while the south remained the ''Provincia Lusitania et Vettones''. After this, Lusitania's northern border was along the Douro river, while its eastern border passed through ''Salmantica'' and ''Caesarobriga'' to the ''Anas'' ([[Guadiana]]) river.

===Other Pre-Roman groups===
[[File:Mapa de Portugal tribos principais.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Map showing the main pre-Roman tribes in Portugal and their main migrations. [[Turduli]] movement in red, [[Celtici]] in brown and Lusitanian in a blue colour. Most tribes neighbouring the Lusitanians were dependent on them. Names are in Latin.]]

As the Lusitanians fought the Romans, the name Lusitania was adopted by the [[Gallaeci]], tribes living north of the Douro, and other surrounding tribes, eventually spreading as a label to the nearby peoples fighting Roman rule in western Iberia. This led the Romans to name their original province in the area, which initially covered the entire western side of the Iberian peninsula, Lusitania.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+List of the tribes living in "Portugal" prior to Roman rule:
|-
! Tribes!! Description
|-
| [[Bardili (Turduli)]] || living in the [[Península de Setúbal|Setúbal peninsula]];
|-
| [[Bracari]] || living between the rivers [[Tâmega (river)|Tâmega]] and [[Cávado River|Cávado]], in the area of the modern city of [[Braga]];
|-
| [[Callaici]] || living along and north of the [[Douro]];
|-
| [[Celtici]] || [[Celts]] living in [[Alentejo]];
|-
| [[Coelerni]] || living in the mountains between the rivers [[Tua River|Tua]] and [[Sabor River|Sabor]];
|-
| [[Cynetes|Cynetes or Conii]] || living in the [[Algarve]] and the south of [[Alentejo]];
|-
| [[Equaesi]] || living in the most [[List of mountains in Portugal|mountainous]] region of modern [[Portugal]];
|-
| [[Grovii]] || a mysterious tribe living in the [[Minho (river)|Minho]] valley;
|-
| [[Interamici]] || living in [[Trás-os-Montes (region)|Trás-os-Montes]] and in the border areas with [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and [[Province of León|León]] (in modern Spain);
|-
| [[Leuni]] || living between the rivers [[Lima River|Lima]] and [[Minho (river)|Minho]];
|-
| [[Luanqui]] || living between the rivers Tâmega and Tua;
|-
| [[Limici]] || living in the swamps of the river [[Limia (river)|Lima]], on the border between Portugal and Galicia;
|-
| [[Narbasi]] || living in the north of modern Portugal (interior) and nearby area of southern Galicia;
|-
| [[Nemetati]] || living north of the Douro Valley in the area of [[Mondim de Basto|Mondim]];
|-
| [[Oestriminis]] ||also referred to as [[Sefes]] and supposedly linked to the {{ill|Cempsii|pt|Cempsos}}.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chao |first1=Eduardo |year=1849 |title=Cuadros de la geografia historica de Espana desde los primeros tiempos historicos hasta el dia (Etc.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DwpaAAAAcAAJ&q=cempsii+saefes&pg=PA336}}</ref> There is not a consensus regarding their exact origins and location. They are believed to have been the first known humans to inhabit the whole Atlantic margin covering Portugal and Galicia, the people from '''Finis terrae''' at the end of the Western world.<ref>{{Cite conference |last=Corbal |first=Margarita Vazquez |title=The southwestern border between Galicia and Portugal during the 12th and 13th centuries: A space for experimentation and artistic transmission |url=https://www.academia.edu/30105295 |via=Academia |book-title=The Reading Medievalist, 3, "Selected Proceedings from "On the Edge" GCMS Graduate Conference, 2015 |date=27 November 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ferreira |first=Marta Leite |title=Lisboa não é a capital de Portugal e outros 9 factos que não aprendeu nas aulas de História |url=https://observador.pt/2016/10/06/lisboa-nao-e-a-capital-de-portugal-e-outros-9-factos-que-nao-aprendeu-nas-aulas-de-historia/ |website=Observador}}</ref>
|-
| [[Paesuri]] || a dependent tribe of the Lusitanians, living between the rivers Douro and [[Vouga River|Vouga]];
|-
| [[Quaquerni]] || living in the mountains at the mouths of rivers Cávado and Tâmega;
|-
| [[Seurbi]] || living between the rivers [[Cávado River|Cávado]] and Lima (or even reaching the river Minho);
|-
| [[Tamagani]] || from the area of [[Chaves, Portugal|Chaves]], near the river Tâmega;
|-
| [[Tapoli]] || another dependent tribe of the Lusitanians, living north of the river Tagus, on the border between modern Portugal and Spain;
|-
| [[Turdetani]] || In southern municipalities such as [[São Brás de Alportel]]
|-
| [[Turduli]] || in the east of [[Alentejo]] (Guadiana Valley);
|-
| [[Turduli Veteres]] || literally "ancient Turduli", living south of the estuary of the river Douro;
|-
| [[Turdulorum Oppida]] || Turduli living in the Portuguese region of [[Estremadura Province (historical)|Estremadura]] and [[Beira Litoral Province|Beira Litoral]];
|-
| [[Turodi]] || living in [[Trás-os-Montes (region)|Trás-os-Montes]] and bordering areas of [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]];
|-
| [[Vettones]] || living in the eastern border areas of Portugal, and in Spanish provinces of [[Ávila (province)|Ávila]] and [[Salamanca (province)|Salamanca]], as well as parts of [[Zamora (province)|Zamora]], [[Toledo (province)|Toledo]] and [[Cáceres (province)|Cáceres]];
|-
| [[Zoelae]] || living in the mountains of {{ill|Serra da Nogueira|pt|Serra da Nogueira}}, Sanabria and Culebra, up to the mountains of [[Mogadouro]] in northern Portugal and adjacent areas of [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]].
|}

==Romanization==
{{Campaignbox Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula}}
{{Main|Lusitanian War}}
[[File:Nt-Viriato Viseu.jpg|left|thumb|[[Viriathus|Viriato]] (179 – 139 BC), led a [[Guerrilla warfare|guerilla]] war against the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] for eight years. He was [[Decapitation|beheaded]] by [[Treason|traitors]] from his ranks, who killed him in his sleep for a [[Bribery|bribe]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infopedia.pt/apoio/artigos/$viriato|title=Viriato - Infopédia}}</ref> The statue depicted is in [[Viseu]].]]
Rome conquered the peninsula during the 2nd and 1st centuries B.C. from [[Carthage]] during the [[Punic Wars]].

After 193 B.C., the Lusitanians fought Rome's expansion peninsula following the defeat and occupation of [[Carthage]] in North Africa. They fought for years, repeatedly defeating the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] invaders. In the end they were punished by [[Praetor]] [[Servius Sulpicius Galba (consul 144 BC)|Servius Galba]] in 150 B.C. He killed 9,000 Lusitanians and later sold 20,000 more as [[Slavery|slaves]] to the Roman provinces in [[Gaul]] (modern France).

Three years later (147 B.C.), [[Viriathus]] became the leader of the Lusitanians and attacked Roman rule in Lusitania and beyond. He commanded a confederation of Celtic tribes<ref>{{cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Portugal – History |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Portugal |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> and prevented Roman expansion with guerrilla warfare. In 139 B.C. Viriathus was betrayed and killed in his sleep by his companions (emissaries to the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]]), [[Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus]], [[Bribery|bribed]] by [[Marcus Popillius Laenas]]. However, when Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus returned to receive their reward, Consul [[Quintus Servilius Caepio (consul 106 BC)|Quintus Servilius Caepio]] ordered their execution, declaring, ''"''Rome does not pay traitors''"''.[[File:Ethnographic Iberia 200 BCE.PNG|right|thumb|Ethnographic and Linguistic Map of the Iberian Peninsula at about 200 BC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arkeotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm |title=Ethnographic Map of Pre-Roman Iberia (circa 200 b |publisher=Arkeotavira.com |access-date=24 August 2014 |archive-date=5 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405013713/http://www.arkeotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm }}</ref>]] [[Viriathus]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Silva |first=Luis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IY5ABAAAQBAJ&q=viriathus+lusitanian+celtic+hero+academic&pg=PT76 |title=Viriathus: and the Lusitanian Resistance to Rome 155–139 BC |date=30 July 2013 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-4738-2689-2 |via=Google Books}}</ref> was the first Portuguese '[[national hero]]' .<ref>{{cite web |title=Vercingetorix | Gallic chieftain |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vercingetorix |website=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=8 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 May 2023 |title=Boudicca | History, Facts, & Death |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Boudicca |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> After Viriathus' rule, the [[celticized]] Lusitanians largely adopted [[romanized]] culture and the [[Latin]] language.

Lusitanian inhabitants, following the rest of the Roman-Iberian peninsula, eventually gained the status of "[[Roman citizenship|Citizens of Rome]]". Many saints emerged from the territory. These include [[Engratia|Saint Engrácia]], [[Quiteria|Saint Quitéria]], and [[Marina of Aguas Santas|Saint Marina of Aguas Santas]].

The [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] impacted the population, both genetically and culturally; the [[Portuguese language]] derives mostly from [[Latin]], mostly a later evolution of the Roman language after the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]].<ref name="Bycroft2019" /><ref name="Olalde2019" />

A 1949 study by the Italian-American linguist [[Mario Pei]], analyzing the degree to which Portuguese and six other Romance languages diverged from Classical Latin with respect to their accent vocalization, yielded the following measurements of divergence—with higher percentages indicating greater divergence from the stressed vowels of Classical Latin—placing Portuguese toward the innovative end of the spectrum in this respect:

* [[Logudorese Sardinian]]: 8%
* Italian: 12%
* Spanish: 20%
* Romanian: 23.5%
* [[Occitan language|Occitan]]: 25%
* Portuguese: 31%
* French: 44%

The study emphasized, however, that it represented only "a very elementary, incomplete and tentative demonstration" of how statistical methods could measure linguistic change, assigned "frankly arbitrary" point values to various types of change, and did not compare languages in the sample with respect to any characteristics or forms of divergence other than stressed vowels, among other caveats.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pei |first=Mario |author-link=Mario Pei |date=1949 |title=A New Methodology for Romance Classification |journal=WORD |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=135–146 |doi=10.1080/00437956.1949.11659494 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[Roman cities in Portugal|Roman domination]] lasted from the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD.

== Middle Ages ==

[[File:Placa largo passeio alegre povoa varzim.jpg|thumb|183x183px|A street plate in [[Póvoa de Varzim]], with [[Siglas poveiras]] (describing names of local families), believed related to Scandinavian ''[[Bomärken]]''.<ref>"O Barco Poveiro" – Octávio Lixa Filgueiras, 1ª edição 1966</ref>]]
After the Romans, [[Germanic peoples]], namely the [[Suebi]], the [[Buri tribe|Buri]], and the [[Visigoths]] (an estimated 2–3% of the population),<ref>{{cite web |last=Ripoll López |first=Gisela |year=1989 |title=Características generales del poblamiento y la arqueología funeraria visigoda de Hispania |url=http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv.php?pid=bibliuned:ETFSerie1-71E2565C-354B-7D1E-4C3F-27B8664C1938&dsID=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812072505/http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv.php?pid=bibliuned:ETFSerie1-71E2565C-354B-7D1E-4C3F-27B8664C1938&dsID=PDF |archive-date=2010-08-12 |access-date=2017-11-27 |work=Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, S. I, Prehist. y Arqueol., t. 2 |pages=389–418 |format=PDF |quote=En resumen se puede considerar que el pueblo visigodo—sin diferenciar la población civil de la militar— representó de un uno a un dos por ciento sobre la totalidad de la población de Hispania.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.openedition.org/cvz/2148?lang=en |title=L'Europe héritière de l'Espagne wisigothique |date=23 January 2014 |publisher=Books.openedition.org |isbn=978-84-9096-098-1 |series=Collection de la Casa de Velázquez |pages=326–339 |chapter=Les Wisigoths dans le Portugal médiéval : état actuel de la question}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://alpha.sib.uc.pt/?q=content/o-património-visigodo-da-l%C3%ADngua-portuguesa |title=O Património Visigodo Da13 ADngua Portuguesa |date=March 2022}}{{dead link|date=May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Quiroga |first1=Jorge López |date=January 2017 |title=(PDF) IN TEMPORE SUEBORUM. The time of the Suevi in Gallaecia (411–585 AD). |url=https://www.academia.edu/37321555 |journal=Jorge López Quiroga-Artemio M. Martínez Tejera (Coord.): In Tempore Sueborum. The Time of the Sueves in Gallaecia (411–585 Ad). The First Medieval Kingdom of the West, Ourense |publisher=Academia.edu |access-date=21 January 2020}}</ref> ruled the peninsula for centuries and assimilated into the local population. Some of the [[Vandals]] ([[Silingi]] and [[Hasdingi]]) and [[Alans]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/13589202|title="Nós somos Alanos": Documentos, Mitos e Concepções dos Alanos no Ocidente Ibérico|last1=Oliveira|first1=Ricardo Costa de}}</ref> lingered. The [[Suebians]] were the most numerous Germanic tribes. Portugal and Galicia, (along with [[Catalonia]] which was part of the [[Frankish Kingdom]]), are the regions with the highest ratios of Germanic Y-DNA.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

Other influences include small [[Viking]] [[Vikings in Iberia|settlements between the 9th and 11th centuries]], made by [[Norsemen]] who raided coastal areas mainly in [[Douro]] and [[Minho (river)|Minho]].<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="História da Póvoa de Varzim"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="Vikings- Warriors from the sea"/>

[[File:Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif|left|thumb|The ''[[Reconquista]]'' Timetable and expulsion of the Moors.]]
The [[Moors]] occupied what is now Portugal from the 8th century until the [[Reconquista]] movement expelled them in 1249. Some 2.000 of their population, mainly [[Berbers]] and Christian Jews became [[New Christian]]s (''Cristãos novos''); some descendants of these people are still identifiable by their new [[surnames]].<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58lqDwAAQBAJ&q=portuguese+sephardic+surnames&pg=PA49 |title=Book of Jewish and Crypto-Jewish Surnames|isbn=978-1-9858-5656-1|last1=Jarvis|first1=Judith K.|last2=Levin|first2=Susan L.|last3=Yates|first3=Donald N.|date=10 May 2018|publisher=Panther's Lodge Publishers }}</ref> Several genetic studies, including the most comprehensive [[Genome-wide association study|genome-wide]] studies published on historical and modern populations of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], conclude that the [[Gharb Al-Andalus|Moorish occupation]] left few to no [[Sephardic Jews|Jewish]], [[Arab]] and [[Berbers|Berber]] genetic influences throughout Iberia, with higher incidence in the south and west, and lower incidence in the northeast, and almost none in [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/24/6/1300/984002 |title=Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=June 2007 |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=1300–1311 |publisher=Academic.oup.com |doi=10.1093/molbev/msm049 |access-date=21 January 2020 |last1=Cruciani |first1=Fulvio |last2=La Fratta |first2=Roberta |last3=Trombetta |first3=Beniamino |last4=Santolamazza |first4=Piero |last5=Sellitto |first5=Daniele |last6=Colomb |first6=Eliane Beraud |last7=Dugoujon |first7=Jean-Michel |last8=Crivellaro |first8=Federica |last9=Benincasa |first9=Tamara |last10=Pascone |first10=Roberto |last11=Moral |first11=Pedro |last12=Watson |first12=Elizabeth |last13=Melegh |first13=Bela |last14=Barbujani |first14=Guido |last15=Fuselli |first15=Silvia |last16=Vona |first16=Giuseppe |last17=Zagradisnik |first17=Boris |last18=Assum |first18=Guenter |last19=Brdicka |first19=Radim |last20=Kozlov |first20=Andrey I. |last21=Efremov |first21=Georgi D. |last22=Coppa |first22=Alfredo |last23=Novelletto |first23=Andrea |last24=Scozzari |first24=Rosaria |pmid=17351267 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19061982">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adams SM, Bosch E, Balaresque PL, Ballereau SJ, Lee AC, Arroyo E, López-Parra AM, Aler M, Grifo MS, Brion M, Carracedo A, Lavinha J, Martínez-Jarreta B, Quintana-Murci L, Picornell A, Ramon M, Skorecki K, Behar DM, Calafell F, Jobling MA |display-authors=6 |title=The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=83 |issue=6 |pages=725–36 |date=December 2008 |pmid=19061982 |pmc=2668061 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007}}</ref><ref name="Bycroft2019" /><ref name="Olalde2019" />

Following the end of the Reconquista and the [[Siege of Faro (1249)|Conquest of Faro]], religious and ethnic minorities such as the so-called "new Christians" or the "''Ciganos''" ([[Roma gypsies]])<ref>Numa breve cronologia: 1526 – Alvará de João III, de 13 de Março de 1526, proibiu que os ciganos entrassem no reino, e ordenou que saíssem os que cá estavam; 1538 – Nova lei de 26 de Novembro desse ano, ordenando a sua expulsão; 1592 – Lei de 28 de Agosto agravou as penas contra os ciganos que dentro de 4 meses não saíssem de Portugal; [[Ordenações Filipinas]], proíbindo a entrada no Reino; 1606 – Alvará de 7 de Janeiro exigindo a observância das Ordenações, com a mesma pena agravada com degredo para as galés e com severas cominações para os magistrados remissos; 1614 – Nova carta régia de 3 de Dezembro impedindo a sua entrada no Reino; 1618 – Carta régia de 28 de Março em que o monarca mandava averiguar se no Reino andavam ciganos com «traje e língua diferente dos naturais»; 1654 – D. João IV mandou prender os ciganos que havia no Reino e embarcá-los para Maranhão, Cabo Verde e São Tomé; 1718 – D. João V, em 10 de Dezembro de 1718, determinou a expulsão dos ciganos. Ver Joel Serrão, ''Dicionário de História de Portugal'', ed. de 2006.</ref> later suffered persecution from the state and the [[Holy Inquisition|Inquisition]]. As a consequence, many were expelled, condemned, and subjected to [[auto-da-fé]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2155-auto-da-fe |title=Auto Da Fé |publisher=JewishEncyclopedia.com |access-date=21 January 2020}}</ref> or fled the country, creating a [[Jewish diaspora]] in the [[Netherlands]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://brill.com/view/title/12707|isbn = 978-90-474-4214-1|title = The Dutch Intersection: The Jews and the Netherlands in Modern History|date = 19 June 2008|publisher = Brill}}</ref> [[England]], [[United States|US]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-sephardic-diaspora-after-1492/|title=The Sephardic Diaspora After 1492|website=Myjewishlearning.com|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> [[Brazil]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uel.br/seer/index.php/histensino/article/download/11251/10021 |title=A HISTÓRIA DOS CRISTÃOS-NOVOS NO BRASIL COLONIAL: ESCRITA E REPRESENTAÇÕES NOS LIVROS DIDÁTICOS NOS ÚLTIMOS VINTE ANOS |first=Helena |last=Ragusa}}</ref> [[The Balkans|Balkans]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centrodehistoria-flul.com/uploads/7/1/7/0/7170743/jews_of_portugal_and_the_spanish-portuguese_jewish_diaspora_-_program30.5.18.pdf|title=Jews of Portugal and the Spanish-Portuguese Jewish Diaspora|website=Centrodehistoria-flul.com|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> and beyond.

== County of Portugal ==
[[File:BritesdeAlmeida.jpg|thumb|[[Azulejo]] tile image of [[Brites de Almeida]] killing [[Castilians|Castilian]] soldiers]]
The political origin of the Portuguese state is in the founding of [[County of Portugal]] in [[868]] ({{langx|pt|Condado Portucalense}}; in period documents the name used was Portugalia<ref>{{Citation |last1=Ribeiro |first1=Ângelo |title=História de Portugal I – A Formação do Território |year=2004 |trans-title=History of Portugal: The Formation of the Territory |publisher=QuidNovi |language=pt |isbn=989-554-106-6 |last2=Hermano |first2=José}}</ref>). It was the first time that a cohesive nationalism emerged there{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}, as even during the Roman Era, the indigenous populations were from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds.

Although the country began as a county, after the [[Battle of São Mamede]] on 24 June 1128 Portugal was officially recognised as a kingdom via the [[Treaty of Zamora]] and the [[papal bull]] [[Manifestis Probatum]] of [[Pope Alexander III]]. The establishment of the Portuguese state in the 12th century led the Portuguese to group together as a nation.<ref name=":21" /><ref name=":22" /><ref name=":23" />

A subsequent turning point in Portuguese nationalism was the [[Battle of Aljubarrota]] in 1385, linked to [[Brites de Almeida]], thereby putting an end to Castilian ambitions to take over the [[List of Portuguese monarchs|Portuguese throne]].

== Genetic comparisons ==

The Portuguese share some DNA with the [[Basques]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0wIBgAAQBAJ&q=genetic+relation+portuguese+and+basques&pg=PT26 |title=Prehistoric Iberia: Genetics, Anthropology, and Linguistics|isbn=978-1-4615-4231-5|last1=Arnaiz-Villena|first1=Antonio|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer }}</ref> The results of the present [[Human leukocyte antigen|HLA]] study in Portuguese populations show that they have features in common with Basques and some [[Madrid]]-area [[Spaniards]]: a high frequency of the HLA-[[haplotypes]] A29-B44-DR7 (ancient Western Europeans) and A1-B8-DR3 are common characteristics. Many Portuguese and Basques do not show the Mediterranean A33-B14-DR1 [[haplotype]], confirming a lower admixture with [[Mediterranean people|Mediterraneans]].<ref name="autogenerated7825" />[[File:Geographical distribution of haplogroup frequency of hgR1b1b2.png|left|thumb|Geographical distribution of Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA), R1b1a1a2 (R-M269)]]

The Portuguese have one unique characteristic: a high frequency of HLA-A25-B18-DR15 and A26-B38-DR13, which may reflect a founder effect from ancient Portuguese, i.e., [[Oestriminis]] and [[Cynetes]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Arnaiz-Villena A, Martínez-Laso J, Gómez-Casado E, Díaz-Campos N, Santos P, Martinho A, Breda-Coimbra H |title=Relatedness among Basques, Portuguese, Spaniards, and Algerians studied by HLA allelic frequencies and haplotypes |journal=Immunogenetics |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=37–43 |date=14 May 2014 |pmid=9382919 |doi=10.1007/s002510050324 |s2cid=11750235}}</ref> According to an early genetic study, the Portuguese are a relatively distinct population according to HLA data, as they have a high frequency of the HLA-A25-B18-DR15 and A26-B38-DR13 genes, the latter is a unique Portuguese marker. In Europe, the A25-B18-DR15 gene is found only in Portugal; it also observed in some North Americans and in [[Brazilians]] (very likely of Portuguese ancestry).<ref name="portgenes">{{cite journal |vauthors=Galbraith W, Wagner MC, Chao J, Abaza M, Ernst LA, Nederlof MA, Hartsock RJ, Taylor DL, Waggoner AS |display-authors=6 |title=Imaging cytometry by multiparameter fluorescence |journal=Cytometry |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=579–596 |year=1997 |pmid=1782829 |doi=10.1002/cyto.990120702}}</ref>

The pan-European haplotype [[HLA A1-B8-DR3-DQ2|A1-B8-DR3]] and the western-European haplotype A29-B44-DR7 are shared by Portuguese, Basques, and Spaniards. The latter is also common in Irish, southern English, and western French populations.<ref name="portgenes" />

Men from [[Continental Portugal|mainland Portugal]], [[Azores|the Azores]] and [[Madeira]] belonged to 78–83% of the "Western European" [[haplogroup R1b]], and Mediterranean J and [[Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)|E3b]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gonçalves |first1=Rita |last2=Freitas |first2=Ana |last3=Branco |first3=Marta |last4=Rosa |first4=Alexandra |last5=Fernandes |first5=Ana T. |last6=Zhivotovsky |first6=Lev A. |last7=Underhill |first7=Peter A. |last8=Kivisild |first8=Toomas |last9=Brehm |first9=António |date=2005-04-19 |title=Y-chromosome Lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores Record Elements of Sephardim and Berber Ancestry |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=443–454 |doi=10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00161.x |pmid=15996172 |hdl=10400.13/3018 |s2cid=3229760 |issn=0003-4800|hdl-access=free }}</ref>

The comparative table shows statistics by haplogroups of Portuguese men with men of [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe|European countries]], and communities.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Country/Haplogroup
![[Haplogroup I-M253|I1]]
![[Haplogroup I-M438|I2*/I2a]]
!I2b
![[Haplogroup R1a|R1a]]
![[Haplogroup R1b|R1b]]
![[Haplogroup G-M201|G]]
![[Haplogroup J-M172|J2]]
!J*/J1
![[Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)|E1b1b]]
!T
!Q
![[Haplogroup N-M231|N]]
|-
|[[Portugal]]
|2
|1.5
|3
|1.5
|56
|6.5
|9.5
|3
|14
|2.5
|0.5
|0
|-
|France
|8.5
|3
|3.5
|3
|58.5
|5.5
|6
|1.5
|7.5
|1
|0.5
|0
|-
|United Kingdom
|8
|1
|4.5
|0.5
|80
|2
|2.5
|0.5
|0.5
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Germany
|16
|1.5
|4.5
|16
|44.5
|5
|4.5
|0
|5.5
|1
|0.5
|1
|-
|Ireland
|6
|1
|5
|2.5
|81
|1
|1
|0
|2
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Italy
|4.5
|3
|2.5
|4
|39
|9
|15.5
|3
|13.5
|2.5
|0
|0
|-
|Spain
|1.5
|4.5
|1
|2
|69
|3
|8
|1.5
|7
|2.5
|0
|0
|-
|[[Ukraine]]
|4.5
|20.5
|0.5
|44
|8
|3
|4.5
|0.5
|6.5
|1
|0.5
|5.5
|-
|[[Ashkenazi Jews]]
|4
|10
|9
|9.5
|19
|19
|20.5
|2
|0.5
|5
|0
|1.5
|-
|[[Sephardic Jews|Sephardi Jews]]
|1
|5
|13
|15
|25
|22
|9
|6
|0
|2
|0
|2
|}
Culturally and linguistically, the Portuguese are close to [[Galicians]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Porque querem os galegos ver televisão portuguesa? – Diversidades – Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa |url=https://ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt/outros/diversidades/porque-querem-os-galegos-ver-televisao-portuguesa/4005 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Terra |first=A. Nosa |date=2019-08-31 |title="Decepciona ver galegos difundindo mitos portugueses negadores do galego" |url=https://anosaterra.com/decepciona-ver-galegos-difundindo-mitos-portugueses-negadores-do-galego/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=A Nosa Terra |language=gl-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-18 |title=O "galego" é o "português da Galiza" |url=https://www.nosdiario.gal/opinion/jose-martinho-montero-santalha/galego-portugues-da-galiza/20200717132413101619.html |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Nós Diario |language=gl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-30 |title=Portugal 1929: "Os galegos são nossos irmãos" |url=https://www.nosdiario.gal/opinion/manuel-mera/portugal-1929-galegos-sao-nossos-irmaos/20200828204604103934.html |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Nós Diario |language=gl}}</ref> The similarities among the two groups are pronounced. [[Galician language|Galician]] and Portuguese may be the same language (''see also: [[Reintegrationism]]'').<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-06 |title=O Galego e o Português São a Mesma Língua? |url=https://www.languagetrainersbrasil.com.br/blog/o-galego-e-o-portugues-sao-a-mesma-lingua/ |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=Artigos com informações, dicas e curiosidades sobre línguas |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tsf.pt/programa/a-rede-social/o-galego-e-o-portugues-sao-a-mesma-lingua-11407203.html/|title=O Galego e o Português são a mesma língua?|website=TSF Rádio Notícias}}</ref>

== Demography ==

===Demographics===
{{Main|Demographics of Portugal}}
{{see also|List of Portuguese municipalities by population}}
[[File:Lisbon set of images.jpg|left|thumb|306x306px|[[Lisbon]], with 545,143 inhabitants in the city proper, is the capital and the [[List of cities in Portugal|largest city in Portugal]].]]
Around 9.15 million (87%) Portuguese-born people live in the country,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population on 1 January by age group, sex and country of birth |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/MIGR_POP3CTB__custom_6218523/default/table?lang=en}}</ref> out of a total population of 10.467 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics Portugal – Web Portal |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpgid=ine_main&xpid=INE |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=www.ine.pt}}</ref>

About 782,000 foreigners live legally in the country (7%), thus approximately 9.685 million people living in Portugal hold Portuguese citizenship or legal residency.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Quase 800 mil estrangeiros vivem em Portugal e 30% são brasileiros |url=https://www.dn.pt/sociedade/quase-800-mil-estrangeiros-vivem-em-portugal-e-30-sao-brasileiros-16577792.html |website= |language= |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705130422/https://www.dn.pt/sociedade/quase-800-mil-estrangeiros-vivem-em-portugal-e-30-sao-brasileiros-16577792.html }}</ref>

The [[median age]] stood at 46.8 years (versus 44.4 in the EU as a whole) as of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-22 |title=Idade média: 46,8 anos. População portuguesa é a que mais está a envelhecer na UE |url=https://www.tsf.pt/portugal/sociedade/idade-media-468-anos-populacao-portuguesa-e-a-que-mais-esta-a-envelhecer-na-ue-15882746.html |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=TSF Rádio Notícias |language=pt-PT}}</ref> [[Old age|People aged 65 or more]] accounted for 23%.<ref name="pordata.pt">{{Cite web |title=População residente segundo os Censos: total e por grandes grupos etários |url=https://www.pordata.pt/portugal/populacao+residente+segundo+os+censos+total+e+por+grandes+grupos+etarios-512-2541 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=www.pordata.pt}}</ref> The [[total fertility rate]] is 1.35 against the EU average of 1.53.<ref name="pordata.pt"/> [[Life expectancy|Life expectancy at birth]] is 83.<ref>{{Cite web|title=life expectancy PRT|access-date=2023-08-12|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/PRT/portugal/life-expectancy}}</ref> Due to the high percentage of senior citizens, the [[Mortality rate|crude mortality rate]] (12%)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taxa bruta de mortalidade |url=https://www.pordata.pt/Municipios/Taxa+bruta+de+mortalidade-367 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=www.pordata.pt}}</ref> is well in excess of the [[Birth rate|crude birth rate]] (8%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taxa bruta de natalidade |url=https://www.pordata.pt/Portugal/Taxa+bruta+de+natalidade-527 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=www.pordata.pt}}</ref>

Portugal boasts one of the world's lowest [[Infant mortality|infant mortality rates]] (3%), down from 9% in 1961.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taxa bruta de mortalidade e taxa de mortalidade infantil |url=https://www.pordata.pt/portugal/taxa+bruta+de+mortalidade+e+taxa+de+mortalidade+infantil-528 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=www.pordata.pt}}</ref> The average age of women at first childbirth was at 30 years, in contrast to the EU average of 28.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women in the EU are having their first child later |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20210224-1 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=ec.europa.eu |language=en-GB}}</ref>

About 67% live in urban settings, concentrated along the coast and in the [[Lisbon metropolitan area]], which hosts 2,883,645, or 28%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugal – urbanization 2011–2021 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/455915/urbanization-in-portugal/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics Portugal – Web Portal |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0008273 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=www.ine.pt}}</ref>

About 65% of the national population, or 6,760,989 people, live in the 56 municipalities with more than 50,000 inhabitants, about 18% of all [[List of municipalities of Portugal|national municipalities]]. The country hosts 122 municipalities, about 40% of all national municipalities, with a population of 10,000 inhabitants or less, totaling 678,855 inhabitants, about 7% of the national population.

===Native minority languages===
{{Main|Languages of Portugal}}
[[File:Asturllionés en Tierra de Miranda.png|thumb|Areas in [[North Region, Portugal|Northern Portugal]] where Mirandese is spoken]]
The main language spoken as first language is [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Union |first=Publications Office of the European |date=2013-06-20 |title=Europeans and their languages: special Eurobarometer. 386, June 2012. |url=http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/f551bd64-8615-4781-9be1-c592217dad83 |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=op.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> Other autochthonous languages include:
* ''Caló'' (''see also [[Caló language]]''), the language of the [[Romani people in Portugal|Portuguese-Romani community]]. Some 52,000 Romani people live in Portugal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Portugal |first=Rádio e Televisão de |title=Mais de 95% da etnia cigana em Portugal vive abaixo do limiar da pobreza |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/pais/mais-de-95-da-etnia-cigana-em-portugal-vive-abaixo-do-limiar-da-pobreza_a1442067 |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Mais de 95% da etnia cigana em Portugal vive abaixo do limiar da pobreza |date=25 October 2022 |language=pt}}</ref>
* ''Mirandês'' (''see also [[Mirandese language]]'') is an officially recognised language.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Portuguesa |first=Observatório da Língua |date=2021-07-31 |title=A língua mirandesa é língua oficial em Portugal desde 1999. |url=https://observalinguaportuguesa.org/80760-2/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Observatório da Língua Portuguesa |language=pt-PT}}</ref> It enjoys special protection in the areas of [[Miranda do Douro]], [[Vimioso]], and [[Mogadouro]]. About 15,000 people speak the language (0.14%).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-31 |title=Língua Mirandesa |url=https://ctmad.pt/lingua-mirandesa/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Casa de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro de Lisboa |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=SAPO |title=Têm menos de 20 anos e sentem-se mais livres por falar mirandês |url=https://24.sapo.pt/atualidade/artigos/tem-20-anos-e-sentem-se-mais-livres-por-falar-mirandes |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=SAPO 24 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Assim se fala o mirandês |url=https://tvi.iol.pt/noticias/videos/assim-se-fala-o-mirandes/607827a20cf277cf82c19a2e |access-date=2023-05-11 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-31 |title=Língua Mirandesa |url=https://ctmad.pt/lingua-mirandesa/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Casa de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro de Lisboa |language=pt-PT}}</ref> The language is part of the [[Asturleonese language|Asturian-Leonese linguistic]] group which includes the [[Asturian Language|Asturian]] and [[Leonese language|Leonese]] minority languages of Northwestern Spain.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 August 2014 |title=Unesco.org |url=http://www.unesco.org |access-date=24 August 2014 |publisher=Unesco.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Asturiano/Leonés |url=http://www.azkuefundazioa.eus/es/casa-del-euskera/lenguas-minorizadas-listado/asturianoleones |access-date=2 August 2017 |website=Azkuefundazioa.eus |archive-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715030824/http://www.azkuefundazioa.eus/es/casa-del-euskera/lenguas-minorizadas-listado/asturianoleones }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=20 March 2010 |title=Un enclave lingüístico astur-leonés sobrevive en la "raia" portuguesa |url=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/cultura/2010/03/20/enclave-linguistico-astur-leones-sobrevive-raia-portuguesa/0003_8367479.htm |access-date=2 August 2017 |website=Lavozdegalicia.es}}</ref> All of its speakers are bilingual and speak [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: [[code-switching]] is common.
* ''Barranquenhu (see also [[Barranquenho]])'' is spoken in the town of [[Barrancos]] (in the border between [[Extremadura]] and [[Andalusia]], in Spain). Some 3,000 speak the language (0.03%).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodrigues |first=Elisabete |date=2020-02-07 |title=O Barranquenho quer ser a 3ª língua oficial de Portugal |url=https://alentejo.sulinformacao.pt/2020/02/o-barranquenho-quer-ser-a-3a-lingua-oficial-de-portugal/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Sul Informação |language=pt-PT}}</ref> It is a Portuquese dialect influenced by [[Extremaduran language|Extremaduran]] and, later, southern Spanish.
* [[Minderico]] – a [[sociolect]] or [[argot]] spoken in [[Minde, Alcanena|Minde]], which is practically [[Endangered language|extinct]] (150 remaining speakers).<ref>{{Cite web |title=A luta de Vera Ferreira para salvar o minderico |url=https://omirante.pt/entrevista/2021-01-06-A-luta-de-Vera-Ferreira-para-salvar-o-minderico |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=O MIRANTE {{!}} A luta de Vera Ferreira para salvar o minderico. |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vicente |first=Manuel Fernandes |title=Minderico renasce com apoio da Volkswagen a línguas ameaçadas |url=https://www.publico.pt/2009/08/17/local/noticia/minderico-renasce-com-apoio-da-volkswagen-a-linguas-ameacadas-1396430 |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=PÚBLICO |date=17 August 2009 |language=pt}}</ref>
* [[Portuguese Sign Language]], the official language for the deaf community. About 30,000 deaf people (0.29%) use the language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Língua Gestual Portuguesa (LGP) |url=https://apsurdos.org.pt/?page_id=3725 |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Associação Portuguesa de Surdos |language=pt-PT}}</ref> The first teacher of [[deaf-mute]]s in France was [[History of the Jews in Portugal|Portuguese-Jew]] [[Jacob Rodrigues Pereira]].

=== Ethnic minorities ===
{{Main|Immigration to Portugal}}
{{see also|Religion in Portugal|Racism in Portugal|Romani people in Portugal}}
[[File:Bandeiras Imigrantes Seixal.jpg|thumb|249x249px|Flags of the countries of origin of the main immigrant communities in the municipality of [[Seixal]]|left]]
People from Portugal's former [[Portuguese Empire|colonies]], particularly Brazil, [[Portuguese language in Africa|Portuguese Africa]] (especially [[Retornados|Afro-Portuguese]]), [[Macau]], [[Portuguese India]] and [[East Timor|Timor-Leste]], have been migrating to Portugal since the 1900s.

Many [[Slavic people|Slavs]], especially [[Ukrainians]] (now one of the biggest [[ethnic minority|ethnic minorities]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sef.pt/portal/v10/PT/aspx/estatisticas/index.aspx?id_linha=4224&menu_position=4142 |title=Portal SEF |publisher=Sef.pt |access-date=24 August 2014 |archive-date=20 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720182852/http://www.sef.pt/portal/v10/PT/aspx/estatisticas/index.aspx?id_linha=4224&menu_position=4142 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kitsoft |title=Embaixada da Ucrânia na República Portuguesa – Informação sobre a comunidade ucraniana em Portugal |url=https://portugal.mfa.gov.ua/pt/partnership/240-ukrajinci-u-portugaliji/informaciya-pro-ukrayinsku-gromadu-v-portugaliyi |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=portugal.mfa.gov.ua |language=pt}}</ref> and [[Russians]], as well as [[Moldovan diaspora|Moldovans]], [[Romanian diaspora|Romanians]], [[Bulgarians]] and [[Georgians]], have been migrating to Portugal since the late 20th century. A wave of Ukrainians arrived in Portugal after the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], approximately 60,000, making them the second largest migrant community after Brazilians.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lusa |first=Agência |title=Portugal concedeu mais de 59.000 proteções temporárias desde o início da guerra na Ucrânia |url=https://observador.pt/2023/04/03/portugal-concedeu-mais-de-59-000-protecoes-temporarias-desde-o-inicio-da-guerra-na-ucrania/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Observador |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>cite web=https://inforpress.cv/ucrania-comunidade-ucraniana-passa-a-ser-segunda-maior-residente-em-portugal/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627192302/https://inforpress.cv/ucrania-comunidade-ucraniana-passa-a-ser-segunda-maior-residente-em-portugal/ |date=27 June 2023 }}</ref>

A Chinese minority of [[Macanese people|Macau]] [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]] origin as well as of [[mainland China|Chinese mainlanders]] are present.

Other relevant [[Asian people|Asian communities]] include [[Indians in Portugal|Indians]], [[Nepalis in Portugal|Nepalis]], [[Bangladesh–Portugal relations|Bangladeshis]] and [[Pakistani Diaspora|Pakistanis]] while, dealing with [[Latin Americans]], [[Venezuelans]] – numbering about 27,700 – are present.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Refugiados y migrantes de Venezuela {{!}} R4V |url=https://www.r4v.info/es/refugiadosymigrantes |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=www.r4v.info}}</ref>

A small minority of [[Romani people#Portugal|Romani]] live–about 52,000.<ref>{{cite web |title=CIGANOS, UM PASSADO, UM PRESENTE E QUE FUTURO? |url=https://setentaequatro.pt/ensaio/ciganos-um-passado-um-presente-e-que-futuro |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105105516/https://www.setentaequatro.pt/ensaio/ciganos-um-passado-um-presente-e-que-futuro |url-status=usurped |archive-date=5 November 2021 |access-date=24 August 2014 |publisher=Errc.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mais de 95% da etnia cigana em Portugal vive abaixo do limiar da pobreza |date=25 October 2022 |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/pais/mais-de-95-da-etnia-cigana-em-portugal-vive-abaixo-do-limiar-da-pobreza_a1442067}}</ref>

Portugal is home to other EU and [[European Economic Area|EEA]]/[[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]] nationals (French, Germans, Dutch, Swedes, Spaniards). The UK and France represented the largest senior resident communities as of 2019. They are part of a larger expatriate community including [[Germans]], [[Dutch people|Dutch]], [[Belgians]] and [[Swedes]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Reis Oliveira |first1=Catarina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OPmiDwAAQBAJ&q=reformados+residentes+UE+em+portugal+estat%C3%ADsticas&pg=PA18 |title=Estatísticas do Bolso da Imigração |last2=Gomes |first2=Natália |date=July 2019 |publisher=Observatório das Migrações, ACM, I.P. |isbn=978-989-685-101-9}}</ref>

Officially registered foreigners amount to 7% of the population.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Imigração para Portugal já cresceu 18% em 2019 (e ainda vai aumentar) |url=https://expresso.pt/sociedade/2019-11-12-Imigracao-para-Portugal-ja-cresceu-18-em-2019--e-ainda-vai-aumentar- |website=Jornal Expresso|date=12 November 2019 }}</ref> Descendants of immigrants are excluded (Portugal, like many European countries, does not collect data on ethnicity) and those who, regardless of [[Portuguese nationality law|place of birth or citizenship at birth]], were Portuguese citizens.

Some 100,000 [[Muslims]]<ref>{{cite web |title=A Comunidade Islâmica de Lisboa faz 50 anos. E "o Islão está na alma de Portugal" |url=https://24.sapo.pt/atualidade/artigos/a-comunidade-islamica-de-lisboa-faz-50-anos-e-o-islao-esta-na-alma-de-portugal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926180641/http://imigrantes.no.sapo.pt/page2AfricanMuls.html |archive-date=26 September 2014 |access-date=24 August 2014 |publisher=Imigrantes.no.sapo.pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="A comunidade muçulmana em Portugal dá-nos uma grande tranquilidade na prevenção do terrorismo" |date=20 September 2022 |url=https://www.dn.pt/sociedade/a-comunidade-muculmana-em-portugal-da-nos-uma-grande-tranquilidade-na-prevencao-do-terrorismo-15178283.html}}</ref> and 5,000–6,000 [[History of the Jews in Portugal|Jews]] (mostly [[Sephardi]] such as the [[Belmonte Jews]], and [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]]).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Por que judeus estão voltando a Portugal séculos após antepassados serem expulsos e massacrados |newspaper=BBC News Brasil |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/geral-48440404}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How many Jews live in Portugal? {{!}} JPR |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-portugal |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=www.jpr.org.uk |date=5 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Exodus? The Jewish Community in This European City Is Thriving |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/2021-04-04/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/exodus-the-jewish-community-in-this-european-city-is-thriving/0000017f-deda-df9c-a17f-feda1a5d0000 |access-date=2023-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New dawn: Portugal Jewish community springs to life |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2021/04/27/new-dawn-portugal-jewish-community-springs-to-life/}}</ref><gallery widths="140" heights="230" caption="Flag maps{{efn|Only people legally registered as living in Portugal and not holding Portuguese nationality (thus excluding naturalised citizens and descendants of immigrants) are taken into account.}} for each [[Districts of Portugal|Portuguese district]] as of January 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=SEFSTAT – Portal de Estatística |url=https://sefstat.sef.pt/forms/distritos.aspx |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=sefstat.sef.pt}}</ref>">
File:1st foreign nationality PT 2022.png|Largest immigrant population by district. Brazilians plus [[Venezuelans]] in [[Madeira]], [[British people|Britons]] in [[Algarve]] and Indians in [[Beja District|Beja]]
File:2nd nationality PT 2022.svg|Second largest. [[Cape Verdeans]] in [[Lisbon metropolitan area|Lisbon Area]], Italians in [[Porto]] with [[British people|Britons]] and [[Romanians]] in the interior.
File:3rd nationality PT 2022.svg|Third largest. [[Americans|US-citizens]] in the [[Azores]], Chinese in the north, [[Portuguese language in Africa|Africans]] in [[Lisbon metropolitan area]].
File:4th foreign nationality PT 2022.svg|Fourth largest. [[Angolans in Portugal|Angolans]] and Eastern Europeans (such as [[Ukrainians]] in [[Santarém District|Santarém]]) present nationwide
File:5th foreign nationality PT 2022.svg|Fifth largest. Chinese near the [[Portugal–Spain border|Spanish border]] and [[Ethnic groups in Europe|Europeans]] along the coast.
</gallery>

== Surnames ==
{{Main|Portuguese name|Portuguese orthography}}
A Portuguese surname is typically composed of a variable number of [[family names]] (rarely one, often two or three or more). The first additional names are usually the mother's surname(s) and the father's family surname(s). For practicality, usually only the final surname ([[Portuguese name#The particle 'de'|excluding prepositions]]) is used in greetings.

Portugal's adaptable naming system complies with the country's legal framework. The law mandates that a child must be given at least one personal name and one surname from a parent. The limit is two personal names and four surnames.<ref name="irn nome">{{cite web |author1=((Registo Civil, Instituto dos Registos e Notariado, Ministério da Justiça)) |title=Composição do nome |trans-title=Composition of the name |url=https://irn.justica.gov.pt/Servicos/Cidadao/Nascimento/Composicao-do-nome |access-date=3 August 2022 |website=IRN.Justica.gov.pt |language=pt-PT |quote=«O nome completo deve compor-se, no máximo, de seis vocábulos gramaticais, simples ou compostos, dos quais só dois podem corresponder ao nome próprio e quatro a apelidos.»}}</ref>

In pre-Roman times, inhabitants had either a single name or a name followed by a patronym, which reflected their ethnicity or their tribe/region. These names could be [[Celts|Celtic]], [[Lusitanians|Lusitanian]], [[Iberians|Iberian]], or [[Conii]]. However, the [[Roman naming conventions|Roman onomastic]] system began to slowly gain popularity after the first century AD. This system involved adopting a Roman name (''tria nomina''), which consisted of a ''praenomen'' (given name), ''nomen'' (gentile), and ''[[cognomen]]''. Today, most Portuguese surnames have a Germanic patronymic (such as [[Henriques (surname)|Henriques]], [[Pires]], [[Rodrigues (surname)|Rodrigues]], [[Lopes]], [[Nunes]], [[Mendes]], [[Fernandes]] etc. where the ending -es means "son of"), locative ([[Gouveia, Portugal|Gouveia]], [[Guimarães]], [[Lima River|Lima]], [[Maia, Portugal|Maia]], [[Mascarenhas (surname)|Mascarenhas]], [[Serpa]], [[Montes (surname)|Montes]], [[Fonseca (surname)|Fonseca]], [[Barroso (surname)|Barroso]]), religious origin ([[Cruz]], [[Reis (surname)|Reis]], [[De Jesus]], [[Moysés]], [[Nascimento (surname)|Nascimento]]), occupational ([[Carpinteiro (surname)|Carpinteiro]] (carpenter), [[Malheiro (surname)|Malheiro]] (wool-maker, thresher), [[Jardineiro (surname)|Jardineiro]] (gardener), or derived from physical appearance ([[Branco (surname)|Branco]] (white), [[Trigueiro (surname)|Trigueiro]] (brown, tanned), [[Louraço (surname)|Louraço]] (blond). Toponymic, locative, and religion-derived surnames are often preceded by the preposition 'of' in its varying forms: (''De, de''), (''Do, do''- masculine), (''Da, da''- feminine) or 'of the' (''dos, Dos, das, Das'' – plural) such as ''De Carvalho'', ''Da Silva'', ''de Gouveia'', ''Da Costa'', ''da Maia'', ''do Nascimento'', ''dos Santos'', ''das Mercês''. If the preposition is followed by a vowel, sometimes apostrophes are used in surnames (or stage names) such as D'Oliveira, d'Abranches, d'Eça. In some previous Asian colonies (India, Malaysia, East Timor) alternative spellings are used such as 'D'Souza, Desouza, De Cunha, Ferrao, Dessais, Balsemao, Conceicao, Gurjao, Mathias, Thomaz.

The majority of Portuguese have multiple surnames.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Most Common Surnames<ref>{{cite web |title=FAQs e Dicas – SPIE |url=http://www.bbg.pt/sites_off/SPIE_01/faqs4.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014174225/http://www.bbg.pt/sites_off/SPIE_01/faqs4.htm |archive-date=2013-10-14 |access-date=2013-09-13}} (a fonte utilizada enuncia "100 apelidos", mas a listagem traz apenas 96).</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Os 100 Apelidos mais frequentes da População Portuguesa |url=http://anossavida.pt/sites/anossavida.pt/files/100_apelidos.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228151813/http://anossavida.pt/sites/anossavida.pt/files/100_apelidos.pdf |archive-date=2013-02-28 |access-date=2013-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Apellidos clasificaciones |url=https://www.mapadesobrenomes.com/classificacao_dos_sobrenomes.php |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Mapa De Sobrenomes |language=pt-PT}}</ref>
!Rank
!Surname
!Percentage
!Individuals
(000)
|-
|1
|[[Silva]]
|9.44%
|999
|-
|2
|[[Santos (surname)|Santos]]
|5.96%
|628
|-
|3
|[[Ferreira (surname)|Ferreira]]
|5.25%
|553
|-
|4
|[[Pereira (surname)|Pereira]]
|4.88%
|514
|-
|5
|[[Oliveira (surname)|Oliveira]]
|3.71%
|391
|-
|6
|[[Costa (surname)|Costa]]
|3.68%
|387
|-
|7
|[[Rodrigues (surname)|Rodrigues]]
|3.57%
|376
|-
|8
|[[Martins (surname)|Martins]]
|3.23%
|340
|-
|9
|[[De Jesus|Jesus]]
|2.99%
|315
|-
|10
|[[Sousa (surname)|Sousa]]
|2.95%
|311
|-
|11
|[[Fernandes]]
|2.82%
|297
|-
|12
|[[Gonçalves]]
|2.76%
|291
|-
|13
|[[Gomes]]
|2.57%
|271
|-
|14
|[[Lopes]]
|2.52%
|265
|-
|15
|[[Marques (surname)|Marques]]
|2.51%
|265
|-
|16
|[[Alves]]
|2.37%
|250
|-
|17
|[[Almeida (surname)|Almeida]]
|2.27%
|239
|-
|18
|[[Ribeiro]]
|2.27%
|239
|-
|19
|[[Pinto]]
|2.09%
|220
|-
|20
|[[Carvalho]]
|1.97%
|208
|-
|21
|[[Teixeira]]
|1.69%
|178
|-
|22
|[[Moreira (name)|Moreira]]
|1.54%
|162
|-
|23
|[[Correia]]
|1.53%
|161
|-
|24
|[[Mendes (name)|Mendes]]
|1.39%
|146
|-
|25
|[[Nunes]]
|1.32%
|139
|}
Note: Percentages total > 100 because of individuals with multiple surnames.

== Diaspora ==
{{main|Geographical distribution of Portuguese speakers}}
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width =
| footer =
| image1 = V d Serpenti 3 - proprietà di s Antonio dei Portoghesi P1140807.jpg
| caption1 =
| image2 = Santa Cruz Bangkok 2.jpg
| caption2 = Portuguese [[Portuguese heraldry|coat of arms]] and sign – commending the property and hospital to [[Anthony of Padua|Anthony of Lisbon]] – outside the Church of [[Sant'Antonio dei Portoghesi]], Rome; the Portuguese presence in Europe outside of Portugal, has had many reasons such as economic, cultural and religious (up). [[Santa Cruz Church, Bangkok|Santa Cruz Church]], Thon Buri District, [[Bangkok]], Constructed by Portuguese monks in the 18th Century (down)
}}Portugal was traditionally a land of emigration: according to estimates, more than one hundred million people could have recognizable Portuguese ancestors, with Portuguese diasporas found in diverse regions in all [[continent]]s. However, poor sources for statistics dating hundreds of years ago complicate any estimates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=descendentes ou membros da comunidade |url=https://www.consuladoportugalportoalegre.com/membros-da-comunidade-ou-com-servios-re |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=vcportugalpoa |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Guides |first1=Pilot |title=The Portuguese Diaspora – PILOT GUIDES |work=PILOT GUIDES |date=25 January 2022 |url=https://www.pilotguides.com/study-guides/the-portuguese-diaspora/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugal ǀ Portuguese ǀ Iberian |url=https://dnaconsultants.com/portugal-portuguese-iberian/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=DNA Consultants |language=en}}</ref>

Explorations in the 15th and 16th centuries and [[Portuguese Empire|colonial expansion]] encouraged worldwide emigration to South Asia, the Americas, Macau, [[East-Timor]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Myanmar]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Bayingyi People of Burma |url=https://www.joaoroqueliteraryjournal.com/nonfiction-1/2018/2/6/the-baying-people-of-burma |website=Joaoroqueliteraryjournal.com|date=6 February 2018 }}</ref> and Africa, particularly to former colonies (''see [[Luso-Africans]]''). Portuguese emigration contributed to the settlement of the [[List of islands of Portugal|Atlantic islands]], Brazil (where the majority of the population is of Portuguese descent), Goa [[Goan Catholics|Catholic Goans]], [[Portuguese Burghers]] in Sri Lanka, in Malacca the [[Kristang people|Kristang]] and in Macau the [[Macanese people|Macaense]]. The [[Portuguese Empire]], which lasted nearly 600 years, ended when [[Macau]] [[Transfer of sovereignty over Macau|returned]] to [[China]] in 1999. During the period, millions left Portugal. Inter-ethnic marriage and cultural influences, produced [[Portuguese-based creole languages|dialects based on Portuguese]] in the former colonies (e.g. [[Forro Creole|Forro]]) and in other countries (e.g. [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]]).

In addition, a considerable segment of the diaspora is due to recent mass emigration, mainly for economic reasons. Between 1886 and 1966 Portugal had more emigrants than any Western European country save Ireland.<ref>{{cite web |title=Portugal – Emigration |url=http://countrystudies.us/portugal/48.htm |access-date=24 August 2014 |publisher=Countrystudies.us}}</ref> Nearly two million left to live mainly in Brazil, but also significant numbers settled in the US, Canada, and the [[Caribbean]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Jorge |last=Malheiros |url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=77 |title=Portugal Seeks Balance of Emigration, Immigration |newspaper=Migrationpolicy.org|publisher=Migrationinformation.org |date=1 December 2002|access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref> About 1.2 million Brazilian citizens are native Portuguese.<ref name="memorialdoimigrante.sp.gov.br">{{cite web| url=http://www.memorialdoimigrante.sp.gov.br/historico/e4.htm|title=Estatísticas gerais: imigrantes e descendentes|trans-title=General statistics: immigrants and descendants| language=es| publisher=State Government of São Paulo|access-date=6 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060425123106/http://www.memorialdoimigrante.sp.gov.br/historico/e4.htm| archive-date=25 April 2006}}</ref><ref>Direcção Geral dos Assuntos Consulares e Comunidades Portuguesas do Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros (1999), Dados Estatísticos sobre as Comunidades Portuguesas, IC/CP – DGACCP/DAX/DID – Maio 1999.</ref>

By 1989 some 4,000,000 Portuguese citizens were living abroad, mainly in France, Germany, Brazil, South Africa, Canada, [[Venezuela]], and the US.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Europe/Portugal-MIGRATION.html|title=Migration – Portugal – average, annual|website=Nationsencyclopedia.com|access-date=2 August 2017}}</ref> Estimates from 2021 are that as much as 5 million Portuguese citizens (not descendants or citizens registered within the Portuguese consular authorities) may be living abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>

Within Europe, many Portuguese live in [[Geographical distribution of French speakers|Francophone]] countries like France, [[Luxembourg]] and Switzerland, spurred in part by the [[Mutual intelligibility|linguistic proximity]] of [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and French. In fact, according to data from the General Directorate of Consular Affairs and Portuguese Communities of the Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the countries with the largest Portuguese communities are, in ascending order, France, the UK and Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/home |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt}}</ref>

=== Sephardi Jews ===
{{see also|Sephardic Jews|Spanish and Portuguese Jews|Sephardic Bnei Anusim}}
[[File:A Expulsão dos Judeus (Roque Gameiro, Quadros da História de Portugal, 1917).png|thumb|"''The Banishment of the Jews''", by [[Alfredo Roque Gameiro]], in ''Quadros da História de Portugal'' ("Pictures of the History of Portugal", 1917)]]
Descendants of Portuguese [[Sephardi Jews]] established many communities around the world, including in significant numbers in Israel, the [[Netherlands]], the United States, France, [[Venezuela]], Brazil and [[Turkey]].

====Expulsion====

The Portuguese Jewish diaspora was mainly a result of the [[Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal|expulsion decree]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Spain and Portugal Expelled Their Jews |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/jewish-expulsion-from-portugal/ |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=My Jewish Learning |language=en-US}}</ref> issued in 1496 by the [[List of Portuguese monarchs|Portuguese monarchy]], which targeted Portuguese-Jews. This decree forced many Jews to either [[Religious conversion|convert]] to Christianity (leading to the emergence of ''[[New Christian|Cristão-novos]]'' and of ''[[Crypto-Judaism]]'' practices) or to leave, leading Portuguese Jews to settle throughout Europe and Brazil. In Brazil<ref>{{cite web |title=Cristãos-Novos no Brasil Colônia |trans-title=New-Christians in colonial Brazil |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/judeus/cristaos_novos.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010306082855/http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/judeus/cristaos_novos.html |archive-date=6 March 2001 |access-date=7 July 2007 |publisher=[[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]] |language=pt}}</ref> many of the early colonists were originally Sephardi Jews who, following their conversion, were known as [[New Christians]] ''(see [[Anusim]])''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cristãos-novos |url=https://mundoeducacao.uol.com.br/historiageral/cristaos-novos.htm |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=Mundo Educação |language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crypto Jews: What is the history of secret Jews? – explainer |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-715350 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=The Jerusalem Post |date=23 August 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Emigration ====
[[File:Expulsao judeus Olival (Porto).JPG|left|thumb|264x264px|In memoriam of the expulsion of the Jews from [[Porto]].]]Up to 10,000 Portuguese-Jews might have migrated to France from 1497; this phenomenon remained noticeable until the 1600s, when the [[Netherlands]] became a favorite choice.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ayoun |first=Richard |date=2002 |title=L'établissement des crypto-juifs portugais à Nantes au XVIe siècle |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/acths_0000-0001_2002_act_124_11_5987 |journal=Actes des congrès nationaux des sociétés historiques et scientifiques |volume=124 |issue=11 |pages=303–320}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cepese.pt/portal/pt/investigacao/livro-historia-da-populacao-portuguesa|title=HISTÓRIA DA POPULAÇÃO PORTUGUESA: Das longas permanências à conquista da modernidade}}</ref>

The Netherlands and England became top destinations for these emigrants because those places had no [[Inquisition]]. Adding to the economical and cultural aspects of their host countries,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stolk |first=Marijn |date=2018-12-31 |title=Exploring Immigrant Identities: The Link between Portuguese Ceramics and Sephardic Immigrants in 17th Century Amsterdam: Marijn Stolk |url=https://archaeopresspublishing.com/ojs/index.php/EXNOVO/article/view/383 |journal=Ex Novo: Journal of Archaeology |language=en |volume=3 |pages=101–120 |doi=10.32028/exnovo.v3i0.383 |s2cid=166900120 |issn=2531-8810|doi-access=free }}</ref> Portuguese-Jews established institutions that continue, such as the [[Portuguese Synagogue (Amsterdam)|Esnoga]], in [[Amsterdam]], [[Congregation Shearith Israel]] (America's oldest Jewish congregation), [[Bevis Marks Synagogue]] (the UK's oldest synagogue) – the [[Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue of Montreal]] – (Canada's oldest synagogue) – , [[Mount Sinai Hospital, New York|Mount Sinai]] Hospital, [[City Lights Bookstore|City Lights Booksellers]], and [[Nathan Lopes Cardozo|David Cardozo Academy]] in [[Jerusalem]].

Smaller communities thrived in the [[Balkans]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tomashevich |first=George Vid |date=1982 |title=BALKAN JEWS AND THEIR NEIGHBORS BEFORE, DURING AND SINCE THE HOLOCAUST: A Study in Ethno-Religious (and Ideological) Relations |journal=Humboldt Journal of Social Relations |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=339–363 |jstor=23261871 |issn=0160-4341}}</ref> Italy,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Italy |url=https://sephardicgenealogy.com/regions/europe/sephardic-jews-in-italy/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Sephardic Genealogy |language=en-US}}</ref> the [[Ottoman Empire]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sephardi Jews in the Ottoman Empire – Portuguese Citizenship – |url=https://lawoffice.org.il/en/sephardi-jews-in-the-ottoman-empire/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sephardic Exodus to the Ottoman Empire |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-ottoman-empire/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=My Jewish Learning |language=en-US}}</ref> and Germany, especially in [[Hamburg]] (''see [[Elijah Aboab Cardoso]] [[Joan d'Acosta]] and [[Samuel Aboab|Samuel ben Abraham Aboab]]'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=O português dos judeus na Europa no começo do séc. XX – Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa |url=https://ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt/consultorio/perguntas/o-portugues-dos-judeus-na-europa-no-comeco-do-seculo-xx/37332 |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt}}</ref>

Portuguese-Jews were responsible for the appearance of [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Papiamentu {{!}} language {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Papiamentu |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> (a 300,000 strong<ref>{{Cite web |title=the world |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref> [[Portuguese-based creole languages|Portuguese-based creole]] now the official language in [[Aruba]], [[Curaçao]] and [[Bonaire]]) and of [[Sranan Tongo]], a Portuguese-influenced, English-based creole by spoken by more than 500,000 in [[Suriname]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/regaining-jerusalem|title=Natalie Zemon Davis on Jewish Slaveowners Celebrating Passover in 17th-Century Suriname - Tablet Magazine|date=21 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of Sranan, A Language of Suriname |url=https://linguistics.byu.edu/classes/Ling450ch/reports/Sranan1.html |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=linguistics.byu.edu}}</ref>

==== Shoah ====
During the [[The Holocaust|Shoah]], nearly 4,000 Jews of Portuguese descent residing in the Netherlands lost their lives, making up the largest group of casualties with a Portuguese background.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abrunhosa |first=Maria Eugénia |date=2020-12-01 |title="Portugueses no Holocausto": o "descarinho" que acabou em Auschwitz |url=https://setemargens.com/portugueses-no-holocausto-o-descarinho-que-acabou-em-auschwitz/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Sete Margens |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugueses no holocausto – A Esfera dos Livros |url=https://esferadoslivros.pt/livros/sem-categoria/portugueses-no-holocausto/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |language=pt-PT}}</ref> Among famous Portuguese-Jewish victims of the Shoah is painter [[Baruch Lopes Leão de Laguna]]. Although officially [[Neutral powers during World War II|neutral]], the Portuguese regime at that time, [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]], aligned with [[Nazism|Germany's ideology]] and failed to protect its citizens and other Jewish people living overseas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salazar negou auxílio a judeus na Grécia e na Holanda |url=https://www.dn.pt/cartaz/salazar-negou-auxilio-a-judeus-na-grecia-e-na-holanda-2854275.html |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=www.dn.pt |date=29 October 2012 |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Salazar foi cúmplice "involuntário" do Holocausto |url=https://www.dn.pt/cartaz/salazar-foi-cumplice-involuntario-do-holocausto-2854139.html |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=www.dn.pt |date=29 October 2012 |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Salazar evitou o auxílio a judeus portugueses na Grécia e na Holanda |url=https://tvi.iol.pt/noticias/sociedade/iol-push/salazar-evitou-o-auxilio-a-judeus-portugueses-na-grecia-e-na-holanda |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=TVI Notícias |language=pt}}</ref> Despite the lack of support by the Portuguese authorities, Jews of both Portuguese<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-07 |title=Artes – Prémio distingue pesquisa sobre judeus de origem portuguesa em França salvos do Holocausto |url=https://www.rfi.fr/pt/programas/em-directo-da-redac%C3%A7%C3%A3o/20230207-pr%C3%A9mio-distingue-pesquisa-sobre-judeus-de-origem-portuguesa-em-fran%C3%A7a-salvos-do-holocausto |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=RFI |language=pt}}</ref> and other descent were saved thanks to individuals such as [[Carlos Sampaio Garrido]], Joaquim Carreira, José Brito Mendes and [[Aristides de Sousa Mendes]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yad Vashem: Aristides De Sousa Mendes |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/mendes.html}}</ref> who alone helped 34,000 Jews

==== Twenty-first century ====
Over 500 years after the expulsion decree, in 2015 the [[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Portuguese parliament]] officially acknowledged that the expulsion of its citizens of Jewish descent was wrong. The government then passed a [[Portuguese nationality law|Law of Return]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portuguese Law of Return |url=https://lawoffice.org.il/en/portuguese-law-of-return/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> that aimed to address the wrongs of the [[Portuguese Inquisition]]. The law grants citizenship to any descendants of those persecuted Jews able to confirm their Sephardic Jewish ancestry and a "connection" to Portugal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portuguese Law: Sephardic descendants eligible to obtain Portuguese Citizenship – Sponsored Content {{!}} The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/spotlight/portuguese-law-sephardic-descendants-eligible-to-obtain-portuguese-citizenship/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=The Times of Israel |date=28 April 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Getting The Portuguese Citizenship For The Sephardic Jews |url=https://www.abitbol-associes.com/en/getting-the-portuguese-citizenship-for-the-sephardic-jews/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Abitbol Associes |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Renascença |title=Renascença – A par com o mundo. |url=https://rr.sapo.pt/informacao_detalhe.aspx?fid=1&did=104840 |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Rádio Renascença |language=pt-pt}}</ref>

Thereafter, more than 140,000 people of Sephardic descent, from 60 countries (mostly Israel and [[Turkey]]) applied for [[Portuguese passport|Portuguese citizenship]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Machado |first=Alexandra |title=Mais de 30 mil descendentes de sefarditas receberam cidadania portuguesa desde 2015 |url=https://observador.pt/2022/01/02/mais-de-30-mil-descendentes-de-sefarditas-receberam-cidadania-portuguesa-desde-2015/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Observador |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lusa |first=Agência |title=Descendentes sefarditas a viver no estrangeiro foram quem mais obteve a cidadania portuguesa |url=https://observador.pt/2022/12/18/descendentes-sefarditas-a-viver-no-estrangeiro-foram-quem-mais-obteve-a-cidadania-portuguesa/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Observador |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-16 |title=Sefarditas de mais de 60 países pediram nacionalidade portuguesa |url=https://www.tsf.pt/portugal/sociedade/sefarditas-de-mais-de-60-paises-pediram-nacionalidade-portuguesa-14593300.html |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=TSF Rádio Notícias |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pomerantz |first=Leandro Da Mota Damasceno, Ian |title=O que aconteceu à "reparação histórica mais progressista" da Europa? |url=https://www.publico.pt/2023/03/14/opiniao/opiniao/aconteceu-reparacao-historica-progressista-europa-2042401 |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=PÚBLICO |date=14 March 2023 |language=pt}}</ref> Thereafter, foreigners with no legitimate links were granted Portuguese and thus EU citizenship, including [[Russian oligarchs|Russian oligarch]] [[Roman Abramovich]]. Such abuse prompted the judiciary to review the law.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Sam |last2=Silva |first2=Beatriz Ramalho da |date=2022-03-16 |title=Portugal to change law under which Roman Abramovich gained citizenship |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/16/portugal-nationality-by-descent-law-roman-abramovich-citizenship |access-date=2023-04-12 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-27 |title=Les secrets de la ruée sur les passeports portugais |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2023/02/27/les-secrets-de-la-ruee-sur-les-passeports-portugais_6163428_3210.html |access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-06 |title=Descendentes de judeus sefarditas correm por nacionalidade em Portugal antes de nova regra |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2022/05/descendentes-de-judeus-sefarditas-correm-por-nacionalidade-em-portugal-antes-de-nova-regra.shtml |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Folha de S.Paulo |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Santos |first=Eurico |title=Comunicado do Conselho de Ministros de 6 de abril de 2023 |url=https://www.homepagejuridica.pt/noticias/11948-comunicado-do-conselho-de-ministros-de-6-de-abril-de-2023 |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=www.homepagejuridica.pt |date=6 April 2023 |language=pt-pt}}</ref>

Notable people of Portuguese-Jewish descent include:
* [[Amatus Lusitanus]] (1511–1568): Jewish physician said to have discovered the [[valve]]s in the [[azygos vein]].
* [[Gracia Mendes Nasi]] (1510–1569): Philanthropist and one of the wealthiest Jewish women of Renaissance Europe
* [[Leonora Duarte]] (1610–1678): a [[Flemish people|Flemish]] composer and musician
* [[Baruch Spinoza]] (1632–1677): Dutch philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin
* [[Catherine da Costa]] (1679–1756): English miniaturist
* [[David Ricardo]] (1772–1823): a British [[Political economy|political economist]]
* [[Rehuel Lobatto]] (1797–1866): Dutch mathematician whose notable contributions include [[Gaussian quadrature|Gauss-Lobatto quadrature method]] and the [[Orthogonal polynomials|Lobatto polynomials]]
* [[Isaac da Costa|Isaäc da Costa]] (1798–1860): a [[Sephardi|Jewish]] poet.
* [[Pereire brothers]] (19th century): major figures in the development of France's finance and infrastructure
* [[Samuel Sarphati]] (1813–1866): Dutch physician and [[Amsterdam]] [[Urban planning|city planner]]
* [[Solomon Nunes Carvalho]] (1815–1897): American painter, photographer, author and [[Invention|inventor]]
* [[Grace Aguilar]] (1816–1847): English novelist, poet and writer on Jewish history and religion
* [[Camille Pissarro]] (1830–1903): a Danish-French [[Impressionist]] and [[Neo-Impressionist]] painter considered the "dean of the Impressionist painters"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Camille Pissarro |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/camille-pissarro/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=My Jewish Learning |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Francis Lewis Cardozo]] (1836–1903): American clergyman, politician, and educator. When elected in South Carolina as Secretary of State in 1868, he was the first [[African Americans|African American]] to hold a statewide office in the United States
* [[Maud Nathan]] (1862–1946): American social worker, labor activist and women's [[suffragist]]
* [[Federigo Enriques]] (1871–1946): Italian mathematician, now known principally as the first to give a [[classification of algebraic surfaces]] in [[birational geometry]], and other contributions in [[algebraic geometry]]
* [[Frieda Belinfante]] (1904–1995): Dutch cellist, philharmonic conductor, a prominent lesbian, and a member of the [[Dutch resistance]] during [[World War II]]
* [[William Pereira|William Leonard Pereira]] (1909–1985): American architect
* [[Abraham Pais]] (1918–2000): Dutch-American physicist and [[science historian]]
* [[Louisa Benson Craig]] (1941–2010): Burmese-born two-time beauty pageant winner and [[Karen people|Karen]] rebel leader of [[History of the Jews in Portugal|Portuguese-Jewish descent]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Louisa Benson Craig Dies Aged 69 |url=https://www2.irrawaddy.com/article.php?art_id=17739#:~:text=She%20was%2069.,%E2%80%93%E2%80%93in%201956%20and%201958. |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=www2.irrawaddy.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arom |first=Eitan |date=2018-01-03 |title=Charmaine Craig Ponders Her Mixed Jewish and Karen Heritage in 'Miss Burma' |url=https://jewishjournal.com/culture/arts/229285/charmaine-craig-ponders-mixed-jewish-karen-heritage-miss-burma/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Jewish Journal |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Alberto Portugheis]] (1941): Argentine pianist
* [[Henrique Cymerman]] (1959): Israeli journalist
* [[Shon Weissman]] (1996): Israeli [[Football player|footballer]]

=== Americas outside of Brazil ===

==== United States ====
{{see also|Portuguese Americans|Portuguese-American neighborhoods}}
[[File:Bodo de Leite Parade in East Providence, Rhode Island.jpg|thumb|''Bodo de Leite'' parade in [[East Providence, Rhode Island]]]]
The US established bilateral relations with Portugal when Portugal became the first [[neutral country]] to acknowledge the United States.<ref>[[U.S. Department of State]], "A GUIDE TO THE UNITED STATES' HISTORY OF RECOGNITION, DIPLOMATIC, AND CONSULAR RELATIONS, BY COUNTRY, SINCE 1776: PORTUGAL", [https://history.state.gov/countries/portugal]</ref>

Despite Portugal never attempting to colonize any territory that became part of the US, navigators such as [[João Fernandes Lavrador]], [[Miguel Corte-Real]] and [[João Rodrigues Cabrilho]] are among its earliest documented European explorers. [[Dighton Rock]], in [[Southeastern Massachusetts]], is a marker of early Portuguese presence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Couto |first=António |date=2023-04-02 |title=História e Memória: A Pedra de Dighton (1511) |url=https://philangra.blogspot.com/2018/12/a-pedra-de-dighton-1511.html |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=História e Memória}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Monumentos |url=http://www.monumentos.gov.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=31651 |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=www.monumentos.gov.pt}}</ref>

[[Mathias de Sousa]], who was potentially a Sephardic Jew of mixed African background, is believed to be the first documented Portuguese resident of [[Colonial history of the United States|colonial United States]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Robert L. |last=Santos |year=1995 |title=Azorean Immigration Into the United States |url=http://www.library.csustan.edu/bsantos/immigr.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206025424/http://www.library.csustan.edu/bsantos/immigr.html |archive-date=6 February 2012 |access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref> Another Portuguese Jew, [[Isaac Touro]], is commemorated in the name of the US' oldest synagogue, the [[Touro Synagogue]].

Portuguese started to settle in significant numbers only in the 19th century, with major migration waves occurring in the first half of the 20th century, especially from the [[Azores]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-13 |title={{!}} Portuguese Americans are organized and well connectedPortuguese American Journal |url=https://portuguese-american-journal.com/portuguese-americans-are-organized-and-well-connected/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=Portuguese American Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Portuguese in the United States |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/portam/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=www.loc.gov}}</ref> Of the 1,4 million Portuguese Americans found in the US (0.4% of its [[Demographics of the United States|population]]) the majority are originally from the Azores. The arrival of Azorean emigrants was easier because of geographic proximity and was encouraged by the Azorean Refugee Act of 1958, sponsored by then-Senator [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[John Pastore]] to help the population affected by the 1957–58, the [[Capelinhos]] volcano eruption.<ref name="LOCpage6">{{cite web |title=Chronology, 1958–Present |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/portam/chron6.html |access-date=22 June 2020 |website=Portuguese Immigrants in the United States |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] Hispanic Division}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Text of H.Res. 1438 (110th): Commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Azorean Refugee Act of 1958 and celebrating ... (Passed the House version) – GovTrack.us |url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/110/hres1438/text |access-date=2018-02-14 |website=GovTrack.us |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-22 |title=Azorean-Americans: The Azorean Refugee Act |url=https://www.portugal.com/history-and-culture/azorean-americans-the-azorean-refugee-act/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=Portugal.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Moreover, the 1965 [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965|Immigration Act]] stated that if someone had legal or American relatives in the US who would serve as a sponsor, they could obtain the status of [[Alien (law)|legal aliens]]. This act dramatically increased Portuguese immigration in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name=":03">Ponta-Garça, Nelson, director. ''Portuguese in New England''. 2016.</ref>

Major Portuguese communities arose in [[New Jersey]] (particularly in [[History of Lusophone Americans in Newark, New Jersey|Newark]]), the [[New England]] states, California and along the Gulf Coast (Louisiana). [[Springfield, Illinois]] once hosted the largest Portuguese community in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]].<ref name="Springfield Railroads Improvement Project">{{cite web|last1=Martin|first1=Andrea|title=Carpenter Street Underpass|url=http://springfieldrailroad.com/newsite/pdfs/SRIP_CarpenterStreet_FAQ_FINAL8-25-15.pdf|website=Springfield Railroads Improvement Project|publisher=US Department of Transportation Federal Railroad Administration and the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency|access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref> In the Pacific, Hawaii (''see [[Portuguese immigration to Hawaii]]'') sports a sizable Portuguese population, encouraged by the availability of labor contracts 150 years ago.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Baganha |first=Maria Ioannis Benis |year=1991 |title=The Social Mobility of Portuguese Immigrants in the United States at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century |journal=The International Migration Review |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=277–302 |doi=10.1177/019791839102500202 |jstor=2546289 |s2cid=147321899 }}</ref> Elements of [[Cuisine of Hawaii|Hawaiian cuisine]], such as [[Malassada|malasadas]], originate from Portuguese immigrants to Hawaii.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Recipes |first=Ono Hawaiian |date=2023-05-06 |title=The Best Malasadas Recipe in Hawaii |url=https://onohawaiianrecipes.com/recipes/malasadas/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Ono Hawaiian Recipes |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Canada ====
{{see also|Portuguese Canadians}}{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width =
| footer =
| image1 = AlvaresFagundesMonumentHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg
| caption1 we =
| image2 = Portugueses.jpg
| caption2 = Explorer [[João Álvares Fagundes]] commemorative monument surrounded by [[Portuguese pavement]], in [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]] (up) and [[Azulejo]]s, sign and frame about Portuguese immigration inside a [[Toronto subway and RT|subway station]] in Toronto (down), both in Canada
}}

Canada, particularly [[Ontario]], Quebec and [[British Columbia]], developed a significant Portuguese community since the 1940s. The availability of more [[Economy of Canada|job opportunities in Canada]] attracted Portuguese migrants, leading to Portuguese culture to flourish. Many Portuguese residents took the initiative to purchase homes and establish businesses.

According to the [[Canada 2016 Census|2016 Census]], 482,610, or 1.4% of Canadians claimed Portuguese ancestry.<ref name="stats">{{cite web |title=Ethnic Origin, Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses and Sex for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=1&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=2&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=59&GK=1&GRP=1&PID=92333&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=801&Temporal=2006&THEME=80&VID=14493&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2010-11-10}}</ref>

Two major neighbourhoods where Portuguese are notable include the Little Portugals in [[Little Portugal, Toronto|Toronto]] and [[Little Portugal, Montreal|Montréal]]. Montréal's Little Portugal, known as "''Petit Portugal''" in French, hosts Portuguese shops, restaurants, and cafes, and is also home to "''Parc du Portugal''" (Portugal's park), featuring vibrant murals and elements inspired by [[Portuguese art|Portuguese design]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lusa |first=Agência |title=Principal rua do 'Little Portugal' em Toronto muda de nome e reescreve a história |url=https://observador.pt/2021/11/28/principal-rua-do-little-portugal-em-toronto-muda-de-nome-e-reescreve-a-historia/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Observador |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Resident |first=Portugal |date=2022-10-18 |title=A little piece of Portugal in Canada |url=https://www.portugalresident.com/a-little-piece-of-portugal-in-canada/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Portugal Resident |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The [[Portuguese language]] is spoken by over 330,000 Canadians, making up around 1% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Janarra |first=Rui |date=2022-08-18 |title=Línguas no Canadá: 118.730 cidadãos falam português em casa, segundo Statcan |url=https://www.correiodamanhacanada.com/linguas-no-canada-118-730-cidadaos-falam-portugues-em-casa-segundo-statcan/ |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Correio da Manhã Canadá |language=pt-PT}}</ref>

Significant testimonies of the Portuguese presence in Canada include the name of one of the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|10 provinces of Canada]]: [[Newfoundland and Labrador]]. [[Henry VII of England|King Henry VII]] coined the name "New found land" for the territory explored by [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian]] and [[John Cabot]]. In [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], the land is known as ''Terra Nova'', which translates to "new land," and is also referred to as ''Terre-Neuve'' in French, the name for the province's island region. The name Terra Nova is commonly used on the island, including in the name of [[Terra Nova National Park]]. The influence of early Portuguese exploration is also evident in the name of Labrador, which is derived from the surname of [[History of Portugal (1415–1578)#Chronology of the Portuguese discoveries|Portuguese navigator]] [[João Fernandes Lavrador]].<ref>{{Cite report |title=Canada and its provinces - the origins of their names - as noted in The Macmillan Book of Canadian Place Names |last=Hamilton |first=W B |date=1981 |publisher=Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management|page=105|doi=10.4095/298053 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Other remnants of early Portuguese exploration include toponyms such as [[Baccalieu Island|Baccalieu]] (from ''bacalhau'', [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] for [[cod]]fish) and [[Portugal Cove–St. Philip's|Portugal Cove]]. Portuguese cartographer [[Diogo Ribeiro]] is responsible for one of the earliest maps depicting the territory of modern-day Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portuguese Exploration along the Northeast Coast of North America |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/portam/coast.html |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=www.loc.gov}}</ref>

==== Caribbean ====
The first Portuguese who settled in the [[Caribbean]] were merchants or Portuguese-Jews fleeing the [[Portuguese Inquisition]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamaica National Heritage Trust – The People Who Came |url=http://www.jnht.com/disndat_people.php |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=www.jnht.com}}</ref> Migrants from the 1830s came as indentured labourers, especially from [[Madeira]]. The 19th century migration coincided with the [[Abolitionism|abolition of slavery]] in the [[British West Indies|British colonies]]. As a result, the Portuguese, along with [[Indo-Caribbeans|Indians]] and [[Chinese Caribbeans|Chinese]], arrived to replace the [[Slavery|slave labor]]. The Portuguese took a prominent part in shaping the [[Demographics of the Caribbean|population of the West Indies]]. Their descendants form an active minority in many countries.

As part of a larger system of low-wage labour, about 2,500 Portuguese left for [[Antigua and Barbuda]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281277075|title=Madeiran Portuguese Migration to Guyana, St. Vincent, Antigua and Trinidad: A Comparative Overview}}</ref> (where, more than 1,000 people still speak the [[Portuguese language|language]]),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-16 |title=What Languages Are Spoken in Antigua and Barbuda? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-antigua-and-barbuda.html |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Portuguese Guyanese|30,000 to Guyana]] (4.3% of the population in 1891)<ref>{{cite web |date=7 May 2000 |title=Portuguese emigration from Madeira to British Guiana |url=http://www.guyana.org/special/portuguese.html |access-date=24 August 2014 |publisher=Guyana.org}}</ref> and [[Portuguese Trinidadian and Tobagonian|another 2,000 settled]] in [[Trinidad and Tobago]]<ref name="researchgate.net">{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305557491|title=2. Português Língua de Herança: Um estudo da tentativa da manutenção de uma língua praticamente extinta, em Trinidad e Tobago}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Pidduck |first=Angela |date=14 June 1999 |title=Small TT / Portuguese Community Continues to Celebrate Heritage |url=http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Communities/communities_Portuguese.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020225025938/http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Communities/communities_Portuguese.html |archive-date=25 February 2002 |access-date=7 September 2008 |publisher=nalis.gov.tt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rampersad |first=Joan |date=2019-12-07 |title=Portuguese celebrate 185 years in TT – Trinidad and Tobago Newsday |url=https://newsday.co.tt/2019/12/07/portuguese-celebrate-185-years-in-tt/,%20https://newsday.co.tt/2019/12/07/portuguese-celebrate-185-years-in-tt/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=newsday.co.tt |language=en-US}}</ref> between the mid-1800s and the mid-1900s.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=The Portuguese presence |url=https://guyanachronicle.com/2019/05/05/the-portuguese-presence/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=Guyana Chronicle |date=5 May 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kempadoo |first=Kamala |date=2017-09-21 |title='Bound Coolies' and Other Indentured Workers in the Caribbean: Implications for debates about human trafficking and modern slavery |url=https://antitraffickingreview.org/index.php/atrjournal/article/view/263 |journal=Anti-Trafficking Review |language=en |issue=9 |pages=48–63 |doi=10.14197/atr.20121794 |issn=2287-0113|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Arrival of the Portuguese in British Guiana |url=https://guyanachronicle.com/2012/05/05/the-arrival-of-the-portuguese-in-british-guiana/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=Guyana Chronicle |date=2 January 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref> Portuguese culture survives in the enterprises established by community members. In 2016 [[Eugene F. Correia International Airport|the second international airport]] of [[List of airports in Guyana|the country]] was renamed after a [[Portuguese Guyanese]] individual.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ogle Airport Renamed Eugene F. Correia International |url=https://www.nevispages.com/ogle-airport-renamed-eugene-f-correia-international/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=NevisPages.com |date=11 May 2016 |language=en-CA}}</ref>

Portuguese [[Fisherman|fishermen]], farmers and [[Indentured servitude|indentured labourers]] inhabited other [[Caribbean]] countries, especially [[Jamaica]] (about 5,700 people, primarily of Portuguese-Jewish descent),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mirvis |first=Stanley |title=The Jews of Eighteenth-Century Jamaica: A Testamentary History of a Diaspora in Transition |date=2020 |publisher=Yale University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctv10sm932 |jstor=j.ctv10sm932 |isbn=978-0-300-23881-5|s2cid=219044870 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Community |date=2020-10-13 |title=Jews in Jamaica |url=https://jewishmuseum.org.uk/2020/10/13/jews-in-jamaica/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=The Jewish Museum London |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PORTUGALITY in Jamaica |url=https://portugality.yolasite.com/jamaica-en.php |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=portugality.yolasite.com}}</ref> [[St. Vincent and the Grenadines]] (0.7% of the population),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://finance.gov.vc/finance/images/PDF/censusreport2012.pdf|title=Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2012 Census}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=31 July 2001 |title=The Portuguese of the West Indies |url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~portwestind/diaspora/waves_of_migration.htm |access-date=24 August 2014 |publisher=Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com}}</ref> and [[Portuguese Surinamese|Suriname]], whose first capital, [[Torarica]] (literally "''rich [[Torah]]"'' in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]), was established by [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews|Portuguese-Jewish]] settlers. Minor communities exist in [[Grenada]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grenada – Population and Housing Census 2001 |url=https://catalog.ihsn.org/catalog/4322/related-materials |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=catalog.ihsn.org}}</ref> [[Saint Lucia]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNECLAC-CELADE::Redatam Webserver {{!}} Statistical Process and Dissemination Tool |url=https://redatam.org/binlca/RpWebEngine.exe/Portal?BASE=PHC2010C&lang=ENG |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=redatam.org}}</ref> [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-05 |title=Saint Kitts and Nevis |url=http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Publications/NCR%20Reports/Kitts.pdf |access-date=2023-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205005511/http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Publications/NCR%20Reports/Kitts.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2018 }}</ref> and the [[Cayman Islands]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eso.ky/UserFiles/page_docums/files/uploads/docum436.pdf|title=Cayman Islands 2010 census}}</ref>

About 4,000 Portuguese people live in the Caribbean territories of Overseas France, especially in [[Saint Barthélemy]] (where they constitute about a third of the population), [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Martinique]].<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=86 |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Quatro portugueses retirados de ilha em Cuba devido ao furacão |url=https://www.jn.pt/mundo/quatro-portugueses-retirados-de-ilha-em-cubadevido-ao-furacao-8753686.html |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=www.jn.pt |date=7 September 2017 |language=pt-PT}}</ref>

Portuguese heritage lives on in [[Aruba]], [[Bonaire]] and [[Curaçao]]. In the three territories, the official language, [[Papiamento|Papiamentu]], includes numerous Portuguese elements.

The North Atlantic archipelago of [[Bermuda]] (10%<ref>{{cite web |title=Bermuda |url=http://www.solarnavigator.net/geography/bermuda.htm |access-date=24 August 2014 |publisher=Solarnavigator.net}}</ref> to 25%<ref name=":6" /> of the population) experienced sustained immigration especially from the [[Azores]], as well as from Madeira and the [[Cape Verde|Cape Verde Islands]] since the 1840s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zacharias |first=Adam |date=2015-11-27 |title=Portuguese community 'still not accepted' |url=https://www.royalgazette.com/other/news/article/20151127/portuguese-community-still-not-accepted/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=www.royalgazette.com |language=en-US|publisher=The Royal Gazette}}</ref>

Portuguese communities are also present in countries such as [[Cuba]], [[Dominican Republic]], and [[Puerto Rico]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://porturicans.weebly.com/history.html |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Portu Ricans – Portuguese Puerto Ricans |language=en}}</ref> Notable members of the community include activist [[Ada Bello]], businessman [[Alexis Victoria Yeb]], former [[First Lady of Nicaragua|Nicaraguan First Lady]] [[Lila T. Abaunza|Lila Teresita Abaunza]] and [[Felipa Colón de Toledo, 2nd Duchess of Veragua|Felipa Colón de Toledo]].

==== Latin America (excluding Brazil) ====

[[Portuguese Mexicans|Mexico]] had flows of Portuguese immigration from the colonial period through the early 20th century, most importantly in northeastern cities<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ejournal.unam.mx/ehn/ehn32/EHNO3201.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204000759/http://www.ejournal.unam.mx/ehn/ehn32/EHNO3201.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref> such as [[Saltillo]], [[Monterrey]], [[Durango City|Durango]] and [[Torreón|Torreon]]. [[Santiago Tequixquiac]], due to its lime and stone mining deposits, was a place of settlement for Portuguese [[Crypto-Judaism|Crypto-Jews]] during the colonial period. They were brought there together with the [[Tlaxcaltec|Tlaxcalans]] and [[Spaniards|peninsular Spaniards]] to appease the [[Otomi|Otomi indigenous]] people in that town. Many Lusitanian cultural traits were preserved through the 19th century, such as [[forcado]]s, [[Portuguese cuisine|gastronomy]], some Sephardic customs and its inhabitants' surnames. [[Bullfighting]] is a Portuguese tradition that continues in Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodrigues |first=Andreia |date=2021-06-09 |title=Os portugueses no México, destinos traçados com armas e com gosto de tequila |url=https://eltrapezio.eu/es/portugues/os-portugueses-no-mexico-destinos-tracados-com-armas-e-com-gosto-de-tequila_21610.html |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=El Trapezio |language=es-ES}}</ref> A notable Portuguese-Mexican Jew was [[Francisca Nuñez de Carabajal]], executed by burning at the stake by the [[Mexican Inquisition|Inquisition]] for [[Judaizers|judaizing]] in 1596.

Venezuela hosts the largest community of Portuguese immigrants in [[Latin America]] after [[Brazil]]. Portuguese nationals began arriving in the country during the early and mid-20th century as economic migrants, particularly from [[Madeira]]. Distinct from this immigrant group, the population of Portuguese descent (lusodescendants) is estimated at approximately 1.2 million individuals.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2026-02-25 |date=2026-01-03 |language=pt |last=Lusa |title=Portugueses na Venezuela continuam a ser vistos como uma das comunidades mais integradas no país |url=https://www.publico.pt/2026/01/03/mundo/noticia/portugueses-venezuela-continuam-vistos-comunidades-integradas-pais-2159990 |website=Público}}</ref>

[[Colombia]] did not welcome mass Portuguese immigration. Although Portuguese may have explored the area, they did not establish communities there. Colombia became a Spanish colony, as defined by the [[Treaty of Tordesillas]]. The Portuguese embassy in Bogota estimated that around 800 Portuguese nationals live there. The number with Portuguese ancestry is not known, but they left little mark on the culture, except for some surnames.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-05-03|language=es|title=Colombia – Inmigración 2020 {{!}} Datosmacro.com|url=https://datosmacro.expansion.com/demografia/migracion/inmigracion/colombia|website=datosmacro.expansion.com}}</ref><ref name="Colômbia atrai cidadãos portugueses">{{cite web|access-date=2023-05-03|language=pt|last=SAPO|title=Colômbia atrai portugueses interessados em negócios e é uma opção à Venezuela|url=https://24.sapo.pt/noticias/internacional/artigo/colombia-atrai-portugueses-interessados-em-negocios-e-e-uma-opcao-a-venezuela_21033581.html|website=SAPO 24}}</ref>

In [[Peru]], a modest migration began at the time of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]]. Sailors who traveled along the Peruvian coast, and later entered the country from the Atlantic via the [[Amazon River]] settled there. Records of [[Portuguese Brazilians|Luso-Brazilians]] survive in the cities surrounding the [[Brazil–Peru border|Brazil-Peru border]]. Portuguese citizens in Peru number about 2,000,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=173 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref> Peruvians with Portuguese ancestry could approach 1 million, including direct and indirect descendants, or about 3% of the total.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espejodelperu.com.pe/Poblacion-del-Peru/Inmigracion-Portuguesa-al-Peru.htm|title=Inmigración portuguesa al Perú|website=www.espejodelperu.com.pe}}</ref> A famous Peruvian of Portuguese descent is popular TV presenter {{ill|Janet Barboza|es|Janet Barboza}}.
[[File:PortugueseMuseum-Colonia4.jpg|left|thumb|188x188px|[[Azulejo]] depicting the foundation of [[Colonia del Sacramento]], now a [[World Heritage Site|Unesco World Heritage Site]], Portuguese Museum]]
The [[Southern Cone|Cono Sur]] region had Portuguese immigration beginning in the early 20th century. The [[Portuguese Argentine|Portuguese]] and [[Cape Verdean Argentine|Cape Verdean]] community in [[Argentina]], [[Portuguese Uruguayan|Uruguay]] and Chile numbers around 255,000 people combined<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":13" /> (0.37% of the region's population).

Portuguese Uruguayans are mainly of [[Azores|Azorean]] descent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugueses no Uruguai. São Carlos de Maldonado. 1764 |url=https://www.esteditora.com.br/PortuguesesnoUruguaiSaoCarlosdeMaldonado1764 |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=www.esteditora.com.br}}</ref> Portuguese presence in the country dates to colonial times, in particular to the establishment of [[Colonia del Sacramento]] by the Portuguese in 1680,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.multirio.rj.gov.br/historia/modulo01/fund_sacramento.html|title=A Fundação da Colônia do Sacramento|website=www.multirio.rj.gov.br}}</ref> which eventually turned into a regional [[smuggling]] center. Other Portuguese entered Uruguay from [[Portuguese Brazilians|Brazil]]. During the second half of the 19th century and part of the 20th, several additional Portuguese immigrants arrived; the last wave came during 1930–1965.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fhuce.edu.uy/jornadas/IIJornadasInvestigacion/PONENCIAS/BLANCO.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029221147/http://www.fhuce.edu.uy/jornadas/IIJornadasInvestigacion/PONENCIAS/BLANCO.PDF|title=Our last Lusitanians|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugueses no Uruguai |date=4 January 2024 |url=https://ciencia.iscte-iul.pt/publications/portugueses-no-uruguai-redes-retratos-e-relatos/18250 |last1=Carreiras |first1=Helena }}</ref> As of 2021, 3,069<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=231|title=Observatório da Emigração|website=observatorioemigracao.pt}}</ref> Portuguese citizens had registered as residing in Uruguay. Many luso-descendants also reside there, but numbers are lacking.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Perguntas frequentes |url=https://montreal.consuladoportugal.mne.gov.pt/pt/assuntos-consulares/perguntas-frequentes |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Consulado Geral de Portugal em Montreal |language=pt-pt}}</ref><ref name=":10" />
[[File:Portugueseobera.JPG|thumb|Portuguese community in [[Oberá]], [[Misiones Province|Misiones]], [[Argentina]]]]
[[Argentina–Portugal relations|Argentina-Portugal relations]] date back to the early explorers, as the [[Río de la Plata]] (literally, silver river) was first explored by the Portuguese in the 1510s. In [[Argentina]], Portuguese immigration remained limited due to a preference for Brazil. However, the Portuguese constituted the second-largest immigrant group after the Spanish before [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|1816]] and continued to arrive throughout the 19th century. While a significant number settled in the interior, the primary destination was [[Buenos Aires]]. Many men from [[Lisbon]], [[Porto]], and coastal regions of Portugal, predominantly in maritime professions, were already present. During the 1970s, they began to organize ethnically, and community life developed.<ref name="monographyar">{{Cite web |last=Rouco |first=Maria Gonzalez |date=2004-11-16 |title=Inmigración a la Argentina. Portugueses |url=https://www.monografias.com/trabajos16/portugueses-en-argentina/portugueses-en-argentina |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Monografias.com |language=es-ES}}</ref><ref name="Olova">Olavarria Portuguese society participated in "Buenos Aires celebrates Portugal" {{cite web |title=Infoeme.com – Diario on line de Olavarria |url=http://www.infoeme.com/noticia.asp?id=41701 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120903173358/http://www.infoeme.com/noticia.asp?id=41701 |archive-date=2012-09-03 |access-date=2012-06-02}}</ref> A popular member of the Portuguese community in Argentina was best-selling author [[Silvina Bullrich]].

=== Africa ===
{{see also|Portuguese Africans}}[[File:2019-05-06 Empfang Jorge Carlos Fonseca-1190.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Former [[Cape Verde|Cape Verdian]] President [[Jorge Carlos Fonseca]]]]In the early twentieth century the Portuguese government encouraged migration to [[Overseas Province of Angola|Angola]] and [[Overseas Province of Mozambique|Mozambique]], and by the 1970s, up to 1 million Portuguese settlers were living in Portugal's overseas African provinces.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugal - Emigration |url=https://countrystudies.us/portugal/48.htm |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=countrystudies.us|publisher=GPO for the Library of Congress|year=1993}}</ref> Minor communities settled in [[Portuguese Guineans|Guinea-Bissau]], [[Demographics of Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinea]], [[Demographics of Cape Verde|Cape Verde]] and [[Demographics of São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé and Príncipe]], Portuguese influences continue there: Portuguese enjoys the status of [[official language]].

Following the [[Carnation Revolution]], as the country's African possessions gained independence in 1975, an estimated 800,000 Portuguese emigrated from the former colonies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=O Retorno |url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/o-retorno/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>[https://africasacountry.com/2020/12/the-strange-case-of-portugals-returnees Africa As A Country: The Strange Case of Portugal's Returnees]</ref> Returnees to Portugal are often referred as ''[[Retornados]]'' (literally, those who came back).

Some Portuguese moved to South Africa, [[Botswana]], and [[Algeria]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.portaldascomunidades.mne.pt/pt/conselhos-aos-viajantes/a/122-dz |title=Argélia|website=Portaldascomunidades.mne.pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.internations.org/botswana-expats/portuguese/pt |title=Portugueses em Botsuana – Expats portugueses em Botsuana|website=Internations.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,913229-1,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113204408/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,913229-1,00.html |title=Dismantling the Portuguese Empire |publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-date=13 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tsf.pt/internacional/africa/portugueses-sao-mais-parecidos-com-os-argelinos-do-que-costumamos-pensar--4444227.html|title=Portugueses são mais parecidos com os argelinos do que costumamos pensar|date=10 March 2015|website=TSF Rádio Notícias}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinheirovivo.pt/empresas/argelia-quer-formacao-profissional-portuguesa/|title=Argélia quer formação profissional portuguesa|date=29 November 2018|website=Dinheirovivo.pt|access-date=6 December 2019|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406010851/https://www.dinheirovivo.pt/empresas/argelia-quer-formacao-profissional-portuguesa/}}</ref> In particular, South Africa hosts the largest Portuguese community in the continent, numbering about 700,000 (more than Lisbon).

Portuguese descendants make up a significant minority in the former colonies where, they make up the bulk of ''[[Mulatto|Mestiços]]'' (Mixed African-European people).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mia Couto ao Expresso: "Somos todos biologicamente mestiços. Os vírus moram dentro de nós" |url=https://expresso.pt/sociedade/coronavirus/2020-05-31-Mia-Couto-ao-Expresso-Somos-todos-biologicamente-mesticos.-Os-virus-moram-dentro-de-nos |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Jornal Expresso |date=31 May 2020 |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Angola: "Houve independência mas não descolonização das mentes" |url=https://acervo.publico.pt/mundo/noticia/houve-independencia-mas-nao-descolonizacao-das-mentes-1712736 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=PÚBLICO |date=11 January 2015 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Filho |first=João Lopes |date=2011-12-09 |title=Mestiçagem, emigração e mudança em Cabo Verde |url=https://www.revistas.usp.br/africa/article/view/96111 |journal=Revista África |language=pt |issue=29–30 |pages=129–140 |doi=10.11606/issn.2526-303X.v0i29-30p129-140 |s2cid=249832231 |issn=2526-303X|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Quando todo mundo virou mestiço |url=https://ilhas.li/aIFt |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Expresso das Ilhas |language=pt}}</ref>

=== Europe outside of Portugal ===

==== France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Monaco, Andorra and Switzerland ====
{{see also|Portuguese in Belgium|Portuguese in France|Portuguese in Luxembourg}}
[[File:Portuguese Fook Dancing in Kockelscheuer, Luxembourg.jpg|thumb|Portuguese folk dancing in [[Kockelscheuer]].|200x200px]]
[[File:Plaque Avenue des Portugais, Paris 16.jpg|thumb|[[Commemorative plaque]] on the Portuguese.avenue (''Avenue des Portugais'') in Paris|200x200px]]
[[File:Monument des Portugais de Champigny-sur-Marne 2.jpg|thumb|[[Champigny-sur-Marne]] Portuguese monument (''Monument des Portugais)''|200x200px]]
[[File:Geração à rasca - Portuguese in Belgium.jpg|thumb|Portuguese in front of their embassy in [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]]|300x300px]]
[[File:Eglise du Sacré Coeur de Gentilly (92) vue de la cité universitaire.jpg|thumb|Portuguese catholic church in [[Gentilly, Val-de-Marne|Gentilly]], seen from the [[Cité Internationale Universitaire de Paris]]|200x200px]]
[[File:Portuguese WWI Memorial (1324658430).jpg|thumb|[[Portuguese Military Cemetery, Richebourg|Portuguese Military Cemetery]] in [[Richebourg, Pas-de-Calais|Richebourg]], France|267x267px]]
[[File:Portuguese Consulate in Geneva.JPG|thumb|[[Foreign relations of Portugal|Portuguese]] consulate in Geneva|200x200px]]
Due to the linguistic similarity between [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[French language|French]] and the many [[Education in Portugal|schools in Portugal]] that promote [[Français langue étrangère|French as foreign language]], many Portuguese nationals started migrating to [[Portuguese in France|France]], [[Belgium]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Monaco]] and the [[Swiss French|French-speaking part]] of [[Switzerland]] in the 1960s, for economic reasons, and to avoid conscription to fight in Portuguese colonies. Interestingly, migration to [[Andorra]] - where, although [[Catalan language|Catalan]] is the official language, French is widely spoken - made the Portuguese the third largest ethnic group in the state, after [[Demographics of Andorra|Andorrans]] and [[Spaniards]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.estadistica.ad/portal/apps/sites/#/estadistica-ca/pages/estadistiques-i-dades-detall?Idioma=ca&N2=605&N3=630&DV=1251|title=Andorra statistics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=en AndorraInfo.com |url=https://www.andorrainfo.com/andorra/idioma.html |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=AndorraInfo |language=es-es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cultura.ad/la-llengua-a-andorra|title=La llengua a Andorra}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cultura.ad/images/stories/Llengua/Documents/CU_22_web-Indicador_dusos_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstics_compressed.pdf|title=Andorra languages - 2}}</ref>

Around 15% of Portuguese people are fluent in French.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/1049 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= 15 December 2017|title=Portugueses falam cada vez mais (e melhor) línguas estrangeiras |url=https://www.dn.pt/portugal/portugal-e-pais-da-ue-com-maior-aumento-de-adultos-a-falar-linguas-estrangeiras-8987820.html |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=www.dn.pt |language=pt-PT}}</ref> French has been dwindling, often replaced by English. In 2005 French fluency stood at 24%.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= 20 October 2022|title="Tive colegas de escola cujos pais eram portugueses. Mas nunca os vi como uma comunidade. Eram amigos" |url=https://www.dn.pt/internacional/tive-colegas-de-escola-cujos-pais-eram-portugueses-mas-nunca-os-vi-como-uma-comunidade-eram-amigos--15273308.html |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=www.dn.pt |language=pt-PT}}</ref> Nevertheless, 70% of middle school students study French.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lusa |first=PÚBLICO |date=2019-09-25 |title=Português é uma das línguas estrangeiras ensinadas em França, Espanha e Roménia |url=https://www.publico.pt/2019/09/25/sociedade/noticia/linguas-uniao-europeia-1887866 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=PÚBLICO |language=pt}}</ref> French media are widely available in Portugal (newspapers, magazines, [[Radio broadcasting|radio stations]] and [[Lists of television channels|TV channels]]) and many [[Library|libraries]] offer a French-language section.

Portuguese migration to the more affluent French speaking countries in Europe continues, although at a lower rate.

More than 2,260,000 Portuguese citizens live in these countries. In addition, France alone hosts 450,000 Luso-descendants''.''{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

Records of Portuguese living in France date to the early centuries of the Portuguese kingdom, notably merchants, [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews|Portuguese-Jews]] and [[Portuguese nobility|Portuguese nobles]]: [[Louis XIV]] was of Portuguese descent through his grandfather [[Philip III of Spain|Philip II]]. Despite a centuries-long presence, Portuguese nationals only started to move to France in large numbers following World War 2.<ref name=":110">{{Cite web |title=L'immigration portugaise en France au 20ème siècle {{!}} Musée de l'histoire de l'immigration |url=https://www.histoire-immigration.fr/caracteristiques-migratoires-selon-les-pays-d-origine/l-immigration-portugaise-en-france-au-20eme-siecle |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=www.histoire-immigration.fr |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=História da Emigração em França destaca envio de trabalhadores e xenofobia |url=https://www.dn.pt/lusa/historia-da-emigracao-em-franca-destaca-envio-de-trabalhadores-e-xenofobia-9294878.html |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=www.dn.pt |date=30 April 2018 |language=pt-PT}}</ref>

From the 1960s, [[History of Brazil|Brazil's economic stagnation]], French efforts to attract Portuguese workers, and [[António de Oliveira Salazar]]'s [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|dictatorship]] and the [[Portuguese Colonial War|colonial wars]] were factors that contributed to 1,000,000 people migrating to France from 1960 to 1974.<ref>{{cite web |title=france 2 actualités & société |url=http://info.france2.fr/dossiers/europe/25778206-fr.php?page=1 |access-date=28 August 2017 |website=info.france2.fr }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/portugal/presentation-du-portugal/|title=Présentation du Portugal|first=Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires|last=étrangères|website=France Diplomatie : : Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères}}</ref><ref name="Archived copy">{{cite web |url=http://www.observatorioemigracao.secomunidades.pt/np4/2454.html |title=Observatório da Emigração |access-date=2014-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190314/http://www.observatorioemigracao.secomunidades.pt/np4/2454.html |archive-date=2016-03-03 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Infopédia |title=Emigração massiva dos anos 60 – Infopédia |url=https://www.infopedia.pt/apoio/artigos/$emigracao-massiva-dos-anos-60 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=infopedia.pt – Porto Editora |language=pt}}</ref><ref name=":25">{{Cite web|url=https://portaldascomunidades.mne.gov.pt/images/GADG/Destaques/DLFE-264.pdf|title=RELATÓRIO DA EMIGRAÇÃO}}</ref> After 1974, Portuguese nationals started moving to Luxembourg and Monaco (1980s), Switzerland (1990s) and – Belgium and Andorra (2000s). This is also due to France's tightened immigration control.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cairn.info/load_pdf.php?ID_ARTICLE=VING_084_0107&download=1|title=Francais et immigres a l'epreuve de la crise (1973-1995)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zancarini-Fournel |first=Michelle |date=2000 |title=La construction d'un "problème national": l'immigration. 1973, un tournant ? |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/camed_0395-9317_2000_num_61_1_1297 |journal=Cahiers de la Méditerranée |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=147–157 |doi=10.3406/camed.2000.1297}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1973-1974, du pétrole et des idées: épisode • 3/4 du podcast Après la crise, demain est-il un autre jour ? |url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/podcasts/lsd-la-serie-documentaire/1973-1974-du-petrole-et-des-idees-1084221 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=France Culture |date=18 November 2020 |language=fr}}</ref>

[[Portuguese in Luxembourg|Portuguese]] constitute 23.4% of [[Luxembourg]]'s population, second to native [[Luxembourgers]]; the Luxembourgers of Portuguese blood speak [[luxembourgish language|Letzeburgesch]] (a German dialect) and [[Standard German]], aside from French. Andorra is inhabited by 16,300 Portuguese nationals (19.4% of the population)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=1 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref><ref name=":26" />'','' [[Monaco]] hosts around 1,000 (3.3% of the Population),<ref name=":24" /> while [[Belgium]] is home to around 80,000 (0.7% of the population).<ref name=":3" />

In Switzerland, Portuguese settled mainly in [[Romandy]]. Official figures suggest that [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] is spoken by 5% of the population at home and 10.1% in [[Romandy|French speaking Switzerland]], thus making Portuguese second only to French.<ref>{{Cite web |last=statistique |first=Office fédéral de la |date=2021-01-25 |title=Pratiques linguistiques en Suisse – Premiers résultats de l'Enquête sur la langue, la religion et la culture 2019 {{!}} Publication |url=https://www.bfs.admin.ch/asset/fr/15324910 |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=Office fédéral de la statistique |language=fr}}</ref>

Notable Portuguese Swiss include snooker player [[Alexander Ursenbacher]], models [[Pedro Mendes (model)|Pedro Mendes]] and [[Nomi Fernandes]], actress [[Yaël Boon]] and Olympic medalist [[Stéphane Lambiel]].

Notable Portuguese Belgians include – nobles such as [[Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of the Belgians|Queen Elizabeth]] or [[Leopold III of Belgium|King Leopold III]], fashion designer [[Veronique Branquinho]], footballer [[Yannick Carrasco]], actress [[Rose Bertram]], sprinter [[Jonathan Sacoor]], and actress [[Helena Noguerra]].

Portuguese migration towards these countries has steadily declined over the years, although from 2003 to 2022 around 615,000 Portuguese nationals migrated there, especially following the [[2008 financial crisis]]. As of 2021 around 40% had returned to Portugal, as the economic outlook improved.<ref>{{Cite web |last=INE |title=Indicador |url=https://tabulador.ine.pt/indicador/?id=0011689 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=tabulador.ine.pt}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Portuguese immigrants to Belgium, France, Luxembourg, and Switzerland
(2022 data for Belgium missing)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-29 |title=Cerca de 60 mil portugueses emigraram em 2022, Suíça volta a ser principal destino |url=https://expresso.pt/sociedade/2024-01-29-Cerca-de-60-mil-portugueses-emigraram-em-2022-Suica-volta-a-ser-principal-destino-4e932d91 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=Expresso |language=pt}}</ref>
!
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2003–2006
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2007–2010
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2011–2014
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2015–2018
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2019–2022
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | Total
|-
|'''Switzerland'''
| style="text-align:center;" | 50,346
| style="text-align:center;" | 59,329
| style="text-align:center;" | 69,172
| style="text-align:center;" | 40,438
| style="text-align:center;" | 33,608
| style="text-align:center;" | 252,893
|-
|'''France'''
| style="text-align:center;" | 39,960
| style="text-align:center;" | 33,708
| style="text-align:center;" | 68,216
| style="text-align:center;" | 40,345
| style="text-align:center;" | 28,967
| style="text-align:center;" | 211,196
|-
|'''Luxembourg'''
| style="text-align:center;" | 14,956
| style="text-align:center;" | 16,605
| style="text-align:center;" | 18,592
| style="text-align:center;" | 16,723
| style="text-align:center;" | 14,556
| style="text-align:center;" | 81,432
|-
|'''Belgium'''
| style="text-align:center;" | 7,694
| style="text-align:center;" |11,064
| style="text-align:center;" |14,693
| style="text-align:center;" |11,297
| style="text-align:center;" |9,029
| style="text-align:center;" |53,777
|-
|'''Andorra'''
| style="text-align:center;" |7,167
| style="text-align:center;" |3,204
| style="text-align:center;" |1,067
| style="text-align:center;" |1,122
| style="text-align:center;" |884
| style="text-align:center;" |13,444
|-
|'''Total'''
| style="text-align:center;" |120,123
| style="text-align:center;" |123,910
| style="text-align:center;" |171,740
| style="text-align:center;" |109,925
| style="text-align:center;" |87,044
| style="text-align:center;" |612,742
|}

==== Germany ====
{{see also|Portuguese in Germany}}

After WWII hundreds of thousands of Portuguese settled as [[Foreign worker|guest workers]] in Western European countries. On 17 March 1964, the recruitment agreement between the [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]] and Portugal was signed under the Erhard I cabinet. Armando Rodrigues de Sá was officially welcomed in 1964 as the millionth "guest worker" in Germany and was given a certificate and a two-seater Zündapp Sport Combinette – Mokick.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Angekommen – Armando Rodrigues de Sa |url=https://iberer.angekommen.com/05/05rodri.html |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=iberer.angekommen.com}}</ref> The number of Portuguese citizens living in Germany was estimated at 245,000 as of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=56 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref> The largest Portuguese community is located in [[Hamburg]] numbering about 25,000. A ''Portugiesenviertel'' (Portuguese quarter) in Hamburg sits near the [[Port of Hamburg]] and between the subway stations of [[Landungsbrücken station|Landungsbrücken]] and [[Baumwall station|Baumwall]].

==== United Kingdom ====
In the [[Portuguese in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom, people of Portuguese origin]] were estimated at 400,000 in 2021.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Almeida |first1=José Carlos Pina |last2=Corkill |first2=David |date=2010 |title=Portuguese Migrant Workers in the UK: A Case Study of Thetford, Norfolk |journal=Portuguese Studies |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=27–40 |doi=10.1353/port.2010.0019 |issn=0267-5315 |jstor=41105329|s2cid=245842608 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=76 |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref> Other sources claim as many as 500,000 Portuguese there,<ref name="newswiretoday.com">{{Cite web |title=UK-Portuguese Newspaper Launched in Thetford Norfolk |url=https://www.newswiretoday.com/news/10592/}}</ref> considerably higher than the estimated 170,000 Portuguese-born people residing in the country in 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/datasets/populationoftheunitedkingdombycountryofbirthandnationality|title=Population by country of birth and nationality (Discontinued after June 2021) - Office for National Statistics|website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref> (excluding British-born people of Portuguese descent).

In areas such as [[Thetford]] and the crown dependencies of [[Jersey]] and [[Guernsey]], Portuguese form the largest ethnic minority groups at 30%.

[[London]] is home to the largest group of Portuguese in the UK, with the majority settling in the Western boroughs of [[Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea|Kensington and Chelsea]], [[Lambeth]] and [[City of Westminster|Westminster]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|title=Observatório da Emigração|url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=76|access-date=17 January 2009|publisher=NewswireToday}}</ref>

===Brazil===
{{see also|Portuguese Brazilians}}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"
|-
|+ Portuguese emigration to Brazil from the beginning of colonization, in 1500 to Present
|-
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;" | Source: Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics ([[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]])
|-
! |
! colspan="12" scope="row" | Decade
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Nationality
| 1500–1700
| 1701–1760
| 1808–1817
| 1827–1829
| 1837–1841
| 1856–1857
| 1881–1900
| 1901–1930
| 1931–1950
| 1951–1960
| 1961–1967
| 1981–1991
| 1991–2023
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Portuguese
| 100,000
| 600,000
| 24,000
| 2,004
| 629
| 16,108
| 316,204
| 754,147
| 148,699
| 235,635
| 54,767
| 4,605
| 400,000
|}

==== Colonial period ====
[[File:Passaporte português de 1927.jpg|thumb|Passport of an immigrant from the [[Braga District]] to Brazil]]
Portuguese are the [[Demographics of Brazil|largest European immigrant group in Brazil]]. In [[Colonial Brazil|colonial times]], over 700,000 Portuguese settled there, mostly during the 18th century gold rush.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brasil: 500 anos de povoamento |trans-title=Brazil: 500 years of settlement |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923103736/http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/ |archive-date=23 September 2009 |access-date=29 December 2011 |publisher=IBGE |language=pt}}</ref> Brazil received more European settlers during its colonial era than any other country in the Americas. Between 1500 and 1760, about 700,000 Europeans immigrated to Brazil, compared to 530,000 to the US.<ref name="Pinto Venâncio">{{cite web |last=Pinto Venâncio |first=Renato |date=2000 |title=Presença portuguesa: de colonizadores a imigrantes |trans-title=Portuguese presence: from settlers to immigrants |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/portugueses.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021124205218/http://www1.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/portugueses.html |archive-date=24 November 2002 |publisher=IBGE |language=pt}}</ref><ref>[[History of Immigration to the United States#Population in 1790]]</ref> They were the only significant migrants to the country during the colonial era, despite [[France Antarctique|French]] and [[Dutch Brazil|Dutch invasions]]. The Portuguese migration was predominantly men. The [[Jesuits]] asked the Portuguese King to send any kind of Portuguese women to Brazil, even the socially undesirable (e.g. prostitutes or women with mental maladies), if necessary.<ref name="ensinarhistoria">{{cite web |date=27 February 2015 |title=Desmundo de Alain Fresnot, o Brasil no século XVI |url=http://www.ensinarhistoriajoelza.com.br/desmundo-o-brasil-do-sec-xvi/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008132701/http://www.ensinarhistoriajoelza.com.br/desmundo-o-brasil-do-sec-xvi/ |archive-date=8 October 2017 |access-date=22 April 2016 |publisher=ensinarhistoria}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Desmundo by Ana Miranda (1996) |url=http://www.companhiadasletras.com.br/detalhe.php?codigo=10637 |access-date=22 April 2016 |publisher=companhiadasletras.com.br}}</ref> The Crown responded by sending groups of orphans to marry nobles and peasants alike.<ref name="ensinarhistoria" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Desmundo by Ana Miranda |url=http://www.companhiadasletras.com.br/detalhe.php?codigo=10637 |access-date=22 April 2016 |publisher=companhiadasletras.com.br}}</ref>

They included many ''[[Órfãs do Rei]]'' (orphans of the king) of what was considered "good birth". They were noble and non-noble maidens, often daughters of soldiers killed in battle or noblemen who died overseas and whose upbringing was paid by the Crown. [[Bahia]]'s port in the East received one of the first groups of orphans in 1551.{{sfnp|Sarkissian|2000|p=22}} Portuguese men also competed successfully for local women with [[Afro-Brazilians|slaves]] and [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous peoples]].<ref name="Ribeiro">Ribeiro, Darcy. O Povo Brasileiro, Companhia de Bolso, fourth reprint, 2008 (2008)</ref> Their better [[quality of life]] and lower [[mortality rate]] were important advantages. Then, even though the 700,000 Portuguese colonial migration was smaller than 3.2 million indigenous inhabitants and the 4.8million Africans, their descendants numbered as many as the "non-white" population in the early 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mundoeducacao.uol.com.br/geografia/a-populacao-indigena-no-brasil.htm|title=Povos indígenas no Brasil: características|website=Mundo Educação}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Navios portugueses e brasileiros fizeram mais de 9 mil viagens com africanos escravizados |language=pt-BR |work=BBC News Brasil |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-45092235 |access-date=2023-05-14}}</ref><ref name="Ribeiro" /> After [[Independence of Brazil|independence from Portugal]] in 1822, around 1.7 million additional Portuguese immigrants settled there.<ref name="Ribeiro" />

==== Post-independence ====
Portuguese immigration in the 19th and 20th centuries was marked by its concentration in [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] and [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]]. The immigrants opted mostly for [[urban center]]s. Portuguese women began to migrate independently, although even at the turn of the 20th century, 319 men came for each 100 women.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Integração social e económica dos emigrantes portugueses no Brasil |url=http://www.abep.nepo.unicamp.br/docs/rev_inf/vol6_n2_1989/vol6_n2_1989_2artigo_17_37.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230163157/http://www.abep.nepo.unicamp.br/docs/rev_inf/vol6_n2_1989/vol6_n2_1989_2artigo_17_37.pdf |archive-date=30 December 2016 |access-date=25 August 2014}}</ref> The Portuguese were different from [[German Brazilians|Germans]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ich.unito.com.br/materia/resource/download/41917 |title=None|date=December 2017 }}{{dead link|date=May 2024}}</ref> or [[Italian Brazilians|Italians]]<ref>{{cite book |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=ncc7WLAXlmQC |page=99}} |title=Do outro lado do Atlântico: um século de imigração italiana no Brasil |access-date=25 August 2014}}</ref> who brought many more women with them. Despite the small female proportion, Portuguese men typically chose Portuguese women, while female immigrants rarely married indigenous men. Portuguese [[endogamy]] was higher than any other European immigrant community, behind only the [[Japanese Brazilians|Japanese]].<ref>{{cite web |title=A integração social e económica dos imigrantes portugueses no Brasil nos finais do século xix e no século xx |url=http://analisesocial.ics.ul.pt/documentos/1223290545Z8cUY2rh7Lu99TE5.pdf |access-date=25 August 2014 |website=Analisesocial.ics.ul.pt}}</ref>

Many Portuguese-Brazilians identified as Brazilian, perhaps encouraged by the dominance of Portuguese culture there.

In 1872, 3.7 million [[White people|Whites]] lived in Brazil (the vast majority of Portuguese ancestry), along with 4.1 million [[mixed-race]] people (mostly of Portuguese-[[Afro-Brazilians|African]]-[[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Amerindian]] ancestry) and 1.9 million [[Black people|Blacks]]. Thus 80% of Brazilians had at least partial Portuguese ancestry in the 1870s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Reis |first=João José |date=2000 |title=Evolução da população brasileira segundo a cor |trans-title=Evolution of the Brazilian population according to colour |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/tabelas/populacao_cor.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010305200619/http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/tabelas/populacao_cor.htm |archive-date=5 March 2001 |access-date=21 November 2006 |publisher=[[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]] |language=pt |location=Rio de Janeiro}}</ref>

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a new large wave of Portuguese immigrants arrived, including over 1.5 million Portuguese from 1881 to 1991. In 1906, for example, 133,393 Portuguese-born people lived in [[Rio de Janeiro]], comprising 16% of the city's population. Rio remains the largest "Portuguese city" outside of Portugal, with 1% Portuguese natives.<ref name="Pinto Venâncio" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://observatorio.ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/artigos/da020420033.htm |last=Carvalho |first=R. |title=Pelos mesmos direitos do imigrante|year=2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312112155/http://observatorio.ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/artigos/da020420033.htm |archive-date=12 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Imprensa |url=https://www.observatoriodaimprensa.com.br/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Observatório da Imprensa |language=pt-br}}</ref> Because of the independence of Portuguese overseas provinces after the [[Carnation Revolution]] in 1974, a new wave of Portuguese settlers arrived in Brazil until the late 1970s as refugees from Portugal and the newly independent countries of Angola and Mozambique.<ref>[https://imigrantes.no.sapo.pt/page6portugal.html Portuguese Immigration (History)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516050553/http://imigrantes.no.sapo.pt/page6portugal.html |title=Memórias da Emigração Portuguesa|date=16 May 2012 }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=April 2010}}.<ref name="tirapeli"/><ref>[http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12079340 Flight from Angola], ''The Economist'', August 16, 1975</ref>

==== Genetic evidence ====
Genetic studies confirm the strong Portuguese genetic influence. At least half of the Brazilian population's male inheritance (based on [[Y Chromosome|Y chromosomes]]) comes from Portugal. [[Afro-Brazilians|Black Brazilians]] have an average of 48% non-African genes, mostly with Portuguese ancestors. By contrast, 33% Amerindian and 28% African contribution to the total female inheritance ([[Mitochondrial DNA|mtDNA]]) of white Brazilians was found.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |vauthors=Parra FC, Amado RC, Lambertucci JR, Rocha J, Antunes CM, Pena SD |date=January 2003 |title=Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=177–82 |bibcode=2003PNAS..100..177P |doi=10.1073/pnas.0126614100 |pmc=140919 |pmid=12509516 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="PLoS ONE">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Pena SD, Di Pietro G, Fuchshuber-Moraes M, Genro JP, Hutz MH, Gomes Kehdy F, Kohlrausch F, Magno LA, Montenegro RC, Moraes MO, de Moraes ME, de Moraes MR, Ojopi EB, Perini JA, Racciopi C, Ribeiro-Dos-Santos AK, Rios-Santos F, Romano-Silva MA, Sortica VA, Suarez-Kurtz G |date=February 2011 |title=The genomic ancestry of individuals from different geographical regions of Brazil is more uniform than expected |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=2 |article-number=e17063 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...617063P |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0017063 |pmc=3040205 |pmid=21359226 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

An [[Autosome|autosomal]] study from 2013, with nearly 1300 samples from across Brazil, found a predominant degree of Portuguese ancestry. European ancestry was the most prevalent in all urban populations (with values from 51% to 74%, increasing northern to southern Brazil). Northern populations included a significant proportion of indigenous ancestry, twice the African contribution. In the northeast, centerwest and southeast, African ancestry exceeded them. All urban populations were highly admixed, and most of the variation was observed between individuals within each population.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Saloum de Neves Manta F, Pereira R, Vianna R, Rodolfo Beuttenmüller de Araújo A, Leite Góes Gitaí D, Aparecida da Silva D, de Vargas Wolfgramm E, da Mota Pontes I, Ivan Aguiar J, Ozório Moraes M, Fagundes de Carvalho E, Gusmão L |year=2013 |title=Revisiting the genetic ancestry of Brazilians using autosomal AIM-Indels |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=9 |article-number=e75145 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...875145S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075145 |pmc=3779230 |pmid=24073242 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

A large, community-based multicenter autosomal study considered representative samples from three urban communities [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], [[Bambuí]], and [[Pelotas]], estimated European, mostly Iberian, ancestry to be 42.4%, 83.8% and 85.3%, respectively.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Lima-Costa MF, Rodrigues LC, Barreto ML, Gouveia M, Horta BL, Mambrini J, Kehdy FS, Pereira A, Rodrigues-Soares F, Victora CG, Tarazona-Santos E |date=April 2015 |title=Genomic ancestry and ethnoracial self-classification based on 5,871 community-dwelling Brazilians (The Epigen Initiative) |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=5 |issue=1 |article-number=9812 |bibcode=2015NatSR...5.9812. |doi=10.1038/srep09812 |pmc=5386196 |pmid=25913126}}</ref>

An estimated 5 million Brazilians (2.3% of the total) were eligible for Portuguese citizenship.<ref name="noticiaslusofonas.com">{{cite web |author=NOVAimagem.co.pt / Portugal em LInha |date=17 February 2006 |title=Cinco milhões de netos de emigrantes podem tornar-se portugueses |url=http://www.noticiaslusofonas.com/view.php?load=arcview&article=13313&catogory=Brasil |access-date=25 August 2014 |publisher=Noticiaslusofonas.com}}</ref>

=== Oceania ===
{{see also|Portuguese Australians|Portuguese New Zealanders}}

==== Australia ====
[[File:PetershamTH.JPG|left|thumb|241x241px|[[Petersham, New South Wales|Petersham]] ([[Sydney]]) is a neighbourhood known for its extensive Portuguese commercial offerings]]
In Australia, although their numbers are smaller than the [[Greek Australians|Greek]] and [[Italian Australians|Italian]] communities, Portuguese are an active community. They were among the early European settlers, and [[Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia|might have discovered Australia]]. Portuguese immigration to Australia experienced a boom after the [[Carnation Revolution]] and [[Indonesian invasion of East Timor|the Indonesian Invasion of Timor-Leste]]. Portuguese spread across the country and even have a designated [[Petersham, New South Wales|Portuguese neighborhood]]. The 74,000 people of Portuguese descent constitute about 0.28% of the [[Demographics of Australia|population]]. [[Portuguese cuisine]] is popular, exemplified by restaurants such as [[Nando's]], [[Oporto (restaurant)|Oporto]], and Ogalo. ''[[Pastel de nata]]'' is widely consumed. Many Portuguese are from [[Madeira]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-12 |title=Cultural diversity: Census, 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/latest-release |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MyTNnJakzTA |title=Portuguese Festival at Petersham |date=2009-03-16 |last= |publisher=Cumberland Courier |access-date=2024-11-11 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>"[http://www.secomunidades.pt/c/portal/layout?p_l_id=PUB.1.493 List of numerous Portuguese Social Clubs and institutions based in Australia (Portuguese)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624195624/http://www.secomunidades.pt/c/portal/layout?p_l_id=PUB.1.493 |date=24 June 2009 }}"</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-10-14 |title=Portugal country brief - Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/portugal/portugal_brief.html |access-date=2023-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014163142/http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/portugal/portugal_brief.html |archive-date=14 October 2010 }}</ref> Notable Portuguese Australians include [[Naomi Sequeira]], [[Kate DeAraugo]], [[Junie Morosi]], [[Lyndsey Rodrigues]], [[Sophie Masson]] and [[Irina Dunn]].

==== New Zealand ====
The community in New Zealand is much smaller and the 1,500 Portuguese people living there (although the numbers could be significantly higher) constitute about 0.03% of the [[Demographics of New Zealand|population]]. On 22 April 2010, the [[Department of Internal Affairs|Office of Ethnic Affairs]] officially recognized [[Portuguese New Zealanders]] as a distinct community, marked by tying the 70th ribbon to Parliament's mooring stone in the [[Parliament House, Wellington|Parliament House Galleria]]. The Portuguese community organizes annual gatherings and celebrations, such as [[Portugal Day]], and maintains a friendship association. Portuguese individuals were among the early settlers in New Zealand, although immigration declined gradually until the 1960s. After the [[Carnation Revolution]], the community started to increase again.<ref name=":18" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA1004/S00257/nz-portuguese-add-cultural-strand-to-parliament.htm|title=NZ-Portuguese add cultural strand to Parliament | Scoop News|website=www.scoop.co.nz}}</ref>

==== New Caledonia ====
About 900 Portuguese live in the [[Overseas France|French collectivity]] of [[New Caledonia]] (0.38% of the [[Demographics of New Caledonia|population]]).{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

=== Asia ===
{{see also|Luso-Asians}}
Portuguese influences are found throughout Asia, especially in [[Macanese people|Macau]], [[East Timor|Timor-Leste]] and [[Luso-Indian|India]]'','' all territories where the Portuguese maintained [[Portuguese Empire|colonies]].<ref>{{cite web |date=10 April 2014 |title=Nova Deli por quem lá vive: Jorge Roza de Oliveira |url=https://www.almadeviajante.com/viver-em-nova-deli-jorge-roza-de-oliveira/ |website=Almadeviajante.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Reis |first=Bárbara |title=Portugal quer redescobrir a Índia. Outra vez |url=https://www.publico.pt/2017/01/07/politica/noticia/portugal-quer-redescobrir-a-india-outra-vez-1757392 |website=Publico.pt|date=7 January 2017 }}</ref>

==== Southeast Asia ====
[[File:Khanom Farang Kudi Chin, 2020-10-10 (1).jpg|left|thumb|237x237px|[[Khanom farang kudi chin]], [[Thai food|Thai]]-style cake influenced by [[Portuguese cuisine|Portuguese desserts]]]]
[[File:A Famosa Malacca 16th Century Portugese fortress with cannon view.jpg|thumb|[[A Famosa]], as well as the Historical centre of [[Malacca City|Malacca]], is a remnant of the Portuguese presence now part of the [[World Heritage Site|Unesco World Heritage Sites]].]]Luso-Asian communities have had a presence in Southeast Asia since the 15th century. As a result of inter-ethnic marriage, Portuguese-based dialects have emerged in [[Kristang people|Malaysia]] and [[Eurasian Singaporeans|Singapore]]. Notable Kristangs include [[Kimberley Leggett]], {{ill|Jojo Sturys|ms|Jojo Sturys}}, [[Joan Margaret Marbeck]], {{ill|Elaine Daly|ms|Elaine Daly}}, {{ill|Nor Aliah Lee|ms|Nor Aliah Lee}}, [[Melissa Tan]], [[Andrea Fonseka]], {{ill|Anna Jobling|ms|Anna Jobling}} and {{ill|Cheryl Samad|ms|Cheryl Samad}}. People of Portuguese descent from Singapore include [[Pilar Arlando]], [[Mary Klass]] and [[Vernetta Lopez]].

Other communities are found in [[Portuguese Indonesians|Indonesia]], with significant populations living in Lamno (the so-called "''mata biru''" or blue-eyed people), [[Aceh]], [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]] Islands and [[Kampung Tugu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keturunan Portugis Bermata Biru dan Rambut Pirang Masih Ditemukan di Lamno Raya |url=https://aceh.tribunnews.com/2023/04/21/keturunan-portugis-bermata-biru-dan-rambut-pirang-masih-ditemukan-di-lamno-raya |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Serambinews.com |language=id-ID}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mengagumi Kecantikan Muslim Mata Biru Keturunan Portugis yang Hidup di Lamno |url=http://www.statusaceh.net/2016/09/mengagumi-kecantikan-muslim-mata-biru.html |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=StatusAceh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anjani |first=Anatasia |title=Seperti Orang Eropa, Ini 3 Suku di Indonesia yang Bermata Biru |url=https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-5876564/seperti-orang-eropa-ini-3-suku-di-indonesia-yang-bermata-biru |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=detikedu |publisher=[[Detik.com|detikcom]] |language=id-ID |location=[[Jakarta]]}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Kampung Tugu, Jejak Portugis di Utara Jakarta | date=6 March 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fk7Xx91-ymA |access-date=2023-05-17 |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aditya |first=Nicholas Ryan |date=2019-11-03 |editor-last=Agmasari |editor-first=Silvita |title=Menelusuri Kampung Tugu, Jejak Portugis di Utara Jakarta Halaman all |url=https://travel.kompas.com/read/2019/11/03/210000827/menelusuri-kampung-tugu-jejak-portugis-di-utara-jakarta |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=KOMPAS.com |publisher=Kompas Cyber Media |language=id |location=[[Jakarta]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lusodescendentes em Java |date=29 June 2019 |url=https://www.dn.pt/lusa/descendentes-de-portugueses-na-indonesia-animam-malaca-ao-som-do-malhao-malhao-11060158.html}}</ref> Portuguese vestiges include dozens of [[List of loanwords in Indonesian|loanwords]] as well as the introduction of Latin Catholicism (3.12% of the population, but still the major religion in [[East Nusa Tenggara|NTT]]) and [[Kroncong|''Keroncong'']], similar to ''[[Cavaquinho|Portuguese cavaquinho]].''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-03 |title=PUSAT DATA KEMENTERIAN AGAMA RI |url=https://data.kemenag.go.id/agamadashboard/statistik/umat |access-date=2023-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903221250/https://data.kemenag.go.id/agamadashboard/statistik/umat |archive-date=3 September 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Similarities Between Indonesian and Portuguese | date=29 June 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7a0HMpSP3M |access-date=2023-05-17 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-23 |title=INDONESIAN LOANWORDS FROM PORTUGUESE |url=https://www.learnindonesian.education/single-post/indonesian-loanwords-from-portuguese |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Learn Indonesian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The borrowed words of Bahasa Indonesia: Exploring the roots of a deeply dynamic language |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/indonesian/en/article/the-borrowed-words-of-bahasa-indonesia-exploring-the-roots-of-a-deeply-dynamic-language/ebr3w6kds |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=SBS Language |date=17 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Many Portuguese Indonesians even intermarried with [[Indo people]], who are Eurasians of partial Dutch descent. In recent years many Indonesians of Portuguese descent have been active in the entertainment industry such as [[Puteri Indonesia]] [[Elfin Pertiwi Rappa]] or actress {{ill|Millane Fernandez|id|Millane Fernandez}}. In the [[Philippines]], actress [[Sophie Albert]] is another Portuguese-South Asian.

Communities of Portuguese descent are found in [[Bayingyi people|Myanmar]]<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Thu |first=Mratt Kyaw |date=6 December 2017 |title=The 400-year history of Portuguese Catholics in Sagaing |url=https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/the-400-year-history-of-portuguese-catholics-in-sagaing |access-date=8 May 2019 |website=Frontier Myanmar |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> and [[Kudi Chin|Thailand]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web |last=Combustões |date=19 July 2009 |title=Portuguese descendants in Thailand |url=http://500anosportugaltailandia.blogspot.com/2009_07_01_archive.html |access-date=8 May 2019 |website=500anosportugaltailansda.blogspot.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bangkok enclave celebrates its Portuguese past |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Life-Arts/Life/Bangkok-enclave-celebrates-its-Portuguese-past |website=Asia.nikkei.com}}</ref> In Thailand, during the reign of [[Narai|King Narai the Great]] the Portuguese community in Ayutthaya is thought to have peaked at 6,000 people.<ref name=":17" /> Notable Thai of Portuguese descent include [[Francis Chit]], [[Maria Guyomar de Pinha]], {{ill|Kung Nang Pattamasuta|th|กุ้งนาง ปัทมสูต}}, [[Krystal Vee]], and {{ill|Neon Issara|th|นิออน อิสรา}}.

==== Indian Subcontinent ====
[[File:Galle Fort.jpg|left|thumb|202x202px|Aerial view of [[Galle Fort]], built by the Portuguese in 1588 and now a [[World Heritage Site|Unesco World Heritage Site]]]]
[[File:SL Negombo asv2020-01 img06 Dutch Fort.jpg|left|thumb|203x203px|[[Negombo fort]], that was built by the [[Portuguese Ceylon|Portuguese]] to defend Colombo as a part of a [[Forts in Sri Lanka|defensive system all over the island]].]]
[[Portuguese Burghers|Sri Lanka]] is home to around 40,000 Portuguese Burghers. A notable example is [[Rosemary Rogers]]. In addition, as a consequence of the [[Portuguese Ceylon|Portuguese invasion of Sri Lanka]], during the 16th and 17th centuries, many [[Portuguese language]] surnames were adopted among the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]]. As a result, [[Perera]] and [[Fernando]] eventually became the most common surnames.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Low |first=Spencer |date=2023-03-26 |title=How Portuguese influence in Sri Lanka outlasted that of the Dutch |url=https://www.portuguese.asia/post/how-portuguese-influence-in-sri-lanka-outlasted-that-of-the-dutch |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Portuguese in Asia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=THE RISE AND FALL OF THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE IN SRI LANKA |url=http://www.icm.gov.mo/rc/viewer/20015/967 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=www.icm.gov.mo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jayasuriya |first=Shihan de Silva |date=2000 |title=The Portuguese Cultural Imprint on Sri Lanka |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/luso_1257-0273_2000_num_7_1_1374 |journal=Lusotopie |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=253–259}}</ref> [[Sri Lanka Kaffirs|Afro Sri-Lankans]] also retain a Portuguese identity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jayasuriya |first=Shihan de Silva |date=2005-11-30 |title=The Portuguese Identity of the Afro-Sri Lankans |journal=Lusotopie. Recherches politiques internationales sur les espaces issus de l'histoire et de la colonisation portugaises |volume=12 |language=en |issue=XII(1–2) |pages=21–32 |doi=10.1163/176830805774719755 |issn=1257-0273|doi-access=free }}</ref> Major Portuguese contributions to Sri Lanka include 1,000 [[List of Sinhala words of Portuguese origin|loanwords]] in Sinhala,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=HETTIARATCHI |first=D. E. |date=1965 |title=Influence of Portuguese on the Sinhalese Language |journal=The Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=229–238 |jstor=45377565 |issn=0304-2235}}</ref> [[Baila music]] (from the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''bailar'', meaning ''to dance''), culinary innovations such as ''[[Love cake|"Bolo di amor"]]'' (literally Love cake) or [[Bolo fiado|"''Bolo Folhado"'']] (literally Puff Pastry)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Digest |first=Ceylon |date=2020-02-22 |title=The Portuguese Burghers of Sri Lanka |url=https://www.ceylondigest.com/the-portuguese-burghers-of-sri-lanka/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Ceylon Digest |language=en-US}}</ref> as well as [[Catholic Church in Sri Lanka|Latin Catholicism]] (approximately 6.1% of the population identifies as Catholic) and the endangered [[Sri Lankan Portuguese creole]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Travel |first=Diamond Tours and |title=5 Marcos da Herança Portuguesa no Sri Lanka que permanecem até hoje |url=http://www.diamondtoursandtravel.com/blog/?5-marcos-da-heranca-portuguesa-no-sri-lanka-que-permanecem-ate-hoje |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=www.diamondtoursandtravel.com |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DIA |first=BOM |date=2023-05-08 |title=Salvar o crioulo português do Sri Lanka é urgente |url=https://bomdia.eu/salvar-o-crioulo-portugues-do-sri-lanka-e-urgente/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=BOM DIA |language=pt}}</ref>

In [[Portuguese in Pakistan|Pakistan]] a small Portuguese community numbers about 64 people,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=177 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref> even though other estimates point to 400 in [[Karachi]].<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-16 |title=Celebrating Karachi's Goan connection {{!}} The Express Tribune |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2352894/celebrating-karachis-goan-connection |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=tribune.com.pk |language=en}}</ref> Notable Portuguese Pakistani include [[Dilshad Vadsaria]] and [[Bernadette Louise Dean]]. Before [[partition of India|partition]], it is estimated that the [[Goans|Goan]] community in Karachi numbered up to 15,000. The majority returned to [[Goa]], to other Portuguese territories, or to the UK.<ref name="Dawn">{{cite news |date=16 September 2012 |title=Flashback: From Goa with love |work=Dawn |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/749685/flashback-from-goa-with-love |access-date=10 August 2015}}</ref> The Portuguese community contributed to the [[Music of Pakistan|musical scene]] of pre-partition Karachi.<ref name="ET2">{{cite news |last=Correa |first=Noel |date=12 June 2011 |title=Pakistan's Portuguese wonder: Magic fingers |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/185598/pakistans-portuguese-wonder-magic-fingers/ |access-date=10 August 2015 |work=The Express Tribune}}</ref> As of today, about 6,000 Goans remain in Pakistan, mainly in that city.<ref name=":14" />

Portuguese heritage continues in [[Bangladesh]]: they were the first [[Ethnic groups in Europe|Europeans]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alam |first=Dhrubo |date=2018-01-22 |title=The Portuguese in Dhaka |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/the-portuguese-dhaka-1523059 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> The Portuguese introduced Catholicism, now professed by [[Catholic Church in Bangladesh|about 375,000 Bangladeshis]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Viaggio Apostolico di Sua Santità Francesco in Myanmar e Bangladesh (26 novembre-2 dicembre 2017) – Statistiche |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2017/11/17/0798/01726.html |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=press.vatican.va}}</ref> This heritage added more than 1,500 [[Bengali language|words to Bengali]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Renascença |date=2017-11-30 |title=Rozario, Costa e Gomes esperam Papa no Bangladesh – Renascença |url=https://rr.sapo.pt/noticia/religiao/2017/11/30/rozario-costa-e-gomes-esperam-papa-no-bangladesh/99657/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Rádio Renascença |language=pt-pt}}</ref> In [[Portuguese settlement in Chittagong|colonial times]], the population may have reached 40,000 people<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh. O que é "Joy Bangla"? |url=https://www.dn.pt/edicao-do-dia/24-ago-2022/bangladesh-o-que-e-joy-bangla-15110958.html |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=www.dn.pt |date=24 August 2022 |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-04 |title=Bangladesh |url=https://www.instituto-camoes.pt/activity/o-que-fazemos/cultura-portuguesa/cultura-e-desenvolvimento/autores-estrangeiros/bangladesh |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Camões, I.P. |language=pt-pt}}</ref> before most resettled elsewhere. Those who remained integrated in [[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]] society. Notable examples of Portuguese influence in Bangladesh are their surnames, as well as Bangladesh's oldest church, the [[Holy Rosary Church, Dhaka|Holy Rosary Church in Dhaka]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Renascença |date=2018-01-31 |title=Bangladesh. A história de fé de um povo que usa com orgulho o apelido português – Renascença |url=https://rr.sapo.pt/noticia/religiao/2018/01/31/bangladesh-a-historia-de-fe-de-um-povo-que-usa-com-orgulho-o-apelido-portugues/104438/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Rádio Renascença |language=pt-pt}}</ref> As of now, the Portuguese community in Bangladesh consists of a few expatriates<ref>{{Cite web |title=Um treinador português no Bangladesh: "Ganhe ou não, preciso de um desafio novo" |url=https://www.ojogo.pt/internacional/portugueses/noticias/um-treinador-portugues-no-bangladesh-ganhe-ou-nao-preciso-de-um-desafio-novo-14272748.html |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=www.ojogo.pt |date=30 October 2021 |language=pt-PT}}</ref> and some descendants of the early settlers.

==== East Asia ====
[[File:Ruinas de Sao Paulo.jpg|thumb|The [[Historic Centre of Macau|Historic Centre of Macao]], epitome of the Sino-Portuguese culture, is a [[World Heritage Site|Unesco World Heritage Site]]]]
A small but growing Portuguese community – consisting mainly of recent expats and numbering about 3,500 people – is found in Japan,<ref>{{cite web |title=Embaixada de Portugal em Tóquio | Portal dedicado à divulgação das atividades da Embaixada de Portugal em Tóquio. Disponível informação relativa a relações bilaterais entre Portugal e Japão, Agência para o Investimento e Comércio Externo de Portugal, Secção Consular e Secção Cultural, bem como todos os contactos úteis, localização e horários de funcionamento |url=http://embaixadadeportugal.jp/pt/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529224234/http://embaixadadeportugal.jp/pt/ |archive-date=29 May 2019 |access-date=2 June 2019 |website=Embaixadadeportugal.jp}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=在留外国人統計(旧登録外国人統計) 在留外国人統計月次 2020年12月 {{!}} ファイル {{!}} 統計データを探す |url=https://www.e-stat.go.jp/stat-search/files?page=1&layout=datalist&toukei=00250012&tstat=000001018034&cycle=1&year=20200&month=24101212&tclass1=000001060399&tclass2val=0 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=政府統計の総合窓口 |language=ja}}</ref> [[South Korea]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=121 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref> China<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=48 |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Portugueses na China: um exame da situação atual |url=http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/ |date=2017 |degree=masterThesis |first=Cui |last=Yuanyuan}}</ref> and [[Taiwan]], whose name in European texts until the 20th century – ''Formosa'', meaning "beautiful (island)" – is Portuguese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.immigration.gov.tw/5475/5478/141478/141380/340268/cp_news|title=2023.2Foreign Residents by Nationality|first=內政部移民署|last=A01050000A|website=內政部移民署 A01050000A}}</ref>

The most important Portuguese community in Eastern Asia is in Macau, which was a Portuguese colony until 1999. It harbors more than 150,000 Portuguese citizens, accounting for 22.34% of the total, the largest concentration of Portuguese nationals in Asia as well as one of the most important in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=147 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref> Notables include {{ill|Germano Guilherme|zh|古卓文}}.

A 20,700 people-strong community continues in Hong Kong, mainly of [[Macanese people|Macanese]] descent.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |title=Comunidades Portuguesas no Mundo |url=http://imigrantes.no.sapo.pt/page6Cont.html |access-date=16 May 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007000254/http://imigrantes.no.sapo.pt/page6Cont.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Notable people include [[Joe Junior]], [[Michelle Reis]], [[Rowan Varty]], [[Rita Carpio]] and [[Ray Cordeiro]].

=== Diaspora populations ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style=width:40% | Country || Population || % of country || Criterion
|-
| colspan="4" |'''''Portuguese in North America'''''
|-
| [[Portuguese American]] || style="text-align:right;"| 1,400,000 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.42% ||
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-parsed=true&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-_caller=geoselect&-format= |title=2008 Community Survey |website=Factfinder.census.gov |access-date=18 September 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200211182630/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-parsed=true&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-_caller=geoselect&-format= |archive-date=11 February 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Nós unimos, não dividimos, nós criamos a paz, não a guerra" |url=https://www.dn.pt/portugal/10-junho-presidente-da-republica-anuncia-visita-aos-estados-unidos-em-novembro-9429623.html |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.dn.pt |date=11 June 2018 |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TVI Internacional disponível para 1 milhão e 400 mil portugueses nos EUA |url=https://sol.sapo.pt/artigo/79654/tvi-internacional-disponivel-para-1-milhao-e-400-mil-portugueses-nos-eua |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=Jornal SOL |date=15 July 2013 |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
| [[Portuguese Canadian]] || style="text-align:right;"| 550,000 || style="text-align:right;" | 1.38% ||<ref name="Portuguese Canadians">{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=1118296&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0 |author=Statistics Canada |title=2011 National Household Survey: Data tables |access-date=14 February 2014|author-link=Statistics Canada |date=8 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Renascença |date=2017-07-07 |title=Os passos tímidos da língua portuguesa no Canadá – Renascença |url=https://rr.sapo.pt/noticia/mundo/2017/07/07/os-passos-timidos-da-lingua-portuguesa-no-canada/88264/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=Rádio Renascença |language=pt-pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Esquema relacionado com burla na imigração está a preocupar portugueses no Canadá |url=https://sicnoticias.pt/mundo/2016-01-10-Esquema-relacionado-com-burla-na-imigracao-esta-a-preocupar-portugueses-no-Canada |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=SIC Notícias |date=10 January 2016 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Portugueses no Canadá são embaixadores de Portugal" |url=https://www.theportugalnews.com/pt/noticias/2022-06-16/portugueses-no-canada-sao-embaixadores-de-portugal/67915 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.theportugalnews.com |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of Bermuda|Portuguese in Bermuda]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 16,000 || style="text-align:right;" | 25% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Escola de português nas Bermudas procura acreditação junto do instituto Camões |url=https://www.dn.pt/lusa/escola-de-portugues-nas-bermudas-procura-acreditacao-junto-do-instituto-camoes-8928190.html |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.dn.pt |date=19 November 2017 |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Associação dos Emigrantes Açorianos foi às Bermudas para registar História de 175 anos de presença portuguesa |url=http://diariodosacores.pt/NewsDetail/ArtMID/380/ArticleID/11547/Associa231227o-dos-Emigrantes-A231orianos-foi-224s-Bermudas-para-registar-Hist243ria-de-175-anos-de-presen231a-portuguesa |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=Diario dos Açores |language=pt-PT |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331190515/http://diariodosacores.pt/NewsDetail/ArtMID/380/ArticleID/11547/Associa231227o-dos-Emigrantes-A231orianos-foi-224s-Bermudas-para-registar-Hist243ria-de-175-anos-de-presen231a-portuguesa }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-12 |title=Governo dos Açores considera urgente reconhecimento em Portugal das cartas de condução emitidas nas Bermudas |url=https://radiolumena.com/governo-dos-acores-considera-urgente-reconhecimento-em-portugal-das-cartas-de-conducao-emitidas-nas-bermudas/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=Rádio Lumena |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Lusa |first=Agência |title=Emigrantes nas Bermudas deixam de visitar Portugal por não poderem conduzir no país |url=https://observador.pt/2022/10/15/emigrantes-nas-bermudas-deixam-de-visitar-portugal-por-nao-poderem-conduzir-no-pais/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=Observador |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=SAPO |title=Marco tem "dinheiro fresco" na Bermuda, mas sente falta da gastronomia açoriana |url=https://24.sapo.pt/atualidade/artigos/marco-tem-dinheiro-fresco-na-bermuda-mas-sente-falta-da-gastronomia-acoriana |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=SAPO 24 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Azoreans in Bermuda – AEA |url=https://aeazores.org/en/cp_noticias/acorianos-na-bermuda/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=aportugueseaffair |date=2017-05-30 |title=Portuguese Heritage in Bermuda • A Portuguese Affair |url=https://www.aportugueseaffair.com/portuguese-bermuda/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=A Portuguese Affair |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[White Jamaicans|Portuguese in Jamaica]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 5,700 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.21% ||{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
|[[Portuguese in France|Portuguese in Saint Barthélemy]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 3,400 || style="text-align:right;" | 33% ||<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Quase metade dos habitantes de uma ilha paradisíaca são portugueses |date=9 February 2013 |url=https://www.jn.pt/local/noticias/braga/braga/quase-metade-dos-habitantes-de-uma-ilha-paradisiaca-sao-portugueses-3044006.html}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of Panama|Portuguese in Panama]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 3,038 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.07% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=172 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of Curaçao|Portuguese in Curaçao]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 3,000 || style="text-align:right;" | 1.95% ||<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Historial da Emigração da R.A.M. |url=https://ccmm.madeira.gov.pt/index.php/emigracao/historial-da-emigracao |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=ccmm.madeira.gov.pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Portuguese Mexicans|Portuguese in Mexico]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 2,500 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.002% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=PR/México: Marcelo salienta crescimento das relações económicas e da comunidade portuguesa |url=https://www.dn.pt/lusa/prmexico-marcelo-salienta-crescimento-das-relacoes-economicas-e-da-comunidade-portuguesa-8636522.html |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=www.dn.pt |date=14 July 2017 |language=pt-PT}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of Aruba|Portuguese Aruba]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 2,000 || style="text-align:right;" | 1.8% ||<ref name=":4" />
|-
|[[Portuguese Trinidadian and Tobagonian|Portuguese in Trinidad and Tobago]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 837 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.06% ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cso.gov.tt/stat_publications/2011-population-and-housing-census-demographic-report/|title=2011 Population and Housing Census Demographic Report - Central Statistical Office}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Portuguese in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 753 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.68% ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://finance.gov.vc/finance/images/PDF/censusreport2012.pdf|title=Saint Vincent and the Grenadines census}}</ref>
|-
|[[Portuguese in France|Portuguese in Guadeloupe]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 426 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.11% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=86 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of the Dominican Republic|Portuguese in the Dominican Republic]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 263 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.003% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=60 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Portuguese in the United Kingdom|Portuguese in the Cayman Islands]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 130 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.18% ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eso.ky/UserFiles/page_docums/files/uploads/docum436.pdf|title=Cayman Islands 2010 Census}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of Antigua and Barbuda|Portuguese in Antigua and Barbuda]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 126 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.13% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antigua and Barbuda 2011 Census |url=https://statistics.gov.ag/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/2011-Antigua-and-Barbuda-Population-and-Housing-Census-A-Demographic-Profile.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="4" |'''''Portuguese in South America'''''
|-
| [[Portuguese Brazilian]] || style="text-align:right;" | 180,000,000 || style="text-align:right;" | 90% (2.5% children and grandchildren, eligible for Portuguese citizenship) ||
<ref>{{cite web|author=NOVAimagem.co.pt / Portugal em LInha |url=http://www.noticiaslusofonas.com/view.php?%20load=arcview&article=13313&catogory=Brasil |title=Notícias do Brasil | Noticias do Brasil, Portugal e países de língua portuguesa e comunidades portuguesas |publisher=Noticiaslusofonas.com |date=17 February 2006|access-date=25 August 2014}}</ref> Brazilians with Portuguese ancestry, of which an estimated 5,400,000 children and grandchildren of Portuguese nationals (eligible for Portuguese citizenship)
|-
| [[Portuguese Venezuelan]] || style="text-align:right;" | 1,300,000 || style="text-align:right;" | 4.59%||
<ref name="jn.pt">{{cite web |title=Maior comunidade portuguesa da América Latina esperançada numa nova Venezuela |url=https://www.jn.pt/mundo/maior-comunidade-portuguesa-da-america-latina-esperancada-numa-nova-venezuela-3163750.html |access-date=2022-01-09 |website=Jn.pt |date=13 April 2013 |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elnacional.com/papel-literario/froilan-ramos-rodriguez-un-estudio-sobre-la-inmigracion-portuguesa-a-venezuela/|title=Froilán Ramos Rodríguez: Un estudio sobre la inmigración portuguesa a Venezuela|first=El|last=Nacional|date=7 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[:es:Inmigración portuguesa en el Perú|Portuguese Peruvian]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 1,150,000 || style="text-align:right;" | 3.44% ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espejodelperu.com.pe/Poblacion-del-Peru/Inmigracion-Portuguesa-al-Peru.htm#.YoEtfuhBxPY|title=Inmigración portuguesa al Perú|website=www.espejodelperu.com.pe}}</ref>
|-
|[[Immigration to Chile|Portuguese Chilean]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 200,000 || style="text-align:right;" | 1% ||<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=origenes de chile:elementos etnicos, apellidos, familas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QCCLWmy_8zcC| last1=Ojeda | first1=Luis Thayer | year=1989 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Portuguese Argentine]] || style="text-align:right;" | 42,000 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.09% ||<ref name="sapo.pt">{{cite web|url=https://expresso.sapo.pt/actualidade/buenos-aires-celebra-portugal-fotogaleria=f656497|title=Expresso|website=Jornal Expresso|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=10 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210113451/https://expresso.sapo.pt/actualidade/buenos-aires-celebra-portugal-fotogaleria=f656497}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Buenos Aires celebra Portugal (fotogaleria) |url=https://expresso.pt/actualidade/buenos-aires-celebra-portugal-fotogaleria=f656497 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=Jornal Expresso |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-10 |title=10 de Junho: Instituições na Argentina celebram em conjunto pela 1.ª vez |url=https://www.noticiasaominuto.com/pais/1506495/10-de-junho-instituicoes-na-argentina-celebram-em-conjunto-pela-1-vez |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=Notícias ao Minuto |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Quando os portugueses na Argentina falam de Portugal é à sua aldeia que se referem |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/4690.html |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=MINHOTOS NA ARGENTINA CELEBRAM PORTUGAL |url=https://bloguedominho.blogs.sapo.pt/minhotos-na-argentina-celebram-portugal-4348519 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=bloguedominho.blogs.sapo.pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Portuguese Uruguayans|Portuguese Uruguayan]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 13,000 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.37% ||<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yumpu.com/pt/document/read/12471971/a-emigracao-invisivel-dos-portugueses-na-regiao-platina|title=A emigração 'invisível' dos portugueses na região platina|website=yumpu.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Portuguese Guyanese]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 2,000 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.27% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portuguese: Small in numbers but big in business |date=5 May 2021 |url=https://issuu.com/guyanachroniclee-paper/docs/indian_ariival_day_supplement_05_05_2021}}</ref><ref name="researchgate.net"/>
|-
|[[Immigration to Colombia|Portuguese in Colombia]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 800 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.002% ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=SAPO |title=Colômbia atrai portugueses interessados em negócios e é uma opção à Venezuela |url=https://24.sapo.pt/noticias/internacional/artigo/colombia-atrai-portugueses-interessados-em-negocios-e-e-uma-opcao-a-venezuela_21033581.html |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=SAPO 24 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Embaixada de Portugal na Colômbia |url=https://bogota.embaixadaportugal.mne.gov.pt/pt/ |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=Embaixada de Portugal na Colômbia |date=14 March 2023 |language=pt-pt}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="4" |'''''Portuguese in Europe'''''
|-
| [[Portuguese French]] || style="text-align:right;"| 1,720,000–2,000,000 || style="text-align:right;" | 2.53%–2.94% ||<ref name=OECD>{{cite web|format=XLS|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/23/34792376.xls|title=Country-of-birth database|publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]]|access-date=30 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050511105416/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/23/34792376.xls|archive-date=11 May 2005}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-29 |title=A Lisbonne, une visite d'Elisabeth Borne dédiée à la culture et aux dossiers énergétiques |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/a-lisbonne-une-visite-d-elisabeth-borne-dediee-a-la-culture-et-aux-dossier-energetiques-20221029 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=LEFIGARO |language=fr}}</ref>
|-
| [[Portuguese in Switzerland]] || style="text-align:right;"| 460,173 || style="text-align:right;" | 5.24%||
<ref name="S">{{cite web|title=Observatório da Emigração|url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=43|website=Sem.admin.ch}}</ref>
|-
| [[Portuguese British]]|| style="text-align:right;" | 400,000–500,000 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.60–0.75% ||
<ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lusa |first=Agência |title=Brexit: Portugueses no Reino Unido desesperam para renovar documentos |url=https://observador.pt/2021/04/24/brexit-portugueses-no-reino-unido-desesperam-para-renovar-documentos/ |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=Observador |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://app.parlamento.pt/webutils/docs/doc.pdf?path=6148523063446f764c324679626d56304c334e706447567a4c31684a53556c4d5a5763765130394e4c7a5244515555765247396a6457316c626e527663306c7561574e7059585270646d46446232317063334e686279387a5a44566a5a6a55315a5330774f5463354c545134596a59744f44457a4d4331695a6d46684d3255334f5449355a6a4d756347526d&fich=3d5cf55e-0979-48b6-8130-bfaa3e7929f3.pdf&Inline=true|title=Portugueses no Reino Unido}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Isabel II: Portugueses no Reino Unido mais preocupados com economia do que com realeza |url=https://www.dn.pt/internacional/isabel-ii-portugueses-no-reino-unido-mais-preocupados-com-economia-do-que-com-realeza-15159851.html |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=www.dn.pt |date=13 September 2022 |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref name="newswiretoday.com"/>
|-
|[[Portuguese in Germany]]|| style="text-align:right;" | 244,217 || style="text-align:right;" |0.29% ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Observatório da Emigração|url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=56|language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Immigration to Spain|Portuguese in Spain]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 184,774 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.39% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Estadística de extranjeros residentes en España |url=https://www.inclusion.gob.es/documents/2178369/2280852/Nota_Extranjeros_con_certificado.pdf/23bc1fab-4460-dc4e-1fe6-7b53369b8ce7?t=1676918157289}}</ref>
|-
| [[Portuguese Luxembourger]]|| style="text-align:right;" | 151,028 || style="text-align:right;" | 23.4% ||
<ref name="2001 census subdivision">{{cite web|title=Observatório da Emigração|url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=133|access-date=1 July 2007|publisher=[[Statec]]|language=fr}}</ref>
|-
|[[Immigration to Belgium|Portuguese in Belgium]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 80,000 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.68% ||<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Há portugueses que admitem "renunciar à nacionalidade" devido à burocracia nos consulados belgas |url=https://expresso.pt/politica/2016-02-18-Ha-portugueses-que-admitem-renunciar-a-nacionalidade-devido-a-burocracia-nos-consulados-belgas |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=Jornal Expresso |date=18 February 2016 |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=21 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
| [[Portuguese in the Netherlands]]|| style="text-align:right;" | 35,779 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.20% ||
<ref name="CBS Statline">{{Cite web|url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=165|title=Observatório da Emigração|website=Observatorioemigracao.pt|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of Andorra|Portuguese in Andorra]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 16,308 || style="text-align:right;" | 20.12% ||<ref name=":26">{{Cite web |title=Andorra |url=https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/relacoesbilaterais/paises-geral/andorra |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=Portal Diplomático |language=pt-pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=1 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Portuguese in the United Kingdom|Portuguese in Jersey]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 15,000 || style="text-align:right;" | 9.03% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portuguese in Jersey |url=https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020220413%20SJ.pdf |access-date=19 May 2022 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413165711/https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020220413%20SJ.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moura |first=Sara |title=Clubes desportivos dão vida e visibilidade à comunidade portuguesa em Jersey |url=https://ccmm.madeira.gov.pt/index.php/publicacoes/noticias/2908-clubes-desportivos-dao-vida-e-visibilidade-a-comunidade-portuguesa-em-jersey |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=ccmm.madeira.gov.pt |language=pt-pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Nossa moeda é a fé": Como uma igreja impediu que um templo virasse um restaurante |url=https://guiame.com.br/gospel/mundo-cristao/nossa-moeda-e-fe-como-uma-igreja-impediu-que-um-templo-virasse-um-restaurante.html |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=Notícias Gospel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fluxo começou na década de 50 |url=https://www.publico.pt/2005/11/28/jornal/fluxo-comecou-na-decada-de-50-51253 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=PÚBLICO |date=28 November 2005 |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Immigration to Ireland|Portuguese in Ireland]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 10,516 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.19% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=101 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Immigration to Norway|Portuguese in Norway]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 9,000 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.16% ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pisco |first=Paulo |date=2020-03-13 |title=Os portugueses na Noruega |url=https://bomdia.eu/os-portugueses-na-noruega/ |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=BOM DIA |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Immigration to Italy|Portuguese in Italy]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 8,288 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.01% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Itália |url=https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/relacoesbilaterais/paises-geral/italia |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=Portal Diplomático |language=pt-pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Immigration to Austria|Portuguese in Austria]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 7,245 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.08% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Áustria |url=https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/relacoesbilaterais/paises-geral/austria |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=Portal Diplomático |language=pt-pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Immigration to Sweden|Portuguese in Sweden]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 4,953 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.05% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=196 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Immigration to Denmark|Portuguese in Denmark]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 4,476 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.08% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dinamarca |url=https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/relacoesbilaterais/paises-geral/dinamarca |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=Portal Diplomático |language=pt-pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of Gibraltar|Portuguese in Gibraltar]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 3,450 || style="text-align:right;" | 10% ||<ref>{{Cite book |last=Archer |first=Edward G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ip0C6odET4C |title=Gibraltar, Identity and Empire |date=2006 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-34796-9 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of Poland|Portuguese in Poland]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 3,000 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.01% ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-14 |title=Convidado - Rede de portugueses na Polónia já conseguiu enviar 30 ucranianos para Portugal |url=https://www.rfi.fr/pt/programas/convidado/20220314-rede-de-portugueses-na-pol%C3%B3nia-j%C3%A1-conseguiu-enviar-carca-de-30-ucranianos-para-portugal |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=RFI |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of Romania|Portuguese in Romania]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 2,652 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.01% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=188 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Portuguese in the Czech Republic]]|| style="text-align:right;" | 2,202 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.02% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=55 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Portuguese in the United Kingdom|Portuguese in Guernsey]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 2,000 || style="text-align:right;" | 3.13% ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/multilingual/portuguese.shtml|title=BBC - Voices - Multilingual Nation|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>
|-
|[[Portuguese in Finland]]|| style="text-align:right;" | 1,521 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.02% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=69 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Portuguese in Iceland]]|| style="text-align:right;" | 1,406 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.38% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=108 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of Monaco|Portuguese in Monaco]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 1,008 || style="text-align:right;" | 2.57% ||<ref name=":24">{{Cite web|url=https://lugaresnofimdomundo.webnode.pt/news/monaco/|title=Mónaco :: Lugares no Fim do Mundo|website=lugaresnofimdomundo.webnode.pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of Liechtenstein|Portuguese in Liechtenstein]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 969 || style="text-align:right;" | 2.44% ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=128|title=Observatório da Emigração|website=observatorioemigracao.pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Liechtenstein |url=https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/relacoesbilaterais/paises-geral/liechtenstein |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=Portal Diplomático |language=pt-pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Immigration to Greece|Portuguese in Greece]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 962 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.01% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=88 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of Bulgaria|Portuguese in Bulgaria]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 818 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.01% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=23 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Immigration to Hungary|Portuguese in Hungary]]|| style="text-align:right;" | 689 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.01% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=99 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of Moldova|Portuguese in Moldova]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 670 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.03% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=138 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of Ukraine|Portuguese in Ukraine]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 502 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.001% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=227 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="4" |'''''Portuguese in Asia''' (see [[Luso-Asians|Luso-Asian]])''
|-
| [[Luso-Indian]] || style="text-align:right;" | 200,000–1,000,000 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.01–0.07% ||
|-
| [[Macanese people|Portuguese in Macau]] || style="text-align:right;" | 152,616 || style="text-align:right;" | 22.34% ||
<ref>{{cite book |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=oXC8AAAAQBAJ |page=49}} |title=Macao Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments|access-date=25 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=147 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bayingyi people|Portuguese in Myanmar]]|| style="text-align:right;" | 100,000 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.18%
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.joaoroqueliteraryjournal.com/nonfiction-1/2018/2/6/the-baying-people-of-burma|title=The Bayingyi People of Burma|website=Joao-Roque Literary Journal est. 2017|date=6 February 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=11 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Geographic Portugal |url=https://nationalgeographic.pt/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=nationalgeographic.pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mianmar. A terra em que houve reis portugueses |url=https://www.dn.pt/edicao-do-dia/03-dez-2022/mianmar-a-terra-em-que-houve-reis-portugueses-15419070.html |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.dn.pt |date=3 December 2022 |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Castro |first=Joaquim Magalhães de |title=A ilha dos portugueses |url=https://www.publico.pt/2011/03/12/jornal/a-ilha-dos-portugueses-21499900 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=PÚBLICO |date=12 March 2011 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Casas incendiadas, terror e morte em Myanmar: Luso-descendentes católicos Bayingyi no alvo dos militares |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/portuguese/pt/podcast-episode/risking-my-life-to-speak-out-claims-minority-catholic-community-leader-amid-persecution-by-myanmars-junta/7snuhkchj |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=SBS Language |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
| [[Portuguese Burghers|Portuguese in Sri Lanka]] || style="text-align:right;"| 5,000–40,000 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.02–0.18% ||
<ref>{{in lang|pt}}Sidney Arnold Pakeman, "Ceylon", Praeger, 1964</ref>
|-
| [[Kristang people|Portuguese in Malaysia]] || style="text-align:right;" | 40,000 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.12%||
<ref>{{in lang|pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Malaccan Portuguese Creole: Papia Kristang |url=https://www.fieldtrip-malaysia2019.linguistics.hku.hk/malaccan-portuguese-creole-kristang |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=HKU Malaysia 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=http://agal-gz.org/faq/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=contributos-pgl:uma_historia_da_lingua.pdf|title=Uma história da língua}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of East Timor|Portuguese in East Timor]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 20,853 || style="text-align:right;" | 1.58% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=218 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of Hong Kong|Portuguese in Hong Kong]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 20,700 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.27% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hong Kong – "Club Lusitano é a casa de todos os portugueses" |year=2021 |url=http://baiadalusofonia.blogspot.com/2021/06/hong-kong-club-lusitano-e-casa-de-todos.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CASA DE MACAU – July 2002 NEWSLETTER |url=https://www.casademacau.org/Newsletters/2002/1102news.htm |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=www.casademacau.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lusa |first=Agência |title=Portugal apela a estudantes portugueses em Hong Kong que enviem dados pessoais para receberem apoio |url=https://observador.pt/2019/11/13/portugal-apela-a-estudantes-portugueses-em-hong-kong-que-enviem-dados-pessoais-para-receberem-apoio/ |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=Observador |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref name=":16" />
|-
|[[Eurasian Singaporeans|Portuguese in Singapore]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 17,000 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.31% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kristang, lost language of the Eurasians {{!}} Unravel Magazine |url=https://unravellingmag.com/articles/kristang-in-singapore/ |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=Unravel |date=23 April 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/31b5e84b-6219-420b-8325-ea45a5e2ba11/content|title=Kodrah Kristang: The initiative to revitalize the Kristang language in Singapore}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of Saudi Arabia|Portuguese in Saudi Arabia]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 7,971 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.02% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=192 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[History of the Jews in Turkey|Portuguese in Turkey]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 4,364 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.01% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=222 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of the United Arab Emirates|Portuguese in the UAE]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 4,000 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.04% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=2 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of Israel|Portuguese in Israel]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 3,575 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.04% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=102 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|{{ill|Portuguese in Thailand|th|ไทยเชอสายโปรตเกส}}|| style="text-align:right;" |1,600–3,500|| style="text-align:right;" | ~0.01%||<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=เกาะติดสถานการณ์ข่าว ข่าวด่วน ข่าววันนี้ ข่าวล่าสุด เนชั่นทีวี {{!}} เนชั่นออนไลน์ |url=https://www.nationtv.tv/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=เนชั่นทีวี |language=th-TH}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite web|url=http://sure.su.ac.th/xmlui/bitstream/id/a14af077-4109-4adb-bbf5-b372b8cc676c/fulltext.pdf?attempt=2|title=ความสัมพันธ์ไทย-โปรตุเกส}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thesis.swu.ac.th/swuthesis/His/Janjaem_S.pdf|title=Janjaem}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="มิตรคาม" ย่านวัดเขมรและวัดญวนสามเสนชุมชนริมแม่น้ำเจ้าพระยาที่ต้องถูกไล่รื้อ |url=https://lek-prapai.org/home/view.php?id=5248| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715074350/https://lek-prapai.org/home/view.php?id=5248 | archive-date=15 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Luso-Asians and Macanese in Siam – Far East Currents |url=https://macstudies.net/luso-asians-and-macanese-in-siam/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Spirit of Asia: มะละกา และกุฏีจีน สายเลือดลูกผสมโปรตุเกส (15 เม.ย. 61) | date=15 April 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1ooplhf9r0 |access-date=2023-03-31 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=215 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of Lebanon|Portuguese in Lebanon]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 3,400 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.06% ||{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
|[[Demographics of Qatar|Portuguese in Qatar]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 2,293 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.08% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=186 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of China|Portuguese in China]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 2,022 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.0001% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=48 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Immigration to Japan|Portuguese in Japan]]|| style="text-align:right;" | 746 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.0004% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=113 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref><ref name=":15" />
|-
|[[Immigration to the Philippines|Portuguese in the Philippines]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 623 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.001% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=176 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="4" |'''''Portuguese in Oceania'''''
|-
| [[Portuguese Australian]] || style="text-align:right;"| 73,903 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.28% ||
<ref name="Portugueses na Austrália">{{cite web|title=Ancestry – ABS|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome.nsf/home/factsheetsa?opendocument&navpos=450|website=Abs.gov.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Portuguese Culture – Population Statistics |url=http://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/portuguese-culture/portuguese-culture-population-statistics |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=Cultural Atlas |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-12 |title=Cultural diversity: Census, 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/latest-release |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Portuguese New Zealander]] || style="text-align:right;"| 1,500 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.03% ||
<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last=Brazão |first=Isabel |title=Portugueses na Austrália e Nova Zelândia mais próximos de Portugal |url=https://ccmm.madeira.gov.pt/index.php/publicacoes/noticias/1617-portugueses-na-australia-e-nova-zelandia-mais-proximos-de-portugal-governo |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=ccmm.madeira.gov.pt |language=pt-pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Autoridades australianas querem conhecer-nos mais e investir aqui" |url=https://www.dn.pt/portugal/autoridades-australianas-querem-conhecer-nos-mais-e-investir-aqui-9188177.html |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.dn.pt |date=15 March 2018 |language=pt-PT}}</ref>
|-
|[[Portuguese in France|Portuguese in New Caledonia]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 900 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.33% ||{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
| colspan="4" |'''''Portuguese in Africa''' (see [[Portuguese Africans|Luso-African]])''
|-
| [[Portuguese South African]]|| style="text-align:right;" | 700,000 || style="text-align:right;" | 1.16% ||
<ref name="observatorioemigracao.secomunidades.pt" />
|-
| [[Portuguese Angolan]] || style="text-align:right;"| 500,000 || style="text-align:right;"| 1.51% ||
<ref name="Observatório da Emigração">{{cite web|title=José Eduardo dos Santos diz que trabalhadores portugueses são bem-vindos em Angola|url=http://www.observatorioemigracao.secomunidades.pt/np4/3607.html|publisher=Observatório da Emigração|access-date=22 July 2013|quote=...presença de cerca de 200 mil trabalhadores portugueses no país...|archive-date=20 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920100459/http://www.observatorioemigracao.secomunidades.pt/np4/3607.html}}</ref>
|-
| [[Portuguese Mozambicans]]|| style="text-align:right;" | 200,000 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.62% ||
<ref name="observatorioemigracao.secomunidades.pt">{{cite book|chapter=The Making of a Portuguese Community in South Africa, 1900–1994|doi=10.1057/9781137265005_9|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137265005_9?noAccess=true|title=Imperial Migrations|year=2013|last1=Glaser|first1=Clive|pages=213–238|isbn=978-1-349-34604-2}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of Cape Verde|Portuguese in Cape Verde]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 22,318 || style="text-align:right;" | 3.96% ||<ref>{{Citation |last=Glaser |first=Clive |chapter=The Making of a Portuguese Community in South Africa, 1900–1994 |date=2013 |title=Imperial Migrations: Colonial Communities and Diaspora in the Portuguese World |pages=213–238 |editor-last=Morier-Genoud |editor-first=Eric |place=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |language=en |doi=10.1057/9781137265005_9 |isbn=978-1-137-26500-5 |editor2-last=Cahen |editor2-first=Michel}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of Malawi|Portuguese in Malawi]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 19,000 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.09% ||{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
|[[White Zimbabweans|Portuguese in Zimbabwe]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 18,000 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.12% ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-16 |title=Portugueses no Zimbabué estão bem, diz ministro |url=https://bomdia.eu/portugueses-no-zimbabue-estao-bem-diz-ministro/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=BOM DIA |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Portuguese Guineans|Portuguese in Guinea Bissau]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 10,400 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.63% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=92 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[White people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Portuguese in the DRC]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 6,400 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.01% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugueses no Congo |date=30 December 2018 |url=https://www.publico.pt/2018/12/30/mundo/noticia/portugueses-republica-democratica-congo-estao-bem-prudentes-1856298}}</ref>
|-
|[[White people in Zambia|Portuguese Zambians]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 5,700 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.03% ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/pray/cards/ROG3/ZA/PeopNameInCountry/Population|title=People of Zambia}}</ref>
|-
|[[White Namibians|Portuguese Namibians]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 4,783 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.19% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=159 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of São Tomé and Príncipe|Portuguese in São Tomé and Príncipe]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 4,765 || style="text-align:right;" | 2.22% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=207 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[White Aethiopians|Portuguese Ethiopians]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 3,000 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.003% ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uthiopia.com/the-oranges-of-prester-john/#:~:text=The+Oranges+of+Prester+John+recounts+the+bittersweet+tale+of,the+Birtukan+in+today's+Ethiopia?|title=THE ORANGES OF PRESTER JOHN - |ዩ| UTHIOPIA: Ethiopia in Utopia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Presença portuguesa na Etiópia sem registo de quaisquer mulheres |url=https://www.dn.pt/arquivo/2008/presenca-portuguesa-na-etiopia-sem-registo-de-quaisquer-mulheres-1137441.html |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.dn.pt |date=13 December 2008 |language=pt-PT}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of Senegal|Portuguese in Senegal]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 2,800 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.02% ||{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
|[[European Moroccans|Portuguese in Morocco]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 2,445 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.01% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=136 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of the Republic of the Congo|Portuguese in Congo]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 1,431 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.02% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=42 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of Eswatini|Portuguese in Eswatini]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 1,300 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.11% ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=210|title=Observatório da Emigração|website=observatorioemigracao.pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Empresário português desaparecido desde domingo na Suazilândia |url=https://www.dn.pt/sociedade/empresario-portugues-desaparecido-desde-domingo-na-suazilandia-6236506.html |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.dn.pt |date=21 April 2017 |language=pt-PT}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of Tanzania|Portuguese in Tanzania]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 1,185 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.002% ||{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
|[[White people in Kenya|Portuguese in Kenya]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 906 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.002% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ao sétimo país vive com 13 horas de luz todos os dias |url=https://expresso.pt/sociedade/2017-12-23-Ao-setimo-pais-vive-com-13-horas-de-luz-todos-os-dias |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=Jornal Expresso |date=23 December 2017 |language=pt-PT}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of Algeria|Portuguese in Algeria]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 515 || style="text-align:right;" | 0.001% ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=61 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|'''Total in diaspora'''
| style="text-align:right;" | ~70,000,000 || ||
|-
| [[Demographics of Portugal|Portugal]]|| style="text-align:right;" | 10,467,366|| style="text-align:right;" | || [[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|Statistics Portugal]] (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics Portugal – Web Portal |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0008273 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=www.ine.pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Imigração sustenta subida da população em Portugal |url=https://www.cmjornal.pt/sociedade/detalhe/imigracao-sustenta-subida-da-populacao-em-portugal |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=www.cmjornal.pt |date=April 2023 |language=pt-PT}}</ref> Figure is only a population estimate of all residents of Portugal, and includes people of non-Portuguese ethnic origin
|}

== Literature ==
{{see also|Portuguese literature}}
[[File:Luís de Camões por François Gérard.png|thumb|[[Luís de Camões]], one of the greatest poets of the [[Middle Ages|European]] literary tradition. His [[Epic poetry|epic poem]] [[Os Lusíadas|''Os'' ''Lusíadas'']] ranks among the finest works of [[world literature]]]]
[[Portuguese literature]] has a long and varied history, with roots in the [[Middle Ages]]. In the 16th century, Portugal's literature entered its "[[Golden Age]]", during which time poets such as [[Luís de Camões]] and [[Francisco de Sá de Miranda]] were renowned.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Literatura portuguesa: origem, divisão, autores |url=https://www.portugues.com.br/literatura/literatura-portuguesa.html |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Português |language=pt-br}}</ref> Portuguese is often referred as to the ''"língua de Camões"'' (Camões's language), highlighting this author's importance in forging the national identity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A língua de Camões – Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa |url=https://ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt/aberturas/a-lingua-de-camoes/1459 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt}}</ref>

Portuguese authors from the Age of Discovery include [[Públia Hortênsia de Castro]], [[Gomes Eanes de Zurara]], [[Joana Vaz]], [[Fernão Mendes Pinto]] (author of ''[[Peregrinação]]),'' [[Joana da Gama]]'','' [[Fernão Lopes]] and [[Violante do Céu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Escritores e Literatura Portuguesa |url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/colecoes/escritores-e-literatura-portuguesa/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |language=pt-PT}}</ref>

19th authors included [[Almeida Garrett]], who is credited with founding modern Portuguese literature. His writings reflect the political and social revolutions then taking place in Portugal, and his writing style is recognized as original.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Almeida Garrett: biografia, obras e estilo literários – Sua Pesquisa |url=https://www.suapesquisa.com/biografias/almeida_garrett.htm |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=www.suapesquisa.com}}</ref>

Authors such as [[Fernando Pessoa]] and [[Guerra Junqueiro]] gained international acclaim for their writings in the 20th century. Literary production mushroomed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Literatura Portuguesa. Origens da Literatura Portuguesa |url=https://mundoeducacao.uol.com.br/literatura/literatura-portuguesa.htm |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Mundo Educação |language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=As 20 obras mais importantes da literatura portuguesa |url=https://www.mundodek.com/2016/10/as-20-obras-mais-importantes-da.html |access-date=2023-05-23}}</ref>

Modern authors such as [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Laureate]] [[José Saramago]] and [[António Lobo Antunes]]. These authors write about identity, culture, and society.

Other notable Portuguese authors include [[Ana Vicente]], [[Richard Zimler]], [[Ana Plácido]], [[Mário Cesariny de Vasconcelos|Mário Cesariny]], [[Ana Hatherly]], [[Cesário Verde]], [[Isabel Stilwell]], [[Miguel Torga]], [[Ana de Castro Osório]], [[Alves Redol]], [[Maria Archer]], [[Antero de Quental]], [[Isabel Alçada]], [[Wenceslau de Moraes]], [[Vimala Devi]], [[Alexandre Herculano]], [[Dulce Maria Cardoso]], [[Maria Gabriela Llansol]], [[Abel Botelho]], [[Fernanda Botelho (writer)|Fernanda Botelho]], [[Isabel da Nóbrega]], {{ill|Rita Vilela|pt|Rita Vilela}}, [[Maria Gabriela Llansol]] and [[Natália Correia]], {{ill|Matilde Campilho|pt|Matilde Campilho}}, and [[Ana Daniel]].

[[Susan Lowndes Marques]], writer and journalist, was a leading figure in the Portuguese-British community in [[Lisbon]], and promoted [[Portugal]] in the UK.

==Law and Justice==
{{see also|Ministry of Justice (Portugal)|Judiciary of Portugal|Portuguese Inquisition}}
Portugal created a [[List of national legal systems|legal system]] for its colonies, with traces visible in [[international law]].

Portugal has contributed to human rights law. The [[European Convention on Human Rights]], which was established in 1950 with the purpose of defending human rights and basic freedoms, was championed by Portugal.

Portuguese active in the field of Law and Justice include [[Paula Teixeira da Cruz]] (previous Minister of Justice), [[Boaventura de Sousa Santos]] [[Military Order of Saint James of the Sword|GOSE]] (one of the most prominent Portuguese living left-wing intellectuals. ), [[Susana Amador]], [[Henrique O'Neill, 1st Viscount of Santa Mónica|Henrique O'Neill]], [[Marta Santos Pais|Maria Santos Pais]] (served as Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General on Violence against Children), [[Januário Lourenço]] (invented the [[Electronic Power of Attorney]] and the [[Electronic Divorce]].), [[Isabel Oneto]], [[Guilherme d'Oliveira Martins]], [[Heloísa Apolónia]] and [[António Vitorino]] (former [[List of European Commission portfolios#Justice, Freedom and Security|European Commissioner for Justice and Home Affairs]]).

== Science and technology ==
{{see also|Science and technology in Portugal|List of Portuguese inventions and discoveries|Category:Portuguese scientists}}
[[Research and development|Research and development (R&D)]] is conducted mainly by [[State university system|state universities]] and autonomous state research institutes. However, non-state research institutes and some private projects also operate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Expenditure in research and development activities (R&D) as a % of GDP: by sector of performance |url=https://www.pordata.pt/en/Portugal/Expenditure+in+research+and+development+activities+(R+D)+as+a+percentage+of+GDP+by+sector+of+performance-1133 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=www.pordata.pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugal registers 7th largest increase in R&D investment since 2015 |url=https://www.ani.pt/en/news/ani-news/portugal-registers-7th-largest-increase-in-rd-investment-since-2015/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=ANI |language=en-GB}}</ref>

During the Age of Discovery technical requirements for [[navigation]] were a topic of great importance. Portuguese contributions to the scientific world included the [[Caravel]] – a light and fast ship designed for coastal navigation and the [[Portolan chart|Portolan]] – a maritime map used from the early Middle Ages. The Portuguese also introduced the [[Compass rose]] on maps<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sixth International Geographical Congress, London, 1895. An uncommon original article from The British Association for The Advancement of Science report, 1895 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glw5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA693 | last1=Mill | first1=Hugh Robert | year=1896 }}</ref> and for guidance and navigation devices such as the [[cross-staff]], [[Nonius (device)|nonius]], the [[Astrolabe|nautical astrolabe]], and the Black Maple Sword.{{Clarify|reason=Black Maple Sword?|date=November 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=introduçao |url=https://paginas.fe.up.pt/~ee97242/Web%20msin/subequipamentos/balestilha.htm |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=paginas.fe.up.pt}}</ref>

[[João Faras]] named the [[Southern Cross]] while [[Francisco de Pina]], in Asia invented the modern [[Vietnamese alphabet]] (''Quốc ngữ)''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ONLINE |first=TUOI TRE |date=2019-12-27 |title=Chữ quốc ngữ những người đầu tiên khai sáng |url=https://tuoitre.vn/news-20191206213804476.htm |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=TUOI TRE ONLINE |language=vi}}</ref> Botanist [[João de Loureiro]] also worked in Vietnam.

One of the oldest learned societies of Portugal, the [[Lisbon Academy of Sciences]], was founded in 1779. During this time the [[Passarola]] was conceived. Natural philosopher [[Jean Hyacinthe de Magellan]] was active. [[Bento de Moura Portugal]] improved [[Thomas Savery]]'s steam engine.

In 1792 Portugues founded the oldest engineering school of Latin America ([[Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho]]), as well as the oldest medical college of Asia ([[Escola Médico-Cirúrgica de Goa]]) in 1842.

During the late 19th century [[Bartolomeu de Gusmão]] introduced the Pyreliophore and [[Herrmann wall telephone|Maximiliano Augusto Herrmann]] developed the [[Herrmann Wall Phone|Herrmann wall telephone]]. [[Spectrography]] pioneer [[Francisco Miranda da Costa Lobo]] and [[telectroscope]] pioneer [[Adriano de Paiva]] were active.

In 1949, neurologist [[António Egas Moniz]], an early developer of [[cerebral angiography]], was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize in Medicine]].

Other contributions include the drug [[Zebinix]], the [[All-on-4|All-on-4 method]] (dentistry), the [[Multibanco]], the [[Coloradd]] and the [[prepaid mobile phone]].

[[Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência]] (IGC), an international centre for biomedical research, was founded in 1961 and ranked as one of the Top Ten places for [[post-doc]]s, by [[The Scientist (magazine)|''The Scientist'']]. [[Champalimaud Foundation]] focuses on [[neuroscience]] and [[oncology]]. [[International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory]] operates in [[Braga]].

In 2001 Portugal ranked 28th among countries for contributions to the top 1% of the world's highly cited publications. Portugal ranked 32nd in the 2022 [[Global Innovation Index]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2022/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2022, 15th Edition |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-92-805-3432-0 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |access-date=2022-11-16 |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |last3=Wunsch-Vincent |first3=Sacha |last4=León |first4=Lorena Rivera |last5=World Intellectual Property Organization }}</ref><ref>See the analysis of King, D.A., The scientific Impact of Nations – What difference countries for their research spending, [[Nature (journal)|Nature]], vol. 430, 15 July 2004</ref>

Portugal has full membership and citizens working in pan-European scientific organizations such as [[European Space Agency]] (ESA), [[European Laboratory for Particle Physics]] (CERN), [[ITER]], and the [[European Southern Observatory]] (ESO). From 2005–2007, Portugal was the EU member state with the highest growth rate in [[research and development]] (R&D) investment as a percentage of GDP at 46%, totaling 1.2% of GDP. This ranked 15th among the 27 EU member states in 2007.<ref name="research and PhDs">{{in lang|pt}} [http://ultimahora.publico.clix.pt/noticia.aspx?id=1352953&idCanal=13 Portugal é o país da UE onde despesa em investigação e desenvolvimento mais cresceu], [[Público (Portugal)|Público]] (13 December 2008)</ref>

Notable Portuguese people who made important contributions to science and technology:
* [[Agronomy]] ([[Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira]])
* [[Anthropology]] ([[Miguel Vale de Almeida]], [[Jill Rosemary Dias]], [[Leopoldina Ferreira Paulo]], [[Teresa Joaquim]])
* [[Astronomy]] ([[Paulo Freire (astronomer)|Paulo Freire]])
* [[Astrophysics]] ([[David Sobral]])
* [[Biochemistry]] ([[Sónia Rocha]], [[Mónica Bettencourt-Dias]], {{ill|Helena Santos|pt|Helena Santos}})
* [[Biology]] ({{ill|Rolanda Matos|pt|Rolanda Maria Albuquerque de Matos}})
* [[Botany]] ([[António Xavier Pereira Coutinho]], [[Rosette Batarda Fernandes]], [[Seomara da Costa Primo]])
* [[Chemical engineering]] ([[Alírio Rodrigues]], [[Isabel Gago]], [[Armando J. L. Pombeiro]])
* [[Chemistry]] ([[Roberto Duarte Silva]], [[Branca Edmée Marques]])
* [[Computer science]] ([[Diogo Vasconcelos]], [[Fernando Boavida]], [[Pedro Pedrosa Mendes]], [[Isabel Cruz]])
* Economics ([[Francisco Luís Gomes]], [[Moisés Bensabat Amzalak]], [[Rita Almeida]], [[Lúcio Mauro Vinhas de Souza]])
* [[Ethnology]] ([[António dos Santos Graça]]),
* [[Fluid dynamics]] ([[Silvana Cardoso]])
* Geography ([[Orlando Ribeiro (geographer)|Orlando Ribeiro]])
* Geology ([[Paul Choffat|Léon Paul Choffat]], [[Venceslau de Lima]], [[Carlos Ribeiro]])
* [[Immunology]] ([[Benedita Barata da Rocha]])
* [[Malariology]] ([[Maria Manuel Mota]])
* [[Marine biology]] ([[Alexandra Cunha]])
* Medical analysis ([[Mortó Dessai|Mortó Sitarama Dessai]])
* [[Meteorology|Metereology]] ([[Ilda Aurora Pinheiro de Moura Machado]])
* [[Mycology]] ([[Mathilde Bensaude]])
* [[Neuroscience]] ([[Megan Carey]], [[Paula Isabel da Silva Moreira]], [[Susana Lima]], [[Ana Domingos]], [[Hanna Damasio]])
* [[Nuclear physics]] ([[Lidia Salgueiro]])
* [[Paleontology]] ([[Miguel Telles Antunes]])
* [[Pathology]] ([[Fátima Carneiro]])
* [[Pharmaceutical Science]] ([[Luís Prista]])
* [[Planning|Planning theory]] ([[Elisabete A. Silva]])
* [[Primatology]] ([[Claudia Sousa]])
* [[Protein Crystallography]] ([[Maria Arménia Carrondo]])
* Psychology ([[Armindo Freitas-Magalhães]], [[Ana Cristina Silva]])
* Physics ([[José Mendes (physicist)|José Mendes]], [[Luís Amaral]])
* [[Oncobiology]] ([[Raquel Seruca]])
* [[Romance philology]] ([[Carolina Michaëlis de Vasconcelos|Karoline Michaelis]])
* [[Somnology]] ([[Teresa Paiva]])
* [[Systems theory]] ([[Tessaleno Devezas]])
* [[Theoretical physics]] ([[Pedro Vieira]], [[João Penedones]])

Other notable Portuguese scientists include:
* [[Corino Andrade]] – initially described [[Familial amyloid polyneuropathy|familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy]]
* [[Odette Ferreira]] – identified [[Subtypes of HIV|HIV-2]]
* [[Froilano de Mello]] – 20th century medical researcher and biologist
* [[Graça Freitas]] [[Order of Merit (Portugal)|GCM]] – [[Directorate-General of Health|Director-General of Health]] during the Covid pandemic
* [[Diogo de Carvalho e Sampayo]] – amateur scientist who authored two important works on chromatics.{{Clarify|reason=Music? Color?|date=November 2024}}

Portuguese [[archaeology]] was inaugurated by [[André de Resende]] in the 16th century. Portuguese contributors include [[Estácio da Veiga]], [[José Leite de Vasconcelos]], [[Irisalva Moita]], [[Luís Raposo]], [[Samuel Schwarz (historian)|Samuel Schwarz]], {{ill|Miriam Halpern Pereira|pt|Miriam Halpern Pereira}}, {{ill|Raquel Varela|pt|Raquel Varela}}<nowiki/>and [[João de Barros]].

[[Manuel Valadares]] pioneered the use of X-rays for art restoration. [[Paleoethnobotany|Paleoethnobotanist]] [[António Rodrigo Pinto da Silva]] contributed to the study of Portuguese history.

== Governance ==
{{see also|Politics of Portugal}}
[[Politics of Portugal|Portuguese politics]] is defined within the framework of a [[Parliamentary republic|parliamentary]], representative [[Multi-party system|multy-party]] democratic republic, where the [[Prime Minister of Portugal|Prime Minister]] is the [[head of government]].

The [[President of Portugal|President]] is the head of the country and has significant political power. He is elected for a 5-year term by [[Direct election|direct vote]], and he is the commander-in-chief of the [[Portuguese Armed Forces|armed forces]]. His powers include the election of the Prime Minister and the [[Council of Ministers (Portugal)|Council of Ministers]], in accordance with [[Elections in Portugal|general elections results]]. The [[Council of State (Portugal)|Council of State]] is a presidential oversight body, composed of six senior civilian officers, any former president elected since 1976, five members elected by the [[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly]], and five directly appointed by the President.

Executive power is assigned to the Council of Ministers. Both the [[Government of Portugal|Government]] and the [[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Portuguese Parliament]] (''Assembleia da República'') are equipped with [[Right of initiative (legislative)|legislative rights]]. The Assembly is elected by [[universal suffrage]] via [[proportional representation]]. [[Deputy (legislator)|Deputies]] serve a four-year term. Given extreme unrest or of inability to form a government, the President can dissolve the Assembly and call for new elections.

Since 1976, the [[Socialist Party (Portugal)|Socialist Party]] (PS) and [[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|Social Democratic Party]] (PSD) have dominated the political landscape.

The judiciary is independent of the executive and legislative branches and the [[Supreme Court of Justice (Portugal)|national Supreme Court]] is the court of last appeal. Military, administrative and fiscal courts are independent systemsce. A nine-member Constitutional Court verifies the [[constitutionality]] of legislation.

== Education ==
{{See also|Education in Portugal}}
Education has been gradually modernized and expanded since the 1970s. According to the [[Programme for International Student Assessment|Program for International Student Assessment]] (PISA) in 2015, 15-year-old students were significantly above the [[OECD]] average for reading skills, mathematics and science.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Testes PISA: Portugal supera média da OCDE |url=https://visao.sapo.pt/actualidade/sociedade/2016-12-06-Testes-PISA-Portugal-supera-media-da-OCDE |magazine=[[Visão]] |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=E agora no PISA: alunos portugueses melhoram a ciências, leitura e matemática |url=https://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2016-12-06-E-agora-no-PISA-alunos-portugueses-melhoram-a-ciencias-leitura-e-matematica |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213064034/https://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2016-12-06-E-agora-no-PISA-alunos-portugueses-melhoram-a-ciencias-leitura-e-matematica |archive-date=13 December 2018 |access-date=23 May 2023 |work=[[Expresso (newspaper)|Expresso]] |language=pt}}</ref> Portugal has recognized [[List of universities and colleges in Portugal|universities]] and business schools that have contributed international leaders<ref name="portugaldailyview">{{cite web |title=Management: The Portuguese who sit at the top of the world |url=http://www.portugaldailyview.com/whats-new/management-the-portuguese-who-sit-at-the-top-of-the-world |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214182642/http://www.portugaldailyview.com/whats-new/management-the-portuguese-who-sit-at-the-top-of-the-world |archive-date=14 December 2017 |access-date=14 December 2017 |website=Portugal Daily View}}</ref> and which attract an increasing number of foreign students. Portugal is among the top senders and receivers country within the [[Erasmus Programme|Erasmus+ programme]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-07 |title=Erasmus decoded: Where do Europe's students go when they study abroad? |url=https://www.euronews.com/2023/03/07/erasmus-decoded-where-do-europes-students-go-when-they-study-abroad |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref> with more student entering than leaving.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Directorate-General for Education |first=Youth |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2766/63555 |title=Erasmus+ annual report 2021: statistical annex |date=2022 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=978-92-76-58692-0 |location=LU |doi=10.2766/63555}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{see also|Economy of Portugal}}
Portugal's economy ranked 34th on the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Competitiveness Report 2020 |url=https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-competitiveness-report-2020/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref>

The majority of its trade is with the EU, the source and destination of more than 70% of the 2020 total.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ECO |date=2021-03-25 |title=Portugal é dos países mais dependentes das trocas comerciais intra-UE |url=https://eco.sapo.pt/2021/03/25/portugal-e-dos-paises-mais-dependentes-das-trocas-comerciais-intra-ue/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=ECO |language=pt-PT}}</ref> International trade amounted to approximately 153.3 billion Euros in 2022. Spain is by far its largest trading partner, accounting for 11.61% of exports and 32.07% of imports.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exportações de serviços: total e por principais países parceiros comerciais |url=https://www.pordata.pt/portugal/exportacoes+de+servicos+total+e+por+principais+paises+parceiros+comerciais-2349 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=www.pordata.pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Importações de bens: total e por principais países parceiros comerciais |url=https://www.pordata.pt/portugal/importacoes+de+bens+total+e+por+principais+paises+parceiros+comerciais-2345 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=www.pordata.pt}}</ref> Other important trading partners include [[North American Free Trade Agreement|NAFTA]] (6.3% of exports and 2% of imports), [[Portuguese language in Africa|PALOP]] (5.7% of exports and 2.5% of imports), [[Maghreb]] (3.7% of exports and 1.3% of import and [[Mercosur|Mercosul]] (1.4% of exports and 2.5% of imports).

The Portuguese currency is the [[euro]] (€). The country has been part of the [[Eurozone]] since its founding.

The country's national bank is [[Banco de Portugal]], and it is part of the [[European System of Central Banks]]. Most stock trading takes place on [[Euronext Lisbon]], owned by [[NYSE Euronext]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bray |first=Chad |date=2014-05-27 |title=IntercontinentalExchange Set to Spin Off Euronext |url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/05/27/intercontinentalexchange-announces-plans-to-float-euronext/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=DealBook |language=en}}</ref> Important Portuguese banks include [[Banco Espírito Santo]] (now [[Novo Banco]]), [[Caixa Geral de Depósitos]] and [[Millennium BCP]].

Portugal's largest companies include [[The Navigator Company]] (paper); [[Sonae Indústria]] (world's largest producer of wood panels); [[Corticeira Amorim]] (world's largest [[Cork (material)|cork]] producer); [[Conservas Ramirez]] (canned food); [[Cimpor]] (top 10 cement); [[EDP Renováveis]] (#3 producer of [[Wind power|wind energy]]); [[Jerónimo Martins]] (supermarket chain); [[Grupo José de Mello|José de Mello Group]] ([[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]]), [[TAP Air Portugal]]; and [[Brisa - Autoestradas de Portugal]].<ref name="insideportugaltravel">{{cite web |title=Conservas A Ramirez, Portugal's oldest brand, opens nutrition center, Inside Portugal Travel, 2009 |url=http://www.insideportugaltravel.com/news-a-ideas/6151-conservas-a-ramirez-portugal%E2%80%99s-oldest-brand-opens-nutrition-center.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063954/http://www.insideportugaltravel.com/news-a-ideas/6151-conservas-a-ramirez-portugal%E2%80%99s-oldest-brand-opens-nutrition-center.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=14 December 2017 |url-status=usurped |website=insideportugaltravel.com}}</ref> Other companies include [[Sumol + Compal]] (drinks); [[Renova (company)|Renova]] ([[Tissue paper|tissue]]); [[Vista Alegre (company)|Vista Alegre]] ([[ceramic]]s); [[Nelo|Nelo (MAR Kayaks Ltda)]] (boats); [[GestiFute]] (public relations); [[Pestana Group]] (tourism and leisure) and [[Salvador Caetano]]. Media companies include [[Impresa]], [[Sociedade Independente de Comunicação|Sociedade Independente de Comunicação (SIC), the first Portuguese private television network]], [[NOS (Portuguese company)|NOS]] and [[MEO (telecommunication company)|MEO]].

Portuguese businesswomen include [[Catarina Fagundes]], CEO of Wind Birds, [[Catarina Portas]], owner of A Vida Portuguesa, [[Fernanda Pires da Silva]], President of Grupo Grão-Pará, a conglomerate focusing on construction, real estate, tourism, hotel management, and marble, [[Julia Carvalho]], Corporate Manager at [[IBM]], [[Maria da Conceição Zagalo]], awarded by [[Amnesty International]], as one of 25 women worldwide, "for her special dedication to social causes", [[Carla Castro]] and [[Eugénia Cândida da Fonseca da Silva Mendes, 1st Baroness of Silva|Eugénia Cândida da Fonseca da Silva Mendes]].

Portuguese businessmen include [[Raul Pires Ferreira Chaves]], inventor of a precursor to modular construction systems; [[Paulo Maló]], founder of Malo Clinic; [[Zeinal Bava|Zeinal Abedin Mohamed Bava]]; [[António Miguel Ferreira]]; [[Paulo Morgado]], Executive Vice-president of [[Capgemini|Capgemini Group]]; [[Henrique de Sommer]]; [[Fernando Van Zeller Guedes]], co-founder of [[Sogrape]] and the inspiration behind [[Mateus (wine)|Mateus]]; [[Narciso Ferreira]]; [[Henrique de Mendonça]], helping the Portuguese colony of [[São Tomé and Príncipe]] become a leading [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]] producers; [[Diogo Mónica]], co-founder of [[Anchorage Digital]]. Expat Portuguese businessmen include [[Pedro José Lobo]]; [[Joe Berardo]], entrepreneur; [[Arnaldo de Oliveira Sales]]; [[José Filipe Torres]], branding expert; [[António Augusto Carvalho Monteiro]], [[Quinta da Regaleira]].

Fishing is a prominent occupation, notably for [[sardine]]s. Both men and women work as [[Fisherman|fishermen]].

== Cuisine ==
{{see also|List of Portuguese dishes|List of Portuguese food and drink products with protected status|Portuguese cuisine}}{{More citations needed section|date=November 2024}}[[File:Bacalhau (Porto).jpg|left|thumb|[[Bacalhau]] codfish is one of the epitomes of Portuguese cuisine]]
The oldest cookbook on Portuguese cooking is from the 16th century, ''Livro de Cozinha da Infanta D. Maria de Portugal''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=autores |first1=Vários |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jT-DwAAQBAJ |title=Manual de Cozinha da Infanta D. Maria |last2=Carvalho |first2=Bruno |date=2020 |publisher=Amass. Cook. |isbn=978-1-393-89909-9 |language=pt-PT}}</ref> (Crown-Princess Maria's [[cookbook]]). It describes recipes made of beef, fish, fowl, and other traditional ingredients. Even in the [[High Middle Ages]], agriculture had already a regional character. Small [[peasant]] allotments and large [[Latifundium|latifundia]] were cultivated. The latter are particularly characteristic of southern regions, which were annexed as a result of the Reconquista and distributed among [[Feudalism|feudal lords]], whereas further north, agricultural lots were typically smaller.

In modern times, fruit and grapes began to play an important role. Portugal is a world leader in [[Fortified wine|fortified red]] and [[Dry wines|dry white wines]]. [[Port wine]] and [[Madeira wine]] come from there. Portuguese farmers grow pears, apples, [[plum]]s, [[Cherry|cherries]], [[olive]]s, [[Citrus|citrus fruits]] and grain crops such as wheat, [[rye]], [[Maize|corn]], [[oat]]s, and vegetables such as [[legume]]s.
[[File:Peixinhos da horta.jpg|left|thumb|[[Peixinhos da horta]], a typical dish from Lisbon from which Japanese [[tempura]] derives]]
[[File:Buñuelos de bacalao.jpg|left|thumb|[[Bolinhos de bacalhau|Pastéis de bacalhau]], a typical ''petisco'' found everywhere in Portugal]]
[[File:Samosachutney.jpg|left|thumb|[[Samosa|Chamuças]] (samosas) are an example of dish of foreign origin today widely popular in Portugal. They were first brought to the country during the [[Age of Discovery]] in the 15th century.]]
Portuguese cuisine relies on meats (pork, cattle, chicken and [[Game (hunting)|game]] among others).

High seafood (fish, [[crustacean]]s including [[lobster]], crab, [[shrimp]], [[prawn]]s, and octopus) consumption is supported by rich fisheries along Portugal's [[Geography of Portugal|1,800 km of coastline]] (1,115 miles). This is balanced by vegetables, legumes, and sweets (notably, cakes). The diet is rich in carbohydrates that often includes fresh breads like ''[[broa]]'', rice, and potatoes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S.A |first=Priberam Informática |title=Dicionário Priberam Online de Português Contemporâneo |url=https://dicionario.priberam.org/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Dicionário Priberam |language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferrín |first=Xosé Luis Méndez |date=2014-04-21 |title=Broa |url=https://www.farodevigo.es/opinion/2014/04/21/broa-17230314.html |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Faro de Vigo |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pão e Produtos de Panificação |url=https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/pt/cat/pao-e-produtos-de-panificacao?start=12 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses |language=pt}}</ref> The Portuguese lead the Europeans in rice consumption per capita, 16.1 kg per year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Landgeist |date=2022-06-25 |title=Rice consumption in Europe |url=https://landgeist.com/2022/06/25/rice-consumption-in-europe/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Landgeist |language=en-GB}}</ref> Rice specialities include, ''Arroz de Tamboril'' ([[Lophius|Monkfish]] rice), ''Arroz de Pato'' (duck rice) and ''Arroz de Cabidela'' ([[Chicken|rooster]] rice) enjoy high popularity.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= 9 September 2020|title=Portugal e o arroz. 14 pratos a não perder (e onde os comer) |url=https://www.dn.pt/dn-ocio/portugal-e-o-arroz-14-pratos-a-nao-perder-e-onde-os-comer-12707164.html |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=www.dn.pt |language=pt-PT}}</ref> Portuguese are among the largest European potato consumers, consuming 62 kg potatoes per capita per year,.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Landgeist |date=2021-12-21 |title=Potato Consumption in Europe |url=https://landgeist.com/2021/12/21/potato-consumption-in-europe/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Landgeist |language=en-GB}}</ref> Portugal has one of the largest livestock EU populations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livestock population in numbers |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20220517-2 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=ec.europa.eu |language=en-GB}}</ref>

[[António-Maria De Oliveira Bello]], also known as Olleboma, wrote "''Culinária Portuguesa''" (Portuguese Cuisine) in 1936.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wook.pt/autor/antonio-maria-de-oliveira-bello/21113|title=António Maria de Oliveira Bello - WOOK}}</ref> Portuguese cuisine draws from both [[Atlantic diet]] traditions and [[Mediterranean cuisine|Mediterranean sources]] – Portugal is among the countries recognised by [[UNESCO]] for its [[Mediterranean diet]] – and from all over the world, especially from the onetime Portuguese Empire.

Portugal's role in the [[spice trade]] influenced its cuisine, particularly in the broad variety of spices used. These spices include [[Peri-peri|''piri piri'']] (tiny, spicy [[chili pepper]]s), white and black pepper, [[saffron]], [[paprika]], [[clove]], allspice, [[cumin]], and [[nutmeg]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nando's restaurant numbers 2022 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/953079/nando-s-restaurant-numbers/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref>

Many dishes contain [[cinnamon]], [[vanilla]], lemon, orange, [[anise]], [[clove]], and [[allspice]]. Portuguese merchants introduced oranges in Middle Eastern countries. Today the [[Turkish language|Turkish]] ("Portakal"), [[Persian language|Farsi]] (نارنجی or "portaqal") and [[Arabic]] (البرتقالي or "lburtuqaliiu") words for orange all reflect a Portuguese origin. This term extended to the Ottoman Empire and beyond, today appearing in languages such as [[Romanian language|Romanian]] (portocale), [[Albanian language|Albanian]] (portokalli), [[Greek language|Greek]] (πορτοκάλι-portokáli) and [[Georgian language|Georgian]] (ფორთოხალი-portokhali).

One popular dish is ''[[Feijoada]]''. ''Feijão'' is Portuguese for [[bean]]. With ''feijoada'' ''salada de tomate'' and ''vinagrete'' or ''molho vinagrete'' are sometimes served. The Portuguese have 365 ways of cooking [[cod]] (''bacalhau''). Other emblematic Portuguese traditional dishes are ''[[Cozido à portuguesa]]'' (Portuguese stew) and ''[[Caldo verde]]'' (green soup). The most globally appreciated pastry is ''[[pastel de nata]]'', sometimes known as ''Natas'' or ''Portuguese custard tarts''.

Portugal has 19 named [[wine regions]] ''[[Denominação de Origem Controlada]]'': [[Alenquer DOC|Alenquer]], [[Arruda DOC|Arruda]], [[Bairrada DOC|Bairrada]], [[Beira Interior DOC|Beira Interior]], [[Bucelas DOC|Bucelas]], [[Carcavelos DOC|Carcavelos]], [[Colares DOC|Colares]], [[Dão DOC|Dão]], [[Douro DOC|Douro]], [[Encostas d'Aire DOC|Encostas d'Aire]], [[Lagoa DOC|Lagoa]], Lagos, [[Óbidos DOC|Óbidos]], [[Palmela DOC|Palmela]], [[Portimão DOC|Portimão]], [[Setúbal DOC|Setúbal]], [[Tavira DOC|Tavira]], [[Távora-Varosa DOC|Távora-Varosa]], and [[Torres Vedras DOC|Torres Vedras]]. The most famous Portuguese wine is[[Port wine|''Vinho do Porto'']] (port), which is grown only in the ''região demarcada do Douro''. Several unique types of Port wine are made, namely ''Porto Branco'', ''Porto Ruby,'' and ''Porto Tawny''. Also famous is the slightly sparkling ''[[Vinho Verde]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vinhoverde.pt |title=Vinho Verde |access-date=2024-02-10}}</ref> (green wine), from the Minho region.

Notable Portuguese chefs include {{ill|Filipa Vacondeus|pt|Filipa Vacondeus}}, [[Louise Bourrat]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-20 |title=Louise Bourrat, uma Top Chef |url=https://www.timeout.pt/lisboa/pt/restaurantes/louise-bourrat-uma-top-chef |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Time Out Lisboa |language=pt-PT}}</ref> and {{ill|Marlene Vieira|pt|Marlene Vieira}}.

== Architecture ==
{{see also|Portuguese architecture|Manueline|Pombaline style}}
[[File:Capela das Almas (Porto) 17.jpg|left|thumb|[[Azulejo]]s are a distinctive feature of [[Portuguese architecture]] as it is the case with {{ill|Capela das Almas|pt|Capela de Santa Catarina (Santo Ildefonso)}}, in [[Porto]]]]
Portuguese architecture encompasses work in Portugal and its former colonies, reflecting these diverse cultures. [[Roman people|Romans]] and [[Moors]] each left marks. Epitomes of the Portuguese architectural style are [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]], [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] and, above all, [[Manueline|Manueline style]]. [[Baroque]] and [[Rococo]] were influential. After the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]] the [[Pombaline style]] (now candidate to become a listed [[UNESCO]] heritage site) took over and is still visible, especially in [[Estremadura Province (historical)|Estremadura]] (the region of the capital city, [[Lisbon]]). Other influences include Romanesque evolving into [[Modern architecture|contemporary styles]]. The [[Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian]], built in the 1960s is one of defining examples of 20th-century Portuguese architecture.[[File:Treppenaufgang Bom Jesus do Monte.jpg|left|thumb|282x282px|[[Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Monte|Santuário do Bom Jesus do Monte]], in [[Braga]], with its famous [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] [[stairway]]]]
[[File:Palacio da Queluz (21095271746).jpg|thumb|191x191px|[[Fountain]] in the [[Palace of Queluz|Palácio Nacional de Queluz]], [[Queluz, Portugal|Queluz]]]]
[[File:Almourol 034.jpg|thumb|194x194px|Portugal is famous for its [[Castle|Medieval]] and [[Knights Templar|Templar castles]]. A fine example is the [[Castle of Almourol]], in [[Vila Nova da Barquinha Municipality|Vila Nova da Barquinha]].]]
19th century architects include [[Maria José Marques da Silva]], [[Helena Roseta]], [[Miguel Ventura Terra]] and [[José Marques da Silva]]. Modern architects include [[Pritzker Architecture Prize|Pritzker Architecture Prize winners]] [[Eduardo Souto de Moura]] and [[Álvaro Siza Vieira|Siza Vieira]]. Others include [[Raul Lino]], [[Fernando Távora]] and [[Álvaro Siza Vieira]]. [[Tomás Taveira]] is noted particularly for stadium design. Other Portuguese architects include [[Diogo de Arruda]] ([[chapter house]] window at the [[Convent of Christ (Tomar)|Convent of Christ]], in [[Tomar]]), [[Pedro Nunes Tinoco]] and [[Filippo Terzi]] ([[Monastery of São Vicente de Fora]]), [[André Soares (architect)|André Soares]] ([[Falperra Church]]), [[José António Caldas]] ([[Darkroom|dark room]] pioneer in Brazil), [[Carlos Amarante]] ([[Bom Jesus do Monte]]), [[João Luís Carrilho da Graça]], [[José da Costa e Silva]] (established [[Neoclassical architecture]] in Portugal and Brazil), [[José Luís Monteiro|José Luis Monteiro]], [[João Abel Manta]], [[Huguet]] and [[Mateus Fernandes (architect)|Mateus Fernandes]] ([[Monastery of Batalha]])

Portuguese architects who made contributions abroad include [[Alfredo Azancot]] in Chile, [[Emanuele Rodriguez Dos Santos]] in Italy, and [[Jo Palma]] in Canada.

== Music ==
{{see also|Music of Portugal|Music history of Portugal|Fado}}
[[File:Fado1 - Fadistas a los Jeronimos.JPG|thumb|Portuguese [[Fado|fadistas]] performing in the [[Jerónimos Monastery|Mosteiro dos Jerónimos]], Lisbon]]
From [[Italian folk music|folk music]] to [[European classical music|classical]], music has always played an important role in [[Culture of Portugal|Portuguese culture]]. From traditional songs from the [[North Region, Portugal|north]] of the country to the rhythms of Portuguese-influenced [[samba]], from ''[[fado]]'' to [[Pop rock|Portuguese pop-rock]], Portuguese music has delighted listeners all over the world.

Portuguese music dates back to the [[Middle Ages]], when [[troubadour]]s, poets and musicians sang [[love song]]s throughout the [[Portugal|country]].

The 16th century brought musical influences such as the stringed instrument, the [[Kroncong|Krencong]], which traveled from Portugal to Indonesia and made a lasting contribution to Indonesian culture. Another instrument of Portuguese origin that gained acclaim in Hawaiian music is the [[ukulele]], which originated on [[Madeira Island]].

''Fado'' is the leading modern genre. Originating in [[Lisbon]] in the 19th century, it symbolizes Portuguese culture. ''Fado'' songs often express love, ''[[saudade]]'' (longing) and difficulties in life. The great ambassador of Portuguese fado, [[Amália Rodrigues]], had carried the music across the world during the 1950s and 1960s. Musicians such as [[Mariza]], [[Ana Moura]] and [[Cristina Branco]], [[Katia Guerreiro]] modernized and invigorated this musical art alive. The genre is one of two Portuguese music traditions in the [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]], along with ''[[Cante Alentejano]]''.

Besides ''fado'', the country produced other popular music, including Portuguese Pop Rock, developed in the 1980s and 1990s by artists such as [[Xutos & Pontapés]], [[Rui Veloso]], and the [[Madredeus]]. The latter are noted for their innovative use of the traditional [[Portuguese guitar]].
[[File:Carmen Miranda 1941.JPG|left|thumb|[[Carmen Miranda]] [[Order of Prince Henry|GCIH]], [[Ordem do Mérito Cultural|OMC]] who reached stardom in Brazil as the foremost interpreter of [[samba]]]]
Other popular imported genres include dance, [[House music|house]], ''[[kizomba]]'', pop, [[reggae]], [[ska]] and [[Zouk (musical movement)|''zouk'']]. [[World music]] stars include [[Waldemar Bastos]]. A notable Portuguese ''[[kizomba]]'' author is [[Soraia Ramos]].

[[Boss AC|Ângelo César do Rosário Firmino]] and [[IAMDDB|Diana De Brito]] are important [[rap]] artists. Hip hop arrived in the early 1990s. The first artist to sign a major record deal was [[General D]]. Other important artists from the [[Hip hop tuga]] genre include [[Sam the Kid]] and Regula.

In jazz, notable Portuguese performers include [[Carmen Souza]], [[Marta Dias]], [[Vânia Fernandes]], [[Maria João (singer)|Maria João]] and [[Luísa Sobral]]. while in the ''[[kuduro]]'' musical genre in Portugal [[Valete|Keidje Torres Lima]] is notable. Other authors are [[Lura (singer)|Lura]], [[Georgina Ribas]], [[Filipa Azevedo]], [[Nenny]], [[Ana Free]], {{ill|Ana Bela Alves|pt|Ana Bela Alves}} and [[Bárbara Bandeira]].

== Cinema ==
{{see also|Cinema of Portugal|List of Portuguese films}}
[[Cinema of Portugal|Portuguese cinema]] appeared at the end of the 19th century, via [[silent film]]s. In the 1920s that cinema became an important cultural and artistic element. The first Portuguese film, shot in Porto, was directed by {{ill|Aurélio da Paz dos Reis|pt|Aurélio da Paz dos Reis}} in 1896. In homage to the Departure of the Workers from the Lumière Factory (''[[Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory|La Sortie de l'usine Lumière à Lyon]]'') by [[Auguste and Louis Lumière]] shot in 1895, he filmed the Departure of the Workers from the Confiança Factory (''Saída do Pessoal Operário da Fábrica Confiança'').<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |title=Um olhar sobre o cinema mudo em Portugal |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/um-olhar-sobre-o-cinema-mudo-em-portugal/XAVh29Yu-S6GIw |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=pt-PT}}</ref>

[[José Leitão de Barros]] pioneered the Portuguese film industry, producing and directing silent films starting in the 1910s.<ref name=":20" /> One of the first notable female actresses was [[Cremilda de Oliveira]]. [[Manoel de Oliveira]] extended de la Velle's legacy. His film "''[[Aniki-Bóbó]]'' (1942), is notable for its innovation and vision of adolescence. Manoel de Oliveira made more than 30 films, including [[I'm Going Home (film)|''I'm Going home'']] (2001), produced at age 93.

In the 1950s, attention pivoted to technically advanced [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] films. In the 1960s, attention returned home. In the 1960s innovative cinema flourished, notably with director [[Fernando Lopes (filmmaker)|Fernando Lopes]]. He made films that touched on themes of politics and religion, generating debate and controversy at the time. His film ''[[Belarmino]]'' (1964), won the [[Golden Lion]] at that year's [[Venice Film Festival|Venice exhibition]].

Fernando Lopes led a new generation of directors in the 70s and 80s. This period saw films like ''Mudar de Vida'' (1966) by [[Paulo Rocha (film director)|Paulo Rocha]]. In the 70s the [[The School of Reis|School of Reis]] – a concept related to the teachings of Portuguese director [[António Reis]] and [[Margarida Cordeiro]] – emerged. Notable proponents are [[João Pedro Rodrigues]] and [[Pedro Costa]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-20 |title={{!}} Cinema: Anthology of Film Archives featuring "The School of Reis" – NYCPortuguese American Journal |url=https://portuguese-american-journal.com/cinema-anthology-of-film-archives-featuring-the-school-of-reis-nyc/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Portuguese American Journal |language=en}}</ref>

Despite national success, Portuguese films were largely ignored by international festivals until the emergence of directors such as [[Marco Martins]].

In 1989, the first of a new wave of filmmakers, Pedro Costa, presented ''[[O Sangue]]''. This film, along with its follow-up efforts in the 90s, ''[[Ossos]]'' and [[Down to Earth (1995 film)|''Casa de Lava'']], shaped a distinctive style.

Portuguese directors have influenced the international film industry. Manoel de Oliveira was the first Portuguese director to compete for the [[Palme d'Or]] at Cannes in 1985. Since then, other Portuguese filmmakers have competed at major international festivals.

The ''[[telenovela]]'' is a popular genre, brought from [[Brazilian telenovela|Brazil]], and the country is a major producer and consumer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Factos |first=Espalha- |date=2020-11-21 |title=15 séries e novelas que marcaram a televisão portuguesa |url=https://espalhafactos.com/2020/11/21/15-series-e-novela-que-marcaram-a-televisao-portuguesa/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Espalha-Factos |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Os sinais do 'efeito- -telenovela' |work=DN |date=26 April 2006 |url=https://www.dn.pt/arquivo/2006/os-sinais-do-efeito---telenovela-639561.html}}</ref> Many Portuguese telenovelas have reached international audiences, such as ''[[A Única Mulher]]'', ''[[Floribella]]'', ''[[Morangos com Açúcar]]'', ''[[Laços de Sangue]]'' and ''[[Conta-me como foi]]''. Telenovela stars include [[Liliana Santos]], [[Lúcia Moniz]], [[Diogo Morgado]], [[Vera Kolodzig]], [[Sílvia Alberto]], [[Diogo Amaral]], [[Rita Pereira (actress)|Rita Pereira]], [[Joana Ribeiro]], [[Ricardo Pereira (actor)|Ricardo Pereira]], [[Mariana Monteiro]], and [[Luciana Abreu]].

Portuguese authors have participated in international productions; among them [[Daniela Melchior]], [[Nuno Lopes]], [[Cris Huerta]], [[Helena D'Algy]] and [[Rafael Morais]].

[[Nuno Sá Pessoa]] and [[Diana Andringa]] are known for documentaries, [[Nuno Markl]], [[Rita Camarneiro]], [[Ricardo Araújo Pereira]], [[Filomena Cautela]] and [[Eduardo Serra]] are TV hosts (''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1]]'' and ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2]])''.

== Influencers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+Top 10 Influencers*<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://starngage.com/app/global/influencer/ranking/portugal|title=Top Instagram Influencers and Instagram Users in Portugal in 2024 | StarNgage}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Influencer Marketing Platform {{!}} Brinfer |url=https://brinfer.com/en/resources/public-reports/portugal-top-1000-U2Y0N1c3TW43RVF0Ny9wOXJjaTgxdz09 |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=brinfer.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1000 Melhores Influenciadores do Instagram em Portugal {{!}} Ranking de Instagram do HypeAuditor |url=https://hypeauditor.com/pt/top-instagram-all-portugal/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=HypeAuditor.com |language=pt}}</ref>
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Username
! scope="col" | Owner
! scope="col" | Followers 
! scope="col" | Profession/Activity
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 1
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/cristiano|@cristiano}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Cristiano Ronaldo]]
| style="text-align:center;" |622,000,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Footballer
| Most followed person on [[Instagram]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/virginia|@virginia}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Virginia Fonseca]]
| style="text-align:center;" |46,000,000
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Influencer]], [[YouTuber]], businesswoman
| American-born Brazilian who also holds Portuguese nationality. This makes her the most followed Portuguese woman on Instagram.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-21 |title=Virginia Fonseca e Zé Felipe são tietados por fãs em Portugal; vídeo |url=https://gq.globo.com/Celebridades/noticia/2021/09/virginia-fonseca-e-ze-felipe-sao-tietados-por-fas-em-portugal-video.html |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=GQ |language=pt-br}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 3
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/gioewbank|@gioewbank}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Giovanna Ewbank]]
| style="text-align:center;" |29,300,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Actress, model, Television presenter
| Brazilian-born Luso-Brazilian citizen<ref name="purepeople.com.br">{{Cite web |title=FOTOS – Giovanna Ewbank tem cidadania portuguesa, assim como Bruno Gagliasso e os 3 filhos do casal |url=https://www.purepeople.com.br/midia/giovanna-ewbank-tem-cidadania-portuguesa_m3611760 |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=www.purepeople.com.br |language=br}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 4
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/phil.coutinho|@phil.coutinho}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Philippe Coutinho]]
| style="text-align:center;" |24,400,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Footballer
| Most followed Brazilian-born Luso-Brazilian man on Instagram<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-10 |title=Coutinho consegue cidadania portuguesa e libera espaço para extracomunitário no Barcelona |url=https://www.espn.com.br/futebol/artigo/_/id/4628925/coutinho-consegue-cidadania-portuguesa-e-libera-espaco-para-extracomunitario-no-barcelona |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=ESPN.com |language=pt}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 5
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/brunogagliasso|@brunogagliasso}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Bruno Gagliasso]]
| style="text-align:center;" |22,300,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Actor
| Luso-Brazilian citizen<ref name="purepeople.com.br" />
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 6
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/official_pepe|@official_pepe}}
| [[Pepe (footballer, born 1983)|Pepe]]
| style="text-align:center;" |17,600,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Footballer
| style="text-align:center;" | Brazilian-born
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 7
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/felipeneto|@felipeneto}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Felipe Neto]]
| style="text-align:center;" |17,300,000
| style="text-align:center;" | YouTuber
| Luso-Brazilian citizen<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= 29 November 2022|title=Brasileiro Felipe Neto criticado por festejar golo de Portugal: "Torcendo por colonizador" |url=https://www.ojogo.pt/internacional/selecao/noticias/felipe-neto-criticado-por-festejar-golo-de-portugal-torcendo-por-colonizador-15399651.html |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=www.ojogo.pt |language=pt-PT}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 8
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/ileana_official|@ileana_official}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Ileana D'Cruz]]
| style="text-align:center;" |16,400,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Actress
| Indian-born
|-
!9
|{{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/joaofelix79|@joaofelix79}}
| style="text-align:center;" |[[João Félix]]
| style="text-align:center;" |11,800,000
| style="text-align:center;" |Footballer
|
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |10
|{{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/brunofernandes8|@brunofernandes8}}
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Bruno Fernandes]]
| style="text-align:center;" |8,800,000
| style="text-align:center;" |Footballer
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 11
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/oficialkellykey|@oficialkellykey}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Kelly Key]]
| style="text-align:center;" |8,700,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Singer
|Luso-Brazilian citizen<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flamengo no Brasil, Kelly Key revela seus times em Portugal e Angola |url=https://www.uol.com.br/splash/noticias/2021/12/15/flamengo-no-brasil-kelly-key-revela-seus-times-em-portugal-e-angola.htm |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=www.uol.com.br |language=pt-br}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 12
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/sarasampaio|@sarasampaio}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Sara Sampaio]]
| style="text-align:center;" |8,600,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Model
| Most followed Portuguese-born Portuguese model on Instagram
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 13
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/jpcancelo|@jpcancelo}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[João Cancelo]]
| style="text-align:center;" |6,800,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Footballer
|
|
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 14
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/pedroscooby|@pedroscooby}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{ill|Pedro Scooby|pt|Pedro Scooby}}
| style="text-align:center;" |5,800,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Surfer
| Luso-Brazilian<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-23 |title=Pedro Scooby revela que conseguiu cidadania portuguesa para ficar perto dos filhos |url=https://vogue.globo.com/celebridade/noticia/2020/07/sou-cidadao-portugues-e-tenho-minha-casa-em-portugal-diz-pedro-ao-falar-sobre-vida-com-filhos.html |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=Vogue |language=pt-br}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 15
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/luccasneto|@luccasneto}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Luccas Neto]]
| style="text-align:center;" |5,800,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Actor, comedian
| Luso-Brazilian<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-22 |title=Após polêmica sobre ensinar 'brasileiro' às crianças portuguesas, conteúdo de Luccas Neto será dublado com sotaque lusitano |url=https://oglobo.globo.com/cultura/revista-da-tv/apos-polemica-sobre-ensinar-brasileiro-as-criancas-portuguesas-conteudo-de-luccas-neto-sera-dublado-com-sotaque-lusitano-25317807 |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=O Globo |language=pt-BR}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 16
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/iamrafaeleao93|@iamrafaeleao93}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Rafael Leão]]
| style="text-align:center;" |5,600,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Footballer
| Being of [[Angolans in Portugal|Portuguese-Angolan]] descent, he is the most followed [[Afro-Portuguese people|Luso-African]] on Instagram
|
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 17
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/ederson93|@ederson93}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Ederson Moraes]]
| style="text-align:center;" |5,200,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Footballer
| Luso-Brazilian<ref>{{Cite web |title=Convocado por Tite, Ederson virou destaque em Portugal após dispensa no SP |url=https://www.uol.com.br/esporte/futebol/ultimas-noticias/2017/03/04/convocado-por-tite-ederson-virou-destaque-em-portugal-apos-dispensa-no-sp.htm |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=www.uol.com.br |language=pt-br}}</ref>
|
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 18
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/luis__figo|@luis__figo}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Luís Figo]]
| style="text-align:center;" |4,900,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Footballer
|
|
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 19
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/renatosanches18|@renatosanches18}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Renato Sanches]]
| style="text-align:center;" |4,800,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Footballer
| Of [[São Tomé and Príncipe]] and [[Cape Verdean diaspora|Cape Verdean descent]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 20
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/bernardocarvalhosilva|@bernardocarvalhosilva}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Bernardo Silva]]
| style="text-align:center;" |4,700,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Footballer
|
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 21
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/doloresaveiroofficial|@doloresaveiroofficial}}
| style="text-align:center;" | Dolores Aveiro
| style="text-align:center;" |4,300,000
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Cristiano Ronaldo]]'s mother
|
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 22
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/josemourinho|@josemourinho}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[José Mourinho]]
| style="text-align:center;" |4,100,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Football manager
|
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 23
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/ricardoquaresmaoficial|@ricardoquaresmaoficial}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Ricardo Quaresma]]
| style="text-align:center;" |4,100,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Footballer
| Most followed [[Romani people in Portugal|Portuguese of Romani descent]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 24
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/rubendias|@rubendias}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Rúben Dias]]
| style="text-align:center;" |3,600,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Footballer
|
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 25
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/diogodalot|@diogodalot}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Diogo Dalot]]
| style="text-align:center;" |3,100,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Footballer
| Most followed Portuguese of French descent on Instagram
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 26
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/nelsonsemedo50|@nelsonsemedo50}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Nélson Semedo]]
| style="text-align:center;" |3,000,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Footballer
| Of [[Cape Verdeans in Portugal|Cape Verdean descent]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 27
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/jorgejesus|@jorgejesus}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Jorge Jesus]]
| style="text-align:center;" |3,000,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Football manager
|
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 28
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/luisnani|@luisnani}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Nani (footballer)|Nani]]
| style="text-align:center;" |2,500,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Footballer
| Of Cape Verdean descent
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 29
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/ferodriguesoficial|@ferodriguesoficial}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Fernanda Rodrigues]]
| style="text-align:center;" |2,300,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Actress, Television presenter
| Luso-Brazilian<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-14 |title=Além dos Gagliasso, quem são os famosos que trocaran Brasil por Portugal; Ricardo Pereira e mulher recepcionam |url=https://extra.globo.com/famosos/alem-dos-gagliasso-quem-sao-os-famosos-que-trocaran-brasil-por-portugal-ricardo-pereira-mulher-recepcionam-25059714.html |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=Extra Online |language=pt-BR}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 30
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/diogoj_18|@diogoj_18}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Diogo Jota]]
| style="text-align:center;" |2,300,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Footballer
|
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 31
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/fabio_coentrao|@fabio_coentrao}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Fábio Coentrão]]
| style="text-align:center;" |2,000,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Footballer
|
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 32
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/aftgomes21|@aftgomes21}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[André Gomes]]
| style="text-align:center;" |1,800,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Footballer
|
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 33
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/magui_corceiro|@magui_corceiro}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Margarida Corceiro]]
| style="text-align:center;" |1,800,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Actress
| Most followed Portuguese born in the 21st century
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 34
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/andresilva9|@andresilva9}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[André Silva (footballer, born 1995)|André Silva]]
| style="text-align:center;" |1,500,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Footballer
|
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 35
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/dailycristina|@dailycristina}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Cristina Ferreira]]
| style="text-align:center;" |1,600,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Television presenter
|
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 36
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/hyndia|@hyndia}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Rita Pereira (actress)|Rita Pereira]]
| style="text-align:center;" |1,500,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Actress
|
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 37
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/pedrocarvalho_oficial|@pedrocarvalho_oficial}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Pedro Carvalho (actor)|Pedro Carvalho]]
| style="text-align:center;" |1,500,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Actor
| Most followed Portuguese male actor
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 38
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/katiaaveirooficial|@katiaaveirooficial}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Kátia Aveiro]]
| style="text-align:center;" |1,400,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Pop singer
|
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 39
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/explorerssaurus_|@explorerssaurus_}}
| style="text-align:center;" | Raquel e Miguel
| style="text-align:center;" |1,300,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Travellers
| Most followed Portuguese couple on Instagram
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 40
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/danielamelchior|@danielamelchior}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Daniela Melchior]]
| style="text-align:center;" |1,300,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Actress
|
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 41
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/ricardinho10oficial|@ricardinho10oficial}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Ricardinho (futsal player, born 1985)|Ricardinho]]
| style="text-align:center;" |1,300,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Futsal player
| Most followed Portuguese [[Portuguese Futsal First Division|futsal]] player
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 42
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/h.herrera16|@h.herrera16}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Héctor Herrera]]
| style="text-align:center;" |1,200,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Footballer
| Most followed Portuguese citizen of [[Mexicans|Mexican descent]] on Instagram
|-
!43
|{{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/sergioliveira27|@sergioliveira27}}
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Sérgio Oliveira]]
| style="text-align:center;" |1,200,000
| style="text-align:center;" |Footballer
|
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 44
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/iamdanilopereira|@iamdanilopereira}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Danilo Pereira]]
| style="text-align:center;" |1,200,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Footballer
| Most followed [[Guinea-Bissau]] born Portuguese on Instagram
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 45
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/claudiavieiraoficial|@claudiavieiraoficial}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Cláudia Vieira]]
| style="text-align:center;" |1,200,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Actress, Television presenter
|
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 46
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/pedrobarrosopb|@pedrobarrosopb}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{ill|Pedro Barroso|pt|Pedro Barroso (ator)}}
| style="text-align:center;" |1,100,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Actor
|
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 47
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/nunomendes_5/|@nunomendes}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Nuno Mendes (footballer, born 2002)|Nuno Mendes]]
| style="text-align:center;" |1,100,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Footballer
| Of Angolan descent
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 48
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/rubendsneves|@rubendsneves}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Rúben Neves]]
| style="text-align:center;" |1,100,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Footballer
|
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 49
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/gonolivier|@gonolivier}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Gonçalo Olivier]]
| style="text-align:center;" |1,100,000
| style="text-align:center;" | Influencer
| One of the most followed Portuguese influencers<ref>{{Cite web |title=GONOLIVIER |url=https://itsgonolivier.com/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=itsgonolivier.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hughes |first=Tobi |date=2021-06-17 |title=Digital content creator promotes Madeira |url=https://www.madeiraislandnews.com/2021/06/digital-content-creator-promotes-madeira.html |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=Madeira Island News Blog |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 50
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/danielaruah|@danielaruah}}
| [[Daniela Ruah]]
|1,100,000
| Actress
| Most followed American-Bissau born Portuguese on Instagram
|-
! colspan="7" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | Instagram {{As of|2024|2|26|df=US}}
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Portugal}}
* [[Ethnic groups in Europe]]
* [[Galicians]]
* [[Luso-Asians]]
* [[Luso-Africans]]
* [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews|Iberian Jews]]
* [[Portuguese American]]
* [[Portuguese Canadians]]
* [[List of Portuguese people]]
* [[Portuguese cuisine]]
* [[Portuguese culture]]
* [[Lusitanics]]
* [[Lusophone]]
* [[Portuguese language]]
* [[:Category:Portuguese people]]
'''Diaspora Politics'''
*[[Europe (Assembly of the Republic constituency)]]
*[[Outside Europe (Assembly of the Republic constituency)]]

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha"></references>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons and category|Portugueses|People_of_Portugal}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040611215344/http://www.arqueotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm Ethnographic Map of Pre-Roman Iberia (circa 200 BC)]
* {{wikiatlas|Portugal}}
* [http://countrystudies.us/portugal/48.htm Portugal (Emigration) from CIA Country Studies Series]
{{Portuguese diaspora}}
{{European diasporas}}
{{Portugal topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Portuguese people| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Brazil| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Portugal| ]]
[[Category:Demographics of Portugal]]
[[Category:Romance peoples]]

Indian Oil Corporation

2026-03-26T14:48:23Z

ErlindaLamson9:

{{Short description|Indian integrated energy company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Indian Oil
| trade_name = Indian Oil
| logo = Indian Oil Logo.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| type = [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{BSE|530965}}|{{NSE|IOC}}}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE242A01010}}
| industry = [[Energy industry|Energy]]: [[Oil and gas industry|Oil and gas]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|30 June 1959}}
| location = {{plain list|
* [[New Delhi]], India (headquarters)
* [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India (registered office)}}
| predecessor = {{plain list|
* Indian Refineries Ltd. (1958)
* Indian Oil Corporation (1959)
}}
| area_served = [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Middle East]], [[Mauritius]]
| key_people = Arvindar Singh Sahney, [[Chairman]]
| products = {{ubl|[[LNG]]|[[Lubricant]]s|[[Natural gas]]|[[Petrochemical]]s|[[Petroleum]]}}
| revenue = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|862876|c}} (2025)<ref name=10K>{{cite web|url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/f6d6b963-4126-465f-8f77-d6edb564c395.pdf|title=Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Financial Statements|website=bseindia.com|access-date=30 April 2024|archive-date=30 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430091833/https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/06d9a824-5a4e-4742-aaa5-6541e289a8e9.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{Decrease}} {{INRConvert|17063|c}} (2025)<ref name=10K/>
| net_income = {{Decrease}} {{INRConvert|13789|c}} (2025)<ref name=10K/>
| assets = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|506867|c}} (2025)<ref name=10K/>
| equity = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|191025|c}} (2025)<ref name=10K/>
| num_employees = 29,941 (2025) <ref name="employee count">https://iocl.com/download/SingleAnnualReport202425.pdf</ref>
| divisions = {{plain list|
* IndianOil (Mauritius) Limited
* [[Lanka IOC|Lanka IOC PLC]]
* IOC Middle East FZE
}}
| subsid = * [[Indane (LPG)]]
* [[Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited]]
*[[Petronet LNG]]
| homepage = {{Official URL}}
}}

'''Indian Oil Corporation Limited''' ('''IOCL'''), ([[d/b/a]] '''Indian Oil''') is an Indian [[multinational company|multinational]]<ref>{{cite press release|quote=TEL AVIV, Israel, Feb. 14, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- Phinergy (TASE: PNRG) - which develops metal-air technology that produces electricity by combining oxygen from the air with metals - is delighted to announce that multinational energy giant, Indian Oil Corporation, has completed its second round of investment in the company in the amount of $12.5 million.|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/indian-oil-corporation-completes-second-round-of-investment-in-phinergy-bringing-its-holding-in-the-company-to-17-302061630.html|title=Indian Oil Corporation completes second round of investment in Phinergy, bringing its holding in the company to 17%|website=PR Newswire}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|quote=Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (IOCL), established in 1959 and headquartered in New Delhi, India, is a multinational that explores and produces petroleum products and is also a manufacturer of petrochemicals.|url=https://us.metoree.com/companies/191532/|title=Indian Oil Corporation Ltd - Company Profile and Products|website=Metoree}}</ref> [[Oil and gas industry in India|oil and gas]] company under the [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|ownership]] of the [[Government of India]] and administrative control of the [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]]. It is a [[Public sector undertakings in India|public sector undertaking]] which is [[Registered office|registered]] in [[Mumbai]] and headquartered in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="arpt2018">{{cite book |title=Annual report 2017-2018 |publisher=Indian Oil Corporation |location=Mumbai |url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/notification/PDFs/71APDIR030215.pdf |access-date=11 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018140037/https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Notification/PDFs/71APDIR030215.pdf |archive-date=18 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the largest [[Public sector undertakings in India|government-owned oil producer]]<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Lee, Mordecai |author2=Neeley, Grant |author3=Stewart, Kendra B. |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1263816753 |title=The practice of government public relations |date=20 July 2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-39496-2 |oclc=1263816753 |access-date=8 May 2022 |archive-date=8 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508103925/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1263816753 |url-status=live }}</ref> in the country both in terms of capacity and revenue. It has consolidated refining capacity of 80.55MMTPA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iocl.com/MediaDetails/48582#:~:text=IndianOil%20in%20Media&text=India%20plans%20to%20raise%20its,government%20report%20said%20on%20Thursday.|title=India plans 77% rise in refining capacity by 2030}}</ref>

Indian Oil's business interests overlap the entire [[hydrocarbon]] [[value chain]], including [[refining]], [[pipeline]], marketing of [[petroleum product]]s, [[Hydrocarbon exploration|exploration]] and [[Extraction of petroleum|production]] of [[Petroleum]], [[Natural gas vehicle|natural gas]] and [[petrochemical]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=IOC stock page. |url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile/IOC.NS |access-date=17 September 2017 |website=Reuters |language=en-US}}</ref> Indian Oil has ventured into [[renewable energy]] and globalisation of downstream operations. It has subsidiaries in [[Sri Lanka]] ([[Lanka IOC]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iocl.com/AboutUs/GroupCompanies(LIOC).aspx|title=IndianOil Corporation {{!}} Lanka IOC PLC|website=www.iocl.com|access-date=17 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916142148/https://www.iocl.com/AboutUs/GroupCompanies(LIOC).aspx|archive-date=16 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mauritius]] (IndianOil (Mauritius) Ltd),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iocl.com/AboutUs/GroupCompanies(Mauritius).aspx|title=IndianOil Corporation {{!}} IndianOil (Mauritius) Ltd.|website=www.iocl.com|access-date=17 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916141726/https://www.iocl.com/AboutUs/GroupCompanies(Mauritius).aspx|archive-date=16 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Middle East]] (IOC Middle East FZE).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iocl.com/AboutUs/GroupCompanies(MiddleEast).aspx|title=IndianOil Corporation {{!}} Group Companies|website=www.iocl.com|access-date=17 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916142400/https://www.iocl.com/AboutUs/GroupCompanies(MiddleEast).aspx|archive-date=16 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Indian Oil is ranked 94th on the [[Fortune Global 500]] list of the world's biggest corporations as of 2022.<ref name="fortune">{{cite news | url=https://fortune.com/company/indian-oil/global500/ | title=Fortune Global 500 list | access-date=10 August 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807080136/https://fortune.com/global500/2019/ | archive-date=7 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> As of 31 March 2021, Indian Oil has 31,648 employees, out of which 17,762 are executives and 13,876 non-executives, while 2,776 are women.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Annual Report 2020-21|title=Financial Performance : Oil and Energy News|url=https://iocl.com/pages/financial-performance-overview|access-date=2021-09-03|website=iocl.com|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903125250/https://iocl.com/pages/financial-performance-overview|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Oil Corporation Ltd Management Discussions|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/company/indian-oil-corporation-ltd/management-discussions/12002|access-date=27 May 2021|website=IIFL Securities|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613062703/https://www.indiainfoline.com/company/indian-oil-corporation-ltd/management-discussions/12002|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2019-20|url=https://www.iocl.com/download/IndianOil-Annual-Report-2019-20.pdf|access-date=27 May 2021|website=IOC - official website|publisher=Indian oil corporation|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613062710/https://iocl.com/download/IndianOil-Annual-Report-2019-20.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
In May 2018, IOCL became India's most profitable [[Government of India Act 1935|government corporation]] for the second consecutive year, with a record profit of ₹21,346 crores in 2017–18.<ref>{{cite news |title=IOC most profitable PSU for 2nd yr in a row; displaces ONGC |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/ioc-most-profitable-psu-for-2nd-yr-in-a-row-displaces-ongc-1246700-2018-05-31 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=31 May 2018 |access-date=31 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606074512/https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/ioc-most-profitable-psu-for-2nd-yr-in-a-row-displaces-ongc-1246700-2018-05-31 |archive-date=6 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2020, the company signed a deal with the Russian oil company [[Rosneft]] to buy 140,000 barrels per day of crude in year 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-oil-russia-idUSKBN1ZZ1CD|title=India's IOC signs annual deal on option to buy crude from Russia's Rosneft|date=5 February 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=5 February 2020|language=en|archive-date=5 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205132008/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-oil-russia-idUSKBN1ZZ1CD|url-status=live}}</ref> By 1 April 2020, IndianOil was in absolute readiness to launch [[Bharat stage emission standards|BS-VI (Bharat Stage VI)]] fuels in all its retail outlets in [[Telangana]] and adopt world-class emission norms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/auto-news/indian-oil-to-supply-bs-vi-fuels-in-telangana-from-april-1-11583985429610.html|title=Indian Oil to supply BS-VI fuels in Telangana from April 1|date=12 March 2020|website=mint|access-date=12 March 2020|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613062701/https://www.livemint.com/auto-news/indian-oil-to-supply-bs-vi-fuels-in-telangana-from-april-1-11583985429610.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2021, sales were registered at an all-time high of 410,000 barrels of oil per day till 26 January 2021. [[Delek]], [[QatarEnergy]], and [[Saudi Aramco]] are its largest business partners, with [[Abu Dhabi National Oil Company]] and [[National Iranian Oil Company]] signing deals to deliver high production output by the end of 2020.

In March 2022, [[Apollo Hospitals]] replaced Indian Oil Corporation in [[NIFTY 50|Nifty 50]] benchmark index.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/nse-revises-its-eligibility-criteria-and-replaces-stocks-in-its-key-indices-8160991.html | title=Apollo Hospitals replaces IOC in Nifty50 as NSE revises eligibility norms, swaps stocks in key indices | date=24 February 2022 | access-date=27 June 2022 | archive-date=27 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627074348/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/nse-revises-its-eligibility-criteria-and-replaces-stocks-in-its-key-indices-8160991.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Controversy ==

== Operations ==
[[File:Indian Oil Corporation sign.jpg|thumb|right|The world's highest retail outlet (at an altitude of 3,740 mtr. above mean sea level) under IOCL, in [[Kaza, Himachal Pradesh|Kaza]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]]]
[[File:Indian Oil Petrol Bunk 06122016.jpg|thumb|right|IOCL Petrol Pump under construction in [[Khammam]]]]
[[File:IndianOil_Fueling_Station_Kapsi.jpg|thumb|An Indian Oil Fueling Station in [[Kapsi]], [[Chhattisgarh]]]]
[[File:Indian Oil Petrol Station.JPG|thumb|right|An Indian Oil Petrol pump near [[Dera Bassi]] in [[Punjab, India]]]]
[[File:Indian Oil fuel truck on way to Ladakh.jpg|thumb|right|An Indian Oil fuel truck on the way to [[Ladakh]]]]
[[File:Indian oil chembur1.JPG|thumb|right|A typical IOCL petrol pump in cities of India - [[Chembur]], [[Mumbai]]]]
[[File:Ioc basaveshwaranagar.png|thumb|Indian Oil Petrol Bunk in [[Basaveshwaranagar]], [[Bangalore]] at night]]
[[File:Ashok Leyland Aviation Fuel Tanker at New Delhi Airport.jpg|thumb|IndianOil aviation fuel tanker in front of Terminal 1D at [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]]]
[[File:Haldia Refinery.jpg|thumb|An [[Haldia Refinery|oil refinery]] under IOCL in [[Haldia]], [[West Bengal]]]]

=== Business divisions ===
There are seven major business divisions in the organisation:
# Refineries Division<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iocl.com/AboutUs/Refineries.aspx|title=Refining : Oil and Gas Technology : IndianOil|website=www.iocl.com|access-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916142315/https://www.iocl.com/AboutUs/Refineries.aspx|archive-date=16 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
# Pipelines Division<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iocl.com/AboutUs/Pipelines.aspx|title=Pipelines : Oil and Gas Pipeline : Gas and Oil Energy|website=www.iocl.com|access-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916141944/https://www.iocl.com/AboutUs/Pipelines.aspx|archive-date=16 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
# Marketing Division<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iocl.com/AboutUs/Marketing.aspx|title=Marketing : Oil and Gas Service Companies|website=www.iocl.com|access-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916141731/https://www.iocl.com/AboutUs/Marketing.aspx|archive-date=16 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
# R&D Division<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iocl.com/AboutUs/Research_Development.aspx|title=R & D Centre : Indian Oil|website=www.iocl.com|access-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701231933/https://www.iocl.com/aboutus/Research_Development.aspx|archive-date=1 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
# Petrochemicals Division<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iocl.com/AboutUs/Petrochemicals.aspx|title=Petrochemicals : World Class Petrochemicals|website=www.iocl.com|access-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916141311/https://www.iocl.com/AboutUs/Petrochemicals.aspx|archive-date=16 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
# Exploration & Production (E&P) Division<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iocl.com/AboutUs/e_and_p.aspx|title=Exploration and Production: Oil and Gas Exploration and Production|website=www.iocl.com|access-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916141352/https://www.iocl.com/AboutUs/e_and_p.aspx|archive-date=16 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
# Explosives and Cryogenics Division<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iocl.com/AboutUs/Explosives_and_Cryogenics.aspx|title=Exploration and Production: Oil and Gas Exploration and Production|website=www.iocl.com|access-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916142129/https://www.iocl.com/AboutUs/Explosives_and_Cryogenics.aspx|archive-date=16 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Products and services ===

Indian Oil accounts for nearly half of India's petroleum products market share, 35% national refining capacity (together with its subsidiary [[Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited|Chennai Petroleum Corporation Ltd.]] or CPCL), and 71% downstream sector pipelines through capacity. The Indian Oil Group owns and operates 11 of India's 23 <ref>{{cite news |title=India Oil Corporation nears first deal to export fuel to Bangladesh: Sources |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/india-oil-corporation-nears-first-deal-to-export-fuel-to-bangladesh-sources/article31614027.ece |work=@businessline |language=en |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523131510/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/india-oil-corporation-nears-first-deal-to-export-fuel-to-bangladesh-sources/article31614027.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> refineries with a combined refining capacity of 80.7 million [[tonne]]s per year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pipeline-conference.com/companies/indian-oil-corporation|title=Indian Oil Corporation|date=3 July 2011|work=13th Pipeline Technology Conference|access-date=17 September 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154418/https://www.pipeline-conference.com/companies/indian-oil-corporation|archive-date=18 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Indian Oil's cross-country pipeline network, for the transport of crude oil to refineries and finished products to high-demand centres, spans over 13,000 km. The company has a throughput capacity of 80.49 million tonnes per year for crude oil and petroleum products and 9.5 million cubic metres per day at [[Standard temperature and pressure|standard conditions]] for gas. On 19 November 2017, IOCL, in collaboration with [[Ola Cabs|Ola]], launched India's first electric charging station at one of its petrol-diesel stations in Nagpur.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/indian-oil-sets-up-indias-first-electric-vehicle-charging-station/article9969318.ece|title=Indian Oil sets up India's first electric vehicle charging station|date=22 November 2017|work=The Hindu BusinessLine|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122070718/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/indian-oil-sets-up-indias-first-electric-vehicle-charging-station/article9969318.ece|archive-date=22 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Indian governments' National Electric Mobility Mission Plan launched in 2013 aims at gradually ensuring a vehicle population of 6 to 8 million electric and hybrid vehicles in India by 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Electric Mobility Mission Plan|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=116719|website=Government of India Press Information Bureau|access-date=17 March 2018|date=10 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317232413/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=116719|archive-date=17 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Servo is the lubricants brand under which IOCL operates its lubricant business. Servo is the largest selling lubricant brand in both automotive and industrial segments.

It is said that deals with [[Royal Dutch Shell]] and [[Surgutneftegas]] and [[Chevron Corporation]] have been signed for exclusive business plans for supply in Asia with the [[Indian Oil Company]], which are worth 20 billion dollars per year.

===Oil refinery locations===

*[[Barauni Refinery]]
*[[Bongaigaon Refinery]]
*[[Manali Refinery|CPCL, Chennai]]
*[[Nagapattnam Refinery|CPCL, Narimanam]]
*[[Digboi Refinery]]
*[[Guwahati Refinery]]
*[[Haldia Refinery]]
*[[Gujarat Refinery|Koyali Refinery]]
*[[Mathura Refinery]]
*[[Panipat Refinery]]
*[[Paradip Refinery]]
*[[Gujarat Refinery]]

=== Pipelines ===
*Salaya - Mathura crude oil pipeline
*Mundra - Panipat crude oil pipeline
*Paradip-Haldia-Barauni crude oil pipeline
*[[Kandla–Bhatinda Oil Pipeline]]
*Koyali - Mohanpura product pipeline
*Koyali - Ahmedabad product pipeline
*Guwahati - Siliguri product pipeline
*Barauni - Kanpur product pipeline
*Patna-Motihari-Baitalpur Product pipeline
*Haldia - Mourigram - Rajbandh product pipeline
*Haldia - Barauni product pipeline
*Panipat - Jalandhar LPG pipeline
*Dadri - Panipat R-LNG pipeline
*Koyali - Ratlam product pipeline
*Koyali - Dahej/ Hazira product pipeline
*Panipat - Bhatinda product pipeline
*Panipat - Rewari product pipeline
*Panipat - Ambala - Jalandhar product pipeline
*Mathura - Delhi product pipeline
*Mathura - Bharatpur product pipeline
*Mathura - Tundla product pipeline
*Chennai - Trichy - Madurai product pipeline
*Chennai - Bangalore product pipeline
*Chennai ATF pipeline
*Bangalore ATF pipeline
*Kolkata ATF pipeline
*Paradip - Raipur - Ranchi product pipeline
*Jaipur Panipat Naphtha Pipeline
*Paradip - Hyderabad product pipeline
*Paradip-Haldia-Barauni-Motihari LPG Pipeline
*Paradip-Somnathpur-Haldia Product Pipeline

== Foreign subsidiaries==
Subsidiaries include:<ref>{{Cite web|title=IndianOil Group Companies : Oil and Gas Industry|url=https://iocl.com/AboutUs/GroupCompanies_JVs.aspx|access-date=2021-05-27|website=iocl.com|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095724/https://iocl.com/AboutUs/GroupCompanies_JVs.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* IndianOil (Mauritius) Limited
* IOC Middle East FZE, UAE
*[[Lanka IOC|Lanka IOC PLC]], Sri Lanka
*IOC Sweden AB, [[Sweden]]
*IOCL (USA) Inc., [[United States|USA]]
*IndOil Global B.V. [[Netherlands]]
*IOCL Singapore Pte. Ltd.

== Employees ==

[[File:The Sky is the Limit - IOC heigth 6.3m 2010 photo by BalanNambiar.JPG|thumb|right|A sculpture on the premises of IOCL Corporate Office, New Delhi, India]]

As On 31 March 2024, IOC's Regular Employee<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pant |first=Seema |date=2025-04-28 |title=Indian Oil Corporation Apprentice Recruitment 2025 |url=https://vacancysutra.com/indian-oil-apprentice-vacancy-2025/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Strength Stands At 30,321. Executives Account For 18,570, non-Executives Account For 11,751.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="AR201213">{{cite web|title=IOCL Management Discussions|url=http://www.bseindia.com/bseplus/AnnualReport/530965/5309650313.pdf|access-date=|publisher=BSE India|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195026/http://www.bseindia.com/bseplus/AnnualReport/530965/5309650313.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The attrition rate in Indian Oil is around 1.5%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hightea.timesjobs.com/candidate/chatTranscript.html?chatId=178 |title=HighTea Chat Transcript with Mr. Biswajit Roy: GM (HRD), Indian Oil Corporation |publisher=Times Jobs |date=22 January 2014 |access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> The company spent ₹96.57 billion on employee benefits during the FY 2016–17.<ref name="AR201213" />

== Listing and shareholding ==

Indian Oil's [[Common stock|equity shares]] are listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] and [[National Stock Exchange of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/indian-oil-corporation-ltd/infocompanylisting/companyid-11924.cms |title=Listing Information – Indian Oil Corporation Limited |publisher=Economic Times |access-date=27 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227185053/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/indian-oil-corporation-ltd/infocompanylisting/companyid-11924.cms |archive-date=27 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of September 2018, it was owned 51% by the Government of India (through the [[President of India]]), and 43% by other entities. The latter included corporate bodies (20%), [[ONGC]] (14%), [[Life Insurance Corporation|LIC]] (6%), Foreign portfolio investors (6%),<ref name="arpt2018" /> [[Oil India Limited]] (5%) and [[ICICI Prudential Mutual Fund|Indian Mutual funds]] (4%).<ref>{{cite web |title=Share holding pattern 30 September 2018 |url=https://iocl.com/download/LODR-SHP(2018-09-30).pdf |website=IOC Official website |publisher=IOC |access-date=11 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011133503/https://iocl.com/download/LODR-SHP(2018-09-30).pdf |archive-date=11 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

This was similar to its shareholding in 2017. As of 31 December 2017, the [[Corporate promoter|Promoters]] [[Government of India]] held approx. 56.98% of the shares in Indian Oil Corporation. The public held the rest of the shares – 43.02%. This includes Mutual Fund Companies, Foreign Portfolio Investors, Financial Institutions/ Banks, Insurance Companies, Individual Shareholders and Trusts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iocl.com/download/LODRSHP-(2017-12-31).pdf|title=Indian Oil Corporation {{!}} Shareholding Pattern|date=31 December 2017|website=www.iocl.com|access-date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225205537/https://www.iocl.com/download/LODRSHP-(2017-12-31).pdf|archive-date=25 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> IOCL's Market cap as of December 2022 was Rs. 1,10,075.05 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100 stocks by Market Capitalization {{!}} BSE Listed stocks Market Capitalization |url=https://www.bseindia.com/markets/equity/eqreports/topmarketcapitalization.aspx |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=www.bseindia.com |archive-date=25 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725202033/https://www.bseindia.com/markets/equity/EQReports/TopMarketCapitalization.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Shareholders (as on 31 March 2020)<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 March 2021|title=Indian Oil Corporation {{!}} Shareholding Pattern|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/indian-oil-corporation-ltd/shareholding/companyid-11924.cms|access-date=|website=|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613062701/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/indian-oil-corporation-ltd/shareholding/companyid-11924.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>!! Shareholding
|-
| Promoter Group ([[Government of India|President of India]])||51.50%
|-
| Central Government ||0.11%
|-
|Foreign Institutional Investors
|5.81%
|-
|Mutual Funds
|4.66%
|-
|General Public
|6.01%
|-
|Financial Institutions
|8.32%
|-
|Others
|23.59%
|-
| Total||100.0%
|}

== Strategic partnerships ==
=== IOC Phinergy Pvt Ltd ===
Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) buys a stake in [[Phinergy]] ([[Israel]]) for manufacturing, development, and sale of [[Aluminium-air batteries|aluminum-air batteries]] (Al-Air batteries) for [[electric vehicle]]s. This joint venture is ready to facilitate the development of Al-Air technology by intending to set up a factory in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/indianoil-buys-stake-in-phinergy-of-israel-for-manufacturing-of-aluminium-air-batteries/73935714|title=IndianOil buys stake in Phinergy of Israel for manufacturing of aluminium-air batteries - ET EnergyWorld|website=ETEnergyworld.com|access-date=13 March 2020|archive-date=6 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306133310/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/indianoil-buys-stake-in-phinergy-of-israel-for-manufacturing-of-aluminium-air-batteries/73935714|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Competition ==
Indian Oil Corporation has two major domestic competitors – [[Bharat Petroleum]] and [[Hindustan Petroleum]] – and both are state-controlled, like Indian Oil Corporation. Major private competitors include – [[Reliance Petroleum]], [[Essar Oil, Now renamed as Nayara|Nayara Energy]] and [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]].

== Oil Industry Development Board ==
India has begun the development of a strategic crude oil reserve sized at {{convert|37.4|Moilbbl|m3}}, enough for three weeks of consumption.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gasandoil.com/goc/news/nts43834.htm |title=Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections – India to build up storage of crude oil |publisher=Gasandoil.com |date=21 September 2004 |access-date=26 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418001150/http://www.gasandoil.com/goc/news/nts43834.htm |archive-date=18 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Petroleum stocks have been transferred from the Indian Oil Corporation to the Oil Industry Development Board (OIDB).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/04/02/stories/2006040202220200.htm |title=Strategic oil reserves to come directly under Govt |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |date=2 April 2006 |access-date=26 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212181220/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/04/02/stories/2006040202220200.htm |archive-date=12 February 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> The OIDB then created the [[Strategic Petroleum Reserve (India)|Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Ltd (ISPRL)]] to serve as the controlling government agency for the strategic reserve.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/India_to_form_crude_oil_reserve_of_5_mmt/articleshow/2137148.cms |title='India to form crude oil reserve of 5 mmt'- Oil & Gas-Energy-News By Industry-News-The Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=20 June 2007 |access-date=26 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111113327/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/India_to_form_crude_oil_reserve_of_5_mmt/articleshow/2137148.cms |archive-date=11 January 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|Companies|Energy}}
* [[Oil India]]
* [[Oil and gas industry in India]]
* [[List of companies of India]]
* [[List of largest companies by revenue]]
* [[List of corporations by market capitalisation]]
* [[Make in India]]
* [[Forbes Global 2000]]
* [[Fortune India 500]]
* [[Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topnews.in/sonia-lay-foundation-rajiv-gandhi-petroleum-institute-rae-bareli-221339|title=Sonia to lay foundation for Rajiv Gandhi Petroleum Institute in Rae Bareli - TopNews|website=www.topnews.in|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509151043/https://www.topnews.in/sonia-lay-foundation-rajiv-gandhi-petroleum-institute-rae-bareli-221339|archive-date=9 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Indane (LPG)]]
* [[Durand Cup]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}

{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}
{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India|state=collapsed}}
{{Energy companies and organisations in India|state=collapsed}}
{{S&P CNX Nifty companies}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian Oil Corporation| ]]
[[Category:Oil and gas companies of India]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Non-renewable resource companies established in 1964]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1964]]
[[Category:NIFTY 50]]
[[Category:Government-owned oil and natural gas companies of India]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Lok Niwas, Delhi

2026-03-21T03:40:13Z

ErlindaLamson9: Put up new details

{{Short description|Residence of the Lt. Governor of Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Lok Niwas, Delhi
| image = Rajniwas Delhi.jpg
| caption = The façade of Raj Niwas
| building_type = Government residence
| current_tenants = [[Vinai Kumar Saxena]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28.6721|77.2206|display=inline,title}}
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date =
| number_of_rooms =
| elevator_count =
| cost =
| floor_area =
| architect =
| engineer =
| main_contractor =
| developer =
| owner = [[Government of Delhi]]
| operator =
| references =
}}
''' Lok Niwas''' formerly '''Raj Niwas''' ({{Translation|Government House}}) is the [[official residence]] of the [[Lieutenant Governor of Delhi]], who serves as the head of state for Delhi and the [[Government of Delhi|Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi]]. It is located on Raj Niwas Marg in [[Civil Lines, Delhi]]. The incumbent lieutenant governor of Delhi is [[Vinai Kumar Saxena]], who has held office since 23 May 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Raj Niwas {{!}} The Lieutenant Governor |url=https://lg.delhi.gov.in/content/raj-niwas |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=lg.delhi.gov.in |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926175042/https://lg.delhi.gov.in/content/raj-niwas |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1911, when Delhi was proclaimed the new imperial capital of the [[British Raj]], Raj Niwas was the residence of [[Chief Commissioner of Delhi]].

== History ==
The area in which Raj Niwas stands has played an instrumental role in the administrative history of Delhi for over 175 years. Located just north of the 17th-century Mughal city of [[Shahjahanabad]], it adjoins the [[Mughal garden]] known as [[Qudsia Bagh]]. After the British [[East India Company]] established their administrative control over Delhi in 1803, several palatial British mansions were gradually built in the locality.

In 1831, [[Ludlow Castle, Delhi|Ludlow Castle]] became the residence of the highest-ranking British official in Delhi, the [[List of British residents or political agents in Delhi, 1803–57|Resident or Political Agent]] of the [[Governor-General of India]] to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] court. After the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 Indian Rebellion]] was suppressed, it served as the residence of the [[List of chief commissioners of Delhi|Chief Commissioner of Delhi]], appointed by the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]].

In the decades after the Revolt of 1857, the Chief Commissioner of Delhi moved from [[Ludlow Castle, Delhi|Ludlow Castle]] to a smaller bungalow, now known as Raj Niwas.<ref name="Official">{{cite web| title =About Our Honorable Lieutenant Governor| publisher =Delhi Govt Portal| url =http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_lg/Office/LG/Home| access-date =7 October 2013| archive-date =1 October 2013| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20131001100923/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_lg/Office/LG/Home| url-status =live}}</ref> As more bungalows were constructed in the area, Civil Lines was developed. The road became known as Ludlow Castle Road, with Ludlow Castle itself being occupied in the late 19th century by the Delhi Club and later by a school.

==See also==
* [[List of official residences of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_lg/New/LG/Home/ Lieutenant Governor of Delhi, Official website]
{{Raj Bhavan |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Governors' houses in India]]
[[Category:Government buildings in Delhi]]
[[Category:17th century in Delhi]]
[[Category:North Delhi district]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Abdul Qayyum Khan

2026-03-19T07:07:31Z

ErlindaLamson9: small adjust details for consistency additionally and fixed typos

{{Short description|20th-century Pakistani politician}}
{{About|the British Indian and Pakistani politician of Kashmiri origin|the Pashtun educationist and politician|Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum|the Azad Kashmir politician|Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan|the Pakistani Olympic hockey player|Abdul Qayyum Khan (field hockey)}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Khan Bahadur Abdul Qayyum Khan.png
| caption =
| name = Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan
| native_name = عبد القیوم خان|
| office1 = 17th [[Interior Minister of Pakistan|Minister for Interior]]
| term_start1 = 13 May 1972
| term_end1 = 13 January 1977
| president1 =
| primeminister1 = [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]
| predecessor1 = [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]
| successor1 = [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]|
| office2 = 5th [[Chief Minister of the North-West Frontier Province]]
| term_start2 = 23 August 1947
| term_end2 = 23 April 1953
| predecessor2 = [[Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan]]
| successor2 = [[Sardar Abdur Rashid Khan]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1901|06|16}}
| birth_place = [[Chitral]], [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral State]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1981|10|23|1901|06|16}}<ref name="nytimes">[https://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/24/obituaries/abdul-qayyum-khan-served-as-pakistani-interior-minister.html Obituary and profile of Abdul Qayyum Khan on New York Times newspaper website], Published 24 October 1981, Retrieved 26 May 2017</ref>
| death_place = [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]]
| resting_place = [[Peshawar]], [[Pakistan]]
| party = [[Pakistan Muslim League (Qayyum)|Qayyum Muslim League]] (1970-1981)
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] (1934-1945) [[All-India Muslim League]] (1945-1947) [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Pakistan Muslim League]] (1947-1958) [[Council Muslim League]] (1962-1970)
| children =
| alma_mater = [[Government College University, Lahore|Government College University]], London School of Economics, Lincoln Inn
| governor2 = [[George Cunningham (civil servant)|George Cunningham]] [[Ambrose Flux Dundas]] [[Sahibzada Mohammad Khurshid]] [[Mohammad Ibrahim Khan Jhagra|Muhammad Ibrahim Khan]] [[I. I. Chundrigar]] [[Khwaja Shahabuddin]]
}}
'''Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan Kashmiri''' ({{langx|ur|عبدالقیوم خان کشمیری}}) (16 July 1901 – 23 October 1981<ref name="nytimes"/>) was a major figure in British Indian and later Pakistani politics, in particular in the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–2010)|North-West Frontier Province]], where he served as the [[List of chief ministers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Chief Minister]] from 23 August 1947 to
23 April 1953. He also served as the [[Interior Minister of Pakistan]] from 1972 to 1977.<ref name="nytimes"/>

==Early life==
Abdul Qayyum Khan was born in the [[Chitral (princely state)|State of Chitral]] but had Kashmiri origin.{{sfn|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan|2009|p=267}}
His father, Khan Abdul Hakim, was originally from the Wanigam village in the [[Baramulla district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]],{{sfn|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015|pp=171–172}}{{sfn|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|p=85}}<ref>{{citation|title=Diplomat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XfttAAAAMAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Mirza Hashim Baig}}</ref> but worked as a [[Tehsildar]] in the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)|North-West Frontier Province]] (N.W.F.P., now called [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] in Pakistan in 2017) of [[British India]].{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

Khan was educated at [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and the [[London School of Economics]].{{sfn|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan|2009|p=268}} He became a [[barrister]] of the [[Lincoln's Inn]].<ref>{{citation |last=Spain |first=James William |title=Pathans of the Latter Day |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ig9uAAAAMAAJ |year=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-577576-1 |page=110}}</ref>

One of his brothers, [[Abdul Hamid Khan (Azad Kashmiri politician)]], was a prime minister of [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]],{{sfn|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015|pp=171–172}} and another brother, Khan Abdul Rauf Khan, was a renowned lawyer.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

==Legal career==
Abdul Qayum Khan was one of the eminent lawyers of N.W.F.P. During his professional career he conducted some very important cases. He used to practice in criminal law. Mirza Shams ul Haq was his most trustworthy colleague, who remained always close to him during profession and politics. Abdul Qayum was also assisted in his chambers by Muhammad Nazirullah Khan advocate, who later served as a provincial secretary general and senior vice president of Pakistan Muslim League.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

==Political career==
=== Indian National Congress ===
Starting his political career in 1934 with the [[Indian National Congress]], Khan quickly rose to serve as an elected member of the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] (1937–38) and the deputy leader of the Congress in the Assembly. At that time he admired [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]]. He authored a book, ''Gold and Guns on the Pathan Frontier'',<ref>{{citation |last=Kh̲ān |first='Abdul Qayyūm |title=Gold and Guns on the Pathan Frontier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3BCAAAAIAAJ |year=1945 |publisher=Hind Kitabs |location=Bombay}}</ref> in which he praised Ghaffar Khan and denounced Jinnah and the two-nation theory. Abdul Qayyum Khan said that the North West Frontier Province would [[opposition to the partition of India|resist the partition of India]] with its blood.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Islam |first1=Shamsul |title=Saying No to Partition: Muslim leaders from 1940-1947 |url=https://sabrangindia.in/indepth/saying-no-partition-muslim-leaders-1940-1947 |publisher=SabrangIndia |language=en |date=4 December 2015|quote=Abdul Quaiyum Khan from the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) declared that his province would resist Partition of the country with its blood.}}</ref> He switched his loyalties to the Muslim League in 1945.{{sfn|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan|2009|p=268}} He later claimed that Ghaffar Khan was plotting Jinnah's assassination.<ref name="Korejo">M.S. Korejo (1993) The Frontier Gandhi, his place in history. Karachi : Oxford University Press.</ref> He banned his own book after he became the Chief Minister in the N.W.F.P. The book however continued fetching royalties even after he joined the Muslim League.<ref name="Malik2002">{{citation|last=Malik|first=Murtaza|title=The Curtain Rises: Uncovered Conspiracies in Pakistan, Afghanistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJHaAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Royal Book Company|isbn=978-969-407-271-5|page=3}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Akhtar |first=Jamna Das |title=Political Conspiracies in Pakistan: Liaquat Ali's murder to Ayub Khan's exit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVfRAAAAMAAJ |year=1969 |publisher=Punjabi Pustak Bhandar |page=105}}</ref>

=== Muslim League and Partition ===
In the [[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946 provincial elections]], Khan campaigned for the [[All-India Muslim League]] along with [[Pir of Manki Sharif]]. However, the Muslim League won only 17 seats in comparison to the 30 seats of the Congress Party. The Congress Party formed the provincial government under the premiership of [[Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan]] (popularly known as "Dr. Khan Sahib").{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Pakistan: Nationalism without a Nation|2002|p=14}}{{sfn|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan|2009|p=267}}

Abdul Qayyum Khan was put in charge of destabilising the Congress government in the province through street agitations, ideological rhetoric and acquisition of sympathetic Muslim officers in the government.{{sfn|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan|2009|p=267}} The presence of a Congress government at the extreme north-west of the Indian subcontinent was anomalous, and the province became a bone of contention between the Congress and the Muslim League as part of the [[Partition of India]].{{sfn|Hodson, The Great Divide|1969|p=277, 282}} Eventually, the British decided to hold a referendum to determine which dominion the province should go to. [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]] demanded a separate nation of 'Pakhtunistan' comprising both the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-West Frontier Province]] and Pashtun parts of [[Afghanistan]]. When it was denied by the [[British Raj]], he and his party boycotted the referendum held by the British government. The Muslim League won an easy victory for Pakistan (289,244 votes against 2,874 for India).{{sfn|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan|2009|p=267}}

Within a week of the independence of Pakistan, the Congress government was dismissed under orders from Governor General [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]]. Abdul Qayyum Khan was put in charge of a minority government on 23 August 1947. Khan navigated through the troubled waters ably, winning the defection of enough Congress legislators to support his government.{{sfn|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan|2009|p=267, 268}}<ref name="Dawn 2002">[https://www.dawn.com/news/62608 Religious parties to rule NWFP a second time], ''Dawn'', 20 October 2002.</ref>

=== First Kashmir War ===
{{expand section|date=April 2018}}

Qayyum Khan was a key instigator of the [[First Kashmir War]], if not the chief instigator.{{efn|
* {{harvtxt|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|p=47}}: [In September 1947] "He [Abdul Qayyum Khan] was, therefore, of the opinion that while an internal revolt was desirable, what really was needed was an organised attack from Pakistan. It seems that he had already established contact with Major Khurshid Anwar and had drawn up a plan for the entry of tribesmen into the State through Muzaffarabad."
* {{harvtxt|Ankit, The Cunningham Contribution|2010|p=34}}: [In October 1947] 'Iskander Mirza came to the Governor and finally brought him into the loop. The Defence Secretary briefed the Governor "all the underground history; apologised on behalf of Liaquat for keeping him in the dark and confirmed that it was decided about a month ago that Poonchis' revolt should be helped. Jinnah sanctioned the project 15 days ago while Abdul Qayyum was in it from the beginning."'
* {{harvtxt|ISPR, Defence and Media 1991|1991|p=100}}: "The Kashmir war had three to four distinct phases. Initially there were spontaneous uprisings... In the second phase volunteers and Mujahideen joined the lashkars. In this phase the handling of operations was in the hands of Khan Abdul Qayyum, Chief Minister of NWFP, Khawaja Abdul Rahim, the Commissioner of Rawalpindi and a few other spirited leaders, without any control by the Federal Government."
* {{harvtxt|Effendi, Punjab Cavalry|2007|p=149}}: "However, it was Qayyum Khan, Chief Minister of NWFP, and the 'Young Turks' of the [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]] who launched the invasion of the state."
* {{harvtxt|Siddiqi, Vivid memories and lost opportunities|2000}}: [In November 1947] "The Governor, Sir George Cunningham, and the Premier (as a provincial Chief Minister was then known), Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan, were in charge of the tribal outflow and reinforcements. Of the two, mainly Qayyum Khan had been responsible for the induction of the tribal lashkars in the Kashmir jihad."
}}

=== North-West Frontier Province ===
As the premier of the NWFP, Qayyum Khan faced internal dissension. The Pir of Manki Sharif, who was a key figure in the campaign for referendum, was miffed that he was passed over for the post. He objected to Khan holding both the premiership of the state and the presidency of the provincial [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]]. The Pir gathered disgruntled legislators and intended to bring a vote of no-confidence against Khan. Khan diffused his efforts. Then the Pir formed a separate party under the banner of [[All Pakistan Awami Muslim League]]. An exasperated Khan responded with "full fury and force". He forced out the Pir of Manki Sharif from the NWFP and imprisoned nine other leaders. Despite the crackdown, the Awami Muslim League contested the provincial elections in 1951 to win 4 seats.{{sfn|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan|2009|p=269}}

Qayyum Khan's administration was known for its development work in the province, including the construction of [[University of Peshawar|Peshawar University]] and the Warsak dam.
He introduced compulsory free education up to middle school level in Frontier province, the first province of Pakistan to have this reform. He also made poor friendly amendments to the land revenue laws. He evoked opposition from a section of the feudal class due to his egalitarian policies.
His political stand was opposition to the [[Khudai Khidmatgar]] movement of Ghaffar Khan.<ref>Jalal, Ayesha(1991)The State of Martial Rule: The Origins of Pakistan's Political Economy of Defence. Lahore. Vanguard</ref>{{failed verification|date=April 2017}} His alleged role in ordering the [[Babrra massacre]] is one which he faces much criticism. He led the Muslim League to a landslide victory in the [[1951 North-West Frontier Province provincial election|1951 elections]], despite opposition from the Khudai Khidmatgar movement and opposition from federally backed fellow Muslim league opponents like [[Yusuf Khattak]].<ref>Afzal, M. Rafique (2002). Political Parties in Pakistan: 1947–1958, Vol. 1. Islamabad, National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research.</ref>

Qayyum Khan served as the Chief Minister till 23 April 1953.<ref name="Dawn 2002"/>

=== Central Government ===
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2017}}
He served as central minister for Industries, Food and Agriculture in 1953.

Arrested by the [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]] regime, he was disqualified from politics and imprisoned for two years before finally being released.

Contesting the [[1970 General Election in Pakistan]] from three seats as leader of the [[Muslim League (Qayyum)|Pakistan Muslim League-Qayyum faction]], he won two [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] seats, one provincial seat and, in 1973, entered into alliance with the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP) after [[East Pakistan]] broke away in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].

Appointed federal interior minister by [[Zulfiqar Bhutto]], he served in that post till the 1977 elections, when his party suffered a near total rout. After [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]]'s assumption of power, Qayyum Khan tried to unify all the disparate Muslim League factions. His efforts were inconclusive and he died on 22 October 1981.<ref name="nytimes"/>

He was always opposed by [[Khan Habibullah Khan]]; they were lifelong rivals since they were young classmates at [[Islamia College (Peshawar)|Islamia College]], [[Peshawar]].{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

==Criticism==
=== Babrra massacre===
{{Main|Babrra massacre}}
Under the orders of Abdul Qayyum Khan<ref name= "M.Rafique Afzal" >Pakistan: History and Politics, 1947–1971 (1 April 2002) by M.Rafique Afzal p38 OUP Pakistan {{ISBN|0-19-579634-9}}</ref> the [[Babrra massacre]] occurred on 12 August 1948 in the [[Charsadda District, Pakistan|Charsadda District]] of the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]] (now Khyber Pukhtunkhwa) of [[Pakistan]], when workers of the [[Khudai Khidmatgar]] movement protesting the jailing of their leader, anti-colonial independence activist [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]] were fired upon by the [[Government of the North-West Frontier Province|provincial government]].<ref>[https://www.dawn.com/2008/09/15/op.htm#2 Miscreants and militants] DAWN. Retrieved 15 September 2008</ref> According to official figures, around 15 protestors were killed while around 40 were injured. However, Khudai Khidmatgar sources maintained that around 150 were killed and 400 were injured.<ref name=badshah>{{cite book|title=Ghaffar Khan, Nonviolent Badshah of the Pakhtuns|author=Rajmohan Gandhi|author-link=Rajmohan Gandhi|publisher=Penguin Books India|page=210|date=1 January 2004|quote=Official figures mentioned fifteen dead fifty injured, but KK (Khudai Khidmatgar) sources maintained that 150 had been killed and 400 wounded}}</ref>

In September 1948, then Chief Minister, Abdul Qayyum Khan gave a statement in the provincial assembly, "I had imposed section 144 at Babra. When the people did not disperse, then firing was opened on them. They were lucky that the police had finished ammunition; otherwise not a single soul would have been left alive". Khan Qayyum said hinting at the four members of the opposition in the provincial assembly. He said; "If they were killed, the government would not care about them."<ref name="nation">[https://nation.com.pk/02-Sep-2016/august-12-1948-remembering-pakistan-s-forgotten-massacre-at-babrra 12 August 1948: Remembering Pakistan's forgotten massacre at Babrra]. ''The Nation''.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Sardar Abdur Rashid Khan]]
* [[Yusuf Khattak]]
* [[Babrra massacre]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite journal |first=Rakesh |last=Ankit |title=By George: The Cunningham Contribution |journal=Epilogue |volume=4 |number=3 |url=http://documents.mx/documents/epilogue-magazine-march-2010.html |date=March 2010 |pages=33–35 |ref={{sfnref|Ankit, The Cunningham Contribution|2010}} |access-date=7 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115132231/http://documents.mx/documents/epilogue-magazine-march-2010.html |archive-date=15 November 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}
* {{citation |last=Effendi |first=Col. M. Y. |title=Punjab Cavalry: Evolution, Role, Organisation and Tactical Doctrine 11 Cavalry, Frontier Force, 1849-1971 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MeXeAAAAMAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Karachi |isbn=978-0-19-547203-5 |ref={{sfnref|Effendi, Punjab Cavalry|2007}}}}
* {{citation |last=Hodson |first=H. V. |title=The Great Divide: Britain, India, Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MC2UoAEACAAJ |year=1969 |publisher=Hutchinson |location=London |isbn=9780090971503 |ref={{sfnref|Hodson, The Great Divide|1969}}}}
* {{citation |author=ISPR |title=Defence Media 1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peHeAAAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=Inter Services Public Relations |ref={{sfnref|ISPR, Defence and Media 1991|1991}}}}
* {{citation |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=Pakistan: Nationalism without A Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2avL3aZzSEC&pg=PA44 |year=2002 |publisher=Zed Books |isbn=978-1-84277-117-4 |ref={{sfnref|Jaffrelot, Pakistan: Nationalism without a Nation|2002}}}}
* {{citation |last=Kamran |first=Tahir |title=Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan: 1950s |journal=South Asian Studies |volume=24 |number=2 |year=2009 |pages=257–282 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/1881130/4l3v6l9rwgsjcgx.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan|2009}} }}{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* {{citation |last=Siddiqi |first=A. R. Brig. |chapter=Vivid memories and lost opportunities |title=Quarterly Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, Volume 48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvttAAAAMAAJ |year=2000 |publisher=Pakistan Historical Society |ref={{sfnref|Siddiqi, Vivid memories and lost opportunities|2000}}}}
* {{citation |last=Samad |first=Yunas |title=A Nation in Turmoil: Nationalism and Ethnicity in Pakistan, 1937-1958 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YUNuAAAAMAAJ |year=1995 |publisher=Sage |isbn=978-0-8039-9214-6 |ref={{sfnref|Samad, A Nation in Turmoil|1995}}}}
* {{citation |last=Saraf |first=Muhammad Yusuf |title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 |year=2015 |orig-year=first published 1979 by Ferozsons |publisher=National Institute Kashmir Studies |location=Mirpur |ref={{sfnref|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015}}}}
* {{citation |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-342-7 |ref={{sfnref|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015}}}}

== Further reading ==
* Hassan, Syed Minhaj-ul. NWFP Administration under Abdul Qaiyum Khan, 1947–53.
* Qaiyum, Abdul, Gold and Guns on the Pathan Frontier, Bombay, 1945

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box |title=[[Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Chief Minister of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]]
|years=1947–1953
|before= [[Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan]]|
after=[[Sardar Abdur Rashid Khan]]}}

{{succession box |title=[[Interior Minister of Pakistan]]
|years=1972–1977
|before= [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]|
after=[[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]}}
{{end}}
{{Pakistan Movement}}
{{Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
{{Interior Minister of Pakistan}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Abdul Qayyum}}
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:Interior ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistan Hockey Federation presidents]]
[[Category:People of the India–Pakistan war of 1947–1948]]
[[Category:People of the 1947 Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Kashmiri descent]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]

Durgaram Mehta

2026-03-16T15:48:09Z

ErlindaLamson9: started a article

{{Short description|Gujarati social reformer, essayist, diarist and teacher (1809-1876)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Durgaram Mehta
| image = Durgaram Manchharam Mehta.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Durgaram Mehta
| birth_name = Durgaram Manchharam Dave
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1809|12|25}}
| birth_place = [[Surat]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1876|1809}}
| death_place =
| occupation = Social reformer, essayist, diarist, school-teacher
| known_for = foundation of [[Manav Dharma Sabha]]
| notable_works =
}}
'''Durgaram Manchharam Dave''' (1809–1876), popularly known as '''Durgaram Mehta''' or '''Durgaram Mehtaji''', was a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] social reformer, essayist, [[diarist]] and teacher from [[British Raj|British India]]. Along with his companions, he founded the [[Manav Dharma Sabha]], the first reform association in Gujarat, at [[Surat]] in 1844, and pioneered social reform activities in the region. He was the first to use autobiographical writing in [[Gujarati literature]] by keeping minutes of the transactions of the Manav Dharma Sabha with his comments and views.

==Early life==
Durgaram was born in Vadnagara [[Nagar Brahmin]] family on 25 December 1809 in [[Surat]].<ref name="Shastri1977">{{Cite book|title=ગુજરાતના સારસ્વતો|last=Shastri|first=Keshavram Kashiram|publisher=[[Gujarat Sahitya Sabha]]|year=1977|edition=1st|location=Ahmedabad|language=gu|script-title=gu:Gujaratna Saraswato|trans-title=Who's Who in Gujarati Literature|page=51|oclc=900401455|author-link=Keshavram Kashiram Shastri}}</ref><ref name="Raval1986">{{cite journal|last=Raval|first=R. L.|title=Social Environs and Refom Movement in 19th Century Gujarat : The Case of Durgaram Mehtaji|year=1986|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=47 (VOLUME I)|pages=591–598|jstor=44141608}}{{Subscription required}}</ref> His mother, Nanigauri, died when he was eleven, and thereafter he was brought up by his aunt.<ref name="Chavda1982">{{cite book|first=Vijay Singh |last=Chavda|title=Modern Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIluAAAAMAAJ|year=1982|publisher=New Order Book Company|location=Ahmedabad|chapter=Durgaram 'Mehtaji' and the Manav Dharma Sabha in 1844|page=167–|oclc=9477811}}</ref>

At the age of twelve, he was employed by a firm on a very low salary. Though he was fond of reading books, there were not many easily available. He accompanied his aunt to Bombay in 1825 and studied for six months in a government Gujarati School free of charge and was found capable to handle a school. Hence In 1826, he returned to Surat and opened a Gujarati school on behalf of government, at [[Haripura]] on 13 September, on a monthly salary of 20 rupees. In 1827, he was sent to [[Olpad]] near Surat to open a new school.<ref name="Chavda1982"/>

== Personal life ==
In 1831, he married, at the age of 22, a 10 years old girl, who died in 1838, and thereafter he married for the second time (in 1853<ref name="Raval1986"/>) when he was 44 with a girl of 11 years.<ref name="Chavda1982"/> Since Durgaram himself was a strong supporter of widow-remarriage, the event of his second marriage has been criticised by [[Mahipatram Rupram Nilkanth]], biographer of Durgaram.<ref name="Shukla2002">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Shukla|first=Jaykumar R.|title=મહેતાજી, દુર્ગારામ|trans-title=Mehtaji, Durgaram|editor-last=Thaker|editor-first=Dhirubhai|editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker|encyclopedia=ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશ [Gujarati Encyclopedia]|date=January 2002|edition=1st |volume=15|publisher=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh|Gujarati Vishwakosh Trust]]|location=Ahmedabad|pages=500–501|oclc=248968453}}</ref> Durgaram died in 1876.<ref name="Shastri1977"/>

==Social reform==
Durgaram is considered to be pioneer of social reform activities in Gujarat. He concentrated his attention on the problem of widows, and led a movement supporting widow remarriages. Despite strong opposition of the orthodox section of society, he continued to support such reform activity, but later he gave up this activity when he married a teenager girl after he became a widower.<ref name="Gujarat2007">{{cite book|editor1-last=Thaker|editor1-first=Dhirubhai|editor1-link=Dhirubhai Thaker|editor2-last=Desai|editor2-first=Kumarpal|editor2-link=Kumarpal Desai|title=Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4oMAQAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Smt. Hiralaxmi Navanitbhai Shah Dhanya Gurjari Kendra, Gujarat Vishvakosh Trust|location=Ahmedabad|page=78|chapter=Social Reforms in Gujarat|oclc=680480939}}</ref>

===Manav Dharma Sabha===
{{main|Manav Dharma Sabha}}

Durgaram believed that among the Hindus there are many sects and ''[[sampradaya]]s'' and this state prevented them from believing in one God. He therefore desired that some effort must be made to make people see the truth and with this in mind, he thought of founding an association in his native town of Surat.<ref name="Chavda1982"/> Around 1842, Durgaram came in contact with [[Dadoba Pandurang]], who transferred from the [[Elphinstone High School|Elphinstone Institute]] of Bombay to the Government English School, Surat. Dadoba, closely associated with the social reformers group of Bombay, encouraged Durgaram to start a reform association. Henry Green, the headmaster of Surat English School, also supported Durgaram. On 22 June 1844, Durgaram, along with Dadoba, Dalpatram Master, Damodardas and Dinmanishankar, founded the Manav Dharma Sabha, which became a main center for the social reform activities. It is regarded as the first reform association of Gujarat.<ref name="Raval1986"/>

On 10 February 1843, with the suggestion of Dadobha, Durgaram already had prepared the seven basic principles of the Manav Dharma Sabha. They were:<ref name="Raval1986"/>

# There is One God, the Creator of all this Universe.
# All human beings belong to one fraternity.
# Religion is one for all men : yet, if they follow several faiths each one believing in one's own, one is only following the bent of one's mind.
# Men should be judged by the qualities they have; and not by their lineage (or caste).
# Men should act with discrimination.
# The object of all the action should be to win the grace of God.
# All should be taught the importance of the path of Righteousness.

In 1846, Dadoba transferred to Bombay, and, in 1850, Durgaram left Surat permanently and then the Manav Dharma Sabha was disbanded.<ref name="Raval1986"/><ref name="Gujarat2007"/>

==Writings==
Durgaram is noted for his diary which records his public activities and minutes of the Manav Dharma Sabha from 1843 to 1845. He used to jot down all his ideas and experience in connection with the field of education and such activities in diary regularly. This diary served as the first autobiographical notes in Gujarati. Later on the basis of this diary Mahipatram Rupram Nilkanth wrote biography of Durgaram under the title ''Mehtaji Durgaram Manchharamnu Jivancharitra''.<ref name="Datta1989">{{cite book|editor-last=Datta|editor-first=Amaresh|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: k to navalram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ur27mKvc_kC|year=1989|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-260-1804-8|page=2653}}</ref><ref name="Jhaveri1978">{{cite book|last=Jhaveri|first=Mansukhlal Maganlal|author-link=Mansukhlal Jhaveri|title=History of Gujarati Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DA0RAAAAMAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|page=142|oclc=462837743}}</ref>

He also wrote a book on science named ''Vijnan Nu Pustak''.<ref name="Chavda1982"/>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Durgaram}}
[[Category:1809 births]]
[[Category:1876 deaths]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language writers]]
[[Category:People from Surat]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Indian diarists]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Mehta family|Durgaram]]
[[Category:19th-century diarists]]
[[Category:Essayists from British India]]

Justiniano Fernandes

2026-03-14T20:41:33Z

ErlindaLamson9: starting some entry v1 - done

{{Short description|Indian actor and playwright (born 1959)}}
{{AI-generated|date=January 2026|reason=Since initial 2024 versions e.g. [[Special:PermanentLink/1240678530|this]]; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] such as promotional tone, vocab distribution typical of 2024 LLMs etc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Justiniano Fernandes
| image = TIM THIKAM SANDDLELIM (cropped).jpg
| caption = Fernandes during a performance in Sammy Tavares' ''[[tiatr]] Tim Thikam Sanddlelim'', 2014
| birth_place = [[Sanguem]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|3|8|df=y}}
| education = [[Secondary School Certificate]] (SSC)
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|playwright}}
| years_active = 1989–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Cicilia Rodrigues|1989}}
| children = 2
| notable_works = ''[[Padri (film)|Padri]]'' (2005)
| awards = [[Tiatr Academy of Goa|TAG]]'s "Lifetime Contribution to Tiatr Award" (2022)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/news/goa/lifetime-contribution-awards-on-pai-tiatrists-birth-anniversary|title=Lifetime Contribution Awards on Pai Tiatrist's birth anniversary|date=December 16, 2022|website=Goa News in English on Gomantak Times}}</ref>
}}

'''Justiniano Fernandes''' (born 8 March 1959) is an Indian actor and playwright known for his work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions.

==Early life==
Justiniano Fernandes was born on 8 March 1959, in [[Sanguem]], [[Goa]]. His birth coincided with a period when [[Portuguese Goa|Goa was under Portuguese colonial rule]]. Fernandes, a member of a [[Goan Catholic]] family, was the eldest of three children. His father, Francisco Xavier Silvestre Fernandes, was a tailor and musician, known for his skills playing the [[banjo]], while his mother, Emilia Fernandes, was a [[homemaker]]. His younger siblings were Caetano (born 1969), and sister Salvação, (born 1961).{{cn|date=August 2024}} Fernandes's early life was marked by exposure to music and performance. His father's musical talents and his uncle Cajie's musical inclinations fostered a love for the arts.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |title=Konkani Khell Tiatr |date=10 March 2018 |publisher=[[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] |location=Panaji, Goa |pages=128}}</ref> Then at the age of eight, Fernandes performed a [[Comedy music|comedic song]] at a cultural program at his school, Milagres High School in Sanguem. His performance received commendation from the [[parish priest]] in attendance.<ref name=":0" />

Fernandes' early theatrical career was marked by a foundation in his school years. He received encouragement from Fr Philomena D'Costa, the principal of his school, who played a pivotal role in fostering his artistic development. His first play, ''Ghorabeacho Ekvott'', debuted during his tenth grade, earning him recognition and a cash prize from the principal.<ref name=":0" /> Following his secondary education, Fernandes pursued his interests in theater by collaborating with his colleagues to write and direct [[one-act play]]s. His play ''Piso'' achieved success at an inter-[[ward (electoral division)|ward]] drama competition in Sanguem, securing first place. Subsequently, he created another one-act play intended for a competition in [[Chandor]], which received top honors from judges Felicio Cardoso and [[Uday Bhembre]].<ref name=":1" />

==Career==
Fernandes's theatrical journey began with his participation in regional theatrical contests organized by the village's holiday [[committee]]. His talent for writing and directing ''[[tiatr]]s'', a traditional [[Goan]] [[musical theatre]] form, was quickly recognized, leading to several awards. He made his debut as a playwright with the ''tiatr Bhoinnik Lagon'' and was later complemented by the staging of [[one-act play]]s in multiple venues throughout [[Goa]]. His performances caught the attention of [[Premanand Lotlikar]]. In 1989, Lotlikar offered him a role in his production ''Rup vo Rupnnem'', marking Fernandes's entry into professional theatre. He went on to appear in several other ''tiatrs'' by Lotlikar, including ''Zindabad'', ''Ho Mhozo Oprad'', and ''Kednanch Borem Zai Naka''. Fernandes's talent was further recognized by ''tiatr'' director [[Jose Rod]], who cast him as a substitute in his production ''Mauli''. The play garnered acclaim, achieving a total of 50 performances and extending its reach through a tour in the [[Gulf region]]. Fernandes continued to build his career with roles in ''tiatrs'' such as ''Nison''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Justiniano marches towards gold |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Justiniano-marches-towards-gold/88344 |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref>

Fernandes's career in Goan ''tiatr'' was marked by his collaborations with a wide range of popular figures in the genre. He appeared in productions by playwrights and
directors, including [[Ben Evangelisto]], [[Prince Jacob]], [[Mini Mario (singer)|Mini Mario]], [[Mario Menezes]], Kenny Ferns, Anthony San, [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], and Antush D'Silva. The plays include ''Pirai'' by Kenny, ''Mhaka Tuji Goroz'' by Anthony, ''Vauraddi'' by Kumar, ''Ho Mhozo Kaido'' by D'Silva, Ben's ''tiatr Chondrim'', Jacob's ''Posko'', ''Papi'', ''Pai'', ''Pirachit'', and ''Passport'', this involved a pair of tours to the Gulf region. Fernandes took part in the ''tiatr Koso Asa'' directed by Mini Mario, which included [[Lorna Cordeiro|Lorna]] among its performers. Menezes further cast him in two additional productions: ''Tiatr Somplo, Cholat Ghara'' and ''Sonvsarant Konn Nhoim Konnacho''. Fernandes spent six years with [[Comedian Ambe]]'s [[Theatrical troupe|troupe]], during which he delivered a diverse range of performances. These collaborations provided Fernandes with experience and exposure, contributing to his development as a performer. In the mid-2010s, he established himself as a frequent participant to the productions of Jr. Reagan, appearing in several of his ''tiatrs'', including ''Teddy Bear'', ''Teacher'', ''Ticket'', and ''Tiatr'', culminating in his participation in the 2015 ''tiatr Taj Mahal''.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Love always finds its way |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Love-always-finds-its-way/88342 |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

Fernandes's theatrical career was marked by a breakthrough in 2012. He received the Late Dr Jack Sequeira Best Actor Award for his performance in [[Sammy Tavares]]'s ''tiatr Aplea Bhurgeam Sangata'' (With Their Children), presented by the Taleigao Cultural Group. This performance, which depicted a father's life journey from marriage to old age, was considered by Fernandes to be a pivotal role in his career. In 2014, his involvement in Tavares's ''Tim Thikam Sanddlelim'' led to international tours, including performances in the [[Gulf]], London, and the United States. This production featured a unique familial element, as Fernandes's two younger brothers, Cajy and Jose, joined the troupe. Cajy's drumming and Jose's [[solo (music)|solo performance]]s added an unexpected dimension to the production.<ref name=":0" />

Fernandes's career spanned between [[public service]], film, and theatre. He began his professional life in the Water Resources Department, but his artistic talents led him to a career in entertainment. He has made appearances in more than 30 [[VCD]]s, three feature films, and several stage productions. His film credits include ''[[Padri (film)|Padri]]'' and ''Roddonaka'' directed by [[Prince Jacob]], and [[Bonifacio Dias]]'s ''Moriad''. He has also starred in the VCDs ''Challis Dis'' by Mouzinho Travasso and ''Pirai'' by Joywin, often alongside his wife Cicilia and daughters Eglise and Elina. Fernandes is particularly known for his contributions to [[Goan]] theatre. The ''tiatr Fuddar'', created by him, received accolades at the [[Kala Academy]]'s annual ''tiatr'' competition in 1990, securing the third position. In 2013, the work was subsequently released as a book by the [[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]]. He has also promoted [[Goan culture]] through various [[broadcast]]s on [[All India Radio]] (AIR) and by creating a [[folk play]] named ''Uxir Zalo''. In January 2015, Fernandes performed his play ''Bezababdar'' in [[Saudi Arabia]], with the production sponsored by the United Goans of Saudi Arabia.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
On 13 May 1989, Fernandes, aged 30, married Cicilia Lowrecine Rodrigues, aged 26, at the [[Sanguem]] church. They had their [[civil marriage]] registration completed a day earlier at Sanguem. Fernandes's wife, Cicilia, is a [[homemaker]] who was born in [[Bombay]], India, and resided in [[Curtorim, Goa]].{{cn|date=August 2024}} The couple has two daughters, Eglise and Elina. As of 2018, Fernandes resides in his ancestral neighborhood of Bamonsai, Sanguem.<ref name=":1" /> He is not a full-time ''[[tiatrist]]'' but worked in the Water Resource Department of the [[Government of Goa]]. He has expressed his concerns regarding alcohol consumption and other detrimental behaviors among emerging ''tiatrists'', emphasizing the importance of preserving the integrity of the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]].<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandes, Justiniano}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Writers from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Actors from South Goa district]]

K. K. Ramachandra Pulavar

2026-03-13T02:56:43Z

ErlindaLamson9: starting a data w/ refs - done

{{short description|Indian Tholpavakoothu artist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox Artist
| name = K. K. Ramachandra Pulavar
| image = File:Ramachandra pulavar (cropped).JPG
| imagesize =
| caption = Ramachandra Pulavar at sndp school pattathanam, kollam
| birth_name = K. K. Ramachandra
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|5|20|df=yes}}
| death_date =
| death_place =
| field = [[Tholpavakoothu]]
| training =
| patrons =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Kerala Folklore Academy]] Award [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
}}
'''K. K. Ramachandra Pulavar''' (born 20 May 1960) is a [[Tholpavakoothu]] (a type of [[shadow puppetry]]) artist from [[Kerala]], India. He used the Tholpavakoothu, which was confined to temple art, as public performances, and even to address socio-political issues including [[HIV]] awareness and COVID-19 awareness. He received many awards including the [[Padma Shri]] and [[Kerala Folklore Academy]] Award, in recognition of his work in the field of arts. In 2015 Ramachandra Pulavar received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for his contribution to Tholpavakoothu.

On Tholpavakoothu, he has authored two books, ''Shadow Puppet in Kerala'' in English and ''Tholpavakoothu'' in Malayalam.

==Biography==
[[File:Ramachandra pulavar2.JPG|thumb|Ramachandra Pulavar with his leather puppet]]
Ramachandra Pulavar was born on 25 May 1960 in [[Shoranur]], [[Palakkad district]], Kerala.<ref name="Akademi">{{cite web |title=K.K. RAMACHANDRA PULAVAR |url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/K_K_Ramachandra_Pulavar.pdf |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411044156/https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/K_K_Ramachandra_Pulavar.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Ramachandra Pulavar was born in a family of puppet artists.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title=രാമചന്ദ്ര പുലവർക്ക് പദ്മശ്രീ; പാവക്കൂത്തിന് ആദരം |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kk-ramachandra-pulavar-padma-shri-award-1.5387181 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=25 January 2021 |language=en |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411044153/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kk-ramachandra-pulavar-padma-shri-award-1.5387181 |url-status=live }}</ref> He is the son of famous Tholpavakoothu artist K.L. Krishnankutty Pulavar.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> Father Krishnankutty Pulavar is also a [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] winner.<ref name="ManoramaOnline">{{cite news |title=രാമചന്ദ്ര പുലവർ, പാവക്കൂത്തിന്റെ നിഴൽ നിലാവു തെളിയുന്ന വീടും |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2021/01/29/kk-ramachandra-pulavar-padmashri-and-tholpavakooth-shadow-puppetr.html |work=ManoramaOnline |publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]] |language=ml |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411052713/https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2021/01/29/kk-ramachandra-pulavar-padmashri-and-tholpavakooth-shadow-puppetr.html |url-status=live }}</ref> At the age of eight, he learned puppetry lessons from his father. At the age of 10, he made his debut at Aryankav Bhagavathy temple in Kavalapara.<ref name="Asianet News">{{cite news |title=തോൽപ്പാവക്കൂത്തിന് പുതുജീവൻ നൽകിയ കെ.കെ.രാമചന്ദ്ര പുലവർക്ക് പദ്മശ്രീ പുരസ്കാരം |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/padma-award-for-kk-ramachandra-pulavar-qni892 |work=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |publisher=[[Asianet News]] |language=ml |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411051211/https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/padma-award-for-kk-ramachandra-pulavar-qni892 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Personal life===
Ramachandra Pulavar and his wife Rajalakshmi have three children: Rajeev, Rahul, and Rajitha.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/>

==Career==
[[File:RamachandraPulavarPrd.jpg|thumb|Ramachandra Pulavar preparing the puppets before the Koothu, Mumbai, 2017]]
Ramachandra Pulavar is being performed Tholpavakoothu in more than forty temples in [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], and [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] districts.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> He began to pay full attention to this art form after resigning from his job at the Postal department.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> Ramachandra Pulavar was instrumental in bringing Tholpavakoothu, a traditional art form performed within the Hindu temples, to the outside world as public performances.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> He utilized Tholpavakoothu to address even socio-political issues.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nagarajan |first1=Saraswathy |title=KK Ramachandra Pulavar expands the scope of 'tholpavakoothu' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/kk-ramachandra-pulavar-expands-the-scope-of-tholpavakoothu/article59864378.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 February 2021 |language=en-IN |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411044153/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/kk-ramachandra-pulavar-expands-the-scope-of-tholpavakoothu/article59864378.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Gandhi Koothu (life of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]), yeshu Koothu (life of [[Jesus]]), Mahabali Charitam (life of [[Mahabali]]), Chandalabhikshuki (poem of [[Kumaran Asan]], HIV Awareness, Corona Koothu ([[COVID-19]] awareness), etc. are some of his non-ritual Tholpavakoothus.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/>

Ramachandra Pulavar has performed Tholpavakoothu in various parts of India and various countries like Russia, Sweden, Spain, Ireland, Germany, Greece, Singapore, Japan, Holland, Poland,
Israel, Thailand, Muscat, and China.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/><ref name="Akademi"/>

He is the Resource Person on Folk Arts and Puppetry at [[Sangeet Natak Academy]].<ref name="Asianet News"/> For the past 10 years, Pulavar has been training teachers in Tholpavakoothu in workshops and regularly conducts Tholpavakoothu demonstrations in various schools.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/> From 1982, he taught Tholpavakoothu for five years at Sawantavadi, Maharashtra.<ref name="Asianet News"/> As part of promoting Kerala culture in European countries, Tholpavakoothu programs have been organized in collaboration with the Department of Culture in Italy.<ref name="Asianet News"/> In 1968, he performed Tholpavakoothu at the World Malayalam Conference.<ref name="Asianet News"/> He toured Russia in 1979.<ref name="Asianet News"/>

==Books written==
Pulavar has authored an English book, titled ''Shadow Puppet in Kerala'', for the National Folklore Support Center, and a [[Malayalam]] book titled ''Tholpavakoothu'', for the [[Kerala Bhasha Institute]].<ref>{{cite news |title=നിഴലുകള്‍ നൃത്തം വയ്ക്കും, പ്രണയിക്കും, കലഹിക്കും... |url=https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/malayalam-vaarika/essays/2021/feb/23/the-shadows-dance-fall-in-love-quarrel-114048.html |work=Samakalika Malayalam |publisher=[[Samakalika Malayalam Vaarika]] |language=ml |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411054451/https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/malayalam-vaarika/essays/2021/feb/23/the-shadows-dance-fall-in-love-quarrel-114048.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
From the Ministry of Culture, Government of India, Ramachandra Pulavar received Junior Fellowship in 1991 and Senior Fellowship in 2004.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> He also received many awards including the Thailand Government Award (2011), Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Award (2011), [[Kerala Folklore Academy]] Award (2012), [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award|Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Kalashree Puraskar]] (2013) and [[Padma Shri]] Award 2021, in recognition of his work in the field of arts.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> In 2015 Ramachandra Pulavar received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for his contribution to Tholpavakoothu.<ref name="Akademi"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pulavar, K. K. Ramachandra}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian puppeteers]]
[[Category:People from Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Artists from Palakkad]]

11th Lok Sabha

2026-03-11T04:07:40Z

ErlindaLamson9: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Lower House members elected in 1996}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 11th Lok Sabha
| image = New Delhi government block 03-2016 img3.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Old Parliament House]], [[Sansad Marg]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| body = [[Indian Parliament]]
| election =
| before = ''[[10th Lok Sabha]]''
| after = ''[[12th Lok Sabha]]''
}}
The '''11th Lok Sabha''' was constituted after [[1996 Indian general election|April–May 1996]] general elections. The result of the election was a hung parliament, which would see three Prime Ministers in two years and force the country back to the polls in 1998. [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], the single largest party to win this election, winning 67 more seats than previous [[10th Lok Sabha]], formed the government which lasted for only 13 days.
{{Politics of India}}
[[File:Indian General Election, 1996.svg|300px|thumb|
United Front: 192 seats
Bharatiya Janata Party Alliance: 187 seats
Congress Alliance: 140 seats
Others: 26 seats]]
The United Front was created and got support from 332 members out of the 545 seats in the Lok Sabha, resulting in [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] from the Janata Dal being the 11th Prime Minister of India. Later [[I. K. Gujral]], took the command of the country but when [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] left Janta Dal and formed his own party, 11th Lok Sabha was dissolved to get a fresh mandate from the voters for next [[12th Lok Sabha]] in the [[1998 Indian general election]].

The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the [[Parliament of India]]. 4 sitting members from Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 11th Lok Sabha after the [[1996 Indian general election]].<ref name="rs">{{cite web|title=RAJYA SABHA STATISTICAL INFORMATION (1952-2013)|url= http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/rsstatis_inf52-03.pdf |publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi|access-date= 29 August 2017|page=12 |date=2014}}</ref>

List of Members of the '''11th [[Lok Sabha]]''' (15 May 1996 – 4 December 1997) elected:

==Members==
* '''Speaker'''
**[[P. A. Sangma]] from 23 May 1996 to 23 March 1998
* '''Deputy Speaker:'''
**[[Suraj Bhan]] from 12 July 1996 to 4 December 1997
*'''Secretary General:'''
**[[Surendra Mishra]] from 1 January 1996 to 15 July 1996
**[[S. Gopalan]] from 15 July 1996 to 14 July 1999<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/lokprelist.aspx?lsno=11|title=Eleventh Lok Sabha|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026155438/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/lokprelist.aspx?lsno=11|archive-date=26 October 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Prime Ministers==
*[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] from 16 May 1996 to 1 June 1996 from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*[[H. D. Deve Gowda]] from 1 June 1996 to 21 April 1997 from [[Janata Dal]] [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front]]
*[[I. K. Gujral]] from 21 April 1997 to 19 March 1998 from [[Janata Dal]] [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front]]

== List of members by state ==

{{see also|List of members of the 11th Lok Sabha}}
The list of members as published by the [[Election Commission of India]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf|title=STATISTICS REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1996 TO THE 11th LOK SABHA|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref>

===Andhra Pradesh===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Srikakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srikakulam]] || GEN || [[Yerrannaidu Kinjarapu]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 2 || [[Parvathipuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Parvathipuram]] || ST || Pradeep Kumar Dev Vyricherla || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 3 || [[Bobbili (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bobbili]] || GEN || [[Kondapalli Pydithalli Naidu]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 4 || [[Visakhapatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Visakhapatnam]] || GEN || [[T. Subbarami Reddy]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 5 || [[Bhadrachalam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhadrachalam]] || ST || | [[Sode Ramaiah]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 6 || [[Anakapalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anakapalli]] || GEN || [[Chintakayala Ayyanna Patrudu]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 7 || [[Kakinada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kakinada]] || GEN || [[Gopal Krishna Thota]]
|-
| 8 || [[Rajahmundry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajahmundry]] || GEN || Ravindra Chitturi || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 9 || [[Amalapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amalapuram]] || SC || | [[K. S. R. Murthy]]
|-
| 10 || [[Narasapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Narasapur]] || GEN || [[Kothapalli Subbarayudu]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 11 || [[Eluru (Lok Sabha constituency)|Eluru]] || GEN || [[Bolla Bulli Ramaiah]]
|-
| 12 || [[Machilipatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Machilipatnam]] || GEN || [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]]
|-
| 13 || [[Vijayawada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vijayawada]] || GEN || [[Upendra Parvathaneni]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 14 || [[Tenali (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenali]] || GEN || [[Sarada Tadiparthi]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 15 || [[Guntur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guntur]] || GEN || [[Rayapati Sambasiva Rao]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 16 || [[Bapatla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bapatla]] || GEN || [[Ummareddy Venkateswarlu]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 17 || [[Narasaraopet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Narasaraopet]] || GEN || [[Sydaiah Kota]]
|-
| 18 || [[Ongole (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ongole]] || GEN || [[Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 19 || [[Nellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nellore]] || SC || [[Panabaka Lakshmi]]
|-
| 20 || [[Tirupathi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirupathi]] || SC || [[Nelavala Subrahmanyam]]
|-
| 21 || [[Chittoor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chittoor]] || GEN || [[Nuthanakalva Ramakrishna Reddy]] || {{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 22 || [[Rajampet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajampet]] || GEN || | [[Sai Prathap Annayyagari]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 23 || [[Cuddapah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuddapah]] || GEN || [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
|-
| 24 || [[Hindupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hindupur]] || GEN || | [[S. Ramachandra Reddy]] || {{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 25 || [[Anantapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anantapur]] || GEN || [[Anantha Venkatarami Reddy]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 26 || [[Kurnool (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kurnool]] || GEN || [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]]
|-
| 27 || [[Nandyal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandyal]] || GEN || [[Bhuma Nagi Reddy]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 28 || [[Nagarkurnool (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagarkurnool]] || SC || [[Manda Jagannath]]
|-
| 29 || [[Mahabubnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahabubnagar]] || GEN || [[Mallikarjun Goud]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 30 || [[Hyderabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hyderabad]] || GEN || [[Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi]] ||{{Full party name with colour|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM}}
|-
| 31 || [[Secunderabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Secunderabad]] || GEN || | [[P. V. Rajeshwar Rao]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 32 || [[Siddipet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Siddipet]] || SC || [[Nandi Yellaiah]]
|-
| 33 || [[Medak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medak]] || GEN ||| [[M. Baga Reddy]]
|-
| 34 || [[Nizamabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nizamabad]] || GEN || Atmacharan Reddy
|-
| 35 || [[Adilabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Adilabad]] || GEN || [[Samudrala Venugopal Chary]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 36 || [[Peddapalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Peddapalli]] || SC || [[G. Venkat Swamy]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 37 || [[Karimnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karimnagar]] || GEN || [[L. Ramana|L. Gandula Ramana]] || {{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 38 || [[Hanamkonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hanamkonda]] || GEN || [[Kamaluddin Ahmed (politician)|Kamaluddin Ahmed]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 39 || [[Warangal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Warangal]] || GEN || [[Azmeera Chandulal]] || {{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 40 || [[Khammam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khammam]] || GEN || [[Veerabhadram Tammineni]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)}}
|-
| 41 || [[Nalgonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalgonda]] || GEN || [[Bommagani Dharma Bhiksham]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 42 || [[Miryalguda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Miryalguda]] || GEN || Baddam Narsimha Reddy ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

===Arunachal Pradesh===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Arunachal West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal West]] || GEN || [[Tomo Riba]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Independent (politician)|Independent|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2 || [[Arunachal East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal East]] || GEN || [[Wangcha Rajkumar]]
|-
|}

===Assam===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Karimganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karimganj]] || SC || [[Dwaraka Nath Das]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|-
| 2 || [[Silchar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Silchar]] || GEN || [[Santosh Mohan Dev]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 3 || [[Autonomous District (Lok Sabha constituency)|Autonomous District]] || ST || [[Jayanta Rongpi]] || {{Full party name with colour|Autonomous State Demand Committee}}
|-
| 4 || [[Dhubri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhubri]] || GEN || [[Nurul Islam (Assam politician)|Nurul Islam]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 5 || [[Kokrajhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kokrajhar]] || ST || [[Louis Islary]] || {{Full party name with colour|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|-
| 6 || [[Barpeta (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barpeta]] || GEN || [[Uddabh Barman]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)}}
|-
| 7 || [[Gauhati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gauhati]] || GEN || [[Prabin Chandra Sarma]] || {{Full party name with colour|Asom Gana Parishad|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 8 || [[Mangaldoi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mangaldoi]] || GEN || [[Birendra Prasad Baishya]]
|-
| 9 || [[Tezpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tezpur]] || GEN || [[Iswar Prasanna Hazarika]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 10 || [[Nowgong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nowgong]] || GEN || [[Muhi Ram Saikia]] || {{Full party name with colour|Asom Gana Parishad|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 11 || [[Kaliabor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaliabor]] || GEN || [[Keshab Mahanta]]
|-
| 12 || [[Jorhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jorhat]] || GEN || [[Bijoy Krishna Handique]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 13 || [[Dibrugarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dibrugarh]] || GEN || [[Paban Singh Ghatowar]]
|-
| 14 || [[Lakhimpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lakhimpur]] || GEN || [[Arun Kumar Sarma]] || {{Full party name with colour|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
|}

===Bihar===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Bagaha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bagaha]] || SC || [[Mahendra Baitha]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samata Party}}
|-
| 2 || [[Bettiah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bettiah]] || GEN || [[Madan Prasad Jaiswal]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 3 || [[Motihari (Lok Sabha constituency)|Motihari]] || GEN || [[Radha Mohan Singh]]
|-
| 4 || [[Gopalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gopalganj]] || GEN || [[Lal Babu Prasad Yadav]] || {{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 5 || [[Siwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Siwan]] || GEN || [[Mohammad Shahabuddin]]
|-
| 6 || [[Maharajganj (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)|Maharajganj]] || GEN || [[Ram Bahadur Singh]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)|Samajwadi Janata Party}}
|-
| 7 || [[Chapra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chapra]] || GEN || [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 8 || [[Hajipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hajipur]] || SC || [[Ram Vilas Paswan]] || {{Full party name with colour|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| 9 || [[Vaishali (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vaishali]] || GEN || [[Raghuvansh Prasad Singh]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| 10 || [[Muzaffarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muzaffarpur]] || GEN || [[Jai Narain Prasad Nishad]]|| {{Full party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 11 || [[Sitamarhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sitamarhi]] || GEN || [[Nawal Kishore Rai]]
|-
| 12 || [[Sheohar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sheohar]] || GEN || [[Anand Mohan Singh|Anand Mohan]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samata Party}}
|-
| 13 || [[Madhubani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhubani]] || GEN || [[Chaturanan Mishra]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 14 || [[Jhanjharpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhanjharpur]] || GEN || [[Devendra Prasad Yadav]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
|-
| 15 || [[Darbhanga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darbhanga]] || GEN || [[Mohammad Ali Ashraf Fatmi]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 16 || [[Rosera (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rosera]] || SC || [[Pitambar Paswan]]
|-
| 17 || [[Samastipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Samastipur]] || GEN || [[Ajit Kumar Mehta]]
|-
| 18 || [[Barh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barh]] || GEN || [[Nitish Kumar]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samata Party}}
|-
| 19 || [[Balia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balia]] || GEN || [[Shatrughan Prasad Singh]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 20 || [[Saharsa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saharsa]] || GEN || [[Dinesh Chandra Yadav (Indian politician)|Dinesh Chandra Yadav]]|| {{Full party name with colour|Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 21 || [[Madhepura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhepura]] || GEN || [[Sharad Yadav]]
|-
| 22 || [[Araria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Araria]] || SC || [[Sukdeo Paswan]]
|-
| 23 || [[Kishanganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kishanganj]] || GEN || [[Mohammed Taslimuddin|Taslimuddin]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| 24 || [[Purnea (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purnea]] || GEN || [[Pappu Yadav]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| 25 || [[Katihar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Katihar]] || GEN || [[Tariq Anwar (politician)|Tariq Anwar]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 26 || [[Rajmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajmahal]] || ST || [[Thomas Hansda]]
|-
| 27 || [[Dumka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dumka]] || ST || [[Shibu Soren]] || {{Full party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
| 28 || [[Godda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Godda]] || GEN || [[Jagadambi Prasad Yadav]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 29 || [[Banka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banka]] || GEN || [[Giridhari Yadav]] || {{Full party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
|-
| 30 || [[Bhagalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhagalpur]] || GEN || [[Chunchun Prasad Yadav]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 31 || [[Khagaria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khagaria]] || GEN || [[Anil Kumar Yadav (politician, born 1956)|Anil Kumar Yadav]]
|-
| 32 || [[Monghyr (Lok Sabha constituency)|Monghyr]] || GEN || [[Brahmanand Mandal]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Samata Party}}
|-
| 33 || [[Begusarai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Begusarai]] || GEN || [[Ramendra Kumar (politician)|Ramendra Kumar]] || {{Full party name with colour|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|-
| 34 || [[Nalanda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalanda]] || GEN || [[George Fernandes]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Samata Party}}
|-
| 35 || [[Patna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patna]] || GEN || [[Ram Kripal Yadav]] || {{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 36 || [[Arrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arrah]] || GEN || [[Chandradeo Prasad Verma]]
|-
| 37 || [[Buxar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Buxar]] || GEN || [[Lalmuni Chaubey]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 38 || [[Sasaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sasaram]] || SC || [[Muni Lall]]
|-
| 39 || [[Bikramganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bikramganj]] || GEN || [[Kanti Singh]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 40 || [[Aurangabad (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]] || GEN || [[Virendra Kumar Singh]]
|-
| 41 || [[Jahanabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jahanabad]] || GEN || [[Ramashray Prasad Singh]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 42 || [[Nawada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nawada]] || SC || [[Kameshwar Paswan]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 43 || [[Gaya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gaya]] || SC || [[Bhagwati Devi]] || {{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| 44 || [[Chatra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chatra]] || GEN || [[Dhirendra Agarwal]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=11}}
|-
| 45 || [[Kodarma (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kodarma]] || GEN || [[R.L.P. Verma]]
|-
| 46 || [[Giridih (Lok Sabha constituency)|Giridih]] || GEN || [[Ravindra Kumar Pandey]]
|-
| 47 || [[Dhanbad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhanbad]] || GEN || [[Rita Verma]]
|-
| 48 || [[Hazaribagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hazaribagh]] || GEN || |[[M. L. Vishwakarma]]
|-
| 49 || [[Ranchi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]] || GEN || [[Ram Tahal Choudhary]]
|-
| 50 || [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur]] || GEN || [[Nitish Bharadwaj]]
|-
| 51 || [[Singhbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Singhbhum]] || ST || [[Chitrasen Sinku]]
|-
| 52 || [[Khunti (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khunti]] || ST || [[Kariya Munda]]
|-
| 53 || [[Lohardaga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga]] || ST || [[Lalit Oraon]]
|-
| 54 || [[Palamau (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palamau]] || SC || [[Braj Mohan Ram]]
|-
|}

===Goa===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Panaji (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panaji]] || GEN || [[Ramakant Khalap]] || {{Full party name with colour|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|-
| 2 || [[Mormugao (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mormugao]] || GEN || [[Churchill Alemao]] || {{Full party name with colour|United Goans Democratic Party}}
|-
|}

===Gujarat===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Kutch (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kutch]] || GEN || [[Pushpdan Shambhudan Gadhavi]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 2 || [[Surendranagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surendranagar]] || GEN || [[Sanat Mehta]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 3 || [[Jamnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamnagar]] || GEN || [[Chandresh Patel Kordia]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=12}}
|-
| 4 || [[Rajkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajkot]] || GEN || [[Vallabhbhai Kathiria]]
|-
| 5 || [[Porbandar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Porbandar]] || GEN || [[Gordhanbhai Javia]]
|-
| 6 || [[Junagadh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Junagadh]] || GEN || [[Bhavna Chikhalia]]
|-
| 7 || [[Amreli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amreli]] || GEN || [[Dileep Sanghani]]
|-
| 8 || [[Bhavnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhavnagar]] || GEN || [[Rajendrasinh Rana]]
|-
| 9 || [[Dhandhuka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhandhuka]] || SC || [[Ratilal Kalidas Varma]]
|-
| 10 || [[Ahmedabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ahmedabad]] || GEN || [[Harin Pathak]]
|-
|rowspan=2| 11 ||rowspan=2| [[Gandhinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gandhinagar]] ||rowspan=2| GEN || [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|-
|[[Vijay Patel (politician)|Vijaybhai Patel]] (By Poll)
|-
|-
| 12 || [[Mehsana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mehsana]] || GEN || [[A.K. Patel]]
|-
| 13 || [[Patan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patan]] || SC || [[Mahesh Kanodia]]
|-
| 14 || [[Banaskantha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banaskantha]] || GEN || [[B.K. Gadhvi]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 15 || [[Sabarkantha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sabarkantha]] || GEN || [[Nisha Chaudhary]]
|-
| 16 || [[Kapadvanj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kapadvanj]] || GEN || [[Jaysinhji Chauhan]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 17 || [[Dohad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dohad]] || ST || [[Damor Somjibhai Punjabhai]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| 18 || [[Godhra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Godhra]] || GEN || [[Shantilal Patel]]
|-
| 19 || [[Kaira (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaira]] || GEN || [[Dinsha Patel]]
|-
| 20 || [[Anand (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anand]] || GEN || [[Ishwarbhai Chavda]]
|-
| 21 || [[Chhota Udaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chhota Udaipur]] || ST || [[Naranbhai Rathwa]]
|-
| 22 || [[Baroda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baroda]] || GEN || [[Satyajitsinh Gaekwad]]
|-
| 23 || [[Broach (Lok Sabha constituency)|Broach]] || GEN || [[Chandubhai Deshmukh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 24 || [[Surat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surat]] || GEN || [[Kashiram Rana]]
|-
| 25 || [[Mandvi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandvi]] || ST || [[Chhitubhai Gamit]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 26 || [[Bulsar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bulsar]] || ST || [[Manibhai Chaudhary]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

===Haryana===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Ambala (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ambala]] || SC || [[Suraj Bhan]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 2 || [[Kurukshetra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kurukshetra]] || GEN || [[O.P. Jindal]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Haryana Vikas Party}}
|-
| 3 || [[Karnal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karnal]] || GEN || [[Ishwar Dayal Swami]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 4 || [[Sonepat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sonepat]] || GEN || [[Arvind Kumar Sharma]] || {{Full party name with colour|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|-
| 5 || [[Rohtak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rohtak]] || GEN || [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 6 || [[Faridabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridabad]] || GEN || [[Chaudhary Ramchandra Baindra]]|| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 7 || [[Mahendragarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahendragarh]] || GEN || [[Rao Ram Singh]]
|-
| 8 || [[Bhiwani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhiwani]] || GEN || [[Surender Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Haryana Vikas Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 9 || [[Hissar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hissar]] || GEN || [[Jai Prakash]]
|-
| 10 || [[Sirsa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sirsa]] || SC || [[Selja Kumari]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

===Himachal Pradesh===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Simla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Simla]] || SC || [[Krishan Dutt Sultanpuri]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 2 || [[Mandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandi]] || GEN || [[Sukh Ram]]
|-
| 3 || [[Kangra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kangra]] || GEN || [[Sat Mahajan]]
|-
| 4 || [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hamirpur]] || GEN || [[Bikram Singh (politician)|Bikram Singh]]
|-
|}

===Jammu & Kashmir===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Baramulla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramulla]] || GEN || [[Ghulam Rasool Kar]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2 || [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar]] || GEN || [[Ghulam Mohammad Mir (politician)|Ghulam Mohammad Mir]]
|-
| 3 || [[Anantnag (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anantnag]] || GEN || |[[Maqbool Dar|Mohammad Maqbool Dar]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
|-
| 4 || [[Ladakh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ladakh]] || GEN || [[Phuntsog Namgyal]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 5 || [[Udhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udhampur]] || GEN || [[Chaman Lal Gupta]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 6 || [[Jammu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jammu]] || GEN || [[Mangat Ram Sharma]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

===Karnataka===
Out 28 Seats - JDS 15, BJP 07 and 06 INC.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Bidar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bidar]] || SC || [[Ramchandra Veerappa]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 2 || [[Gulbarga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gulbarga]] || GEN || [[Qamar ul Islam]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 3 || [[Raichur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raichur]] || GEN || [[Raja Rangappa Naik]]
|-
| 4 || [[Koppal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Koppal]] || GEN || [[Basavaraj Rayareddy]]
|-
| 5 || [[Bellary (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bellary]] || GEN || [[K.C. Kondaiah]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 6 || [[Davangere (Lok Sabha constituency)|Davangere]] || GEN || [[G. M. Siddeshwara]]||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 7 || [[Chitradurga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chitradurga]] || GEN || Puli Kodandaramaiah ||{{Full party name with colour|Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 8 || [[Tumkur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tumkur]] || GEN || [[C. N. Bhaskarappa]]
|-
| 9 || [[Chikballapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikballapur]] || GEN || [[R.L. Jalappa]]
|-
| 10 || [[Kolar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolar]] || SC || [[K.H. Muniyappa]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 11 || [[Kanakapura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanakapura]] || GEN || [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 12 || [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]] || GEN || [[C. Narayanaswamy]]
|-
| 13 || [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]] || GEN || [[Ananth Kumar]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 14 || [[Mandya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandya]] || GEN || [[Ambareesh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 15 || [[Chamarajanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chamarajanagar]] || SC || [[Siddaraju A.]]
|-
| 16 || [[Mysore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mysore]] || GEN || [[Srikanta Datta Narsimharaja Wodeyar]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 17 || [[Dakshina Kannada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mangalore]] || GEN || [[Dhananjay Kumar]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 18 || [[Udupi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udupi]] || GEN || [[Oscar Fernandes]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 19 || [[Hassan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hassan]] || GEN || [[Rudresh Gowda]] || {{Full party name with colour|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 20 || [[Chikmagalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikmagalur]] || GEN || B. L. Shankar
|-
| 21 || [[Shimoga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shimoga]] || GEN || [[S. Bangarappa]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 22 || [[Kanara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanara]] || GEN || [[Ananth Kumar Hegde]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 23 || [[Dharwad South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharwad South]] || GEN || Imam Sanadi ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 24 || [[Dharwad North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharwad North]] || GEN || [[Vijay Sankeshwar]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 25 || [[Belgaum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Belgaum]] || GEN || Shivanand Hemappa Koujalgi ||{{Full party name with colour|Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 26 || [[Chikkodi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikkodi]] || SC || |[[Ratnamala Savanur|Ratnamala D. Savanoor]]
|-
| 27 || [[Bagalkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bagalkot]] || GEN || [[H. Y. Meti]]
|-
| 28 || [[Bijapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijapur]] || GEN || [[Basangouda Patil Yatnal]]||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

===Kerala===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasaragod]] || GEN || [[T. Govindan]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| 2 || [[Cannanore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cannanore]] || GEN || [[Mullappally Ramachandran]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 3 || [[Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vatakara]] || GEN || [[O. Bharathan]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| 4 || [[Calicut (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calicut]] || GEN || [[M.P. Veerendra Kumar]] || {{Full party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
|-
| 5 || [[Manjeri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Manjeri]] || GEN || [[E. Ahamed]] || {{Full party name with colour|Muslim League Kerala State Committee|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 6 || [[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]] || GEN || [[G. M. Banatwalla]]
|-
| 7 || [[Palghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palghat]] || GEN || [[N. N. Krishnadas]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 8 || [[Ottapalam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ottapalam]] || SC || [[S. Ajaya Kumar]]
|-
| 9 || [[Trichur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Trichur]] || GEN || [[V.V. Raghavan]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 10 || [[Mukundapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mukundapuram]] || GEN || [[P. C. Chacko]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 11 || [[Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ernakulam]] || GEN || [[Xavier Arakkal]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|-
| 12 || [[Muvattupuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muvattupuzha]] || GEN || [[P. C. Thomas]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}
|-
| 13 || [[Kottayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kottayam]] || GEN || [[P. J. Kurien]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| 14 || [[Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Idukki]] || GEN || [[A.C. Jose]]
|-
| 15 || [[Alleppey (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alleppey]] || GEN || [[V. M. Sudheeran]]
|-
| 16 || [[Mavelikara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mavelikara]] || GEN || [[Ramesh Chennithala]]
|-
| 17 || [[Adoor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Adoor]] || SC || [[Kodikunnil Suresh]]
|-
| 18 || [[Quilon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Quilon]] || GEN || [[N. K. Premachandran]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party}}
|-
| 19 || [[Chirayinkil (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chirayinkil]] || GEN || [[A. Sampath]]||{{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| 20 || [[Trivandrum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Trivandrum]] || GEN || [[K. V. Surendranath|K.V. Surendra Nath]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|}

===Madhya Pradesh===

 BJP: 28 seats out of 40; Congress: 9 seats.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Morena (Lok Sabha constituency)|Morena]] || SC || [[Ashok Chhaviram Argal|Ashok Chhabiram]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2 || [[Bhind (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhind]] || GEN || [[Dr. Ramlakhan Singh]]
|-
| 3 || [[Gwalior (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gwalior]] || GEN || [[Madhavrao Scindia]] || {{Full party name with colour|Madhya Pradesh Vikas Congress}}
|-
| 4 || [[Guna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guna]] || GEN || [[Rajmata Vijayraje Scindia]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 5 || [[Sagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sagar]] || SC || [[Virendra Kumar Khatik|Virendra Kumar]]
|-
| 6 || [[Khajuraho (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khajuraho]] || GEN || [[Uma Bharti]]
|-
| 7 || [[Damoh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Damoh]] || GEN || [[Ramkrishna Kusmaria|Dr. Ramakrishna Kusmaria]]
|-
| 8 || [[Satna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satna]] || GEN || [[Sukhlal Kushwaha]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 9 || [[Rewa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rewa]] || GEN || [[Budhsen Patel]]
|-
| 10 || [[Sidhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sidhi]] || ST || [[Tilak Raj Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|-
| 11 || [[Shahdol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shahdol]] || ST || [[Gyan Singh (Indian politician)|Gyan Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 12 || [[Surguja (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surguja]] || ST || [[Khelsai Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 13 || [[Raigarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raigarh]] || ST || [[Nand Kumar Sai]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 14 || [[Janjgir (Lok Sabha constituency)|Janjgir]] || GEN || [[Manharan Lal Pandey]]
|-
| 15 || [[Bilaspur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bilaspur]] || SC || [[Punnulal Mohle]]
|-
| 16 || [[Sarangarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sarangarh]] || SC || [[Paras Ram Bhardwaj]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 17 || [[Raipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raipur]] || GEN || [[Ramesh Bais]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 18 || [[Mahasamund (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahasamund]] || GEN || [[Pawan Diwan]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 19 || [[Kanker (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanker]] || ST || [[Chhabila Netam]]
|-
| 20 || [[Bastar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bastar]] || ST || [[Mahendra Karma]] || {{Full party name with colour|Independent}}
|-
| 21 || [[Durg (Lok Sabha constituency)|Durg]] || GEN || [[Tarachand Sahu]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 22 || [[Rajnandgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajnandgaon]] || GEN || [[Ashok Sharma (politician)|Ashok Sharma]]
|-
| 23 || [[Balaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balaghat]] || GEN || [[Vishweshar Bhagat]]|| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 24 || [[Mandla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandla]] || ST || [[Faggan Singh Kulaste]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 25 || [[Jabalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jabalpur]] || GEN || [[Baburao Paranjpe]]
|-
| 26 || [[Seoni (Lok Sabha constituency)|Seoni]] || GEN || [[Prahlad Singh Patel]]
|-
| 27 || [[Chhindwara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chhindwara]] || GEN || [[Alka Nath]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 28 || [[Betul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Betul]] || GEN || [[Vijay Kumar Khandelwal]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 29 || [[Hoshangabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoshangabad]] || GEN || [[Sartaj Singh (politician)|Sartaj Singh]]
|-
| 30 || [[Bhopal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhopal]] || GEN || [[Sushil Chandra Verma]]
|-
| 31 || [[Vidisha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vidisha]] || GEN || [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
|-
| 32 || [[Rajgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajgarh]] || GEN || [[Lakshman Singh (politician)|Lakshman Singh]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 33 || [[Shajapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shajapur]] || SC || [[Thawar Chand Gehlot]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
| 34 || [[Khandwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khandwa]] || GEN || [[Nand Kumar Singh Chauhan]]
|-
| 35 || [[Khargone (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khargone]] || GEN || [[Rameshwar Patidar]]
|-
| 36 || [[Dhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhar]] || ST || [[Chhatar Singh Darbar]]
|-
| 37 || [[Indore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Indore]] || GEN || [[Sumitra Mahajan]]
|-
| 38 || [[Ujjain (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ujjain]] || SC || [[Satyanarayan Jatiya]]
|-
| 39 || [[Jhabua (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhabua]] || ST || [[Dileep Singh Bhuria]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 40 || [[Mandsaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandsaur]] || GEN || [[Dr. Laxminarayan Pandey]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

===Maharashtra===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Rajapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajapur]] || GEN || [[Suresh Prabhakar Prabhu]] || {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2 || [[Ratnagiri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ratnagiri]] || GEN || [[Anant Geete]]
|-
| 3 || [[Kolaba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolaba]] || GEN || [[A. R. Antulay]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 4 || [[Mumbai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai South]] || GEN || [[Jayawantiben Mehta]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 5 || [[Mumbai South Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai South Central]] || GEN || [[Mohan Rawale]] || {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 6 || [[Mumbai North Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North Central]] || GEN || [[Narayan Athawalay]]
|-
| 7 || [[Mumbai North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North East]] || GEN || [[Pramod Mahajan]]|| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 8 || [[Mumbai North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North West]] || GEN || [[Madhukar Sarpotdar]] || {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| 9 || [[Mumbai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North]] || GEN || [[Ram Naik]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 10 || [[Thane (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thane]] || GEN || [[Paranjape Prakash Vishvanath]] || {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| 11 || [[Dahanu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dahanu]] || ST || [[Chintaman Navsha Wanaga]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 12 || [[Nashik (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nashik]] || GEN || [[Rajaram Godse]] || {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| 13 || [[Malegaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malegaon]] || ST || [[Kachru Raut]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 14 || [[Dhule (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhule]] || ST || [[Sahebrao Bagul]]
|-
| 15 || [[Nandurbar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandurbar]] || ST || [[Manikrao Hodlya Gavit]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 16 || [[Erandol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Erandol]] || GEN || [[Annasaheb M. K. Patil]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 17 || [[Jalgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalgaon]] || GEN || [[Gunawant Sarode]]
|-
| 18 || [[Buldhana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Buldhana]] || SC || [[Anandrao Vithoba Adsul]] || {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| 19 || [[Akola (Lok Sabha constituency)|Akola]] || GEN || [[Bhausaheb Phundkar]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 20 || [[Washim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Washim]] || GEN || [[Pundalikrao Ramji Gawali]] || {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 21 || [[Amravati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amravati]] || GEN || [[Anant Gudhe]]
|-
| 22 || [[Ramtek (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramtek]] || GEN || [[Datta Meghe]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 23 || [[Nagpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagpur]] || GEN || [[Banwarilal Purohit]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 24 || [[Bhandara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhandara]] || GEN || [[Praful Patel]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 25 || [[Chimur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chimur]] || GEN || [[Namdeo Harbaji Diwathe]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 26 || [[Chandrapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandrapur]] || GEN || [[Hansraj Gangaram Ahir]]
|-
| 27 || [[Wardha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Wardha]] || GEN || [[Vijay Mude]]
|-
| 28 || [[Yavatmal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Yavatmal]] || GEN || [[Rajabhau Thakre]]
|-
| 29 || [[Hingoli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hingoli]] || GEN || [[Shivaji Mane]] || {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| 30 || [[Nanded (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nanded]] || GEN || [[Gangadhar Kunturkar]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 31 || [[Parbhani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Parbhani]] || GEN || [[Suresh Jadhav]] || {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| 32 || [[Jalna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalna]] || GEN || [[Uttamsingh Pawar]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 33 || [[Aurangabad (Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]] || GEN || [[Pradeep Jaiswal]] || {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| 34 || [[Beed (Lok Sabha constituency)|Beed]] || GEN || [[Rajani Patil]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 35 || [[Latur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Latur]] || GEN || [[Shivraj Patil]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 36 || [[Osmanabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Osmanabad]] || SC || [[Shivaji Kamble]] || {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| 37 || [[Solapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Solapur]] || GEN || [[Lingraj Valyal]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 38 || [[Pandharpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pandharpur]] || SC || [[Sandipan Thorat]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 39 || [[Ahmednagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ahmednagar]] || GEN || [[Maruti Shelke]]
|-
| 40 || [[Kopargaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kopargaon]] || GEN || [[Bhimrao Badade]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 41 || [[Khed (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khed]] || GEN || [[Nivrutti Sherkar]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 42 || [[Pune (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pune]] || GEN || [[Suresh Kalmadi]]
|-
| 43 || [[Baramati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramati]] || GEN || [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
| 44 || [[Satara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satara]] || GEN || [[Hindurao Naik-Nimbalkar]] || {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| 45 || [[Karad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karad]] || GEN || [[Prithviraj Chavan]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 46 || [[Sangli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangli]] || GEN || [[Madan Patil]]
|-
| 47 || [[Ichalkaranji (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ichalkaranji]] || GEN || [[Kallappa Awade]]
|-
| 48 || [[Kolhapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolhapur]] || GEN || [[Udaysingrao Gaikwad]]
|-
|}

===Manipur===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]] || GEN || [[Th. Chaoba Singh]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2 || [[Outer Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Manipur]] || ST || [[Meijinlung Kamson]]
|-
|}

===Meghalaya===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong]] || GEN || [[G.G. Swell]] || {{Full party name with colour|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|-
| 2 || [[Tura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tura]] || GEN || [[Purno Agitok Sangma]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

===Mizoram===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Mizoram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mizoram]] || ST || [[C. Silvera]] || {{Full party name with colour|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|-
|}

===Nagaland===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]] || GEN || [[Imchalemba]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

===Odisha===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Mayurbhanj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayurbhanj]] || ST || [[Sushila Tiriya]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 2 || [[Balasore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balasore]] || GEN || [[Kartik Mohapatra]]
|-
| 3 || [[Bhadrak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhadrak]] || SC || [[Muralidhar Jena]]
|-
| 4 || [[Jajpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jajpur]] || SC || [[Anchal Das]] || {{Full party name with colour|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 5 || [[Kendrapara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kendrapara]] || GEN || [[Srikanta Kumar Jena]]
|-
| 6 || [[Cuttack (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuttack]] || GEN || [[Anadi Charan Sahu]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 7 || [[Jagatsinghpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jagatsinghpur]] || GEN || [[Ranjib Biswal]]
|-
| 8 || [[Puri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puri]] || GEN || [[Pinaki Misra]]
|-
| 9 || [[Bhubaneswar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhubaneswar]] || GEN || [[Soumya Ranjan Patnaik]]
|-
| 10 || [[Aska (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aska]] || GEN || [[Biju Patnaik]] || {{Full party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
|-
| 11 || [[Berhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampur]] || GEN || [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 12 || [[Koraput (Lok Sabha constituency)|Koraput]] || ST || [[Giridhar Gamang]]
|-
| 13 || [[Nowrangpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nowrangpur]] || ST || [[Khagapati Pradhani]]
|-
| 14 || [[Kalahandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kalahandi]] || GEN || [[Bhakta Charan Das]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}
|-
| 15 || [[Phulbani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Phulbani]] || SC || [[Mrutyunjaya Nayak]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
| 16 || [[Bolangir (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolangir]] || GEN || [[Sarat Pattanayak]]
|-
| 17 || [[Sambalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sambalpur]] || GEN || [[Krupasindhu Bhoi]]
|-
| 18 || [[Deogarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Deogarh]] || GEN || [[Sriballav Panigrahi]]
|-
| 19 || [[Dhenkanal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhenkanal]] || GEN || [[Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo]]
|-
| 20 || [[Sundargarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sundargarh]] || ST || [[Frida Topno]]
|-
| 21 || [[Keonjhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Keonjhar]] || ST || [[Madhaba Sardar]]
|-
|}

===Punjab===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Gurdaspur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gurdaspur]] || GEN || [[Sukhbuns Kaur]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2 || [[Amritsar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amritsar]] || GEN || [[Raghunandan Lal Bhatia]]
|-
| 3 || [[Tarn Taran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tarn Taran]] || GEN || [[Major Singh Uboke]] || {{Full party name with colour|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 4 || [[Jullundur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jullundur]] || GEN || [[Darbara Singh]]
|-
| 5 || [[Phillaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Phillaur]] || SC || [[Harbahjan Lakha]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 6 || [[Hoshiarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoshiarpur]] || GEN || [[Kanshi Ram]]
|-
| 7 || [[Ropar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ropar]] || SC || [[Basant Singh Khalsa]] || {{Full party name with colour|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=6}}
|-
| 8 || [[Patiala (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patiala]] || GEN || [[Prem Singh Chandumajra]]
|-
| 9 || [[Ludhiana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ludhiana]] || GEN || [[Amrik Singh Aliwal]]
|-
| 10 || [[Sangrur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangrur]] || GEN || [[Surjit Singh Barnala]]
|-
| 11 || [[Bhatinda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhatinda]] || SC || [[Harinder Singh Khalsa]]
|-
| 12 || [[Faridkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridkot]] || GEN || [[Sukhbir Singh Badal]]
|-
| 13 || [[Ferozepur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ferozepur]] || GEN || [[Mohan Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|}

===Rajasthan===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Ganganagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ganganagar]] || SC || [[Nihalchand Chauhan]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2 || [[Bikaner (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bikaner]] || GEN || [[Mahendra Singh Bhati]]
|-
| 3 || [[Churu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Churu]] || GEN || [[Narendra Budania]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 4 || [[Jhunjhunu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhunjhunu]] || GEN || [[Sis Ram Ola]] || {{Full party name with colour|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)|AIICT}}
|-
| 5 || [[Sikar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikar]] || GEN || [[Hari Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 6 || [[Jaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaipur]] || GEN || [[Girdhari Lal Bhargava]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 7 || [[Dausa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dausa]] || GEN || [[Rajesh Pilot]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 8 || [[Alwar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alwar]] || GEN || [[Nawal Kishore Sharma]]
|-
| 9 || [[Bharatpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bharatpur]] || GEN || [[Maharani Divya Singh]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 10 || [[Bayana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bayana]] || SC || [[Ganga Ram Koli]]
|-
| 11 || [[Sawai Madhopur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sawai Madhopur]] || ST || [[Usha Meena]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 12 || [[Ajmer (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ajmer]] || GEN || [[Rasa Singh Rawat]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 13 || [[Tonk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tonk]] || SC || [[Shyam Lal Bansiwal]]
|-
| 14 || [[Kota (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kota]] || GEN || [[Dau Dayal Joshi]]
|-
| 15 || [[Jhalawar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhalawar]] || GEN || [[Vasundhara Raje]]
|-
| 16 || [[Banswara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banswara]] || ST || [[Tarachand Bhagora]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 17 || [[Salumber (Lok Sabha constituency)|Salumber]] || ST || [[Bheru Lal Meena]]
|-
| 18 || [[Udaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udaipur]] || GEN || [[Girija Vyas]]
|-
| 19 || [[Chittorgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chittorgarh]] || GEN || [[Jaswant Singh]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 20 || [[Bhilwara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhilwara]] || GEN || [[Subhash Chandra Baheria]]
|-
| 21 || [[Pali (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pali]] || GEN || [[Guman Mal Lodha]]
|-
| 22 || [[Jalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalore]] || SC || [[Parsaram Meghwal]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 23 || [[Barmer (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barmer]] || GEN || [[Sona Ram]]
|-
| 24 || [[Jodhpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jodhpur]] || GEN || [[Ashok Gehlot]]
|-
| 25 || [[Nagaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaur]] || GEN || [[Nathuram Mirdha]]
|-
|}

===Sikkim===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim]] || GEN || [[Bhim Prasad Dahal]] || {{Full party name with colour|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|-
|}

===Tamil Nadu===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Madras North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madras North]] || GEN || [[N.V.N. Somu]] || {{Full party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}}
|-
| 2 || [[Madras Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madras Central]] || GEN || [[Murasoli Maran]]
|-
| 3 || [[Madras South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madras South]] || GEN || [[T. R. Baalu]]
|-
| 4 || [[Sriperumbudur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sriperumbudur]] || SC || [[T. Nagaratnam]]
|-
| 5 || [[Chengalpattu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chengalpattu]] || GEN || [[Kulasekara Parasuraman]]
|-
| 6 || [[Arakkonam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arakkonam]] || GEN || [[A.m. Velu]] || {{Full party name with colour|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|-
| 7 || [[Vellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vellore]] || GEN || [[Agaramcheri P. Shanmugam]] || {{Full party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 8 || [[Tiruppattur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruppattur]] || GEN || [[D. Venugopal]]
|-
| 9 || [[Vandavasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vandavasi]] || GEN || [[L. Balaraman]] || {{Full party name with colour|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|-
| 10 || [[Tindivanam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tindivanam]] || GEN || [[Tindivanam G. Venkatraman]] || {{Full party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 11 || [[Cuddalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuddalore]] || GEN || [[P.R.S. Venkatesan]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|-
| 12 || [[Chidambaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chidambaram]] || SC || [[V. Ganesan]] || {{Full party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 13 || [[Dharmapuri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharmapuri]] || GEN || [[P. Theertharaman]] || {{Full party name with colour|Tamil Maanila Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 14 || [[Krishnagiri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnagiri]] || GEN || [[C. Narasimhan]]
|-
| 15 || [[Rasipuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rasipuram]] || SC || [[K. Kandasamy]]
|-
| 16 || [[Salem (Lok Sabha constituency)|Salem]] || GEN || [[R. Devadass]]
|-
| 17 || [[Tiruchengode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchengode]] || GEN || [[K.P. Ramalingam]] || {{Full party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 18 || [[Nilgiris (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nilgiris]] || GEN || [[S. R. Balasubramaniam]] || {{Full party name with colour|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|-
| 19 || [[Gobichettipalayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gobichettipalayam]] || GEN || [[V.P. Shanmugasundaram]] || {{Full party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 20 || [[Coimbatore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Coimbatore]] || GEN || [[M. Ramanathan]]
|-
| 21 || [[Pollachi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pollachi]] || SC || [[V. Kandasamy]] || {{Full party name with colour|Tamil Maanila Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 22 || [[Palani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palani]] || GEN || [[Salarapatty Kuppusamy Kaarvendhan]]
|-
| 23 || [[Dindigul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dindigul]] || GEN || [[N.S.V. Chitthan]]
|-
| 24 || [[Madurai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madurai]] || GEN || [[A.G.S. Ram Babu]]
|-
| 25 || [[Periyakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Periyakulam]] || GEN || [[R. Gnanagurusamy]] || {{Full party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 26 || [[Karur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karur]] || GEN || [[K. Natrayan]] || {{Full party name with colour|Tamil Maanila Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 27 || [[Tiruchirappalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchirappalli]] || GEN || [[L. Adaikalaraj]]
|-
| 28 || [[Perambalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Perambalur]] || SC || [[A. Raja]] || {{Full party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 29 || [[Mayiladuturai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayiladuturai]] || GEN || [[P.V. Rajendran]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|-
| 30 || [[Nagapattinam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagapattinam]] || SC || [[M. Selvarasu]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 31 || [[Thanjavur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thanjavur]] || GEN || [[S. S. Palanimanickam]] || {{Full party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 32 || [[Pudukkottai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pudukkottai]] || GEN || [[Tiruchi Siva]]
|-
| 33 || [[Sivaganga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sivaganga]] || GEN || [[P. Chidambaram]] || {{Full party name with colour|Tamil Maanila Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 34 || [[Ramanathapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramanathapuram]] || GEN || [[Subramanian Udayappan]]
|-
| 35 || [[Sivakasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sivakasi]] || GEN || [[V. Alagirisamy]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 36 || [[Tirunelveli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirunelveli]] || GEN || [[D.S.A. Sivaprakasam]] || {{Full party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 37 || [[Tenkasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenkasi]] || SC || [[M. Arunachalam (politician)|M. Arunachalam]] || {{Full party name with colour|Tamil Maanila Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 38 || [[Tiruchendur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchendur]] || GEN || [[R. Dhanuskodi Athithan]]
|-
| 39 || [[Nagercoil (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagercoil]] || GEN || [[N. Dennis]]
|-
|}

===Tripura===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura West]] || GEN || [[Badal Choudhury]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2 || [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East]] || ST || [[Baju Ban Riyan]]
|-
|}

===Uttar Pradesh===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tehri Garhwal]] || GEN || [[Manabendra Shah]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 2 || [[Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Garhwal]] || GEN || [[Satpal Maharaj]] || {{Full party name with colour|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)|AIICT}}
|-
| 3 || [[Almora (Lok Sabha constituency)|Almora]] || GEN || [[Bachi Singh Rawat]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 4 || [[Nainital (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nainital]] || GEN || [[N. D. Tiwari|Narayan Dutt Tiwari]]|| {{Full party name with colour|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)|AIICT}}
|-
| 5 || [[Bijnor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijnor]] || SC || [[Mangal Ram Premi]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 6 || [[Amroha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amroha]] || GEN || [[Pratap Singh Saini]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 7 || [[Moradabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Moradabad]] || GEN || [[Shafiqur Rahman Barq]]
|-
| 8 || [[Rampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rampur]] || GEN || [[Begum Noor Bano]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 9 || [[Sambhal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sambhal]] || GEN || [[Dharampal Yadav]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| 10 || [[Budaun (Lok Sabha constituency)|Budaun]] || GEN || [[Saleem Iqbal Shervani]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 11 || [[Aonla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aonla]] || GEN || [[Sarvraj Singh]]
|-
| 12 || [[Bareilly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bareilly]] || GEN || [[Santosh Gangwar]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 13 || [[Pilibhit (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pilibhit]] || GEN || [[Maneka Gandhi]] || {{Full party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
|-
| 14 || [[Shahjahanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shahjahanpur]] || GEN || [[Ram Murti Singh Verma]]|| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 15 || [[Kheri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kheri]] || GEN || [[Gendan Lal Kanaujia]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 16 || [[Shahabad, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Shahabad]] || GEN || [[Iliyas Azmi]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| 17 || [[Sitapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sitapur]] || GEN || [[Mukhtar Anis]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| 18 || [[Misrikh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Misrikh]] || SC || [[Paragi Lal]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
| 19 || [[Hardoi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hardoi]] || SC || [[Jai Prakash]]
|-
| 20 || [[Lucknow (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lucknow]] || GEN || [[Atal Behari Vajpayee]]
|-
| 21 || [[Mohanlalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mohanlalganj]] || SC || [[Purnima Verma]]
|-
| 22 || [[Unnao (Lok Sabha constituency)|Unnao]] || GEN || [[Devi Bux Singh]]
|-
| 23 || [[Rae Bareli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rae Bareli]] || GEN || [[Ashok Singh (politician, born 1955)|Ashok Singh]]
|-
| 24 || [[Pratapgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pratapgarh]] || GEN || [[Rajkumari Ratna Singh]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 25 || [[Amethi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amethi]] || GEN || [[Satish Sharma]]
|-
| 26 || [[Sultanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sultanpur]] || GEN || [[Devendra Bahadur Roy]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 27 || [[Akbarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Akbarpur]] || SC || [[Ghanshyam Chandra Kharvar]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| 28 || [[Faizabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faizabad]] || GEN || [[Vinay Katiyar]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 29 || [[Bara Banki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bara Banki]] || SC || [[Ram Sagar]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 30 || [[Kaiserganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaiserganj]] || GEN || [[Beni Prasad Verma]]
|-
| 31 || [[Bahraich (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bahraich]] || GEN || [[Padamsen Chaudhary]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 32 || [[Balrampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balrampur]] || GEN || [[Satya Deo Singh]]
|-
| 33 || [[Gonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gonda]] || GEN || [[Ketki Devi Singh]]
|-
| 34 || [[Basti (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basti]] || SC || [[Shriram Chauhan]]
|-
| 35 || [[Domariaganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Domariaganj]] || GEN || [[Brij Bhushan Tiwari]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| 36 || [[Khalilabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khalilabad]] || GEN || [[Surendra Yadav]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Janata Dal}}
|-
| 37 || [[Bansgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bansgaon]] || SC || [[Subhawati Devi]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| 38 || [[Gorakhpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gorakhpur]] || GEN || [[Mahant Avedyanath]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 39 || [[Maharajganj (Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency)|Maharajganj]] || GEN || [[Pankaj Choudhary]]
|-
| 40 || [[Padrauna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Padrauna]] || GEN || [[Ram Nagina Mishra]]
|-
| 41 || [[Deoria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Deoria]] || GEN || [[Prakash Mani Tripathi]]
|-
| 42 || [[Salempur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Salempur]] || GEN || [[Harivansh Sahai]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| 43 || [[Ballia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ballia]] || GEN || [[Chandra Shekhar]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}
|-
| 44 || [[Ghosi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghosi]] || GEN || [[Kalpnath Rai]] || {{Full party name with colour|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|-
| 45 || [[Azamgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Azamgarh]] || GEN || [[Ramakant Yadav (politician)|Ramakant Yadav]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| 46 || [[Lalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lalganj]] || SC || [[Bali Ram]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| 47 || [[Machhlishahr (Lok Sabha constituency)|Machhlishahr]] || GEN || [[Ram Vilas Vedanti]]||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
| 48 || [[Jaunpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaunpur]] || GEN || [[Rajkeshar Singh]]
|-
| 49 || [[Saidpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saidpur]] || SC || [[Vidyasagar Sonkar]]
|-
| 50 || [[Ghazipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghazipur]] || GEN || [[Manoj Sinha]]
|-
| 51 || [[Chandauli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandauli]] || GEN || [[Ananda Ratna Maurya]]
|-
| 52 || [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Varanasi]] || GEN || [[Shankar Prasad Jaiswal]]
|-
| 53 || [[Robertsganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Robertsganj]] || SC || [[Ram Shakal]]
|-
| 54 || [[Mirzapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mirzapur]] || GEN || [[Phoolan Devi]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 55 || [[Phulpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Phulpur]] || GEN || [[Jang Bahadur Singh Patel]]
|-
| 56 || [[Allahabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Allahabad]] || GEN || [[Murli Manohar Joshi]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 57 || [[Chail (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chail]] || SC || [[Amrit Lal Bharti]]
|-
| 58 || [[Fatehpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Fatehpur]] || GEN || [[Vishambhar Prasad Nishad]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 59 || [[Banda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banda]] || GEN || [[Ram Sajeevan]]
|-
| 60 || [[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hamirpur]] || GEN || [[Ganga Charan Rajput]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
| 61 || [[Jhansi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhansi]] || GEN || [[Rajendra Agnihotri]]
|-
| 62 || [[Jalaun (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalaun]] || SC || [[Bhanu Pratap Singh Verma]]
|-
| 63 || [[Ghatampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatampur]] || SC || [[Kamal Rani]]
|-
| 64 || [[Bilhaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bilhaur]] || GEN || [[Shyam Bihari Misra]]
|-
| 65 || [[Kanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanpur]] || GEN || [[Jagatvir Singh Drona]]
|-
| 66 || [[Etawah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Etawah]] || GEN || [[Ram Singh Shakya]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 67 || [[Kannauj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannauj]] || GEN || [[Chandra Bhushan Singh]]
|-
| 68 || [[Farrukhabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Farrukhabad]] || GEN || [[Swami Sachidanand Hari Sakshi]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 69 || [[Mainpuri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mainpuri]] || GEN || [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| 70 || [[Jalesar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalesar]] || GEN || [[Ompal Singh Nidar]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=11}}
|-
| 71 || [[Etah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Etah]] || GEN || [[Mahadeepak Singh Shakya]]
|-
| 72 || [[Firozabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Firozabad]] || SC || [[Prabhu Dayal Katheria]]
|-
| 73 || [[Agra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Agra]] || GEN || [[Bhagwan Shankar Rawat]]
|-
| 74 || [[Mathura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathura]] || GEN || [[Chaudhary Tejveer Singh]]
|-
| 75 || [[Hathras (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hathras]] || SC || [[Kishan Lal Diler]]
|-
| 76 || [[Aligarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aligarh]] || GEN || [[Sheela Gautam]]
|-
| 77 || [[Khurja (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khurja]] || SC || [[Ashok Kumar Pradhan]]
|-
| 78 || [[Bulandshahr (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bulandshahr]] || GEN || [[Chhatrapal Singh Lodha]]
|-
| 79 || [[Hapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hapur]] || GEN || [[Ramesh Chand Tomar]]
|-
| 80 || [[Meerut (Lok Sabha constituency)|Meerut]] || GEN || [[Amar Pal Singh]]
|-
| 81 || [[Baghpat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baghpat]] || GEN || [[Chaudhary Ajit Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
|-
| 82 || [[Muzaffarnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muzaffarnagar]] || GEN || [[Sohan Veer Singh]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 83 || [[Kairana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kairana]] || GEN || [[Chaudhary Munawwar Hasan]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| 84 || [[Saharanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saharanpur]] || GEN || [[Nakli Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 85 || [[Hardwar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hardwar]] || SC || [[Harpal Singh Sathi]]
|-
|}

===West Bengal===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar]] || SC || [[Amar Roy Pradhan]] || {{Full party name with colour|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
| 2 || [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars]] || ST || [[Joachim Baxla]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party}}
|-
| 3 || [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]] || GEN || [[Jitendra Nath Das]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 4 || [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]] || GEN || [[Ratna Bahadur Rai]]
|-
| 5 || [[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]] || GEN || [[Subrata Mukherjee]]
|-
| 6 || [[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat]] || SC || [[Ranen Barman]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party}}
|-
| 7 || [[Malda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malda]] || GEN || [[A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 8 || [[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]] || GEN || [[Mohammad Idris Ali]]
|-
| 9 || [[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]] || GEN || [[Syed Masudal Hossain]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| 10 || [[Berhampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampore]] || GEN || [[Promothes Mukherjee]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party}}
|-
| 11 || [[Krishnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnagar]] || GEN || [[Ajoy Mukhopadhyay]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 12 || [[Nabadwip (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nabadwip]] || SC || [[Asim Bala]]
|-
| 13 || [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]] || GEN || [[Chitta Basu (politician)|Chitta Basu]] || {{Full party name with colour|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
| 14 || [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]] || GEN || [[Ajay Chakraborty]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 15 || [[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar]] || SC || [[Sanat Kumar Mandal]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party}}
|-
| 16 || [[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur]] || SC || [[Radhika Ranjan Pramanik]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 17 || [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]] || GEN || [[Samik Lahiri]]
|-
| 18 || [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]] || GEN || [[Krishna Bose]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 19 || [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]] || GEN || [[Tarit Baran Topdar]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 20 || [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]] || GEN || [[Nirmal Kanti Chatterjee]]
|-
| 21 || [[Calcutta North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North West]] || GEN || [[Debi Prasad Pal]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 22 || [[Calcutta North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North East]] || GEN || [[Ajit Kumar Panja]]
|-
| 23 || [[Calcutta South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta South]] || GEN || [[Mamata Banerjee]]
|-
| 24 || [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]] || GEN || [[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]
|-
| 25 || [[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]] || GEN || [[Hannan Mollah]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| 26 || [[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]] || GEN || [[Pradip Bhattacharya]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 27 || [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]] || GEN || [[Rupchand Pal]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 28 || [[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh]] || GEN || [[Anil Basu]]
|-
| 29 || [[Panskura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panskura]] || GEN || [[Geeta Mukherjee]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 30 || [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]] || GEN || [[Jayanta Bhattacharya]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 31 || [[Contai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Contai]] || GEN || [[Sudhir Kumar Giri]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| 32 || [[Midnapore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Midnapore]] || GEN || [[Indrajit Gupta]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 33 || [[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]] || ST || [[Rupchand Murmu]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| 34 || [[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]] || GEN || [[Bir Singh Mahato]] || {{Full party name with colour|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
| 35 || [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]] || GEN || [[Basudeb Acharia]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=8}}
|-
| 36 || [[Vishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vishnupur]] || SC || [[Sandhya Bauri]]
|-
| 37 || [[Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Durgapur]] || SC || [[Sunil Khan]]
|-
| 38 || [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]] || GEN || [[Haradhan Roy]]
|-
| 39 || [[Burdwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Burdwan]] || GEN || [[Balai Ray]]
|-
| 40 || [[Katwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Katwa]] || GEN || [[Mahboob Zahedi]]
|-
| 41 || [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]] || GEN || [[Somnath Chatterjee]]
|-
| 42 || [[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum]] || SC || [[Ram Chandra Dome]]
|-
|}

===Andaman & Nicobar Islands===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Lok Sabha constituency)|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] || GEN|| [[Manoranjan Bhakta]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

===Chandigarh===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Chandigarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandigarh]] || GEN || [[Satya Pal Jain]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

===Dadra & Nagar Haveli===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dadra & Nagar Haveli]] || ST || [[Delkar Mohanbhai Sanjibhai]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

===Daman & Diu===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Daman and Diu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Daman and Diu]] || GEN || [[Tandel Gopal Kalan]]||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

===National Capital Territory of Delhi===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi]] || GEN || [[Jagmohan]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 2 || [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi]] || GEN || [[Sushma Swaraj]]
|-
| 3 || [[Outer Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Delhi]] || GEN || [[Krishan Lal Sharma]]
|-
| 4 || [[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Delhi]] || GEN || [[Lal Bihari Tiwari]]
|-
| 5 || [[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandni Chowk]] || GEN || [[Jai Prakash Agarwal]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 6 || [[Delhi Sadar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Delhi Sadar]] || GEN || [[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 7 || [[Karol Bagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karol Bagh]] || SC || [[Meira Kumar]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

===Lakshadweep===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Lakshadweep (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lakshadweep]] || ST || [[P. M. Sayeed]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

===Pondicherry===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Puducherry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pondicherry]] || GEN || [[M. O. H. Farook]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

{{Lok Sabha}}
{{Parliament of India}}

[[Category:11th Lok Sabha| ]]
[[Category:Terms of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1998 disestablishments in India]]

Yaar Mera Titliaan Warga

2026-03-08T03:07:02Z

ErlindaLamson9: Created redirect page

{{Short description|2022 Indian Punjabi-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yaar Mera Titliaan Warga
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Vikas Vashisht
| writer = [[Naresh Kathooria]]
| screenplay = Naresh Kathooria
| story =
| producer = Humble Motion Pictures and Omjee Star Studios
| starring = [[Gippy Grewal]] [[Tanu Grewal]] [[Karamjit Anmol]] Raj Dhaliwal
| narrator =
| cinematography = Sukh Kamboj
| editing =
| music =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2022|09|02|df=y}}
| runtime = 110 minutes
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Yaar Mera Titliaan Warga''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi-language]], romantic comedy drama film with [[Gippy Grewal]] and [[Tanu Grewal]] in the lead roles. The film also features [[Karamjit Anmol]] and Raj Dhaliwal. The film was directed by Vikas Vashisht, and was released on 2 September 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yaar Mera Titliaan Warga: Gippy Grewal, Tanu Grewal's most-awaited film's trailer to release on... |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/yaar-mera-titliaan-warga-gippy-grewal-tanu-grewals-most-awaited-films-trailer-to-release-on |website=PTC Punjabi |language=en |date=7 August 2022}}</ref> According to the [[Box office India]], the film collected approximately ₹95,00,000 (US$116,322) on the opening day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Punjabi Top Ten Post Pandemic - Yaar Mera Titliyan Warga 8th - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7146 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>

==Plot==
It’s been over six years since the marriage of Gurmail Singh, and Beant Kaur. In the early years of their marriage, they found perfect happiness in each other. Things turn a downside, when their first child, Sundi, is born. Beant gives exclusive time and attention to Sundi. Gurmail starts feeling extremely frustrated as he is unable to maintain a sexual relationship with Beant, as their child is always with them. As the time goes on, so does Gurmail’s disappointment of making love to his wife. He is often surprised to find married to be happy.

One day, Gurmail’s friend, Semma gives him an idea of creating a fake [[Facebook]] account, with a fake name and a fake picture of a handsome man. All of a sudden Gurmail finds himself on cloud nine, as he sends friend requests to several girls and many of his requests get accepted. He starts spending most of his time of mobile phone, liking girls’ pictures and looking for fresh girls’ profiles. In the meantime, Beant’s friend, Chhindo, notices that Beant is spending excessive time on his mobile phone. She advises Beant to be cautious as she assumes Gurmail may be cheating on her by talking to his female Facebook friends. Soon, Beant establishes that Chhindo’s intuition was correct.

Chhindo comes up with an idea and asks Beant to create a fake Facebook account with a fake name and some random [[Indian Diaspora (Overseas Indian)|NRI]] girl’s image. She guides that, when Gurmail notices Beant doing same things too, he would quit those online activities with girls. Fate takes a strange turn as Gurmail sends a friend request to his own wife and she accepts it. Both of them are unaware of this fact. They both start talking to each other on Facebook Messenger Voice, changing their accents, so that they don’t get caught. One they decided to meet up at a shopping mall, but seeing each other there and hurriedly leave the premises.

Beant confesses to Gurmail that she has developed friendship with some man in order to mend Gurmail’s ways. Gurmail infuriates and tells her that he wants to file a divorce against her. They decided to meet at the same shopping mall again, however, Semma and Chhindo, informs them, though the accounts of the couple are fake, the real person behind them are no one but Gurmail and Beant. Gurmail releases that relationships are so strange, the Beant whom he hated was her same Facebook friend. He concludes that it’s all about one’s perspective about relationships. Gurmail asks Beant for her forgiveness and once again, they become a happy couple and soon their second child is born.
==Cast==
*[[Gippy Grewal]] as Gurmail Singh
*[[Tanu Grewal]] as Beant Kaur
*[[Karamjit Anmol]] as Semma
*Raj Dhaliwal as Chinndo

== Release and reception ==
The film was released theatrically on 2 September 2022, and on 30 September the film was launched on Amazon Prime.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jha |first1=Lata |title=Amazon Prime Video to stream Punjabi film ‘Yaar Mera Titliaan Warga’ |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/amazon-prime-video-to-stream-punjabi-film-yaar-mera-titliaan-warga-11664428984199.html |website=mint |language=en |date=29 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New on Amazon Prime Video: ‘Yaar Mera Titliaan Warga’, ‘The Roundup’, and more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/new-on-amazon-prime-video-yaar-mera-titliaan-warga-the-roundup-and-more/article65949783.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=29 September 2022}}</ref> On

===Critical response===
[[The Times of India]] gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5 and praised the performances of cast.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yaar Mera Titliaan Warga Movie Review: It is a comic lesson in finding marital bliss within confines of a marriage |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-reviews/yaar-mera-titliaan-warga/movie-review/93956626.cms}}</ref> The [[Tribune India]] appreciated the role played by [[Tanu Grewal]] but didn't find any difference in Gippy Grewal's role from his earlier role in [[Shava Ni Girdhari Lal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Emotion and humour don’t get in the way of each other in Yaar Mera Titliaan Warga |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/movie-review/emotion-and-humour-dont-get-in-the-way-of-each-other-in-yaar-mera-titliaan-warga-428102 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 Punjabi-language films]]

Rajiv Krishna

2026-03-08T00:02:08Z

ErlindaLamson9: Article

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajiv Krishna
| image =
| imagesize = 150px
| caption =
| birth_name = Rajiv Gopalakrishnan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1972|1|15}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername = Rajiv Krishna, Rajiv, Rajiv G. Menon
| yearsactive = 1996–present
| spouse = Dimple Varma
| website =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|screenplay writer|author}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Rajiv Krishna''' (born 15 January 1972) is an Indian actor from [[Bangalore]]. He has appeared in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films in leading and supporting roles.

He also wrote the screenplay for the Hindi films ''[[Woodstock Villa]]'' and ''[[Soundtrack (film)|Soundtrack]]''. He is the nephew of producer [[Suresh Chandra Menon|Suresh Menon]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jointscene.com/artists/Kollywood/Rajiv_Krishna/8869 |title=Jointscene - Tamil actor Rajiv Krishna |work=Jointscene |access-date=2010-02-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091031025330/http://www.jointscene.com/artists/Kollywood/Rajiv_Krishna/8869 |archive-date=31 October 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/People/97/Dec/kuttisp1.htm |title=1997-98 Kodambakkam babies page |work=Indolink Tamil |access-date=2011-12-03 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201551/http://indolink.com/tamil/cinema/People/97/Dec/kuttisp1.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2013, he wrote a novel called ''Thundergod — Ascendence of Indra''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/interview-giving-new-life-to-old-myths-1772472|title=Giving new life to old myths|first=Malavika|last=Velayanikal|date=2 December 2012|website=DNA India}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rajiv Krishna made his Tamil debut with ''[[Aahaa..! (1997 film)|Aahaa..!]]'' (1997). Regarding his performance, one critic noted that "Rajiv's role is such that there is much scope for him to
display his acting skills and he has utilised the opportunity well".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/soc.culture.tamil/JR2hUMe_Fro|title=Google Groups|website=groups.google.com}}</ref> Following the success of ''Aahaa'', Rajiv Krishna received several other offers to continue appearing in lead roles. He signed on to a film titled ''Kai Vilakku'' featuring him alongside [[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]], but the film failed to release despite entering production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!searchin/soc.culture.malaysia/tamil$20cinema$20news/soc.culture.malaysia/IK1QB4s7svQ/vgNXGIm7utMJ|title=Google Groups|website=groups.google.com}}</ref> He was assistant director to Revathy on ''[[Mitr, My Friend]]'' (2002) and ''[[Phir Milenge (2004 film)|Phir Milenge]]'' (2004). He made his Bollywood debut ''[[Bas Yun Hi]]'' (2003) under the name Rajiv Gopalakrishnan.<ref name="A">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/feb/14bas.htm|title=Bas Yun Hi is cut too thin|website=Rediff}}</ref> In the film, he starred opposite [[Nandita Das]]; however, the film failed to make a mark.<ref name="A"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Nandita-Das-Bus-yun-hi-miffed-again/articleshow/28989266.cms|title=Nandita Das: Bus yun hi miffed again?|website=The Times of India}}</ref> He played negative roles in ''[[Newtonin Moondram Vidhi]]'' (2009) and ''[[Aasal]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Technical-snag-in-Ajiths-Asal/articleshow/4609450.cms|title=Technical snag in Ajith's Asal|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-09-01/asal-01-06-09.html|title=Ajith approves Asal villain - Behindwoods.com - Tamil Movie News - Rajiv Krishna Ajith Asal|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> He portrayed a mill owner in ''[[Krishnaveni Panjaalai]]'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Krishnaveni-Panjaalai-Foibles-and-consequences/article12642759.ece|title=Krishnaveni Panjaalai - Foibles and consequences|first=Malathi|last=Rangarajan|newspaper=The Hindu |date=9 June 2012|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

Menon is also a screenwriter, having written for ''[[Dus Kahaniyaan]]'' and ''[[Dhaakad]]''. He also played the lead in ''Zen Katha'', a play by [[Lilette Dubey]].

== Filmography ==
===Actor===
;Films
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Devaraagam]]'' || Parthasarathy || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Aahaa..! (1997 film)|Aahaa..!]]'' || Sriram || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Manam Virumbuthe Unnai]]'' || Prakash || Tamil ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Yai! Nee Romba Azhaga Irukke!]]'' || Bharath || Tamil ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Bas Yun Hi]]'' || Rohan || [[Hindi]] ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Newtonin Moondram Vidhi]]'' || Jaiprakash Narayanan (JP) || Tamil ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Aasal]]'' || Vicky Jeevanandhan || Tamil ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2012 || ''[[The King & the Commissioner]]'' || Major Abdul Jalal Rana || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Krishnaveni Panjaalai]]'' || Krishnamoorthy || Tamil ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[En Vazhi Thani Vazhi (2015 film)|En Vazhi Thani Vazhi]]'' || Danveer || Tamil ||
|-
|}
;Television
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Series !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1997 ||''Doctors'' || ||
|-
|1994-1995 ||''Chinna Chinna Aasaigal'' || ||Acted in stories "Pooja", "Manasu" and "Aarambam"
|-
|}

===Writer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Writer !! Language !! class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Dus Kahaniyaan]]'' || {{Yes}} || Hindi || Anthology film; segment: "Zahir"
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Woodstock Villa]]'' || {{Yes}} || Hindi ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Soundtrack (film)|Soundtrack]]'' || {{Yes}} || Hindi ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Girls (2016 film)|Girls]]'' || {{partial|Screenplay consultant}} || Malayalam Tamil ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Dhaakad]]'' || {{partial|Screenplay}} || Hindi||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|3554895}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishna, Rajiv}}
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Tamil actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Ganga Water Supply Scheme

2026-03-06T02:50:48Z

ErlindaLamson9: started a article

{{Short description|Drinking water project in Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox pipeline
| name = Ganga Water Lift Project

| photo =
| caption =
| map =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|25|21|57|N|85|59|14|E|display=inline}}

| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Bihar]]

| length_km = 151
| discharge =
}}

'''Ganga Water Lift Project''' ({{native name|hi|गंगाजल उद्वह परियोजना}}) is a multi-phase drinking water project in [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nitish-complete-ganga-water-lift-project-within-time-frame/articleshow/89356797.cms|title=Complete Ganga Water Lift Project within time frame Nitish Kumar}}</ref> It is the ambitious project of Chief Minister of Bihar, [[Nitish Kumar]] to supply safe drinking water to the water-alarmed towns like Gaya, Rajgir and Nawada, located in southern part of the state through pipeline by lifting water from Ganga river near [[Hathidah Junction railway station|Hathidah]] Ghat in [[Mokama]] in [[Patna district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-plans-a-mega-water-lift-project-to-supply-ganga-water-for-drinking-purpose-to-gaya-rajgir-nawada-towns/articleshow/71603617.cms|title=Bihar plans mega water lift project to supply Ganga water for drinking purpose to Gaya, Rajgir, Nawada towns}}</ref> The cost of first phase of this project was initially approved with {{INRConvert|2836|c|[[us $Convert]] year=2019}}, the cost was later revised to {{INRConvert|4174|c|[[us $Convert]] year=2021}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ganga-water-lifting-project-cost-revised/articleshow/84075137.cms|title=Ganga water lifting project cost revised}}</ref> [[Government of Bihar]] approved the first phase of the coveted Ganga Water Lift Scheme (GWLS) of Water Resource Department (WRD) in December 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-cabinet-approves-a-rs-2836-crore-project-to-supply-ganga-water-to-gaya-bodh-gaya-and-rajgir/articleshow/72875517.cms|title=Bihar cabinet approves a Rs 2,836 crore project to supply Ganga water to Gaya, Bodh Gaya and Rajgir}}</ref> Ganga Water Lift Project is part of Nitish Kumar's ‘Jal-Jivan-Hariyali Abhiyan' which is aimed to minimize the bad effects of climate change.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-residents-of-gaya-bodhgaya-rajgir-may-get-piped-ganga-water-by-june-2022/articleshow/86818209.cms|title=Bihar: Residents of Gaya, Bodhgaya, Rajgir may get piped Ganga water by June 2022}}</ref>
__TOC__
==Project details==
The total length of pipeline that supply Ganga waters to three towns is 190.90 km. The Ganga water is lifted near [[Hathidah Junction railway station|Hathidah]] Ghat in [[Mokama]] and the pipeline crosses alongside the national highways and state highways. The main pipeline runs from Hathidah to Giriyak via Sarmera and Barbigha. From Giriyak, one pipeline goes to Rajgir, while another to Nawada. The water from Ganga is brought to Motnaje water treatment plant in [[Nawada district]] through a pipeline.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ganga-water-to-reach-gayaby-july-15-officials-tell-cm/articleshow/91775851.cms|title=Ganga water to reach Gaya by July 15, officials tell Bihar CM Nitish Kumar}}</ref> In Gaya, urban development & housing department (UDHD) will ensure supply of water to the households through pipeline. The Public health & engineering department (PHED) will be responsible for Ganga water supply in Nawada. The length of the pipeline on Hathidah-Motnaje-Tetar-Abgilla pipe route is 150 km.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-residents-of-gaya-bodhgaya-rajgir-may-get-piped-ganga-water-by-june-2022/articleshow/86818209.cms|title=Bihar: Residents of Gaya, Bodhgaya, Rajgir may get piped Ganga water by June 2022}}</ref>

Third pipeline goes to Manpur (near Gaya) via Vanganga, Tapovan and Jethia. A major water storage point is constructed near Manpur. Similar storage point is to be constructed for other towns too. The project is completed in three phases. Ganga water will be supplied to Gaya, Bodhgaya and Rajgir in the first phase of the project. Nawada town would be covered in the second phase.

Hyderabad-based infrastructure firm Megha Engineering & Infrastructures Ltd (MEIL) completed phase 1 of Ganga Water Lift Project in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/phase-1-of-4000-cr-ganga-water-lift-project-over-meil/articleshow/95700763.cms|title=Phase 1 of 4,000-cr Ganga water lift project over: MEIL}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/meil-completes-phase-1-of-rs-4000-crore-ganga-floodwater-harvesting-project-in-bihar/articleshow/95694043.cms|title=MEIL completes Phase-1 of Rs 4,000 crore Ganga floodwater harvesting project in Bihar}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project]]
* [[Colorado River Aqueduct]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Water treatment]]
[[Category:Nitish Kumar]]

Alidu Ulidavaru

2026-03-04T04:42:03Z

ErlindaLamson9: Starting

{{short description|2019 Indian Kannada thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date = February 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Alidu Ulidavaru
| image = Alidu Ulidavaru.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Arvind Sastry]]
| producer = [[Ashu Bedra]]
| story = Sudheer Shanbhogue
| screenplay = Arvind Sastry
| writer = '''Dialogues:''' Praveen Kumar G Pawan Bhat
| starring = Ashu Bedra [[Atul Kulkarni]] [[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]] [[Sangeetha Bhat]]
| music = [[Midhun Mukundan]]
| cinematography = Abhishek Kasaragodu [[Arvind S Kashyap]] Abin Rajesh
| editing = Suresh Arumugam Arvind Sastry
| studio = Ashu Bedra Ventures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2019|12|06|df=y}}
| runtime = 122 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross =
| based_on =
}}

''''' Alidu Ulidavaru''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[thriller film]] directed by [[Arvind Sastry]] and starring [[Ashu Bedra]], [[Atul Kulkarni]], [[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]] and [[Sangeetha Bhat]]. The film follows a popular TV show host and myth-buster of superstitions who is working on the 100th episode of his show, is caught in the whirlwind of numbers, TRPs and relationships as he uncovers the secret that haunts him. The film was released to predominately positive reception.

== Plot ==
Sheelam, an agnostic, is an author and host of a top show that deals with checking whether haunted places really exist. Ahead of his 100th episode, he is thrown a challenge by a youngster who asks him to disprove that his house is haunted. What happens then?

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Ashu Bedra]] as Sheelam
* [[Atul Kulkarni]]
* [[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]]
* [[Sangeetha Bhat]]
* Dharmanna Kadur
* [[Dinesh Mangaluru]]
* [[B. Suresha]] as company head
* Arvind Rau as company head
* Rockline Sudhakar
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 and wrote, "''Alidu Ulidavaru'' is different from the usual crop of thrillers. If you're game for a film that tries to get your mind busy and engaged with a story that is more than just obvious frights, then this stands a chance to live up to your expectations".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/alidu-ulidavaru/movie-review/72398210.cms|title=Alidu Ulidavaru Movie Review : A psychological thriller with shades of horror|work=The Times of India}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "With TRPs being the subject of ''Alidu Ulidvaru'', this new pattern of filmmaking will work well with viewers, since it also gives a glimpse of what goes on behind the scenes in the lives of anchors and reporters of various TV channels".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/Dec/07/alidu-ulidavaru-review-an-insightful-psychological-thriller-2072547.html|title='Alidu Ulidavaru' review: An insightful psychological thriller|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=7 December 2019|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote, "These are interesting touches, but they don’t come together in a way that spooks you. In this kind of movie, the house may or may not be overrun by ghosts. But the audience should definitely end up haunted".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/kannada-movies-alidu-ulidavaru-with-ashu-bedra-and-sangeetha-bhat-is-on-amazon-prime-a-rewind-of-arvind-sastrys-horror-thriller-which-could-have-used-more-tension-baradwaj-rangan/|title=Alidu Ulidavaru, With Ashu Bedra And Sangeetha Bhat, Is On Amazon Prime: A Rewind Of Arvind Sastry’s Horror-Thriller, Which Could Have Used More Tension|date=6 May 2020|work=[[Film Companion]]|first=Baradwaj|last=Rangan|access-date=2 May 2025|author-link=Baradwaj Rangan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507185555/https://www.filmcompanion.in/kannada-movies-alidu-ulidavaru-with-ashu-bedra-and-sangeetha-bhat-is-on-amazon-prime-a-rewind-of-arvind-sastrys-horror-thriller-which-could-have-used-more-tension-baradwaj-rangan/|archive-date=7 May 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|11344598}}

[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2019 Kannada-language films]]

Tara Devi of Kapurthala

2026-02-23T21:47:48Z

ErlindaLamson9: Started First Biography W/ Refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Short description|Czech-born Indian queen consort (1911–1946)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Maharani Tara Devi
| title = Queen consort of Kapurthala
| image = Eugenie Grosup.jpg
| birth_name = Eugenie Grosup
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|01|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Vienna]], Austria
| death_date = {{death date and age|1946|12|08|1911|01|22|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Qutb Minar]],{{efn|name=deathplace}} Delhi, India
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Jagatjit Singh]]|1942|1945|end=sep}}
| spouse-type = Husband
| burial_place = New Delhi, India
| consort = yes
}}

'''Tara Devi''' (22 January 1911 – 8 December 1946), born '''Eugenie Grosup''', was a Czech actress and dancer who became the sixth wife of Maharajah [[Jagatjit Singh]] of [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]], India, in 1942. They had met several years earlier in [[Vienna]], where she played Anitra in [[Henrik Ibsen]]'s drama ''[[Peer Gynt]]'' at the [[Burgtheater]].

In India, the Grosups resided in the women's quarters at the [[Sainik School, Kapurthala|palace in Kapurthala]]. The maharajah's grandson [[Sukhjit Singh (soldier)|Brigadier Sukkhjit Singh]] notes in his biography of his grandfather, that he asked Grosup to marry him after she received a deportation notice to leave India and return to Nazi-occupied Europe. Her mother persuaded her to agree to the marriage, though Tara was far from being in favour with the [[British Raj|British in India]] or with the maharajah's household. Both her grandmother and mother died suddenly during a trip to Mussoorie in 1945. There, Devi became convinced that they were poisoned and she suffered a [[nervous breakdown]]. She had already been experiencing recurrent bouts of depression.

The couple separated in 1945, and subsequent plans to allow her passage to the United States were unsuccessful. On 8 December 1946, she fell to her death from the [[Qutb Minar]],{{efn|name=deathplace}} [[Delhi]].

==Early life==
Tara Devi, also known as Nina, was born Eugenie Grosup to actress Maria Eleanora Grosup (1889–1945) in Munzwardeingasse, [[Vienna]].<ref name=ViennaReg>Vienna, Austria, Catholic Church Registers, 1600–1960. Baptism records for 1918. Eugenie Grosup, p. 109.</ref><ref name=Sambuy2023>{{cite book |last1=Sambuy |first1=Livia Manera |title=In Search of Amrit Kaur: An Indian Princess in Wartime Paris |date=2023 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-4735-4629-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ca5gEAAAQBAJ |chapter=A most Parisian Maharajah|language=en}}</ref>{{Efn|Most sources refer to Tara Devi as nicknamed Nina.<ref name=Sambuy2023/><ref name=MZV2022/> Diwan Jarmani Dass, a former Kapurthala minister during Jagatjit's reign, dedicated one chapter to Devi in his book ''Maharani''. In it, he refers to the mother as Nina and grandmother as Pura.<ref name=Dass2020/>}} The Viennese Catholic Church registry baptism records of 1918 document her date of birth as 22 January 1911 and describe her as an illegitimate female.<ref name=ViennaReg/> The [[National Archives of India]] hold a registration document with her name misspelled as 'Engenie' and records her year of birth as 1914.<ref name=Gaur2021>{{cite book |last1=Gaur |first1=Abhilash |title=Nina Grosup-Karatsonyi a.k.a. Rani Tara Devi of Kapurthala |date=2 December 2021 |url=https://archive.org/details/tara-devi-pdf/mode/2up}}</ref> The Embassy of the Czech Republic in New Delhi names her father as the Hungarian Count Karátsonyi.<ref name=MZV2022>{{cite web |title=75 let od úmrtí české manželky indického mahárádži Eugenie Grosupové |url=https://www.mzv.cz/newdelhi/cz/udalosti/maharani.html |website=www.mzv.cz |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Czech Republic)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]|access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014061605/https://www.mzv.cz/newdelhi/cz/udalosti/maharani.html|archive-date=14 October 2023 |language=cs |date=9 January 2022}}</ref> Her guardian was Leon Pistol.<ref name=C&MG13Dec1946>{{cite news |title=Foul play suspected by former guardian: letters tell of constant fear |work=Civil & Military Gazette |date=13 December 1946 |page=10}}</ref>

In 1935, she was selected to play Anitra in Henrik Ibsen's drama ''Peer Gynt'' at the Burgtheater in Vienna.<ref name=MZV2022/> According to Pistol, it was at one of her performances that Maharaja Jagatjit Singh first saw her.<ref name=MZV2022/><ref name=Gaur2021/>

==Later life==
Grosup and her family, including her grandmother, left [[Prague]] in 1937.<ref name=Sambuy2023/> In May 1939, the 28-year-old Eugenie Grosup, her mother Maria Grosup, and the 66-year-old Maharajah are named in the passenger list of the ''[[Tatsuta Maru]]'' going from [[Yokohama]], Japan, to [[San Francisco]], US.<ref name="Cal1939">
*{{cite book |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/1387360:7949?tid=&pid=&queryId=92acc557-8f6d-4b9c-8c8c-e3c839d768af&_phsrc=GVv1&_phstart=successSource |title=California, U.S., Arriving Passenger and Crew Lists, 1882-1959: Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at San Francisco, California |date=11 May 1939 |publisher=National Archives |location=Washington, D.C. |via=ancestry.co.uk}} SUBSCRIPTION REQUIRED
*https://catalog.archives.gov/id/4482913
</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=December 2023}}

In India, the Grosups resided in the women's quarters at the [[Sainik School, Kapurthala|palace in Kapurthala]].<ref name=Singh1995>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Surender |title=Princely Life in Indian English Writings |date=1995 |publisher=Reliance Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85972-77-0 |pages=130–131 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HLFlAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA130 |language=en}}</ref> The maharajah's grandson [[Sukhjit Singh (soldier)|Brigadier Sukkhjit Singh]] notes in his biography of his grandfather, ''[[Prince, Patron and Patriarch]]'' (2019), that he asked Grosup to marry him after she received a deportation notice to leave India and return to Nazi-occupied Europe.<ref name=Singh2019>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=H. H. Sukhjit |last2=Frederick |first2=Cynthia Meera |title=Prince, Patron and Patriarch; Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala |date=2019 |publisher=Roli Books |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-938608-5-4|chapter=The Elysee Palace: consorts from different lands|pages=174–177}}</ref> Her mother persuaded her to agree to the marriage and in 1942, Eugenie Grosup married the maharajah at [[Mussoorie]].<ref name=Singh2019/> She was subsequently known as Tara Devi of Kapurthala.<ref name=C&MG17Dec1946>{{cite news |title="Not due to foul play". Death of Kapurthala Ruler's Wife |work=Civil & Military Gazette |date=17 December 1946 |page=8}}</ref><ref name=Dass2020>{{Cite book |last=Dass |first=Diwan Jarmani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiT5DwAAQBAJ |title=Maharani |date=2020 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5349-784-2 |pages=33–35 |language=en |chapter=7. Maharani Țara Devi's tragic romance}}</ref> According to Sambuy, she was far from being in favour with the [[British Raj|British in India]] or with the maharajah's household; they saw her as a commoner.<ref name=Sambuy2023/> Both her grandmother and mother died suddenly during a trip to Mussoorie in 1945.<ref name=Sambuy2023/><ref name=MZV2022/> There, Devi became convinced that they were poisoned and she suffered a [[nervous breakdown]].<ref name=C&MG17Dec1946/> According to Sukkhjit Singh, she had already been experiencing recurrent bouts of depression, made worse by news from Europe of family and friends in [[Concentration Camps in Nazi Germany|concentration camps]].<ref name=Singh2019/> Subsequently, the couple separated and she moved into a hotel in Delhi.<ref name=Sambuy2023/> Plans to allow her passage to her Austrian friends in the United States failed as British authorities denied her a passport.<ref name=Sambuy2023/><ref name=C&MG17Dec1946/>

==Death==
[[File:Hrob Eugenie Grosup.jpg|thumb|Grave at the Nicholson Cemetery, New Delhi]]

On 8 December 1946, she left the [[Maidens Hotel, Delhi|Maidens Hotel]], where she was residing, and was driven to the [[Qutb Minar]], from which she fell to her death with her two [[Pomeranian dog]]s.<ref name=Sambuy2023/><ref name=MZV2022/>{{efn|name=deathplace|Many sources mention that she fell from [[Qutb Minar]].<ref name=Sambuy2023/><ref name=MZV2022/> Another version is given by scholar John Butler; he says she fell from a bridge.<ref name=Butler2017>{{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=John Anthony |title=Essays on Unfamiliar Travel-Writing: Off the Beaten Track |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |location=Newcastle-upon-Tyne |isbn=978-1-4438-6088-8 |page=200 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jDZDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA200 |language=en |chapter=7. His Highness goes shopping: Jagatjit in Asia}}</ref>}} Newspapers of the time reported her death as occurring on 9 December, that state schools, colleges and offices in Kapurthala closed as a mark of respect to her memory, and that an inquest into her death was to take place.<ref name=C&MG17Dec1946/><ref name=C&MG11Dec1946>{{cite news |title=Maharani Tara Devi dead: Fall from Qutb Minor in Delhi |work=Civil & Military Gazette |date=11 December 1946 |page=8}}</ref> Pistol, then living in New York, had suspected "foul play" and told the press that Devi's letters to him "told of a constant fear of death, and that she planned to come to the United States".<ref name=C&MG13Dec1946/> She is buried at the [[Nicholson Cemetery, New Delhi|Nicholson Cemetery]], [[New Delhi]].<ref name=MZV2022/>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kapurthala]]
[[Category:Czechoslovak actresses]]
[[Category:Czech emigrants]]
[[Category:Deaths from falls]]
[[Category:Entertainers from Vienna]]
[[Category:Indian queens consort]]

List of National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2019 Indian general election

2026-02-21T07:34:37Z

ErlindaLamson9:

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
[[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) is an Indian political party coalition led by [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). Following is the ''[[Lok Sabha]]'' [[List of Constituencies of the Lok Sabha|constituencies-wise]] list of '''the National Democratic Alliance candidates for the [[2019 Indian general election]]'''.

BJP is one of the two major political parties in India; the other being the [[Indian National Congress]]. BJP has formed pre-poll alliance with various parties and independent candidates to constitute the National Democratic Alliance. Of the [[States and union territories of India|29 states and 7 union territories]], BJP will be having alliance in 11 states (Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra Nagaland, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh) and 1 union territory (Puducherry) with regional political parties.

Together, NDA will be contesting for all 543 constituency seats that will form the [[17th Lok Sabha]]. BJP will form the highest share of NDA by contesting in 437 constituencies; followed by other large parties like, AIADMK (20), JDU (17) and Shiromani Akali Dal (10)

[[File:2019 NDA Seat Sharing Current .png|alt=|thumb|394x394px|Seat-sharing arrangement of the BJP-led NDA for the 2019 Indian general election. 
{{ubl|{{legend inline|1 = #ff9933|2=Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
{{legend inline|1 = #FF6634|2=Shiv Sena}}|
{{legend inline|1 = #009900|2=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|
{{legend inline|1 = #003366|2=Janata Dal (United)}}|
{{legend inline|1 = #666633|2=Shiromani Akali Dal}}|
{{legend inline|1 = #99ff00|2=Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|
{{legend inline|1 = #66ff99|2=Lok Janshakti Party}}|
{{legend inline|1 = #ffff00|2=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena}}|
{{legend inline|1 = #008080|2=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}|
{{legend inline|1 = #99ccff|2=Asom Gana Parishad}}|
{{legend inline|1 = #ff33cc|2=Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}|
{{legend inline|1 = #ff33ff|2=All Jharkhand Students Union}}|
{{legend inline|1 = #6b8e23|2=Puthiya Tamilagam}}|
{{legend inline|1 = #0000ff|2=Tamil Maanila Congress}}|
{{legend inline|1 = #000000|2=Puthiya Needhi Katchi}}|
{{legend inline|1 = #ffc000|2=All India N.R. Congress}}|
{{legend inline|1 = #f2cee0 |2=Bodoland People's Front}}|
{{legend inline|1 = #fd4242|2=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}|
{{legend inline|1 = #964b00|2=Kerala Congress (Thomas)}}|
{{legend inline|1 = #ffffe0|2=Rashtriya Loktantrik Party}}|
{{legend inline|1 = #808080|2= Sumalatha (Independent candidate)}}|
{{legend inline|1 = #ffffff|2=''None''}}}}]]

==Seat Sharing Summary==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Constituents of National Democratic Alliance (Pre-poll Alliance)
! #
! Party
! Alliance in states
! Seats contested
! Seats won
!Seats Loss
! References
|-
! align="center" |1
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| All States and UTs
| align=right|<big>'''437'''</big>
|align=right|'''<big>303</big>'''
|134
| align=center|<ref name="BJP">{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjp-candidate-list-lok-sabha-elections-2019-bjp-candidates-list-for-lok-sabha-elections-2019-all-184-2010962 | title=Bharatiya Janata Party: First Candidate List for Lok Sabha 2019 | publisher=NDTV | accessdate=2 April 2019 }}</ref><ref name="BJP-SS">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-bjp-shiv-sena-seat-sharing-amit-shah-uddhav-thackeray-live-updates-5589817/|title=Lok Sabha polls: BJP to contest on 25 seats, Shiv Sena settles for 23 in Maharashtra|date=18 February 2019|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="BJP-AIADMK-PMK-DMDK-TMC-PT-PNK"/><ref name="BJP-JD(U)-LJP"/><ref name="BJP-SAD"/><ref name="ADMK-DMDK-BJP"/><ref name="BJP-BDJS-KC">{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nda-finally-reaches-consensus-seat-sharing-kerala-bjp-contest-14-seats-98670|title=Kerala: NDA seat sharing|date=10 March 2019|website=indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref name=BJP-AINRC/><ref name="BJP-BPF"/>
|-
!align="center" |2
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|Maharashtra
|align=right|23
|align=right|18
|5
|
|-
! align="center" |3
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| Tamil Nadu
| align=right|20
| align=right|1
|19
| align=center|<ref name="BJP-AIADMK-PMK-DMDK-TMC-PT-PNK">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/20-20-deal-for-aiadmk-allies-tmc-allotted-one-seat-in-tamil-nadu-1477403-2019-03-13|title=Tamilnadu: BJP, AIADMK, PMK ,DMDK mega alliance|date=13 March 2019|work=Indiatoday|access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |4
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| Bihar
| align="right" |17
| align="right" |16
|1
| align="center" |<ref name="BJP-JD(U)-LJP">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-jdu-ljp-finalise-17176-seat-sharing-formula-for-bihar-lok-sabha-polls/articleshow/67215178.cms|title=BJP, JDU, LJP finalise 17:17:6 seat sharing formula for Bihar Lok Sabha polls|last=Chaturvedi|first=Rakesh Mohan|date=24 December 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=24 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |5
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| Punjab
| align="right" |10
| align="right" |2
|8
| align="center" |<ref name="BJP-SAD">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lok-sabha-elections-2019-amit-shah-shiromani-akali-dal-sad-bjp-to-fight-2019-polls-from-punjab-2000732|title=Akali Dal, BJP To Fight 2019 Polls From Punjab Together, Says Amit Shah|website=NDTV.com|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |6
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
| Tamil Nadu
| align="right" |7
| align="right" |0
|7
| align="center" |<ref name="BJP-AIADMK-PMK-DMDK-TMC-PT-PNK" />
|-
! align="center" |7
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| Bihar
| align="right" |6
| align="right" |6
|0
| align="center" |<ref name="BJP-JD(U)-LJP" />
|-
! align="center" |8
|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]
| Tamil Nadu
| align="right" |4
| align="right" |0
|4
| align="center" |<ref name="ADMK-DMDK-BJP">{{cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/election/vijayakanth-alliance-2019-aiadmk-dmdk-live-updates/|title=AIADMK – DMDK Alliance: அ.தி.மு.க கூட்டணியில் 4 தொகுதிகளில் களமிறங்கும் தே.மு.தி.க!|date=10 March 2019|website=indianexpress.com}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |9
| [[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena]]
| Kerala
| align="right" |4
| align="right" |0
|4
| align="center" |<ref name="BJP-BDJS-KC" />
|-
! align="center" |10
| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| Assam
| align="right" |3
| align="right" |0
|3
| align="center" |
|-
! align="center" |11
| [[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
| Uttar Pradesh
| align="right" |2
| align="right" |2
|0
| align="center" |
|-
! align="center" |12
|[[Puthiya Tamilagam]]
| Tamil Nadu
| align="right" |1
| align="right" |0
|1
| align="center" |<ref name="BJP-AIADMK-PMK-DMDK-TMC-PT-PNK" />
|-
! align="center" |13
|[[Puthiya Needhi Katchi]]
| Tamil Nadu
| align="right" |1
| align="right" |0
|1
| align="center" |<ref name="BJP-AIADMK-PMK-DMDK-TMC-PT-PNK" />
|-
! align="center" |14
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress]]
| Tamil Nadu
| align="right" |1
| align="right" |0
|1
| align="center" |<ref name="BJP-AIADMK-PMK-DMDK-TMC-PT-PNK" />
|-
! align="center" |15
| [[All Jharkhand Students Union]]
| Jharkhand
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|0
| align=center|
|-
! align="center" |16
| [[Bodoland People's Front]]
| Assam
| align="right" |1
| align="right" |0
|1
| align="center" |<ref name="BJP-BPF">{{Cite web|url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/assam-bodoland-peoples-front-to-field-pramila-rani-brahma-from-kokrajhar-for-lone-btc-seat/|title=Assam: Bodoland Peoples' Front to field Pramila Rani Brahma from Kokrajhar for lone BTC seat|date=2019-03-12|website=TNT-The NorthEast Today|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-12|archive-date=2019-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626191959/https://thenortheasttoday.com/assam-bodoland-peoples-front-to-field-pramila-rani-brahma-from-kokrajhar-for-lone-btc-seat/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |17
| [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]]
| Nagaland
| align="right" |1
| align="right" |1
|0
| align="center" |
|-
! align="center" |18
| [[Kerala Congress (Thomas)]]
| Kerala
| align="right" |1
| align="right" |0
|1
| align="center" |<ref name="BJP-BDJS-KC" />
|-
! align="center" |19
| [[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party]]
| Rajasthan
| align="right" |1
| align="right" |1
|0
| align="center" |
|-
! align="center" |20
| [[All India N.R. Congress]]
| Pudhucherry
| align="right" |1
| align="right" |0
|1
| align="center" |<ref name="BJP-AINRC">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/puducherry/aiadmk-ainrc-sign-pact-ainrc-to-contest-from-puducherry-in-alliance-with-aiadmk/articleshow/68101468.cms|title=AIADMK-AINRC sign pact, AINRC to contest from Puducherry in alliance with AIADMK – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=21 February 2019 |access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |21
| [[Sumalatha]] ([[Independent politician|Independent candidate]]) supported by BJP
| Karnataka
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|0
| align=center|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" | '''Total'''
| align=right |'''543'''
| align=right |'''352'''
|191
|
|}

== Andhra Pradesh ==
[[File:Andhra Pradesh NDA Seat Sharing 2019.svg|thumb|280x280px|Andhra Pradesh NDA]]
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (25) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1
| [[Araku (ST) (Lok Sabha constituency)|Araku]]
| align="center" |ST
| [[K. K. V. V. V. Satyanarayana Reddy|K. V. V. Satyanarayan Reddy]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 11 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |2
| [[Srikakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srikakulam]]
| align="center" |None
| Perla Sambamurti<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 11 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |3
| [[Vizianagaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vizianagaram]]
| align="center" |None
| P. Sanyasi Raju<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 11 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |4
| [[Visakhapatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Visakhapatnam]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Daggubati Purandeswari]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 11 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |5
| [[Anakapalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anakapalli]]
| align="center" |None
| Gandi Venkata Satyanarayana<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 11 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |6
| [[Kakinada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kakinada]]
| align="center" |None
| Yalla Venkata Ramamohana Rao<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 11 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |7
| [[Amalapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amalapuram]]
| align="center" |SC
| Ayyaji Vema Manepalli<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 11 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |8
| [[Rajahmundry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajahmundry]]
| align="center" |None
| Satya Gopinath Dasparavasthu<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 11 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |9
| [[Narasapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Narasapuram]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Pydikondala Manikyala Rao]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |10
| [[Eluru (Lok Sabha constituency)|Eluru]]
| align="center" |None
| Chinnam Ramkotaya<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 11 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |11
| [[Machilipatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Machilipatnam]]
| align="center" |None
| Gudivaka Ramanjaneyulu<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 11 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |12
| [[Vijayawada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vijayawada]]
| align="center" |None
| Dilip Kumar Kilaru<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 11 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |13
| [[Guntur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guntur]]
| align="center" |None
| Valluru Jayaprakash Narayana<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 11 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |14
| [[Narasaraopet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Narasaraopet]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Kanna Lakshminarayana]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 11 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |15
| [[Bapatla (SC) (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bapatla]]
| align="center" |SC
| Challagali Kishore Kumar<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 11 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |16
| [[Ongole (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ongole]]
| align="center" |None
| Thogunta Srinivas<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 11 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |17
| [[Nandyal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandyal]]
| align="center" |None
| Adinarayana Inti<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 11 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |18
| [[Kurnool (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kurnool]]
| align="center" |None
| P. V. Parthasarathi<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 11 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |19
| [[Anantapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anantapur]]
| align="center" |None
| Hamsa Devineni<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 11 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |20
| [[Hindupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hindupur]]
| align="center" |None
| Pogala Venkata Parthasarathi<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 11 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |21
| [[Kadapa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kadapa]]
| align="center" |None
| Singareddy Ramchandra Reddy<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 11 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |22
| [[Nellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nellore]]
| align="center" |None
| Sannapareddy Suresh Reddy<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 11 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |23
| [[Tirupati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirupati]]
| align="center" |SC
| Bommi Srihari Rao<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 11 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |24
| [[Rajampet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajampet]]
| align="center" |None
| Pappireddi Maheswara Reddy<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 11 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |25
| [[Chittoor (SC) (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chittoor]]
| align="center" |SC
| Jayaram Duggani<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 11 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}

|}

== Arunachal Pradesh ==
[[File:Arunachal Pradesh NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png|thumb|224x224px|Arunachal Pradesh NDA]]
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (2) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1 || [[Arunachal West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal West]] || align="center" |None || [[Kiren Rijiju]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |2 || [[Arunachal East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal East]] || align="center" |None ||[[Tapir Gao]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
|}

==Assam ==
[[File:Assam NDA Seat Sharing colour coded.png|alt=|thumb|256x256px|Assam NDA]]
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (10) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#99CCFF|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]] (3) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#F2CEE0|[[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1
| [[Karimganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karimganj]]
| align="center" |SC
| [[Kripanath Mallah]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 18 April 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |2
| [[Silchar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Silchar]] || align="center" |None || [[Rajdeep Roy]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |3 || [[Autonomous District (Lok Sabha constituency)|Autonomous District]] || align="center" |ST || [[Horen Sing Bey]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |4 || [[Dhubri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhubri]] || align="center" |None || [[Zabed Islam]]<ref name="AGP">{{cite web | url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=mar2019/at057 | title=AGP finalises candidates for LS polls | publisher=Assam Tribune | date=19 March 2019 | accessdate=29 March 2019 | archive-date=20 March 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320133055/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=mar2019%2Fat057 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ||bgcolor=#99CCFF|
|[[Asom Gana Parishad]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |5 || [[Kokrajhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kokrajhar]] || align="center" |ST || [[Pramila Rani Brahma]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/news/btc-chief-formally-announced-pramila-rani-brahma-as-mp-candidate-from-kokrajhar-claims-absu-as-biggest-challenge/ | title=BTC Chief formally announced Pramila Rani Brahma as MP candidate from Kokrajhar, claims ABSU as biggest challenge | publisher=Sentinel Assam | date=12 March 2019 | accessdate=29 March 2019}}</ref> || bgcolor=#F2CEE0|
|[[Bodoland People's Front]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |6 ||[[Barpeta (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barpeta]] || align="center" |None || [[Kumar Deepak Das]]<ref name="AGP"/> ||bgcolor=#99CCFF|
|[[Asom Gana Parishad]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |7 || [[Gauhati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gauhati]] || align="center" |None || [[Queen Oja]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |8 || [[Mangaldoi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mangaldoi]] || align="center" |None || [[Dilip Saikia]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |9 || [[Tezpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tezpur]] || align="center" |None ||[[Pallab Lochan Das]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |10 || [[Nowgong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nowgong]] || align="center" |None ||[[Rupak Sharma]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |11 || [[Kaliabor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaliabor]] || align="center" |None
| Mani Madhav Mahanta<ref name="AGP"/> ||bgcolor=#99CCFF|
|[[Asom Gana Parishad]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |12 || [[Jorhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jorhat]] || align="center" |None || [[Topon Kumar Gogoi]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |13 || [[Dibrugarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dibrugarh]] || align="center" |None || [[Rameswar Teli]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |14 || [[Lakhimpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lakhimpur]] || align="center" |None || [[Pradan Baruah]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
|}

==Bihar ==

{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (17) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#1D3463|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] (17) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#0093DD|[[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]] (6) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1
| [[Valmiki Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Valmiki Nagar]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Baidyanath Prasad Mahto]]<ref name="Bihar">{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/bihar-lok-sabha-seats-list-2019-party-wise-list-of-candidates-contesting-from-40-constituencies/1519817/|title=Bihar candidate list 2019: Party-wise list of candidates contesting from 40 constituencies|date=27 March 2019|publisher=Financial Express|accessdate=29 March 2019}}</ref>
| style="color:inherit;background:#1D3463" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |2
| [[Paschim Champaran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Paschim Champaran]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Sanjay Jaiswal|Dr. Sanjay Jaiswal]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 12 May 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |3
| [[Purvi Champaran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purvi Champaran]]
| align="center" |None ||[[Radha Mohan Singh]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 12 May 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |4
| [[Sheohar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sheohar]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Rama Devi (Bihar politician)|Rama Devi]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 12 May 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |5
| [[Sitamarhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sitamarhi]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Sunil Kumar Pintu]]<ref name="Bihar"/>
| bgcolor=#1D3463|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| align="center" | 6 May 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |6
| [[Madhubani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhubani]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Ashok Kumar Yadav]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 6 May 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |7
| [[Jhanjharpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhanjharpur]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Ramprit Mandal]]<ref name="Bihar"/>
| bgcolor=#1D3463|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| align="center" | 23 April 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |8
| [[Supaul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Supaul]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Dileshwar Kamait]]<ref name="Bihar"/>
| bgcolor=#1D3463|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| align="center" | 23 April 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |9
| [[Araria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Araria]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Pradeep Kumar Singh]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 23 April 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |10
| [[Kishanganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kishanganj]]
| align="center" |None
| Mahmood Ashraf<ref name="Bihar"/>
| bgcolor=#1D3463|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| align="center" | 18 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |11
| [[Katihar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Katihar]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Dulal Chandra Goswami]]<ref name="Bihar"/>
| bgcolor=#1D3463|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| align="center" | 18 April 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |12
| [[Purnia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purnia]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Santosh Kumar (politician)|Santosh Kumar Kushwaha]]<ref name="Bihar"/>
| bgcolor=#1D3463|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| align="center" | 18 April 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |13
| [[Madhepura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhepura]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Dinesh Chandra Yadav (Indian politician)|Dinesh Chandra Yadav]]<ref name="Bihar"/>
| bgcolor=#1D3463|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| align="center" | 23 April 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |14
| [[Darbhanga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darbhanga]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Gopal Jee Thakur]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 29 April 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |15
| [[Muzaffarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muzaffarpur]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Ajay Nishad]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 6 May 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |16
| [[Vaishali (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vaishali]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Veena Devi]]<ref name="Bihar"/>
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| align="center" | 12 May 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |17
| [[Gopalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gopalganj]]
| align="center" |SC
|Dr. [[Alok Kumar Suman]]<ref name="Bihar"/>
| bgcolor=#1D3463|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| align="center" | 12 May 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |18
| [[Siwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Siwan]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Kavita Singh (Bihar politician)|Kavita Singh]]<ref name="Bihar"/>
| bgcolor=#1D3463|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| align="center" | 12 May 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |19
| [[Maharajganj (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)|Maharajganj]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Janardan Singh Sigriwal]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 12 May 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |20
| [[Saran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saran]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 6 May 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |21
| [[Hajipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hajipur]]
| align="center" |SC
| [[Pashupati Kumar Paras]]<ref name="Bihar"/>
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| align="center" | 6 May 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |22
| [[Ujiarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ujiarpur]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Nityanand Rai]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 29 April 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |23
| [[Samastipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Samastipur]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Ram Chandra Paswan]]<ref name="Bihar"/>
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| align="center" | 29 April 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |24
| [[Begusarai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Begusarai]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Giriraj Singh]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 29 April 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |25
| [[Khagaria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khagaria]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Mehboob Ali Kaiser]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/bihar/news/ljp-retains-mehboob-ali-kaiser-from-khagaria/articleshow/68585550.cms | title=Lok Sabha elections: LJP retains Mehboob Ali Kaiser from Khagaria | publisher=Times of India | date=27 March 2019 | accessdate=29 March 2019 | author=Singh, Abhay}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| align="center" | 23 April 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |26
| [[Bhagalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhagalpur]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Ajay Kumar Mandal]]<ref name="Bihar"/>
| bgcolor=#1D3463|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| align="center" | 18 April 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |27
| [[Banka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banka]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Giridhari Yadav]]<ref name="Bihar"/>
| bgcolor=#1D3463|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| align="center" | 18 April 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |28
| [[Munger (Lok Sabha constituency)|Munger]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Lalan Singh]]<ref name="Bihar"/>
| bgcolor=#1D3463|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| align="center" | 29 April 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |29
| [[Nalanda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalanda]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Kaushalendra Kumar]]<ref name="Bihar"/>
| bgcolor=#1D3463|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| align="center" | 19 May 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |30
| [[Patna Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patna Sahib]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 19 May 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |31
| [[Pataliputra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pataliputra]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Ram Kripal Yadav]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 19 May 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |32
| [[Arrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arrah]]
| align="center" |None
| [[R. K. Singh|Raj Kumar Singh]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 19 May 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |33
| [[Buxar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Buxar]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Ashwini Kumar Choubey]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 19 May 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |34
| [[Sasaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sasaram]]
| align="center" |SC
| [[Chhedi Paswan]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 19 May 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |35
| [[Karakat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karakat]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Mahabali Singh]]<ref name="Bihar"/>
| bgcolor=#1D3463|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| align="center" | 19 May 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |36
| [[Jahanabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jahanabad]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Chandeshwar Prasad]]<ref name="Bihar"/>
| bgcolor=#1D3463|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| align="center" | 19 May 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |37
| [[Aurangabad (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Sushil Kumar Singh (politician)|Sushil Kumar Singh]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 11 April 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |38
| [[Gaya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gaya]]
| align="center" |SC
| [[Vijay Kumar Manjhi]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/photo-gallery-bjp-jdu-and-ljp-announce-lok-sabha-candidates-in-bihar-complete-list-major-takeaways-2732305/sitting-bjp-mps-dropped-2732308 | title=BJP, JD(U) and LJP announce Lok Sabha candidates in Bihar: Complete list, major takeaways | work=Daily News and Analysis | date=23 March 2019 | accessdate=29 March 2019}}</ref>
| bgcolor=#1D3463|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| align="center" | 11 April 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |39
| [[Nawada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nawada]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Chandan Singh (politician)|Chandan Kumar]]<ref name="Bihar"/>
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| align="center" | 11 April 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |40
| [[Jamui (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamui]]
| align="center" |SC
| [[Chirag Paswan]]<ref name="Bihar"/>
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| align="center" | 11 April 2019
| align="center" {{won}}

|}

== Chhattisgarh ==
[[File:Chhattisgarh NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png|thumb|Chhattisgarh NDA |231x231px]]
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (11) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1
| [[Sarguja (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sarguja]]
| align="center" |ST
| [[Renuka Singh (politician)|Renuka Singh]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 23 April 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |2
| [[Raigarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raigarh]]
| align="center" |ST
| [[Gomtee Sai]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 23 April 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |3
| [[Janjgir (Lok Sabha constituency)|Janjgir]]
| align="center" |SC
| [[Guharam Ajgalle]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 23 April 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |4
| [[Korba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Korba]]
| align="center" |None
| Jyotinand Dubey<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 23 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |5
| [[Bilaspur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bilaspur]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Arun Sao]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 23 April 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |6
| [[Rajnandgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajnandgaon]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Santosh Pandey (BJP)|Santosh Pandey]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 18 April 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |7
| [[Durg (Lok Sabha constituency)|Durg]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Vijay Baghel]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 23 April 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |8
| [[Raipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raipur]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Sunil Soni]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 23 April 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |9
| [[Mahasamund (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahasamund]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Chunnilal Sahu]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 18 April 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |10
| [[Bastar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bastar]]
| align="center" |ST
| Baiduram Kashyap<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 11 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |11
| [[Kanker (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanker]]
| align="center" |ST
| [[Mohan Mandavi]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 18 April 2019
| align="center" {{won}}

|}

== Goa ==
[[File:Goa NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png|thumb|171x171px|Goa NDA]]
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (2) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1
| [[North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Goa]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Shripad Naik]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 23 April 2019
| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |2
| [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Goa]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Narendra Keshav Sawaikar]]<ref name="List1to9"/>
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 23 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}

|}

==Gujarat ==
[[File:Gujarat NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png|thumb|258x258px|Gujarat NDA]]
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (26) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1 || [[Kachchh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kachchh]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Vinodbhai Chavda]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |2 || [[Banaskantha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banaskantha]] || align="center" |None ||[[Parbatbhai Patel]]<ref name="Guj">{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/bjp-drops-three-mps-in-gujarat-list/article26656474.ece | title=BJP drops three MPs in Gujarat list | work=The Hindu | date=27 March 2019 | accessdate=29 March 2019}}</ref> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |3 || [[Patan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patan]] || align="center" |None ||[[Bharatsinhji Dabhi|Bharatsinhji Dabhi Thakor]]<ref name="GJ2">{{cite web | url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/bjp-declares-candidates-for-4-ls-seats/articleshow/68661610.cms | title=BJP declares candidates for 4 LS seats | publisher=Ahmedabad Mirror | date=1 April 2019 | accessdate=8 April 2019}}</ref> || bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |4 || [[Mahesana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahesana]] || align="center" |None ||[[Shardaben Patel]]<ref name="GJ1">{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bjp-declares-two-more-lok-sabha-candidates-in-gujarat-119040201278_1.html | title=BJP declares two more Lok Sabha candidates in Gujarat | publisher=Business Standard | date=2 April 2019 | accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |5 || [[Sabarkantha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sabarkantha]] || align="center" |None || [[Dipsinh Shankarsinh Rathod|Dipsinh Rathod]]<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |6 || [[Gandhinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gandhinagar]] || align="center" |None || [[Amit Shah]]<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |7 || [[Ahmedabad East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ahmedabad East]] || align="center" |None ||[[Hasmukh Patel (politician)|Hasmukh Patel]]<ref name="GJ3">{{cite web | url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/bjp-cong-pull-rabbit-out-of-hat/articleshow/68729817.cms | title=BJP, Cong pull rabbit out of hat | publisher=Ahmedabad Mirror | date=5 April 2019 | accessdate=8 April 2019 | author=Nikunj Soni and Alok Brahmbhatt}}</ref>|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |8 || [[Ahmedabad West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ahmedabad West]] || align="center" |SC || [[Kirit Premjibhai Solanki|Kirit Solanki]]<ref name="GJ3"/>||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |9 || [[Surendranagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surendranagar]] || align="center" |None ||[[Mahendra Munjapara]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |10 || [[Rajkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajkot]] || align="center" |None || [[Mohan Kundariya]]<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |11 || [[Porbandar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Porbandar]] || align="center" |None ||[[Rameshbhai Dhaduk]]<ref name="Guj"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |12 || [[Jamnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamnagar]] || align="center" |None || [[Poonamben Maadam]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |13 || [[Junagadh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Junagadh]] || align="center" |None ||[[Rajesh Chudasama]]<ref name="GJ2"/> || bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |14 || [[Amreli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amreli]] || align="center" |None || [[Naranbhai Kachhadia]]<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |15 || [[Bhavnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhavnagar]] || align="center" |None || [[Bharti Shiyal]]<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |16 || [[Anand (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anand]] || align="center" |None ||[[Miteshbhai Patel]]<ref name="GJ2"/>|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |17 || [[Kheda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kheda]] || align="center" |None || [[Devusinh Jesingbhai Chauhan|Devusinh Chauhan]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |18 || [[Panchmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panchmahal]] || align="center" |None ||[[Ratansinh Rathod]]<ref name="Guj"/> || bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |19 || [[Dahod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dahod]] || align="center" |ST || [[Jasvantsinh Sumanbhai Bhabhor|Jasvantsinh Bhabhor]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |20 || [[Vadodara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vadodara]] || align="center" |None || [[Ranjanben Dhananjay Bhatt|Ranjanben Bhatt]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |21 || [[Chhota Udaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chhota Udaipur]] || align="center" |ST ||[[Gitaben Rathva]]<ref name="GJ2"/> || bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |22 || [[Bharuch (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bharuch]] || align="center" |None || [[Mansukhbhai Vasava]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |23 || [[Bardoli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardoli]] || align="center" |ST || [[Parbhubhai Vasava]]<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |24 || [[Surat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surat]] || align="center" |None ||[[Darshana Jardosh]]<ref name="GJ1"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |25 || [[Navsari (Lok Sabha constituency)|Navsari]] || align="center" |None || [[C. R. Patil]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |26 || [[Valsad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Valsad]] || align="center" |ST || Dr. [[K C Patel]]<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
|}

== Haryana ==
[[File:Haryana NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png|thumb|219x219px|Haryana NDA]]
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (10) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1 || [[Ambala (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ambala]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Rattan Lal Kataria]]<ref name="HR1">{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lok-sabha-election-2019-bjp-names-8-candidates-for-haryana-2019158 | title=5 Lawmakers Retained As BJP Names 8 Candidates For Haryana | publisher=NDTV | date=7 April 2019 | accessdate=8 April 2019}}</ref> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |2 || [[Kurukshetra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kurukshetra]] || align="center" |None ||[[Nayab Singh|Nayab Singh Saini]]<ref name="HR1"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |3 || [[Sirsa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sirsa]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Sunita Duggal|Suneeta Duggal]]<ref name="HR1"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |4 || [[Hisar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hisar]] || align="center" |None ||[[Brijendra Singh (BJP politician)|Brijendra Singh]]||bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |5 || [[Karnal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karnal]] || align="center" |None ||[[Sanjay Bhatia]]<ref name="HR1"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |6 || [[Sonipat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sonipat]] || align="center" |None ||[[Ramesh Chander Kaushik]]<ref name="HR1"/> || bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |7 || [[Rohtak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rohtak]] || align="center" |None ||[[Arvind Kumar Sharma]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |8 || [[Bhiwani–Mahendragarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhiwani–Mahendragarh]] || align="center" |None ||[[Dharambir Singh Chaudhary|Dharmvir Singh]]<ref name="HR1"/> || bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |9 || [[Gurgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gurgaon]] || align="center" |None ||[[Rao Inderjit Singh]]<ref name="HR1"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |10 || [[Faridabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridabad]] || align="center" |None ||[[Krishan Pal Gurjar]]<ref name="HR1"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
|}

==Himachal Pradesh ==
[[File:Himachal Pradesh NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png|thumb|184x184px|Himachal Pradesh NDA]]
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (4) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1 || [[Kangra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kangra]] || align="center" |None ||[[Kishan Kapoor]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |2 || [[Mandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandi]] || align="center" |None ||[[Ram Swaroop Sharma]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |3 || [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hamirpur]] || align="center" |None ||[[Anurag Thakur]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |4 || [[Shimla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shimla]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Suresh Kumar Kashyap|Suresh Kashyap]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
|}

==Jammu and Kashmir ==
[[File:Jammu & Kashmir NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png|thumb|216x216px|Jammu & Kashmir NDA]]
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (6) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1|| [[Baramulla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramulla]] || align="center" |None ||M. M. War<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |2 || [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar]] || align="center" |None || Khalid Jehangir<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |3 || [[Anantnag (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anantnag]] || align="center" |None || Sofi Youssaf<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April, 29 April, 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |4 || [[Ladakh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ladakh]] || align="center" |None ||[[Jamyang Tsering Namgyal]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |5 || [[Udhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udhampur]] || align="center" |None || [[Jitendra Singh (BJP politician)|Jitendra Singh]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |6 || [[Jammu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jammu]] || align="center" |None || [[Jugal Kishore Sharma]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019|| align="center" {{won}}
|-
|}

==Jharkhand ==
[[File:Jharkhand NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png|alt=|thumb|229x229px|Jharkhand NDA]]
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (13) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FF33FF|[[All Jharkhand Students Union|AJSU]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1|| [[Rajmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajmahal]] || align="center" |ST ||[[Hemlal Murmu]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |2 || [[Dumka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dumka]] || align="center" |ST ||[[Sunil Soren]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |3 || [[Godda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Godda]] || align="center" |None ||[[Nishikant Dubey]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |4 || [[Chatra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chatra]] || align="center" |None ||[[Sunil Kumar Singh (Jharkhand politician)|Sunil Kumar Singh]]<ref name="JH1">{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/jharkhand/news/sanjay-seth-is-bjp-candidate-from-ranchi-annapurna-from-koderma/articleshow/68757154.cms? | title=Sanjay Seth is BJP candidate from Ranchi, Annapurna from Koderma | publisher=Times of India | date=7 April 2019 | accessdate=8 April 2019}}</ref> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |5 || [[Kodarma (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kodarma]] || align="center" |None ||[[Annapurna Devi Yadav]]<ref name="JH1"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |6 || [[Giridih (Lok Sabha constituency)|Giridih]] || align="center" |None ||[[Chandra Prakash Choudhary|Chandra Prakash Chaudhary]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/chandraprakash-choudhary-to-be-ajsu-candidate-for-giridih-seat-119032500673_1.html | title=Chandraprakash Choudhary to be Ajsu candidate for Giridih seat | publisher=Business Standard | date=25 March 2019 | accessdate=29 March 2019}}</ref> ||bgcolor=#FF33FF|
|[[All Jharkhand Students Union]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |7 || [[Dhanbad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhanbad]] || align="center" |None ||[[Pashupati Nath Singh]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |8 || [[Ranchi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]] || align="center" |None ||[[Sanjay Seth (Politician)|Sanjay Seth]]<ref name="JH1"/> || bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |9 || [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur]] || align="center" |None ||[[Bidyut Baran Mahato]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |10 || [[Singhbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Singhbhum]] || align="center" |ST ||[[Laxman Giluwa]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |11 || [[Khunti (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khunti]] || align="center" |ST ||[[Arjun Munda]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |12 || [[Lohardaga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga]] || align="center" |ST ||[[Sudarshan Bhagat]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |13 || [[Palamau (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palamau]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Vishnu Dayal Ram]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |14 || [[Hazaribagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hazaribagh]] || align="center" |None ||[[Jayant Sinha]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
|}

==Karnataka ==
[[File:Karnataka NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png|alt=|thumb|291x291px|Karnataka NDA]]
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (27) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#DDDDDD|[[Independent politician|Independent]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1 || [[Chikkodi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikkodi]] || align="center" |None ||[[Annasaheb Jolle]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |2 || [[Belagavi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Belagavi]] || align="center" |None ||[[Suresh Angadi]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |3 || [[Bagalkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bagalkot]] || align="center" |None ||[[P. C. Gaddigoudar]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |4 || [[Bijapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijapur]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Ramesh Chandappa Jigajinagi]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |5 || [[Gulbarga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kalaburagi]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Umesh. G. Jadhav]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |6 || [[Raichur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raichur]] || align="center" |ST ||[[Raja Amresh Nayak]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |7 || [[Bidar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bidar]] || align="center" |None ||[[Bhagwanth Khuba]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |8 || [[Koppal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Koppal]] || align="center" |None ||[[Karadi Sanganna Amarappa]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |9 || [[Bellary (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bellary]] || align="center" |ST || [[Devendrappa]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |10 || [[Haveri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Haveri]] || align="center" |None ||[[Shivkumar Chanabasappa Udasi]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |11 || [[Dharwad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharwad]] || align="center" |None ||[[Pralhad Joshi]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |12 || [[Uttara Kannada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uttara Kannada]] || align="center" |None ||[[Anant Kumar Hegde]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |13 || [[Davangere (Lok Sabha constituency)|Davanagere]] || align="center" |None ||[[G. M. Siddeshwara]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |14 || [[Shimoga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shimoga]] || align="center" |None ||[[B. Y. Raghavendra]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |15 || [[Udupi Chikmagalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udupi Chikmagalur]] || align="center" |None ||[[Shobha Karandlaje]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |16 || [[Hassan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hassan]] || align="center" |None ||[[A. Manju]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |17 || [[Dakshina Kannada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dakshina Kannada]] || align="center" |None ||[[Nalin Kumar Kateel]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |18 || [[Chitradurga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chitradurga]] || align="center" |SC ||[[A. Narayana Swamy]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |19 || [[Tumkur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tumkur]] || align="center" |None ||[[G. S. Basavaraj]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |20 || [[Mandya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandya]] || align="center" |None ||[[Sumalatha]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |21 || [[Mysore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mysore]] || align="center" |None ||[[Pratap Simha]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |22 || [[Chamarajanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chamarajanagar]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Srinivasa Prasad]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |23 || [[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]] || align="center" |None
|Ashwathnarayan Gowda<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |24 || [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]] || align="center" |None ||[[D. V. Sadananda Gowda]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |25 || [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]] || align="center" |None ||[[P. C. Mohan]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |26 || [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]] || align="center" |None ||[[L. S. Tejaswi Surya]]<ref name="List1to9"/>|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |27 || [[Chikballapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikballapur]] || align="center" |None ||[[B. N. Bache Gowda]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |28 || [[Kolar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolar]] || align="center" |SC ||[[S. Muniswamy]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|}

== Kerala ==
[[File:Kerala NDA Seat Sharing Arrangement Colour Coded.png|alt=|thumb|329x329px|Kerala NDA]]
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (15) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFF00|[[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|BDJS]] (4) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#CC6600|[[Kerala Congress (Thomas)|KC(T)]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1
| [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasaragod]]
| align="center" |None
| Raveesh Thanthri Kuntar<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 23 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |2
| [[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannur]]
| align="center" |None
| C. K. Padmanabhan<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 23 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |3
| [[Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vatakara]] || align="center" |None ||V. K. Sajeevan<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |4 || [[Wayanad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Wayanad]] || align="center" |None ||Thushar Vellapally|| bgcolor="#FFFF00" |
|[[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |5 || [[Kozhikode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kozhikode]] || align="center" |None ||K. P. Prakash Babu<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |6 || [[Malappuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malappuram]] || align="center" |None
| Unnikrishnan Master<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |7 || [[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]] || align="center" |None
| V. T. Rema<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |8 || [[Palakkad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palakkad]] || align="center" |None
| C Krishna Kumar<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |9 || [[Alathur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alathur]] || align="center" |SC ||T. V. Babu<ref name="Ker">{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/bdjs-candidates-for-3-seats/article26646720.ece | title=BDJS candidates for 3 seats | work=The Hindu | date=27 March 2019 | accessdate=29 March 2019}}</ref> ||bgcolor=#FFFF00|
|[[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |10 || [[Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency|Thrissur]] || align="center" |None ||[[Suresh Gopi]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |11 || [[Chalakudy (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chalakudy]] || align="center" |None ||A. N. Radhakrishnan<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |12 || [[Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ernakulam]] || align="center" |None || [[Alphons Kannanthanam]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |13 || [[Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Idukki]] || align="center" |None ||Biju Krishnan<ref name="Ker"/> ||bgcolor=#FFFF00|
|[[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |14 || [[Kottayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kottayam]] || align="center" |None || [[P. C. Thomas]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/mar/24/will-repeat-muvattupuzha-win-1954939.html | title='Will repeat Muvattupuzha win'- P C Thomas | publisher=Indian Express | date=24 March 2019 | access-date=29 March 2019}}</ref> ||bgcolor=#CC6600|
|[[Kerala Congress (Thomas)]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |15
| [[Alappuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alappuzha]]
| align="center" |None
| K. S. Radhakrishnan<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 23 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |16 || [[Mavelikara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mavelikara]] || align="center" |SC ||Thazhava Sahadevan<ref name="Ker"/> ||bgcolor=#FFFF00|
|[[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |17 || [[Pathanamthitta (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pathanamthitta]] || align="center" |None
|K. Surendran<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |18 || [[Kollam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kollam]] || align="center" |None || K. V. Sabu<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |19 || [[Attingal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Attingal]] || align="center" |None ||Shobha Surendran<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |20 || [[Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]] || align="center" |None || [[Kummanam Rajasekharan]]<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|}

==Madhya Pradesh ==
[[File:Madhya Pradesh NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png|thumb|284x284px|Madhya Pradesh NDA]]
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (29) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1 || [[Morena (Lok Sabha constituency)|Morena]] || align="center" |None ||[[Narendra Singh Tomar]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |2 || [[Bhind (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhind]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Sandhya Rai]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |3 || [[Gwalior (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gwalior]] || align="center" |None ||[[Vivek Sejwalker]]||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |4 || [[Guna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guna]] || align="center" |None ||[[K.P. Yadav]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |5 || [[Sagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sagar]] || align="center" |None ||[[Raj Bahadur Singh]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |6 || [[Tikamgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tikamgarh]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Virendra Kumar Khatik]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |7 || [[Damoh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Damoh]] || align="center" |None ||[[Prahlad Singh Patel]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |8 || [[Khajuraho (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khajuraho]] || align="center" |None ||[[V. D. Sharma|Vishnu Datt Sharma]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |9 || [[Satna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satna]] || align="center" |None ||[[Ganesh Singh]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |10 || [[Rewa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rewa]] || align="center" |None ||[[Janardan Mishra]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |11 || [[Sidhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sidhi]] || align="center" |None ||[[Riti Pathak]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |12 || [[Shahdol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shahdol]] || align="center" |ST ||[[Himadri Singh]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |13 || [[Jabalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jabalpur]] || align="center" |None ||[[Rakesh Singh (politician)|Rakesh Singh]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |14 || [[Mandla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandla]] || align="center" |ST ||[[Faggan Singh Kulaste]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |15 || [[Balaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balaghat]] || align="center" |None ||[[Dhal Singh Bisen]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |16 || [[Chhindwara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chhindwara]] || align="center" |None ||Natthan Shah||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |17 || [[Hoshangabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoshangabad]] || align="center" |None ||[[Uday Pratap Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Rao Uday Pratap Singh]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |18 || [[Vidisha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vidisha]] || align="center" |None ||[[Ramakant Bhargav]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |19 || [[Bhopal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhopal]] || align="center" |None ||[[Sadhvi Pragya]] || bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |20 || [[Rajgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajgarh]] || align="center" |None ||[[Rodmal Nagar]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |21 || [[Dewas (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dewas]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Mahendra Solanki]]||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |22 || [[Ujjain (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ujjain]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Anil Firojiya]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |23 || [[Mandsaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandsaur]] || align="center" |None ||[[Sudhir Gupta]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |24 || [[Ratlam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ratlam]] || align="center" |ST ||[[Guman Singh Damor|G S Damor]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |25 || [[Dhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhar]] || align="center" |ST ||[[Chhatar Singh Darbar]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |26 || [[Indore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Indore]] || align="center" |None ||[[Shankar Lalwani]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |27 || [[Khargone (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khargone]] || align="center" |ST ||[[Gajendra Patel]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |28 || [[Khandwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khandwa]] || align="center" |None ||[[Nandkumar Singh Chauhan|Nand Kumar Singh Chouhan]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |29 || [[Betul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Betul]] || align="center" |ST ||[[Durgadas Uike]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
|}

==Maharashtra ==
[[2019 Indian general election in Maharashtra|2019 Indian general election Maharashtra]]
[[File:Maharashtra NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png|alt=|thumb|348x348px|Maharashtra NDA]]
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (25) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FF6634|[[Shiv Sena|SS]] (23) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1 || [[Nandurbar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandurbar]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Heena Gavit]]<ref name="MH1">{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/four-women-candidates-get-bjp-tickets-in-north-maharashtra/articleshow/68540491.cms | title=Four women candidates get BJP tickets in north Maharashtra | publisher=Times of India | date=24 March 2019 | accessdate=28 March 2019}}</ref> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |2 || [[Dhule (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhule]] || align="center" |None ||[[Subhash Bhamre]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |3 || [[Jalgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalgaon]] || align="center" |None ||[[Unmesh Patil]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lok-sabha-elections-2019-bjp-changes-maharashtras-jalgaon-candidate-unmesh-patil-replaces-smita-wagh-2017979 | title=BJP Changes Jalgaon Candidate, Unmesh Patil Replaces Smita Wagh | publisher=NDTV | date=4 April 2019 | accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |4 || [[Raver (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raver]] || align="center" |None ||[[Raksha Khadse]]<ref name="MH1"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |5 || [[Buldhana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Buldhana]] || align="center" |None ||[[Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav]]<ref name="SS">{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/shiv-sena-announces-21-ls-candidates-for-maharashtra-119032200618_1.html | title=Shiv Sena announces 21 LS candidates for Maharashtra | publisher=Business Standard | date=22 March 2019 | accessdate=29 March 2019}}</ref>||bgcolor=#FF6634|
|[[Shiv Sena]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |6 || [[Akola (Lok Sabha constituency)|Akola]] || align="center" |None || [[Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |7 || [[Amravati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amravati]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Anandrao Adsul]]<ref name="SS"/> ||bgcolor=#FF6634|
|[[Shiv Sena]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |8 || [[Wardha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Wardha]] || align="center" |None || [[Ramdas Chandrabhanji Tadas]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |9 || [[Ramtek (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramtek]] || align="center" |SC || [[Krupal Tumane]]<ref name="SS"/> ||bgcolor=#FF6634|
|[[Shiv Sena]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |10 || [[Nagpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagpur]] || align="center" |None || [[Nitin Jairam Gadkari]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |11 || [[Bhandara–Gondiya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhandara–Gondia]] || align="center" |None ||[[Sunil Baburao Mendhe]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |12 || [[Gadchiroli–Chimur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gadchiroli–Chimur]] || align="center" |ST || [[Ashok Mahadeorao Nete]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |13 || [[Chandrapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandrapur]] || align="center" |None || [[Hansraj Gangaram Ahir]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |14 || [[Yavatmal–Washim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Yavatmal–Washim]] || align="center" |None ||[[Bhavana Gawali]]<ref name="SS"/> ||bgcolor=#FF6634|
|[[Shiv Sena]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |15 || [[Hingoli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hingoli]] || align="center" |None ||[[Hemant Sriram Patil]]<ref name="SS"/> ||bgcolor=#FF6634|
|[[Shiv Sena]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |16 || [[Nanded (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nanded]] || align="center" |None ||[[Prataprao Govindrao Chikhalikar]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |17 || [[Parbhani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Parbhani]] || align="center" |None ||[[Sanjay Haribhau Jadhav]]<ref name="SS"/> ||bgcolor=#FF6634|
|[[Shiv Sena]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |18 || [[Jalna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalna]] || align="center" |None ||[[Raosaheb Danve]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |19 || [[Aurangabad (Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]] || align="center" |None ||[[Chandrakant Khaire]]<ref name="SS"/> ||bgcolor=#FF6634|
|[[Shiv Sena]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |20 || [[Dindori (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dindori]] || align="center" |ST || Dr. [[Bharati Pawar]]<ref name="MH1"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |21 || [[Nashik (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nashik]] || align="center" |None ||[[Hemant Godse]]<ref name="SS"/> ||bgcolor=#FF6634|
|[[Shiv Sena]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |22 || [[Palghar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palghar]] || align="center" |ST ||[[Rajendra Gavit]]<ref name="MH2"/>||bgcolor=#FF6634|
|[[Shiv Sena]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |23 || [[Bhiwandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhiwandi]] || align="center" |None || [[Kapil Moreshwar Patil]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |24 || [[Kalyan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kalyan]] || align="center" |None ||[[Shrikant Shinde]]<ref name="SS"/> ||bgcolor=#FF6634|
|[[Shiv Sena]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |25 || [[Thane (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thane]] || align="center" |None ||[[Rajan Vichare]]<ref name="SS"/> ||bgcolor=#FF6634|
|[[Shiv Sena]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |26 || [[Mumbai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North]] || align="center" |None || [[Gopal Chinayya Shetty]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |27 || [[Mumbai North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North West]] || align="center" |None ||[[Gajanan Kirtikar]]<ref name="SS"/> ||bgcolor=#FF6634|
|[[Shiv Sena]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |28 || [[Mumbai North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North East]] || align="center" |None ||[[Manoj Kotak]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/bjp-drops-motor-mouth-kirit-somaiya-fields-councillor-manoj-kotak-in-mumbai-north-east-1493273-2019-04-03 | title=BJP drops motor mouth Kirit Somaiya, fields councillor Manoj Kotak in Mumbai North East | publisher=India Today | date=3 April 2019 | accessdate=4 April 2019 | author=Tare, Kiran}}</ref> || bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |29 || [[Mumbai North Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North Central]] || align="center" |None || [[Poonam Mahajan]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |30 || [[Mumbai South Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai South Central]] || align="center" |None ||[[Rahul Shewale]]<ref name="SS"/> ||bgcolor=#FF6634|
|[[Shiv Sena]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |31 || [[Mumbai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai South]] || align="center" |None ||[[Arvind Sawant]]<ref name="SS"/> ||bgcolor=#FF6634|
|[[Shiv Sena]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |32 || [[Raigad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raigad]] || align="center" |None ||[[Anant Geete]]<ref name="SS"/> ||bgcolor=#FF6634|
|[[Shiv Sena]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |33 || [[Maval (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maval]] || align="center" |None ||[[Shrirang Barne]]<ref name="SS"/> ||bgcolor=#FF6634|
|[[Shiv Sena]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |34 || [[Pune (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pune]] || align="center" |None ||[[Girish Bapat]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |35 || [[Baramati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramati]] || align="center" |None || [[Kanchan Rahul Kul]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |36 || [[Shirur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shirur]] || align="center" |None ||[[Shivajirao Adhalarao Patil]]<ref name="SS"/> ||bgcolor=#FF6634|
|[[Shiv Sena]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |37 || [[Ahmednagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ahmednagar]] || align="center" |None || [[Sujay Vikhe Patil]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |38 || [[Shirdi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shirdi]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Sadashiv Lokhande]]<ref name="SS"/> ||bgcolor=#FF6634|
|[[Shiv Sena]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |39 || [[Beed (Lok Sabha constituency)|Beed]] || align="center" |None ||[[Pritam Munde]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |40 || [[Osmanabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Osmanabad]] || align="center" |None || [[Omraje Nimbalkar]]<ref name="SS"/> ||bgcolor=#FF6634|
|[[Shiv Sena]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |41 || [[Latur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Latur]] || align="center" |SC || [[Sudhakar Bhalerao Shrungare]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |42 || [[Solapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Solapur]] || align="center" |SC || Dr. [[Jaisidhesvar Swami]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |43 || [[Madha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madha]] || align="center" |None ||[[Ranjit Naik-Nimbalkar]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/former-congress-leader-ranjitsinh-naik-nimbalkar-is-bjp-candidate-for-madha/article26673969.ece | title=Former Congress leader Ranjitsinh Naik-Nimbalkar is BJP candidate for Madha | work=The Hindu | date=29 March 2019 | accessdate=4 April 2019 | author=Banerjee, Shoumojit}}</ref> || bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |44 || [[Sangli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangli]] || align="center" |None ||[[Sanjaykaka Patil]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |45 || [[Satara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satara]] || align="center" |None ||[[Narendra Patil]]<ref name="MH2">{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/rajendra-gavit-joins-shiv-sena-will-contest-from-palghar/article26646835.ece | title=Rajendra Gavit joins Shiv Sena, will contest from Palghar | work=The Hindu | date=27 March 2019 | accessdate=29 March 2019 | author=Deshpande, Tanvi}}</ref> ||bgcolor=#FF6634|
|[[Shiv Sena]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |46 || [[Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg]] || align="center" |None ||[[Vinayak Raut]]<ref name="SS"/> ||bgcolor=#FF6634|
|[[Shiv Sena]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |47 || [[Kolhapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolhapur]] || align="center" |None ||[[Sanjay Mandlik]]<ref name="SS"/> ||bgcolor=#FF6634|
|[[Shiv Sena]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |48 || [[Hatkanangle (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hatkanangle]] || align="center" |None || [[Dhairyashil Mane]]<ref name="SS"/> ||bgcolor=#FF6634|
|[[Shiv Sena]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
|}

== Manipur ==
[[File:Manipur NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png|thumb|136x136px|Manipur NDA]]
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (2) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1 || [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]] || align="center" |None || [[Rajkumar Ranjan Singh|R. K. Ranjan Singh]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |2 || [[Outer Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Manipur]] || align="center" |ST || [[H. Shokhopao Mate]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
|}

== Meghalaya ==
[[File:Meghalaya NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png|thumb|202x202px|Meghalaya NDA]]
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (2) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

''Note: NDA member [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] won in Tura, although there was no pre-poll alliance.''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1 || [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong]] || align="center" |ST || [[Sanbor Shullai]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |2 || [[Tura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tura]] || align="center" |ST || [[Rikman G. Momin]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" |11 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
|}

==Mizoram ==
[[File:Mizoram NDA Seat-Sharing Colour Coded.png|thumb|124x124px|Mizoram NDA]]
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

''Note: NDA member [[Mizo National Front]] won, although there was no pre-poll alliance.''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1 || [[Mizoram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mizoram]] || align="center" |ST || [[Nirupam Chakma]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
|}

==Nagaland ==
[[File:Nagaland NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png|thumb|112x112px|Nagaland NDA]]
{{legend2|#FD4242|[[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|NDPP]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1 || [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]] || align="center" |None || [[Tokheho Yepthomi]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/nagaland-mp-ex-cm-file-nominations-for-ls-polls-119032200990_1.html | title=Nagaland MP, ex-CM file nominations for LS polls | publisher=Business Standard | date=22 March 2019 | accessdate=29 March 2019}}</ref> ||bgcolor=#FD4242|
|[[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
|}

==Odisha ==
[[File:Odisha NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png|thumb|234x234px|Odisha NDA]]
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (21) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1 || [[Bargarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bargarh]] || align="center" |None || [[Suresh Pujari]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |2 || [[Sundargarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sundargarh]] || align="center" |ST || [[Jual Oram]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |3 || [[Sambalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sambalpur]] || align="center" |None || [[Nitesh Ganga Deb]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |4 || [[Keonjhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Keonjhar]] || align="center" |ST || [[Ananta Nayak]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |5 || [[Mayurbhanj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayurbhanj]] || align="center" |ST ||[[Bishweswar Tudu]]<ref name="OR1"/> || bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |6 || [[Balasore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balasore]] || align="center" |None || [[Pratap Sarangi]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |7 || [[Bhadrak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhadrak]] || align="center" |SC ||Avimanyu Sethi<ref name="OR1">{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/bjp-names-3-ls-11-assembly-candidates-in-odisha-119040100470_1.html | title=BJP names 3 LS, 11 Assembly candidates in Odisha | publisher=Business Standard | date=1 April 2019 | accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref>|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |8 || [[Jajpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jajpur]] || align="center" |SC ||Amiya Kanta Mallick<ref name="OR1"/>|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |9 || [[Dhenkanal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhenkanal]] || align="center" |None || [[Rudra Narayan Pani]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |10 || [[Bolangir (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolangir]] || align="center" |None || [[Sangeeta Kumari Singh Deo]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |11 || [[Kalahandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kalahandi]] || align="center" |None ||[[Basanta Kumar Panda]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |12 || [[Nabarangpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nabarangpur]] || align="center" |ST || [[Balabhadra Majhi]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |13 || [[Kandhamal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kandhamal]] || align="center" |None ||[[M. A. Kharavela Swain]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |14 || [[Cuttack (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuttack]] || align="center" |None ||Prakash Mishra<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |15 || [[Kendrapara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kendrapara]] || align="center" |None || [[Baijayant Panda]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |16 || [[Jagatsinghpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jagatsinghpur]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Bibhu Prasad Tarai]]||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |17 || [[Puri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puri]] || align="center" |None ||[[Sambit Patra]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |18 || [[Bhubaneswar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhubaneswar]] || align="center" |None || [[Aparajita Sarangi]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |19 || [[Aska (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aska]] || align="center" |None ||Anita Subhadarshini<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |20 || [[Berhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampur]] || align="center" |None || [[Bhrugu Baxipatra]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |21 || [[Koraput (Lok Sabha constituency)|Koraput]] || align="center" |ST ||[[Jayaram Pangi]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
|}

==Punjab ==
[[File:Punjab NDA Seat Sharing.png|thumb|Punjab NDA |alt=|211x211px]]
{{legend2|#BD710F|[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]] (10) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (3) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1 || [[Gurdaspur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gurdaspur]] || align="center" |None ||[[Sunny Deol]]||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |2 || [[Amritsar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amritsar]] || align="center" |None ||[[Hardeep Singh Puri]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |3 || [[Khadoor Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khadoor Sahib]] || align="center" |None ||[[Bibi Jagir Kaur]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/shiromani-akali-dal-announces-first-candidate-for-lok-sabha-polls-in-punjab-1476261-2019-03-12 | title=SAD fields first candidate from Punjab for Lok Sabha elections | publisher=Indian Today | date=12 March 2019 | accessdate=2 April 2019}}</ref> ||bgcolor=#BD710F|
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |4 || [[Jalandhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalandhar]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Charanjit Singh Atwal]]<ref name="PJ1"/> ||bgcolor=#BD710F|
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |5 || [[Hoshiarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoshiarpur]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Som Parkash]]||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |6 || [[Anandpur Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anandpur Sahib]] || align="center" |None ||[[Prem Singh Chandumajra]]<ref name="PJ1">{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-shiromani-akali-dal-banks-on-old-warhorses-again/story-l5PkLtDxNCSqLQgCvtUNEM.html | title=Shiromani Akali Dal banks on old warhorses again | publisher=Hindustan Times | date=1 April 2019 | accessdate=2 April 2019}}</ref> || bgcolor="#BD710F" |
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |7 || [[Ludhiana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ludhiana]] || align="center" |None ||[[Maheshinder Singh]]|| bgcolor="#BD710F" |
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |8 || [[Fatehgarh Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Fatehgarh Sahib]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Darbara Singh Guru]]<ref name="PJ1"/> || bgcolor="#BD710F" |
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |9 || [[Faridkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridkot]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Gulzar Singh Ranike]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/gulzar-singh-ranike-is-sad-s-candidate-from-faridkot/754665.html | title=Ranike is SAD pick for crucial Faridkot seat | publisher=Tribune India | date=8 April 2019 | accessdate=9 April 2019 | author=Khanna, Ruchika}}</ref>|| bgcolor="#BD710F" |
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |10 || [[Firozpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Firozpur]] || align="center" |None ||[[Sukhbir Singh Badal]]||bgcolor=#BD710F|
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |11 || [[Bhatinda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bathinda]] || align="center" |None ||[[Harsimrat Kaur Badal]]||bgcolor=#BD710F|
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |12 || [[Sangrur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangrur]] || align="center" |None ||[[Parminder Singh Dhindsa]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/with-sad-bjp-leaders-in-tow-dhindsa-starts-campaign-in-sangrur/755171.html | title=With SAD-BJP leaders in tow, Dhindsa starts campaign in Sangrur | publisher=Tribune India | date=8 April 2019 | accessdate=9 April 2019 | author=Sharma, Parvesh}}</ref>|| bgcolor="#BD710F" |
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |13 || [[Patiala (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patiala]] || align="center" |None ||[[Surjit Singh Rakhra]]<ref name="PJ1"/> || bgcolor="#BD710F" |
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
|}

==Rajasthan ==
[[File:Rajasthan NDA Seat Sharing Modified.png|alt=|thumb|280x280px|Rajasthan NDA]]
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (24) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFF00|[[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party|RLP]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1 || [[Ganganagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ganganagar-Hanumangarh]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Nihalchand|Nihal Chand Chauhan]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |2 || [[Bikaner (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bikaner]] || align="center" |SC || [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |3 || [[Churu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Churu]] || align="center" |None ||[[Rahul Kaswan]]<ref name="RJ1"/> || bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |4 || [[Jhunjhunu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhunjhunu]] || align="center" |None || [[Narendra Kumar (politician)|Narendra Kumar]]<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |5 || [[Sikar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikar]] || align="center" |None || [[Sumedhanand Saraswati]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |6 || [[Jaipur Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaipur Rural]] || align="center" |None || [[Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |7 || [[Jaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaipur]] || align="center" |None || [[Ramcharan Bohra]]<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |8 || [[Alwar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alwar]] || align="center" |None ||[[Mahant Balaknath]]<ref name="RJ1"/> || bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |9 || [[Bharatpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bharatpur]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Ranjeeta Kohli]]||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |10 || [[Karauli–Dholpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karauli–Dholpur]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Manoj Rajoria]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |11 || [[Dausa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dausa]] || align="center" |ST ||[[Jaskaur Meena]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |12 || [[Tonk–Sawai Madhopur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tonk–Sawai Madhopur]] || align="center" |None || [[Sukhbir Singh Jaunapuria]]<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |13 || [[Ajmer (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ajmer]] || align="center" |None || [[Bhagirath Chaudhary]]<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |14 || [[Nagaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaur]] || align="center" |None ||[[Hanuman Beniwal]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/hanuman-beniwals-rashtriya-loktantrik-party-allies-with-bjp-in-rajasthan-to-contest-lok-sabha-election-from-nagaur-6386181.html | title=Hanuman Beniwal's Rashtriya Loktantrik Party allies with BJP in Rajasthan, to contest Lok Sabha election from Nagaur | publisher=First Post | date=4 April 2019 | accessdate=4 April 2019}}</ref> ||bgcolor=#FFFF00|
|[[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |15 || [[Pali (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pali]] || align="center" |None || | [[P. P. Chaudhary|Prem Prakash Chaudhary]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |16 || [[Jodhpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jodhpur]] || align="center" |None || [[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |17 || [[Barmer (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barmer-Jaisalmer]] || align="center" |None ||[[Kailash Choudhary]]||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |18 || [[Jalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalore-Sirohi]] || align="center" |None ||[[Devji Patel|Devji Mansinghram Patel]]<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |19 || [[Udaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udaipur]] || align="center" |ST || [[Arjunlal Meena]]<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |20 || [[Banswara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banswara-Dungarpur]] || align="center" |ST ||[[Kanak Mal Katara]]<ref name="RJ1">{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/bjp-names-3-candidates-in-second-list/articleshow/68638652.cms | title=Lok Sabha polls: BJP names 3 candidates in second list | work=The Times of India | date=30 March 2019 | accessdate=1 April 2019}}</ref> || bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |21 || [[Chittorgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chittorgarh-Pratapgarh]] || align="center" |None || [[Chandra Prakash Joshi]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |22 || [[Rajsamand (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajsamand]] || align="center" |None ||[[Diya Kumari]]||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |23 || [[Bhilwara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhilwara]] || align="center" |None || [[Subhash Chandra Baheria]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |24 || [[Kota (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kota-Bundi]] || align="center" |None || [[Om Birla]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |25 || [[Jhalawar–Baran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhalawar–Baran]] || align="center" |None || [[Dushyant Singh]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
|}

==Sikkim ==
[[File:Sikkim NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png|thumb|114x114px|Sikkim NDA]]
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1 || [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim]] || align="center" |None || [[Laten Tshering Sherpa]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
|}

== Tamil Nadu ==
[[File:Tamil Nadu NDA Seat Sharing.png|thumb|Tamil Nadu NDA |alt=|254x254px]]
{{legend2|#009900|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] (20) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFF00|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]] (7) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (5) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#808000|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]] (4) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#800080|[[Tamil Maanila Congress|TMC]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#99FF00|[[Puthiya Needhi Katchi|PNK]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#0000FF|[[Puthiya Tamilagam|PT]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1 || [[Thiruvallur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvallur]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Ponnusamy Venugopal]]<ref name="TN1">{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/full-list-candidates-aiadmk-bjp-alliance-tamil-nadu-ls-polls-98943 | title=Full list of candidates of AIADMK-BJP Alliance from Tamil Nadu | publisher=The News Minute | date=25 March 2019 | accessdate=1 April 2019}}</ref> ||bgcolor=#009900|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |2 || [[Chennai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai North]] || align="center" |None ||[[R. Mohan Raj]]<ref name="TN1"/> ||bgcolor=#808000|
|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |3 || [[Chennai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai South]] || align="center" |None ||[[J. Jayavardhan]]<ref name="TN1"/> ||bgcolor=#009900|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |4 || [[Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai Central]] || align="center" |None || [[Sam Paul (entrepreneur)|Sam Paul. S.R.]]<ref name="TN1"/> ||bgcolor=#FFFF00|
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |5 || [[Sriperumbudur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sriperumbudur]] || align="center" |None || [[A. Vaithialingam]]<ref name="TN1"/> ||bgcolor=#FFFF00|
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |6 || [[Kancheepuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kancheepuram]] || align="center" |SC ||[[K. Maragatham]]<ref name="TN1"/> ||bgcolor=#009900|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |7 || [[Arakkonam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arakkonam]] || align="center" |None ||[[A. K. Moorthy]]<ref name="TN1"/> ||bgcolor=#FFFF00|
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |8 || [[Vellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vellore]] || align="center" |None ||[[A. C. Shanmugam]]<ref name="TN1"/> ||bgcolor=#99FF00|
|[[Puthiya Needhi Katchi]]|| align="center" | 5 August 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |9 || [[Krishnagiri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnagiri]] || align="center" |None ||[[K. P. Munusamy]]<ref name="TN1"/> ||bgcolor=#009900|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |10 || [[Dharmapuri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharmapuri]] || align="center" |None ||[[Anbumani Ramadoss]]<ref name="TN1"/> ||bgcolor=#FFFF00|
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |11 || [[Tiruvannamalai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruvannamalai]] || align="center" |None ||[[S. S. Krishnamoorthy]]<ref name="TN1"/> ||bgcolor=#009900|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |12 || [[Arani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arani]] || align="center" |None ||[[V. Elumalai]]<ref name="TN1"/> ||bgcolor=#009900|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |13 || [[Villupuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Villupuram]] || align="center" |SC || [[Vadivel Ravanan]]<ref name="TN1"/> || bgcolor=#FFFF00|
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |14 || [[Kallakurichi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kallakurichi]] || align="center" |None || [[L. K. Sudhish]]<ref name="TN1"/> ||bgcolor=#808000|
|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |15 || [[Salem (Lok Sabha constituency)|Salem]] || align="center" |None || [[K. R. S. Saravanan]]<ref name="TN1"/> || bgcolor=#009900|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |16 || [[Namakkal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Namakkal]] || align="center" |None || [[P. Kaliappan]]<ref name="TN1"/> ||bgcolor=#009900|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |17 || [[Erode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Erode]] || align="center" |None || [[G. Manimaran]]<ref name="TN1"/> ||bgcolor=#009900|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |18 || [[Tiruppur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruppur]] || align="center" |None ||[[M. S. M. Anandan]]<ref name="TN1"/> ||bgcolor=#009900|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |19 || [[Nilgiris (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nilgiris]] || align="center" |SC || [[M. Thiyagarajan]]<ref name="TN1"/> ||bgcolor=#009900|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |20 || [[Coimbatore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Coimbatore]] || align="center" |None ||[[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |21 || [[Pollachi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pollachi]] || align="center" |None ||[[C. Mahendran]]<ref name="TN1"/> ||bgcolor=#009900|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |22 || [[Dindigul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dindigul]] || align="center" |None || [[K. Jyothi]]<ref name="TN1"/> ||bgcolor=#FFFF00|
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |23 || [[Karur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karur]] || align="center" |None ||[[M. Thambidurai]]<ref name="TN1"/> ||bgcolor=#009900|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |24 || [[Tiruchirappalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchirappalli]] || align="center" |None || Dr. [[V. Elangovan]]<ref name="TN1"/> ||bgcolor=#808000|
|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |25 || [[Perambalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Perambalur]] || align="center" |None ||[[N. R. Sivapathi]]<ref name="TN1"/> ||bgcolor=#009900|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |26 || [[Cuddalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuddalore]] || align="center" |None || [[R. Govindasamy]]<ref name="TN1"/> ||bgcolor=#FFFF00|
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |27 || [[Chidambaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chidambaram]] || align="center" |SC || [[P. Chandrasekar]]<ref name="TN1"/> ||bgcolor=#009900|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |28 || [[Mayiladuturai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayiladuturai]] || align="center" |None || [[S. Asaimani]]<ref name="TN1"/> || bgcolor=#009900|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |29 || [[Nagapattinam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagapattinam]] || align="center" |SC || [[Thazhai M. Saravanan]]<ref name="TN1"/> || bgcolor=#009900|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |30 || [[Thanjavur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thanjavur]] || align="center" |None || [[N. R. Natarajan]]<ref name="TN1"/> || bgcolor=#800080|
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |31 || [[Sivaganga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sivaganga]] || align="center" |None ||[[H. Raja]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |32 || [[Madurai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madurai]] || align="center" |None || [[V. V. R. Rajsathyan]]<ref name="TN1"/> || bgcolor=#009900|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |33 || [[Theni (Lok Sabha constituency)|Theni]] || align="center" |None || [[O. P. Ravindranath Kumar]]<ref name="TN1"/> ||bgcolor=#009900|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |34 || [[Virudhunagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Virudhunagar]] || align="center" |None ||[[R. Azhagarsamy]]<ref name="TN1"/> ||bgcolor=#808000|
|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |35 || [[Ramanathapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramanathapuram]] || align="center" |None || [[Nainar Nagendran]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |36 || [[Thoothukudi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thoothukudi]] || align="center" |None ||[[Tamilisai Soundararajan]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |37 || [[Tenkasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenkasi]] || align="center" |SC ||Dr. [[K. Krishnasamy]]<ref name="TN1"/> ||bgcolor=#0000FF|
|[[Puthiya Tamilagam]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |38 || [[Tirunelveli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirunelveli]] || align="center" |None ||[[P. H. Paul Manoj Pandian]]<ref name="TN1"/> ||bgcolor=#009900|
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |39 || [[Kanyakumari (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanyakumari]] || align="center" |None ||[[Pon Radhakrishnan]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
|}

== Telangana ==
[[File:Telangana NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png|thumb|241x241px|Telangana NDA]]
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (17) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1 || [[Adilabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Adilabad]] || align="center" |ST ||[[Soyam Bapu Rao]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |2 || [[Peddapalle (Lok Sabha constituency)|Peddapalle]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Sogala Kumar]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |3 || [[Karimnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karimnagar]] || align="center" |None || [[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |4 || [[Nizamabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nizamabad]] || align="center" |None || [[Dharmapuri Arvind]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |5 || [[Zahirabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Zahirabad]] || align="center" |None ||[[Banala Laxman Reddy]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |6 || [[Medak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medak]] || align="center" |None ||[[Raghunandan Rao]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |7 || [[Malkajgiri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malkajgiri]] || align="center" |None || [[Naraparaju Ramchander Rao]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |8 || [[Secunderabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Secunderabad]] || align="center" |None || [[G. Kishan Reddy]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |9 || [[Hyderabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hyderabad]] || align="center" |None ||[[Dr. Bhagwanth Rao]]<ref name="List1to9"/>|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |10 || [[Chevella (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chevella]] || align="center" |None ||[[B. Janardhan Reddy]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |11 || [[Mahbubnagar (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Mahbubnagar]] || align="center" |None || [[D. K. Aruna]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |12 || [[Nagarkurnool (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagarkurnool]] || align="center" |SC || [[Bangaru Sruthi]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |13 || [[Nalgonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalgonda]] || align="center" |None || [[Garlapati Jithender Kumar]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |14 || [[Bhongir (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhongir]] || align="center" |None || [[P. V. Shamsunder Rao]]<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |15 || [[Warangal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Warangal]] || align="center" |SC || [[Chinta Sambamurthy]]<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |16 || [[Mahabubabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahabubabad]] || align="center" |ST || [[Jatothu Hussain Naik]]<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |17 || [[Khammam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khammam]] || align="center" |None ||[[Vasudev Rao]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
|}

== Tripura ==
[[File:Tripura NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png|thumb|144x144px|Tripura NDA]]
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (2) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1 || [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura West]] || align="center" |None || [[Pratima Bhowmik]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |2 || [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East]] || align="center" |ST || [[Rebati Tripura]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
|}

==Uttar Pradesh ==
[[File:Uttar Pradesh BJP-Apna Dal Seat Sharing.png|alt=|thumb|289x289px|Uttar Pradesh NDA]]
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (78) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FF33CC|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)|AD(S)]] (2) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1 || [[Saharanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saharanpur]] || align="center" |None || [[Raghav Lakhanpal]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |2 || [[Kairana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kairana]] || align="center" |None || [[Pradeep Choudhary]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |3 || [[Muzaffarnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muzaffarnagar]] || align="center" |None ||[[Sanjeev Balyan]]<ref name="List1to9"/>||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |4 || [[Bijnor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijnor]] || align="center" |None || [[Bharatendra Singh]]<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |5 || [[Nagina (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagina]] || align="center" |SC || [[Yashwant Singh (Lok Sabha member)|Yashwant Singh]]<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |6 ||[[Moradabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Moradabad]] || align="center" |None || [[Kunwar Sarvesh Kumar]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |7 || [[Rampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rampur]] || align="center" |None ||[[Jaya Prada]]<ref name="10thET"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |8 || [[Sambhal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sambhal]] || align="center" |None || [[Parmeshwar Lal Saini]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |9 || [[Amroha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amroha]] || align="center" |None ||[[Kanwar Singh Tanwar]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |10 || [[Meerut (Lok Sabha constituency)|Meerut]] || align="center" |None || [[Rajendra Agrawal]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |11 || [[Baghpat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baghpat]] || align="center" |None || [[Satya Pal Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Satya Pal Singh]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |12 || [[Ghaziabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghaziabad]] || align="center" |None ||[[V. K. Singh]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |13 || [[Gautam Buddh Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gautam Buddh Nagar]] || align="center" |None ||[[Mahesh Sharma]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |14 || [[Bulandshahr (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bulandshahr]] || align="center" |SC || [[Bhola Singh (UP politician)|Bhola Singh]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |15 || [[Aligarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aligarh]] || align="center" |None || [[Satish Kumar Gautam]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |16 || [[Hathras (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hathras]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Rajvir Singh Diler]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |17 || [[Mathura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathura]] || align="center" |None || [[Hema Malini]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |18 || [[Agra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Agra]] || align="center" |SC || [[S. P. Singh Baghel]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |19 || [[Fatehpur Sikri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Fatehpur Sikri]] || align="center" |None || [[Rajkumar Chahar]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |20 || [[Firozabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Firozabad]] || align="center" |None ||[[Chandrasen Jadon]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |21 || [[Mainpuri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mainpuri]] || align="center" |None ||[[Prem Singh Shakya]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |22 || [[Etah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Etah]] || align="center" |None || [[Rajveer Singh]]<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |23 || [[Badaun (Lok Sabha constituency)|Badaun]] || align="center" |None || [[Sanghmitra Maurya]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |24 || [[Aonla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aonla]] || align="center" |None ||[[Dharmendra Kashyap]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |25 || [[Bareilly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bareilly]] || align="center" |None || [[Santosh Kumar Gangwar]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |26 || [[Pilibhit (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pilibhit]] || align="center" |None ||[[Varun Gandhi]]<ref name="10thET"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |27 || [[Shahjahanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shahjahanpur]] || align="center" |SC || [[Arun Sagar]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |28 || [[Kheri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kheri]] || align="center" |None || [[Ajay Kumar Mishra]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |29 || [[Dhaurahra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhaurahra]] || align="center" |None ||[[Rekha Verma (born 1973)|Rekha Verma]] ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |30 || [[Sitapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sitapur]] || align="center" |None || [[Rajesh Verma (Sitapur politician)|Rajesh Verma]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |31 || [[Hardoi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hardoi]] || align="center" |SC || [[Jai Prakash|Jai Prakash Rawat]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |32 || [[Misrikh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Misrikh]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Ashok Kumar Rawat]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |33 || [[Unnao (Lok Sabha constituency)|Unnao]] || align="center" |None ||[[Sakshi Maharaj]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |34 || [[Mohanlalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mohanlalganj]] || align="center" |SC || [[Kaushal Kishore (politician)|Kaushal Kishore]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |35 || [[Lucknow (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lucknow]] || align="center" |None || [[Rajnath Singh]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |36 || [[Rae Bareli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rae Bareli]] || align="center" |None ||[[Dinesh Pratap Singh]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |37 || [[Amethi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amethi]] || align="center" |None || [[Smriti Irani]]<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |38 || [[Sultanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sultanpur]] || align="center" |None ||[[Maneka Gandhi]]<ref name="10thET"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |39 || [[Pratapgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pratapgarh]] || align="center" |None ||[[Sangam Lal Gupta]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|12 May 2019|| align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |40 || [[Farrukhabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Farrukhabad]] || align="center" |None ||[[Mukesh Rajput]]||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |41 || [[Etawah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Etawah]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Ram Shankar Katheria]]<ref name="10thET"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |42 || [[Kannauj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannauj]] || align="center" |None ||[[Subrat Pathak]]||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |43 || [[Kanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanpur Urban]] || align="center" |None ||[[Satyadev Pachauri]]<ref name="10thET"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |44 || [[Akbarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Akbarpur]] || align="center" |None ||[[Devendra Singh (politician)|Devendra Singh Bhole]]||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |45 || [[Jalaun (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalaun]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Bhanu Pratap Singh Verma]]||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |46 || [[Jhansi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhansi]] || align="center" |None ||[[Anurag Sharma (politician)|Anurag Sharma]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |47 || [[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hamirpur]] || align="center" |None ||[[Pushpendra Singh Chandel]]||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |48 || [[Banda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banda]] || align="center" |None ||[[R. K. Singh Patel]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |49 || [[Fatehpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Fatehpur]] || align="center" |None ||[[Niranjan Jyoti]]<ref name="10thET"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |50 || [[Kaushambi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaushambi]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Vinod Kumar Sonkar]]<ref name="10thET"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |51 || [[Phulpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Phulpur]] || align="center" |None ||[[Keshari Devi Patel]]||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |52 || [[Allahabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Prayagraj]] || align="center" |None ||[[Rita Bahuguna Joshi]]<ref name="10thET"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |53 || [[Barabanki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barabanki]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Upendra Singh Rawat]]<ref name="10thET"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |54 || [[Faizabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faizabad]] || align="center" |None ||[[Lallu Singh]]||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |55 || [[Ambedkar Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ambedkar Nagar]] || align="center" |None ||[[Mukut Bihari]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |56 || [[Bahraich (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bahraich]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Akshaibar Lal|Akshayvara Lal Gaud]]<ref name="10thET"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |57 || [[Kaiserganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaiserganj]] || align="center" |None ||[[Brij Bhushan Sharan Singh]]<ref name="10thET"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |58 || [[Shrawasti (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shrawasti]] || align="center" |None ||[[Daddan Mishra]]||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |59 || [[Gonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gonda]] || align="center" |None ||[[Kirti Vardhan Singh]]||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |60 || [[Domariyaganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Domariyaganj]] || align="center" |None ||[[Jagdambika Pal]]<ref name="10thET"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |61 || [[Basti (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basti]] || align="center" |None ||[[Harish Dwivedi]]||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |62 || [[Sant Kabir Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sant Kabir Nagar]] || align="center" |None ||[[Praveen Kumar Nishad]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |63 || [[Maharajganj (Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency)|Maharajganj]] || align="center" |None ||[[Pankaj Choudhary]]||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |64 || [[Gorakhpur (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Gorakhpur]] || align="center" |None ||[[Ravi Kishan]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |65 || [[Kushi Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kushi Nagar]] || align="center" |None ||[[Vijay Kumar Dubey|Vijay Dubey]]<ref name="10thET"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |66 || [[Deoria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Deoria]] || align="center" |None ||[[Ramapati Ram Tripathi]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |67 || [[Bansgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bansgaon]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Kamlesh Paswan]]||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |68 || [[Lalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lalganj]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Neelam Sonkar]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |69 || [[Azamgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Azamgarh]] || align="center" |None ||[[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Dinesh Lal Yadav 'Nirahua']]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |70 || [[Ghosi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghosi]] || align="center" |None ||[[Harinarayan Rajbhar]]||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |71 || [[Salempur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Salempur]] || align="center" |None ||[[Ravindra Kushawaha]]||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |72 || [[Ballia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ballia]] || align="center" |None ||[[Virendra Singh Mast]]<ref name="10thET"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |73 || [[Jaunpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaunpur]] || align="center" |None ||[[Krishna Pratap|Krishna Pratap Singh]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |74 || [[Machhlishahr (Lok Sabha constituency)|Machhlishahr]] || align="center" |SC ||[[B. P. Saroj]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |75 || [[Ghazipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghazipur]] || align="center" |None ||[[Manoj Sinha]]<ref name="10thET"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |76 || [[Chandauli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandauli]] || align="center" |None ||[[Mahendra Nath Pandey]]<ref name="10thET"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |77 || [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Varanasi]] || align="center" |None || [[Narendra Modi]]<ref name="List1to9">{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-bjp-list-of-candidates-for-2019-5640304/ | title=Lok Sabha elections: BJP list of candidates for 2019 | publisher=Indian Express | date=26 March 2019 | accessdate=28 March 2019}}</ref> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |78 || [[Bhadohi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhadohi]] || align="center" |None ||[[Ramesh Chand|Ramesh Chand Bind]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |79 || [[Mirzapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mirzapur]] || align="center" |None || [[Anupriya Patel]] || bgcolor=#FF33CC|
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |80 || [[Robertsganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Robertsganj]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Pakaudi Lal Kol]]|| bgcolor="#FF33CC" |
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
|}

== Uttarakhand ==
[[File:Uttarakhand NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png|thumb|Uttarakhand NDA|192x192px]]
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (5) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1 ||[[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tehri Garhwal]]|| align="center" |None ||[[Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |2 ||[[Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Garhwal]]|| align="center" |None ||[[Tirath Singh Rawat]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |3 ||[[Almora (Lok Sabha constituency)|Almora]]|| align="center" |SC ||[[Ajay Tamta]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |4 ||[[Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar]]|| align="center" |None ||[[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |5 ||[[Haridwar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Haridwar]]|| align="center" |None ||[[Ramesh Pokhriyal]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|}

== West Bengal ==
[[File:West Bengal NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png|thumb|279x279px|West Bengal NDA]]
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (42) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1 || [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar]] || align="center" |SC || [[Nisith Pramanik]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |2 || [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars]] || align="center" |ST || [[John Barla]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |3 || [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]] || align="center" |SC || [[Jayanta Ray]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |4 || [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]] || align="center" |None ||[[Raju Singh Bisht]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |5 || [[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]] || align="center" |None || [[Deboshree Chaudhary]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 18 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |6 || [[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat]] || align="center" |None || [[Sukanta Majumdar]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |7 || [[Maldaha Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Uttar]] || align="center" |None || [[Khagen Murmu]]<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |8 || [[Maldaha Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Dakshin]] || align="center" |None ||[[Sreerupa Mitra Chaudhury|Sreerupa Mitra Choudhury]]<ref name="List1to9"/>|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |9 || [[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]] || align="center" |None || [[Mafuja Khatun]]<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |10 || [[Baharampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baharampur]] || align="center" |None ||Krishna Juardar Arya<ref name="WB1">{{cite web | url=http://www.uniindia.com/bjp-announces-names-of-ten-more-candidates-from-bengal-for-ls-polls/east/news/1541578.html | title=BJP announces names of ten more candidates from Bengal for LS polls | publisher=United News of India | date=26 March 2019 | accessdate=1 April 2019}}</ref>|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |11 || [[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]] || align="center" |None ||Humayun Kabir<ref name="10thET">{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bjp-releases-10th-list-for-ls-polls-maneka-gandhi-to-contest-from-sultanpur/articleshow/68581994.cms?from=mdr | title=Murli Manohar Joshi dropped; Maneka, Varun, Jaya Prada fielded by BJP in LS polls | publisher=Economic Times | date=27 March 2019 | accessdate=1 April 2019}}</ref> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |12 || [[Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnanagar]] || align="center" |None ||[[Kalyan Chaubey|Kalyan Choubey]]<ref name="List1to9"/>|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |13 || [[Ranaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat]] || align="center" |SC ||Jagannath Sarkar<ref name="WB1"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |14 || [[Bangaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangaon]] || align="center" |SC ||[[Shantanu Thakur]]<ref name="WB1"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |15 || [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpur]] || align="center" |None || [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1962)|Arjun Singh]]<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |16 || [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]] || align="center" |None || [[Samik Bhattacharya]]<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |17 || [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]] || align="center" |None || Mrinal Kanthi Debnath<ref name="List1to9"/>|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |18 || [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]] || align="center" |None || Sayantan Basu<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |19 || [[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar]] || align="center" |SC || Ashok Kandari<ref name="List1to9"/>|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |20 || [[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur]] || align="center" |SC || Shyamaprasad Halder<ref name="List1to9"/>|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |21 || [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]] || align="center" |None ||Nilanjan Roy<ref name="10thET"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |22 || [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]] || align="center" |None ||[[Anupam Hazra]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |23 || [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]] || align="center" |None || Chandra Kumar Bose<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |24 || [[Kolkata Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Uttar]] || align="center" |None || Rahul Sinha<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 19 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |25 || [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]] || align="center" |None ||Rantidev Sen Gupta<ref name="WB1"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |26 || [[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]] || align="center" |None ||[[Joy Banerjee]]<ref name="WB1"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |27 || [[Srerampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srerampur]] || align="center" |None || Debjit Sarkar<ref name="List1to9"/>|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |28 || [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]] || align="center" |None || [[Locket Chatterjee]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |29 || [[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambag]] || align="center" |SC || [[Tapan Roy]]<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 6 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |30 || [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]] || align="center" |None || [[Siddharth Naskar]]<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |31 || [[Kanthi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanthi]] || align="center" |None ||[[Debasish Samant]]<ref name="WB1"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |32 || [[Ghatal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatal]] || align="center" |None || Bharati Ghosh<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |33 || [[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]] || align="center" |ST || [[Kunar Hembram]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |34 || [[Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medinipur]] || align="center" |None || [[Dilip Ghosh (politician)|Dilip Ghosh]]<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |35 || [[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]] || align="center" |None ||[[Jyotirmay Singh Mahato|Jyotirmoy Singh Mahato]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |36 || [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]] || align="center" |None ||[[Subhash Sarkar]]<ref name="10thET"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |37 || [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur]] || align="center" |SC || [[Saumitra Khan]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |38 || [[Burdwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Purba]] || align="center" |SC || Paresh Chandra Das<ref name="List1to9"/>|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |39 || [[Bardhaman–Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman–Durgapur]] || align="center" |None ||[[S. S. Ahluwalia]]|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |40 || [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]] || align="center" |None || [[Babul Supriyo]]<ref name="List1to9"/> || bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center" |41 || [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]] || align="center" |SC ||Ram Prashad Das<ref name="10thET"/>|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
| align="center" |42 || [[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum]] || align="center" |None || Dudh Kumar Mondal<ref name="List1to9"/>|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 29 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
|}

== Andaman and Nicobar Islands ==
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Lok Sabha constituency)|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| align="center" |None
| Vishal Jolly<ref name="List1to9"/>
| bgcolor=#FF9933|

| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 11 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}

|}

== Chandigarh ==
[[File:Chandigarh Lok Sabha election result 2019.png|thumb|150px]]{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1
|[[Chandigarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandigarh]]
| align="center" |None
| [[Kirron Kher]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 19 May 2019
| align="center" {{won}}

|}

== Dadra and Nagar Haveli ==
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1 || [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] || align="center"|ST || [[Natubhai Gomanbhai Patel]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
|}

== Daman and Diu ==
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center" |1 ||[[Daman and Diu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Daman and Diu]]|| align="center" |None ||[[Lalubhai Patel]]<ref name="List1to9" />|| bgcolor="#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 23 April 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|}

== Lakshadweep ==
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1 || [[Lakshadweep (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lakshadweep]] || align="center"|ST || [[Abdul Khader (politician)|Abdul Khader]]<ref name="List1to9"/> ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 11 April 2019 || align="center" {{lost}}
|-
|}

== NCT of Delhi ==
[[File:Delhi NDA Seat Sharing Colour Coded.png|thumb|160x160px|Delhi NDA]]
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (7) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1 || [[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandni Chowk]] || align="center"|None ||[[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Dr. Harsh Vardhan]] ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|2 || [[North East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|North East Delhi]] || align="center"|None ||[[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|3 || [[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Delhi]] || align="center"|None ||[[Gautam Gambhir]] ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|4 || [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi]] || align="center"|None ||[[Meenakshi Lekhi]] ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|5 || [[North West Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|North West Delhi]] || align="center"|SC ||[[Hans Raj Hans]] ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|6 || [[West Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|West Delhi]] || align="center"|None ||[[Parvesh Verma]] ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
| align="center"|7 || [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi]] || align="center"|None ||[[Ramesh Bidhuri]] ||bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| align="center" | 12 May 2019 || align="center" {{won}}
|-
|}

== Puducherry ==
{{legend2|#FFC000|[[All India N.R. Congress|AINRC]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| align="center"|1
| [[Puducherry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puducherry]]
| align="center"|None
| [[K. Narayanasamy]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/rangasamy-picks-newcomer-says-it-is-a-long-term-choice/article26613655.ece | title=Rangasamy picks newcomer, says it is a long-term choice | work=The Hindu | date=22 March 2019 | accessdate=28 March 2019}}</ref>
|bgcolor=#FFC000|
|[[All India N.R. Congress]]
| align="center" | 18 April 2019
| align="center" {{lost}}

|}

==See also==
{{Lists of National Democratic Alliance candidates in Indian general elections}}
* [[List of United Progressive Alliance candidates in the 2019 Indian general election]]
* [[List of Left Front candidates in the 2019 Indian general election]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for the 2019 Indian general election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}{{Indian general election, 2019}}{{National Democratic Alliance |state=collapsed}}
{{Indian political parties}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Constituencies Of The Lok Sabha}}
[[Category:Candidates in the 2019 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian political candidates|National Democratic Alliance]]
[[Category:National Democratic Alliance]]

Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India

2026-02-17T20:29:57Z

ErlindaLamson9: started a stub

{{Short description|none}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{advert|date=September 2018}}
{{update|date=September 2018}}
}}In the early twenty-first century; foreign investment, government regulations and incentives promoted growth in the Indian [[electronics industry]]. The [[semiconductor industry]], which is its most important and resource-intensive sector, profited from the rapid growth in domestic demand. Many industries, including [[Telecommunications in India|telecommunications]], [[Information technology in India|information technology]], [[Automotive industry in India|automotive]], [[engineering]], [[medical electronics]], electricity and solar [[Photovoltaics|photovoltaic]], [[Defence industry of India|defense]] and aerospace, [[consumer electronics]], and appliances, required semiconductors. However, as of 2015, progress was threatened by the talent gap in the Indian sector, since 65 to 70 percent of the market was dependent on imports.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chengappa |first=Sangeetha |date=2015-02-05 |title=Electronics manufacturing gears up for change but skill gap remains |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/electronics-manufacturing-gears-up-for-change-but-skill-gap-remains/article6861498.ece |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

==Electronics industry==

===Statistics and trends===

====Market-size====
India's electronic sector, which ranks among the world's largest in terms of consumption, is expected to increase from $69.6 billion in 2012 to $400 billion by 2020. It was primarily driven by an increase in demand, which was expected to expand at a [[compound annual growth rate]] of over 25% during that time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibef.org/industry/electronics-presentation|title=Electronics presentation |publisher= [[India Brand Equity Foundation]]|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref>
Imports accounted for 65% of the demand for electrical products in 2013–14. A Frost & Sullivan-IESA data analysis indicates that 60% of total electronic usage can be attributed to five high priority product categories. These are, in descending order, desktop computers (4.39%), laptops (5.54%), mobile phones (38.85%), and flat panel display televisions (7.91%).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/65-per-cent-of-electronic-items-demand-met-by-imports-report-114011300761_1.html|title=65 per cent of electronic items' demand met by imports: Report|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=13 January 2014|publisher=Business Standard|access-date=2016-07-25}}</ref>

The consumer electronics and appliance industry in India, which was valued at $9.7 billion in 2014, is expected to increase at a compound annual growth rate of 13.4% to reach $20.6 billion by 2020. [[Set-top box]]es are expected to increase at the quickest rate among consumer electronics, with Y-o-Y growth of 28.8% forecast between 2014 and 2020. Televisions will grow at the rate of 20%, refrigerators at 10%, washing machines at 8–9%, and air conditioners at roughly 6-7%.<ref name="livemintconelseg">{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/lZanz69Lu3mxh36H7bcDCL/Indian-consumer-electronics-industry-to-touch-206-bn-by-20.html|title=Indian consumer electronics to touch 20.6 bn by 2020|date=24 July 2015|publisher=Livemint|access-date=2016-09-20}}</ref> India's demand for IT devices was projected to be worth $13 billion in 2013.<ref name=ndtvdellin /> By 2029–2030, it is estimated that India's aerospace and defense (A&D) electronics sector might be valued up to $70 billion, of which $55 billion could come from electronics used in platforms that need to be purchased and the other $17-18 billion from [[System of systems|system-of-system]] initiatives.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/default-subsec/defence/aerospace-defence-electronics-market-to-reach-72-billion-by-2029-report/articleshow/53545961.cms|title=Aerospace & defence electronics market to reach $72 billion by 2029: Report|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=2016-09-20}}</ref>

====Domestic production====
In 2012–13, 2013–14, and 2014–15, the total amount of electronic goods produced domestically was [[₹]]164,172 [[crore]]s, ₹180,454 crores, and ₹190,366 crores, respectively.<ref name="Times 131415"/> India's electronics hardware manufacturing sector is expected to generate $104 billion in electronic goods by 2020, up from $32.46 billion in 2013–14. India produced 1.6% of the world's electronics gear in FY13. With 31% of the entire production of electronic goods in India in FY13, the communication and broadcasting equipment industry held a leading position, followed by consumer electronics at 23%.<ref name="escindia 1415">{{cite web|url=http://www.escindia.in/uploads/HARD1415.pdf|title=Electronics Hardware|publisher=ESC|access-date=2016-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815204525/http://www.escindia.in/uploads/HARD1415.pdf|archive-date=2016-08-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the April–June quarter of 2015, 24.8% of the cellphones transported into the nation were either assembled or made in India, an increase from 19.9% the quarter before.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/08/24/electronics-manufacture-i_n_8029918.html |title=Global Electronics Manufacturers Propose Rs 90,000 Crore Investment In India |publisher=Huffingtonpost.in |date=24 August 2015 |access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-make-in-india-govt-receives-proposals-worth-rs-90000-crore-from-global-electronics-companies-2117755 |title=Make in India: Govt receives proposals worth Rs 90,000 crore from global electronics companies |work=Dnaindia.com |date=24 August 2015 |access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/e-boost-for-make-in-india-global-electronic-companies-line-up-rs-90000-cr-for-india-plants-2404638.html |title=E-boost for Make in India: Global electronic companies line up Rs 90,000 cr for India plants |work=Firstpost |date=24 August 2015 |access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref>

Out of the 220 million mobile sets that were shipped in India in 2015–16, 110 million of those units were either manufactured or assembled there in the past year, up from 60 million the year before.<ref name="mob16">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech-news/37-mobile-manufacturing-plants-set-up-in-india-in-last-1-year-ravi-shankar-prasad/articleshow/53908307.cms|title=37 mobile manufacturing plants set up in India in last 1 year: Ravi Shankar Prasad|work=The Times of India|date=29 August 2016 |access-date=2016-08-29}}</ref> The value of mobile handset production increased by 185% in 2015–16, from ₹19,000 crores to ₹54,000 crores.<ref name="hindu54000">{{cite web|url=http://m.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/mobile-handset-manufacturing-is-now-a-54000-crore-industry/article9022535.ece|title=Mobile handset manufacturing is now a INR 54,000 crore industry|date=23 August 2016 |publisher=Hindu Business Line|access-date=2016-09-20}}</ref> Turning the [[Make in India]] initiative into a reality for the electronics and hardware sector was the title of an [[ASSOCHAM]]-[[Ernst & Young|EY]] research. It predicted that the Indian electronics and hardware industry will develop at a CAGR of 13%–16% in 2013–18, from a level of $75 billion in 2016 to $112–130 billion by 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech-news/indian-electronics-and-hardware-industry-to-grow-at-a-cagr-of-13-16-assocham-ey-study/articleshow/51811218.cms|title= Indian electronics and hardware industry to grow at a CAGR of 13-16%: Report|work=The Times Of India|date= 13 April 2016|access-date=2016-07-13}}</ref>

In May 2016, an [[NITI Aayog]] research stated that India's electronics sector contributes just 1.7% of GDP, but in [[Taiwan]], [[South Korea]], and [[China]], it accounts for 15.5%, 15.1%, and 12.7% of GDP, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/document_publication/Electronics%20Policy%20Final%20Circulation.pdf|title=Make in India - Strategy for Electronic Products|publisher=NITI Aayog|access-date=2016-07-13}}</ref> India now makes up less than 5% of the global electronics manufacturing sector, with the majority of its electronics production going towards the country's own market.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kearney.com/web/answers/article/?/a/does-india-represent-a-viable-electronics-manufacturing-location|title = Read @Kearney: Does India represent a viable electronics manufacturing location? What are potential drawbacks?}}</ref>

In 2014, the percentage of localized input/value addition in televisions was approximately 25–30% due to the importation of panels, semiconductors, and glass required for the production of [[LCD]]/[[LED]] TVs. Due to the importation of the compressor, refrigerant, motor, and coil, the localization of air conditioners was only approximately 30% to 40%. About 35–40% of the parts used in set-top boxes came from within the country. For refrigerators and washing machines, the localized content was approximately 70%.<ref name="livemintconelseg" /> It is stated that in 2016, the percentage of localized value addition created in mobile phone assembly in India was barely 2-8%.<ref name="hindu54000" />

The [[Ordnance Factory Board]]'s [[Opto Electronics Factory]] (OLF), located in [[Dehradun]], is a unique facility in India that produces opto-electronic goods for defense use<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2015 |title='Make in India' Mission and Defence Industry Hubs |url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/documents/dsa080715.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914222612/https://indianarmy.nic.in/writereaddata/documents/dsa080715.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-14 |access-date= |website=indianarmy.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Ordnance Factories: Opto Electronics Factory |url=http://ofb.gov.in/units/index.php?unit=olf&page=about&lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021095424/http://ofb.gov.in/units/index.php?unit=olf&page=about&lang=en |archive-date=2013-10-21 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=ofb.gov.in}} </ref> Polymatech Electronics, located in Chennai, is another facility that produces Opto Semi-Conductor Chips. The Company signed MoU with Government of Tamil Nadu on 27 May 2020. The project was also acknowledged under SPECS program. Hon'ble Prime Minister of India has visited Polymatech Electronics at Semicon India 2023[[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]], a leading Korean electronics company, intends to begin producing laptops at its Noida plant in India in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haris |first=Mohammad |date=2024-01-29 |title=Samsung to Start Making Laptops in India This Year: Report |url=https://www.news18.com/business/samsung-to-start-making-laptops-in-india-this-year-report-8758595.html |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Airport navigation aids are presently produced worldwide by Thales Reliance Defence Systems, a joint venture electronics company of [[Thales Group]], while [[Bharat Electronics]]-Thales Systems, based in Bangalore, produces high-tech items like low-band receivers for the [[Dassault Rafale]]'s electronic warfare suite.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2024-02-04 |title=Thales Group to expand strategic collaborations, set up MRO for civil aviation in India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/thales-group-to-expand-strategic-collaborations-set-up-mro-for-civil-aviation-in-india/article67811446.ece |access-date=2024-02-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 18 January 2024, [[Grupo Antolin]] inaugurated a new production plant in [[Chakan, Pune|Chakan]] for electronics, [[Human-Machine Interface]] systems, and advanced lighting. In India, Grupo Antolin provides parts to [[Volkswagen]], [[Škoda Auto]], [[Suzuki]], [[Toyota]], [[Mahindra & Mahindra]], and [[Tata Motors]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shinde |first=Swati |date=2024-01-18 |title=Antolin will manufacture advanced lighting, HMI systems and electronics in its new Chakan facility |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/antolin-will-manufacture-advanced-lighting-hmi-systems-and-electronics-in-its-new-chakan-facility/articleshow/106965067.cms |access-date=2024-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

[[Lenovo]] intends to increase its manufacturing and is considering producing [[Server (computing)|servers]] in India in order to benefit from the [[Production Linked Incentive schemes in India|production-linked incentive]] (PLI) program for IT hardware.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aulakh |first=Gulveen |date=2024-02-08 |title=Lenovo mulls making servers in India |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/lenovo-mulls-making-servers-in-india-11707374523316.html |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, [[Samsung Electronics]] intends to begin producing [[laptop]]s at its Noida plant. Already, preparations are in motion.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2024-01-29 |title=Samsung to start making laptops in India this year |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/samsung-to-start-making-laptops-in-india-this-year/article67789010.ece |access-date=2024-02-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Intel]] showcased a comprehensive range of Made in India laptops and IT goods, including locally made servers, during the India Tech Ecosystem Summit 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-02 |title=Intel introduces new "Make in India" laptops and IT products: All the details |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/intel-introduces-new-make-in-india-laptops-and-it-products-all-the-details/articleshow/107370142.cms |access-date=2024-02-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> By Q2 2024, [[Google]] has instructed vendors to begin producing Pixel smartphones in India. The production line for Google's high-end [[Pixel 8 Pro]] will be ready first.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Lauly |date=22 February 2024 |title=Google plans to begin Pixel phone production in India in Q2 |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Supply-Chain/Google-plans-to-begin-Pixel-phone-production-in-India-in-Q2 |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB}}</ref> In India, [[Dixon Technologies]] is going to manufacture Google [[Pixel 8]] smartphones. September 2024 will see the release of the first batch into the market. Monthly production of Pixel smartphones is expected to reach 100,000 devices, with 25–30% of those units going toward export.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Rimjhim |title=Dixon Technologies set to manufacture Google Pixel 8 smartphones in India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/dixon-technologies-set-to-manufacture-google-pixel-8-smartphones-in-india-124052200861_1.html |access-date=27 May 2024 |publisher=Business Standard |date=22 May 2024}}</ref>

[[Apple Inc.]] plans to begin producing [[AirPods]] in India from 2025. With [[Jabil]] in [[Pune]], the business has begun producing wireless charging case parts on a trial basis. Parts of AirPods wireless charging cases are already being produced by Jabil and delivered to China and Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Danish |date=8 July 2024 |title=Apple may revive plans to make iPads in India, eyes Pune for AirPod cases |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/technology/apple-may-bring-back-plans-to-make-ipads-in-india-eyes-pune-for-airpod-cases-article-12763820.html |access-date=8 July 2024 |website=Money Control}}</ref>

====Exports and imports====
India was a net importer of electronics as of 2016, with China accounting for the majority of India's imports. Electronics had surpassed gold in 2015 and ranked second in terms of value among all imports into the nation, right behind crude oil.<ref name="Times 40">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/electronics/electronics-import-may-rise-to-40-billion-in-fy16-due-to-smartphone-led-surge/articleshow/49460156.cms|title= Electronics import may rise to $40 billion in FY16 due to smartphone-led surge|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=2016-07-25}}</ref> India spent more money on semiconductor imports than on oil, according to research published in 2019 by Professor Vikram Kumar, an emeritus professor of physics at [[IIT Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=In India more money is spent on import of semiconductors than on oil |url=https://learnersbucket.com/tech/in-india-more-money-is-spent-on-import-of-semiconductors-than-on-oil/ |website=Learnersbucket |date=15 December 2018 |publisher=Prashant Yadav |access-date=5 April 2019 |ref=learnersbucket}}</ref> According to a [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry]] report, one of the six industries that could assist India in reaching over 70% of its target of $1 trillion in goods exports by FY30 is electronics.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suneja |first=Kirtika |date=2024-01-29 |title=Electronics, engineering goods among six focus sectors for $1 trillion exports target |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/electronics-engineering-goods-among-six-focus-sectors-for-1-trillion-exports-target/articleshow/107210108.cms |access-date=2024-01-29 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

As per Economic Survey 2026, electronics has grown from India's seventh largest export category in [[fiscal year]] 2022 to become second largest in FY2026. The country has already exported $22.2 billion of electronics by 29 January 2026 for FY2026. This was backed by the expansion was the mobile manufacturing segment which rose from {{INRConvert|18000|c|lk=on|year=2015|mode=historical}} in FY2015 to {{INRConvert|5.45|lc|lk=on|year=2025}} in FY2025.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=India’s electronics exports surge to $22.2 billion, set to become second-largest export item; says Economic Survey|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2026/Jan/29/indias-electronics-exports-surge-to-222-billion-set-to-become-second-largest-export-item-says-economic-survey|website=The New Indian Express|date=2026-01-29|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en|first=Rakesh|last=Kumar}}</ref>

====Exports====
The estimated value of India's electronics exports in FY13 was $7.66 billion, down slightly from $8.15 billion in FY12; however, due to the depreciation of the [[Indian rupee|rupee]], they increased in [[Indian rupee|INR]] terms during the same time, rising from [[₹]]44,000 crore to ₹46,300 crore. India's electronics exports were dominated in 2013–14 by the telecom sector, which was followed by computing, consumer electronics, instruments, and electronic components. The increasing demand for Indian electronics items overseas is believed to be mostly driven by advancements in technology and competitive cost-effectiveness. Indian exports of electronic gear nearly doubled in value from ₹109,940 crores in 2009–10 to ₹196,103 crores in 2013–14, measured in rupees.<ref name="escindia 1415"/> India's electronics exports fell to $6 billion in FY14, accounting for 0.28% of the world's electronics trade.<ref name="Times 40"/>

India recorded a 22.24% growth in electronics exports, exceeding the $20 billion milestone within the nine months of the FY 2023-24. Between April and December 2023, mobile phone exports—which made up 52% of all electronics exports—reached $10.5 billion. Notably, the [[iPhone]] became the main export engine during this time, accounting for 35% of all electronics exports and an astounding 70% of all mobile exports from the nation. The value of iPhone exports topped $7 billion only in December 2023. the nearly seven-fold increase in mobile exports, which went from $1.6 billion in FY19 to $11.1 billion in FY23.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Vasudha |date=22 January 2024 |title=India's electronics exports surpass $20 billion, iPhone dominates surge |url=https://www.business-standard.com/economy/news/india-s-electronics-exports-surpass-20-billion-iphone-dominates-surge-124012200147_1.html |access-date=25 January 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> In the same time frame, total electronics exports increased by almost three times, from $8.4 billion in FY19 to $23.6 billion in FY23.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rathee |first=Kiran |date=2024-01-21 |title=Electronics exports grow at record 22 per cent in April–December |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/electronics/electronics-exports-grow-at-record-22-per-cent-in-april-december/articleshow/107034548.cms |access-date=2024-01-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

During their results call for the December quarter in 2023, Indian companies such as [[Havells]], [[Dixon Technologies]], [[Voltas]], and [[Blue Star (company)|Blue Star]] stated that they are building a foundation for exports to industrialized nations such as the US and those in Europe. Havells intends to supply air conditioners in the US market after establishing a company there. About 28–30% of [[Motorola]] smartphone output is now sent to the US as Dixon Technologies increases its exports of the devices. Appliance retailer [[Arçelik]], which markets appliances in Europe under the [[Beko]] name, has placed export orders with Voltas for frost-free refrigerators and dishwashers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Writankar |date=2024-02-12 |title=Indian consumer electronics break boundaries; export surge to the US and Europe |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/electronics/indian-consumer-electronics-break-boundaries-export-surge-to-the-us-and-europe/articleshow/107602956.cms |access-date=2024-02-12 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> India exported $29.12 billion worth of electronics in 2023–24, a 23.6 percent increase over the previous year. The [[United States]], [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Netherlands]], [[United Kingdom]], and [[Italy]] are the top five export markets for electronics goods. Exports also expanded into new markets in FY24, including [[Turkmenistan]], [[Honduras]], [[El Salvador]], [[Mongolia]], [[Montenegro]], and the [[Cayman Islands]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandi |first=Shreya |date=16 April 2024 |title=India's electronics exports increase 23.6% to $29.12 billion in FY24 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/economy/news/india-s-electronics-exports-increase-23-6-to-29-12-billion-in-fy24-124041600004_1.html |access-date=16 April 2024 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> Limited amounts of semiconductor chips packaged at [[Tata Electronics]]' Bengaluru R&D Center are now being exported to partners in the US, [[Europe]], and [[Japan]]. Currently, these packed chips are under the trial program.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Rekhi |first1=Dia |last2=Aryan |first2=Aashish |date=2024-05-08 |title=Tata Electronics begins export of semiconductor chip samples from Bengaluru centre |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/tata-begins-export-of-chip-samples/articleshow/109899909.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-12 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

For the US and European markets, [[Foxconn]] and [[Dixon_Technologies#Padget_Electronics|Padget Electronics]] will produce the pro and base versions of the Pixel smartphone, respectively, along with other Google devices. Foxconn's [[Sriperumbudur]] factory has already begun trial production. Full-scale manufacturing is scheduled to begin in September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Danish |date=6 July 2024 |title=Google to export India-made Pixel smartphones to Europe, US; trial production begins |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/technology/google-to-export-india-made-pixel-smartphones-to-europe-us-trial-production-begins-article-12762020.html |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=moneycontrol}}</ref>

According to the Economic Survey 2026, electronics has grown from India's seventh largest export category in [[fiscal year]] 2022 to become third largest in FY2025. The survey was presented to the [[Indian Parliament]] on 29 January 2026. Further, electronics export had already touched $22.2 billion in the running fiscal year 2026, making it the second largest exports category just after [[petroleum products]]. The major reason for the expansion was the mobile manufacturing segment which rose from {{INRConvert|18000|c|lk=on|year=2015|mode=historical}} in FY2015 to {{INRConvert|5.45|lc|lk=on|year=2025}} in FY2025, marking a 30-flod increase in a decade. The expansion from two mobile production units to over 300 moved India from being a net importer to second-largest mobile manufacturer.<ref name=":2" />

====Imports====
In 2012–13, 2013–14, and 2014–15, the estimated total value of electronic products imports was ₹1,79,000 crore (US$28 billion), ₹1,95,900 crore (US$31 billion), and ₹2,25,600 crore (US$37 billion), respectively.<ref name="Times 131415">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech-news/electronic-goods-imports-rise-to-rs-225600-crore-in-fy15/articleshow/51227271.cms|title=Electronic goods imports rise to Rs 2,25,600 crore in FY15|work=The Times Of India|date=2 March 2016 |access-date=2016-07-25}}</ref> Based on data from the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, the importation of phones surged dramatically from $665.47 million in 2003–04 to $10.9 billion in 2013–14. Over the same time period, phone imports from China increased from $64.61 million to $7 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/j6PvasGzddHr29lPDe63eL/Your-fascination-for-smartphones-is-driving-Indias-trade-de.html|title=Your fascination for smartphones is driving India's trade deficit|date=16 December 2014|publisher=Livemint|access-date=2016-07-25}}</ref> China was responsible for 67% of India's $23.5 billion electronics trade imbalance in 2013–14. Electronics imports could reach $40 billion in FY16, up from about $28 billion in FY11.<ref name="Times 40"/> In 2016, local electronics production started to grow, signaling the start of a recovery during a period of low Indian exports. Electronic exports increased by 7.8% to $0.5 billion in January 2016, while electronic imports, which made up 27% of India's annual trade imbalance, decreased by 2.2% to $3.2 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/14DELtag6kPOlM75ynD5RK/Has-Indias-electronic-manufacturing-turned-a-corner.html|title=Has India's electronic manufacturing turned a corner?|date=18 February 2016|publisher=Livemint|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref>

===Government initiatives===
To promote overall growth and open job opportunities, projected to be more than 28 million by attracting investments worth $100 billion, the Indian central government has sought to reduce the country's electronics import bill from 65% in 2014–15 to 50% in 2016 and gradually to a net-zero electronics trade by 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/pm-wants-net-import-export-of-electronics-to-be-zero-by-2020-114080401055_1.html|title=PM wants net export import of electronics to be zero by 2020|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=5 August 2014|publisher=Business Standard|access-date=2016-07-22|last1=Agarwal|first1=Surabhi}}</ref> India has pursued a two-pronged strategy of import substitution and export encouragement, through the [[Make in India]] campaign coupled with the [[Digital India]] campaign, the [[Startup India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://startupindia.gov.in/upload/Startup_India_FAQs.pdf|title=FAQs|publisher=Startup India|access-date=2016-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418065439/http://startupindia.gov.in/upload/Startup_India_FAQs.pdf|archive-date=2016-04-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[Skill India]] campaigns. The government has fostered an environment conducive to [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI) inflow in several ways, as outlined in the National Electronics Policy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meity.gov.in/sites/upload_files/dit/files/NPE_Notification.pdf|title=National Policy on Electronics|publisher=Meity|access-date=2021-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513203934/http://deity.gov.in/sites/upload_files/dit/files/NPE_Notification.pdf|archive-date=2014-05-13|url-status=live}}</ref> and the National Telecom Policy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalindia.gov.in/content/electronics-manufacturing|title=Electronics Manufacturing|publisher=a 1 India|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref>
*Increased liberalisation of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): 100% FDI through an automatic route.
*Relaxation of tariffs.
*Establishment of Electronic Hardware Technology Parks (EHTPs) and Special Economic Zones (SEZs).
*Implementation of Preferential Market Access (PMA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meity.gov.in/esdm/pma|title=Preference for Domestically Manufactured Electronic Goods(PMA)|publisher=Meity|access-date=2021-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713084248/http://www.deity.gov.in/esdm/pma|archive-date=2016-07-13|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Imposing basic customs duties on certain items falling outside the framework of the IT free trade agreement.
*Exempting import-dependent inputs/components for PC manufacturing from a Special Additional Duty (SAD).
*Incentivising the export of certain electronics goods in the Focus Products scheme under the Foreign Trade Policy.
*Funding 3000 PhD students in electronics and [[Information technology|IT]] across the Indian universities.
*Imposing an education [[cess]] on imported electronic products for parity.
*To offer incentives of up to $1.7 billion by 2020 to electronics hardware manufacturing entities setting up shops in India to help offset the disadvantages of developing the new industry in the country, a Modified Special Incentive Package Scheme (MSIPS)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meity.gov.in/sites/upload_files/dit/files/MSIPS%20Notification.pdf|title=MSIPS|publisher=Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|access-date=2021-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819044818/http://deity.gov.in/sites/upload_files/dit/files/MSIPS%20Notification.pdf|archive-date=2013-08-19|url-status=live}}</ref> has been initiated. The government has approved 40 proposals worth over INR9538 crore between January 2014 and June 2015 under the scheme.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msips.in/MSIPS/|title=Welcome to e-MSIPS|publisher=MSIPS|access-date=2016-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703031040/http://www.msips.in/MSIPS/|archive-date=2016-07-03|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*The establishment of greenfield and brownfield Electronic Manufacturing Clusters (EMCs) is encouraged under the EMC scheme.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meity.gov.in/sites/upload_files/dit/files/Notification-EMC-Gazette.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314174013/https://www.meity.gov.in/sites/upload_files/dit/files/Notification-EMC-Gazette.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 14, 2022|title=Electronic Manufacturing Clusters|publisher=Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|access-date=2021-02-23}}</ref> Some 200 EMCs are projected by 2020, of which 30 are already in the process of establishment.

The National Institution for Transforming India ([[NITI Aayog]]), a policy think-tank under the Indian central government, has suggested in a draft report<ref>"Make in India - Strategy for Electronic Products"</ref> that a policy be adopted to provide a tax holiday for ten years to firms investing US$1 billion or more that also create 20,000 jobs. The report, hinting at a policy tilt toward the [[Information Technology Agreement]]-2 (ITA -2),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/inftec_e/inftec_e.htm|title=Information Technology Agreement|publisher=The World Trade Organization|access-date=2016-07-13}}</ref> also suggests that India should re-strategize its defensive policies regarding Free Trade agreements (FTAs) and aggressively pursue export-oriented policies to utilize these FTAs as opportunities to obtain duty-free access to the electronics markets of its FTA partners.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/niti-aayog-seeks-tax-holiday-on-1-billion-investment-in-electronic-manufacturing/articleshow/52601926.cms|title=Niti Aayog seeks tax holiday on $1 billion investment in electronic manufacturing|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=5 June 2016 |access-date=2016-07-13}}</ref>

The Indian government launched Digital India futureLABS on 3 February 2024, with the aim of doing research and development in the areas of automotive, computer, communication, [[industrial electronics]], strategic electronics, and [[internet of things]]. Funding will originate from the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]]'s R&D budget. The primary organization for creating the general strategy, SOPs, and guidelines for new businesses and other private sector enterprises engaged in those fields would be the [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing]] (C-DAC).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aryan |first=Aashish |date=2024-02-03 |title=Centre launches Digital India future LABS for R&D in automotive, compute, other areas |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/govt-launches-digital-india-future-labs-for-rd-in-automotive-compute-other-areas/articleshow/107388863.cms |access-date=2024-02-10 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

===Investments in the electronics sector===
Between April 2000 and March 2016, the electronics industry in India attracted $1.636 billion in foreign direct investment (FDI) (equity capital component only; this amount excludes funds remitted through the Reserve Bank of India's NRI schemes). This represents 0.57% of the total FDI equity inflow that the nation received during the same period, totaling $288.51 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dipp.nic.in/English/Publications/FDI_Statistics/2016/FDI_FactSheet_JanuaryFebruaryMarch2016.pdf|title=Fact Sheet on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)|page=9|publisher=DIPP|access-date=2016-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705010628/http://dipp.nic.in/English/Publications/FDI_Statistics/2016/FDI_FactSheet_JanuaryFebruaryMarch2016.pdf|archive-date=2016-07-05|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As of February 2016, the [[India Electronics and Semiconductor Association]] (IESA), a group that supports domestic production of computer hardware and electronic goods in India, reported that the government had received 156 proposals with investment commitments totaling INR1.14 lakh crore, or $16.8 billion, over the preceding 20 months.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-to-see-16-8-bn-investment-in-electronic-manufacturing-proposals-iesa-116020200378_1.html|title=India sees $16.8-bn electronic manufacturing proposals|date=3 February 2016 |publisher=Business Standard|access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref> As of May 2016, the government had approved 74 applications totaling ₹ 17,300 crores out of 195 investment proposals costing ₹ 1.21 lakh crore, while 27 projects had been rejected.<ref>{{cite web |title=Make in India: Centre clears Rs 17,300 crore worth investment proposals in electronics sector |url=http://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/make-in-india-centre-clears-rs-17300-crore-worth-investment-proposals-in-electronics-sector/52329138 |access-date=2016-07-17 |publisher=The Economic Times}}</ref> As of June 2016, the Indian electronics industry anticipates US$56 billion in investments over the following four years to reach its 2020 export target of over US$80 billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/india-expects-56-billion-investment-in-electronics-sector/articleshow/52548484.cms|title=India expects $56 billion investment in electronics sector|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=June 2, 2016|access-date=2016-07-13}}</ref> As of August 2016, 37 mobile manufacturing companies have invested in India during the previous year, resulting in the creation of 40,000 direct jobs and around 125,000 indirect jobs.<ref name="mob16" />

[[Foxconn]] has pledged investment worth $5 billion to set up R&D and electronic manufacturing facilities in India within the next five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saritharai/2015/08/10/foxconn-could-make-india-its-next-manufacturing-base-after-china-investments-suggest/#5e483a9f3bb9|title=Foxconn Could Make India Its Next Manufacturing Base After China, Investments Suggest|work=Forbes|date=2015-08-10 |access-date=2016-07-11}}</ref> In January 2015, the [[Spice Global]] signed an MoU to set up a mobile phone manufacturing unit in [[Uttar Pradesh]] with an investment of {{INRConvert|5|b}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Spice Group announces Rs 500 crore investment to build mobile manufacturing unit in UP|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/scitech/report-spice-group-announces-rs-500-crore-investment-to-build-mobile-manufacturing-unit-in-up-2056177 |publisher=DNA India|date=28 January 2015|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref> In January 2015, [[Samsung]] contemplated a joint public-private initiative under which 10 "MSME-Samsung Technical Schools" will be established in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=MSME-Samsung Technical School to promote 'Make in India'|url=http://www.business-standard.com/content/b2b-manufacturing-industry/msme-samsung-technical-school-to-promote-make-in-india-115011500803_1.html|publisher=Business Standard|date=15 January 2015|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref> In February, Samsung announced that it will manufacture the [[Samsung Z1]] in its plant in [[Noida]]. In addition to mobile phones, Samsung's factories in Noida and [[Sriperumbudur]] produce appliances and consumer electronics such as refrigerators, LED televisions, washing machines, and split air conditioners.<ref>{{cite web|title=Samsung launches new 4G phones, says still on top in India|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/samsung-launches-budget-4g-phones-says-still-on-top-in-india/|publisher=The Indian Express|date=17 February 2015|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref> In February 2015, [[Huawei]] opened an R&D center in [[Bengaluru]] with an investment of {{currency|170|USD}} million.<ref>{{cite web|title=China's Huawei makes $170 million "Make in India" investment|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/huawei-tech-india-investment-idINKBN0L91JR20150205|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222050712/http://in.reuters.com/article/huawei-tech-india-investment-idINKBN0L91JR20150205|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 22, 2015|publisher=Reuters|date=5 February 2015|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Huawei India opens new R&D campus in Bengaluru|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/458003/huawei-india-opens-rampd-campus.html |publisher=Deccan Herald|date=5 February 2015|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref> It is also setting up a telecom hardware manufacturing plant in Chennai, which has been approved by the central government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-07-14/news/64406051_1_telecom-gear-huawei-india-security-clearance |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914025425/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-07-14/news/64406051_1_telecom-gear-huawei-india-security-clearance |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 14, 2015 |title=Make in India: Chinese telecom giant Huawei to set up a unit in Tamil Nadu - timesofindia-economictimes |publisher=Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref> In February 2015, [[Xiaomi]] began initial talks with the Andhra Pradesh government to begin manufacturing smartphones at a [[Foxconn]]-run facility in [[Sri City]]. In early August 2015, the company announced that the first manufacturing unit was operational<ref>{{citation |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/mobile-tabs/xiaomis-make-in-india-journey-starts-with-redmi-2-prime-in-andhra-pradesh/ |title=#MakeInIndia: Xiaomi launches Redmi 2 Prime which is made in Andhra Pradesh |publisher=The Indian Express |date=11 August 2015|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref> within seven months after it was conceived.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/11/24/modis-make-in-india-wins-with-xiaomi-but-fdi-infrastructure-a-problem.html|title=Modi's Make in India win with Xiaomi|publisher=CNBC|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref> In August 2015, [[Lenovo]] commenced operations at a smartphone manufacturing plant in Sriperumbudur, run by the Singapore-based contract manufacturer [[Flextronics]] International Limited. The plant has separate manufacturing lines for Lenovo and [[Motorola]], as well as separate quality assurance and product testing functions.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/make-in-india-lenovo-motorola-starts-making-smartphones-at-chennai-plant/articleshow/48525380.cms |title=Make In India: Lenovo-Motorola starts making smartphones at Chennai plant |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=24 August 2015 |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |access-date=2016-07-19 |last1=Guha |first1=Romit }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/3OQBWXtDNp6Zqj65YTnSaJ/Lenovo-follows-Xiaomi-as-Chinese-smartphone-makers-rush-to-I.html |title=Lenovo starts manufacturing smartphones in India |date=18 August 2015 |publisher=Livemint |access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref> Taiwan's major contract manufacturer, [[Wistron]], which makes devices for companies such as [[BlackBerry]], [[HTC]] and [[Motorola]], announced plans in November 2015 to manufacture the devices at a new factory in Noida, Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/After-Foxconn-Taiwanese-contract-manufacturing-major-Wistron-to-Make-in-India/articleshow/49911470.cms|title=After Foxconn, Taiwanese contract manufacturing major Wistron to Make in India|work=The Times of India|date=24 November 2015 |access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref> In December 2015, [[Micromax Informatics|Micromax]] announced that it would set up three new manufacturing units in the Indian states of Rajasthan, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh at a cost of {{INRConvert|3|b}}. The plants may become operational in 2016, each employing 3,000-3,500 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/mobiles-tablets/make-in-india-micromax-to-invest-rs-300-cr/article7983330.ece|title=Make in India: Micromax to invest Rs 300 cr|date=13 December 2015 |publisher=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/micromax-to-invest-rs-300-cr-for-make-in-india/articleshow/50159127.cms|title=Micromax to invest Rs 300 cr for 'Make in India' |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=14 December 2015 |publisher=timesofindia-economictimes|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref> Phone manufacturer [[Vivo (technology company)|Vivo]] began manufacturing smartphones in December 2015 at a plant in Greater Noida, employing a workforce of 2,200 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/vivo-mobiles-make-in-india-greater-noida-manufacturing-plant/|title=#MakeInIndia: Vivo inaugurates its first manufacturing unit in Greater Noida|date=22 December 2015 |work=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref>

The US-based personal computing hardware multinational [[Dell Technologies]], is looking to expand its capacity to export from India, at its laptop and computer manufacturing factory in Sriperumbudur, where it previously invested US$30 million.<ref name="ndtvdellin">{{cite web|url=http://m.gadgets.ndtv.com/laptops/news/dell-plans-to-expand-its-manufacturing-facility-in-india-626998|title=Dell Plans to Expand Its Manufacturing Facility in India|date=28 November 2014 |publisher=NDTV|access-date=2016-09-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-business/dell-to-set-up-unit-at-sriperumbudur/article3075715.ece|title=Dell to set up unit at Sriperumbudur|work=The Hindu|access-date=2016-09-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/with-right-rules-dell-ready-to-make-and-ship-from-india-cfo-thomas-w-sweet/articleshow/53715371.cms|title=With right rules, Dell ready to make and ship from India: CFO Thomas W Sweet|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=16 August 2016 |access-date=2016-09-20 |last1=Agarwal |first1=Surabhi }}</ref> Dell has plans of investing in the tunes of US$300 million through its venture fund arm Dell ventures, in Indian start-ups working in cloud computing, security and analytics as well as in the manufacturing of microprocessors and photo voltaic cells.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.gadgetsnow.com/tech-news/Dell-Ventures-to-invest-300-million-in-Indian-startups/articleshow/49946795.cms|title=Dell Ventures to invest $300 million in Indian startups|publisher=Gadgetsnow|access-date=2016-09-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.gadgetsnow.com/tech-news/Dell-to-increase-investment-in-India/articleshow/47331052.cms|title=Dell to increase investment in India|publisher=Gadgetsnow|access-date=2016-09-20}}</ref> Chennai-based Munoth Industries has partnered with China's Better Power for technological support as it aims to set up India's first Lithium-ion cell manufacturing plant in [[Tirupati]] in three phases by 2022 with an investment of {{INR}}799 crores. The first phase of the project will be complete by 2019 and the latter phases by 2022. The plant is expected to generate 1,700 job opportunities. The company has invested {{INR}}165 crore for the first phase, in which it would draw a capital investment of {{INR}}25 crore from the Central Government under the [[Make in India|Make In India]] scheme. The state government of [[Andhra Pradesh]] also will provide fiscal and operational incentives, including subsidies on taxes and power costs. The company intends to sell finished lithium ion cells to mobile phone manufacturers and battery pack manufacturers in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/indias-first-lithium-ion-cell-manufacturing-plant-will-be-ready-by-2019-5216624/|title=India's first Lithium-ion cell manufacturing plant will be ready by 2019|date=14 June 2018 |publisher=Indian Express|access-date=2018-06-15}}</ref> Together, MEL Systems and Services, Syrma SGS, O/E/N India, Sahasra Group, and Deki Electronics launched a new company called Awesense Five in February 2024. Its goal is to develop and produce industrial sensors in India, reducing reliance on imports and capturing the ₹7,000 crore domestic market, which includes the defence sector.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simhan |first=T. E. Raja |date=2024-02-06 |title=Electronics industry veterans unite to form 'Awesense Five' for sensor manufacturing |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/electronics-industry-veterans-unite-to-form-awesense-five-for-sensor-manufacturing/article67813770.ece |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

The first commercial [[supercapacitor]] production facility in India has been established by [[KELTRON]] in [[Kannur]]. [[Chief minister of Kerala|Chief Minister]] [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] officially opened it on October 1, 2024. The company has been collaborating on technology development with [[ISRO]], the [[Naval Materials Research Laboratory]], and the [[Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology]]. With an expenditure of ₹18 crore, the production facility's first phase has been established. In due time, the total investment will be ₹42 crore. The production capacity is approximately 2000 pieces per day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghunath |first=Arjun |date=1 October 2024 |title=India's 'first' supercapacitor production facility opens in Kerala |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/indias-first-supercapacitor-production-facility-opens-in-kerala-3215506 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==Semiconductor industry==

With the advancements of the [[Internet of Things]] (IoT)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://techstory.in/iot-startups-in-india/|title=IoT Startups In India – Developing The Internet Of Things !|date=30 May 2016 |publisher=Techstory|access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/internet-of-things-let-devices-do-the-talking/|title= Internet of Things: Let devices do the talking|date= 18 March 2016|publisher=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.in/How-the-Internet-of-Things-can-change-the-India-we-live-in-on-its-head/articleshow/48871985.cms|title=How the IoT can change the India we live on its head|publisher=Business Insider|access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref> has led to increased attention on Indian semiconductor industry and manufacturing, and its role in the country's development.

===Statistics and trends===
The fast growing electronics system design manufacturing ( ESDM ) industry in India has design capabilities with the number of units exceeding 120. As stated by the Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DeitY), approximately 2,000 chips are being designed in India every year with more than 20,000 engineers currently employed to work on various aspects of IC design and verification.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/trend-tracking/designing-chips-for-the-world/articleshow/60894286.cms|title=Designing chips for the world|newspaper=Times of India|date=October 2017 |access-date=2017-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Semiconductor Industry in India |url=https://mosartlabs.com/president-of-vlsi-society-of-india-dr-satya-gupta-highlights-800-billion-semiconductor-opportunity-for-india/ |access-date=26 January 2025}}</ref>
According to a NOVONOUS report, the consumption of semiconductors in India, mostly import-based, is estimated to rise from $10.02 billion in 2013 to $52.58 billion by 2020 at a dynamic CAGR of 26.72%. The report estimates that the consumption of mobile devices will grow at a CAGR of 33.4% between 2013 and 2020, driving the share of mobile devices in semiconductor revenue up from 35.4% in 2013 to 50.7% in 2020. Moreover, the telecom segment is also expected to rise at a CAGR of 26.8% during 2013-20. The information technology and office automation segment are estimated to grow at a CAGR of 18.2% in the same period. The consumer electronics segment also is expected to grow at a CAGR of 18.8% over the seven years. The automotive electronics segment is expected to grow at a 30.5% CAGR from 2013 to 2020. The EDSM industry will also grow on the back of these high consumption-led industries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.novonous.com/press-releases/novonous-release-semiconductor-market-india-2014-2020-report|title=NOVONOUS Release Semiconductor Market in India 2014 - 2020 Report|publisher=NOVONOUS|date=July 23, 2014|access-date=2016-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815234737/http://www.novonous.com/press-releases/novonous-release-semiconductor-market-india-2014-2020-report|archive-date=August 15, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Currently, almost all the semiconductor demand is met by imports from countries like the USA, Japan, and Taiwan. In the semiconductor sector, India has a significant human-capital pool which is currently concentrated in design, in the absence of an end-to-end manufacturing base. But the nascent ESDM segment in India is premised on competent domestic research by Indian universities and institutes across the entire semiconductor manufacturing value chain; namely, chip design and testing, embedded systems, process-related, EDA, MEMS and sensors, etc., which have contributed to a voluminous number of research publications.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meity.gov.in/sites/upload_files/dit/files/Department%20of%20Electronics%20and%20IT’s%20Presentation%20regarding%20Fab.pdf|title=developing Semiconductor Manufacturing Capabilities in India|publisher=meity|access-date=2021-02-23}}</ref>

===Initiatives in the semiconductor industry===
As of 2016, the government allows 100% FDI in the Electronics system manufacturing and design (ESDM) sector through an automatic route to attract investments including from Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and Integrated Device Manufacturers (IDMs), and those relocating to India from other countries, in addition to EMC, MIPS and other incentives and schemes provided to the electronics sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meity.gov.in/sites/upload_files/dit/files/Esdm_Policy.pdf|title=ESDM Policy|publisher=Meity|access-date=2021-02-23}}</ref>

The Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DeitY), in line with [[Skill India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skilldevelopment.gov.in/assets/images/Skill%20India/policy%20booklet-%20Final.pdf|title=Policy on Skill India|publisher=Skill India|access-date=2016-07-10}}</ref> campaign has launched an {{INR}} 49 crore scheme for capacity building in ESDM.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meity.gov.in/sites/upload_files/dit/files/Capacity |title=Capacity Building in Electronic Product Design and Production Technology |access-date=2021-02-23 }}</ref> In October 2015, [[Infineon Technologies]], a German semiconductor firm partnered with National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msde.gov.in/nationalskilldevelopmentcorporation.html|title=NSDC|publisher=Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, Government of India|access-date=2016-07-13}}</ref> to enhance skill and manpower in semiconductor technology, aimed at boosting the ESDM ecosystem in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/?mode=details&id=45572|title=Infineon Technologies and National Skill Development Council Sign Memorandum of Understanding to Skill Manpower for Semiconductors in India|publisher=The Telegraph India|access-date=2016-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818123654/http://www.telegraphindia.com/external/display.jsp?mode=details&id=45572#.V4JVPTNw10w|archive-date=2016-08-18|url-status=live}}</ref>

The India Electronics & Semiconductor Association (IESA)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iesaonline.org/index.html|title=Home page|publisher=IESA|access-date=2016-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818170320/http://www.iesaonline.org/index.html|archive-date=2016-08-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> has announced a SPEED UP and SCALE-UP of its talent development initiative to be implemented through the Centre of Excellence with the Electronics Sector Skills Council of India (ESSCI) and an MoU with the Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU) and the RV-VLSI Design Center to build human capital in the ESDM field.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/IESA-signs-MoUs-to-build-resource-base-for-design-led-electronics-manufacturing-in-India/articleshow/46122502.cms|title=IESA signs MoUs to build a resource base for design-led electronics manufacturing in India|work=The Times Of India|date=4 February 2015 |access-date=2016-07-10}}</ref> ESSCI, which has developed over 140 Qualification Packs (QP) / National Occupation Standards (NOS) across 14 sub-sectors of which Embedded System Design and VLSI are key domains absorbing engineers, established their first-ever Centre of Excellence (CoE) at BMS college of Engineering for VLSI and embedded system design.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eeherald.com/section/news/owns20150901001a.html|title=CoE for VLSI and embedded system design at BMS Engineering College Bangalore|publisher=Electronics Engineering Herald|access-date=2016-08-25}}</ref> IESA signed an MoU with Taiwan Electrical and Electronic Manufacturers' Association (TEEMA) to encourage co-operation in technology and knowledge transfer and investment commitment to the domestic ESDM sector that can benefit both Indian and Taiwanese companies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eeherald.com/section/news/onws201503290001ba.html|title=IESA signs MoU with TEEMA|publisher=Electronics Engineering Herald|access-date=2016-08-25}}</ref> IESA also entered into a MoU with Singapore Semiconductor Industry Association (SSIA) in February 2015, with an objective to forge trade and technical cooperation tie-ups between the electronics and semiconductor industries of both the countries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/IESA-signs-MoU-with-SSIA-to-fortify-India-Singapore-electronic-industry-collaborations/articleshow/46190718.cms|title=IESA signs MoU with SSIA to fortify India-Singapore electronic industry collaborations|work=The Times Of India|date=12 February 2015 |access-date=2016-07-10}}</ref>

The Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DeitY) has established an Electronics Development Fund (EDF) managed by Canara Bank ( CANBANK Venture Capital Funds or CVCFL) to provide risk capital and to attract venture funds, angel funds and seed funds for incubating R&D and fostering the innovative environment in the sector.,<ref name="Times 131415"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://meity.gov.in/esdm/edf|title=Electronics Development Fund|publisher=meity|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708102507/http://deity.gov.in/esdm/edf|archive-date=2016-07-08|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-23}}</ref> the establishment of "Fund of Funds for Start-ups" (FFS) approved by the union cabinet as part of the EDF for contribution to various alternative investment funds or daughter funds, registered with Securities and Exchange Board of India which would extend funding support to start-ups, in line with the Start-up India Action Plan unveiled by Government in January 2016, will be beneficial to the start-ups in the ESDM space, according to IESA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://electronicsb2b.efytimes.com/industry-buzz/iesa-hails-govt-decision-pass-rs-10000-crore-corpus-fund-funds-start-ups/|title=IESA hails govt decision to pass Rs 10,000 crore corpus Fund of Funds for start-ups|publisher=electronicsB2B|access-date=2016-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820100211/http://electronicsb2b.efytimes.com/industry-buzz/iesa-hails-govt-decision-pass-rs-10000-crore-corpus-fund-funds-start-ups/|archive-date=2016-08-20|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The National Centre for Flexible Electronics (NCFlexE) at [[IIT Kanpur]], the National Centre for Excellence in Technology for Internal Security at [[IIT Bombay]] and the Centre for Excellence for Internet of Things at [[NASSCOM]], Bengaluru has been set up to promote the development of national capability in ESDM.<ref name="Times 131415"/>

===Recent notable achievements===
In 2011, [[Hyderabad]] based semiconductor chip design services entity SoCtronics completed the first 28 nm design chip to be developed in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eeherald.com/section/news/Rnws201111012.html|title=SoCtronics tapeout first 28nm design from India|publisher=Electronics Engineering Herald|access-date=2016-08-25}}</ref> Bangalore-based Indian company Navika Electronics has designed [[Satellite navigation|GNSS]]/[[Global Positioning System|GPS]] [[System on a chip|SoC (System on Chip)]] chipsets based on [[ARM architecture|ARM core]] processors under its own brand name for portable applications like receiving/down conversion and amplification of GPS and Galileo signals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eeherald.com/section/news/owns20160530001.html|title=ISRO and Bangalore based Navika gets India GPS freedom|publisher=Electronics Engineering Herald|access-date=2016-08-25}}</ref>

The Centre for Nano Science and Engineering (CeNSE), [[Indian Institute of Science|IISc, Bengaluru]], in collaboration with KAS Tech, a Bengaluru-based electronics manufacturing company, has developed 'Ocean', a highly integrated and portable chemical vapour depositor that can commercially produce various two dimensional materials including graphene, in an easy 'plug and grow' approach which can have various novel applications in the ESDM sector, for both academia and industry alike.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iisc.researchmedia.center/article/reactor-produce-graphene-made-india/|title=A reactor to produce graphene, Made In India|publisher=Research media Center, IISC|access-date=2016-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118101731/http://iisc.researchmedia.center/article/reactor-produce-graphene-made-india|archive-date=2017-01-18|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In what could be viewed as a breakthrough for the country's electric automobile programme as well as indigenous electronics manufacturing, the [[Indian Space Research Organization]] (ISRO) and the [[Automotive Research Association of India]] (ARAI) together have developed and validated through tests, using ISRO's state of the art cell technology, a lithium-ion battery prototype for application in electric vehicles and looks forward to commercialising the technology through mass production by partnering with automotive companies. Currently India's lithium-ion battery requirements are completely met by import as there is no domestic manufacturing of these batteries. While the raw material for the batteries still has to be imported, the rest of the value chain can be synthesized domestically at a competitive cost, if the project clears all the barriers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/technology/homegrown-lithium-battery-to-power-indias-electric-vehicles/514977/|title=Good news: After satellites, 'desi' lithium batteries to power electric vehicles in India|publisher=Financial Express|access-date=2017-02-10}}</ref>
Researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology - Bombay (IIT-B), in a collaboration with ISRO's Semi-Conductor Labs (SCL), Chandigarh, have developed an indigenous Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) which can function with Bi-CMOS (Bipolar Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor). Analogue or mixed chips based on various digital Bi-CMOS technology with integrated analogue high frequency BJT based amplifiers are essential for IoT and space applications like high frequency communications as they reduce form factor, power consumption, weight and size dimensions and cost etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://researchmatters.in/article/made-india-transistor-can-make-india’s-iot-technology-reality|title=A made-in-India transistor that can make India's IoT technology a reality|publisher=researchmatters.in|access-date=2018-06-15}}</ref>

During the Digital India FutureLABS Summit 2024, technologies for a [[CMOS]]-based vision processing system, a Thermal [[Smart camera|Smart Camera]], and a [[Fleet management system|Fleet Management System]] were distributed to 12 industries as part of [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]]'s InTranSE Program. A [[digital signal processor]] included inside the Thermal Smart Camera allows it to do a variety of [[AI]]-based [[analytics]]. Applications in smart cities, industry, defense, and healthcare are its main focus. With a potent on-board computing engine, the Industrial Vision Sensor iVIS 10GigE is a CMOS-based vision processing system designed to handle the demands of the upcoming industrial [[machine vision]] applications. The Fleet Management System tracks the position of vehicles and sends out notifications for a variety of situations, including reckless driving, [[overspeed]]ing, ignition, idling, and stopping. It will also help improve the dependability of public transportation services by reducing the occurrence of [[bus bunching]], as transit operators can employ operational techniques for headway reliability as a dynamic scheduling decision support tool.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-05 |title=Govt transfers 3 indigenously developed technologies to 12 businesses |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/govt-transfers-3-indigenously-developed-technologies-to-12-businesses-12194251.html |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

===Investments in Semiconductor Industry in India===
In 2014, the ESDM industry was projected to see investment proposals worth {{INR}} 10,000 crores (USD $1.5 billion) over the next two years, along with five partially state-funded start-up incubation centres of the 250 planned by the industry body, as per IESA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/LeDLPXutgljhhAVA26dUjJ/Make-in-India-will-benefit-electronics-manufacturing-Indust.html|title=Make in India will benefit electronics manufacturing:IESA|date=20 October 2014 |publisher=Livemint|access-date=2016-07-10}}</ref>

In February 2014, the union cabinet approved the setting up of these fab proposals with the decision to extend incentives as follows:
* 25% subsidy on capital expenditure and tax reimbursement under M-SIPS Policy.
* Exemption of Basic Customs Duty (BCD) for non-covered capital items.
* 200% deduction on expenditure on R&D under Section 35(2AB) of the Income Tax Act.
* Investment-linked deductions under Section 35AD of the IT Act.
* Interest free loan of around {{INR}} 5,124 crore to each.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pww.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=103681|title=Approval by cabinet to establish two Semiconductor Wafer Fabrication Manufacturing Facilities in India|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|access-date=2016-08-25}}{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Starting January 1, 2022, the government started taking applications under its incentive scheme in developing a full ecosystem for the chip manufacturing industry and expects at least a dozen semiconductor manufacturers to start setting up local factories in the next several years.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-12-22/india-sees-chip-makers-starting-local-manufacturing-in-2-3-years| title=India Sees Chipmakers Starting Local Production in 2-3 Years| work=Bloomberg| date=December 21, 2021}}</ref>

The [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] has proposed a 71% increase in funding to [[₹]]13,104.50 [[crore]] for the manufacturing of chips and electronics in the [[2024 Union budget of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Aryan |first1=Aashish |last2=Lohchab |first2=Himanshi |date=2024-02-02 |title=Budget 2024: FM proposes 71% increase in outlay for chip, electronics manufacturing |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/budget-2024-fm-proposes-71-increase-in-outlay-for-chip-electronics-manufacturing/articleshow/107365284.cms |access-date=2024-02-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In 2024, the [[Government of India]] has approved the establishment of four [[Semiconductor manufacturing|semiconductor manufacturing units]] in the country as part of the Semicon India Programme. Additionally, nine projects have received approval under the Scheme for Promotion of Manufacturing of Electronic Components and Semiconductors (SPECS). These initiatives are expected to generate approximately 15,710 jobs, significantly contributing to the growth of the semiconductor and electronics sectors in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2088268|title=Year End Review 2024 of Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology Part-1|website=pib.gov.in|accessdate=Sep 18, 2025}}</ref>

The [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]] is actively working to establish the state as a prominent hub for semiconductor manufacturing. Currently, it has received four to five investment proposals amounting to ₹40,000 crore. This initiative coincides with the upcoming three-day Semicon India 2024 event, highlighting the state's commitment to advancing its capabilities in the semiconductor sector.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/uttar-pradesh-govt-bid-to-be-hub-of-semiconductor-units-101725974089113.html|title=Uttar Pradesh govt bid to be hub of semiconductor units|date=Sep 10, 2024|website=Hindustan Times|accessdate=Sep 18, 2025}}</ref>

====Investments in fabrication plants in India====
As of mid 2016, there were no operational commercial [[Semiconductor fabrication plant]]s in India.

The Centre of Excellence in Nanoelectronics (CEN), at the Indian Institute of Technology – Bombay, has a lab-like fab facility collaborated between IIT Bombay and IISc Bangalore that offers research in the design, fabrication and characterization of traditional CMOS Nano-electronic devices, Novel Material based devices (III-V Compound Semiconductor devices, Spintronics, Opto-electronics), Micro Electromechanical Systems (MEMS), NEMS, Bio-MEMS, polymer based devices and solar Photovoltaics to researchers across academia, industry and government laboratories, all over India. The center also offers support in device fabrication technologies using sophisticated equipment under the Indian Nano Users Program (INUP) and acts as a linchpin for developing innovative technologies that can be tweaked and commercialized for spurring the nano-industrial growth in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cen.iitb.ac.in/cen/index.php|title=Home page of CEN|publisher=Centre of Excellence in Nanoelectronics|access-date=2016-07-10|archive-date=2024-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816032226/http://cen.iitb.ac.in/cen/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A foundry for producing GaN nano material proposed to be extended around the existing facility for producing gallium nitride transistors, at the IISc's Centre for Nano Science and Engineering (CeNSE), Bangalore, at a cost of {{INR}} 3000 crore has received preliminary approval from the central government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/iisc-to-get-rs-3000-crore-foundry-to-produce-wonder-nano-material-4741048/|title=IISc to get Rs 3,000-crore foundry to produce 'wonder' nano material|date=8 July 2017 |publisher=Indian Express|access-date=2018-06-15}}</ref>

* Gujarat is expected to be home to one of the semiconductor wafer fabrication manufacturing facility by late 2017 in [[Prantij]] of [[Sabarkantha district]]. To be set up by anchor partner Hindustan Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (HSMC) and copartners STMicroelectronics N.V. (France/Italy) and Silterra (Malaysia), it will employ a workforce of over 25,000 including 4,000 direct employees. The group will establish two manufacturing units at an expense of over {{INR}} 29,000 crore or about US$4.5 billion, each capable of producing 20,000 wafers per month. Technology nodes currently proposed by this consortium are 90, 65 and 45 nm nodes in Phase I and 45, 28 and 22 nm nodes in Phase II.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Prantij-to-house-states-1st-semiconductor-wafer-unit/articleshow/40020263.cms|title=Prantij to house state's 1st semiconductor wafer unit|work=The Times of India|date=13 August 2014 |access-date=2016-07-10}}</ref> In March 2016, HSMC received ₹700 crore worth of seed investment for the project from Mumbai-based private equity fund Next Orbit Ventures (NOV).<ref name=Amdsupport>{{cite web|url=http://m.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/amd-backs-chip-manufacturing-in-india/article8467511.ece|title=AMD backs chip manufacturing in India|date=12 April 2016 |publisher=The Hindu Businessline|access-date=2016-08-26}}</ref>
* Another consortium, led by Jaiprakash Associates in collaboration with [[IBM]] and [[Tower Semiconductor]], proposed to build a wafer fab in [[Greater Noida]] at an expense of over {{INR}}34,000 crore or about US$5 billion, capable of producing 40,000 300 mm-diameter wafers per month in an advanced CMOS with 90, 65 and 45 nm CMOS nodes initially before gradually switching over to 28 nm and 22 nm CMOS nodes in later phases. As of April 2016, the fate of the project remains uncertain as to the debt-ridden lead partner, JPA, exited the project, citing the commercial infeasibility of the project.<ref>{{cite web |last=Clarke |first=Peter |date=21 April 2016 |title=Lead Partner Pulls Out of India Fab Plan |url=http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1329516 |access-date=2016-07-11 |publisher=EE Times}}</ref> In 2022, International Semiconductor Consortium (ISMC), a joint venture between [[Abu Dhabi]]-based Next Orbit Ventures and Tower Semiconductor, announced that it had signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the [[Government of Karnataka]] to set up a [[65 nm process|65-nanometer]] analog semiconductor fabrication unit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Rounak |date=2 May 2022 |title=Semiconductor manufacturing in India gets a boost with ISMC's proposed $3 billion plant in Karnataka |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/semiconductor-manufacturing-in-india-gets-a-boost-with-ismcs-proposed-3-billion-plant-in-karnataka/articleshow/91254811.cms |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=Business Insider}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2 May 2022 |title=ISMC to invest $3 billion in Karnataka to set up India's first chip-making plant |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/ismc-to-invest-3-billion-in-karnataka-to-set-up-indias-first-chip-making-plant/2509657/ |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> ISMC will invest $3 billion to set up the plant.<ref name=":0" /> Tower Semiconductor has put in a fresh proposal for $8 billion chip production facility in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barik |first=Soumyarendra |date=2024-02-11 |title=Israeli chipmaker Tower closes in on $8 billion fabrication plant in India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/israeli-chipmaker-tower-closes-in-on-8-billion-fabrication-plant-in-india-9155159/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On 5 September 2024, [[Government of Maharashtra]] approved an investment proposal of ₹83,947 crore ($10 billion ) for a joint venture between Tower Semiconductor and the [[Adani Group]] that will establish chip manufacturing plant in [[Panvel]]. In the first phase, the plant's capacity will be 40,000 wafers per month (WPM), and it will eventually be expanded to 80,000 WPM.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shukla |first=Prateek |date=6 September 2024 |title=Tower-Adani JV to set up $10 bn semiconductor unit in Maharashtra: Fadnavis |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/tower-adani-jv-to-set-up-10-bn-semiconductor-unit-in-maharashtra-fadnavis-124090600160_1.html |access-date=5 October 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>
* [[SunEdison]] and Adani Group have signed an MoU to build the largest vertically integrated solar photovoltaic fab facility in India with an investment of up to US$4 billion in Gujarat's Mundra, creating 4,500 direct jobs and more than 15,000 indirect jobs by integrating all aspects of solar panel production on site, including polysilicon refining and ingot, cell, and module production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eeherald.com/section/news/onws20150125001k.html|title=Solar PV semiconductor fab in Gujarat, India by SunEdison and Adani|publisher= Electronics Engineering Herald|access-date=2016-08-25}}</ref>
* The U.S.-based company called Cricket Semiconductor has evinced interest in investing US$1 billion in building an analog integrated-circuit and power supply integrated-circuit specific semiconductor fab in Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eeherald.com/section/news/onws201502150001.html|title=India's first analog semiconductor fab in Madhya Pradesh|publisher=Electronics Engineering Herald Magazine|access-date=2016-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://meity.gov.in/sites/upload_files/dit/files/fab_policy_2015.pdf|title=Analog Semiconductor Fabrication Investment Policy of Madhya Pradesh 2015|publisher=MeitY|access-date=2021-02-23}}</ref>
* With a $2.75 billion investment, [[Micron Technology]] began construction of its semiconductor manufacturing plant in Gujarat, in September 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Agarwal |first1=Surabhi |last2=P |first2=Suraksha |date=2023-09-20 |title=Micron set to break ground for chip unit |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/micron-set-to-break-ground-for-chip-unit/articleshow/103791649.cms |access-date=2024-02-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* The partnership between [[HCLTech]] and [[Foxconn]] for an OSAT (outsourced semiconductor assembly and testing) plant was announced in January 2024. Foxconn, which invested $37.2 million, will own 40% of the company.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Gulveen Aulakh,Shouvik |date=2024-01-17 |title=Foxconn, HCL announce JV to set up semiconductor OSAT in India |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/foxconn-hcl-announce-jv-to-set-up-semiconductor-osat-in-india-11705505623112.html |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> With HCL Group, Foxconn set aside ₹1,200 crore as a down payment for the building of a chip facility in India. It released a call for bids in February 2024 for construction of chip assembly and testing plant.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-02-06 |title=Foxconn invites bids for construction of chip plant in India |url=https://telanganatoday.com/foxconn-invites-bids-for-construction-of-chip-plant-in-india |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Murugappa Group]] would invest $791 million over a five-year period to enter the semiconductor assembly and testing business.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balachandar |first=G. |date=2023-11-22 |title=Murugappa Group plans $791 million foray into semiconductor business |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/murugappa-group-plans-791-million-foray-into-semiconductor-business/article67562171.ece |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>
* To establish a semiconductor assembly and testing facility in India, [[CG Power and Industrial Solutions]] has partnered with [[Renesas Electronics|Renesas Electronics America]] and Stars Microelectronics, based in Thailand. As equity capital of the joint venture, CG Power, Renesas, and Stars will invest up to $205 million, $15 million, and $2 million in one or more tranches. This amounts to about 92.34 percent, 6.76 percent, and 0.9 percent, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-10 |title=CG Power-led venture to set up semiconductor facility in India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/cg-power-led-venture-to-set-up-semiconductor-facility-in-india-9153873/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Chips for consumer, industrial, automotive, and power applications will be produced with a daily capacity of 15 million units.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-02-29 |title=Government approves 3 semiconductor units, Tata Group to set up two |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/government-approves-3-semiconductor-units-in-india-tata-group-to-set-up-two/articleshow/108109506.cms |access-date=2024-03-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* At a cost of ₹91,000 crore, Tata Electronics and [[Powerchip]] plan to establish a semiconductor fabrication facility in [[Dholera]]. It is expected to be able to process 50,000 wafer starts per month (WSPM). Using 28 nm technology, this facility will manufacture power management ICs, display drivers, micro-controllers, and high-performance computing chips for AI, automotive, computing and data storage, and wireless communication technologies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trueman |first=Charlotte |date=27 September 2024 |title=Tata Electronics and PSMC to build India's first semiconductor fab |url=https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/tata-electronics-and-psmc-to-build-indias-first-semiconductor-fab/ |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Data Centre Dynamics}}</ref> Tata Electronic and [[Synopsys]] to work together at Dholera semiconductor fabrication facility. Tata Electronics plans to leverage Synopsys' foundry design platform to expedite the process of customizing semiconductor products for its clientele. The two firms will also work together in the fields of data analytics, computer-aided design, factory automation, product design kits that Synopsys will offer to Tata Electronics, and the creation of intellectual property for the chip fab.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Shouvik |date=25 June 2024 |title=Tata Electronics signs tech pact with US chip firm for Dholera fabrication plant |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/tata-electronics-signs-tech-pact-with-us-chip-firm-for-dholera-fabrication-plant-11719323926382.html |access-date=30 June 2024 |work=mint}}</ref> [[Tokyo Electron]] will equip Tata Electronics workers and provide training so that the company can meet its 2026 chip manufacturing target on schedule. The partnership covers both back-end packaging technologies and front-end manufacturing. Additionally, Tokyo Electron will fund continuous R&D and enhancement projects.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aulakh |first=Gulveen |date=9 September 2024 |title=Tokyo Electron Ltd to supply equipment to Tata Electronics, train workforce at India's first fab |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/tokyo-electron-tata-electronics-chip-fabrication-unit-semiconductor-fab-facility-ai-11725896297854.html |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=mint}}</ref>
* In [[Morigaon]], [[Tata Semiconductor Assembly and Test]] intends to establish a semiconductor plant. ₹27,000 crore will be needed to establish this facility. Chips for use in automotive, consumer electronics, telecom, mobile phones, and electric vehicles will be assembled with a capacity of 48 million units per day.<ref name=":1" /> The [[Jagiroad]] plant will become operational from 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singal |first=Nidhi |date=2024-08-11 |title=Tata Electronics Bhoomi Poojan for semiconductor assembly plant in Assam; operations in 2025 |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/tata-electronics-bhoomi-poojan-for-semiconductor-assembly-plant-in-assam-operations-in-2025/117902 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
* A group of European businesses and RRP Electronics have partnered to establish an Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly and Testing (OSAT) facility in Maharashtra. On 23 March 2024, it intends to lay the cornerstone of its new 25,000 square foot facility.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iyengar |first=Suresh P. |date=2024-03-17 |title=RRP Electronics to set up first semiconductor plant in Maharashtra |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/rrp-electronics-to-set-up-first-semiconductor-plant-in-maharashtra/article67961569.ece |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>
* The Indian government approved the construction of the ₹3,307 crore [[Kaynes Technology]] ATMP unit in Gujarat on September 2, 2024. The facility would have a daily production capacity of 6.3 million chips.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Ashutosh |date=2 September 2024 |title=Cabinet approves Kaynes chip assembly, packaging unit worth Rs 3,307 crore |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/cabinet-approves-kaynes-chip-assembly-packaging-unit-worth-rs-3-307-crore-124090200930_1.html |access-date=4 September 2024 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> In addition, [[Kaynes SemiCon]] is investing ₹5,000 crore to develop an OSAT plant in [[Sanand]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=P |first=Suraksha |date=2024-03-12 |title=Kaynes SemiCon OSAT to move from Telangana to Gujarat: Sources |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/kaynes-semicon-osat-to-move-from-telangana-to-gujarat-sources/articleshow/108402836.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

====Miscellaneous Investments in Semiconductor Industry====
* [[Cyient]] Ltd. signed an agreement to acquire a 74 per cent equity stake in Rangsons Electronics Pvt Ltd, a Mysuru-based ESDM servicing firm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.thehindu.com/business/Industry/cyient-to-buy-74-stake-in-rangsons-electronics/article6749192.ece|title= Cyient to buy 74 % stake in Rangsons Electronics|work=The Hindu|access-date=2016-07-11}}</ref>
* A US-based product engineering firm, [[Aricent]], acquired Bengaluru-based chip design services company SmartPlay US$180 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/xDGSOQHUrETM6CcVFA5NXP/Aricent-acquires-SmartPlay-for-180-million.html|title=Aricent acquires SmartPlay for $180 million - Livemint|publisher=Livemint|access-date=2016-07-11}}</ref>
* [[Capgemini Engineering|Altran Technologies SA]], a French technology consulting multinational, agreed to acquire SiConTech, a Bengaluru-based start-up that designs semiconductor chips.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eeherald.com/section/news/owns20150729001.html|title=Altran acquires India based VLSI design company SiConTech|publisher=Electronics Engineering Herald Magazine|access-date=2016-07-11}}</ref>
* In August 2013, [[AMD]] opened a new ESDM design centre in [[HITEC City]], Hyderabad, in addition to its existing design centre in [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eeherald.com/section/news/onws2013082001a.html|title=AMD opens design centre in Hyderabad, India|publisher= Electronics Engineering Herald|access-date=2016-08-25}}</ref>
* The world's largest processor intellectual property technology vendor [[ARM Holdings|ARM]] expanded its VLSI operations out of Bengaluru as it set up a new Design Centre at Noida, Uttar Pradesh for working on planar and FinFET CMOS technologies under its physical IP division.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eeherald.com/section/news/onws20131013002.html|title=ARM opens design centre in Noida, UP|publisher= Electronics Engineering Herald|access-date=2016-08-25}}</ref>
* Taiwan based Mobile phone chipmaker [[Mediatek]] opened a VLSI and embedded software design center at Techpark in Bangalore with a plan to invest $200 million to employ up to 500 engineers over the following few years for working on mobile communications, wireless connectivity & home entertainment segments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wew.eeherald.com/section/news/onws201408210001a.html|title=Mobile phone chipmaker Mediatek expands in India|publisher=Electronics Engineering Herald|access-date=2016-08-25}}{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Critics and detractors of the fab projects currently underway in India, in different conceptual phases, doubt the prospects of success of these capital-intensive projects, pointing to various reasons like marginal profitability due to overcapacity of output in a saturated and fiercely competed fab market, noncompetence of these particular fabs in terms of cost and performance related to the dimensions of CMOS nodes even in attracting domestic end-use industries which have access to the more sophisticated fabs outside the country, cost prohibitive maintenance and upgrades needed every few years to weather obsolescence, nonavailability of domestically procurable semiconductor-grade materials in absence of complementing ancillary manufacturing industries and other resource-intensive strings attached to such projects, including land acquisition requirements, necessity uninterrupted deionised water and power supplies, supply of critical gases such as nitrogen and argon, absence of skilled labour force and drain of an already inadequate number of experienced domestic talent pool in electronic engineering and R&D possessing expertise to overcome the barriers of related sensitive technologies for mass production towards other attractive sectors in absence of a major Indian player in the electronics sector, especially in a developing country like India, which is still grappling with infrastructural bottlenecks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Does-India-really-need-a-5bn-semiconductor-unit/articleshow/48151513.cms?mobile=no#_ga=1.107637570.1745289644.1450296943|title= Does India really need a $5bn semiconductor unit?|author=Vinod Dham|publisher=Times Of India, India Times, The Economic Times|access-date=2016-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1333053|title=Semiconductor fab closures on the rise|author=McGrath Dylan|access-date=2018-06-15}}</ref>

However, the endorsers of the fab projects, such as AMD, which partnered with HSMC for the fab project in Gujarat, stress the strategic need of developing the fabs as part of an end-to-end electronics manufacturing base in India which imports billions of dollars' worth of even lower-end semiconductor nodes of 90 nm and above each year.<ref name="Amdsupport"/>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.supplychainbrain.com/blogs/1-think-tank/post/32266-in-electronics-india-aims-to-become-a-factory-for-the-world |title=In Electronics, India Aims to Become a 'Factory for the World |publisher=Supply Chain Brain |access-date=2021-01-28}}</ref>
Relevant circles within India have been advocating for investment by the central government with a long term strategic vision in the revolutionising fields of Gallium Nitride (GaN) and Mercury Cadmium Telluride (HgCdTe) based non silica semiconductor foundry and fab because of their wide ranged use like High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) made from GaN in power electronics both for civilian and military applications which can switch at high speed and can handle high power and high temperature without needing any cooling and HgCdTe based high quality sensors for military space requirements.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/663415/dont-miss-bus-semiconductors.html|title=Don't miss bus on new semiconductors|author=Saurav Jha|access-date=2018-06-15}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|India|Electronics|Technology}}
* [[Economy of India]]
* [[Foreign Direct Investment in India]]
* [[Standup India]]
* [[Make in India]]
* [[Digital India]]
* [[Skill India]]
* [[Automotive industry in India]]
* [[Semiconductor industry in Taiwan]]
* [[Semiconductor industry in China]]
* [[List of semiconductor companies in the United States]]

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Economy of India}}
{{Electronics industry in India}}

[[Category:Electronics industry in India]]
[[Category:Semiconductor industry by country]]
[[Category:Semiconductors]]
[[Category:Manufacturing in India]]

Nagananda

2026-02-12T23:38:39Z

ErlindaLamson9:

{{Short description|7th-century Sanskrit play by Harsha}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
'''''Nagananda''''' ([[Devanagari]]: नागानन्द) ({{Translation|- '' Joy of the Serpents''}}) is a [[Sanskrit]] [[Play (theatre)|play]] attributed to emperor [[Harsha]] (ruled 606 C.E. - 648 C.E.).

''Nagananda'' is among the most acclaimed Sanskrit dramas. Through five acts, it tells the popular story of a prince of divine magicians ([[Vidyadhara|vidyādharas]]) called Jimútaváhana, and his self-sacrifice to save the [[Nāga|Nagas]]. The unique characteristic of this drama is the invocation to [[Gautama Buddha]] in the Nandi verse, which is considered one of the best examples of the dramatic compositions.

''Nagananda'' is the story of how prince Jimutavahana gives up his own body to stop a sacrifice of a Naga prince to the divine [[Garuda]].

Harsha's play ''Nāgānanda'' tells the story of the Bodhisattva Jīmūtavāhavana, and the invocatory verse at the beginning is dedicated to the Buddha, described in the act of vanquishing Māra (so much so that the two verses, together with a third, are also preserved separately in Tibetan translation as the *Mārajit-stotra). Shiva's consort [[Parvati|Gauri]] plays an important role in the play, and raises the hero to life using her divine power.

==Characters==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* '''Jimutavahana''' – The Hero and Vidhyadhara Prince
* '''Jimutaketu''' – The father of hero
* '''Vidushaka (Atreya)''' – The friend of the hero
* '''Mitravasu''' – Son of Vishvavasu and brother of the heroine
* '''Shankachuda''' – A serpent, intended to be the victim of Garuda
* '''Garuda''' – King of birds and enemy of the serpents
* '''Kanchukin''' – Superintendent of the harem
{{col-2}}
* '''Malayavati''' – The heroine and daughter of king Vishvavasu
* '''Devi''' – The mother of the hero
* '''Vriddha''' – The mother of Shankhachuda
* '''Gauri''' – The Goddess
* '''Chaturika''' – Maid of Malayavati
* '''Manoharika''' – Maid of Malayavati
* '''Navamalika''' – Maid of Malayavati
{{col-end}}

==Synopsis==
The first act of the play opens in the penance-grove near the temple of [[Parvati|Gauri]]. Jimutavahana with his friend Atreya, the Vidushaka is in search of a suitable place of residence on the [[Malaya Mountains]], southern part of the [[Western Ghats]], as his old parents have expressed a desire to stay there. He would spend his youth in serving the parents, as he considers such a service far above the enjoyment of the pleasures of kingdom. He had done everything in his power to make his subjects happy, made the kingdom secure and has entrusted the kingdom to his ministers. He disregards the warning of Atreya that his kingdom faces danger from Matanga, a longtime enemy of the kingdom.
Moving about, both of them are struck by the grandeur of the mountain and decide to stay there. Here, they happen to hear the ravishing tunes of melodious music. They enter the temple of Gauri but hide themselves to find out who was singing- Princess Malayawati of the Siddhas. Through her conversation with her maid they learn that she is a maiden and that Gauri revealed herself to her in a dream and conferred a boon that the Emperor of Vidhyadharas, Jimutavahana will marry her. The two friends reveal themselves only to make Malayavati embarrassed. Malayavati leaves the temple with a hermit without knowing Jimutavahana's true identity. The hero and heroine fall in love with each other, though they are yet strangers to each other.

After a few misunderstandings regarding whom Jimutavahana loves and Jimutavahana proving that he loves Malayawati after he shows the portrait he painted of her, Malayawati and Jimutavahana marry as per their parents' wishes. Many days later, prince Mitravasu, the brother of Malayawati, arrives with grave news that Matanga has seized control of Jimutavahana's kingdom. He also implores Jimutavahana to order their troops into battle in order to reclaim his rightful throne. Jimutavahana declines, saying that someone like him, who is willing to sacrifice himself for another, cannot allow bloodshed over a mere kingdom.
Meanwhile, Jimutavahana discovers a white mountain, which is revealed to be a pile of bones. [[Garuda]], the divine eagle, was hostile to the Nagas. To stop Garuda's onslaught, the Naga King Vasuki agreed to send one of his subjects as a sacrifice for Garuda every day. Jimutavahana notices that a Naga named Shankhachuda is chosen to be the sacrifice for the day. Shankhachuda's mother laments her son's fate. Before the appointed time, Shankhachuda and his mother decide to worship Lord Aavilokiteshwara. Meanwhile, Jimutavahana decides to save Shankhachuda. He wears a red robe(originally given to him by his in-laws for his marriage), marking him as the sacrifice and sits on the altar, awaiting Garuda's arrival. Garuda seizes Jimutavahana and takes him to the mountain to devour him.

Meanwhile, Shankhachuda returns to the spot, realises what has happened and takes Jimutavahana's family to the mountain. However, it is too late- by the time they reach the summit, Jimutavahana dies before their eyes. Meanwhile, Garuda realises that Jimutavahana is a human, not a Naga as he had presumed. Filled with regret, Garuda fetches a vessel of Amrita from Indra and sprinkles the nectar on Jimutavahana's corpse as well as the bones of all his victims. Jimutavahana and the Nagas resurrect and happily reunite with their loved ones. Since Jimutavahana's selflessness caused many Nagas to resurrect, the grateful Vasuki bestows the epithet of "Nagananda" on Jimutavahana. The latter returns to his kingdom and becomes the emperor of the Vidyadharas to respect the will of his subjects.

==Sources==
The story of Jimutavahana is found in the [[Kathasaritsagara]] of Somadeva and Brihatkathamanjari of [[Kshemendra]] both written in the 11th century A.D. The story of Nagananda follows closely the shorter narrations in both these books. Both these books are the Sanskrit versions of the Brihatkatha of [[Gunadhya]] in Paishachi language, composed about the 1st century A.D. But neither the Kathasaritsagara nor the Brihatkathamanjari, both composed in the 11th century A.D. can be accepted as the source of Nagananda which was composed in the 7th century A.D. Sri [[Harsha]] has added his own ideas and has deviated from the main story in Brihathkatha in many places. It must be admitted that the treatment of it at [[Harsha]]'s hands is quite original and that the play on the whole is a very charming and fascinating one.

== Texts ==

{{Empty section|date=June 2025}}

== Analysis and criticism ==

{{Empty section|date=June 2025}}

== Performance history ==
The play prominently figures in the repertoire of Kūṭiyāṭṭam, Kerala's traditional Sanskrit theater and the scene in which Garuḍa lifts up Jīmūtavāhana was enacted on an open stage.
The play was produced in January 2008 at [[Panaji]]; [[Goa]] ( India ) in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] by Prabhakar Sanskritic Sanstha following the conventions propagated in the Natyasastra. Nagananda play was designed by Saish Deshpande, translated & directed by Anagha Deshpande whereas the Natyadharmi Abhinaya was conceived by [[Dr. Sharmila]] Rao. The play is now also available in Marathi text.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

The 2008 production of "Nagananda" was adjudged as the best experimental theatre production along with best research based production both by [[Maharashtra]] state Dept. of Art & Culture as well as Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Natya Parishad.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
this product by the young theatre artistes from Goa has been documented for archival purpose by [[All India Radio]], Panaji & also by Doordarshan; Goa.
The Video is open for referential purpose.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

== Translations ==

=== English Translations ===
* Palmer Boyd''; Nágánanda, Or The Joy of the Snake-world: A Buddhist Drama in Five Acts'' {{ISBN|9781347250563}}
* Andrew Skilton; ''How the nāgas were pleased by Harṣa & The shattered thighs by Bhāsa'' {{ISBN|9780814740668}}

==See also==
* [[Ratnavali]]
* [[Priyadarsika]]
* [[Bāṇabhaṭṭa|Bana]]
* ''[[Kadambari]]''
* [[List of Sanskrit plays in English translation]]

==External links==
* {{wikisource-inline||links=[[s:Nagananda (Boyd 1872)|Nágánanda, or the joy of the snake-world]] translated into English by [[s:Author:Palmer Boyd|Palmer Boyd]] (1872)|single=true}}
* ''Nagananda'' - Translated by Palmer Boyd (http://www.yorku.ca/inpar/nagananda_boyd.pdf)

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ancient Indian literature]]
[[Category:Sanskrit texts]]
[[Category:7th-century plays]]
[[Category:7th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Sanskrit plays]]
[[Category:Works by Harsha]]
[[Category:7th-century Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:Panchatantra]]

Aroj Ali Matubbar

2026-02-05T03:07:23Z

ErlindaLamson9: New

{{Short description|Bangladeshi philosopher (1900–1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Aroj Ali Matubbar
| native_name = আরজ আলী মাতুব্বর
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Aroj Ali Matubbar.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1900|12|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Charbaria Lamchari]], [[Barisal District]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1985|3|15|1900|12|17|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Barisal]], Bangladesh
| education = No formal institutional degree
| occupation = [[Rationalist]], [[philosopher]]
| notable_works = {{unbulleted list|''Satyer Sandhan''|''Sristirahasya''|''Anuman''|''Muktaman''}}
| awards = {{unbulleted list|Life Member of [[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]]|[[Humayun Kabir (Bengal politician)|Humayun Kabir]] Smriti Puraskar|Award of Honour by the [[Barisal]] branch of Udichi Shilpigoshti}}
}}

'''Aroj Ali Matubbar''' ({{langx|bn|আরজ আলী মাতুব্বর}}; 17 December 1900 – 15 March 1985) was a self-taught Bangladeshi [[philosopher]], [[Humanism|humanist]] and [[rationalist]]. He is known for his critical perspectives on [[religion]], [[superstition]], and [[tradition]]al beliefs, which he expressed in his writings.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last1=Roy|first1=Pradip Kumar|title=Matubbar, Aroj Ali|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Matubbar,_Aroj_Ali|website=Banglapedia|publisher=Bangladesh Asiatic Society|accessdate=15 October 2016}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Matubbar was born into a poor peasant family in the village of [[Charbaria Lamchari]], about {{convert|11|km}} from the city of [[Barisal]] in [[British India]], now [[Bangladesh]].<ref name=":0" /> His given name was Aroj Ali, but he later adopted the name Matubbar, meaning "local landowner". He briefly attended the village [[maqtab]], focusing on the [[Quran|Qur'an]] and [[Islamic studies]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2016}}

Matubbar's father died when he was 12 years old. He inherited a 2-acre (8,100 m²) plot, which was auctioned off because he could not pay the land taxes as a minor. He was later forcibly [[Eviction|evicted]] from his ancestral homestead by a local landowner. Matubbar supported himself through charity and as a farm laborer.

Unable to afford formal schooling, he initially relied on free religious instruction at a local [[mosque]]'s maqtab but left due to rigid learning methods. A benefactor {{who|date=May 2025}} helped him finish Bengali primers. Kazi Ghulam Quadir, a philosophy teacher at [[Brojomohun College]], assisted him in borrowing books from the college library.{{Citation needed|date=October 2016}}

==Philosophy==
Matubbar's work is characterized by critical and [[Freethought|freethinking]] views on religion, superstition, and traditional beliefs. His writings questioned established norms and religious doctrines, particularly within the context of [[Islam]] in [[religion in Bangladesh|Bangladeshi religion]].

He wrote several books, including ''Rachana Samagra'' (Vol. I, II, III), ''Macglashan Chula'', ''Sristirahasya'', ''Onuman'', ''Oprokashito Rochona'', ''Soronika'', and ''Muktaman''. His work primarily examined religious practices, rituals, and superstitions, advocating for a more rational and scientific approach.

His book ''Satyer Sandhan'' ({{Translation|'The Quest for Truth'}}) reportedly led to his arrest and detention by the authorities. Throughout his life, he faced harassment and threats due to his writings, which often critically engaged with religious tenets and claims.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Selim |first=Nasima |date=2010 |title=An extraordinary truth? The Ādam "suicide" notes from Bangladesh |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13674670903061230 |journal=Mental Health, Religion & Culture |language=English |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=223–244 |doi=10.1080/13674670903061230 |s2cid=145789923 |issn=1367-4676|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Death==
Matubbar died on 15 March 1985 (1st [[Chaitra]] of the [[Bengali year]] 1392) in [[Barisal]], Bangladesh. After his death, his eyes<ref name=":0" /> and body were donated; the body was given to the Anatomy Department of [[Sher-e-Bangla Medical College]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-22 |title=Aroj Ali Matubbar remembered |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/aroj-ali-matubbar-remembered-3464 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309214005/http://www.thedailystar.net:80/aroj-ali-matubbar-remembered-3464 |archive-date=2017-03-09 |access-date=2025-04-14 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

In the years following, Matubbar became recognized as a significant figure in rural Bangladesh by scholars and commentators for challenging entrenched beliefs and superstitions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Matubbara |first1=Aroj Ali |editor1-last=Siddiqui |editor1-first=Zillur Rahman |editor2-last=Karim |editor2-first=Sardar Fazlul |editor3-last=Islam |editor3-first=S. Manzoorul |translator1-last=Shamsuddoha |translator1-first=M. |translator2-last=Majumdar |translator2-first=A. T. |title=The Quest for Truth: Secular Philosophy |year=1998 |publisher=Pathak Shamabesh |isbn=978-984-8120-11-8 |page=186}}</ref>

== ''Satyer Sandhan'' ==
Matubbar drew the cover of his first book—written in 1952 and published twenty-one years later, in 1973—under the title ''Satyer Sandhan''. In the preface, he wrote:

{{Quote|text=I was thinking of many things, my mind was full of questions, but haphazardly. I then started jotting down questions, not for writing a book, but only to remember these questions later. Those questions were driving my mind towards an endless ocean and I was gradually drifting away from the fold of religion.}}

In this book, he presented six propositions exploring his philosophical inquiries, with each addressing a distinct topic:

# The [[soul]] (8 questions)
# God (11 questions)
# The [[afterlife]] (7 questions)
# Religious matters (22 questions)
# Nature (10 questions)
# Remaining topics (9 questions)

The eight questions of his first proposition illustrate his approach:{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

{{ordered list
| type = lower-roman|Who am I?|Is life [[Incorporeality|incorporeal]] or [[Corporealism in Islam|corporeal]]?|Are the [[mind]] and soul one and the same?|What is the relationship of life with the body and the mind?|Can we recognize or identify life?|Am I free?|Will the soul without a body continue to have "knowledge" after it leaves the body at death?|How does life come into and go out of the body?
}}
==Written works==
Matubbar's writing style has been described as unusual.<ref>{{cite web |title=5 years of Mukto-Mona |url=http://www.mukto-mona.com/Special_Event_/5_yrs_anniv/sirajul_islam_chy/aroj1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015162621/https://mukto-mona.com/Special_Event_/5_yrs_anniv/sirajul_islam_chy/aroj1.htm |archive-date=2016-10-15 |website=Mukto Mona |language=bn}}</ref> In Bangladesh, his writings were censored, reportedly due to concerns that they might lead to social corruption and disharmony.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kabir |first=Md Anwarul |date=26 November 2004 |title=Letters to Editor: Freedom of speech |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/2004/11/26/d41126110379.htm |newspaper=The Daily Star}}</ref> His writings include:<ref name="Books">{{Cite web |title=Books |url=https://arojali.com/en/books/ |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=Aroj Ali Matubbar |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Satyer Sandhan'' ({{Translation|'The Quest for Truth'}}), 1973
* ''Sristirahasya'' ({{Translation|'The Mystery of Creation'}}), 1977
* ''Anuman'' ({{Translation|'Estimation'}}), 1983
* ''Muktaman'' ({{Translation|'Free Mind'}}), 1988

Several unpublished manuscripts were published posthumously under the title ''Aroj Ali Matubbar Rachanabali''. Some of his writings were translated into English and compiled in a volume published by Pathak Samabesh.<ref name="Books"></ref>

==Recognition and awards==
Matubbar was not widely known during most of his lifetime, though he gained recognition among academics in his later years. Public interest in his books grew after his writings were collected and published, as his works explored complex philosophical questions despite his lack of formal academic validation. He became widely known after his death in 1985.
* Life Member of [[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]], inducted in 1985
* Awarded the '[[Humayun Kabir (Bengal politician)|Humayun Kabir]] Smriti Puraskar' (Humayun Kabir Memorial Prize) in 1978 by the [[Bangladesh Lekhak Shibir]]
* Award of Honour by the [[Barisal]] branch of [[Bangladesh Udichi Shilpigoshthi]] in 1982<ref name=":0" />
Matubbar's life and writings have inspired numerous articles, reviews, novels, and stage dramas.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Matubbar, Aroj Ali}}
[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi male writers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi humanists]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi agnostics]]
[[Category:Honorary Fellows of Bangla Academy]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi philosophers]]
[[Category:People from Barisal Sadar Upazila]]
[[Category:Writers from Barisal District]]

Lakhimpur Kheri district

2026-01-16T17:31:34Z

ErlindaLamson9: basic updated formatting per standard format and cleaned formatting

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lakhimpur Kheri district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| native_name =
| image_map = India Uttar Pradesh districts 2012 Lakhimpur Kheri.svg
| map_caption = Location of Lakhimpur Kheri district in Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|27.6|80.34}} - {{coord|28.6|81.30}}
| coor_pinpoint = Lakhimpur, Uttar Pradesh
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lucknow division|Lucknow]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Lakhimpur, Uttar Pradesh|Lakhimpur]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 7680
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 4021243
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 461035
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 60.10 % (in 2011 census
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 894
| leader_title =
| leader_name = uttkarsh verma (madhur)
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Kheri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kheri]], [[Dhaurahra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhaurahra]]
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = Total no of Villages : 1808
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = http://kheri.nic.in
| official_name = 
| image_skyline = Scenic beauty of marsh lands of Dudhwa.jpg
| image_caption = Marshes of [[Dudhwa National Park]]
}}

'''Lakhimpur Kheri district''' is the largest [[Districts of Uttar Pradesh|district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]], on the border with [[Nepal]]. Its administrative capital is the city of [[Lakhimpur, Uttar Pradesh|Lakhimpur]].<ref name="LK official site">{{cite web|title=About Lakhimpur-Kheri|url=http://kheri.nic.in|work=Official website Lakhimpur-Kheri|publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=8 May 2013}}</ref>

Lakhimpur Kheri district is a part of [[Lucknow division]], with a total area of {{convert|7680|km2}}.<ref name="LK official site"/> The national government designated Lakhimpur Kheri as a Minority Concentrated District on the basis of 2001 census data, which identifies it as requiring urgent aid to improve living standards and amenities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Identification of Minority Concentration Districts|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=28770 |work=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|publisher=Ministry of Minority Affairs |date=22 June 2007 |access-date=8 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412024408/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=28770 |archive-date=12 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rank of Cities on Sanitation 2009-2010: National Urban Sanitation Policynitation policy|url=http://www.urbanindia.nic.in/programme/uwss/rank_cities_0910.pdf |work=Ministry of Urban Development website|publisher=Government of India |access-date=8 May 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106120323/http://www.urbanindia.nic.in/programme/uwss/rank_cities_0910.pdf |archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref>

[[Dudhwa National Park]],<ref name="LK official site"/> and Pilibhit Tiger reserve are in Lakhimpur Kheri and are the only national park in Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="wiienvis_8231">{{Cite web |url=http://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/npa_8231.aspx |title=National Parks |website=ENVIS Centre on Wildlife & Protected Areas |access-date=10 November 2016}}</ref> They are home to many rare and endangered species including 65+ [[Tigers]], [[leopard]]s, [[Barasingha|swamp deer]], [[hispid hare]]s and [[Bengal florican]].

== Etymology ==
[[Etymologically]] Lakhimpur was known as ''Luxmipur''.<ref>{{cite web |title=LAKHIMPUR KHERI |url=https://kheri.nic.in/about-district/ |website=kheri.nic.in}}</ref>

[[Kheri]] is a town {{convert|2|km}} from Lakhimpur.<ref>Henry Frowde. [https://archive.org/stream/imperialgazettee15grea#page/275/mode/1up The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. XII.] Published under the authority of the Secretary of State for India in Council. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908.</ref>
<ref>The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. XII, [https://archive.org/stream/imperialgazettee12greauoft/imperialgazettee12greauoft_djvu.txt text version ]</ref> Theory suggests that the name derives from the ''[[Acacia catechu|khair]]'' trees that once covered large tracts in the area.

== History ==
The early history of Lakhimpur Kheri district is obscure, but it has many ancient ruins, and several places are associated with episodes in the [[Mahabharata]].<ref name="Gazetteer">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Kheri: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XIII Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1905 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=135–155 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.113180 |access-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> According to tradition, this area was once under the rule of the Lunar race of [[Hastinapur]].<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The village of Balmiar-Barkhar, near Muhamdi, is popularly identified as the capital of the ancient [[Virata Kingdom]], although this is more commonly located in [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="Gazetteer"/> [[Kundalpur]], near Khairigarh, is said to be where [[Krishna]] carried off [[Rukmini]], and Kheri itself is held to be where Kshemakarna performed the sacrifice to drive out the Nagas.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> ([[Ahar, Uttar Pradesh|Ahar]], in [[Bulandshahr district]], is also popularly identified as the site of both episodes.)<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

One of the earliest known finds in the district is a stone horse of the 4th-century king [[Samudragupta|Samudra Gupta]] (the fragmentary inscription mentions his name), which formerly stood in a heavily forested area near Khairigarh and has since been moved to the [[Lucknow Zoo#State Museum, Lucknow|Lucknow Museum]].<ref name="Gazetteer"/> This king of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] performed ''[[Ashvamedha|Ashvamedha yajna]]'' in which a horse is left to freely roam in the entire nation, so as to display the power of king and to underline the importance of his conquest.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} As in much of [[Awadh]], coins of the 9th-century king Bhoja Deva of [[Kannauj]] are commonly found in Lakhimpur Kheri district.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

This area was supposedly once ruled by the [[Pasi (caste)|Pasi]]s, although no traces of this remain today.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Most of the cultivated areas in the district have been historically ruled by [[Rajput]]s and [[Muslim]]s instead.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The earliest Rajput clan known in the area are the Bachhil, who are described as rulers in an inscription at Dewal (in [[Pilibhit district]]) dated to 992 CE.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The Bachhils probably ruled over the northern and western parts of Lakhimpur Kheri district, and they had strongholds at Barkhar, near Muhamdi; Kamp, on the [[Sarda river|Sarda]]; [[Nigohi, Shahjahanpur|Nigohi]], in modern [[Shahjahanpur district]]; and Garh Gajana near Dewal.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The Ahbans are the only other early Rajput known to have been here at an early date; they came to the region at the time of the first Muslim conquests and ruled from Pataunja in today's [[Sitapur district]].<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

As for the Muslims, they appear to have arrived in this district at a later date than elsewhere.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> There are no local traditions of the Muslim folk hero [[Ghazi Sayyid Salar Masud]] here, in contrast to neighboring [[Bahraich district]], and Muslim rule was only established very gradually and was never very strongly felt.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Lakhimpur Kheri was then something of a backwater, very heavily forested and barely mentioned in contemporary sources.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> One tradition attributes the fort of [[Khairigarh]] to [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]], but it is more commonly said to have been built in 1379 under [[Firoz Shah Tughlaq]] instead.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Khairigarh was one of several forts constructed along the northern frontier, on the north bank of the [[Sarju]], in order to protect the lowlands against incursions from [[Doti]] and [[Nepal]].<ref name="Gazetteer"/> However, these forts were supposedly abandoned shortly after completion and remained so for centuries.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

=== Mughal era ===
At some point, the city of [[Khairabad, Sitapur|Khairabad]] (in today's Sitapur district) became a seat of Muslim government, but exactly when is not clear.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> During the reign of [[Akbar]], Khairabad formed a [[Sarkar (administrative division)|sarkar]] of [[Awadh Subah]], and most of the present-day district belonged to this sarkar.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> 8 of its 22 mahals, or [[pargana]]s, lay partly or entirely in the area covered by the present district.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The first of these was Barwar-Anjana, a vast mahal that was mostly covered by forest.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> It included the later parganas of Muhamdi, Magdapur, Atwa Piparia, Pasgawan (which has the namesake village of [[Barwar, Lakhimpur Kheri|Barwar]]), and Aurangabad, as well as Ahmadnagar and Pindarwa in modern [[Hardoi district]].<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Barwar-Anjana remained a single territorial unit until the time of Ibadullah Khan, who ruled as Raja of Muhamdi in the early 1700s.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> In the [[Ain-i-Akbari]], this mahal is described as being ruled by [[Brahmin]]s and Rajputs (although which clan is not specified), mustering an infantry force of 1,000 and a cavalry force of 50, and providing a revenue of 4,325, 237 [[Dam (Indian coin)|dam]]s to the imperial treasury.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

Bordering Barwar-Anjana was the mahal of Bhurwara, which was also heavily forested and not extensively cultivated.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> It included the later parganas of Haidarabad, [[Bhur]], and Kukra Mailani, although its boundaries were never clearly defined, and it was ruled by the Ahbans.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The mahal of Khairigarh also had imprecise boundaries; besides the later pargana of the same name, it included the area that would later become the Nighasan and [[Palia Kalan|Palia]] parganas, as well as the northern half of Dhaurahra.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The Ain-i-Akbari calls Khairigarh one of the most important forts in Hindustan, and the landowners in this mahal consisted of various Rajput clans: [[Bais Rajput|Bais]], Bisen's, and Bachhils, as well as an unknown group called "Kahanah".<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

In the southern part of the present-day district was the mahal of [[Paila]], which was smaller at that point than it would later become; it was ruled by the Ahbans. The mahal of [[Kheri]] included the later pargana of Srinagar along with most of Kheri pargana.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Kheri itself had a fort made of burnt brick.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The remaining part of Kheri pargana was then part of the small mahal of Basara, which consisted of the southwestern corner between the [[Sarayan]] and Jamwari rivers.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> Finally, the later pargana of [[Kasta, Lakhimpur Kheri|Kasta]] formed part of the large mahal of Nimkhar, which was mostly based in present-day Sitapur district.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

A small part of the current district was included in the sarkar of Bahraich at the time of Akbar.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The mahal of Firozabad, ruled by the [[Tomar]] Rajputs, probably covered the southern part of the later Dhaurahra pargana in addition to Firozabad.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> It mustered a "surprisingly large" force of 8,000 infantry and 200 cavalry, and there was a brick fort at its headquarters.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

From Akbar's time until the end of the 1700s, the history of Lakhimpur Kheri district is essentially the history of the various [[zamindari]] dynasties that ruled the area.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The greatest of these was the Sayyids of Barwar, who had originally been granted a large estate in Hardoi district by Akbar.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> [[Muqtadi Khan]], the great-grandson of the original grantee, was "entrusted with the management of Barwar" after the death of the former Bachhil ruler there.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> He then built a large fort at Barwar, and he greatly expanded his territory during the reign of [[Aurangzeb]] before dying in 1683.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

Some of the Rajput States of the district estd. before Mughal era were Isanagar, Jhandi and [[Lakhahi]]. [[Oel Dhakwa|Oel]] and [[Singahi Bhiraura|Singahi]] were established in Mughal era.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

Under the [[Nawabs of Awadh]], the old system of sarkars and mahals remained in use until the reign of [[Asaf-ud-Daula]], who replaced them with [[chakla]]s.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The entire area of Lakhimpur Kheri district was included in the chakla of Khairabad, which also included most of Hardoi and Sitapur districts, but at times Muhamdi formed a separate chakla, and some of the southeastern parganas were occasionally put under the chakla of Bahraich.<ref name="Gazetteer"/>

===Modern era===
In the year 1801, when [[Rohilkhand]] was ceded to the British, part of this district was included in the cession, but after the [[Anglo–Nepalese War]] of 1814–1816 it was restored to ''[[Awadh|Oudh]]''. On the annexation of ''Oudh'' in 1856 the west of the present area was formed into a district called [[Mohammadi, Uttar Pradesh|Mohammadi]] and the east into Mallanpur, which also included part of [[Sitapur]]. In the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] Mohammadi became one of the chief centres of [[Indian independence movement]] in northern ''Oudh''. The refugees from [[Shahjahanpur]] reached Mohammadi on 2 June 1857, and two days later Mohammadi was abandoned, most of the British party were shot down on the way to Sitapur, and the survivors died or were murdered later in Lucknow. The British officials in Mallanpur, with a few who had fled from Sitapur, escaped to [[Nepal]], where later on most of them died. Till October 1858, British officials did not make any other attempt to regain control of the district. By the end of 1858 British officials regained the control and the headquarters of the single district then formed were moved to Lakhlmpur shortly afterwards.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

==Geography==
The district lies within the [[Terai]] lowlands at the base of the Himalayas, with several rivers and lush green vegetation. Situated between 27.6° and 28.6° north latitude and 80.34° and 81.30° east longitudes, and about {{convert|7680|km2}} in area, it is roughly triangular in shape, the flattened apex pointing north. The district is located at about the height of 147 meters above sea level.<ref name="dcmsme.gov.in">{{cite report |url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/DIP%20Lakhimpur%20Kheeri%20%20JK%20Sinha%20AD%20Mech.pdf|title=Brief Industrial Profile of Lakhimpur Kheri District |work=MSME-Development Institute, Kanpur (Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, Government of India,)|access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref> Lakhimpur Kheri is bounded on the north by the river Mohan, separating it from Nepal; on the east by the Kauriala river (branch of the [[Ghaghara]]), separating it from [[Bahraich]]; on the south by [[Sitapur]] and [[Hardoi]]; and on the west by [[Pilibhit]] and [[Shahjahanpur]].<ref name="LK official site"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/uttarpradesh/uttar-pradesh-district.htm |title=Uttar Pradesh District Map |website=Mapsofindia.com |date=2015-06-16 |access-date=2016-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/uttarpradesh/districts/lakhimpur.htm |title=Kheri District Map |website=Mapsofindia.com |date=2014-12-10 |access-date=2016-05-13}}</ref>

===Climate===

The climate is hot throughout the year except the rainy seasons. During summer(March to June), the temperature can reach above {{convert|40|°C}} and in winters(October to February) it can drop to around {{convert|4|°C}}. The nights are very cold during winter and fog is very common in this season.<ref name="LK official site"/> The annual average rainfall in Lakhimpur Kheri is {{convert|1,085.3|mm}}, mostly in the monsoon months (July to September).<ref name="kheri.nic.in">{{Cite web|title=About District {{!}} District Lakhimpur Kheri {{!}} India|url=https://kheri.nic.in/about-district/|access-date=2021-05-26|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Rivers===

Several rivers flow across Lakhimpur. Some of these are [[Sharda River|Sharda]], [[Ghaghara River|Ghagra]], Koriyala, Ull, Sarayan, Chauka, [[Gomti]], [[Kathana]], [[Sarayu]] and Mohana.

;Sharda Barrage
[[File:Sharda Dam.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sharda River]] near [[Sharda Barrage]]]]
The Lower [[Sharda Barrage]]<ref name="rakesh_tiwary_divide">Indo-Nepal Water Resource Negotiation: Deepening Divide over Border Project - Rakesh Tiwary, South Asia Journal, January - March 2006.</ref><ref name="Barrages_in_India">Design and Construction of selected Barrages in India (1981), Publication number 149, Central Board of Irrigation and Power, Malcha Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi.</ref> is constructed on the [[Sharda River]], about {{convert|163.5|km}} downstream of the [[Sharda River#Sharda Barrage (Upper Sharda Barrage) Irrigation Project|Upper Sharda Barrage]], and nearly {{convert|28|km}} from Lakhimpur city. This project is part of the Sharda Sahayak Pariyojana (SSP)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/peoreport/peoevalu/peo_ssp.pdf|title=Report No. 198 : Evaluation Study of Sarda Sahayak Pariyojana |website=Planningcommission.nic.in |access-date=2016-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224035608/http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/peoreport/peoevalu/peo_ssp.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and primarily depends on water diverted from the Karnali (Ghaghra) at Girjapur through the Sharda Sahayak link canal of {{convert|28.4|km}} length for over eight months in the year during the lean season; but it indents on Sharda supplies during the monsoon between July and October when the Karnali carries a lot of silt.

The SSP aims at irrigating culturable command area (CCA) of 16,770 km2 with 70 per cent irrigation intensity. The {{convert|258.80|km}} long feeder channel of SSP takes off from the right bank of Sharda Barrage with discharge of 650 m3/s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://irrigation.up.nic.in/dp/ssp.htm |title=Project |website=Irrigation.up.nic.in |access-date=2016-05-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928203752/http://irrigation.up.nic.in/dp/ssp.htm |archive-date=28 September 2016}}</ref> Supplies are then fed into the different branches of the Sharda canal system, namely, the Daryabad branch, the Barabanki branch, the Haidergarh branch, the Rae Bareli branch and the Purva branch.

SSP provides protective canal irrigation for cultivable area of 2 m ha to lakhs of farmers in 150 development blocks of 16 districts in eastern Uttar Pradesh. The project was commissioned in 1974, and completed in 2000 with an estimated cost of 1300 crore rupees({{INR}} 13,00,00,00,000).

===Flora and fauna===
[[File:The barasingha.jpg|thumb|right|Swamp deer]]
Dudhwa Tiger Reserve in Lakhimpur Kheri has two core areas, [[Dudhwa National Park]]<ref>Nature's strongholds: the world's great wildlife reserves – Page 211, {{ISBN|0-691-12219-9}}, {{ISBN|978-0-691-12219-9}}</ref> and [[Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary]], which were merged in 1987. Dudhwa National Park is known as the first National Park of the state after the formation of [[Uttarakhand]] and is a national protected area. It is home to many rare and endangered species including tigers, leopards, [[rhinoceros]], hispid hare, elephants, black deer and swamp deer. Dudhwa has approximately 400 species of birds including egrets, cormorants, herons and several species of duck, goose and teal. Its swamps and lakes are particularly attractive to water birds, including varieties that migrate here from the Himalayas to spend the winter months. Bird watching is common at the Banke Tal.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

The visit of Sir D.B. Brandis in 1860 to the area culminated in a {{convert|303|km}} forest area of the present day Dudhwa National Park being brought under the control of Government in 1861 for preservation.<ref>{{cite web|title=DUDHWA TIGER RESERVE-PROJECT TIGER |url=http://projecttiger.nic.in:80/dudhwa.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040510030350/http://projecttiger.nic.in/dudhwa.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 May 2004 |access-date=15 April 2017 |date=10 May 2004 }}</ref> In Kheri District all the Sal and miscellaneous forests and grasslands in Kharigarh Pargana, between the [[Mohana River|Mohana]] and [[Suheli River|Suheli]] rivers, were included in the then North Kheri Forest Division. More areas were reserved for protection between 1867 and 1879 and added to the Division. The area of the Division was legally constituted as Reserved Forests in 1937.

The Sonaripur Sanctuary, comprising {{convert|15.7|km2}}, was created in 1958 to specifically protect swamp deer (Cervus duvaceli duvaceli). The area was too small and was later enlarged to {{convert|212|km2}} and renamed as Dudhwa Sanctuary in 1968. Later, more area was added to the Sanctuary and in 1977, it was declared Dudhwa National Park. The total area of the Park was {{convert|616|km2}} of which {{convert|490|km2}} was the core zone and the balance of {{convert|124|km2}} was a buffer zone.

The area was established in 1958 as a wildlife sanctuary. On 1 February 1977 wildlife sanctuary became a national park and after 11 years in 1988 it was established as a tiger reserve. Dudhwa Tiger Reserve lies on the India-Nepal border in the foothills of the Himalaya. Dudhwa Tiger Reserve was created in 1987–88 comprising Dudhwa National Park and Kishanpur Sanctuary ({{convert|227|km2}}). With an addition of {{convert|66|km2}} to the buffer zone in 1997, the present area of the tiger reserve is {{convert|884|km2}}. Distance from Lakhimpur railway station to Dudhwa is about {{convert|100|km}} by road.

==Demographics==
{{See also|Demographics of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=9,05,158|13=1911|14=9,59,225|15=1921|16=9,13,496|17=1931|18=9,44,502|19=1941|20=10,24,051|21=1951|22=10,58,373|23=1961|24=12,58,433|25=1971|26=14,86,590|27=1981|28=19,52,680|29=1991|30=24,19,234|31=2001|32=32,07,232|33=2011|34=40,21,243|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Lakhimpur Kheri district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|76.55}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]]|green|20.08}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|2.35}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|mediumblue|0.46}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.56}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Lakhimpur Kheri District has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 4,021,243<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web |year=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Lakhimpur Kheri|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1244/download/3990/DH_2011_0922_PART_A_DCHB_KHERI.pdf|access-date= |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Liberia]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author=US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date =1 October 2011 | quote = Liberia 3,786,764 July 2011 est. }}</ref> or the US state of [[Oregon]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau
|access-date=30 September 2011
|quote=Oregon 3,831,074
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=19 October 2013
}}</ref>

This gives it a ranking of 56th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|523|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 25.38%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Kheri has a [[sex ratio]] of 894 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 60.56%. 11.47% of the population lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 26.40% and 1.33% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/> The tribal population are [[Tharu people|Tharus]] living along the Nepal border.

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Lakhimpur Kheri district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 93.25 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 3.10 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value3 = 1.83 |color3 = pink
|label4 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value4 = 1.36 |color4 = gold
|label5 = Others |value5 = 0.46 |color5 = grey
|thumb=left
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 93.25% of the population in the district spoke [[Hindi]] (or a related language), 3.10% [[Urdu]], 1.83% [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and 1.36% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10224/download/13336/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

Languages spoken here include [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], a vernacular in the [[Hindi language (generic)|Hindi]] [[dialect continuum]] spoken by over 38 million people, mainly in the [[Awadh]] region.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | editor = M. Paul Lewis | encyclopedia = Ethnologue: Languages of the World | title = Awadhi: A language of India | url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=awa | access-date =28 September 2011 | edition = 16th | year = 2009 | publisher=SIL International | location = Dallas, Texas}}</ref>

==Economy==

[[File:Gola BHL TempleAndChimeny.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bajaj Hindusthan]] Limited (BHL) sugar plant, [[Gola Gokarannath]]]]

<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the 34 districts in Uttar Pradesh currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=8 September 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2012}}</ref>

===Agriculture===

Wheat, rice, maize, barley, and pulses are the major food crops. Recently farmers have started menthol mint farming in the district, as being the Terai region it is ideal for mint cultivation Sugar is mainly produced by most of the farmers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/119409/2/19-Sanjay-Kumar.pdf|title=Economic Analysis of Menthol Mint Cultivation in Uttar Pradesh: A Case Study of Barabanki District |website=Ageconsearch.umn.edu |access-date=2016-05-13}}</ref> Sugar-cane and oilseeds are the chief non-food crops. Sugar-cane is grown and processed in this district, forming the backbone of the local economy.

===Industry===

Some of India's second largest '''sugar mills''' are in the district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://business.mapsofindia.com/sugar-industry/uttarpradesh.html |title=Uttar Pradesh Sugar Industry |website=Business.mapsofindia.com |access-date=2016-05-13}}</ref> [[Bajaj Hindusthan]] Limited (BHL) sugar plant in [[Gola Gokarannath]] and [[Bajaj Hindusthan]] Limited (BHL) sugar plant in [[Palia Kalan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bajajhindusthan.com/company-history.php |title=Bajaj Hindustan Sugar Mills - Company History |website=Bajajhindusthan.com |date=1931-11-23 |access-date=2016-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bajajhindusthan.com/milestones.php |title=Milestones |publisher=Bajaj Hindusthan |date=1989-03-01 |access-date=2016-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bajajhindusthan.com/index_inner.php?pid=9 |title=Bajaj Hindusthan |publisher=Bajaj Hindusthan |access-date=2016-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/bajaj-hindustan-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-13998.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Bajaj Hindustan Ltd}}</ref> are the a sugar mill unit of balrampur sugar mill in kumbhi there are three largest sugar mills in Asia.

In 2008 the [[Steel Authority of India Limited]] (SAIL) announced it would construct a major '''steel''' processing plant in Behjam, Lakhimpur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/sail-to-setsteel-processing-unit-at-lakhimpur-kheri_367503.html |title=Moneycontrol.com |website=Moneycontrol.com |date=2008-11-21 |access-date=2016-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sail.co.in/showpressrelease.php?id%3D153 |title=SAIL - Press Releases |access-date=11 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129095916/http://sail.co.in/showpressrelease.php?id=153 |archive-date=29 November 2010 }}</ref> The processing unit is intended to have a capacity of 100,000 tonnes per annum and produce TMT (thermo mechanically treated) bars from input material sourced from SAIL's integrated steel plants. Completion of the construction is scheduled for 2013.

Lakhimpur is also noted for manufacturing incense, largely as a cottage industry.

==Administration and politics==
{{Main|Politics of Lakhimpur Kheri}}
[[File:ZafarAliNaqvi.jpg|thumb|right|Zafar Ali Naqvi as Chief Guest for the prize distribution ceremony of IT festival – Nerdz 2003, New Delhi]]

The district comprises -
* 2 Parliamentary Constituencies – [[Kheri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kheri]], and [[Dhaurahra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhaurahra]]
* 8 Assembly Constituencies – Lakhimpur, Dhaurahara, [[Gola Gokarannath]], Kasta, [[Mohammadi, Uttar Pradesh|Mohammadi]], Nighasan, [[Palia Kalan]], Srinagar
* 7 Tehsils – Lakhimpur, Mohammdi, [[Gola Gokarannath]], Nighasan, Dhaurahra, Mitauli, [[Palia Kalan]]
* 15 blocks – Lakhimpur, Behjam, Mitauli, Pasgawan, Mohammdi, [[Gola Gokarannath]], Bankeyganj, Bijuwa, Paliya, Nighasan, Ramiyabehar, Issanagar, Dhaurahara, Nakaha, Phoolbehar
* 4 Nagar Palikas – Lakhimpur, [[Gola Gokarannath]], [[Mohammadi, Uttar Pradesh|Mohammadi]], [[Palia Kalan]]
* 7 Town Areas – [[Kheri]], Oel, [[Mailani]], Barbar, Singahi, Dhaurahara, [[Nighasan]]
* 2 Judicial Court Complexes - District and Sessions Courts at Lakhimpur and Sub-Divisional/Civil Courts at Mohammadi

==Transport==

Lakhimpur city is {{convert|134|km}} from the state capital [[Lucknow]].<ref name="kheri.nic.in"/> It can be easily reached by train ([[Broad gauge]]) or [[UPSRTC]] Bus services.

===Air===
[[Lakhimpur Kheri Airport]] known as [[Palia Kalan|Palia]] Airport is situated near [[Dudhwa National Park]] at [[Palia Kalan]] in [[Lakhimpur Kheri]] and is at a distance of {{convert|90|km}} from Lakhimpur City. The nearest international airport is [[Amausi International Airport]] in [[Lucknow]] and is at a distance of {{convert|135|km}} from the city.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float: right;"
|+ '''Uttar Pradesh State Highways'''
|-
!UP SH No.
!Route
!Total length (in Km)
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh State Highway 21|UP SH 21]]
|Bilaraya-'''Lakhimpur'''-Sitapur-Panwari Marg
|385.46
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh State Highway 25|UP SH 25]]
|'''Paliya (Lakhimpur)'''-Lucknow Marg
|265.50
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh State Highway 26|UP SH 26]]
|Pilibhit-'''Lakhimpur'''-Bahraich-Basti Marg
|402.03
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh State Highway 90|UP SH 90]]
|'''Lakhimpur'''-Bijua-Palia-Gaurifanta Marg
|91.030
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh State Highway 93|UP SH 93]]
|'''Gola (Lakhimpur)'''-Shahjanhapur Marg
|58.62
|-
|[[National Highway 730 (India)|NH730]]
|'''Pilibith to Lakhimpur to Pandrauna'''
|519
|-
|}

=== Bus ===

[[UPSRTC]] operates bus station in Lakhimpur, and operates buses to [[Bareilly]], [[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]], [[Anand Vihar Delhi]], [[Gola Gokarannath]], [[Sitapur]], [[Lucknow]], [[Faizabad]] and [[Gorakhpur]]. Shatabdi Buses and Volvo buses are available to Delhi, Rupaidiha and other cities. Online booking can be done at [https://www.upsrtconline.co.in/ UPSRTC website].

=== Road ===

Lakhimpur Kheri can be reached from [[Delhi]], following Delhi – Muradabad – Bareilly – Shahjahanpur – [[Gola Gokarannath]] – Lakhimpur route (Distance: 425 km approx). Lakhimpur can also be reached from state capital [[Lucknow]] following Lucknow – Sitapur – Lakhimpur route (Distance: 135 km approx). Several [[List of state highways in Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh State Highways]] pass through Lakhimpur.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uppwd.up.nic.in/pdf/SH_Road_List.pdf|title=Complete Road Detail's SH |website=Uppwd.up.nic.in |access-date=2016-05-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611081808/http://uppwd.up.nic.in/pdf/SH_Road_List.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2016}}</ref>

=== Rail ===

* From [[Delhi]]
There are three ways to reach Lakhimpur by Tain:
# The best way to reach to Lakhimpur kheri from Delhi by train is to reach Sitapur and from Sitapur 1 hour journey by bus. [[Satyagrah Express]] runs daily between Delhi and Raxaul, stops at Sitapur railway station.
# Take the train from Delhi to Shahjahanpur (5–6 hours journey) and from there take a bus/taxi to lakhimpur kheri, 3 hours journey by road.
# Take the train from Delhi to Lucknow (7–8 hours journey) and from there take a bus/taxi to lakhimpur kheri, 3-3.5 hours journey by road. By Train: Delhi – Muradabad – Bareilly and then Bareilly City – Pilibhit – Mailani – [[Gola Gokarannath]] – Lakhimpur
By Train: Delhi – Lucknow and Lucknow – Sitapur – Lakhimpur 
By Train: Delhi – Muradabad – Bareilly – Shahjahanpur (NR) and then by road to Lakhimpur (via: [[Gola Gokarannath]]) {{convert|102|km}}

==== Rail Gauge Conversion ====
[[Zafar Ali Naqvi]] and [[Jitin Prasada]] made a promise of getting the [[meter gauge]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/beat-this-dynasty-vermas-eye-10th-ls-win/456036/0 |title=Beat this dynasty: Vermas eye 10th LS win |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2009-05-08 |access-date=2016-05-13}}</ref> railway track of the district converted to [[broad gauge]] during 2009 Parliamentary elections. Zafar Naqvi raised questions about "Lucknow Pilibhit gauge conversion" on 08-Dec-2011 in the parliament with Ministry of Railway<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prsindia.org/mptrack/15loksabha/zafaralinaqvi |title=PRS |website=Prsindia.org |access-date=2016-05-13}}</ref> and took this up. Later in the 2010–11 budget survey was proposed by Railway Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] in the Parliament on 24 February 2010; survey<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rvnl.org/tender/view_tender_detail.php?tid=4f75691b587e2 |title=Active Tenders |website=Rvnl.org |access-date=2016-05-13}}</ref> was completed as per Railway Budget 2011–12 with a mention that work will be up done in the 12th Plan.

Foundation stone was laid in Kheri on 2 February 2013 for broad gauge conversion of the Aishbagh to Pilibhit via Sitapur and Lakhimpur Kheri track by [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]], the then Minister of State for Railways along with Zafar Naqvi and Jitin Prasad.<ref name="outlookindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/Half-Revenue-From-Rail-Fare-Hike-to-be-Spent-on-Fuel/788715 |title=Half Revenue From Rail Fare Hike to be Spent on Fuel |website=Outlookindia.com |access-date=2016-05-13}}</ref> The centre government in 2013 allocated 927 crore rupees ({{INR}} 9,27,00,00,000) for broad gauge conversion from Aishbagh to Pilibhit. Work on the {{convert|262|km}} long railway track conversion is planned to be completed by 2018. The Railway Development Corporation Limited (RDCL) has been assigned to carry out the broad gauge conversion within the stipulated time frame.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rvnl.org/project/project_desc.php?id=104 |title=Lucknow- Pilibhit Via Sitapur, Lakhimpur Gc |website=Rvnl.org |access-date=2016-05-13}}</ref>

== Culture ==
[[File:TeerathKund.jpg|thumb|right|Teerth-Kund at Shiv Temple, [[Gola Gokarannath]]]]
[[File:Lakhimpurfrogtemple.jpg|thumb|right|Frog temple]]

===Landmarks===
[[Temple of Gola Gokaran Nath]] is a temple dedicated to Lord Shiva.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kheri.nic.in/HistoricPlaces/historical_places.htm |title=Historical Places at Lakhimpur-Kheri |access-date=9 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907031905/http://kheri.nic.in/HistoricPlaces/historical_places.htm |archive-date=7 September 2011 }}</ref>

The unique Frog Temple lies at Oel town, {{convert|12|km}} from Lakhimpur on the route from Lakhimpur to Sitapur. It is the only one of its kind in India based on ''Manduk Tantra''. It was built by the former king of Oel State<ref>{{cite web |url=http://karavanindia.org/aroundlko/oaltemplesarus%20congregration.htm |title=The Frog Temple and Sarus Congregation |website=Karavanindia.org |access-date=2016-05-13 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> (Lakhimpur Kheri district) between 1860 and 1870. It is dedicated to Lord Shiva. This temple is built at the back of a large frog. The Temple is constructed within an octagonal lotus. The architecture of this temple is based on Tantra Vidya.

Sai Temple (Sikatiha Colony), [[Sharda Barrage]] and Deer Park are other major attractions of Lakhimpur.

=== Festivals ===

Several fairs and festivals take place in Lakhimpur. An annual [[Dussehra]] and [[Diwali]] [[funfair]] is organised at Mela Ground and is held over several days. An [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]] fair is organised twice annually on the day of Eid in [[Kheri]] town.

=== Literature, film and television ===

Lakhimpur has been the setting for films [[Gaman]] (1978), [[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|Umrao Jaan]] (1981) and [[Swades]] (2004).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/Are-NRIs-Non-Returning-Indians/articleshow/963944.cms |title=Are NRIs Non-Returning Indians? |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2004-12-19 |access-date=2016-05-13}}</ref>

===Notable residents===

*[[Aman Singh Gulati]]
*[[Billy Arjan Singh]] conservationist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fatheroflions.org/ArjanSingh.html |title=Billy Arjan Singh - Conservationist |website=Fatheroflions.org |access-date=2016-05-13}}</ref> Honoured with Padma Shri in 1995, world wildlife gold medal in 1976,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwfindia.org/news_facts/index.cfm?uNewsID=1160 |title=Billy Arjan Singh awarded Padma Bhushan |publisher=WWF India |date=2006-03-30 |access-date=2016-05-13}}</ref> Order of the Golden Ark a year later and the lifetime award for tiger conservation in March 1999, Padma Bhushan in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/images/ps_awards.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=18 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522114940/http://www.india.gov.in/myindia/images/ps_awards.pdf |archive-date=22 May 2011 }}</ref>
*[[Zafar Ali Naqvi]], former Member of Parliament(2009–2014), Chairman of Standing Committee of National Monitoring Committee for Minorities Education; Former Chairman of Minorities Commission, Delhi;<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20051205/educaton.html |title=India Today |newspaper=[[India Today]]|date=2005-12-05 |access-date=2016-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034610/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20051205/educaton.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Former Cabinet Minister.
*[[Jitin Prasada]], former Member of Parliament (2009–2014), former Union Minister of State, Petroleum and Natural Gas (India).
*[[Muzaffar Ali]] Indian film-maker.<ref>[http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmashri_awards_list1.php?start=400]{{dead link|date=May 2016}}</ref>
*[[Shanmughan Manjunath]] [[IIM Lucknow]] graduate and [[Indian Oil Corporation]] officer whose murder created a nationwide shock.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6496853.stm | work=BBC News | title=Death for 'fuel racket' murderer | date=2007-03-26 | access-date=2010-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mayas-claim-falls-flat-no-engineer-behind-killing/403547/0 |title=Maya's claim falls flat: no engineer behind killing |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2008-12-27 |access-date=2016-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/IIM-grads-tragedy-now-on-screen/articleshow/30935442.cms | work=The Times of India | title=IIM grad's tragedy now on screen - The Times of India}}</ref>
*[[Mangal Dhillon]], actor and film producer studied in Nighasan, Lakhimpur.
*[[Parul Chauhan]] an Indian television model and Bollywood actress.

==Education==
According to the 2011 census, Lakhimpur Kheri district had a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 60.56% up from 48.39% in 2001, male and female literacy were 69.57% and 50.42% respectively.<ref name="census2011.co.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/524-kheri.html |title=Kheri (Lakhimpur Kheri) District Population Census 2011, Uttar Pradesh literacy sex ratio and density |website=Census2011.co.in |access-date=2016-05-13}}</ref> In the 2001 census, same figures stood at 59.50% and 35.38% in Kheri District. Total literate in the district were 2,034,044 of which male and female were 1,237,157 and 796,887 respectively.<ref name="census2011.co.in"/> The growth of literacy in the last decade of the twentieth century was particularly remarkable with special emphasis on the eradication of illiteracy.

Lakhimpur kheri is having many Schools, Colleges and Institutions here which are contributed a lot in literacy in last two decades. The Schools like Don bosco school, Pt. deen dayal Upadhyay inter college, Soniya International School and some Hindi medium schools like Saraswati Vidya mandir, Arya Kanya inter College and Institute like British Foundation are continuously contributing towards the literacy of the district.

==Health services==
District Hospital has all the facilities and wards, including the residences of Doctors and Superintendent. Boundaries are shared with the District Jail, Main Road and Jail Road (across which is Women's Hospital). District Women's Hospital is opposite of the District Hospital, and has facilities for gynaecology including pregnancy and neo-natal care.

==Media==

===Radio===
Radio service available in Lakhimpur is [[All India Radio|FM Rainbow Kheri]], it was inaugurated on 14 December 2013 by Zafar Ali Naqvi, Member of Parliament. FM Rainbow Lakhimpur, with the frequency of 102.3, has reach to the audience of around {{convert|70|km}}.

===Communication networks===
All prominent tele-communication network providers in India offer their services in Lakhimpur. The city of Lakhimpur falls under "Uttar Pradesh Central telecom Circle". Calls from the city of Lakhimpur to neighbouring districts including the rest of the area in the [[Uttar Pradesh]] and "Uttarakhand telecom circle" are considered to be local.

[[GSM]], [[CDMA]], 3G and 4G service providers in Lakhimpur include [[Jio]], [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], [[BSNL|BSNL WLL]], [[CellOne]], [[Idea Cellular]]([[Idea Cellular|Escotel]]), [[Uninor]], [[Reliance Communications|Reliance India Mobile]], [[Tata Indicom]],<ref name="TataIndicomservicesinLakhimpur">{{cite web|url=http://www.tataindicom.com/t-onthego-ptb-locations.aspx |title=Tata Indicom services in Lakhimpur |access-date=28 April 2009 |publisher=tataindicom.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211195556/http://www.tataindicom.com/t-onthego-ptb-locations.aspx |archive-date=11 December 2008}}</ref> [[Vodafone|Vodafone-IN]] and Reliance Jio

Broadband Services are provided by [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], [https://portal2.bsnl.in/myportal/tariffs.do?FTTH_BROADBAND_COMBO BSNL Fibre] and [https://www.jio.com/fiber.html Jio Fibre].

==Sports==
Lakhimpur's most popular sport is [[cricket]] and it has several League cricket clubs. Other sports being actively played include [[association football|football]], [[field hockey|hockey]], [[basketball]], and [[badminton]]. Schools and colleges organise the sports activities, teams play in inter-school and inter-city tournaments.

[[St. Don Bosco's College]] alumni's play in an annual Ex-Student's Cricket Tournament, Government Inter College organises an annual G.I.C Cricket Champions Trophy.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://kheri.nic.in Government website]
* [https://www.flickr.com/groups/lakhimpurkheri/ Lakhimpur Kheri on Flickr]
* [https://www.flickr.com/groups/dudhwanationalpark/ Dudhwa National Park on Flickr]
* [http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/uttarpradesh/uttar-pradesh-district.htm Kheri on State Map]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Lakhimpur Kheri district
|North = {{NEP|Nepal}}
|Northeast =
|East = [[Bahraich district]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Sitapur district]]
|Southwest = [[Hardoi district]]
|West = [[Shahjahanpur district]]
|Northwest = [[Pilibhit district]]
}}

{{Navboxes
|list=
{{Lakhimpur Kheri district}}
{{Districts of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Minority Concentrated Districts in India}}
{{Lucknow division topics}}
}}

{{Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lakhimpur Kheri district| ]]
[[Category:Lucknow division]]
[[Category:Districts of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Minority concentrated districts in India]]

Payal Basude

2026-01-05T22:14:03Z

ErlindaLamson9: Details

{{Short description|Indian female football player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Payal Basude
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Payal Basude
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2003|9|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Maharashtra]], India
| currentclub = [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]]
| clubnumber =
| height =
| position = [[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]
| years1 = 2019–2020
| clubs1 = Future Star FC
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2020–2021
| clubs2 = King Star SA
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2021–2022
| clubs3 = [[PIFA Sports FC|PIFA Sports]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 = 2022–2023
| clubs4 = [[Odisha FC Women|Odisha]]
| caps4 =
| goals4 =
| years5 = 2023–2025
| clubs5 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| caps5 = 14
| goals5 = 0
| years6 = 2025–
| clubs6 = [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]]
| caps6 =
| goals6 =
| nationalyears1 = 2024–
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 2
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update =
| nationalteam-update = 3 June 2025
}}

'''Payal Ramesh Basude''' (born 30 September 2003)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Payal Basude |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/151093?type=club |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=The AIFF}}</ref> is an Indian professional footballer from [[Maharashtra]] who plays as a goalkeeper for the [[Indian Women's League]] club [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]] and the [[India women's national football team|India national football team]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fabulous Fazila fetches full points for Gokulam FC {{!}} I-League |url=https://i-league.org/fabulous-fazila-fetches-full-points-for-gokulam-fc/ |access-date=2025-02-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> She has also represented Maharashtra in the [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]].<ref name=":0" />

== Early life ==
Basude is from Maharashtra and learnt her basics at the King Star Sports Academy. She earlier played for [[PIFA Sports FC|PIFA Sports]], Odisha FC, King Star Sports Academy and Future Star Football Club.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2003-09-29 |title=Payal Basude - Mumbai Football Association |url=https://footballmfa.com/player/payal-basude/ |access-date=2025-02-07 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Domestic ===
She captained the Maharashtra team in the 27th Senior Women’s national football championship 2022-2023 at [[Uttarakhand]] held from 27 March to 9 April 2023.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=27th Senior Women's National Football Championship: Basude named captain of Maharashtra team |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/27th-senior-womens-national-football-championship-basude-named-captain-of-maharashtra-team |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> Maharashtra played under coach Sanaya Anklesaria and were pooled in Group A with Mizoram, Pondicherry, Kerala, hosts Uttarakhand and Chandigarh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Payal Basude named captain of Maharashtra team {{!}} Magz Mumbai |url=https://www.magzmumbai.com/payal-basude-named-captain-of-maharashtra-team/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=www.magzmumbai.com}}</ref>

In December 2024, she also played for Maharashtra in the 29th Senior Women's National Football Championship for Rajmata Jijabai Trophy 2024-25 at the Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama Ground at Narainpur, Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2024 |title=Amisha, Pyari excel as Jharkhand, Odisha win in Sr Women’s NFC for Rajmata Jijabai Trophy |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/amisha-pyari-excel-as-jharkhand-odisha-win-in-sr-womens-nfc-for-rajmata-jijabai-trophy |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=AIFF}}</ref>

=== International career ===
In October 2024, Basude made her senior international debut for India at the [[2024 SAFF Women's Championship]] by coming off the bench towards the end of the semi-finals against Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SAFF WOMEN'S CHAMPIONSHIP'24 Match Report |url=https://saffederation.org/uploads/671e76fb8844f.pdf |date=2024-10-27 |website=SAFF }}</ref> India lost the match to Nepal 2-4, in the penalty shootout at the Dasharath Stadium in [[Kathmandu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2024 |title=SAFF Women’s Championship: India Goes Down To Nepal In Semifinals |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/saff-womens-championship-india-goes-down-to-nepal-in-semifinals/ |access-date=14 July 2025 |website=Doordarshan News}}</ref>

The Indian women's team head coach [[Crispin Chettri]], named her among the 32 probables for the camp ahead of the [[Pink Ladies Cup]] to be played in [[Dubai]] from 20 to 26 February 2025. Korea Republic, Russia, Thailand, Uzbekistan, Jordan and India are taking part in the senior international friendlies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-02 |title=Gukesh loses to Arjun in Tata Chess, Crispin Chettri new India (W) football coach in ISL: Feb 2 |url=https://www.espn.in/espn/story/_/id/43658894/gukesh-arjun-tata-steel-chess-goa-jamshedpur-isl-indian-sports-live-updates-february-02-2025 |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===International===
{{Updated|3 June 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!National team!!Year!!Caps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan=2|[[India women's national football team|India]]
|2024
|1
|0
|-
|2025
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=2|Total
!2
!0
|}

==Honours==
'''PIFA Sports'''
*[[WIFA Women's Football League]]: 2021–22

'''Odisha'''
*[[Indian Women's League]]: [[2023–24 Indian Women's League|2023–24]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Odisha FC take home the IWL trophy with stunning ease|url=https://i-league.org/odisha-fc-take-home-the-iwl-trophy-with-stunning-ease/|website=i-league.org|publisher=I-League|date=24 March 2024|access-date=24 March 2024}}</ref>

'''Gokulam Kerala'''
*[[Kerala Women's League]]: [[2023–24 Kerala Women's League|2023–24]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/151093?type=club Payal Basude] at All India Football Federation

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basude, Payal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:Women's association football goalkeepers]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:Odisha FC Women players]]
[[Category:Gokulam Kerala FC players]]
[[Category:East Bengal FC Women players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Vavaniya

2025-12-22T19:06:11Z

ErlindaLamson9: Started The Page From Scratch

{{more citations needed|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
[[File:Shrimad Rajchandra Janmabhuvan.jpg|thumb|Shrimad Rajchandra Janmabhuvan, Vavaniya]]
'''Vananiya''' is a small village located 40 km from the town of [[Morbi]] in the state of [[Gujarat]], India.

== Population and census details ==
Vavaniya's local language is Gujarati. The total population is 4356 and number of houses are 847. The percentage of females is 47.6% while the literacy rate is 44.4%. It is 30 km from the Arabian Sea. Vavania is 226 kilometers from Ahmedabad, Gujarat, on NH947.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vavaniya, ગુજરાતી|url=http://wikiedit.org/India/Vavaniya/164985/|access-date=2021-11-01|website=wikiedit.org}}</ref>

== Places of interest ==
Shrimad Rajchandra Janma Bhuvan is a hall built commemorating the place of birth{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} of [[Shrimad Rajchandra]], a Jain saint and philosopher of the late 19th century renowned for being the spiritual guru of [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Flügel|first=Peter|title=Studies in Jaina History and Culture: Disputes and Dialogues|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|isbn=978-1-134-23552-0|pages=241|language=English}}</ref> It is visited by devotees of Rajchandra.[[File:Janmabhuvan-v.jpg|thumb|Inside Shrimad Rajchandra Janmabhuvan]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|23|00|25|N|70|36|35|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city}}

[[Category:Villages in Morbi district]]

{{Morbi-geo-stub}}

Nisar Rahmath

2025-12-14T03:59:58Z

ErlindaLamson9:

{{Short description|Indian film costume designer}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Nisar Rahmath (cropped).jpg
| caption = Nisar Rahmath in 2025
| birth_place = Mannarkkad, Kerala
| occupation = Costume designer
| years_active = 2008-present
| awards = [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Costume Designer]] (2015)
}}
'''Nisar Rahmath''' is an Indian costume designer working in the [[Malayalam film industry]]. He received the [[Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Film Award]] for [[46th Kerala State Film Awards|Best Costume Designer]] in 2015 for his work in ''[[Jo and the Boy]]''.<ref name="kerala-award"/><ref name="deccan"/>

== Career ==
Nisar Rahmath, originally from [[Mannarkkad]], began his professional journey as a tailor before entering the film industry. His first full-time work in costume design was as an assistant on the 2010 film ''[[Kadaksham]]'', under designer [[S.B. Satheeshan]].<ref name="manorama">{{cite web |title=മഞ്ജുവാര്യരെ മോഡേണാക്കി, കിട്ടിയത് സംസ്ഥാന അവാർഡ്! |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/glitz-n-glamour/interview-with-costume-designer-nisar-mannarkkad.html |website=Manorama Online |language=ml |date=8 March 2016 |access-date=6 May 2025}}</ref> He went on to work as a costume assistant in around 40 films.<ref name="manorama" />

He debuted as an independent costume designer with the 2015 Malayalam film ''[[Jo and the Boy]]''.<ref name="deccan">{{cite news |title=Styling the stars: 'I had to struggle a lot', says Nisar Rahmath |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/010916/styling-the-stars-i-had-to-struggle-a-lot-says-nisar-rahmath.html |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=1 September 2016 |access-date=6 May 2025}}</ref> His work in the film earned him the Kerala State Film Award for Best Costume Designer.<ref name="kerala-award">{{cite web |title=State Film Award 2015 |url=http://www.keralafilm.com/index.php/kca-updates/327-state-film-award-2015 |website=Kerala State Chalachitra Academy (Archived) |date=1 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309102850/http://www.keralafilm.com/index.php/kca-updates/327-state-film-award-2015 |access-date=6 May 2025|archive-date=9 March 2016 }}</ref>

Nisar later worked on films such as ''[[Avarude Raavukal]]'' (2017), where he created distinctive looks for each lead character.<ref name="deccan" />

In recent years, Nisar designed costumes for several notable productions including ''[[Kappela]]''(2020), the award-winning drama ''[[Aattam]]'' (2023), the web series ''[[Nagendran's Honeymoons]]'' (2024), and the action film ''[[Mura (film)|Mura]]'' (2024).

== Recognition ==
Nisar received the [[Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Film Award]] for [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]] in 2015 for ''[[Jo and the Boy]]''.<ref name="kerala-award" />

[[JC Daniel Foundation Film Award]] for [[JC Daniel Foundation Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]] in 2024 for ''[[Mura (film)|Mura]]''.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Director !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! class="unsortable" | Ref
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Jo and the Boy]]'' || [[Rojin Thomas]] || Debut as costume designer || <ref name="manorama" />
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017 || ''[[Georgettan's Pooram]]'' || K. Biju || ||<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Georgettan's Pooram – Official Trailer |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Q2xStg9ugo |time=1:54 |access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol]]'' || [[Jibu Jacob]] || ||<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol – Official Trailer |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qHITluVfX8 |publisher=Weekend Blockbusters |language=Malayalam |date=20 December 2016 |access-date=10 May 2025 |time=1:27}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Avarude Raavukal]]'' || Shanil Muhammed || || <ref name="deccan" />
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018 || ''[[Kuttanpillayude Sivarathri]]'' || Jean Markose || ||<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Kuttanpillayude Sivarathri - Official Trailer |publisher=Muzik247 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Rk_RCQLcK8 |time=1:34 |access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thanaha]]'' || Prakash Kunjhan Moorayil || ||<ref>{{cite news |title=" തനഹ"സൈന പ്ലേ ഒടിടി പ്ലാറ്റ്‌ഫോമില്‍ |trans-title='Thanaha' released on Saina OTT platform |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/new-malayalam-movie-thanaha-released-on-ott-platforms/articleshow/83258199.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719120000/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/new-malayalam-movie-thanaha-released-on-ott-platforms/articleshow/83258199.cms |archive-date=19 July 2024 |access-date=19 July 2024 |newspaper=Malayalam Samayam (Times of India) |language=ml |quote=വസ്ത്രാലങ്കാരം: നിസ്സാർ റഹമ്മത്ത് (Costume Design: Nisar Rahmath)}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vikadakumaran]]'' || [[Boban Samuel]] || ||<ref>{{cite news |date=23 February 2018 |title=വിഷ്ണു–ധർമജൻ ടീമിന്റെ വികടകുമാരൻ; ട്രെയിലർ |trans-title=Vishnu Unnikrishnan-Dharmajan movie 'Vikadakumaran'; trailer out |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/new-releases/2018/02/23/romans-team-reunite-vikadakumaran-vishnu-unnikrishnan-dharmajan-movie-trailer.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719120000/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/new-releases/2018/02/23/romans-team-reunite-vikadakumaran-vishnu-unnikrishnan-dharmajan-movie-trailer.html |archive-date=19 July 2024 |access-date=19 July 2024 |newspaper=Manorama Online |language=ml |quote=വസ്ത്രാലങ്കാരം: നിസാർ (Costume Design: Nisar)}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019 || ''[[Thottappan]]'' || [[Shanavas K Bavakutty]] || ||<ref>{{cite news |title=തൊട്ടപ്പനിലെ ജോയ്‌മോന്‍ ആരാണ് |trans-title=Vinayakan in 'Thottappan |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/thottappan-vinayakan-shanavas-k-bavakutty-character-poster-joymon-master-davinchi-1.3780669 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719120000/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/thottappan-vinayakan-shanavas-k-bavakutty-character-poster-joymon-master-davinchi-1.3780669 |archive-date=19 July 2024 |access-date=19 July 2024 |newspaper=Mathrubhumi |language=ml |quote=വസ്ത്രാലങ്കാരം: നിസാർ റഹ്മത്ത് (Costume Design: Nisar Rahmath)}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kalikkoottukar]]'' || P.K. Baaburaj || ||<ref>{{cite news |title='കളിക്കൂട്ടുകാര്‍' തിയേറ്ററിലേക്ക് |trans-title=Kalikkoottukar movie gets release date |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/movies/movies-news/movie-news-others/kalikkoottukar-movie-news/593041 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719120000/https://www.madhyamam.com/movies/movies-news/movie-news-others/kalikkoottukar-movie-news/593041 |archive-date=19 July 2024 |access-date=19 July 2024 |newspaper=Madhyamam |language=ml |quote=വസ്ത്രാലങ്കാരം: നിസാർ റഹ്മത്ത് (Costume Design: Nisar Rahmath)}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jimmy Ee Veedinte Aishwaryam]]'' || Raju Chandra || ||<ref>{{cite news |title='ജിമ്മി ഈ വീടിന്‍റെ ഐശ്വര്യം' സിനിമയുടെ രസികൻ ട്രെയിലർ |trans-title=Jimmy Ee Veedinte Aishwaryam' trailer out |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/mithun-ramesh-divya-pillai-starrer-jimmy-ee-veedinte-aiswaryam-official-trailer/articleshow/72319668.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719120000/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/mithun-ramesh-divya-pillai-starrer-jimmy-ee-veedinte-aiswaryam-official-trailer/articleshow/72319668.cms |archive-date=19 July 2024 |access-date=19 July 2024 |newspaper=Malayalam Samayam (Times of India) |language=ml |quote=വസ്ത്രാലങ്കാരം: നിസാർ റഹ്മത്ത് (Costume Design: Nisar Rahmath)}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Kappela]]'' || [[Muhammad Musthafa]] || ||<ref>{{cite news |title=ശ്രീനാഥും റോഷനും അന്നയും തൻവിയും ഒന്നിച്ച്; പുതിയ ചിത്രം 'കപ്പേള |trans-title=Anna Ben, Sreenath Bhasi, Roshan Mathew and Tanvi Ram in new movie 'Kappela'. |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/anna-ben-sreenath-bhasi-roshan-mathew-tanvi-ram-starrer-kappela-movie-title-poster/articleshow/71886628.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719120000/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/anna-ben-sreenath-bhasi-roshan-mathew-tanvi-ram-starrer-kappela-movie-title-poster/articleshow/71886628.cms |archive-date=19 July 2024 |access-date=19 July 2024 |newspaper=Malayalam Samayam (Times of India) |language=ml |quote=നിസാർ റഹ്മത്ത് (വസ്ത്രാലങ്കാരം) (Nisar Rahmath (Costume Design))}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021 || ''[[Kaaval (2021 film)|Kaaval]]'' || Nithin Renji Panicker || ||<ref>{{cite news |date=5 October 2021 |title=തീയേറ്ററുകളെ ഇളക്കി മറിക്കാൻ സുരേഷ് ഗോപി; കാവൽ നവംബർ 25-ന് |trans-title=Suresh Gopi's 'Kaaval' releases on November 25th |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/suresh-gopi-movie-kaval-release-date-announced-directed-by-nithin-renji-panicker-1.6066956 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005120000/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/suresh-gopi-movie-kaval-release-date-announced-directed-by-nithin-renji-panicker-1.6066956 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |access-date=19 July 2024 |newspaper=Mathrubhumi |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ellam Sheriyakum]]'' || [[Jibu Jacob]] || ||<ref>{{cite news |date=18 September 2019 |title='ആദ്യരാത്രി'ക്ക് ശേഷം ആസിഫിനൊപ്പം ജിബു; 'എല്ലാം ശരിയാകും' ടൈറ്റിൽ പോസ്റ്റ‍ർ |trans-title=Director Jibu with Asif Ali; "ellam shariyakum" title poster out |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/director-jibu-jacobs-next-ellam-sariyakum-movie-with-asif-ali-and-rajisha-vijayan/articleshow/72087373.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918120000/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/director-jibu-jacobs-next-ellam-sariyakum-movie-with-asif-ali-and-rajisha-vijayan/articleshow/72087373.cms |archive-date=18 September 2019 |access-date=19 July 2024 |newspaper=Malayalam Samayam (Times of India) |language=ml |quote=വസ്ത്രാലങ്കാരം: നിസ്സാര്‍ റഹ്മത്ത് (Costume Design: Nisar Rahmath)}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2022 || ''[[Kochaal]]'' || Shyam Mohan || ||<ref>{{cite news |title='Kochaal' OTT: Shine Tom Chacko-Krishna Sankar starrer to stream on this date |newspaper=The Times of India |date=12 June 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kochaal-ott-shine-tom-chacko-krishna-sankar-starrer-to-stream-on-this-date/articleshow/95765070.cms |access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aviyal (2022 film)|Aviyal]]'' || Shanil Muhammed || ||<ref>{{cite news |date=15 December 2022 |title=അച്ഛനും മകളുമായി ജോജുവും അനശ്വരയും; 'അവിയൽ' ട്രെയിലർ പുറത്ത് |trans-title=Joju and Anaswara as father and daughter; 'Aviyal' trailer out |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/aviyal-new-malayalam-movie-trailer-1.7337062 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215120000/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/aviyal-new-malayalam-movie-trailer-1.7337062 |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=19 July 2024 |newspaper=Mathrubhumi |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mei Hoom Moosa]]'' || [[Jibu Jacob]] || ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Suresh Gopi's 'Mei Hoon Moosa' gets a release date |newspaper=The Times of India |date=16 March 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suresh-gopis-mei-hoom-moosa-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/94218153.cms |access-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316120000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suresh-gopis-mei-hoom-moosa-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/94218153.cms |archive-date=16 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Autorickshawkarante Bharya]]'' || [[Harikumar (director)|Harikumar]] || ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Trailer of 'Autorickshawkkarante Bharya' starring Suraj Venjaramoodu and Ann Augustine out |newspaper=The Times of India |date=18 May 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/trailer-of-autorickshawkkarante-bharya-starring-suraj-venjaramoodu-and-ann-augustine-out/articleshow/95081377.cms |access-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518120000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/trailer-of-autorickshawkkarante-bharya-starring-suraj-venjaramoodu-and-ann-augustine-out/articleshow/95081377.cms |archive-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2023 || ''[[Aattam]]'' || [[Anand Ekarshi]] || ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Aattam trailer: The Vinay Forrt starrer hints at a riveting drama |newspaper=The Times of India |date=5 December 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aattam-trailer-the-vinay-forrt-starrer-hints-at-a-riveting-drama/articleshow/105830450.cms |access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Higuita (film)|Higuita]]'' || Hemanth G Nair || ||<ref>{{cite news |title='Higuita' teaser: Suraj Venjaramoodu-Dhyan Sreenivasan starrer is an intriguing thriller |newspaper=The Times of India |date=27 February 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/higuita-teaser-suraj-venjaramoodu-dhyan-sreenivasan-starrer-is-an-intriguing-thriller/articleshow/96495415.cms |access-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227120000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/higuita-teaser-suraj-venjaramoodu-dhyan-sreenivasan-starrer-is-an-intriguing-thriller/articleshow/96495415.cms |archive-date=27 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kunjamminis Hospital]]'' || Sanal V. Devan || ||<ref>{{cite news |date= |title=ഇന്ദ്രജിത്ത്, നൈല, ബാബുരാജ്; 'കുഞ്ഞമ്മിണീസ് ഹോസ്‍പിറ്റല്‍' ചാലക്കുടിയിൽ |trans-title=Indrajith, Naila, Baburaj; 'Kunjhammini's Hospital' in Chalakudy |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/kunjamminis-hospital-starts-rolling-indrajith-sukumaran-re6c5r |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719120000/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/kunjamminis-hospital-starts-rolling-indrajith-sukumaran-re6c5r |archive-date=19 July 2024 |access-date=19 July 2024 |newspaper=Asianet News |quote=വസ്ത്രാലങ്കാരം നിസാര്‍ റഹ്മത്ത്}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tha Thavalayude Tha]]'' || Francis Joseph Jeera || ||<ref>{{cite news |title=സെന്തിലും അനുമോളും പ്രധാന വേഷത്തിലെത്തുന്ന 'തവളയുടെ ത'; പുതിയ വീഡിയോ ഗാനം പുറത്തിറങ്ങി |trans-title=New song from 'Tha Thavalayude Tha' released |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/tha-thavalayude-tha-movie-new-song-released-1.8443056 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719120000/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/tha-thavalayude-tha-movie-new-song-released-1.8443056 |archive-date=19 July 2024 |access-date=19 July 2024 |newspaper=Mathrubhumi |language=ml |quote=വസ്ത്രാലങ്കാരം: നിസാർ റഹ്മത്ത് (Costume Design: Nisar Rahmath)}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2024 || ''[[Nagendran's Honeymoons]]'' (Web Series) || Nithin Renji Panicker || 6 episodes ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Suraj Venjaramoodu's 'Nagendran's Honeymoons' to start streaming on OTT from this day |newspaper=The Times of India |date=31 May 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/malayalam/suraj-venjaramoodus-nagendrans-honeymoons-to-start-streaming-on-ott-from-this-day-watch-trailer/articleshow/111615494.cms |access-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531120000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/malayalam/suraj-venjaramoodus-nagendrans-honeymoons-to-start-streaming-on-ott-from-this-day-watch-trailer/articleshow/111615494.cms |archive-date=31 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kondal]]'' || Ajith Mampally || ||<ref>{{cite news |date=28 June 2024 |title=കടലിൽ നിന്നൊരു ആക്ഷൻ കൊടുങ്കാറ്റ്; 'കൊണ്ടൽ' ഒടിടിയിലെത്തി |trans-title=An action storm from the sea; 'Kondal' released on OTT |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/kondal-is-now-streaming-on-netflix-1.9982703 |access-date=19 July 2024 |newspaper=Mathrubhumi |language=ml |quote=വസ്ത്രാലങ്കാരം: നിസാർ റഹ്മത്ത് (Costume Design: Nisar Rahmath)}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Cup (2024 film)|Cup]]'' || Sanal V. Devan || ||<ref>{{cite news |date=10 March 2022 |title=ബാഡ്മിന്റൺ താരമായി മാത്യു തോമസ്, "കപ്പി"ന്റെ ചിത്രീകരണം ആരംഭിച്ചു. |trans-title=Mathew Thomas as a badminton player, shooting of "Cup" has started |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/cup-new-malayalam-movie-mathew-thomas-basil-joseph-guru-somasundaram-1.6411698 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310120000/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/cup-new-malayalam-movie-mathew-thomas-basil-joseph-guru-somasundaram-1.6411698 |archive-date=10 March 2022 |access-date=19 July 2024 |newspaper=Mathrubhumi |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mura (film)|Mura]]'' || [[Muhammad Musthafa]] || ||<ref>{{cite news |date=10 April 2024 |title='മുഹമ്മദ് മുസ്തഫ സംവിധാനം ചെയ്യുന്ന ചിത്രം 'മുറ'യുടെ ചിത്രീകരണം പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി |trans-title=The shooting of the film 'Mura' directed by Muhammad Mustafa has been completed. |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/muhammad-mustafa-director-mura-movie-competed-1.9461922 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410120000/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/muhammad-mustafa-director-mura-movie-competed-1.9461922 |archive-date=10 April 2024 |access-date=19 July 2024 |newspaper=Mathrubhumi |language=ml |quote=വസ്ത്രാലങ്കാരം: നിസാർ റഹ്മത്ത് (Costume Design: Nisar Rahmath)}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025 || ''[[Detective Ujjwalan]]'' || Indraneel GK and Rahul G || ||<ref>{{cite news |date=15 July 2024 |title=വീക്കെന്‍ഡ് ബ്ലോക്ക്ബസ്റ്റേഴ്സ്- ധ്യാന്‍ ശ്രീനിവാസന്‍ ചിത്രം 'ഡിറ്റക്റ്റീവ് ഉജ്ജ്വലന്‍' പൂജ. |trans-title='Detective Ujjwalan': Weekend Blockbusters' Malayalam thriller film begins with pooja |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/detective-ujjwalan-weekend-blockbusters-malayalam-investigative-thriller-film-pooja-1.10085817 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715120000/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/detective-ujjwalan-weekend-blockbusters-malayalam-investigative-thriller-film-pooja-1.10085817 |archive-date=15 July 2024 |access-date=19 July 2024 |newspaper=Mathrubhumi |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Varaaham]]'' || Sanal Devan || ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Gautham Vasudev Menon to play a police officer in Suresh Gopi's 'Varaaham' |newspaper=The Times of India |date=18 January 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/gautham-vasudev-menon-to-play-a-police-officer-in-suresh-gopis-varaham/articleshow/106889393.cms |access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
<references/> Nisar rahmath Won JC Daniel Foundation Film Award for best costume designer for Mura https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2025/07/25/jc-daniel-foundation-awards-2024.html

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9183673/ Nisar Rahmath on IMDb]
* [https://www.instagram.com/nisar_rahmath/ Instagram Profile]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahmath, Nisar}}

[[Category:Indian costume designers]]
[[Category:Costume designers of Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Chennai Monorail

2025-12-08T23:31:25Z

ErlindaLamson9: updated page

{{Short description|Rapid transit system in the city of Chennai, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}

{{Infobox Public transit
| name = Chennai Monorail
| native_name = சென்னை மோனோரெயில்
| locale = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| transit_type = straddle-beam [[Monorail]]
| began_operation =
| operation_will_start = 2018 (Estd. But later plan was cancelled and [[Chennai metro]] was constructed)
| chief_executive =
| headquarters = [[Chennai]]
| lines = 3 (Phase I)
| stations =
| website =
| ridership =
| train_length = 4 coaches
| headway = 3 minutes
| vehicles =
| system_length = 57 km (Phase I)
| average_speed= {{convert|65|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
| top_speed= {{convert|80|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
| minimum_radius_of_curvature=
| el = 750 V [[Direct current|DC]]
| operator =
| owner =
}}
'''Chennai Monorail''' was a proposal for a number of lines as part of [[mass transit]] system for the [[India]]n city of [[Chennai]]. Originally the city planned to use monorail on all lines but many were subsequently changed to railways as part of the [[Chennai Metro]].

In 2006 a system was proposed in the Long-term Urban Transportation Scheme of Second Master Plan by [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]] (CMDA). The state government announced plans to introduce [[monorail]] across the city to reduce traffic congestion and to increase the share of public transport in the urban transport network. The aim is to increase the share of public transport in Chennai from 27% to 46% by 2026.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOICH%2F2014%2F02%2F05%2F2%2FAr00200%2Exml&CollName=TOI_CHENNAI_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=738561&Keyword=%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3Echennai%3Cand%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3Emonorail%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=HTML |title=Monorail to speed up ride from the suburbs |work=The Times of India |date=5 February 2014 |access-date=6 February 2014 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222015938/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOICH%2F2014%2F02%2F05%2F2%2FAr00200%2Exml&CollName=TOI_CHENNAI_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=738561&Keyword=%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3Echennai%3Cand%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3Emonorail%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=HTML |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The first tender was requested in 2011 but conditions were watered down several times. Tenders have lapsed thrice after failing to attract bidders. In the 2014 plan there were three remaining monorail corridors. As of January 2015, only two bidders remain after the Request For Qualification process of the ongoing bidding attempt.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-09/news/57884134_1_bus-rapid-transit-system-chennai-metro-20-68-km |title=Chennai's monorail stuck at bidding process |access-date=13 January 2015 |archive-date=30 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730221753/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-09/news/57884134_1_bus-rapid-transit-system-chennai-metro-20-68-km |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2018 the first corridor using monorail was approved by the government.<ref>{{cite news |title=Urban Rail in India, 2019-2025 - New Modes such as Trams, Rapid Rail, and Light Rail are Gaining Traction |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/urban-rail-in-india-2019-2025---new-modes-such-as-trams-rapid-rail-and-light-rail-are-gaining-traction-300975411.html |access-date=3 July 2021 |publisher=prnewswired |date=16 December 2019 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185742/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/urban-rail-in-india-2019-2025---new-modes-such-as-trams-rapid-rail-and-light-rail-are-gaining-traction-300975411.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in 2020 one line originally designated at a monorail was converted to railway and let to tender by [[Chennai Metro]].<ref>{{cite news |title=TNM status check: AIADMK's 2016 promises on water and infrastructure |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tnm-status-check-aiadmk-s-2016-promises-water-and-infrastructure-145089 |access-date=3 July 2021 |publisher=The News Minute |date=12 March 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191639/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tnm-status-check-aiadmk-s-2016-promises-water-and-infrastructure-145089 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020 the Chennai Metro sought tenders for the Porur to Poonamallee line to be built as a railway [[Rapid transit|metro]].<ref>{{cite news |title=TNM status check: AIADMK's 2016 promises on water and infrastructure |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tnm-status-check-aiadmk-s-2016-promises-water-and-infrastructure-145089 |access-date=3 July 2021 |publisher=The News Minute |date=12 March 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191639/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tnm-status-check-aiadmk-s-2016-promises-water-and-infrastructure-145089 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
The [[Tamil Nadu Government]] invited bids for the 'Elevated Monorail Mass Rapid Transit System' (EMMRTS) monorail project covering over 300 km to be implemented at a single phase.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/tn-monorail-lands-in-web-of-controversies/56313/0|title=Chennai Monorail in Controversies|publisher=Financial Express|access-date=11 April 2009|archive-date=7 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607060813/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/tn-monorail-lands-in-web-of-controversies/56313/0|url-status=live}}</ref> Soon after a public interest litigation was filed in [[High Court, Chennai]] against awarding of the contract and the court ordered the government not to award the final contract without its prior permission. Since chances of the metro rail getting approval by central government which consisted of archrival DMK, were remote, the less expensive mono rail was preferred. A total of 18 corridors had been proposed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/02/03/stories/2006020302161900.htm |title=Monorail project: To cover 300 km in 18 corridors |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |date=3 February 2006 |access-date=31 August 2010 |archive-date=20 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720163926/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/02/03/stories/2006020302161900.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Had the project been executed, it would have been the biggest monorail project in the planet dwarfing any other monorail in the world. However, soon she was voted out of power and the monorail project was shelved. Again, when the new AIADMK government came to power in 2011, the Chief Minister [[Jayalalithaa]], through the Governor [[Surjit Singh Barnala]]'s address to the assembly, stated that the Chennai Monorail project of around 300 km will be revived and would supplement the existing metro rail systems that were implemented with assistance from Japanese loans and central government funding.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}

===Proposed corridors in 2006===
The following 18 corridors were proposed to be completely built within 18 months.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Origin
! Destination
! Length (km)
! Common Length (km)
|-
| Parrys
| Guduvanchery
| 42
|
|-
| Parrys
| Poonamalle
| 22.4
| 2
|-
| Parrys
| Porur
| 17.2
| 8
|-
| Parrys
| Avadi
| 25.2
| 2
|-
| Parrys
| Red Hills
| 19
|
|-
| Parrys
| Parrys
| 42.3
| 7
|-
| Parrys
| Manali New Town
| 23.3
| 4
|-
| Parrys
| Kelambakkam
| 39.2
|
|-
| Halda
| Medavakkam
| 12.3
|
|-
| Anna Statue
| Adyar O.T.
| 8.5
| 2
|-
| Virugambakkam
| Santhome
| 12
| 0.2
|-
| Egmore
| MFL Junction
| 19.2
| 0.5
|-
| Saidapet
| Anna Nagar Roundabout
| 10.5
| 0.5
|-
| Salaima Nagar
| Kannadasan Nagar
| 2.7
|
|-
| Ayanavaram
| Anna Square
| 10.2
| 1.5
|-
| Aminjikarai
| Ambattur Estate
| 6.4
| 3
|-
| Gandhi Statue
| Nathamuni
| 13.2
| 2
|-
| F.S. Estate
| Nungambakkam
| 11
| 0.2
|}

''Total Route Length – 333.1 km'' 
''Common Length – 32.9 km'' 
''Track Length – 300.2 km''

===Corridors proposed in second master plan===
Two corridors have been proposed in the Second Master Plan by CMDA.<ref>{{cite report |author= |author-link= |date= |title=Chapter IV - Traffic and Transportation |url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume1_English_PDF/Vol1_Chapter04_Transport.pdf|publisher=cmdachennai.gov.in |page= |docket= |access-date=15 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183726/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume1_English_PDF/Vol1_Chapter04_Transport.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live}} </ref><ref>{{cite web|author=M Gunasekaran, TNN|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-03/chennai/27892711_1_chennai-port-ennore-port-new-bus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023071453/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-03/chennai/27892711_1_chennai-port-ennore-port-new-bus |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 October 2012 |title=Multi-crore infrastructure plan - Chennai - City |date=3 September 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=31 August 2010}}</ref> These corridors have been proposed as a feeder service for [[Chennai MRTS]], [[Chennai Metro]], [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] and [[Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)|Metropolitan Transport Corporation]].

'''Corridor 1:''' Dams Road Junction - Royapettah - Thiruvanmayur - Adyar - Guindy (Halda Junction) 
'''Corridor 2:''' Lighthouse MRTS Station - Anna flyover - Kilpauk - Perambur

===Planned corridors (Phase I)===
The Four corridors have been identified based on a feasibility study prepared by the Pallavan Transport Consultancy Services Ltd. A crisscrossing network of monorail corridors, running to a total length of 111 km with four corridors, is being planned by the State government and plans to complete the first phase of the monorail project within two years.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2366764.ece |title=Four monorail lines in Phase-I |work=The Hindu |date=18 August 2011 |access-date=18 August 2011 |archive-date=8 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908170327/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2366764.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The network includes a 54-km link between [[Vandalur]] and Puzhal, which when completed would be the longest anywhere in the world. The developer will be responsible to (DBFOT) design, construct, finance, own, maintain and transfer the project after a period of 30 years. Monorail stations would be aesthetically designed, with minimal use of concrete. Initially, a four-car monorail train is expected to run along an elevated narrow guide way that would come up on the road median. The capacity of one train would be about 560 passengers, which translates to a capacity of about 10,000 passengers per hour per direction.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennai Monorail (சென்னை மோனோரெயில்) |url=https://www.pnr.meramaal.com/chennai-monorail/ |website=pnr.meramaal.com |date=13 October 2018 |access-date=15 October 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015120112/https://www.pnr.meramaal.com/chennai-monorail/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Origin
! Destination
! Length (km)
! Via
|-
| Vandalur
Via [[Mudichur]]
| Puzhal
| 54
|[[Perungalathur]], [[Tambaram]], MEPZ, [[Pallavaram]], [[Pammal]], [[Kundrathur]], [[Mangadu]], [[Kumananchavadi]], [[Karayanchavadi]], Paruthipattu, Goverthanagiri, [[Avadi]], [[Thirumullaivoyal]], [[Ambattur]] O.T, Pudur, [[Surapet]], [[Puzhal]]
|-
| Vandalur
| Velachery
| 23
|[[Perungalathur]], Irumbuliyur, Tambaram East, [[Selaiyur]] camp road, [[Sembakkam]], Gowriwakkam, [[Medavakkam]], [[Pallikaranai]], [[Narayanapuram, Kanchipuram district|Narayanapuram]], [[Velachery]].
|-
| Poonamallee
| Kathipara
| 16
| [[Poonamallee]], [[Kumananchavadi]], Karayanchavadi, [[Kattupakkam]], [[Iyyappanthangal]], SRMC Hospital, [[Porur]], [[Ramapuram, Chennai|Ramapuram]], [[Nandambakkam]], Butt Road, [[Kathipara Junction]]
|-
| Poonamallee
| Vadapalani
| 18
| [[Poonamallee]], Karayanchavadi, [[Kumananchavadi]], Velappanchavadi, [[Vanagaram]], [[Maduravoyal]], [[Alapakkam, Kancheepuram|Alapakkam]], [[Porur]], [[Valasaravakkam]], [[Virugambakkam]], [[Vadapalani]] Junction
|}

===Revised corridors (Phase I)===
The State government has decided to drop one of the four monorail lines that were supposed to be built in the city. While originally an ambitious 111-km long Phase-I network was proposed to be constructed the revised target means the monorail grid would be only 57 km. The corridor from Vandalur to Puzhal via Avadi (54 km) has been axed because it runs through "undeveloped areas with no pre-existing traffic in the alignment", making it "financially unviable". If it had been built, it would have been the longest monorail corridor in the world.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article2920973.ece |title=One of the four monorail lines axed |work=The Hindu |date=23 February 2012 |access-date=24 February 2012 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=24 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224154329/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article2920973.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

The revised 57-km long Phase-I of Chennai Monorail is estimated to cost {{INR}} 80,500 million. It is proposed to constitute a network of three elevated corridors—[[Vandalur]] to [[Velachery]] via Tambaram East (23 km); [[Poonamallee]] to [[Kathipara]] via [[Porur]] (16 km); and [[Poonamallee]] to [[Vadapalani]] via [[Valasarawakkam]] (18 km). The fourth line may be considered in the subsequent phases of the project. He said several monorail manufacturers had expressed the non-viability of building a 54-km monorail line (Vandalur to Puzhal) using existing technologies even during the previous tendering process. In the second phase, Asia's longest monorail corridor from Vandalur to Puzhal would be taken up.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Origin
! Destination
! Length (km)
! Stations
! Via
|-
| Vandalur
| Velachery
| 23
| 14
|[[Perungalathur]], Irumbuliyur, Tambaram East, [[Selaiyur]] camp road, [[Sembakkam]], Gowriwakkam, [[Medavakkam]], [[Pallikaranai]], [[Narayanapuram, Kanchipuram district|Narayanapuram]], [[Velachery]].
|-
| Poonamallee
| Kathipara
| 16
| 11
| [[Poonamallee]], [[Karayanchavadi]], [[Kumananchavadi]], [[Kattupakkam]], [[Iyyappanthangal]], SRMC Hospital, [[Porur]], [[Ramapuram, Chennai|Ramapuram]], [[Nandambakkam]], Butt Road, [[Kathipara Junction]]
|-
| Poonamallee
| Vadapalani
| 18
| 12
| [[Poonamallee]], [[Karayanchavadi]], [[Kumananchavadi]], Velappanchavadi, [[Vanagaram]], [[Maduravoyal]], [[Alapakkam, Kancheepuram|Alapakkam]], [[Porur]], [[Valasaravakkam]], [[Virugambakkam]], [[Vadapalani]] Junction
|}

The much-anticipated monorail is expected to have nearly three dozen stations in Chennai and its suburbs. The stations will come up at places that are good crowd generation points. The locations under consideration will have sufficient space for accommodating a station. The accessibility to these stations is also taken into consideration. An expert team was formed to scout for monorail stations sites. The team, comprising personnel from [[Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)|MTC]], PTCS and a private consultancy firm, were given a time period of ten days to study and come up with sites where monorail stations can come up.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3533623.ece |title=Nearly three dozen stations in city and suburbs for monorail |work=The Hindu |date=16 June 2011 |access-date=16 June 2011 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=17 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617143315/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3533623.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Poonamallee]] and [[Vadapalani]] stations are expected to get monorail depots, where the monorails could be berthed and maintained. The Kathipara station will boast of the multi-modal transport system with the monorail integrating with MRTS, Metro Rail, and EMU service.

==Stations==
''(to be updated; pending announcement for updated corridor-2 alignment)''

A total of 37 stations on paper, in reality it will be 34 as the monorails running between Poonamallee and Kathipara and Poonamallee to Vadapalani stretches will be halting at two common stations (Karayanchavadi and Kumananchavadi besides the source station Poonamallee). The first Corridor – Vandalur to Velachery (23 km) — will have 14 stations, 12 stations will come up along the Poonamallee - Vadapalani Corridor (18 km) and 11 along the third corridor – Poonamallee to Kathipara junction (16 km).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/monorail-fast-track-415 |title=Monorail on a fast track |work=deccan chronicle |date=17 June 2011 |access-date=17 June 2011 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=2 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702203138/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/monorail-fast-track-415 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Tender process==
* '''15 August 2011:''' The Metropolitan Transport Corporation ([[Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)|MTC]]), the nodal agency for implementing the project has called for Submission of Request for Qualification (RFQ) for the proposed Chennai Monorail Mass Rapid Transit System on Design, Build, Finance, Operate and Transfer (DBFOT) Basis.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2366765.ece |title=Global bidding process begins for Chennai Monorail |work=The Hindu |date=18 August 2011 |access-date=18 August 2011 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=1 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901023258/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2366765.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The role of Tamil Nadu state government will be limited to fixing fares based on a concessionaire agreement.
* '''8 September 2011:''' Pre-bid conference for monorail project held. It was an opportunity for prospective bidders to seek clarifications about the scope of the project and the tendering process.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2434897.ece |title=Pre-bid conference for monorail project held |work=The Hindu |date=8 September 2011 |access-date=5 December 2011 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=18 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318191706/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2434897.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Over 10 entities attended the pre-bid meeting, only three – [[Larsen & Toubro|L&T]]-[[Hitachi]] and firms from Malaysia and the United Kingdom – cleared the technical criteria set by the government. The pre-qualification stage of the bidding process initiated by the State government would come to a close on 28 September.
* '''1 December 2011:''' The State government took a decision to re-float the tender for the construction of a 111-km-long monorail network in the city. Chief Minister [[Jayalalithaa]] expressed unhappiness over the pace at which the monorail project was progressing at a review meeting. There was a suggestion to re-float the tender to see if there would be more participation, but a final decision took shape early this week.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article2680283.ece |title=Tender again for monorail |work=The Hindu |date=2 December 2011 |access-date=5 December 2011 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=4 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204073555/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article2680283.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[Mumbai]]-based firm, Fortress Financial Service, has been nominated as the official consultant for the project.
* '''25 January 2012:''' Pre-application conference was held at the Metropolitan Transport Corporation headquarters, [[Chennai]]. This is the first step of the fresh global competitive bidding process which was initiated on 1 December after the previous tender was annulled because of limited participation. All applicants would have to submit their proposal by 20 February, following which the government's Empowered Monorail Committee would pre-qualify and shortlist suitable applicants. The 'qualified' applicants would enter a round of financial bidding. A two-month period is likely to be given to prepare a Detailed Project Report for the implementation of a monorail system along four elevated corridors, totaling 111-km.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article2832427.ece |title=Pre-application meet of monorail project |work=The Hindu |date=26 January 2012 |access-date=26 January 2012 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=28 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128082148/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article2832427.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''22 February 2012:''' Hyderabad-based Capital Fortunes Private Limited (CFPL) will assist the monorail cell in identifying the implementing agency for the monorail project. The implementing agency will also soon be finalized as the officials are all set to open the financial bid documents on 19 March.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/tn-picks-monorail-advisory-consultant-157 |title=TN picks monorail advisory consultant |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=24 February 2012 |access-date=25 February 2012 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=2 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302081324/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/tn-picks-monorail-advisory-consultant-157 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This apart, officials denied reports that one of the four proposed lines Vandalur to Puzhal would be axed. "Though it has been decided to go with three corridors, the Vandalur to Puzhal stretch is still in the reckoning. The bids will be floated for the corridor separately. The alignment will be broken into two portions."
* '''19 March 2012:''' The government opened the financial bids received for the much-awaited, {{INR}} 80,500 million monorail project. Received financial bids from eight reputed developers across the world which would be scrutinised by the Hyderabad-based consultancy firm. It is learnt that it would take at least two weeks to finalise the developer. The empowered monorail committee, headed by the chief secretary is authorized to take a final call. Some participants are [[Malaysia]]n firm [[Scomi]] international, players from Spain (Kafe India), Japan ([[Hitachi]]) and China have participated in the tendering process.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/eight-firms-bid-city-monorail-project-861 |title=Eight firms bid for city monorail project |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=20 March 2012 |access-date=20 March 2012 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=23 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323000738/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/eight-firms-bid-city-monorail-project-861 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''5 June 2012:''' The government finalising five project developers for the second and final stage, while rejecting three firms' bids at the opening phase, after a high-level discussion "Of the eight consortia of firms that had participated in the initial stage of bidding process (request for qualification), three firms, including Met-rail, M-rail, have been disqualified, while five other firms, including [[Scomi International]] private limited, [[Hitachi]] and [[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]], [[Larsen & Toubro|L&T]], and [[Gammon Construction|Gammon]] and [[IL&FS]] have qualified for the final stage - request for proposals,". The project promoters for the next stage were finalised after a meeting of the empowered committee headed by chief secretary and secretaries of a few other departments.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3494163.ece |title=Mono rail project: Panel zeroes in on prospective promoters |work=The Hindu |date=6 June 2012 |access-date=16 June 2012 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=9 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609060443/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3494163.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/green-signal-5-monorail-bidders-047 |title=Green signal to 5 monorail bidders |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=16 June 2012 |access-date=16 June 2012 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224003820/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/green-signal-5-monorail-bidders-047 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''25 August 2014:''' The state government has relaxed certain norms in response to the queries by applicants and as per the revised schedule, RFQ documents are to be submitted before 9 September 2014. The government plans to award the contract by 10 November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-infra/state-relaxes-norms-for-monorail-tech-providers/article6347504.ece|title=State relaxes norms for Monorail tech providers|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 August 2014|last1=Ramakrishnan|first1=T.|access-date=1 September 2014|archive-date=28 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128182527/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-infra/state-relaxes-norms-for-monorail-tech-providers/article6347504.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''17 August 2015:''' The two bidders remaining in the fray have been raising unrealistic queries which makes the seriousness of their bids suspect in the view of transport officials.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/is-it-the-end-of-monorail/article7548449.ece|title=Is it the end of Monorail?|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 August 2015|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=4 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804033037/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/is-it-the-end-of-monorail/article7548449.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Project cost==
The 111-km long, first phase of the Chennai Monorail project is proposed at a cost of {{INR}} 166.50 billion.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-states/article2385852.ece |title=TN kickstarts Rs 16,650-cr Monorail project |work=The Hindu |date=18 August 2011 |access-date=23 August 2011 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=25 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925070638/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-states/article2385852.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The per-kilometre cost of the Chennai monorail will be around {{INR}} 1.50 billion. The revised 54-km-long, phase-I of the monorail is estimated to cost {{INR}} 80.50 billion.

==Inter modal transit facilities==
* [[Chennai suburban railway]] network: Tambaram, Velacherry, [[Arakkonam]]
* [[Chennai MTC]] bus terminuses: Satellite Mofussil bus terminus planned at Tambaram, Velachery.
* [[Southern Railway Zone (India)|Southern Railway]]: Tambaram.
* [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation|TNSTC]]: Tambaram, Vadapalani and Kathipara Junction.

==See also==
* [[Transport in Chennai]]
* [[Rapid transit in India]]
* [[Mass Rapid Transit System (Chennai)|Chennai MRTS]], a first generation metro system in Chennai.
* [[Chennai Metro]], a metro system under construction.

{{Portal bar|India|Transport|Engineering}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Transport in Chennai}}
{{Urban transit in Chennai}}
{{Rapid transit in India}}
{{Transport in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Chennai Topics|left}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Proposed monorails in India]]
[[Category:Urban transit in Chennai]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Tamil Nadu]]

ET Now

2025-12-02T02:23:41Z

ErlindaLamson9:

{{short description|Indian business television channel}}
{{distinguish|text=ET Now, the streaming channel for the American newsmagazine ''[[Entertainment Tonight]]''}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = ET NOW
| logo = ET Now logo.svg
| logo_size = 220px
| logo_alt =
| picture_format = [[4:3]] ([[576i]], [[SDTV]])
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2009}}
| sister_channels = [[Times Now]] [[Movies Now]] [[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom]] ET Now Swadesh [[Romedy Now]] [[MN+]] [[MNX (TV channel)|MNX]] [[Mirror Now]]
| owner = [[The Times Group]]
| country = India
| language = English
| headquarters = Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| area = India
| website = {{url|etnownews.com}}
}}

'''ET Now''' is an [[English-language]] business and finance news channel in India, owned and operated by [[The Times Group]], and affiliated with ''[[The Economic Times]]''. It covers politics, governance, environment, and technology.<ref name="www.bestmediainfo.com 2023">{{cite web | title=ET Now launches its digital news platform 'ET Now News': Best Media Info | website=bestmediainfo.com | date=16 January 2023 | url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2023/01/et-now-launches-its-digital-news-platform-et-now-news- | access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="The Economic Times 2023">{{cite web | title=ET NOW rolls out digital biz news platform | website=The Economic Times | date=28 January 2023 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/et-now-rolls-out-digital-biz-news-platform/articleshow/97384265.cms | access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref> Ii is headquartered in Mumbai.

==Editors and anchors==
===Supriya Shrinate===
In 2008, [[Supriya Shrinate]] joined ET Now as chief editor – news. She was named policy editor and executive editor for ET Now the same year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Supriya Shrinate steps down as Executive Editor, ETNow; joins Congress – Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/supriya-shrinate-steps-down-as-executive-editor-etnow-joins-congress-95706.html |access-date=10 November 2021 |work=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, she resigned from her post of executive editor in ET Now to contest [[2019 Indian general election]].<ref name="Today">{{cite news |last1=Rampal |first1=Nikhil |title=Can journalist-turned-politician Supriya Shrinate anchor UP's Maharajganj Lok Sabha seat? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/supriya-shrinate-uttar-pradesh-maharajganj-lok-sabha-seat-1490340-2019-03-30 |access-date=10 November 2021 |work=India Today |date=30 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LS Polls:Congress fields journalist Supriya Shrinate from Maharajganj |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/290319/ls-polls-congress-fields-journalist-supriya-shrinate-from-maharajganj.html |access-date=10 November 2021 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=29 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Television news in India}}
{{The Times Group}}

[[Category:ET Now| ]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:24-hour television news channels in India]]
[[Category:Business-related television channels in India]]
[[Category:Business-related television channels]]
[[Category:English-language television stations in India]]
[[Category:Mass media in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2009]]
[[Category:Television channels of The Times Group]]
[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]

{{India-tv-stub}}

Battle of Wadgaon

2025-12-01T09:25:20Z

ErlindaLamson9: enhance references for consistency

{{Short description|War in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

{{infobox military conflict
| conflict =
| image = File:Maratha British Treaty.JPG
| caption = A mural depicting the British surrender during the First Anglo-Maratha War. The mural is a part of the Victory Memorial (Vijay Stambh) located at [[Vadgaon Maval]] (Off NH-4, Malinagar, [[Vadgaon Maval]], [[Pune]])
| partof = [[First Anglo-Maratha War]]
| date = 12–13 January 1779
| place = [[Vadgaon Maval]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|18.7486|N|73.641|E|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = Maharashtra#India
| map_relief = yes
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption = Location within [[Maharashtra]]
| map_label = Wadgaon
| result = {{ublist|Maratha victory}}
*Signing of the [[Treaty of Salbai]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=.R |first=Manjunath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=17I2EAAAQBAJ&q=battle+of+wadgaon |title=Timeline of Nearly Everything |date=3 June 2021 |publisher=Manjunath.R |pages=1531 |language=English}}</ref>
| combatant1 = {{flag|Maratha Empire}}
| combatant2 = [[Image:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|23px]] [[East India Company]]
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]] [[Mahadji Shinde]] [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]] [[Tukoji Rao Holkar]] [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]] [[Nana Fadnavis]]
| commander2 = [[Image:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|23px]] Thomas Goddard [[Image:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|23px]] Captain James Stuart [[Image:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|23px]] Colonel Charles Egerton [[Image:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|23px]] Lt. Col Cay [[Image:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|23px]] Lt. Col Cockburn
| strength1 =
| strength2 = 4,000 British forces , inclusive of artillery and gun men's under Stewart and Egerton. small contingents of infantry and gunmens under Raghunath Rao
| causalities1 =
}}

The '''Battle of Wadgaon''' (12–13 January 1779) was fought between the [[Maratha Confederacy]] and the [[British East India Company]] near [[Vadgaon Maval]] village in [[Maharashtra]] and was part of the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=.R |first=Manjunath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=17I2EAAAQBAJ&q=battle+of+wadgaon |title=Timeline of Nearly Everything |date=3 June 2021 |publisher=Manjunath.R |pages=1531 |language=English}}</ref>

==Event==
A British force of over 3,000, supported by 19,000 bullocks, had run out of supplies during a slow march over the Ghats which was aimed at joining with another force coming from [[Bengal]]. [[Mahadji Shinde]]'s men attacked and surrounded the British at [[Vadgaon Maval|Wadgoan]] as they retreated from their exposed position. The British were forced to surrender and agreed a treaty in February 1779 before being allowed to return to Bombay.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |url=http://archive.org/details/the-marathas-1600-1818-cambridge-history-of-india-vol.-2-part-4 |title=The Marathas - Cambridge History of India (Vol. 2, Part 4)|page=164}}</ref>

==Legacy==
In 2003, a group named 'Express Nagrik Vadgaon Vijaystambh Pratishthan' installed a victory pillar to commemorate the victory in the Battle of Wadgaon. The victory at the Battle of Wadgaon is still celebrated in the region every year.<ref>{{cite news |last=Paranjape |first=Shailendra |date=18 January 2018 |title=Vadgaon Maval – A tale of unsung heroes and astounding warcraft |work=Daily News & Analysis India |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-vadgaon-maval-a-tale-of-unsung-heroes-and-astounding-warcraft-2575765}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1779|Wadgaon]]
[[Category:1779 in India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire|Wadgaon]]
[[Category:Battles involving the British East India Company|Wadgaon]]

Kanpur Cantonment Assembly constituency

2025-11-29T20:47:13Z

ErlindaLamson9: starting the info added tags - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kanpur Cantonment
| constituency_no = 216
| map_image = 216-Kanpur Cantonment.svg
| mla = [[Mohammad Hassan Roomi]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur Nagar]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 3,74,262 (2024)
| type= SLA
}}

'''Kanpur Cantonment Assembly constituency''' is one of 403 legislative assembly seats of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]]. It is part of the [[Kanpur Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Overview==
Kanpur Cantonment comprises Kanpur (CB), Northern Railway Colony (CT), Wards No. 17, 23, 56, 58, 70, 75, 81, 84, 93, 97, 99 and 100 in Kanpur Municipal Corporation of 2- Kanpur Sadar Tehsil.<ref>[http://www.travelindia-guide.com/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/kanpur-nagar-constituencies/kanpur-cantonment-.aspx Kanpur Cantonment Vidhan Sabha constituency]</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Kanpur Cantt Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/kanpur-cantt.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Devi Sahai Bajpai
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|[[Manohar Lal (politician)|Manohar Lal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Shyam Mishra
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Babu Ram Shukla
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Bhudhar Narayan Mishra
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Pashupati Nath Mehrotra
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Ganesh Dixit
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Satish Mahana]]
| rowspan="6" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="6" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Raghunandan Singh Bhadauria]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Sohil Akhtar Ansari]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Mohammad Hassan Roomi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|U. P. Assembly Election, 2022]]: [[Kanpur|Kanpur Cantt.]]<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Mohammad Hassan Roomi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:94729}}
|percentage = 49.99
|change = +46.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Raghunandan Singh Bhadauriya
|votes = {{formatnum:74742}}
|percentage = 39.44
|change = -1.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sohil Akhtar Ansari]]
|votes = {{formatnum:13279}}
|percentage = 7.01
|change = -38.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohammad Shafi
|votes = {{formatnum:3389}}
|percentage = 1.79
|change = -6.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:740}}
|percentage = 0.39
|change = -0.02
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:19987}}
|percentage = 10.55
|change = +5.24
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:189492}}
|percentage = 52.37
|change = -0.21
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +3.99
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: [[Kanpur Cantonment]]<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sohil Akhtar Ansari]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:81169}}
|percentage = 46.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Raghunandan Singh Bhadauria]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:71805}}
|percentage = 40.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dr.Naseem Ahmad
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:14079}}
|percentage = 7.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mohammad Hassan Roomi
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:5954}}
|percentage = 3.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:729}}
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9364}}
|percentage = 5.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:176462}}
|percentage = 52.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +16.52
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh state assembly election|U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2012]]: [[Kanpur Cantonment]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Raghunandan Singh Bhadauria]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 42,551
|percentage = 29.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mohammad Hassan Roomi
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 33,243
|percentage = 23.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Abdul Mannan Ansari
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 31,122
|percentage = 21.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sohil Akhtar Ansari]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 26,205
|percentage = 18.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mohammad Tahir Ansari
|party = Peace Party of India
|votes = 5,371
|percentage = 3.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 9,308
|percentage = 6.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,44,351
|percentage = 48.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Uttar Pradesh state assembly election|U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2007]]: [[Kanpur Cantonment]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Satish Mahana]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 47,381
|percentage = 46.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mehtab Alam
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 20,845
|percentage = 20.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ganesh Dixit
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 15,935
|percentage = 15.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Narendra Singh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 13,375
|percentage = 13.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Raju Sonker
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,089
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 26,536
|percentage = 26.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,01,394
|percentage = 40.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2002===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2002]]: [[Kanpur Cantonment]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Satish Mahana]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 45,839
|percentage = 45.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Girish Kumar Trivedi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 35,774
|percentage = 35.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Som Chandra Gupta
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 12,502
|percentage = 12.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mahammed Haneef
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 3,578
|percentage = 3.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Vakeel
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 700
|percentage = 0.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 10,065
|percentage = 10.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 99,909
|percentage = 37.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Uttar Pradesh state assembly election|Uttar Pradesh assembly elections, 1996]]: Kanpur Cantonment}}
<ref name="election2014">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140221150055/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=754&cid=213 Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election 2012]}}</ref>
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Satish Mahana]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 64,578
|percentage = 59.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Kaalia
|votes = 23,087
|percentage = 21.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ganesh Awasthi
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 19,927
|percentage = 18.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Pravin Gopal Jee
|party = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha
|votes = 367
|percentage = 0.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Asim Alam
|party = Natural Law Party
|votes = 214
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 41,491
|percentage = 38.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,08,498
|percentage = 42.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1993===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Uttar Pradesh state assembly election|Uttar Pradesh assembly elections, 1993]]: Kanpur Cantonment}}
<ref name="election2014-1">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140221150055/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=754&cid=213 Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election 2012]}}</ref>
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Satish Mahana]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 59,013
|percentage = 52.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ganesh Dixit
|votes = 36,208
|percentage = 32.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sriprakash Jaiswal]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 15,679
|percentage = 13.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Laxmi Shankar
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 826
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Devendra Kumar
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 209
|percentage = 0.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 22,805
|percentage = 20.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,13,069
|percentage = 55.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Uttar Pradesh state assembly election|Uttar Pradesh assembly elections, 1991]]: Kanpur Cantonment}}
<ref name="election2014-2">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140221150055/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=754&cid=213 Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election 2012]}}</ref>
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Satish Mahana]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 33,897
|percentage = 44.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shyam Mishra
|votes = 17,927
|percentage = 23.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ganesh Dixit
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 12,661
|percentage = 16.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Deepak Kumar (politician)|Deepak Kumar]]
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 7,703
|percentage = 10.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Naseem Ahmed
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 2,793
|percentage = 3.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 15,970
|percentage = 21.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 76,000
|percentage = 37.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin | title=U. P. Assembly Election, 1989: Kanpur Cantonment}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ganesh Dixit
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 29,511
|percentage = 38.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Pashupati Nath Mehrotra
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 21,930
|percentage = 28.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Hari Dixit
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 16,566
|percentage = 21.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Babu Ram Shukla
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 4,623
|percentage = 6.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shiv Prasad
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 2,606
|percentage = 3.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 7,581
|percentage = 9.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 76,727
|percentage = 38.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1985===
{{Election box begin | title=U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 1985: Kanpur Cantonment}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Pashupati Nath
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 25,551
|percentage = 65.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Laxmi Shanker
|party = Lok Dal
|votes = 7,561
|percentage = 19.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Virbhadra Misra
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 4,279
|percentage = 10.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Deen Dayal
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 548
|percentage = 1.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ateekur Rahman
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 400
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 17,990
|percentage = 45.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 39,216
|percentage = 27.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{election table|title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|U. P. Assembly Election, 2017]] Kanpur Lok Sabha Constituency Summary}}
|-
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left width=225|Party
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Seats won
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Seat change
|-
|align=left|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| align="center" | 2
| align="center" | {{decrease}}1
|-
|align=left|[[Samajwadi Party]]
| align="center" | 2
| align="center" | {{increase}}1
|-
|align=left|[[Indian National Congress]]
| align="center" | 1
| align="center" | {{steady}}0
|-
|align=left|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| align="center" | 0
| align="center" | {{steady}}0
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}
{{Kanpur}}

[[Category:Politics of Kanpur]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kanpur Nagar district]]

Ainavilli

2025-11-17T05:02:51Z

ErlindaLamson9: adjusted structure to improve readability as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Moolapalem, Sanapalli lanka, Ainavilli Mandal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.6620488|N|82.0132452|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema district|Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Ainavilli
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - East Godavari|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2814_PART_B_DCHB_EAST%20GODAVARI.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=1 April 2017|pages=16,414}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 10.22
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8336
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census" />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 533211
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP05 (Former)]] AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New ‘AP 39’ code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |accessdate=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada |archive-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728113337/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Moolapalem, Sanapalli Lanka village Ainavilli Mandal''' is a village in [[Konaseema district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It is located in [[Ainavilli Mandal]] of [[Kothapeta revenue division]] of the district.<ref name="census" />
[[Ainavillilanka]] is another village located nearby.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Ainavilli mandal]]

{{Konaseema-geo-stub}}

V. C. Samuel

2025-11-13T06:13:52Z

ErlindaLamson9: Started Basic Data V1

{{short description|20th-century Indian theologian and priest}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=August 2023}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2023}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| honorific-prefix = '''The Reverend'''
| name = V.C. Samuel
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Father V.C. Samuel.jpg
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1912|4|6}}
| birth_place = [[Omalloor]], [[Travancore]] (present day [[Pathanamthitta]] district, [[Kerala]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1998|11|18|1912|4|6}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore, Karnataka]]
| buried = Bangalore, Karnataka
| nationality = Indian
| profession = [[Priest]] and Malpan University [[Professor]] and [[Dean (education)|Dean]]
| religion = [[Christianity|Christian]]: [[Indian Orthodox]]
| signature =
}}
{{Infobox academic
| education = [[Mor Ignatius Dayro Manjinikkara]] / Seminary, [[Union Christian College, Aluva]] (BA Philosophy) [[Madras Christian College]] (MA Philosophy) [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] (BD) [[Union Theological Seminary (New York City)]], (STM) [[Yale Divinity School]], [[Yale University]] (PhD) [[University of Chicago]](Post-Doc)
|alma_mater = [[Yale University]]
| workplaces = [[St. Ignatius Monastery Manjinikkara]] / Seminary, [[Serampore College]] [[Haile Selassie I University]] / [[Addis Ababa University]], [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] [[Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam]] Federated Faculty for Research in Religion and Culture (FFRRC), India [[St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute]] (SEERI)}}

{{Indian name|Samuel|Vilakuvelil Cherian}}
'''Vilakuvelil Cherian Samuel''' (1912–1998), called ''Samuel Achen''<ref>''Achen'' is the term for priests in [[Malayalam]]</ref> was an [[Indian Christian]] [[philosopher]], [[scholar]], [[university professor]], [[theologian]], [[historian]], [[polyglot]] and ecumenical leader. He was a priest of the [[Malankara Orthodox Church]].<ref>The St. Thomas Christians of India was called ''Nazranis; Marthomman'' Christians; ''Jacobite'' Syrian Christians Etc. Father V.C. Samuel named the Indian Orthodox Church in the second half of the twentieth century. See Samuel, V.C: ''Ithe Oru Indian Sabhayo?'' (Is this an Indian Church?); Malayalam, C.L.S. Thiruvalla, India, 1974 and Kuriakose M.K, Fr. Ed. ''Orthodox Identity in India'': Dr. V.C. Samuel 75th Birth Day Celebration Committee, Bangalore.</ref> He was the [[author]] of many doctrinal books and papers including ''The Council of Chalcedon Re-Examined: Historical Theological Survey''.<ref>Samuel V.C.; The Council of Chalcedon Re-Examined: A Historical Theological Survey; For the Senate of Serampore College; Christian Literature Society, Madras, 1977; British Orthodox Press, {{ISBN|1-4010-1644-8}}, 2001.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://britishorthodox.org/fellowship/publications/|title=Publications – The British Orthodox Church|access-date=2017-12-15}}</ref>

==Early life==
Samuel was born 6 April 1912, at Edayil House – Cheekanal in the village of [[Omallur]], in the [[British Raj]] Province of [[Travancore]], now [[Pathanamthitta, Kerala]], India. He was born in a Jacobite Syriac Orthodox family. He was the fifth child of nine children of his parents E. I. Cherian and Annamma. His father was a school teacher and educator who established 15 primary schools when there were few facilities for modern education and a member of the Legislative Assembly ([[Sree Moolam Popular Assembly]]).<ref>''Sreemoolam Praja Sabha'' of Travancore Province.</ref>

==Education==
Samuel was educated at a primary school founded by his father in his village and the Government English Middle School, [[Pathanamthitta]], going on to the St. Thomas English High School ([[St. Thomas Higher Secondary School, Kozhencherry|St. Thomas Higher Secondary School Kozhencherry]]). He received his English School Leaving Certificate (E.S.L.C) in 1931 with distinction.

===Seminary teacher and scholar===
[[File:St. Ignatius Seminary, Manjinikkara - Omaloor Semianry in 1930s end.jpg|left|thumb|St. Ignatius Seminary [[Mor Ignatius Dayro Manjinikkara]], [[Omallur|Omalloor]] in the 1930s.

Sitting middle row from left: 1. Fr. P.J. Paulose (later [[Baselios Paulose II]], [[Catholicos]]) 2. Fr. Abdul Ahad Rabban (Founder Malapan – later [[Patriarch]] [[Ignatius Jacob III]]), 3. Mor [[Yulios Elias Qoro]], the Delegate Metropolitan of the Patriarch of Antioch, 4. Fr. [[V.C. Samuel]] (Founder Malpan) and Fr. Geevarghese Vayalipparampil (Later Geevarghese Gregorios)|292x292px]]

In addition to his general education, Samuel learned the [[Syriac language]], which was the [[ecclesiastical]] and [[liturgical language]] of the [[St. Thomas Christians]] of Kerala.

[[Patriarch]] Mar [[Ignatius Elias III]] of [[Antioch]] visited India in 1932. Samuel had a keen interest in the patriarchal mission and was deeply moved when the Patriarch died at [[Manjanikkara Dayara|Manjanikkara]], close to his home in 1932. The place where the Patriarch had died soon grew in stature as St. Ignatius Church, a center of religious activities, including the teaching of [[Syriac language|Syriac]] and Antiochene Syrian ecclesiastical doctrine.

Samuel pursued further Syriac studies at [[Manjanikkara Dayara]] (monastery). He had been attracted there by the presence of the Syrian Metropolitan [[Elias Mar Julius]], the delegate of the Patriarch, and the Syrian Deacon and Rabban 'Abdel Ahad (monk), (who later become Patriarch [[Mor Ignatius Ya`qub III]]).

At the time, Samuel wanted to continue his theological research but had no plans to be ordained. He began to share teaching duties with a colleague, Malpan Dn. Abdul Ahad Remban and also served as the secretary and translator for the [[Metropolitan Bishop|Metropolitan]].

In addition to [[Malayalam]], his mother tongue, Samuel learned [[Sanskrit]], [[Tamil Language|Tamil]], [[Hindi]] and English. He continued studying languages, later learning [[Syriac language|Syriac]]. He maintained his knowledge of English by reading books on [[church history]], [[theology]], and [[biblical]] and devotional subjects.

In 1944, Samuel joined the [[Union Christian College, Aluva|Union Christian College]] as a priest and followed a programme of study and research for another sixteen years.

*1944–1948 [[Union Christian College, Aluva|Union Christian College]] [[Alwaye]], India: B.A. Degree in philosophy, first rank with gold medal, [[University of Kerala|University of Travancore]] later [[University of Kerala]])
*1948–1950 [[Madras Christian College]], India: M.A., Philosophy, First Class, [[Madras University]]
*1950–1953 [[United Theological College (Bangalore)|United Theological College]], Bangalore, India: B.D., Theology, Distinction, with Special awards [[Serampore College]], West Bengal, India
*1953–1954 [[Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York|Union Seminary]], New York: S.T.M, Post Graduates Degree in Theology [[magna cum laude]]
*1954–1957 [[Yale Divinity School, New Haven]], US: PhD, [[Yale University]] [[magna cum laude]]
*1957–1960 [[University of Chicago]], Chicago, US: Post Doctoral Research Scholar, [[Rockefeller Foundation]] Fellow

Samuel carried out research in several academic centres: [[Serampore College, West Bengal]]; [[United Theological College, Bangalore]]; CNI Library, Kottayam and Syriac Library of Pampakkuda all in India; [[Addis Ababa]] Library – [[Ethiopia]]; [[Bodleian Library, Oxford]]; [[British Library|British Museum Library / British Museum Reading Room]], London; Library of the [[Bossey Ecumenical Institute]], Switzerland; Library of the Jesuit College, [[Leuven|Louvain]]; and the [[Vatican Library]], Rome.<ref>Samuel V.C.; ''The Council of Chalcedon Re-Examined: A Historical Theological Survey''</ref>

===Doctoral research: Christological controversy===
With a background in secular education, Samuel researched the History of Christian thought, which he chose for his specialization; the classical doctrine of the Person of Christ worked out in the fifth century, which led to the first division in the Church that continues today. Samuel's knowledge of philosophy, [[Syriac language|Syriac]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] made it possible for him to work with ancient texts and documents to carry out his Alexandrine-[[Antiochene]] Christologies. In choosing this area of research, Samuel's purpose was [[ecumenism]].
[[File:V C Samuel Yale PhD.jpg|thumb|V.C. Samuel received [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] from [[Yale University]] 1957. The first Keralite and Second Indian to receive [[Doctorate]] from [[Yale University|Yale.]]]]
The [[Council of Chalcedon]] in 451 was called to discuss the definition of the Godhead and manhood of [[Christ]]. Differences in opinion led to a major division in the Christian Church which has been interpreted by Church traditions, each in its own way to imply that the other sides were at fault. Samuel's purpose was, firstly, to find out why the division arose, and secondly, to clarify for all concerned why the Churches exist in a divided state. Finally, his work was intended to be of service to the Churches and improve the cause of Christian unity.

Samuel had a special concern for the Churches of the East, particularly those of the [[Oriental Orthodox]] family, which have continued in the history without formally acknowledging the Council of Chalcedon. These Church traditions have been referred to as "[[Monophysitism|monophysite]]" [[Heresy|heretical]] community by the Byzantine or the [[Eastern Orthodox]] Churches, the [[Catholic Church]] and the major [[Protestant]] Churches. Samuel researched the real point of the division following the council and the teaching of the [[Church Fathers]] who opposed it. He hoped to rescue Oriental Orthodoxy from centuries of intellectual oblivion. The doctoral thesis, "The Council of Chalcedon Re-examined: A Historical and Theological Survey" was published worldwide along with several papers. This stand represented the [[Oriental Orthodox]] perspective.

===Post-doctoral research scholar===
Samuel promoted the concept that the Church in India should be Indian. He had a deep interest in comparing the roots of the historic Christian faith with the religious heritage of [[Hinduism]]. He knew that the claim of Apostolic origin and the identity as [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christians]] of India did not match its present standing either as part of the [[Catholic Church]] or of [[Antiochene]] Syrian Church. From this point of view both these sections of the Indian Christianity could envision a common future. Over the years, he promoted the history of the Indian Church and its foreign connections. He took the opportunity to compare them with other ancient Churches, particularly those of the East.
[[File:V C Samuel 6 Golden Jubily Celebrations of Orthodox Christian Church in Bangalore.jpg|thumb|V.C. Samuel, the First Vicar and the Founder Father of many parishes for Orthodox Christianity in Bangalore addressing the Golden Jubily Celebrations 1994. Sitting in the dais from left Metropolitan Zachariah Mar Dianosius, [[Veerappa Moily]], Chief Minister of Karnataka, Dr. [[P.C. Alexander]], Governor of Maharashtra, [[Baselios Mar Thoma Mathews II|Baselios Marthoma Mathews II]], Catholicose, [[Alphonsus Mathias]], Archbishop of Bangalore and [[Oommen Chandy]], Finance Minister of Kerala.|417x417px]]
On completing his doctorate at [[Yale]], an opportunity arose for him to research Hinduism. At this time Dr. P.D. Devanandan was establishing the Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society in [[Bangalore]]. Samuel joined in 1957 under an appointment for the post-doctoral research programme sponsored by the [[University of Chicago]]. He was awarded the [[Rockefeller Fellowship]] for a period of three years which included research for two years in India and one year in Chicago. Besides Indian Philosophy, [[Sankaracharya]]'s [[Advaita]], [[Ramanujacharya]]'s [[Visishtadvaita]] and [[Madvacharya]]'s [[Dvaita Vedanta]], he gained first-hand knowledge of the Philosophy of Swami [[Vivekananda]] and working of the [[Ramakrishna Mission]] as well as of several others in contemporary Indian movements like [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s gramaswaraj and [[Vinoba Bhave]]'s Bhoodan movement.<ref>''Religion and Society'': Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, Bangalore, 1957.</ref>

==Polyglot==
Samuel was familiar with fifteen languages including his mother tongue, Malayalam and a scholar in [[Sanskrit]], [[Syriac language|Syriac]], [[Hebrew]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Ge'ez]] and [[Arabic]] which he could teach in seminaries and universities.<ref>Geevarughese Mar Osthathios: ''My Elder Brother and Guru''; Ch. ''Vaidikarude Vaidikan'': ''Commemorative Volume''; p. 492, Konni, Kerala, India, 2001</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/45968449/Rev-Fr-Dr-V-C-Samuel-My-Elder-Brother-and-Guru-HG-Mar-Osthathios|title=Rev. Fr. Dr. V C Samuel: My Elder Brother and Guru - HG Mar Osthathios | PDF | Ancient Mediterranean Religions | Christian Denominational Families|website=Scribd}}</ref>

==Career==

===Teaching===

*1933–1944 [[Manjanikkara Dayara]] – Seminary (Malphano), [[Pathanamthitta]], Kerala, India.
*1960–1963 [[Serampore College, Serampore]], West Bengal, India.
*1963–1966 [[Theological College of the Holy Trinity]], [[Haile Selassie I University]] ([[Addis Ababa University]]), Ethiopia.
*1966–1968 [[United Theological College (Bangalore)|United Theological College, Bangalore]], Karnataka, India.
*1968–1976 Theological College of the Holy Trinity, Haile Selassie I University, Addis Ababa
*1977–1978 [[Ecumenical Christian Centre]], [[Whitefield, India|Whitefield]], Bangalore.
*1978–1980 United Theological College, Bangalore.
*1981–1991 [[Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam]] ([[Orthodox Pazhaya Seminary]]), [[Kottayam]], Kerala.
*1982–1991 Federated Faculty for Research in Religion and Culture, Kerala.

[[File:V C Samuel meeting Rudolf Kirchschläger, President of Austria in 1978.jpg|thumb|Dr Samuel meeting [[Rudolf Kirchschläger]], the President of Austria in Vienna – 1978.]]
In addition to the above, Samuel served as a professor, guide, and examiner in almost all the seminaries and theological colleges in India, and many abroad.

===Ecumenical movement===
Samuel contributed to the ecumenical movement in the international arena for three decades. He was an accredited delegate of the Indian Orthodox Church at four of the General Assemblies of the [[World Council of Churches]]:

*1954 – [[Evanston, Illinois|Evanston]], United States.
*1961 – New Delhi, India
*1968 – [[Uppsala]], Sweden, and
*1976 – [[Nairobi]], Kenya.

[[File:V C Samuel 4 Faith and order commission Meeting, Lima 1982.jpg|thumb|World Meeting of the [[Faith and Order Commission]] of [[World Council of Churches]] at [[Lima|Lima, Peru]] −1982. V.C. Samuel sitting extreme left who was privileged to release [[Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry|Baptism Eucharist Ministry]] (BEM) Text, one of the historic doctrinal document.|399x399px]]

===Faith and Order Commission===
The New Delhi World Assembly of [[World Council of Churches]] in 1961 voted Samuel as a member of the council's [[Faith and Order Commission]]. He held that position until 1984. The fourth general assembly of the [[World Council of Churches|WCC]], at [[Uppsala]] in 1968, elected him as a member of the commission's Working Committee and later in its steering committee. His active participation in the meetings of Faith and Order Commission was influential and expressed the importance of church unity. In his paper in the Faith and Order meeting at Accra 1974 on the subject "How can the Unity of the Church be Achieved" he points to the influence of "different intellectual and cultural backgrounds" in the evolution the different church traditions, awareness of which should help relativize these traditions.<ref>See Uniting in Hope; Accra 1974, Faith and Order Paper No.72</ref> He was a participant of seven meetings of the commission.
* 1963 – [[Montreal]], Canada
* 1964 – [[Arhus]], Denmark
* 1967 – [[Bristol]], UK
* 1971 – [[Leuven|Louvain]], Belgium
* 1974 – [[Accra]], Ghana
* 1978 – [[Bangalore]], India and
* 1982 – [[Lima]], Peru

===Joint commissions===
Samuel took a part in a number of study projects and joint commissions of the [[Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox]], [[Oriental Orthodox]], and [[Protestant]] Churches. The papers presented took an interest in discussing the issues from an [[Oriental Orthodox]] perspective. The papers were published under the auspices of the [[World Council of Churches]]:

*[[Apostolicity]] and [[Catholicity]]
*The Early Councils
*The [[Council of Chalcedon]]
*Authority of the Bible
*[[Uniatism]] and its Problem
*[[Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry]] Text; or [[Lima Document]]

===Dialogue between Eastern and Oriental Orthodox theologians===
[[File:WCC 2nd World Assembly Evanston 1954.jpg|thumb|[[World Council of Churches]] Evanston Assembly 1954. Official Delegates of [[Indian Orthodox Church]]: Daniel Mar Philaxinos, Fr. K. Philipos (Philipose Mar Theophilos), Fr. Dr. V..C. Samuel, Fr. Dr. C.T. Eapen, Dn. P.S. Samuel (Cor-Episcopa) with Rev. Herbert Waddams, U.K, [[Geoffrey Fisher]], Archbishop of Canterbury, and [[Henry Knox Sherrill]]. Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church of America.|295x295px]]
Samuel attended the "Unofficial Consultation of Theologians of the Eastern and [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]]" held in [[Arhus]]-1964, [[Bristol]]-1967, [[Geneva]]-1970 and [[Addis Ababa]]-1971 and presented papers at all of them. He was involved in the participants' arriving at the conclusion that the difference in Christological Doctrine between the two families of Churches was only verbal and not substantial.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} These papers and joint agreed statements have been published in different journals.<ref>Greek Orthodox Theological Review, Athens, Abba Salama, Addis Ababa and Orthodox Identity in India, Bangalore</ref><ref>[http://www.thevoiceoforthodoxy.com/orthodox_documents Unknown]{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref>

===Dialogue between Catholic and Oriental Orthodox theologians===
Samuel was involved in four consultations organised by the Pro Oriente Foundation of Vienna, Austria in 1972. These were called "Unofficial Consultations of Theologians of the [[Catholic]] and [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]]". He participated in them as an Orthodox theologian, presenting papers that were published under the auspices of the Pro Oriente Foundation. The first three of the consultations discussed the doctrine of the Person of [[Jesus]] Christ, on which there was agreement among participants that the difference between two Church traditions was not substantial.<ref>Wort und Wahrheit, Theological Dialogue between Roman Catholic and Oriental Orthodox Churches, Pro-Oriente, Vienna and Christological Controversy and Division in Church, Orthodox Identity in India.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.geocities.com/derghazar/OOC_RCC.DOC |format=DOC |website=geocities.com |title=The Contemporary Relationship Between the Catholic and Oriental Orthodox Churches |first=Ronald G. |last=Roberson |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026184739/http://www.geocities.com/derghazar/OOC_RCC.DOC |archive-date=2009-10-26|date=2009-10-26|access-date=2023-04-13}}</ref> {{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}

Starting in 1964, Samuel took part in almost all the various meetings of the Unofficial Consultation of Theologians of Oriental Orthodox, Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches presenting papers, participating in discussions, and drafting out the agreed statements. He served as a member of a group called together by the [[Faith and Order Commission]] of the [[World Council of Churches]] for a study, first of the Councils of early Church, and later of the Council of Chalcedon. The papers presented were published in the ''Greek Orthodox Theological Review'', [[Brookline, Massachusetts]], United States, ''Wort und Worhiet'', [[Pro Oriente]], Vienna, ''Ecumenical Review'', [[World Council of Churches]], Geneva and ''Abba Salama'', [[Addis Ababa]]. Samuel's research helped to pave the way for a closer understanding and better relationship between the Chalcedonian and Non Chalcedonian Christendom, after a period of fifteen centuries of split and schism.<ref>Orthodox Identity in India</ref>

===Ethiopian life===

The [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Church of Ethiopia]] and Haile Selassie I University (since renamed [[Addis Ababa University]]) persuaded Samuel to travel to Ethiopia. The college appointed him Dean of the Theological College of the Holy Trinity in 1969, a position that he held until he left Ethiopia in July 1976. He also served as the Secretary of the Faculty Council of the university.

===The Great Conference of Oriental Orthodox Churches===

Samuel helped organize the Conference of the Oriental Orthodox Churches with the initiative of both the Emperor [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie I]] and the acting Patriarch of Ethiopia, Abune Theophilus (later Patriarch). The conference brought together the five [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]], [[Coptic Orthodox|Coptic]], [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac]], [[Armenia]]n, [[Ethiopia]]n and Indian, which were isolated after the fifth century.
He was a member of the local committee and General Coordinator, responsible for the preparatory work of the [[Addis Ababa]] Conference of the Heads of [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]], held in January 1965. He was also one of the delegates along with [[Fr. T. C. Jacob]] and others in the Conference with the [[Catholicos Baselios Augen I]] and others representing the [[Indian Orthodox Church]]. He also edited and published the report of the Conference.<ref>Samuel V.C, Ed. The Oriental Orthodox Churches Addis Ababa Conference January 1965, Addis Ababa</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orientalorthodox.blogspot.com//2008/12/oriental-orthodox-churches-addis-ababa|title=Oriental Orthodox Church|access-date=2017-12-15}}</ref>

===Association of Ethio-Hellenic Studies===
Samuel entered into a programme initiated by Methodios Fouyas, the Metropolitan of the [[Greek Orthodox Church]] of [[Aksum]], founding the Association of Ethio-Hellenic Studies.{{Clarify|date=June 2009}} He was the vice-president and was on the editorial board of the publications 'Abba Salama' and the 'Ecliastca Fharan', in English, [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Amharic]] and [[Ge'ez]] languages.<ref>''Abba Salama'': Addis Ababa, 1972</ref>
[[File:V C Samuel 5 Episcopal Synod Members with the Head of the Church and Orthodox Theological Seminary Staff and Students Honoured the Great Teacher in 1990.jpg|thumb|[[Baselios Mar Thoma Mathews II|Baselios Marthoma Mathews II]] The [[Catholicos of the East (Indian Orthodox Church)]] with the Episcopal Synod Members of the [[Malankara Orthodox Church]] and the Staff and Students of the [[Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam]], jointly honoured (Guru Vandanam) the Great Malpan and Grand Guru of Gurus in 1990. V.C. Samuel sitting in the middle with white cassock and harem.|434x434px]]

===Wider Ecumenism in the Indian context===
Samuel played a major role in persuading the [[Indian Orthodox Church]] to abandon its old policy of isolation from other church traditions in India, and to join the Kerala Christian Council, the National Council of Churches, and the joint commission of [[Catholic]] and [[Oriental Orthodox Church|Oriental Orthodox]] Churches.<ref>Thomas M.M.: ''Opening Indian Orthodoxy for Dialogue about its Future''; ''Orthodox Identity in India: Essays in Honour of V.C. Samuel'', Ed.M.K.Kuriakose</ref> Throughout his life, he expressed his desire to see the unity of the Indian churches that belong to the Syrian tradition. Unity with the 'Jacobite Faction' of the Indian Orthodox Church was given priority. An ecumenical unity with the churches belonging to the Protestant tradition was also envisaged. As an Indian Christian V.C Samuel advocated the need of fostering wider ecumenism with other faiths in general and Hinduism in particular.<ref>Ninan K George: Reenvisioning Indian Orthodox Identity: A Historico Theological Understanding of V.C. Samuel; ISPCK, Delhi. {{ISBN|978-81-8465-470-7}}</ref>

===Ministry in the Indian (Malankara) Orthodox Church===
Ordained at the age of twenty-five Samuel continued his ministry in the Indian Orthodox Church for a period of six decades:

*1931–1932 Inspector, Sunday School
*1932–1940 Secretary and Translator of Elias Mar Julius, Delegate Bishop of the Patriarch
*194-1940 Malpan [[St. Ignatius Dayara]], (Seminary), Manjinikkara, Omalloor
*1935 Ordained as a Deacon.
*1937 Ordained as a Priest
*1937–1940 Priest and Malpan, Manjinikkara Dayara and Seminary
*1940–1944 Vicar and Malpan, St. Thomas Syrian Orthodox Church Chengalam, Kottayam, Kerala
*1944–1948 Alwaye, Kerala, India
*1944–1998 Member, Governing Board of the Christu Shishya Ashram, Thadakom, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
*1948–1950 Service in Thambaram and Madras City
*1950–1953 First full-time Vicar, of the [[Indian Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christian Church]] in Bangalore, [[Holy Trinity Church, Bangalore]].
*1950–1953 Started a new congregation in Jalahalli area and conducted Holy Qurbana intermittent
*1957–1959 During Post Doctoral Research program, Spiritual service in Holy Trinity Church, Bangalore and Jalahally intermittent. Later in 1966 Jalahalli Congregation developed in to full-fledged parish dedicated in the name of St. Mary. in 1966. Founder Father of [[St. Mary's Orthodox Valiyapally]], Jalahally East, Bangalore
*1960–1963 Spiritual Service in [[Serampore College]] Chapel, [[Barrackpore|Barrakpore]], across the [[Hooghly River|River Hoogly]], [[Calcutta]]
*Foundation Stone laid for the Calcutta Parish
*1963–1966 Indian Orthodox Congregation, in [[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia
*1966–1968 During the teaching in [[United Theological College, Bangalore|United Theological College]] Intermittent Service in [[Holy Trinity Church, Bangalore]] and [[St. Mary's Orthodox Valiyapally]], Jalahalli
*1966 Appointed as the founder president of the new Church building Committee for Bangalore Orthodox Congregation
*1972 New Church was dedicated in the name of St. Gregorios of Parumala ([[St. Gregorios Orthodox Cathedral, Bangalore]]) 1972
*1968 Appointed as the [[Ambassador]] of the [[Indian Orthodox Church]] in [[Ethiopia]] and [[African Countries]], by [[Baselios Augen I]], [[Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan|Catholicose of the East]]
*1968–1976 Vicar, Addis Ababa
*1970 Inauguration of the parsonage of the [[St. Gregorios Orthodox Cathedral, Bangalore]]
*1976–1982 Formation of new Congregation in [[Bangalore East (Taluk)|Bangalore East]]. Conducted Holy Qurbana in Sevanilayam Chapel for six years
*1982 Bangalore East congregation built a new church building and dedicated in the name of [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]]. Founder Father of the St. Thomas Orthodox Church, Bangalore East
*1982–1998 Formation of St. Stephen's Orthodox Chapel, Rajajinagar, Bangalore. later St. Stephens Orthodox Church, Vijayanagar, Bangalore. Founder Father

===Association===
*Founder Chief Advisor, Church Weekly, Alwaye, India
*Chief Advisor and Lifelong Governing Board member; Christu Sishya Ashram, Tadagom, Coimbatore, India
*Hindu Christian Dialogue, CISRS, Bangalore
*Editor, [[Indian Journal of Theology]], Calcutta
*Secretary and Editor, Theological Forum, Bangalore
*Founder Vice-president and Editor, Association of Ethio-Hellenic Studies, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
*Editor [[Abba Salama]], Review of Ethio Hellenic Studies, Journal, Addis Ababa
*Editor Ecclisiastica Faran. Addis Ababa
*Patron, Indian Community School, Addis Ababa
*President, [[St. Gregorios Orthodox Cathedral, Bangalore]] (Church Building Committee 1967
*WCC Delegate, Christian Muslim Dialogue
*Advisor, All Africa Christian Conference
*Advisor, [[Emperor Haile Selassie I]]
*Advisor, [[Abuna Theophilos]], [[Patriarch]] of the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian Orthodox Church]]
*Member and Chief Advisor, Church History Association of India, Bangalore
*Editorial board member, History of Christianity in India, Bangalore
*Editorial Executive Member, Bible Commentary, CSS, Thiruvalla
*Editorial Executive Encyclopedia of Indian Orthodox Church
*Editorial Board Ethiopian Orthodox Church Publications
*Governing board member, [[Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam]]
*Resource Person, Thiruvachanabhashyam, Kottayam
*Resource Person Divyabodhanam, Kottayam
*Editorial board member, Malankara Sabha, Kottayam
*Editorial board member, Purohithan
*Member Joint International Commission: Catholic Church and Malankara Orthodox Church
*Chief Editor, Harp, Kottayam
*Chief Advisor, [[St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute]], [[Kottayam]]
*President, Fifty Golden Years Celebrations Committee, Bangalore

===Ambassador of the Indian Church===
The church planned to consecrate him as a bishop in the early 1950s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varghese |first=Jacob |date=18 November 2021 |title=Fr. Dr. V. C. Samuel – Nov 18 I Scholar of the Millennium, Perfect Guru, Christian Philosopher, Ecumenical Leader, Distinguished Church Historian Writer, Orator, Theologian. I (1912–1998) |url=https://oneinchrist.in/fr-dr-v-c-samuel-nov-18-i-scholar-of-the-millennium-perfect-guru-christian-philosopher-ecumenical-leader-distinguished-church-historian-writer-orator-theologian-i-1912-1998/ |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=One in Christ}}</ref> He declined the offer and instead chose to continue to pursue ecumenism through academia.

In 1968, the Catholicose Baselius Ougen I, the Head of the [[Malankara Orthodox Church]] appointed Samuel as the Christian Embassador to Ethiopia{{Clarify|date=June 2009}} and other African Countries.<ref>Mathew Vaidyan K.L, Fr.Dr; ''Vaidikarude Vaidikan'', Commemorative Volume, Rev. Dr. V.C. Samuel Ecumenical Forum, Konni, India, 2001</ref>{{Clarify|date=June 2009}}

==Doctor of the Church==
In 1991, Professor Samuel Chandanappally<ref>who was a Church leader, literary orator and the winner of Catholicate Award</ref> published Malankara Sabha Pithakkanmar Fathers of the Malankara Church. The book listed Samuel as the greatest Doctor of the Indian Church.<ref>Dr. Samuel Chandanappally: ''Malankara Sabhapithakkanmar'', CDS . Books, Chandanappally, 689648 – 1990</ref>

==Marriage and family life==
After serving as a priest for approximately sixteen years, Dr. V. C. Samuel made the decision to marry at the age of forty-one. Prior to this step, he obtained formal permission from both his Bishop and His Holiness the Catholicos.
Dr. V. C. Samuel addressed the topic of priestly marriage in various publications, including Church Weekly. He emphasised that there was no theological basis to insist that marriage must occur exclusively before one's ordination as a priest.

His argument revolved around two key points:
Firstly, he underscored that already a majority of priests within the Orthodox Churches were fulfilling their roles while being married. Therefore, he believed that choosing to marry after ordination would not impact one's status as a priest.

Secondly, Dr. V. C. Samuel pointed out that historical records indicated the Church of Malabar had previously permitted priests to marry, and even remarry in cases of widowhood, subsequent to their ordination. Furthermore, there were instances where notable figures such as Patriarch Peter III and various Bishops, both Syrian and Indian, had approved individual cases of priests entering matrimony and even remarrying.

It was the Roman Catholics who arrived in Kerala during the 16th century that opposed the idea of married priests.

The task of regularising and formalising this historical practice fell to Dr. V. C. Samuel.

In 1953, at the age of forty-one, he married Kunjannamma Pilo in the chapel of Chisthu Sishya Ashram in Thadagam. They shared an exemplary married life, and in 1954, they welcomed their only son, Zacharia. Unfortunately, Kunjannamma's life was tragically cut short in 1968 due to a car accident.<ref>{{cite book |title=Orthodox Identity in Inda: Essays in honour of V. C. Samuel |date=1988 |publisher=Rev. Dr. V. C. Samuel 75th Birthday Celebration Committee |location=Bangalore |pages=23–24 |url=https://ia902808.us.archive.org/25/items/orthodoxidentity0000kuri/orthodoxidentity0000kuri.pdf}}</ref>

==Death==
Samuel died in the early morning of Wednesday 18, November 1998 at his residence in [[Bangalore]]. The funeral service was conducted two days later at St. [[Gregorios Cathedra]]<nowiki/>l where he had served. Bishops [[Philipose]] Mar Eusebius and Mathews Mar Severus, his former students, led the service assisted by hundreds of Priests. Baselios Mar Thoma Mathews II, who was unable to attend due to [[hospital]]ization, flew directly to [[Bangalore]] after his discharge from the hospital on 22nd morning and conducted Thanksgiving Holy Qurbana at the cathedral, and delivered a memorial.

==Bibliography==
Samuel published in India and abroad. A list of most titles, with publisher and date of publication, is given below. His writings are listed under three headings.

# Articles, papers, book reviews etc., in popular newspapers like [[Malayala Manorama]], [[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]], Weeklies, Church Papers and Religious journals. Some of them deal with the issues in a learned way and some in a more popular manner.
# Lengthy papers dealing with theology, [[Christology]], Church history, [[ecclesiology]], [[Canon law|canon]], [[ecumenism]], [[Hinduism]], Philosophy of [[Vivekananda]], and [[Ramakrishna Mission]] and other contemporary subjects, were published, by [[World Council of Churches|WCC]], Geneva, Greek Orthodox Theological Review, [[Athens]], Wort and Worhiet, [[Vienna]], Abba Salama, [[Addis Ababa]], Indian Journal of Theology, Religion and Society, Star of the East, etc.<ref>Kuriakose M.K.Ed. Orthodox Identity in India: Essays in Honor of V.C.Samuel</ref>
# Books: From 1959 to 1995, Samuel published twenty-five books. He has also written the History of Christianity, in [[Kerala]] section in volume IV of the History of Christianity in India for the Church History Association of India. His autobiographical piece 'Ente Chinthavikasanam' (Evolution of My Thinking) 1957 and the 'Swanubhavavediyil, (My Life Experience) which was published at the age of 85.

===Books in English===
* Marriage and Celibacy; Addis Ababa, 1972
* Ramakrishna Movement: The World Mission of Hinduism; Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society (CISRS), Bangalore, India, 1959
* The Oriental Orthodox Churches Addis Ababa Conference January 1965; Ed. For the Interim Committee, m Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 1965.,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orientalorthodox.blogspot.com/2008/12/oriental-orthodox-churches-addis-ababa.html|title = Oriental Orthodox Church: The Oriental Orthodox Churches Addis Ababa Conference January, 1965– documents PART-I}}</ref> [http://orientalorthodox.blogspot.in/2008/12/addis-ababa-conference-1965.html]
* Christianity and Indigenization; Addis Ababa, 1976
* The Council of Chalcedon Re-Examined: A Historical Theological Survey; Indian Theological library, No.8, Christian Literature Society (C.L.S), Madras, India, 1977. British Orthodox Press, London, UK, 2003.
* An Orthodox Catechism on The Faith and Life of the Church; Mar Gregorios Orthodox Christian Student
* Movement (MGOCSM), Kottayam, India, 1983.
* Truth Triumphs: Life and Achievements of Metropolitan Mar Dionysius VI; Malanakara Orthodox Church (M.O.C), Kottayam, India, 1986
* The Growing Church: An Introduction to Indian Church History; Divya Bodhanam Publication, Orthodox Theological Seminary (O.T.S), Kottayam, India, 1992.[http://divyabodhanam.org/uploads/questions/1414576339aamjtmgi322655.pdf ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619213559/http://www.divyabodhanam.org/uploads/questions/1414576339aamjtmgi322655.pdf |date=19 June 2024 }}
* Fifty Golden Years; Orthodox Congregations, Bangalore, India, 1994.
* Orthodox Catechism: Text Book – Class VIII, Oriental Orthodox Churches.
* Orthodox Catechism: Text Book – Class IX, Oriental Orthodox Churches.
* Orthodox Catechism: Text Book – Class X, Oriental Orthodox Churches.
* Orthodox Catechism: Text Book – Class XI, Oriental Orthodox Churches.
* Orthodox Catechism: Text Book – Class XII, Oriental Orthodox Churches.
* An Introduction to Christian Theology

====Co-author====

* Syrian Orthodox Eucharistic Worship: Ways and Worship; Ed.H.R.Machphail, Madras, 1950.
* An Ancient Church: A Glance into the Past and Peep into the Future; New Life in an Old Church, Ed. M.V.George, Calcutta, 1963.
* Faith of Christianity; Christianity, published by Punjab University, 1969.
* The Faith of the Church; The Church of Ethiopia:A Panorama of History and Spiritual Life, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 1972<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethiopianorthodox.org/english/dogma/faith.html|title=The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|website=ethiopianorthodox.org|access-date=2017-12-15}}</ref>
* God Whom We Worship: The Teachings of Gregory Nazianzen; Prayer and Contemplation, Asirvanam Benedictine Monastery, Bangalore, 1980
* Grace in the Cappadocian Fathers; Divine Grace and Human Response, Asirvanam Monastery, 1981.
* The Indian Church and Autonomy; Orthodox Identity in India, Ed, M.K.Kuriakose, Fr.V.C. Samuel 75th Birth Day Celebration Committee, Bangalore −1988
* Christological Controversy; Orthodox Identity in India
* History of the Malanakara Orthodox Christians, 18th Century; Indian Church History, Vol.

===Books in Malayalam===

* Yesu Christu Aaru (Who is Jesus Christ?); Christian Literature Society (CLS), Thiruvalla, India. 1967.
* Ithe Oru Indian Sabhayo? Is this an Indian Church?; Distribution, C.L.S, Thiruvalla, India, 1974.
* Sabha Valarunnu, (The Growing Church);: Indian Church History, Vol. I, Divyabodahan Series, O.T.S, Kottayam, India, 1984.[http://stthomascathedraldubai.com/parish/downloads/544772413382e9.SabhaValarunnu.pdf ]
* Adhunika Bharatha Sabha (Modern Indian Church): Indian Church History, Vol.II; Divyabodahanam Series,
* O.T.S, Kottayam, India, 1984.
* Apposthala Pravarthikal Oru Vyakayanam, (Acts of Apostles and Commentary); Translation from Greek and
* The Commentary; Thiruvachanabhashyam, O.T. S, Kottayam, India.
* Mar Divannasios Nalaman, Cheppad Mar Divannasios: Mar Dionysius Charitable Trust, Kerala, India.
* Swanubhavavediyil: Malayalam, Autobiography, MGOCSM, Kottayam, India.
* Malankara Anthiokian Bandhathile Chila Charitra Satyangal (Certain Truth about the Connection between
* The Churches of Malanaka and Antioch): Malankarasabhadeepam, Kottayam, India.
* Kristhuvijnaniyam; (A series of articles designed for publication as a book), Purohithan, Kottayam

====Co-author====
* Sabhayude Adisthana Viswasangal (Basic Faith of the Church); Irupatam Nuttandile Malankara Sabha (The Church of Malabar in the Twentieth Century) Ed. T.G.Zacharia and K.V.Mammen, Kottayam, 1977.
* Malankara Sabhayude Antiokian Bandham (The Connection of Church of Malabar with Antioch); Irupatham Nuttandile Malankara Sabha, Ed.T.G.Zacharia and K.V.Mammen, Kottayam, 1977. It was published in Malankara Sabha, Kottayam.
* Yesu Christu – Aposttolica Prakyapanam (Jesus Christ – Apostolic Proclamation: Vedaputhakabhashyam (One Volume Commentary) Theological Literature Society, Thiruvalla, India, 1979.
* Daivasastra Darsanam (The Theological Vision of M.M.Thomas); Viswasavum
* Prathyayasasthrvum (Faith and Ideology), Ed. Varghese George, CLS Thiruvalla.

====Translation====
* Pentakosthi Muthal Janana Perunalvare – Aradhana Getangal Malayalam, Translation from Syriac.
* Visudha Qurbana Thaksa; Malayalam, Translation from Syriac Text.
* Holy Qurbana; English, Translation from Syriac Text.
* Peedanubhava Aazhchayile prarthanakal, (Worship of Holy Week): Malayalam, from Syriac, Addis Ababa.
* Wedding Ceremony: According to the Order of Malankara Orthodox Church.
* Baptism Ceremony: According to the Order of Malankara Orthodox Church.
* Apposthala Pravarthikal (Acts of Apostles) Translation from Greek Text.

===Papers in English===
* Towards a Doctrine of the Church; Church Weekly, Alwaye, India, 1955
* Cosmos on the Church of Malabar; Church Weekly, 1955
* Christ and Creation: Religion and Society, Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society (CISRS) Bangalore, India, 1957.
* Religious Affirmation of Ramakrishna Movement: Religion and Society, CISRS, Bangalore, 1959.
* Vivekananda's Appraisal of Person of Jesus Christ; Chicago University, 1959
* Ramakrishna Mission and its Work; Chicago, 1960.
* A Brief Historical Survey of the Council of Chalcedon, Indian Journal of Theology (I.J.T), Calcutta, 1962
* And Church Weekly (C.W), Kottayam, India..
* Where they Monophysites?; I.J.T, Calcutta and Church Weekly Kottayam, 1962
* Doctrine of Creation; Religion and Society, CISRS, Bangalore 1962.
* One Incarnate Nature of God the Word: Greek Orthodox Theological Review, winter, 164–165, Athens, 1964
* And Does Chalcedon Divide or Unite?; Ed. Paulos Mar Gregorios, William Lazareth and Nikos A Nissiotis, World Council of Churches (WCC), 1981.
* Humanity of Christ in Christian Tradition, Orthodox Theological Review, Athens, 1967
* Euteyches and His Condemnation, Bangalore Theological Forum, United Theological College, Bangalore 1967
* Proceedings of the Council of Chalcedon, The Ecumenical Review, October 1970, Geneva and Abba Salama, 1970, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
* A Brief History of Efforts to Reunite the Chalcedonian and Non-Chalcedonian Sides, Greek Orthodox Theological Review, 1971
* Witness of Orthodoxy; St. Thomas 19th Centenary Souvenir, Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam, 1972.(What is Orthodoxy)<ref>[http://www.icon.org.in/church_whatisorhodoxy.icon Unknown]{{Dead link|date=February 2022 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
* Marriage and Celibacy; Abba Salama, Addis Ababa, 1972, and Church Weekly, 28 April 1974 to 23 June 1974
* The Christology of Severus of Antioch: Abba Salama, Addis Ababa, 1973.
* The Understanding of the Christological Definition of both the Oriental Orthodox and Roman Catholic Traditions in the Light of the Post-Chalcedonian Theology: An Analysis of Terminologies in a Conceptual Framework, Wort und Wahrheit, Pro Oriente Vienna, 1973
* How can the Unity of Church be Achieved?; Uniting in Hope, Commission of Faith and Order, World Council of Churches (W.C.C), Geneva, 1976
* Christianity and Indigenization; Abba Salama, 1976 Addis Ababa
* Further Studies in the Christology of Severus of Antioch; Papers referring to the Theological Dialogue between Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches, Ed. Archbishop Methodios of Aksum, Athens, 1976
* An Oriental Orthodox Assessment of the First Vatican Council's Infallibility Doctrine: Wort und Wahrheit, Theological Dialogue between Roman Catholic and Oriental Orthodox Churches, Pro-Oriente, Vienna, 1978.
* Vienna consultations, Star of the East, July 1979, Kottayam, India
* The Christological basis of some Syrian Orthodox Traditions, Star of the East, July 1980.
* The Nicene Creed, its Authorship and the Faith it Conserves: Star of the East, Oct–Dec. 1981, Kottayam.
* The Trinitarian Understanding of the Christian God in Relation to Monotheism and Polytheism; WCC, Lima, 1982.
* Tradition Community and Hermeneutics; Indian Journal of Theology, Calcutta, July – December 1982.
* Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches: A Movement towards Church Unity; Star of the East, Kottayam, July – Sept. 1982.
* The Nicene Creed: Compared to the Apostles' Creed, the Quincunque Vult and the New Testament: The Roots of Our Faith, Ed. Hans-Georg Links, WCC Geneva, 1983.
* Our Church in History; Star of the East, Dec. 1983.
* The Mission Implications of Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry; International Review of Mission, Geneva, 1983.
* Mission in the Context of Religious Heritage: Councilor Unity, Ecumenical Christian Centre, Bangalore.
* Christian Missiological Challenges in a Society of other Religions: International Consultation of Theological Education, Gurukul, Madras.
* The International Syriac Conference, Mar Aprem and V.C.Samuel; Harp Vol.I, No1, St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research institute(SEERI), Kottayam, India.1987, [http://www.seeri.org/harp ]{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Christology and Terminology, Harp Vol.I, No. 2&3, St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research institute(SEERI), Kottayam, India. [http://www.seeri.org/harp ]{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* A Way of Christian Unity, Harp Vol.I, No.1, SEERI, Kottayam, India [http://www.seeri.org/harp ]{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Christology; Joint International Commission for Dialogue between the Catholic Church and the Malankara

== Books About V.C. Samuel ==
ORTHODOX IDENTITY IN INDIA: Essays in Honour of V.C. Samuel; Ed. M.K. Kuriakose, Bangalore – 1988.

Fifty Golden Years: History of Orthodox Church in Bangalore; V.C. Samuel – 1994

Malankara Sabha Pithakkanamr (Church Fathers of Malankara Sabha) [[Samuel Chandanappally|Dr. Samuel Chandanappally]], CDS Books, 1991

Vaidikarude Vaidikan, Commemorative Volume, Ed, Dr. K.L. Mathew Vaidyan and E.J. Varghese, Rev. Dr. V.C. Samuel Ecumenical Study Forum, Konni, 2001

Maanavikathayum Ecumenisavum Samkalina Velluvili; Prof. [[Ninan Koshy]], Rev. Dr. V.C. Samuel Ecumenical Study Forum, Konni, 2004

Araadhanavijnaniyam, V.C. Samuel's posthumous work; Ed. E.J. Varghese, Rev. Dr. V.C. Samuel Ecumenical Study Forum, Konni, 2004

The Twain Shall Meet: Ed. Fr. V.C. Jose, Orthodox Theological Study Series, Kottayam −2013

Sapthathiyude Niravil: History of Orthodox Church Bangalore; M.S. George, Bangalore, 2014

Reenvisioning Indian Orthodox Identity: A Historico Theological Understanding of V.C. Samuel, Dr. Ninan K. George, ISPCK, Delhi-2015.

==References==
{{Reflist}}



*The St. Thomas Christians of India was called ''Nazranis; Marthomman'' Christians; ''Jacobite'' Syrian Christians Etc. Father V.C. Samuel named the Indian Orthodox Church in the second half of the twentieth century. See Samuel, V.C: ''Ithe Oru Indian Sabhayo?'' (Is this an Indian Church?); Malayalam, C.L.S. Thiruvalla, India, 1974 and Kuriakose M.K, Fr. Ed. ''Orthodox Identity in India'': Dr. V.C. Samuel 75th Birth Day Celebration Committee, Bangalore.
*Member of the Legislative Assembly – ''Sreemoolam Praja Sabha'' of Travancore.
*Samuel V.C.; The Council of Chalcedon Re-Examined: A Historical Theological Survey; For the Senate of Serampore College; Christian Literature Society, Madras, 1977; British Orthodox Press, {{ISBN|1-4010-1644-8}}, 2001.
*''Religion and Society'': Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, Bangalore, 1957.
*Geevarughese Mar Osthathios: ''My Elder Brother and Guru''; Ch. ''Vaidikarude Vaidikan'': ''Commemorative Volume''; p. 492, Konni, Kerala, India, 2001.
*Kuriakose M.K.; Ed, ''Orthodox Identity in India''.
*Samuel V.C: Ed. ''The Oriental Orthodox Churches Addis Ababa Conference January 1965'': Addis Ababa – August 1965.
*''Abba Salama'': Addis Ababa, 1972
*Thomas M.M.: ''Opening Indian Orthodoxy for Dialogue about its Future''; ''Orthodox Identity in India''
*Mathew Vaidyan K.L, Fr.Dr; ''Vaidikarude Vaidikan'', Commemorative Volume, Rev. Dr. V.C. Samuel Ecumenical Forum, Konni, India, 2001.
*Who was a Church leader, literary orator and winner of Catholicate Award
*Samuel Chandanappally Dr: ''Malankara Sabha Pithakkanmar'', Grace Samuel, Ceedees Books, Chandanappally, 1991.
*Kuriakose M.K: ''Orthodox Identity in India'': Essays in Honour of V.C. Samuel; Vaidikarude.

==Sources==

*''The Council of Chalcedon Re-Examined'': Father V.C.Samuel; For the Senate of Serampore College;
Christian Literature Society, Madras, 1977; British Orthodox Press, {{ISBN|1-4010-1644-8}}, 2001
*''A Brief Life History of Father V.C.Samuel'': Sunny Kulathakka; Ed. Kuriakose, M.K; Orthodox Identity in India: Essays in Honour of V.C. Samuel; Rev. Dr. V.C. Samuel 75th Birth Day Celebration Committee, Bangalore – 1988
*''Ente Chintha Vikasanam'' (Evolution of My Thinking); Autobiographical piece, Church Weekly, Alwaye, India. 1954.
*Malayala Manorama Daily; Nov.19, 1998.
*''Ecumenical Contribution of V.C.Samuel''; Sebastian, J. Jayakiran; Thomas, T.K; Ecumenical Review, 1 January 1999, WCC, Geneva.
*''The Oriental Orthodox Churches Addis Ababa Conference January 1965'': Samuel, V.C: Ed, Addis Ababa, August 1965.
*''Fifty Golden Years: Samuel'', V.C: Bangalore, 1994.
*''Vaidikarude Vaidikan'': Rev.Dr.V.C.SamuelCommemorative Volume; Mathew Vaidyan, K.L, Fr.Dr.: Chief Editor, Varghese E.J, Editor, Ecumenical Forum, Konni, Kerala, India.

==External links==


* [http://frvcs.in/ Official Website]
*[https://archive.today/20070618002221/http://www.massey.ac.nz/~ccherian/stdionysiusnz/vcsameul.htm Biography of V. C. Samuel]
*[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Ecumenical+Contribution+of+V.C.+Samuel.-a054852050 Ecumenical contribution]
*[http://revdrvcsamuel.spaces.live.com vc samuel album]{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*Oriental Orthodox Churches [http://orientalorthodox.blogspot.in/2008/12/addis-ababa-conference-1965.html]
*A Brief Biography [https://www.scribd.com/document/73181252/A-brief-biography-of-Rev-Fr-Dr-V-C-Samuel-by-Mr-T-J-John A Brief Biography of Rev. Fr. Dr. V C Samuel by Mr. T J John | PDF | Eastern Orthodox Church | Eastern Christianity]
*My Elder Brother and Guru; Gevarghese Mar Osthathios [https://www.scribd.com/document/45968449/Rev-Fr-Dr-V-C-Samuel-My-Elder-Brother-and-Guru-HG-Mar-Osthathios Rev. Fr. Dr. V C Samuel: My Elder Brother and Guru - HG Mar Osthathios | PDF | Ancient Mediterranean Religions | Christian Denominational Families]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samuel, V. C.}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian Christian theologians]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:Theological College of the Holy Trinity alumni]]
[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Christians]]
[[Category:Yale Divinity School alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Oriental Orthodox Christians]]
[[Category:People from Omallur]]

Nirukta

2025-11-12T10:39:01Z

ErlindaLamson9:

{{Short description|Study about Hindu Vedas}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2020}}
[[File:13th-century Niruktam Vedanga 13 Chapters, Yaska, cover plus page 4v and 4r, Sanskrit, Devanagari script, Kashmir.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|The opening pages of Yaska's Nirukta Vedanga text (Sanskrit, [[Devanagari]] script)]]
{{Hindu scriptures}}
'''''Nirukta''''' ({{langx|sa|निरुक्त}}, {{IPA|sa|n̪iɾuktɐ|IPA}}, "explained, interpreted") is one of the six ancient [[Vedanga]]s, or ancillary science connected with the [[Vedas]] – the scriptures of [[Hinduism]].<ref name=monierwilliamsnirukta>{{cite book|author=Monier Monier-Williams|title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA494|year=1923|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=vi, 494}}</ref><ref name=jameslochtefeldsca476>James Lochtefeld (2002), "Nirukta" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N–Z, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, page 476</ref>{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|p=105}} Nirukta covers [[etymology]], and is the study concerned with correct interpretation of Sanskrit words in the Vedas.{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|p=105}}

''Nirukta'' is the systematic creation of a glossary and it discusses how to understand archaic, uncommon words.<ref name=monierwilliamsnirukta/> The field grew probably because almost a quarter of words in the Vedic texts composed in the 2nd-millennium BCE appear just once.<ref name=jameslochtefeldsca476/><ref>V. S. Apte, ''A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary'', p. 556. Apte gives a ''nirukta sūtra'' for the word ''nirukta'' itself using a traditional definition as नाम च धातुजमाह निरुत्कं or "Name and root origins are ''nirukta''".</ref><ref>Monier-Williams. ''A Sanskrit-English Dictionary''. p. 553. Macdonell, Arthur Anthony. ''A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary''. p. 142.</ref>

==Date==
The study of ''Nirukta'' can be traced to the last centuries of the 2nd-millennium BCE [[Brahmana]]s layer of the Vedic texts.{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|p=105}} The most celebrated scholar of this field is [[Yaska|{{IAST|Yāska}}]], who wrote the ''Nighaṇṭu'' (book of glossary), the first book on this field.{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|p=107}} His text is also referred simply as ''Nirukta''.<ref name="jameslochtefeldsca476" />{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|p=107}} The study of ''Nirukta'' has been closely related to the ancillary Vedic science of ''[[Vyakarana]]'', but they have a different focus. ''Vyakarana'' deals with linguistic analysis to establish the exact form of words to properly express ideas, while Nirukta focuses on linguistic analysis to help establish the proper meaning of the words, given the context in which they are used.{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|p=105}} [[Yaska]] asserts that the prerequisite to the study of ''Nirukta'' is the study of ''Vyakarana''.{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|p=105}}{{Sfn|Maurice Winternitz|1963|p=460}}

The texts of the ''Nirukta'' field of study are also called ''Nirvacana shastra''.{{Sfn|Eivind Kahrs|1998|p=13}} A critical edition of the Nighantu and the Nirukta was published by Lakshman Sarup in the 1920s. The critical edition by Lakshman Sarup places it between 700 and 500 BCE, i.e., before [[Gautama Buddha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/nighantuniruktao00yaskuoft|title=The Nighantu and the Nirukta, the oldest Indian treatise on etymology, philology and sementics [sic]. Critically edited from original manuscripts and translated for the first time into English, with introd., exegetical and critical notes, three indexes and eight appendices|year=1967|publisher=Delhi Motilal Banarsidass}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Nirukta (Sanskrit), states Monier-Williams, means "uttered, pronounced, explained, expressed, defined, loud".<ref name=monierwilliamsnirukta/> It also refers to the etymological interpretation of a word, also the name of such works.<ref name=monierwilliamsnirukta/>

The related Sanskrit noun ''{{IAST|niruktiḥ}}'' means "poetical derivation" or "explanation of a word."<ref name=monierwilliamsnirukta/>

==Discussion==
The field of ''Nirukta'' deals with ascertaining the meaning of words, particularly of archaic words no longer in use, ones created long ago and even then rarely used.<ref name=jameslochtefeldsca476/> The Vedic literature from the 2nd millennium BCE has a very large collection of such words, with nearly 25% of the words therein being used just once.<ref name=jameslochtefeldsca476/> By the 1st millennium BCE, interpreting and understanding what the Vedas meant had become a challenge, and ''Nirukta'' attempted to systematically propose theories on how words form, and then determine their meaning in order to understand the Vedas.<ref name=jameslochtefeldsca476/>{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|pp=105-110}}

Yaska, the sage who likely lived around the 7th–5th century BCE, approached this problem through a [[semantic analysis (linguistics)|semantic analysis]] of words, by breaking them down into their components, and then combined them in the context they were used to propose what the archaic words could have meant.{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|p=4}}

<blockquote style="background-color:none;margin-right:5em;margin-left:0em;border-left:solid 6px #FFE0BB;padding:1.0em">
'''Don't memorize, seek the meaning''' What has been taken [from the teacher's mouth] but not understood, is uttered by mere [memory] recitation, it never flares up, like dry firewood without fire. Many a one, [although] seeing, do not see Speech, many a one, [although] hearing, do not hear Her, and many a one, She spreads out [Her] body, like a wife desiring her husband. The meaning of Speech, is its fruit and flower.
— Yaska, ''Nirukta 1.18-1.20''{{Sfn|Eivind Kahrs|1998|pp=46-47}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Ram Gopal|title=The History and Principles of Vedic Interpretation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=evY93w240isC|year=1983|publisher=Concept|pages=27–28}}</ref>
</blockquote>

A central premise of Yaska was that man creates more new words to conceptualize and describe action, that is nouns often have verbal roots.{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|p=4}} However, added Yaska, not all words have verbal roots. He asserted that both the meaning and the etymology of words are always context dependent.{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|p=107}} Words are created around object-agent, according to Yaska, to express external or internal reality perceived by man, and are one of six modifications of ''Kriya'' (action) and ''Bhava'' (dynamic being), namely being born, existing, changing, increasing, decreasing and perishing.{{Sfn|Tibor Kiss|2015|pp=87-90}}{{Sfn|Annette Wilke|Oliver Moebus|2011|pp=416-419}}

A sentence is a collection of words, a word is a collection of phonemes, according to Nirukta scholars of Hindu traditions.{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|p=106}} The meaning of Vedic passages has to be understood through context, purpose stated, subject matter being discussed, what is stated, how, where and when.{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|p=106}}

==Texts==
The only basic ''Nirvacana shastra'' (Nirukta-related text) that has survived from ancient times into the modern era is the one by Yaska, and it is simply called ''Nirukta''.{{Sfn|Eivind Kahrs|1998|p=13}} Three [[bhasya]] (commentaries) on Yaska's ''Nirukta'' have also survived.{{Sfn|Eivind Kahrs|1998|p=13}} Additionally, a related work that is extant and is more ancient than the 5th-century BCE ''Nirukta'' by Yaska, is the ''Nighantu'' which is a lexicographic treatise.{{Sfn|Eivind Kahrs|1998|p=13}} The ''Nighantu'' is a glossary or compilation of words in the Vedas, and is an example text of ''Abhidhanashastra'' (literally, science of words).<ref name="Gonda1979p303">{{cite book|author=Claus Vogel|editor=Jan Gonda|title=Indian lexicography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hKziSs8Qy44C |year=1979 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-02010-7|pages=303–306 with footnotes}}</ref> However, ''Nighantu'' is not a dictionary, a genre of texts that developed in later centuries and was called a ''Kosha'' in Sanskrit.<ref name="Gonda1979p303"/> Yaska's ''Nirukta'' extensively refers to the ''Nighantu''.{{Sfn|Eivind Kahrs|1998|p=13}}<ref name="Gonda1979p303"/>

The three commentaries on Yaska's ''Nirukta'' text are by Hindu scholars named Durgasinha (also known as Durga) who likely lived before the 6th-century CE,{{Sfn|Eivind Kahrs|1998|p=14}} Skanda-Mahesvara who may be two scholars who probably lived before the 5th-century CE,{{Sfn|Eivind Kahrs|1998|pp=14-20}} and Nilakantha who probably is from the 14th-century.{{Sfn|Eivind Kahrs|1998|p=22}}

==Usage==
===Ancient===
Yaska, in his famous text titled ''Nirukta'', asserts that [[Rigveda]] in the ancient tradition, can be interpreted in three ways - from the perspective of religious rites (''adhiyajna''), from the perspective of the deities (''adhidevata''), and from the perspective of the soul (''adhyatman'').{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|p=106}} The fourth way to interpret the Rigveda also emerged in the ancient times, wherein the gods mentioned were viewed as symbolism for legendary individuals or narratives.{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|p=106}} It was generally accepted that creative poets often embed and express double meanings, ellipses and novel ideas to inspire the reader.{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|p=106}} ''Nirukta'' enables one to identify alternate embedded meanings that poets and writers may have included in old texts.{{Sfn|Harold G. Coward|1990|pp=105-110}}

===Medieval===

Many examples of the rhetorical use of nirukta occur in [[Bhaskararaya]]'s commentaries. Here is an example from the opening verse of his commentary on the [[Ganesha Sahasranama]].<ref>{{IAST|Gaṇeśasahasranāmastotram: mūla evaṁ srībhāskararāyakṛta 'khadyota' vārtika sahita}}. ({{IAST|Prācya Prakāśana: Vārāṇasī}}, 1991). Includes the full source text and the commentary by Bhāskararāya in Sanskrit.</ref>

The opening verse includes ''{{IAST|Gaṇanātha}}'' as a name for [[Ganesha]]. The simple meaning of this name, which would have seemed obvious to his readers, would be "Protector of the Ganas", parsing the name in a straightforward way as ''{{IAST|gaṇa}}'' (group) + ''nātha'' (protector). But Bhaskararaya demonstrates his skill in nirukta by parsing it in an unexpected way as the [[bahuvrihi|Bahuvrīhi]] compound ''{{IAST|gaṇana}}'' + ''atha'' meaning "the one the enumeration ({{IAST|gaṇanaṁ}}) of whose qualities brings about auspiciousness. The word ''atha'' is associated with auspiciousness ({{IAST|maṅgalam}})."<ref>गणनं गुणसंख्यानामथशब्दात्तु मङ्गलम् । कृते तयोर्बहुव्रीहौ गणनाथ इति स्मृतः ॥ ५ ॥</ref> This rhetorical flourish at the opening of the [[sahasranama]] demonstrates Bhaskaraya's skills in nirukta at the very beginning of his commentary on a thousand such names, including a clever twist appropriate to the context of a sahasranama.

==See also==
* [[Cratylus (dialogue)]]
* [[Folk etymology]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|author=Harold G. Coward| title=The Philosophy of the Grammarians, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume 5 (Editor: Karl Potter) | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2CEj6wRqeRAC| year=1990| publisher=Princeton University Press | isbn=978-81-208-0426-5}}
*{{cite book| author=Eivind Kahrs| title=Indian Semantic Analysis: The Nirvacana Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0_JQXYkG7IC| year=1998| publisher=Cambridge University Press| isbn=978-0-521-63188-4}}
*{{cite book| author=Tibor Kiss|title=Syntax - Theory and Analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgVfCAAAQBAJ |year= 2015| publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-037740-8}}
*{{cite book | year=1886 | title = A Sanskrit grammar for beginners | author1=Friedrich Max Müller | author-link=Max Muller | author2=Arthur Anthony Macdonell | author2-link=Arthur Anthony Macdonell | edition=2 | publisher=Longmans, Green | page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.382597/page/n196 178] | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.382597}}
*{{Cite book| first=Albrecht| last=Weber| title=Indische Studien| volume=8| place=Leipzig| year=1863}}
*{{cite book| author1=Annette Wilke| author2=Oliver Moebus| title=Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZCMe67IGPkC| year=2011| publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-018159-3}}
*{{cite book| author=Maurice Winternitz| author-link=Moriz Winternitz| title=History of Indian Literature| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ql0BmInD1c4C| year=1963| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass| isbn=978-81-208-0056-4}}
*Lakshman Sarup, ''The Nighantu and The Nirukta'' (London, H. Milford 1920–29), Repr. Motilal Banarsidass 2002, {{ISBN|81-208-1381-2}}.
*Rudolph Roth, ''Introduction to the Nirukta and the Literature related to it'', (tr. D. Mackichan), University of Bombay, 1919.

==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline}}
*[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-philosophy/Roles-of-sacred-texts-mythology-and-theism#ref20663 "Nirukta"] at the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051124114111/http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/sarasvati/dictionary/9niruktam.htm Niruktam sememes]
*[https://archive.org/details/nighantuniruktao00yaskuoft The Nighantu and the Nirukta] 1967 bilingual Sanskrit-English critical edition by Lakshman Sarup, at the [[Internet Archive]]

{{Hindudharma}}

[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]
[[Category:Vedangas]]
[[Category:Etymology]]
[[Category:History of linguistics]]
[[Category:Indian linguistic philosophy]]

Hamar Bhauji

2025-11-01T10:39:09Z

ErlindaLamson9: cleanup

{{multiple issues|
{{No plot|date=July 2020}}
{{Unreferenced|date=May 2022}}
}}{{Short description|Bhojpuri film (1983)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
'''''Hamar Bhauji''''' is [[Bhojpuri film]] released in 1983 [[Film director|directed]] by Kalpataru.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0231694}}

[[Category:1980s Bhojpuri-language films]]

{{Bhojpuri-film-stub}}

Tom Allin

2025-10-23T13:22:31Z

ErlindaLamson9: minor edit

{{short description|English cricketer (1987–2016)}}
{{distinguish|Tom Allon}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Tom Allin
| image =
| country = England
| fullname = Thomas William Allin
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1987|11|27|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bideford]], [[Devon]], England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2016|1|4|1987|11|27|df=yes}}
| death_place = Bideford, Devon, England
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| heightm =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]]
| role = [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
| family = [[Tony Allin]] (father) [[Matthew Allin]] (brother)
| club1 = [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club|Warwickshire]]
| year1 = 2011–2013
| clubnumber1 = 87
| type1 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| onetype1 = true
| debutdate1 = 8 May
| debutyear1 = 2013
| debutfor1 = Warwickshire
| debutagainst1 = [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]]
| type2 = [[List A cricket|List A]]
| onetype2 = true
| debutdate2 = 17 August
| debutyear2 = 2011
| debutfor2 = Warwickshire
| debutagainst2 = [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]]
| columns = 2
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 1
| runs1 = 0
| bat avg1 = 0.00
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 0
| deliveries1 = 102
| wickets1 = 0
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 0/–
| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 1
| runs2 = 2
| bat avg2 = –
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 2[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 12
| wickets2 = 0
| bowl avg2 = –
| fivefor2 = –
| tenfor2 = n/a
| best bowling2 = –
| catches/stumpings2 = 0/–
| date = 18 May
| year = 2013
| source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/193/193605/193605.html CricketArchive
}}
'''Thomas William Allin''' (27 November 1987 – 4 January 2016) was an English [[cricket]]er who played for [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/1137257.html|title=Wisden Obituaries, 2016|date=20 February 2018|website=Cricinfo}}</ref>

Tom Allin was a right-arm medium-fast pace [[Bowling (cricket)|bowler]] who also batted right-handed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/warwickshire/content/player/298155.html |title=Player Profile: Tom Allin |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |accessdate=24 April 2013}}</ref> He made his debut for the county in the [[2011 Clydesdale Bank 40]] against [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/492337.html |title=Group B, Warwickshire v Surrey at Birmingham, August 17, 2011 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=24 April 2013}}</ref> and his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut came against [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]] in May 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/county-cricket-2013/engine/current/match/593477.html |title=Warwickshire v Middlesex at Birmingham, May 8-11, 2013 | Cricket Scorecard |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |date= |accessdate=2013-07-25}}</ref>

Allin suffered serious injuries in a road accident in October 2015. He gradually recovered physically, but suffered from mood swings. He died of suicide on 4 January 2016 aged 28 in Bideford, North Devon, by jumping from the [[A39 road|A39]] [[Torridge Bridge|River Torridge Bridge]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Tom Allin: Former Warwickshire bowler dies aged 28|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/35248713|website=BBC Sport|accessdate=7 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="cricinfo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/story/958949.html |title=Former Warwickshire player Tom Allin dies at 28 |accessdate=7 January 2016 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref><ref name="f627">{{cite web | title=Tom Allin: Cricketer took his life in bridge fall, inquest hears | website=BBC News | date=2016-07-20 | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-devon-36843487 | access-date=2025-02-18}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricketarchive|ref=Archive/Players/193/193605/193605.html}}
* {{cricinfo|ref=ci/content/player/298155.html}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Allin, Tom}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:English cricketers]]
[[Category:Devon cricketers]]
[[Category:Suicides by jumping in England]]
[[Category:Warwickshire cricketers]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Bideford]]
[[Category:2016 suicides]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Devon]]
[[Category:21st-century English sportsmen]]

{{England-cricket-bio-1980s-stub}}

National Highway 214 (India, old numbering)

2025-10-17T06:22:05Z

ErlindaLamson9: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 153 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Pandrali

2025-09-09T12:30:00Z

ErlindaLamson9: Stub

{{Short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{orphan|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pandrali
| other_name = Pandraali
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.541269|N|76.355672|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Fatehgarh Sahib]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Fatehgarh Sahib]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.37
| population_total = 1194
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gurmukhi|Punjabi (Gurmukhi)]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 147104
| registration_plate = PB23
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sirhind]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Pandrali,''' sometimes spelled as '''Pandraali''' is a village in the Sirhind Block of [[Fatehgarh Sahib district]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Village & Panchayats {{!}} Fatehgarh Sahib, Govt. of Punjab {{!}} India |url=https://fatehgarhsahib.nic.in/village-panchayats/ |access-date=2023-10-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Pandrali is located at {{coord|30.541269|N|76.355672|E|}}<ref name="gm">Google maps</ref> in the Fatehgarh Sahib district of [[Indian Punjab]]. [[Sirhind railway station|Sirhind Junction]] is the nearest railway station.

== Demographics ==
As per the 2011 census, the village has total population of 1194<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Government of India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/ |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> with 233 households, of which 53.5% are males (652) and 46.5% are females (542) means sex ratio in the village is skewed as with 831 females per 1000 males. Though residents have now started sending their daughters to schools, still only 43.2% of females are educated as compared to 56.8% of males. The overall literacy rate of the village is 63%. The Punjabi is the major language spoken by all in the village.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

== Education ==
There is a Govt. Primary School and a Govt. Middle School in Pandrali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=:: ePunjab Schools :: |url=https://www.epunjabschool.gov.in/GS_SchoolWebsite/Search.aspx |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=www.epunjabschool.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GPS PANDRALI - Pandrali District Fatehgarh Sahib (Punjab) |url=https://schools.org.in/fatehgarh-sahib/03080107801/gps-pandrali.html |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=schools.org.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Fatehgarh Sahib district}}

[[Category:Villages in Fatehgarh Sahib district]]

Premier of the Punjab

2025-08-15T10:30:27Z

ErlindaLamson9: Stub

{{Short description|Head of government of Punjab Province in British India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Premier
| body = the Punjab
| insignia = Badge of British Punjab.svg
| insigniasize = 90px
| flag = Flag of the Province of Punjab of British India.svg
| flagsize = 160px
| insigniacaption = Emblem of the Punjab
| image = Malik Khizar Hayat Khan Tiwana.png
| imagesize =
| imagecaption = '''Final holder [[Khizar Hayat Tiwana]]''' 30 December 1942 – 2 March 1947
| residence =
| appointer = [[List of head of the State of Punjab (British India)|Governor of Punjab]]
| appointer_qualified =
| precursor =
| formation = 5 April 1937
| first = [[Sikandar Hayat Khan]]
| last = [[Khizar Hayat Tiwana]]
| abolished = 15 August 1947
| succession = *[[List of chief ministers of Punjab, India|Chief Minister of Punjab (India)]]
*[[Chief Minister of Punjab (Pakistan)]]
| salary =
| flagcaption = Flag of the Punjab
}}
The '''Premier of the Punjab''' was the [[head of government]] and the Leader of the House in the [[Punjab Legislative Council (British India)|Legislative Assembly]] of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]. The position was dissolved upon the [[Partition of India]] in 1947.

==History==
The office was created under the [[Government of India Act 1935]]. The [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]] was the principal legislative force in the province. It received support from legislators of the [[Punjab Muslim League]], the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Sikh]] [[Akali Dal]] at various periods. The Unionist government implemented [[agrarian reform]]s in Punjab by using legal and administrative measures to relieve farmers and peasants of crippling debt. Similar steps were taken by the [[Prime Minister of Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=D.|date=2004-01-01|title=Preventable Deaths|jstor=4415309|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=39|issue=30|pages=3347–3348}}</ref> The Unionists opposed the [[Quit India]] movement and supported the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] during [[World War II]].<ref>Ahmad, Syed Nesar (1991). Origins of Muslim Consciousness in India: a world-system perspective. Greenwood Press. p. 179. {{ISBN|0-313-27331-6}}.</ref> The Unionists were constitutionalists who favored cooperation with the British to achieve independence from the Raj.

The Unionists signed the [[Lucknow]] Pact with the [[All India Muslim League]] (AIML) in 1937.<ref>Stanley Wolpert, Jinnah of Pakistan, Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1999, pp. 150–151. {{ISBN|0-19-577389-6}}</ref> The Punjab premier supported the drafting of the [[Lahore Resolution]] in 1940. In 1941, the premiers of Punjab and Bengal joined the Viceroy's defence council against the wishes of the AIML. The second Punjab premier joined the Paris Peace Conference in 1946.

==Premiers of the Punjab (1937-1947)==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
|-
! No !! Name {{small|(constituency)}} !! Birth - Death !! Image !! Took office !! Left office !! Term !! colspan=2| Party {{small|(Coalition with)}} !! Election (Assembly) !! Appointed by
|-
||1
|| [[Sikandar Hayat Khan (Punjabi politician)|Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan]]|| 5 June 1892 – 26 December 1942 ||[[File:Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan.png|120px]] || 5 April 1937 || 26 December 1942 || {{age in years and days|1937|04|05|1942|12|26}} || rowspan=2 style="background:blue;"|
| rowspan=2 | [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]] {{small|([[Khalsa National Party|KNP]])}} || [[1937 Indian provincial elections#Punjab|1937]] (1) || [[Herbert William Emerson|Sir Herbert Emerson]]
|-
|| 2
|| [[Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana|Sir Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana]]
|| 7 August 1900 – 20 January 1972 || [[File:Malik Khizar Hayat Khan Tiwana.png|120px]] || 30 December 1942 || 5 February 1946|| {{age in years and days|1942|12|30|1946|02|05}} || - (1)|| [[Bertrand Glancy|Sir Bertrand Glancy]]
|-
|| (i) || colspan=3|'''Governor Rule''' ''([[Bertrand Glancy|Sir Bertrand Glancy]])'' || 5 February 1946 || 21 March 1946 || {{age in years and days|1946|02|05|1946|03|21}} || || - || - || ''[[Viscount Wavell]]''
|-
|| (2)
|| [[Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana|Sir Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana]]
|| 7 August 1900 – 20 January 1972 || [[File:Malik Khizar Hayat Khan Tiwana.png|120px]]
|| 21 March 1946 || 2 March 1947 || {{age in years and days|1946|03|21|1947|03|02}}|| bgcolor=blue| || [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]] {{small|([[Indian National Congress|INC]] and [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]])}} || [[1946 Indian provincial elections#Punjab|1946]] (2) || [[Bertrand Glancy|Sir Bertrand Glancy]]
|-
|| (ii) ||colspan=3|'''Governor Rule''' (''[[Evan Meredith Jenkins|Sir Evan Jenkins]]'') || 2 March 1947 || 15 August 1947 || {{age in years and days|1947|03|02|1947|08|15}} ||
|| - || - || ''[[Earl Mountbatten]]''
|-
|}

==Legacy==
The office was succeeded by the [[Chief Minister of Punjab (Pakistan)]] and [[Chief Minister of Punjab (India)]].

==See also==
*[[Legislatures of British India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Pakistan-hist-stub}}
{{India-hist-stub}}
[[Category:Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Provinces of British India]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of British India]]

Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute

2025-07-29T11:44:37Z

ErlindaLamson9: minor edit

{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute
| image = 
| caption = 
| established = 1954
| location = [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| type = [[Cultural]]
| visitors = 
| director = Muni Jinvijayaji
| website = 
| collection = Miniature paintings of Rajasthan, calligraphy, [[manuscripts]] (e.g., Samput Phalak, Gandika)
| size = 
| architect = 
| president = 
| curator = 
}}
'''Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute''' is an organisation established by [[Government of Rajasthan]] to promote [[Rajasthan]]i culture and heritage and to accumulate and maintain the old Rajansthani [[folk art]] work and folk literature. It was established in 1954 under guidance of [[Muni Jinvijayaji]], a member of the [[Royal Asiatic Society]]. Dr. [[Rajendra Prasad]] laid foundation stone in 1955 and it opened on 14 September 1958. The institute's headquarters is in [[Jodhpur]].

The institute has got a fine art gallery with a wide collection of miniature paintings of Rajasthan. The collection also includes some [[calligraphy]] and manuscripts like Samput Phalak and Gandika. The library has a wide collection of old books and journals.

==See also==
* [[Arid Forest Research Institute]] (AFRI)
* Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute, de Jodhpur. Related with Research lnstitute, guru-sigya, descriptión Jodhpur (manuscrit) one hundred asanas, rules of diet, description of kanda nadl, kundalinl, knowledg the date of death and other kind of resources's control. Manuscrit has the #number 6756, size 17 cm. x 9cm, 171 pages, lines: 7-9 y 20-23 letters.

==References==
[http://jodhpur.nic.in/det_insti.htm#Rori jodhpur district]

==External links==
* [http://rori.nic.in Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308124707/http://rori.nic.in/ |date=8 March 2015 }}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Cultural organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Museums in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Folk art museums and galleries in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Archives in India]]
[[Category:State agencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Rajasthani folklore]]
[[Category:1954 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1954]]

{{India-culture-stub}}
{{library-stub}}

Seoni railway station

2025-07-08T01:22:14Z

ErlindaLamson9: Started Basic Details From Scratch

{{Short description|Railway station in Seoni district, Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{More footnotes|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[Seoni Railway station|Seoni]]
| type = [[Indian Railways]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = [[Seoni]], [[Seoni district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.0869|79.5435|format=dms|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline, title}}
| elevation = {{convert|614.739|m|ft}}
| line = [[Nainpur –Chhindwara line]]
| other =
| structure = At ground
| platform = 3
| tracks = 4
| parking = Available
| bicycle = Available
| opened = 1904
| closed =
| rebuilt = 2023
| electrified = Yes
| accesible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = [[Seoni Railway Station|SEY]]
| zone = [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central Railway]]
| division = [[Nagpur SEC railway division|Nagpur SEC]]
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator =
| status = Functional
| former = [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]]
| passengers = Approx. 5 thousand daily
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| map_dot_label = Seoni
| map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh##Location in India
}}
[[File:Seoni_railway_station.jpg|thumb|Seoni railway 2]]

'''Seoni Railway station''' (code: SEY) is situated in [[Seoni, Madhya Pradesh|Seoni city]], on the Chhindwara - Seoni - Nainpur section of [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central Railway]] (earlier called Bengal Nagpur Railway or BNR) of [[Indian Railways]], in [[Seoni district]] of the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].

== Overview ==
On 24 April 2023, inauguration of the first broad-gauge passenger train ( Chhindwara - Nainpur Passenger ) by [[Narendra Modi|Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi]] provided electrified broad-gauge connectivity to Seoni.{{fact|date=July 2025}}
[[File:Seoni_railway_station_line.jpg|thumb|Seoni railway station platform]]
==Trains Originating from Seoni==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Train number
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Train name
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Origin
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Destination
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Days
|-
| valign="top" |14623
| valign="top" |[[Patalkot Express]]
| valign="top" |[[Seoni]]
| valign="top" |[[Firozpur]]
| valign="top" |Daily
|-
| valign="top" |09590
| valign="top" |Seoni - Betul special fare passenger
| valign="top" |[[Seoni]]
| valign="top" |[[Betul, Madhya Pradesh|Betul]]
| valign="top" |Daily
|-
|}

==Trains Terminating at Seoni==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Train number
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Train name
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Origin
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Destination
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Days
|-
| valign="top" |14624
| valign="top" |[[Patalkot Express]]
| valign="top" |[[Firozpur]]
| valign="top" |[[Seoni]]
| valign="top" |Daily
|-
| valign="top" |19343
| valign="top" |[[Panchvalley Passenger]]
| valign="top" |[[Indore]]
| valign="top" |[[Seoni]]
| valign="top" |Daily
|-
|}

==Trains halting stoppage in Seoni==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Train number
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Train name
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Origin
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Destination
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Days
|-
| valign="top" |11201
| valign="top" |[[Nagpur]] - [[Shahdol]] Express
| valign="top" |[[Nagpur]]
| valign="top" |[[Shahdol]]
| valign="top" |Daily
|-
| valign="top" |11202
| valign="top" |[[Shahdol]] - [[Nagpur]] Express
| valign="top" |[[Shahdol]]
| valign="top" |[[Nagpur]]
| valign="top" |Daily
|-
| valign="top" |11756
| valign="top" |[[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]] - [[Itwari]] Express
| valign="top" |[[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]]
| valign="top" |[[Itwari]](Nagpur)
| valign="top" |Tue, Thu, Fri, Sun
|-
| valign="top" |11755
| valign="top" |[[Itwari]] - [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]] Express
| valign="top" |[[Itwari]] (Nagpur)
| valign="top" |[[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]]
| valign="top" |Mon, Wed, Fri, Sat
|-
| valign="top" |58849
| valign="top" | Chhindwara Nainpur Passenger
| valign="top" |[[Chhindwara]]
| valign="top" |[[Nainpur]]
| valign="top" |Daily
|-
| valign="top" |58850
| valign="top" |Nainpur Chhindwara Passenger
| valign="top" |[[Nainpur]]
| valign="top" |[[Chhindwara]]
| valign="top" |Daily
|-
| valign="top" |58855
| valign="top" | Chhindwara Nainpur Passenger
| valign="top" |[[Chhindwara]]
| valign="top" |[[Nainpur]]
| valign="top" |Daily
|-
| valign="top" |58856
| valign="top" |Nainpur Chhindwara Passenger
| valign="top" |[[Nainpur]]
| valign="top" |[[Chhindwara]]
| valign="top" |Daily
|-
|}

Seoni Railway station has 2 station buildings on both sides of railway lines, at platform number 1 and platform number 3.

== References ==

<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/seoni/news/panchveli-and-patalkot-express-train-service-will-start-from-tomorrow-morning-131216938.html|title=सिवनी वासियों का इंतजार हुआ खत्म: कल सुबह से पंचवेली और पातालकोट एक्सप्रेस ट्रेन की सेवा होगी शुरू|date=27 April 2023|website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-mega-boost-for-infrastructure-modi-launches-several-railway-projects-in-madhya-pradesh-details-inside-3060058/|title=Mega boost for Infrastructure! Modi launches several Railway projects in Madhya Pradesh – Details Inside|date=24 April 2023 }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/india/mega-boost-for-infrastructure-modi-launches-several-railway-projects-in-madhya-pradesh-details-inside/ar-AA1afHpa|title=Mega boost for Infrastructure! Modi launches several Railway projects in Madhya Pradesh – Details Inside|website=MSN}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/last-narrow-gauge-train-of-central-india-chugs-out-781756.html|title=Last narrow gauge train of Central India chugs out|date=2 December 2019|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
{{reflist}}

{{Improve categories|date=May 2023}}

[[Category:Nagpur SEC railway division]]

Prabhakar More (politician)

2024-08-07T09:28:55Z

ErlindaLamson9:

{{Short description|Indian politician (1963–2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}

{{For|Actor|Prabhakar More (actor)}}

'''Prabhakar Sundarrao More''' was an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Mahad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahad]] in the [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]], [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]], [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of [[Shiv Sena]].<ref>[http://myneta.info/mh2009/candidate.php?candidate_id=2540 MyNeta]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/magazine/issue/vol17-08/|title=Latest Volume17-Issue08 News, Photos, Latest News Headlines about Volume17-Issue08|website=Frontline|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-15 |title=माजी मंत्री प्रभाकर मोरे यांचे निधन |url=https://www.lokmat.com/raigad/former-minister-prabhakar-more-passes-away/ |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=Lokmat |language=mr-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:More, Prabhakar}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1995–1999]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:People from Raigad district]]

{{Maharashtra-SS-politician-stub}}

1974–75 Duleep Trophy

2024-01-28T22:27:55Z

ErlindaLamson9: Done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1974–75 Duleep Trophy
| image =
| imagesize =
| fromdate = 27 September 1974
| todate = 20 October 1974
| caption =
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]
| host =
| champions = [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]
| count = 6
| participants = 5
| matches = 4
| attendance =
| most runs = [[Hemant Kanitkar]] (WZ) (147)<ref>{{cite web|title=Batting and Fielding in Duleep Trophy 1974/75 (Ordered by Runs) |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Duleep_Trophy_1974-75/Batting_by_Runs.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Padmakar Shivalkar]] (WZ) (17)<ref>{{cite web|title=Bowling in Duleep Trophy 1974/75 (Ordered by Wickets) |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Duleep_Trophy_1974-75/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 1973–74
| previous_tournament = 1973–74 Duleep Trophy
| next_year = 1975–76
| next_tournament = 1975–76 Duleep Trophy
}}

The '''1974–75 Duleep Trophy''' was the 14th season of the [[Duleep Trophy]], a [[first-class cricket|first-class]] cricket tournament contested by five zonal teams of India: [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]], [[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]], [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]], [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]] and [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]].

South Zone won the title, defeating West Zone in the final.

==Results==
{{5TeamBracket
| RD1=Quarterfinal
| RD2=Semifinals
| RD3=Final

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1='''[[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]'''
| RD1-score1=FIL
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2=[[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]]
| RD1-score2=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1=[[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]]
| RD2-score1=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2='''[[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]'''
| RD2-score2=W

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3='''[[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]'''
| RD2-score3=W
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4=[[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]]
| RD2-score4=

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1=[[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
| RD3-score1=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2='''[[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]'''
| RD3-score2=W
}}

===Final===
{{Test match | date = 18–20 October 1974
| team1 = [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]] | team2 = [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 102 (53.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sudhir Naik]] 30
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[E. A. S. Prasanna]] 5/35
| score-team2-inns1 = 231 (101 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Syed Abid Ali]] 82
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Dhiraj Parsana]] 3/49
| score-team1-inns2 = 147 (49.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Sudhir Naik]] 46
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[S. Venkataraghavan]] 6/26
| score-team2-inns2 = 19/1 (6 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[V. S. Vijay Kumar]] 12
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Padmakar Shivalkar]] 1/11
| venue = [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad|Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| toss = South Zone won the toss and elected to field.
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/34/34720.html Scorecard]
| result = South Zone won by 9 wickets
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Duleep_Trophy_1974-75.html Series home at CricketArchive]

{{Duleep Trophy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1974-75 Duleep Trophy}}
[[Category:Duleep Trophy seasons]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1974–75|Duleep Trophy]]
[[Category:1974 in Indian cricket|Duleep Trophy]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2006

2024-01-21T01:42:00Z

ErlindaLamson9: started new info needs work

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}

{{Infobox cricket tour|series_name=Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2006<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-sri-lanka-2006-249043 'India in Sri Lanka 2006']</ref>|team1_image=Flag of Sri Lanka.svg|team1_name=Sri Lanka|team2_image=Flag of India.svg|team2_name=India|from_date=18|to_date=22 August 2006|team1_captain=[[Mahela Jayawardene]]|team2_captain=[[Rahul Dravid]]|no_of_ODIs=3|team1_ODIs_won=0|team2_ODIs_won=0|team1_ODIs_most_runs=|team2_ODIs_most_runs=[[Rahul Dravid]] (9)|team1_ODIs_most_wickets=|team2_ODIs_most_wickets=|player_of_ODI_series=}}

The [[Indian national cricket team]] visited [[Sri Lanka]] in August 2006 to play limited overs matches against the [[Sri Lankan national cricket team]]. Only one was played, but with no result, and then the tour was cancelled. The Indian team was captained by [[Rahul Dravid]] and Sri Lanka by [[Mahela Jayawardene]].<ref name="CATI">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/5/India_in_Sri_Lanka_2006.html |publisher=CricketArchive |title=India in Ceylon 2006 |access-date=5 July 2014}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
!{{Cr|Sri Lanka}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atapattu back for ODI tri-series |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/atapattu-back-for-odi-tri-series-255638 |access-date=2022-08-21 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
!{{cr|IND}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tendulkar and Mongia return to squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/tendulkar-and-mongia-return-to-squad-253977 |access-date=2022-08-21 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India One-Day Squad – India Squad – Unitech Cup, 2006 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/unitech-cup-2006-249145/india-one-day-squad-254001/series-squads |access-date=2022-08-21 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|
* [[Mahela Jayawardene]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Kumar Sangakkara]] [[Captain (cricket)|(vc]] & [[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Upul Tharanga]]
* [[Sanath Jayasuriya]]
* [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]]
* [[Marvan Atapattu]]
* [[Chamara Kapugedera]]
* [[Chaminda Vaas]]
* [[Farveez Maharoof]]
* [[Lasith Malinga]]
* [[Dilhara Fernando]]
* [[Muttiah Muralitharan]]
* [[Malinga Bandara]]
* [[Ruchira Perera]]
* [[Prasanna Jayawardene]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
|
* [[Rahul Dravid]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Virender Sehwag]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
* [[Yuvraj Singh]]
* [[Mohammad Kaif]]
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Irfan Pathan]]
* [[Sreesanth]]
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
* [[Ramesh Powar]]
* [[Ajit Agarkar]]
* [[Munaf Patel]]
* [[R. P. Singh|RP Singh]]
* [[Dinesh Mongia]]
|}

== Tour Matches ==

=== 50 Overs Match ===
{{Limited overs international
| date = 12 August|
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL|name=Sri Lanka A}}
| score1 = 202/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 203/7 (44.3 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND|name=Indians}}
| runs1 = [[Upul Tharanga]] 88 (124)
| wickets1 = [[Virender Sehwag]] 3/16 (7 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 61 (57)
| wickets2 = [[Nuwan Zoysa]] 2/37 (9 overs)
| result = Indians won by 3 wickets |
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/14566/scorecard/249195/sri-lanka-a-vs-india-tour-match-india-tour-of-sri-lanka-2006 Scorecard] |
| venue = [[Colts Cricket Club Ground]], [[Colombo]] |
| umpires = [[Gamini Dissanayake]] (SL) and [[Dilshan de Silva]] (SL) |
| motm = |
| notes =
| toss = Indians won the toss and elected to field.
}}

==ODI series==

===1st ODI===
{{Limited overs international|date=18–19 August 2006|time=|daynight=|team1={{cr-rt|India}}|score1=11/0 (3.4 overs)|score2=|team2={{cr|Sri Lanka}}|runs1=[[Rahul Dravid]] 9* (19)|wickets1=[[Chaminda Vaas]] 0/4 (2 overs)|runs2=|wickets2=|result=Match abandoned|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-sri-lanka-2006-249043/sri-lanka-vs-india-1st-odi-256665/full-scorecard Scorecard]|venue=[[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]], [[Colombo]]|umpires=[[Asoka de Silva (cricketer)|Asoka de Silva]] (SL) and [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ)|motm=|toss=India won the toss and elected to bat first|notes=Reserve day was used for the match after rain and bad light interrupted Indian innings on first day, but it was eventually called off due to heavy rains on the reserve day.}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Limited overs international|date=20 August 2006|time=|daynight=|team1={{cr-rt|Sri Lanka}}|score1=|score2=|team2={{cr|India}}|runs1=|wickets1=|runs2=|wickets2=|result=Match abandoned|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-sri-lanka-2006-249043/sri-lanka-vs-india-2nd-odi-256669/full-scorecard Scorecard]|venue=[[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]], [[Colombo]]|umpires=[[Billy Bowden]] (NZ) and [[Tyron Wijewardene]] (SL)|motm=|toss=|notes=No play was possible due to wet outfield and constant rain}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Limited overs international|date=22 August 2006|time=|daynight=|team1={{cr-rt|Sri Lanka}}|score1=|score2=|team2={{cr|India}}|runs1=|wickets1=|runs2=|wickets2=|result=Match abandoned|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-sri-lanka-2006-249043/sri-lanka-vs-india-3rd-odi-256670/full-scorecard Scorecard]|venue=[[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]], [[Colombo]]|umpires=[[Asoka de Silva (cricketer)|Asoka de Silva]] (SL) & [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ)|motm=|toss=|notes=Match called off due to constant rain}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*

{{International cricket tours of Sri Lanka}}

[[Category:2006 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2006 in Sri Lankan cricket]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of Sri Lanka|2006]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2006]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan cricket seasons from 2000–01]]

{{SriLanka-cricket-tour-stub}}

Amaravathi Reservoir

2023-08-24T12:35:19Z

ErlindaLamson9: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Amaravathi_Dam#Amaravathi_Reservoir]]

Ranbaxy

2023-07-26T01:45:45Z

ErlindaLamson9: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Ranbaxy Laboratories]]

Karanja (Vidhan Sabha constituency)

2022-05-22T08:53:57Z

ErlindaLamson9: minor cleanup

#REDIRECT [[Karanja Assembly constituency]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Lingaraja temple

2012-05-30T09:27:15Z

ErlindaLamson9: started the place w/ infobox!

#REDIRECT [[Lingaraja Temple]] {{R from other capitalisation}}