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Ganesh (1998 film)

2026-05-08T05:49:30Z

Erlinda61E:

{{Short description|1998 Indian action drama film}}
{{for|the 2009 film|Ganesh: Just Ganesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ganesh
| image = Ganesh_(film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Thirupathisamy]]
| producer = [[Daggubati Suresh Babu|D.Suresh Babu]] [[D. Rama Naidu]] {{small|(presents)}}
| writer = '''Story''' & '''Screenplay''': Thirupathisamy '''Dialogues''': [[Paruchuri Brothers]]
| starring = [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] [[Madhoo|Madhu Bala]] [[Revathi]]
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = K. Ravindra Babu
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = [[Suresh Productions]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1998|06|19|df=y}}
| runtime = 166 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ganesh''''' is a 1998 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film|action-drama film]] produced by [[D. Suresh Babu]] under the [[Suresh Productions]] banner, directed by [[Thirupathisamy]]. It stars [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] and [[Madhoo|Madhu Bala]], with music composed by [[Mani Sharma]].

The film received five [[Nandi Awards]], including the [[Nandi Award for Best Actor]]. Venkatesh also won the [[Filmfare Best Actor Award (Telugu)]]. The film was a blockbuster at the box office.

==Plot==
Ganesh is a journalist whose family and life are affected by corrupt politicians. He is planning how to take revenge and change the system.

==Cast==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] as Ganesh
* [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] as Priya (Voice dubbed by [[Roja Ramani]])
* [[Madhoo|Madhu Bala]] as Divya (Voice dubbed by [[Saritha]])
* [[Revathi]] as Ganesh young age mother(Guest appearance)
* [[Keerthana (Tamil actress)|Keerthana]] as Ganga, Ganesh's sister (Voice dubbed by Shilpa)
* [[D. Ramanaidu]] as Justice D. R. Naidu
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Health Minister Samba Sivudu
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Rama Chandrayah
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as DIG
* [[Ahuti Prasad]] as Dean Prasad
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as Dr. Raj Gopal
* [[Basavaraju Venkata Padmanabha Rao|Padmanabham]] as Prisoner
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Sub-Jailor Kondal Rao
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Health Minister's PA
* [[Babu Mohan]] as Prisoner
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Prisoner
* [[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]] as Prisoner
* K. Ashok Kumar as Health Minister's Henchmen
* [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as Health Secretary Banerjee
* [[Raghunatha Reddy]] as Doctor
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Veeraju
* [[Narsing Yadav]] as Prisoner
* Ree Sidhardha as Mastan
* [[Bandla Ganesh]] as Prisoner
* [[Prudhviraj (Telugu actor)|Prudhviraj]] as Dr. Anand
* [[Ashok Kumar (Telugu actor)|Ashok Kumar]] as Private Secretary Ashok
* [[Subbaraya Sharma]] as Doctor
* [[P. L. Narayana]] as Ward Boy
* Rajababu as Marvadi
* Narayana Rao as Health Secretary Guru Murthy
* Eeswar Rao as Rangamma's husband
* [[C. V. L. Narasimha Rao]] as Subba Rao
* [[Narasimha Raju (Telugu actor)|Narasimha Raju]] as Doctor
* [[Gokina Rama Rao]] as Superintendent
* Saradhi as R.M.O
* [[Mada Venkateswara Rao|Mada]] as Doctor
* Gadiraju Subba Rao as Prison
* [[Rama Prabha]] as Priya's paternal grandmother
* [[Telangana Shakuntala]]
* [[Shanoor Sana|Sana]] as Priya's sister
* [[Ragini (Telugu actress)|Ragini]]
* Karmendar Kaur as [[item number]]
* Pinky as Namartha
* Master Harsha Vardhan
* Master Vamsi
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ganesh
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| released = 1998
| recorded = 1998
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 24:10
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Mani Sharma]]
| prev_title = [[Bavagaru Bagunnara?]]
| prev_year = 1998
| next_title = [[Choodalani Vundi]]
| next_year = 1998
}}

Music composed by [[Mani Sharma]]. Music released on ADITYA Music Company.
{{Track listing
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:10
| title1 = Aadabarse
| lyrics1 = [[Bhuvanachandra]]
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length1 = 5:19
| title2 = Hindilona Chumma
| lyrics2 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra2 = [[Sujatha Mohan]], Mano
| length2 = 4:21
| title3 = Raja Hamsavo
| lyrics3 = [[Veturi]]
| extra3 = Sujatha Mohan, [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| length3 = 4:49
| title4 = Siri Siri Muvvalu
| lyrics4 = [[Sirivennela]]
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length4 = 4:22
| title5 = Ayorama
| lyrics5 = Chandrabose
| extra5 = [[Udit Narayan]]
| length5 = 5:16
| all_writing =
| title6 =
| length6 =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
}}

==Reception==
''Andhra Today'' wrote "The message-oriented movie, instead of making a loud and clear appeal that right to life is same to all and medical practitioners and others should be humane and considerate, stoops to the commercial level like any other run- of- the-mill movie".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://andhratoday.com/movie/ganesh.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990204044813/http://andhratoday.com/movie/ganesh.htm | archive-date=4 February 1999 | title=Ganesh|work=Andhra Today}}</ref> ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]'' wrote "This is a Venkatesh film all the way, and he carries the film on his shoulders with a splendid performance as an upright journalist who takes on an evil health minister".<ref>{{cite web |last=Screen |author-link=Screen (magazine) |date=3 July 1998 |title=Ganesh {{!}} Venkatesh scores again |url=http://expressindia.com/screen/jul03/reviews.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980711113926/http://expressindia.com/screen/jul03/reviews.htm |archive-date=11 July 1998 |access-date=30 August 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express|Express India]]}}</ref>

== Awards ==
;[[Nandi Awards]] - 1998<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 March 2010|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|access-date=9 January 2021|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|page=43|language=te}}</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Third Best Feature Film - Bronze]] - D. Suresh Babu
* [[Nandi Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] - Venkatesh
* [[Nandi Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]] - [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Dialogue Writer|Best Dialogue Writer]] - [[Paruchuri Brothers]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Makeup Artist|Best Makeup Artist]] - Raghava

;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]] - Venkatesh - won<ref>{{Citation|title=Ganesh Awards: List of Awards won by Telugu movie Ganesh|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/ganesh/movieawards/65199523.cms|access-date=2021-01-10}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0491772|title=Ganesh}}

[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1998 action drama films]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:1998 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1998 drama films]]
[[Category:Suresh Productions films]]

Samserganj Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T00:02:50Z

Erlinda61E: Started New Stub - done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Samserganj
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Samserganj.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Samserganj Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Md Noor Alam (politician)|Md Noor Alam]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Maldaha Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Dakshin]]
| constituency_no = 56
| established = 2011
| electors = 235,570
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Samserganj Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Murshidabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 56 Samserganj Assembly constituency covers [[Dhulian]] municipality and Bhasaipaikar, Bogdadnagar, Chachanda, Dogachhi, Napara, Nimtita, Pratapganj and Tinpukuria [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Samserganj (community development block)|Samserganj]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | accessdate = 11 July 2014 | work = West Bengal| publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Samserganj Assembly constituency is part of No. 8 [[Maldaha Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|Touab Ali
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Amirul Islam (politician)|Amirul Islam]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Samserganj}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Noor Alam
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = 61918
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Najme Alam
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 54331
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sasthi Charan Ghosh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 34522
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 1654
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7587
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = MD NAJME ALAM
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Samserganj]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcOct2021/ConstituencywiseS2556.htm?ac=56|access-date=3 October 2021|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003141631/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcOct2021/ConstituencywiseS2556.htm?ac=56|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcOct2021/RoundwiseS2556.htm?ac=56|access-date=3 October 2021|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003172450/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcOct2021/RoundwiseS2556.htm?ac=56|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ceowb56">{{Cite web|title= Form 20 - 56 Samserganj AC|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/UploadFiles/Byeelec_sep_2021/form20/Form20_AC56.pdf|work=Chief Electoral Officer, West Bengal|access-date=2021-11-13}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Trinamool Congress|candidate= [[Amirul Islam (politician)|Amirul Islam]] |votes=96,417|percentage=51.13|change=+20.72}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Zaidur Rahman|votes=70,038|percentage=37.14|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Milan Ghosh|votes=10,800|percentage=5.73|change=-1.44}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Md. Modassar Hossain|votes=6,158|percentage=3.27|change=-26.04}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=3,064|percentage=1.62|change=-0.45}}
{{Election box majority|votes=26,379|percentage=13.99|change=+12.87}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,88,627
| percentage = 80.07
| change = -1.85
}}
{{Election box hold with party link |
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Samserganj]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Trinamool Congress
| candidate = [[Amirul Islam (politician)|Amirul Islam]]
| votes = 48,381
| percentage = 30.41
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = Touab Ali
| votes = 46,601
| percentage = 29.31
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
| candidate = Md. Rejaul Hoque
| votes = 42,389
| percentage = 26.66
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Milan Ghosh
| votes = 11,397
| percentage = 7.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 3,290
| percentage = 2.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 1,780
| percentage = 1.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,59,033
| percentage = 81.92
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|winner=All India Trinamool Congress
|swing=
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Touab Ali of CPI(M) defeated his nearest rival Mousumi Begum of Congress,
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Samserganj]]<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | accessdate = 20 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=56| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130610083108/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=56| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 10 June 2013|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Samserganj| publisher =Empowering India |accessdate = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = Touab Ali
| votes = 61,138
| percentage = 46.43
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Mousumi Begum
| votes = 53,349
| percentage = 40.52
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Sasthi Charan Ghosh
| votes = 6,031
| percentage = 4.58
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Social Democratic Party of India
| candidate = Md Affan Ali
| votes = 4,256
| percentage = 3.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Jaydeb Goswami
| votes = 2,411
| percentage = 1.83
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
| candidate = Seikh Samshul
| votes = 1,966
| percentage = 1.49
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 7,789
| percentage = 5.92
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,31,694
| percentage = 86.35
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
| winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

{{Murshidabad topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2011]]

Insular India

2026-05-05T04:39:01Z

Erlinda61E:

{{Short description|Isolated land mass which became the Indian subcontinent}}
{{Other uses|Insular South Asia|List of islands of India}}

'''Insular India''' was an isolated landmass which became the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Across the latter stages of the [[Cretaceous]] and most of the [[Paleocene]], following the breakup of [[Gondwana]], the Indian subcontinent remained an isolated landmass as the [[Indian Plate]] drifted across the [[Tethys Ocean]], forming the [[Indian Ocean]]. The process of India's separation from [[Madagascar]] first began 88 million years ago, but complete isolation only occurred towards the end of the [[Maastrichtian]], a process that has been suggested to be the creation of the [[Deccan Traps]]. Soon after, the land mass moved northward rather quickly, until contact with [[Asia]] was established 55 million years ago. Even then, both landmasses did not become fully united until around 35 million years ago,<ref>Scotese, Christopher R. (January 2001). "The collision of India and Asia (90 mya — present)". Paleomap Project. Retrieved 28 December 2004.</ref><ref>Aitchison, Jonathan C.; Ali, Jason R.; Davis, Aileen M. (2007). "When and where did India and Asia collide?". ''Journal of Geophysical Research'' 112 (B5). Bibcode:2007JGRB..11205423A.</ref> and periods of isolation occurred as recently as 24 million years ago.<ref>{{cite journal | date = Jul 2016 | title = Biotic interchange between the Indian subcontinent and mainland Asia through time | url = | journal = Nat Commun | volume = 7 | issue = | article-number = 12132 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms12132 | last1 = Klaus | first1 = Sebastian | last2 = Morley | first2 = Robert J. | last3 = Plath | first3 = Martin | last4 = Zhang | first4 = Ya-Ping | last5 = Li | first5 = Jia-Tang| pmc = 4932189 }}</ref>

[[File:100 global.png|thumb|Plate tectonic reconstruction of the Tethys realm at 100 Mya; at the start of the [[Late Cretaceous]]. During the [[Late Jurassic]], Gondwana began breaking up, eventually pushing Africa and India north across the Tethys and opening up the Indian Ocean]]

Thus, for a period of 53 million years India retained a degree of isolation, 11 of which it was a complete island continent. This allowed its local [[Biome|biota]] to follow the typical patterns seen in islands and diversify in unique ways, much as in modern Madagascar, its sister landmass. Faunal interchanges with other landmasses, like [[Africa]] and [[Europe]] (then an archipelago of islands across the Tethys) occurred during this period, and a considerable [[Asia]]n influence can already be seen long before contact was made. This rendered India rather peculiar as not just an isolated continent but also a "stepping stone" in the dispersal of many animal and plant clades across Africa, Europe, Madagascar, Asia and possibly even [[Oceania]]. Still, several "archaic" clades managed to survive. The vast majority of India's terrestrial [[vertebrate]] life was wiped out in the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event|Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event]]; only 3 extant [[tetrapod]] lineages can trace their ancestry to Cretaceous India. Most of India's few other surviving Gondwanan lineages were outcompeted during the Paleogene by newly-arriving lineages. However, [[plant]]s and [[invertebrate]] fauna were less affected.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karanth |first=K. Praveen |date=2021 |title=Dispersal vs. vicariance: the origin of India's extant tetrapod fauna |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5wb5p6dt |journal=Frontiers of Biogeography |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |doi=10.21425/F5FBG48678|s2cid=231519470 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Bansal |first1=Mahi |last2=Morley |first2=Robert J. |last3=Nagaraju |first3=Shivaprakash K. |last4=Dutta |first4=Suryendu |last5=Mishra |first5=Ashish Kumar |last6=Selveraj |first6=Jeyakumar |last7=Kumar |first7=Sumit |last8=Niyolia |first8=Deepti |last9=Harish |first9=Sachin Medigeshi |last10=Abdelrahim |first10=Omer Babiker |last11=Hasan |first11=Shaa eldin |last12=Ramesh |first12=Bramasamdura Rangana |last13=Dayanandan |first13=Selvadurai |last14=Morley |first14=Harsanti P. |last15=Ashton |first15=Peter S. |date=2022-01-28 |title=Southeast Asian Dipterocarp origin and diversification driven by Africa-India floristic interchange |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abk2177 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=375 |issue=6579 |pages=455–460 |doi=10.1126/science.abk2177 |pmid=35084986 |bibcode=2022Sci...375..455B |s2cid=246360938 |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

During the Paleogene, dispersing tetrapod lineages from Asia repopulated India, with some, such as [[lagomorph]]s, evolving on the continent.<ref name=":1" /> By the time full contact was established, a large percentage of India's old and new indigenous fauna had been outcompeted by Eurasian species. However, several groups like lagomorphs<ref name=":1">Rose K.D., Deleon V.B., Mmissian P., Rana R.S., Sahni A., Singh L. & Smith T. (2008). – Early Eocene lagomorph (Mammalia) from western India and the early diversification of Lagomorpha. – Proc. Royal Society B, RSPB 2007.1661.R1</ref> have become widespread across the world, as have floral groups such as [[Dipterocarpaceae|dipterocarps]], which went on to become dominant tree species throughout much of tropical Asia.<ref name=":3" /> A significant portion of Asian [[Mantidae|mantises]] also originated on Insular India.<ref name="onlinelibrary.wiley.com">{{Cite journal |last1=Svenson |first1=Gavin J. |last2=Whiting |first2=Michael F. |date=October 2009 |title=Reconstructing the origins of praying mantises (Dictyoptera, Mantodea): the roles of Gondwanan vicariance and morphological convergence |journal=Cladistics |language=en |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=468–514 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00263.x|pmid=34879623 |s2cid=86659271 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The islands of the [[Seychelles]] still retain an indigenous [[herpetofauna]], presumably an echo of the [[amphibian]] and [[reptile]] species seen in India as an island.

== Geology ==
The [[Burma terrane]] or [[West Burma block]], an isolated island arc that was present in the Tethys Sea during the Cretaceous, collided with Insular India during the Paleocene and was pushed northwards, eventually colliding with mainland Asia independent of Insular India's own collision. Much of western Myanmar consists of the former Burma Terrane.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Westerweel |first1=Jan |last2=Roperch |first2=Pierrick |last3=Licht |first3=Alexis |last4=Dupont-Nivet |first4=Guillaume |last5=Win |first5=Zaw |last6=Poblete |first6=Fernando |last7=Ruffet |first7=Gilles |last8=Swe |first8=Hnin Hnin |last9=Thi |first9=Myat Kai |last10=Aung |first10=Day Wa |date=October 2019 |title=Burma Terrane part of the Trans-Tethyan arc during collision with India according to palaeomagnetic data |journal=Nature Geoscience |language=en |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=863–868 |doi=10.1038/s41561-019-0443-2 |pmid=31579400 |pmc=6774779 |bibcode=2019NatGe..12..863W |issn=1752-0908}}</ref>

==Cretaceous fauna==

The Cretaceous fauna of India is well attested in both [[Coniacian]] and [[Maastrichtian]] aged sites such as the [[Lameta Formation]]. Generally speaking, the local [[dinosaur]]ian and [[crocodilian]] fauna is almost identical to that of [[Madagascar]], with clades like [[abelisaurids]], [[titanosaurs]], [[noasaurids]] and [[notosuchians]] being well represented here.{{cn|date=March 2026}} A possible deviation is the presence of [[stegosaurs]], like ''[[Dravidosaurus]]'' and ''[[Brachypodosaurus]],'' the last remaining members of this lineage;<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1127/njgpa/2017/0671 | title=Purported latest bone of a plated dinosaur (Ornithischia: Stegosauria), a "dermal plate" from the Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) of southern India | date=2017 | last1=Galton | first1=Peter M. | last2=Ayyasami | first2=Krishnan | journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen | volume=285 | issue=1 | pages=91–96 | bibcode=2017NJGPA.285...91G }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yadagiri |first1=P. |last2=Ayyasami |first2=K. |date=1979-11-01 |title=A New Stegosaurian Dinosaur from Upper Cretaceous Sediments of South India |journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India |volume=20 |issue=11 |pages=521–530 |doi=10.17491/jgsi/1979/201101 |bibcode=1979JGSI...20..521Y |issn=0974-6889}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Verma |first=Omkar |date=August 2015 |title=Cretaceous vertebrate fauna of the Cauvery Basin, southern India: Palaeodiversity and palaeobiogeographic implications |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=431 |pages=53–67 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.04.021 |bibcode=2015PPP...431...53V |issn=0031-0182}}</ref> if these aren't misidentified remains of herbivorous notosuchians and sauropods, then these relics would be the only indigenous [[ornithischians]] in the entire Indo-Malagasy landmass. Confirmed [[Ankylosauria|ankylosaur]] remains dating as far back as the Jurassic have been unearthed in India too.<ref>{{Citation |last=Chatterjee |first=Sankar |title=The Age of Dinosaurs in the Land of Gonds |date=2020 |work=Biological Consequences of Plate Tectonics: New Perspectives on Post-Gondwana Break-up–A Tribute to Ashok Sahni |series=Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology |pages=181–226 |editor-last=Prasad |editor-first=Guntupalli V.R. |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-49753-8_8 |access-date=2024-12-30 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-49753-8_8 |isbn=978-3-030-49753-8 |editor2-last=Patnaik |editor2-first=Rajeev|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Verma |first=Omkar |date=2015-08-01 |title=Cretaceous vertebrate fauna of the Cauvery Basin, southern India: Palaeodiversity and palaeobiogeographic implications |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018215002229 |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=431 |pages=53–67 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.04.021 |bibcode=2015PPP...431...53V |issn=0031-0182|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Khosla |first1=Ashu |last2=Bajpai |first2=Sunil |date=2021-09-10 |title=Dinosaur fossil records from India and their palaeobiogeographic implications: an overview |url=https://www.jpsonline.co.in/index.php/jop/article/view/15 |journal=Journal of Palaeosciences |language=en |volume=70 |issue=(1-2) |pages=193–212 |doi=10.54991/jop.2021.15 |issn=2583-4266|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Galton |first=Peter M. |date=2019-02-28 |title=Earliest record of an ankylosaurian dinosaur (Ornithischia: Thyreophora): Dermal armor from Lower Kota Formation (Lower Jurassic) of India |url=https://doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2019/0800 |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=291 |issue=2 |pages=205–219 |doi=10.1127/njgpa/2019/0800 |issn=0077-7749|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nath |first=T.T. |last2=Yadagiri |first2=P. |last3=Moitra |first3=A.K. |date=2002-06-01 |title=FIRST RECORD OF ARMOURED DINOSAUR FROM THE LOWER JURASSIC KOTA FORMATION, PRANHITA-GODAVARI VALLEY, ANDHRA PRADESH |url=https://doi.org/10.17491/jgsi/2002/590610 |journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=575–577 |doi=10.17491/jgsi/2002/590610 |issn=0974-6889|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Another possible deviation is the presence of a [[troodontid]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Goswami | first1=A. | last2=Prasad | first2=G. V. R. | last3=Verma | first3=O. | last4=Flynn | first4=J. J. | last5=Benson | first5=R. B. J. | title=A troodontid dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of India | journal=Nature Communications | date=2013 | volume=4 | article-number=1703 | doi=10.1038/ncomms2716 | pmid=23591870 | bibcode=2013NatCo...4.1703G }}</ref> a lineage more typically associated with [[Laurasia]] and thus possibly indicating interchange with [[Europe]] or even mainland [[Asia]], but these remains are controversial and could belong either other theropods or notosuchians. Indeterminate fossils of [[Ornithopoda|ornithopods]] belonging to [[Hypsilophodontidae|hypsilophodontids]] and [[Iguanodontidae|iguanodontids]] have been unearthed in India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Prasad |first1=Guntupalli |last2=Singh |first2=Verinder |date=June 1991 |title=Microvertebrates from the infratrappean beds of Rangareddi District, Andhra Pradesh and their biostratigraphic significance. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291830875 |journal=Bulletin of the Indian Geologist's Association |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Blanford |first=Henry F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caTNngEACAAJ |title=On the Cretaceous and Other Rocks of the South Arcot, and Trichinopoly Districts, Madras |date=1862 |publisher=Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fernández |first1=Mariela S. |last2=Khosla |first2=Ashu |date=2014-02-25 |title=Parataxonomic review of the Upper Cretaceous dinosaur eggshells belonging to the oofamily Megaloolithidae from India and Argentina |journal=Historical Biology |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=158–180 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2013.871718 |issn=0891-2963|hdl=11336/11654 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malkani |first=Sadiq |date=August 2024 |title=First ornithischian dinosaurs from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent (South Asia): Some evidences |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383000789_First_ornithischian_dinosaurs_from_Indo-Pakistan_subcontinent_South_Asia_Some_evidences |journal= |via=ResearchGate}}</ref>

The mammalian fauna of India also bears similarities with that of Madagascar, with the [[gondwanathere]] ''[[Bharattherium]]'', one of the most common mammals, being extremely similar to the malagasy ''[[Lavanify]]''. The most diverse mammals in the [[Maastrichtian]] of India are [[eutherians]], a clade normally associated with northern continents [[UA 8699|and also found in Madagascar in this epoch]], which combined with their ambiguous phylogenetic positions renders them extremely important in the understanding of [[placental]] evolution. Some like ''[[Deccanolestes]]'' have been variously interpreted as [[euarchonta]]ns,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Boyer | first1 = Doug M. | last2 = Prasad | first2 = Guntupalli V. R. | last3 = Krause | first3 = David W. | last4 = Godinot | first4 = Marc | last5 = Goswami | first5 = Anjali | last6 = Verma | first6 = Omkar | last7 = Flynn | first7 = John J. | year = 2010 | title = New postcrania of Deccanolestes from the Late Cretaceous of India and their bearing on the evolutionary and biogeographic history of euarchontan mammals | url = | journal = Naturwissenschaften | volume = 97 | issue = 4| pages = 365–77 | doi = 10.1007/s00114-010-0648-0 | pmid = 20130827 | bibcode = 2010NW.....97..365B }}</ref> [[adapisoriculid]]s,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Smith | first1 = Thierry | last2 = Bast | first2 = Eric | last3 = Sigé | first3 = Bernard | year = 2010 | title = Euarchontan affinity of Paleocene Afro-European adapisoriculid mammals and their origin in the late Cretaceous Deccan Traps of India | url = | journal = Naturwissenschaften | volume = 97 | issue = 4| pages = 417–22 | doi = 10.1007/s00114-010-0651-5 | pmid = 20174778 | bibcode = 2010NW.....97..417S }}</ref> or stem-[[afrotherian]]s,<ref name="ReferenceA">Erik R. Seiffert, The Oldest and Youngest Records of Afrosoricid Placentals from the Fayum Depression of Northern Egypt</ref> though the general consensus appears to be that they are non-placental eutherians and that there are no known Cretaceous [[placental]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Halliday | first1 = Thomas J. D. | year = 2015 | title = Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals | url = | journal = Biological Reviews | volume = 92| issue = 1| pages = 521–550 | doi = 10.1111/brv.12242 | pmid = 28075073 | pmc = 6849585 }}</ref> ''[[Kharmerungulatum]]'', formerly interpreted as a stem-[[ungulate]], is now known to be a representative of [[Zhelestidae]], a herbivorous non-placental eutherian clade.<ref>James David Archibald · Alexander Olegovich Averianov, Phylogenetic analysis, taxonomic revision, and dental ontogeny of the Cretaceous Zhelestidae (Mammalia: Eutheria), Article · Feb 2012 · Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</ref> Regardless of the phylogenetics of these eutherians, they almost certainly reached India and Madagascar through either Europe, Africa or mainland Asia;<ref>Krause, D.W., O'Connor, P.M., Rogers, K.C., Sampson, S.D., Buckley, G.A. and Rogers, R.R. 2006. Late Cretaceous terrestrial vertebrates from Madagascar: Implications for Latin American biogeography ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'' 93(2):178–208.</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/> later they would propagate across [[Gondwana]] as far west as [[Brazil]].<ref name="royalsocietypublishing">{{cite web|url=http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royopensci/5/5/180482.full.pdf|title=A Late Cretaceous mammal from Brazil and the first radioisotopic age for the Bauru Group|date=24 May 2018|author=Mariela C. Castro1, Francisco J. Goin, Edgardo Ortiz-Jaureguizar, E. Carolina Vieytes, Kaori Tsukui, Jahandar Ramezani, Alessandro Batezelli, Júlio C. A. Marsola1 and Max C. Langer|publisher=The Royal Society|access-date=10 June 2018}}</ref>

Probably the most spectacular representative of India's Cretaceous fauna is ''[[Avashishta]]'', a late surviving [[haramiyid]] and the last known non-mammalian [[synapsid]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Anantharaman | first1 = S. | last2 = Wilson | first2 = G. P. | last3 = Das Sarma | first3 = D. C. | last4 = Clemens | first4 = W. A. | year = 2006 | title = A possible Late Cretaceous "haramiyidan" from India | url = | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 26 | issue = 2| pages = 488–490 | doi = 10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[488:aplchf]2.0.co;2 }}</ref> Non-gondwanathere [[multituberculates]] and [[meridiolestida]]ns can probably also be inferred as having lived in India during this epoch, due to the former's presence in all landmasses including Madagascar<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Krause | first1 = David W. | last2 = Hoffmann | first2 = Simone | last3 = Werning | first3 = Sarah | year = 2017 | title = First postcranial remains of Multituberculata (Allotheria, Mammalia) from Gondwana | url = | journal = Cretaceous Research | volume = 80 | issue = | pages = 91–100 | doi = 10.1016/j.cretres.2017.08.009 | bibcode = 2017CrRes..80...91K }}</ref> and the latter being the dominant mammals in other known [[Gondwana]]n sites. An [[eutriconodont]], ''[[Indotriconodon magnus]]'', is also known, extending the range of this clade into the Late Cretaceous and the southern continents.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bajpai | first1 = Sunil | last2 = Rautela | first2 = Abhay | last3 = Yadav | first3 = Ravi | last4 = Mantilla | first4 = Gregory P. Wilson | year = 2024 | title = The first eutriconodontan mammal from the Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of India | url = | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 43| issue = 4| article-number = e2312234| doi = 10.1080/02724634.2024.2312234 }}</ref>

The [[herpetofauna]] of India in the Cretaceous is a mosaic of indigenous groups and forms that rafted their way from Asia. [[Neobatrachia]]ns are an indigenous clade and locally well represented as they are in Madagascar in the form of [[ranids]], [[hylids]], [[leptodactylids]], [[pelobatids]] and [[discoglossids]], as are [[madtsoiid]] [[snakes]] like ''[[Sanajeh]]'' and possibly ''[[Indophis]]'' and [[iguanian]] lizards, while [[Anguidae|anguids]] are from [[Laurasia]].<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite book | last1=Sahni | first1=A. | title=New Aspects of Mesozoic Biodiversity | chapter=Indian Cretaceous Terrestrial Vertebrates: Cosmopolitanism and Endemism in a Geodynamic Plate Tectonic Framework | series=Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences | date=2010 | volume=132 | pages=91–104 | doi=10.1007/978-3-642-10311-7_6 | isbn=978-3-642-10310-0 }}</ref> [[Caecillians]] are an indigenous Gondwanan clade, but their absence in Madagascar suggests that the Asian species have descended from African species that colonized India as it drifted north. The divergence between African and Asian groups has been estimated at 120 million years ago, indicating that this likely happened during the Cretaceous.<ref>Phylogenetic relationships of Indian caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) inferred from mitochondrial rRNA gene sequences, Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK b Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Division of Molecular Genetics, University of Glasgow, Pontecorvo Building, 56 Dumbarton Rd, Glasgow G11 6NU, Scotland, UK c Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom 695 581, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India Received 27 June 2001; received in revised form 17 December 2001</ref><ref name=":0" />

Several fish taxa are known from estuarine locales; most are marine species, but there are also forms like [[lepisosteids]], which do also occur in [[Africa]] but are otherwise rare in Gondwanan landmasses.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> [[Cichlids]] and other forms suspected of having had an Indian Gondwanan origin were most likely present.

=== Effects of the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event ===
The [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event|Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event]] had a particularly catastrophic effect in India, wiping out almost all terrestrial [[vertebrate]] lineages on the continent. It is thought that the effects of the [[Deccan Traps]] volcanism may have compounded the extinction event's impacts, making it especially devastating there. Only three extant [[tetrapod]] groups have representatives that can be verified as descending from Gondwanan endemics of Insular India: one family of [[frog]]s ([[Nasikabatrachus|Nasikabatrachidae]]), several families of caecilians ([[Grandisoniidae]], [[Chikilidae]] and [[Ichthyophiidae]]), and 1 family of [[Scolecophidia|blindsnakes]] ([[Gerrhopilidae]]). Notably, all three lineages have a [[fossorial]] mode of life, indicating that this lifestyle may have saved them from the extinction's impacts.<ref name=":0" /> Several mammal genera also survived the event, although they went extinct during the [[Paleocene]].<ref name=":2" />

[[Invertebrate]] fauna, especially soil invertebrates such as [[centipede]]s, were likely less affected by the extinction, and several lineages that persist today are thought to have Gondwanan ancestry.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Parreysiinae]], a subfamily of the [[Freshwater bivalve|freshwater mussel]] family [[Unionidae]], are thought to have originated in [[South Polar region of the Cretaceous|East Gondwana]] during the [[Jurassic]], and survived on both Africa and Insular India throughout the Cretaceous. Several different [[Tribe (biology)|tribes]] ([[Indochinellini]], [[Lamellidentini]], and [[Parreysiini]]) of the Parreysiinae evolved in isolation on Insular India. These endemic tribes managed to survive the K-Pg extinction, and colonized mainland Asia via both Insular India and the [[Burma terrane]], the latter of which collided with and was pushed north by Insular India during the Paleogene. They are now found throughout much of India and Southeast Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bolotov |first1=Ivan N. |last2=Pasupuleti |first2=Rajeev |last3=Subba Rao |first3=Nalluri V. |last4=Unnikrishnan |first4=Suresh Kumar |last5=Chan |first5=Nyein |last6=Lunn |first6=Zau |last7=Win |first7=Than |last8=Gofarov |first8=Mikhail Y. |last9=Kondakov |first9=Alexander V. |last10=Konopleva |first10=Ekaterina S. |last11=Lyubas |first11=Artyom A. |last12=Tomilova |first12=Alena A. |last13=Vikhrev |first13=Ilya V. |last14=Pfenninger |first14=Markus |last15=Düwel |first15=Sophie S. |date=2022-01-27 |title=Oriental freshwater mussels arose in East Gondwana and arrived to Asia on the Indian Plate and Burma Terrane |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=1518 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-05257-0 |pmid=35087130 |pmc=8795121 |bibcode=2022NatSR..12.1518B |s2cid=246360163 |issn=2045-2322}}</ref> Similarly, numerous lineages of [[Mantidae|mantises]] (clade [[Cernomantodea]]) are thought to have originated on the [[Antarctica|Antarctic]]-Indian landmass after the breakup of Gondwana, and persisted on Insular India after it broke away. This massive diversity of mantises survived the K-Pg extinction and invaded mainland Asia following the collision of Insular India with Asia.<ref name="onlinelibrary.wiley.com"/>

== Paleogene fauna ==
Following the near-total extirpation of vertebrate life from India during the K-Pg extinction, India's vertebrate fauna was successively rebuilt by dispersing lineages primarily from Asia, first over water during its period of isolation, and later via land when it collided with Asia. Some of India's surviving tetrapod Gondwanan vertebrate lineages were outcompeted by these new arrivals.<ref name=":0" />

It was previously thought that several major families of Neobatrachia ([[Ranidae]], [[Dicroglossidae]], [[Rhacophoridae]]) originated in India from an ancestor that colonized the continent from Africa during the Cretaceous. This was supported by closely related families ([[Nyctibatrachidae]], [[Ranixalidae]], [[Micrixalus|Micrixalidae]]) being endemic to India. However, more recent studies hypothesize that these families have a mainland Asian origin and colonized India during the [[Paleogene]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Feng |first1=Yan-Jie |last2=Blackburn |first2=David C. |last3=Liang |first3=Dan |last4=Hillis |first4=David M. |last5=Wake |first5=David B. |last6=Cannatella |first6=David C. |last7=Zhang |first7=Peng |date=2017-07-18 |title=Phylogenomics reveals rapid, simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=114 |issue=29 |pages=E5864–E5870 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1704632114 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=5530686 |pmid=28673970|bibcode=2017PNAS..114E5864F |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Paleocene fauna ===
The fossil record of the Paleocene of India, when the continent was a fully isolated landmass, is dubious and thus most inferrals about its fauna are somewhat speculative. It is known for certain that ''[[Deccanolestes]]'' and ''[[Bharattherium]]'' survived the K-Pg event,<ref name=":2">WILSON, Gregory P, NEW MAMMALIAN FOSSILS FROM THE INTERTRAPPEAN BEDS OF THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE DECCAN VOLCANIC PROVINCE AND THE CRETACEOUS–PALEOGENE TRANSITION IN INDIA, October 27, 2016</ref> though for how further long did non-placental eutherians and gondwanatheres live in India is unknown, and by the time the landmass makes contact with Asia they are most likely extinct.

During this epoch, unambiguous placental mammals make their way into India in spite of its isolation, probably by rafting like the many placental groups in Madagascar, or perhaps brief connections with Africa and Europe (the latter still an archipelago). [[Hyaenodonts]] are an endemic African clade, first showing outside of the continent in the Paleocene of India and Europe.<ref>Floréal Solé & Thierry Smith, Dispersals of placental carnivorous mammals (Carnivoramorpha, Oxyaenodonta & Hyaenodontida) near the Paleocene-Eocene boundary: a climatic and almost worldwide story, GEOLOGICA BELGICA (2013) 16/4: 254-261</ref> [[Glires]] evolved in Asia, but a lineage became isolated in India, where it gave rise to the lagomorphs.<ref name=":1"/>

For a while it was theorised that [[ostriches]] evolved in India during this epoch, under the assumption that European ratites like ''[[Palaeotis]]'' represented recent Asiatic migrations. However, the first unambiguous ostriches are now thought to have evolved in Africa, with [[Eogruiidae|eogruiids]] having occupied their ecological niche in Asia; likewise, European ratites are now thought to be among the oldest known,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Buffetaut | first1 = E. | last2 = Angst | first2 = D. | year = 2014 | title = Stratigraphic distribution of large flightless birds in the Palaeogene of Europe and its palaeobiological and palaeogeographical implications | url = | journal = Earth-Science Reviews | volume = 138 | issue = | pages = 394–408 | doi = 10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.07.001 }}</ref> and probably evolved independently there, being unrelated to ostriches. Still, India probably had a thriving [[paleognath]] fauna; the volant ancestors of [[Kiwi (bird)|kiwis]] and [[elephant birds]] presumably flew from there to Oceania and Madagascar respectively,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mitchell | first1 = K. J. | last2 = Llamas | first2 = B. | last3 = Soubrier | first3 = J. | last4 = Rawlence | first4 = N. J. | last5 = Worthy | first5 = T. H. | last6 = Wood | first6 = J. | last7 = Lee | first7 = M. S. Y. | last8 = Cooper | first8 = A. | year = 2014 | title = Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution | url = | journal = Science | volume = 344 | issue = 6186| pages = 898–900 | doi = 10.1126/science.1251981 | pmid = 24855267 }}</ref> while the mysterious ''[[Hypselornis]]'' may represent an indigenous clade.

=== Eocene fauna ===
By this time India already has an extensive placental fauna (as well as [[metatherians]] like ''[[Indodelphis]]''), but in its isolation there are still high degrees of endemism, with some clades like [[anthracobunids]] not being found elsewhere. A study on ''[[Cambaytherium]]'' suggests that [[Perissodactyla]] might have had an insular origin in India.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2020.1761370|doi=10.1080/02724634.2020.1761370|title=Anatomy, Relationships, and Paleobiology of Cambaytherium (Mammalia, Perissodactylamorpha, Anthracobunia) from the lower Eocene of western India|year=2019|last1=Rose|first1=Kenneth D.|last2=Holbrook|first2=Luke T.|last3=Kumar|first3=Kishor|last4=Rana|first4=Rajendra S.|last5=Ahrens|first5=Heather E.|last6=Dunn|first6=Rachel H.|last7=Folie|first7=Annelise|last8=Jones|first8=Katrina E.|last9=Smith|first9=Thierry|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=39|pages=1–147|bibcode=2019JVPal..39S...1R |s2cid=226263139|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The most notable endemic mammals are [[cetaceans]], which are in fact restricted to the Indian Subcontinent until the evolution of the marine "[[protocetids]]". Eocene India is also rich in [[bat]] remains, including many representatives of modern groups, though its unclear if this Indian chiropteran fauna represents an adaptive radiation or simply that bat fossils elsewhere are rare.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Eiting | first1 = T.P. | last2 = Gunnell | first2 = G.F. | year = 2009 | title = Global completeness of the bat fossil record | url = | journal = Journal of Mammalian Evolution | volume = 16 | issue = | pages = 151–173 | doi = 10.1007/s10914-009-9118-x }}</ref>

During this time, [[lagomorphs]] and [[hyaenodonts]] disperse out of India, establishing their cosmopolitan ranges.

The [[Gecarcinucidae]], a family of [[freshwater crab]]s widespread throughout much of tropical Asia, is thought to have originated in India, despite not being of ancient Gondwanan origins themselves. Divergence estimates indicate that the Gecarcinucidae originate from [[Southeast Asia]]n ancestors that dispersed to Insular India and diverged there during the middle Eocene, before India collided with Asia. As India drifted northwards, it may have come into close enough proximity to Southeast Asia to allow for dispersing lineages to colonize it. Notably, as the Gecarcinucidae are a freshwater group that could not disperse via marine habitats, this indicates that temporary [[land bridge]]s may have formed in the Eocene between India and Southeast Asia, allowing for the dispersal of freshwater organisms to India while it was still isolated. Following the India-Asia collision, the Gecarcinucidae dispersed back into mainland Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Klaus |first1=Sebastian |last2=Schubart |first2=Christoph D. |last3=Streit |first3=Bruno |last4=Pfenninger |first4=Markus |date=2010-09-17 |title=When Indian crabs were not yet Asian - biogeographic evidence for Eocene proximity of India and Southeast Asia |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=287 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-287 |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=2949875 |pmid=20849594 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2010BMCEE..10..287K }}</ref>

The giant [[Madtsoiidae|madtsoiid]] snake ''[[Vasuki indicus]]'' was likely the apex predator of this time and environment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Datta |first1=Debajit |last2=Bajpai |first2=Sunil |date=2024-04-18 |title=Largest known madtsoiid snake from warm Eocene period of India suggests intercontinental Gondwana dispersal |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=8054 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-58377-0 |pmid=38637509 |issn=2045-2322|pmc=11549349 |bibcode=2024NatSR..14.8054D }}</ref>

== Flora ==
The [[Dipterocarpoideae]], the largest subfamily of the [[Dipterocarpaceae]], is thought to originate from ancestors that dispersed from [[Africa]] to India during the Late Cretaceous. Surviving the K-Pg extinction event, the Dipterocarpoideae were isolated on Insular India (aside from some representatives in the [[Seychelles]]) until India's collision with Asia, after which they migrated out of the continent and diversified. The Dipterocarpaceae are now among the most widespread and dominant tree groups in tropical Asia. Fossil evidence indicates that the other subfamily of Dipterocarpaceae, the [[Monotoideae]] (presently found in Africa, [[Madagascar|Madagasar]], and [[South America]]), also colonized India and was present until the [[Eocene]], but ultimately went extinct in India and thus did not disperse to other parts of Asia.<ref name=":3"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Historical continents]]

Aadu (film series)

2026-05-02T14:14:21Z

Erlinda61E: Info

{{Short description|Indian film series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox media franchise
| title = Aadu
| creator = [[Midhun Manuel Thomas]]
| owner = [[Friday Film House]]
| films = ''[[Aadu (film)|Aadu]]'' (2015) ''[[Aadu 2]]'' (2017) ''[[Aadu 3]]'' (2026) ''[[Aadu 3#Sequel|Aadu 3: The Ride Ends - Part 2]]'' (TBA)
}}
'''Aadu''' is an Indian [[film series]] of [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy film]]s created by [[Midhun Manuel Thomas]] and produced by [[Friday Film House]]. The series follows the misadventures of Shaji Pappan and his quirky gang in the Idukki hills, where the gang's fate is intertwined with the other main characters, which results in a comedy mess each time.

The first in the series was ''[[Aadu (film)|Aadu]]'' (2015), which was centered around a goat named "Pinky" which Shaji and his team won as a prize in a [[tug-of-war]] tournament and the chaos caused because of it.

The second installment in the series, ''[[Aadu 2]]'' (2017) is based on the [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation]], where Shaji and his gang accidentally receive a note-printing design mistaking it for a medicine and the search for it by various people forms the crux of the story.

'' The third installment, [[Aadu 3]]'' (2026), is the first part of a two-part duology within the franchise. The film spans across three timelines, AD 1790 (past), 2025 AD (present) and 2370 AD (future) and how events in one timeline reach to Shaji Pappan and his gang. <ref>{{Cite news |title='Aadu 3' begins filming: Jayasurya returns as Shaji Paappan, Vijay Babu shares first look |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aadu-3-begins-filming-jayasurya-returns-as-shaji-paappan-vijay-babu-shares-first-look/articleshow/121072455.cms |access-date=2025-06-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> which released on 19 March 2026.

The franchise is to be concluded by ''[[Aadu 3#Sequel|Aadu 3: The Ride Ends - Part 2]]'' (TBA).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-17 |title=Midhun Manuel Thomas, Jayasurya unite for Aadu 3; director calls it franchise's biggest film: 'Pappan syndicate is coming' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/midhun-manuel-thomas-jayasurya-unite-for-aadu-3-director-calls-it-franchises-biggest-film-pappan-syndicate-is-coming-9218888/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Feature films==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Film
!Released
!Director
!Writer
!Studio(s)
!Installments
!{{refh}}
|-
!''[[Aadu (film)|Aadu]]''
|6 February 2015
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |[[Midhun Manuel Thomas]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Friday Film House]]
|First Installment
|rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-31 |title=Jayasurya-starrer Aadu 3 gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Aug/31/jayasurya-starrer-aadu-3-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Aadu 2]]''
|22 December 2017
|Second Installment
|-
!''[[Aadu 3]]''
|19 March 2026
|Friday Film House Kavya Film Company
|Third Installment, first part of a two-part film.
|-
|}

===''Aadu'' (2015){{efn|[[Aadu (film)|Aadu]] original title is "Aadu Oru Bheekara Jeeviyanu" (transl. Goat is a mysterious creature).}}===
{{Main|Aadu (film)}}
A local Tug-of-war tourney gifted Shaji Pappan and his gang, a cute but naughty little goat called 'Pinky'. Their attempts to dump the goat, unknowingly, interrupts few groups of smugglers, who are in race for the 'Neelakodiveli'.{{efn|[[Aadu (film)|Aadu]] is the first Malayalam film to introduce Intro/Theme music to all major characters.}}

===''Aadu 2'' (2017)===
{{Main|Aadu 2}}

Shaji Pappan and his gang try to redeem their arts club through a game of tug-o-war. Meanwhile, Pappan's back pain has become a bigger problem, so they orders an Ayurvedic medicine from North India. Chaos erupts when Pappan and his gang miscarries the counterfeit note design thinking as Medicine for his back pain. As the half-witted gang gets entangled in a bigger conspiracy.{{efn|Aadu 2 is based on 2016 demonetisation which was to curb Black money and to stop counterfeit notes.}}

===''Aadu 3'' (2026)===
{{Main|Aadu 3}}

In Aadu 3: One Last Ride - Part 1, Shaji Pappan and his legendary gang from the High Range return for a chaotic adventure that unexpectedly shatters the boundaries of time and logic. What begins as a signature "Aadu" style scramble for a mysterious object quickly escalates into a mind-bending historical fantasy, bridging the gap between a 1700s royal conflict involving Maharaja Padmanabha Thampuran ("Past version of Shaji Pappan") and a high-stakes struggle in the present day. As the lines between ancestors and their modern-day descendants blur, the gang finds themselves caught in a sprawling "temporal loop" where every slapstick mishap could rewrite history itself. The film serves as a massive, visually ambitious setup for a grand conclusion, leaving audiences balanced on a cliffhanger that questions if Shaji Pappan's luck can survive a battle across centuries.

==Additional crews==
{|class="wikitable"
!Film
!Producer(s)
!Cinematographer
!Music
!Editor
|-
!''[[Aadu (film)|Aadu]]''
|[[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]], [[Sandra Thomas]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Vishnu Narayanan]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Shaan Rahman]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Lijo Paul]]
|-
!''[[Aadu 2]]''
|Vijay Babu
|-
!''[[Aadu 3]]''
|Vijay Babu, Venu Kunnappilly
|Akhil George
|[[Shaan Rahman]], [[Dawn Vincent]]
|}

==Main cast and characters==

{|class="wikitable"
!rowspan="2"|Character
!colspan="3"|Films
|-
!''[[Aadu (film)|Aadu]]'' (2015)
!''[[Aadu 2]]'' (2017)
!''[[Aadu 3]]'' (2026)
|-
!Shaji Pappan
|align=center colspan="3"|[[Jayasurya]]
|-
!Arakkal Abu
|align=center colspan="3"|[[Saiju Kurup]]
|-
![[Sub-inspector|SI]] Sarbath Shameer
|align=center colspan="3"|[[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]]
|-
!Saathan Xavier
|align=center colspan="3"|[[Sunny Wayne]]
|-
!DUDE
|align=center colspan="3"|[[Vinayakan]]
|-
!Captain Sachin Cleetus
|align=center colspan="3"|[[Dharmajan Bolgatty]]
|-
!Kuttan Moonga
|align=center colspan="3"|[[Vineeth Mohan]]
|-
!Krishnan Mandaram
|align=center colspan="3"|[[Bhagath Manuel]]
|-
!Lolan
|align=center colspan="3"|[[Harikrishnan (Malayalam actor)|Harikrishnan]]
|-
!Bastin Pathrose
|align=center colspan="3"|Unni P. Dev
|-
!P.P Sasi Aashan
|align=center colspan="3"|[[Indrans]]
|-
!Kanjavu Soman
|align=center colspan="3"|[[Sudhi Koppa]]
|-
! Ponnappan
|align=center colspan="3"|[[Aju Varghese]]
|-
!Mary
|align=center colspan="3"|[[Srinda]]
|-
!Battery Simon
|align=center colspan="3"|[[Biju Kuttan]]
|-
!Dragon Paili
|align=center colspan="3"|[[Nelson Sooranad]]
|-
!Thomas Pappan
|align=center colspan="3"|[[Renji Panicker]]
|-
!High Range Hakkim
|align=center colspan="1"|[[Chemban Vinod Jose]]
| colspan=2 {{cEmpty}}
|-
! Constable Pavithran
|align=center colspan="2"|[[Pradeep Kottayam]]
| colspan=1 {{cEmpty}}
|-
!Kaippuzha Kunjappan
| colspan=1 {{cEmpty}}
|align=center colspan="2"|[[Vineeth Thattil David]]
|-
! Kuttan Moosa
| colspan=2 {{cEmpty}}
| align="center" | Krishna Jeev
|-
! Kate Lara
| colspan=2 {{cEmpty}}
| align="center" | Alleya Bourne
|-
|}

==Music==
[[Shaan Rahman]] composed the [[soundtrack]]s and [[Film Score|film scores]] for entire ''Aadu'' franchise.

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Film franchises introduced in 2015]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in India]]

Bharat Bind

2026-05-01T13:37:10Z

Erlinda61E: Article!

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1958)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
'''Bharat Bind''' (born 15 May 1958) is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He is an MLA from [[Bhabua Assembly constituency]] in [[Kaimur district|Kaimur District]]. He won the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Bhabua Election Result 2020 Live Updates: Bharat Bind of RJD Leading Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/bhabua-election-result-2020-live-updates-bhabua-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3061160.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bhabua Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |date=14 November 2025 |title=Bhabua Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/bhabua |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251204181530/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/bhabua |archivedate=4 December 2025 |accessdate=4 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Bhabua">{{cite news |date=4 December 2025 |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Bhabua |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04205.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251204181511/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04205.htm |archivedate=4 December 2025 |accessdate=4 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Bind is from [[Chainpur, Kaimur|Chainpur]], Kaimur District, Bihar. His father Ramdhani Bind is a farmer. He completed his Class 10 at Bahudeshiya High School, Ramgarh, Kaimur.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=9825 | title=Bharat Bind(RJD):Constituency- BHABUA(KAIMUR (BHABUA)) - Affidavit Information of Candidate }}</ref>

== Career ==
Bind won from Bhabua Assembly constituency representing Rashtriya Janata Dal in the 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election. He polled 57,561 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Rinki Rani Pandey of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 10,045 votes.<ref>{{Cite web | date=2020-11-10 |title=Bhabua Bihar Election 2020 Final Results LIVE:RJD Candidate BHARAT BIND wins from Bhabua, Bihar |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/bhabua-bihar-election-2020-results-live-vote-counting-begins-at-8-am-stay-tuned-for-updates-1385881 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Bihar election result 2020: Seat wise full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/bihar-assembly-polls-2020/story/bihar-election-result-full-list-of-winners-1739762-2020-11-10 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, he lost the 2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election, coming third behind winner Anand Bhushan Pandey of BJP who defeated Janata Dal's Pramod Kumar Singh by 7,744 votes. Contesting on BSP ticket, Bind polled 29,983 votes behind the top two.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-27 |title=Bihar Assembly Elections 2020 Bhabua Constituency: Will RJD's Bharat Bind snatch Bhabua from BJP's Rinki Rani Pandey |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/elections/bihar-assembly-election/bihar-assembly-elections-2020-bhabua-constituency-will-rjds-bharat-bind-snatch-bhabua-from-bjps-rinki-rani-10018919 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharat, Bind}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:People from Kaimur district]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

Nagastra-1

2026-04-28T06:45:11Z

Erlinda61E: Created new article - done

{{Short description|Unmanned aerial vehicle and loitering munition}}

{{Infobox weapon
| name = Nagastra-1
| image = PM Narendra Modi shown Solar Group's Nagastra-1 and Nagastra-2 Loitering drones.jpg
| origin = [[India]]
| type = [[Unmanned aerial vehicle]] [[Loitering munition]]
| is_ranged = Yes
| is_explosive = Yes
| is_vehicle = Yes
| is_missile = Yes
| used_by = [[Indian Army]]
| wars = [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]]
| designer = Z-Motion Autonomous Systems Economic Explosives Limited
| design_date =
| manufacturer = Economic Explosives Limited
| unit_cost =
| production_date = 2024–current
| weight = {{convert|8-9|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| length =
| width =
| filling = [[High-explosive]] [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmentation]]
| filling_weight = {{convert|1-1.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| engine = [[Electric motor]]
| payload_capacity =
| vehicle_range = {{convert|30-40|km|abbr=on}}
| ceiling = >{{convert|4500|m|km|abbr=on}} [[AMSL]]
| altitude = >{{convert|200|m|abbr=on}} [[Above ground level|AGL]]
| speed =
| accuracy = {{convert|2|m|abbr=on}} [[Circular error probable|CEP]]
}}

The '''Nagastra-1''' is an indigenously designed, portable [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] and [[loitering munition]], developed by the [[Nagpur]] based private company Economic Explosives Limited in collaboration with [[Bengaluru]] based [[Startup company|startup]] Z-Motion Autonomous Systems. It is intended to give the [[Indian Army]] a modern, lightweight, and adaptable system for [[asymmetric warfare]], such as [[reconnaissance]] and [[precision strike]]s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title=Army gets Nagastra-1, India's first indigenous suicide drone |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-army-nagasatra-1-first-indigenous-suicide-drone-defence-technology-2553109-2024-06-14 |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Nagastra-1 can precisely locate, track, and destroy the target. It is used for concentrated attacks against single, authorized target while reducing [[collateral damage]]. With [[AI]] capabilities, Nagastra-1 can keep circling the skies until it locates its target. By delivering precise hits on enemy training camps, launch pads, and infiltration units, the Nagastra-1 lowers the risk for soldiers. As per the company, Nagastra-1 is made of over 75% indigenous content.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-09 |title=Nagpur's Nagastra flies over Lahore, presents doomsday |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1530963&u=nagpurs-nagastra-flies-over-lahore-presents-doomsday-1530963 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=India Army's drone arsenal expands: Nagastra-1 brings enhanced lethality and precision to battlefield |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/defence/2024/12/04/india-armys-drone-arsenal-expands-nagastra-1-brings-enhanced-lethality-and-precision-to-battlefield.html |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite news |date=2024-06-17 |title=Army unleashes 'silent killer' indigenous Nagastra-1 suicide drones along Pakistan, China borders: Key features revealed |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/army-unleashes-silent-killer-indigenous-nagastra-1-suicide-drones-along-pakistan-china-borders-key-features-revealed/articleshow/110996803.cms |access-date=2025-05-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== History and development ==
The use of [[loitering munition]]s during the [[Nagorno-Karabakh conflict]], the [[Red Sea crisis]], the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], and the [[China|Chinese]] acquisitions of suicide drones as well as the increase in drone-related incidents in India's border areas, particularly with [[Pakistan]], prompted Economics Explosives Limited, a subsidiary of Solar Industries, to work with Indian startup Z-Motion Autonomous Systems to develop Nagastra-1 for the [[Indian Army]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kweera |first=Rakshit |date=6 May 2023 |title=Drones: An Emerging Threat on the Volatile India-Pakistan Border |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/05/drones-an-emerging-threat-on-the-volatile-india-pakistan-border/ |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Patil |first1=Sameer |last2=Arora |first2=Raj |date=8 May 2023 |title=Countering Hostile Drone Activity on the India-Pakistan Border |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/countering-hostile-drone-activity-on-the-india-pakistan-border |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=orfonline.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Joy |date=2024-12-30 |title=Is LAC in danger as China acquiring 1 million suicide drones, India's Nagastra ready to… |url=https://www.india.com/news/world/is-lac-in-danger-as-china-acquiring-1-million-suicide-drones-indias-nagastra-ready-to-7502914/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=india.com |language=en}}</ref> Nagastra-1 is man-portable, [[Electric powered aircraft|electric powered]] fixed wing [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]/[[loitering munition]]. With a total weight of 30 kg divided between two [[backpack]], the Nagastra-1 weapon system includes a payload, communication control, portable [[ground control station]], and a [[Pneumatics|pneumatic]] launcher. Nagastra-1 is based on Z Motion Autonomous Systems' Trinetra loitering munition. The [[UAV]] weighs 8–9 kg and has a 30-minute [[Flight endurance record|flight endurance]] time with two electric motors. With man-in-loop control, its range is 15 km, while in autonomous mode, it can reach 30–40 km.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Dhruv |date=2024-06-14 |title=Indigenous Nagastra-1 Suicide Drones Delivered To Army Set for Induction |url=https://bharatshakti.in/indigenous-nagastra-1-suicide-drones-delivered-to-army-set-for-induction/ |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=Bharat Shakti |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-25 |title=Indian Kamikaze Drone Going Global |url=https://resonantnews.com/2025/01/25/indian-kamikaze-drone-going-global/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=resonantnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Sof |first=Eric |date=2023-06-18 |title=EEL Nagastra: India's Indigenous Loitering Munition Revolutionizes Defense Capabilities |url=https://combatoperators.com/vehicles/air/loitering-munition/eel-nagastra-1/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Combat Operators |language=en-US}}</ref> The 30-minute flight endurance time has now been extended to 60 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-15 |title=Market reacts to this defence firm's involvement in strategic Operation Sindoor |url=https://www.manufacturingtodayindia.com/market-reacts-to-this-defence-firms-involvement-in-strategic-operation-sindoor |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=Manufacturing Today India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pant |first=Asmita |date=2024-06-14 |title=Nagastra-1: Indian Army is now equipped with first batch of high-precision, man-portable suicide drones |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/nagastra-1-indian-army-receives-first-batch-of-high-precision-man-portable-suicide-drones-19428435.htm |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-21 |title=Solar Industries to supply UAV 'Nagastra' to Indian Army |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/solar-industries-to-supply-uav-nagastra-to-indian-army/articleshow/99664452.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-05-17 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
[[File:PM Narendra Modi shown Solar Group's Nagastra-1 and Nagastra-2 Loitering drone warhead.jpg|thumb|Nagastra warhead on display]]
Nagastra-1 carries 1-1.5 kg of [[high-explosive]] [[fragmentation warhead]] with surveillance cameras for day and night operation.<ref name="Arya">{{Cite news |last=Arya |first=Shishir |date=2023-04-21 |title=Nagpur's Nagastra beats global munition biggies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/nagpurs-nagastra-beats-global-munition-biggies/articleshow/99654468.cms |access-date=2025-05-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> After taking off, Nagastra-1 can fly over a designated region and look for a suitable target. When the target is located, it dives at it and eliminates it. Nagastra-1 allows for quicker reaction times for moving targets. Due to the ability to modify or cancel attacks in mid-flight, more selective targeting is possible by faster response time against hidden targets. Because it uses an electric propulsion system, the UAV has a low sound signature, making it almost undetectable at heights above 200 meters. In [[kamikaze]] mode, Nagastra-1 can use [[GPS]]/[[NavIC]] [[satellite guidance]] to eliminate hostile threats with an accuracy of up to 2 meters [[Circular error probable|CEP]]. Nagastra-1 has the ability to terminate its mission in midair and be recovered using a parachute recovery mechanism for use in future missions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Teotia |first=Riya |date=2024-06-14 |title=Indian Army receives first batch of indigenous suicide drones 'Nagastra-1' |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/indian-army-receives-first-batch-of-indigenous-suicide-drones-nagastra-1-731652 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Nagastra-1R ===
A 360-degree [[gimbal]] camera is part of the system, and for night missions, a [[thermal camera]] can be added. It also has a high-precision targeting system with a [[circular error probable]] (CEP) of 2 meters, as well as proprietary [[encryption]] for safe video and [[telemetry]] transmissions. More than 80% of the system's parts are indigenous. Successful field tests have been conducted at [[Babina, Uttar Pradesh|Babina]], and [[Ladakh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-23 |title=Indian Army orders 450 more Nagastra-1R loitering munitions from Solar Defence |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/indian-army-orders-450-more-nagastra-1r-loitering-munitions-from-solar-defence-19625218.htm |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Features ==

* Lightweight, portable and easy to carry the entire weapon system in two [[backpack]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Linganna |first=Girish |date=2024-06-16 |title=Nagastra-1: India's first indigenous suicide drone |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/report-new-standard-for-tactical-warfare-nagastra-1-is-india-first-indigenous-suicide-drone-3093593 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
* Precision strike capability in [[kamikaze]] mode.<ref name=":02" />
* Operation at high altitudes above 4,500 meters.<ref name=":02" />
* Cameras for day and night surveillance and a warhead for soft-skin targets.<ref name=":02" />
* Recall and reuse. A parachute-based mid-flight recovery system and a mission abort function for unidentified targets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-21 |title=Nagpur firm to supply UAV 'Nagastra-1' to Indian Army; know features of the precision strike drone |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india-defence/nagpur-firm-to-supply-uav-nagastra-1-to-indian-army-know-features-of-the-precision-strike-drone-snt-rtgppl |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Asianet Newsable |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02" /><ref name=":3" />

== Future development ==
[[File:PM Narendra Modi shown Solar Group's Nagastra Loitering drone on launch platform.jpg|thumb|Nagastra-3 on display]]
While the subsidiary company Economic Explosives Limited, began developmental works for the Nagastra-2 and Nagastra-3, more advanced variants of the platform with improved warhead carrying capacity and flying endurance. The design and development of a medium altitude long endurance class of drones has also been proposed by Solar Industries.<ref name=":2" /> For man-in-loop control, the 12 kg Nagastra-2 carrying 2.2–4 kg anti-tank/anti-personnel warhead will have a range of more than 25 km and can hover over a target for 90 minutes. It is used against [[Armoured warfare|armored warfare]] targets.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Katoch (Retd) |first=Lt. General P.C. |date=2023-05-15 |title=Indigenous Nagastra Kamikaze Drone |url=https://www.sps-aviation.com/experts-speak/?id=723&h=Indigenous-Nagastra-Kamikaze-Drone |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=sps-aviation.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Abhijeet |date=2024-06-14 |title=Indian Army gets first indigenous suicide drones with reusable technology |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/indian-army-gets-first-indigenous-suicide-drones-with-reusable-technology-124061400184_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318211941/https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/indian-army-gets-first-indigenous-suicide-drones-with-reusable-technology-124061400184_1.html |archive-date=2025-03-18 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Business Standard |location=India |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3" />

The Nagastra-3 is a component of Medium Range Precision Kill System. The Ministry of Defense has placed it under Project Sanction Order in the Make-I category of the Defense Acquisition Procedure 2020. The operational range and endurance of Nagastra-3 will be up to 100 km and more than 5 hours, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Karishma |date=2025-03-30 |title=What is Nagastra-3? India's New Loitering Munition In The Making |url=https://www.news18.com/india/what-is-nagastra-3-indias-new-loitering-munition-in-the-making-9280649.html |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Order ==
On 24 April 2023, Solar Industries announced that Economic Explosives Limited had defeated contenders from Poland's [[WB Electronics Warmate]] and Israel's [[UVision Air]] to secure a [[₹]]212 [[crore]] contract with the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defense]] for the provision of supplying loitering munitions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-24 |title=Solar Industries India bags Rs 212 crore order from Ministry of Defence |url=https://psuwatch.com/defencewatch/solar-industries-india-bags-rs-212-crore-order-from-ministry-of-defence |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=PSU Watch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bisht |first=Inder Singh |date=2023-04-26 |title=Indian Army Procures Over 400 Locally-Made Kamikaze Drones |url=https://thedefensepost.com/2023/04/26/indian-army-kamikaze-drones/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=thedefensepost.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Arya"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title=What is Nagastra-1, Indian Army's first 'Make in India' suicide drones? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/what-is-nagastra-1-indian-armys-first-make-in-india-suicide-drones-13782576.html |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> Compared to similar airborne weaponry imported from Poland and Israel, Nagastra-1 is found 40% less expensive.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Huma |date=2024-06-16 |title=India advances in drone warfare with Nagastra 1 Deployment |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-india-advances-in-drone-warfare-with-nagastra-1-deployment-3526250/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

As part of its ongoing efforts to improve precision-strike capabilities and update its artillery and infantry support systems, the Indian Army ordered 450 Nagastra-1R loitering munitions on 23 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-23 |title=Army drone deal: India orders 450 Nagastra-1R units; SDAL touts reusable, precision strike edge |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/army-drone-deal-india-orders-450-nagastra-1r-units-sdal-touts-reusable-precision-strike-edge/articleshow/122022676.cms |access-date=2025-07-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-23 |title=Nagastra-1R suicide drone: Check the features of this made in India drone |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/nagastra-1r-suicide-drone-check-the-features-of-this-made-in-india-drone/articleshow/122018179.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-23 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Operational history ==
The Indian Army confirmed the system's readiness for deployment by completing a pre-delivery inspection for the first batch of Nagastra-1 which consists of 120 units at Army Ammunition Depot in [[Pulgaon]] between 20–25 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Army inducts indigenous Nagastra-1 kamikaze drones from Solar Industries |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/indian-army-inducts-indigenous-nagastra-1-kamikaze-drones-from-solar-industries20240614213638/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=ANI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagastra-1, India's own suicide drone for Army: 6 things to know - First batch of Nagastra-1 delivered |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/nagastra-1-indias-own-suicide-drone-for-army-6-things-to-know/first-batch-of-nagastra-1-delivered/slideshow/110999427.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref>

In order to acquire and engage targets during [[Operation Sindoor]], the Indian Army employed Nagastra-1.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-28 |title=Watch: Indian Army simulates future warfare using AI and drones near China border |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/watch-indian-army-simulates-future-warfare-using-ai-and-drones-near-china-border/articleshow/122949671.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Govt is committed to achieving Aatmanirbharta in ammunition manufacturing & make the country a global production hub: Raksha Mantri |date=2026-01-18 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2215884&reg=3&lang=1 |quote=He added that Nagastra drones, manufactured by the Solar Group, were successfully used during Operation Sindoor, as it accurately struck terrorist targets, thereby proving its strategic capability. |access-date=2026-01-19}}</ref>

== Operators ==
{{Flag|India}}
* {{Army|India}}: The initial batch of 120 units were delivered in June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title=Watch: Army Inducts Indigenous Nagastra-1 Precision "Kamikaze Drones" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/watch-army-inducts-indigenous-nagastra-1-precision-kamikaze-drones-5891971 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> Additional 480 units delivered in December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-03 |title=Indian Army receives 480 loitering munitions from Solar Industries for precision strike capabilities |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/indian-army-receives-480-loitering-munitions-from-solar-industries-for-precision-strike-capabilities20241203083214/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=ANI |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[WB Electronics Warmate]]
* [[UVision Air#HERO product line|UVision Air Hero]]
* [[AeroVironment Switchblade]]
* [[Raytheon Coyote]]
* [[ZALA Lancet]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Aerial warfare]]
[[Category:Unmanned military aircraft of India]]
[[Category:Loitering munitions]]
[[Category:Post–Cold War military equipment of India]]
[[Category:Weapon development]]
[[Category:Guided weapons]]
[[Category:Drone warfare]]
[[Category:One-way attack drones]]

Aswamedham (TV series)

2026-04-27T15:44:35Z

Erlinda61E: Done!

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Aswamedham logo.png
| caption = Logo used since 2024
| runtime = 30 mins (season 3)
| creator = [[Kairali TV]]
| presenter = [[G. S. Pradeep]]
| country = India
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]] (Kerala,Trivandrum)
| network = [[Kairali TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2001}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2006}}
| first_aired2 = {{Start date|2014}}
| last_aired2 = {{End date|2014}}
| first_aired3 = {{Start date|2024|09|23|df=y}}
| last_aired3 = {{End date|2025|05|28}}
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 1500
}}
'''''Aswamedham''''' is a reverse quiz programme in [[Kairali TV]],<ref>Surendran, P. K. (27 March 2002) [[The Times of India]]. ''[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4881680.cms Reverse quiz the latest fad in Kerala.]''</ref> a [[Malayalam]] channel, in the format of ''[[twenty questions]]''. It was one of the most successful programmes in Kairali TV. This programme, anchored by "Grandmaster" [[G. S. Pradeep]],<ref>[[Bahrain Tribune]] (19 December 2003) ''Largest stage for Kairali Gulf Pageantry.'' Republished by [[The Associated Press|AP Worldstream]].</ref> has entered the [[Limca Book of Records]] for the reaching 500 episodes.<ref name="Grand">[[The Hindu]] (5 June 2006) ''{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20060905074101/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/06/10/stories/2006061000470400.htm Here comes "Grand Master"]}}''</ref><ref>[[The Hindu]] (31 August 2006) ''Meet the Grandmaster"''.</ref> The second part of the programme was started in November 2005 in Kairali TV.<ref name="Grand"/> ''Aswamedham'' set features a galloping horse on a rotating pedestal.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=26 April 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001092101/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/04/26/stories/2007042601440200.htm | archive-date=1 October 2007 | url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/04/26/stories/2007042601440200.htm | title=The wizard of shows}}</ref> The Programme has won many laurels and awards. Some surveys conducted in the libraries of kerala during 2005 has proven that Aswamedham has played a vital role in enhancing the reading habits of malayalee youth.

The Tamil channel [[Vijay TV]] aired the Tamil version of the programme starting June 2006 under the name ''Grandmaster'' with Pradeep and ''Shilpa Kavalam'' as the anchor.<ref name="Grand"/> Shakthi TV is also airing the Tamil version of Aswamedham with the Sinhalese subtitles and is titled as ''Shakthi Grandmaster.'' In literature, Aswamedham also refers to a drama written in the same name by [[Thoppil Bhasi]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

Ashwamedham is a quiz programme broadcast on Kairali TV. It is noted for its focus on knowledge-based competition and its structured format. The show has been described as one of the channel. The show has been described as one of the channel's successful programmes and has gained popularity among viewers for its emphasis on intellectual engagement.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=9 May 2004 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040927132022/http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/09/stories/2004050900950500.htm | archive-date=27 September 2004 | url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/09/stories/2004050900950500.htm | title=Polls bring them close to the world outside}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2000s Indian television series]]

Zafeeruddin Miftahi

2026-04-24T21:09:27Z

Erlinda61E: Started A Entry

{{short description|Indian Mufti}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Mawlāna, Mufti
| name = Zafeeruddin Miftāhi
| image = Mufti Zafeeruddin Miftahi.jpg
| office2 = 2nd President of [[Islamic Fiqh Academy, India|Islamic Fiqh Academy]]
| term_start2 = 2002
| term_end2 = 31 March 2011
| predecessor2 = [[Mujahidul Islam Qasmi]]
| successor2 = [[Nematullah Azami]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Maulana Nematullah Azmi elected as president of Islamic Fiqh Academy |url=https://twocircles.net/2011may31/maulana_nematullah_azmi_elected_president_islamic_fiqh_academy.html |access-date=7 October 2020 |work=[[Two Circles]] |date=31 May 2011}}</ref>
| module2 = {{Infobox religious biography| embed = yes
|birth_date = 7 March 1926
|birth_place = [[Darbhanga]], [[British India]] {{small|(present day [[Bihar]], India)}}
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2011|03|31|1926|03|07}}
|resting_place =
|religion=[[Islam]]
|alma_mater = Jamia Miftahul Uloom
|students = [[Ishtiaque Ahmad Qasmi]]
|denomination = Sunni Hanafi
|movement = [[Deobandi]]
|notable_works = Compilation of the ''Fatāwa Darul Uloom Deoband'' of [[Azizur Rahman Usmani]], ''Islām Ka Nizām-e-Masājid''
}}
}}
'''Zafeeruddin Miftāhi''' (7 March 1926 – 31 March 2011) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] Muslim scholar and jurist who served as a Mufti of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] and the second president of [[Islamic Fiqh Academy, India|Islamic Fiqh Academy]]. He compiled the religious verdicts of [[Azizur Rahman Usmani]], called the ''Fatāwa Darul Uloom Deoband'' in twelve volumes and wrote books including ''Islām Ka Nizām-e-Masājid'', ''Islām Ka Nizām Iffat-o-Asmat'' and ''Tārīkh-e-Masājid''.

Miftāhi was an alumnus of Jamia Miftahul Uloom. He was a member of Board of Studies at the Sunni Theology department of Aligarh Muslim University. He served the Deoband seminary for fifty years and issued one hundred thousand religious edicts.

==Biography==
Zafeeruddin Miftāhi was born on 7 March 1926 (22 [[Sha'ban]] 1344 [[Hijri year|AH]]) in [[Darbhanga]].{{Sfn|Amīni|2017|p=929}} He received his primary education at home and was schooled at Madrasa Mahmudiya, in [[Terai]], [[Nepal]]. He studied intermediate classes of Arabic and Persian at Madrasa Wāris al-Ulūm in [[Chhapra]] from 1933 to 1940. He graduated from the Jamia Miftahul Uloom where he studied from 1940 to 1944 with [[Habibur Rahman Azami|Habib al-Rahman al-'Azmi]] and Abdul Lateef Nomani.{{Sfn|Amīni|2017|p=930}} His other teachers include [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], [[Sulaiman Nadwi]], [[Minatullah Rahmani]], [[Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi]] and [[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi]].{{Sfn|Amīni|2017|p=922}}

After his graduation in 1944, Miftāhi taught at the Jamia Miftahul Uloom for one year and then moved to Ma'dan al-Ulūm in [[Lucknow]] where he taught for three years between September 1945 and January 1948.{{Sfn|Amīni|2017|p=930}} From January 1948 to 1956, he taught at Darul Uloom Muīnia in [[Begusarai]], with a gap of one year in between; during which he taught at [[Jamia Islamia Talimuddin]].{{Sfn|Amīni|2017|p=930}} In [[Shawwal]] 1364 [[Hijri year|AH]], Miftāhi went to study at the [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]] in Lucknow at [[Sulaiman Nadwi]]'s suggestion and studied there for few months.{{Sfn|Amīni|2017|p=930}}

Miftāhi was first appointed in the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] to compile [[fatawa]].{{Sfn|Qāsmi|2011|p=132}} Between 1962 and 1972, he compiled the fatawa of [[Azizur Rahman Usmani]] in twelve volumes.{{Sfn|Amīni|2017|p=930}} In [[Safar]] 1385 AH, the executive council of Deoband seminary appointed him to write the [[editorial]] for ''[[Monthly Darul Uloom]]'', which he continuously wrote for seventeen years.{{Sfn|Amīni|2017|p=931}}{{Sfn|Qāsmi|2011|pp=219–223}} In 1993, he was appointed a Mufti in the Darul Ifta of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]; a post he served till 21 August 2008.{{Sfn|Amīni|2017|p=931}} He served in the Deoband seminary for fifty years and wrote one [[lakh]] [[fatawa]].{{Sfn|Qāsmi|2011|pp=31-32}} He retired from Deoband on 22 August 2008 at a monthly pension of 2000 [[Indian rupees|INR]] which he received throughout his life.{{Sfn|Amīni|2017|p=931}}

Miftāhi was a founding figure of the [[Islamic Fiqh Academy, India|Islamic Fiqh Academy]] and became its president after [[Mujahidul Islam Qasmi]].{{Sfn|Qāsmi|2011|pp=153-154}} He was a member of Board of Studies at the Sunni Theology department of [[Faculty of Theology, Aligarh Muslim University|Aligarh Muslim University]].{{Sfn|Qāsmi|2011|p=363}}

Miftāhi died on 31 March 2011. His funeral prayer was led by Saud Alam Qasmi, the former dean of the Faculty of Theology at [[Faculty of Theology, Aligarh Muslim University|Aligarh Muslim University]] on 1 April 2011.{{Sfn|Qāsmi|2011|p=130}}

==Literary works==
Miftāhi compiled the religious verdicts of [[Azizur Rahman Usmani]], commonly known as ''Fatāwa Darul Uloom Deoband'' in twelve volumes between 1962 and 1972.{{Sfn|Amīni|2017|p=930}}<ref>{{cite book |author1=Julia Stephens |title=Governing Islam: Law, Empire, and Secularism in Modern South Asia |date=21 June 2018 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=77 |isbn=9781107173910 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8glaDwAAQBAJ&q=deoband+ifta&pg=PA76 |access-date=7 October 2020}}</ref> His discourses on the Quran, entitled ''Dars-e-Qur'ān'', were published in ten volumes. He wrote biographical works about [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi]], [[Manazir Ahsan Gilani]] and [[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi]].{{Sfn|Qāsmi|2011|pp=219–223}} His other books include:{{Sfn|Qāsmi|2011|pp=219–223}}
* ''Islām Ka Nizām-e-Masājid'' (Its English translation ''Mosque in Islam'' by Zaheerun Nabi was published in 1996 by Institute of Objective Studies, New Delhi).
* ''Islām Ka Nizām Iffat-o-Asmat'' (Its English translation ''Modesty and chastity in Islam'' was first published in [[Kuwait]] and second time by Qazi Publishers during 1993 in [[New Delhi]]. Persian translation was published as ''Hijāb-o-Iffat az Dīdgah-e-Islām'' in [[Tehran]]).
* ''Tārīkh-e-Masājid''
* ''Mashāhīr Ulama-e-Deoband''
* ''Darul Uloom: Qayām awr Iska Pas-e-Manzar''
* ''Darul Uloom: Ek Azeem Maktab Fikr''
* ''Nizām-e-Tarbiyyat'' (Darul Uloom Deoband has published its Arabic translation ''Ināyat al-Islām bi al-Tarbiyyat al-Atfāl'').
* ''Islām Ka Nizām-e-Hayāt''
* ''Jurm-o-Saza Kitāb-o-Sunnat Ki Roshni Mai''
* ''Islāmi Hukūmat ke Naqsh-o-Nigār''
* ''Islām ka Nizām-e-Amn''

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Qāsmi |editor1-first=Muhammad Saud Alam |title=Hayāt-e-Zafeer |trans-title = The Life of Zafeer|publisher=IFA Publications |location=[[Islamic Fiqh Academy, India]] |date=September 2011 |language=ur}}
* {{cite book |last1=Amīni |first1=Nūr Alam Khalīl |author-link1=Noor Alam Khalil Amini |title=Pas-e-Marg Zindah |publisher=Idāra Ilm-o-Adab |location=[[Deoband]] |date=February 2017|pages=913–932 |language=ur |chapter=Hadhrat Mawlāna Mufti Muḥammad Zafeeruddin Miftāhi Sāheb}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/497233 Mufti Md Zafiruddinshakhsiat Aur Khidmat] (PhD thesis) by Sasim Akhtar
* {{cite book |last1= Qasmi |first1= Nayab Hasan|title=Darul Uloom Deoband ka Sahāfati Manzarnāma |publisher=Idara Tahqeeq-e-Islami |location=[[Deoband]] |pages=214–216 |date=2013 |language=ur |chapter=Mufti Zafeeruddin Miftāhi}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Darbhanga]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Hanafi fiqh scholars]]
[[Category:Muftis]]

Chholas Sadat

2026-04-24T05:51:42Z

Erlinda61E: new new article

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=January 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date = May 2009}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chholas sadat
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gautam Budh Nagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Elected member
| governing_body =
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8567
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =<ref name="2011 census data">{{cite web|title=Census of India Search details |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=132215|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 203207
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
}}

[[File:Mosque chholas sadat.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Juma Mosque Chholas Sadat, Uttar Pradesh, India.]]
Chholas '''is also known as Chholas Sadat.'''
According to the 2011 census information, the location code or village code of Chholas village is 120197. Chholas is located in Tehsil Dadri, District Gautam Buddha Nagar in Uttar Pradesh. It is situated 14 km away from sub-district headquarter Dadri and 24 km away from district headquarter Gautam Buddha Nagar.

The village covers 653.04 hectares and has a total population of 6,192. There are about 993 houses in the village. The nearest town is [[Dadri]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}
https://vill.co.in/uttar-pradesh/gautam-buddha-nagar/dadri-141007420/chholas-007421201970/

[[Category:Villages in Gautam Buddha Nagar district]]

Khalilur Rahman Chowdhury (Indian politician)

2026-04-23T17:09:20Z

Erlinda61E: Starting the biography initial version

{{short description|Indian politician|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Khalilur Rahman Chowdhury''' was an Indian politician from the state of [[Assam]].

He was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]], the lower house of Indian state, from [[Jamunamukh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamunamukh Vidhan Sabha constituency]] from 1996 to 2006. He was initially a member of the [[Asom Gana Parishad]]. Later he joined [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=sep1114/state052 |title=8 candidates in the fray in Jamunamukh seat |access-date=17 October 2016 |archive-date=18 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018225002/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=sep1114/state052 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://twocircles.net/node/244993 Assam Phase 1: 62 seats, 116 Muslim candidates but only 26 can win]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=mar1411/at07 |title=Cong releases list, retains most sitting MLAs |access-date=17 October 2016 |archive-date=18 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018225451/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=mar1411/at07 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He died in July 2020 from COVID-19, aged 94.<ref>https://www.newagebd.net/article/111912/article/35972</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chowdhury, Khalilur Rahman}}
[[Category:1920s births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Asom Gana Parishad politicians]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:People from Nagaon district]]

{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}

Ka. So. Ka. Kannan

2026-04-19T22:13:44Z

Erlinda61E: Starting first stub first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ka. So. Ka. Kannan
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| image = Kasokakannan.jpg
| constituency = [[Jayankondam]]
| predecessor = K. N. Ramalingam
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
(1996-present)
| spouse = Malathi Kannan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|06|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = Kandiyankollai
| parents = [[K. C. Ganesan]] (father)
Manimegalai (mother)
| alma_mater = [[Manonmaniam Sundaranar University]]
| occupation = Politician
Farmer
Educationist
}}

'''Ka. So. Ka. Kannan''' is an Indian politician from the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]. He is representing [[Jayankondam Assembly constituency|Jayankondam]] constituency in [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].

== Elections contested ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Runner-up
! Runner-up Party
! Runner-up vote %
! Ref.
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Jayankondam Assembly constituency|Jayankondam]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Won ||46.00% || K. Balu|| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]] || 43.48%|| <ref name=":0">{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211228045341/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC150.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC150.pdf|access-date= 1 May 2022 |archive-date=28 Dec 2021}}</ref>
|}

== Early-Life ==
Ka So Ka Kannan was born on 30 June 1978 in Kandiyankollai village near [[Jayankondam]] in [[Ariyalur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. He completed his schooling in AJC Junior College in [[Kumbakonam]] and KAP Viswanathan school in [[Tiruchirappalli]] then proceeded to pursue his [[BCom]] and [[MCom]] degrees at [[Manonmaniam Sundaranar University]]. His father, [[K. C. Ganesan]], was a dedicated follower of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] and [[M. Karunanidhi]]. [[K. C. Ganesan]] served as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] for the [[Jayankondam Assembly constituency]] two terms.

== Personal life ==
He currently resides in Pon Nagar, Jayankondam. He is married to Malathi Kannan, a dentist, and the couple has two children.

== Political career ==
Ka So Ka Kannan, inspired by his father's political involvement, began his political career at the age of 23. In 2000, he was appointed Union Secretary of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) for [[T.Palur Block|T.Palur]], a position he continues to hold. His leadership qualities were soon recognized when he contested the [[Local Body elections (India)]] in 2001 and was elected as a [[Councillor]] representing the [[Edanganni]] and Chindamani wards.

Demonstrating his commitment to local issues, Kannan led a notable protest against the transfer of water from the [[Kollidam River]] to [[Chennai]] for the [[Veeranam Lake]] project. His efforts, supported by local MLAs and ward members, earned widespread appreciation and strengthened his community support.

In 2006, he successfully contested the [[Local Body Election in Tamil Nadu|Local Body Election]] from the [[Udayanatham (East)|Udayanatham]] ward and served as the [[Chairman]] of the [[T.Palur Block|T.Palur Panchayat Union]] from 2006 to 2011. Throughout his tenure, he implemented various initiatives that resonated with the local population, solidifying his reputation as an effective leader.

Kannan has been an active participant in DMK-organized protests and played a pivotal role in election campaigns. Recognizing his dedication and influence, the DMK nominated Kannan as its candidate for the 2021 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|Member of the Legislative Assembly Election]] in the [[Jayankondam Assembly constituency]]. After a 20-year hiatus, the party regained the constituency, previously represented by his father, [[K. C. Ganesan]]. Kannan's victory in the election marked a significant continuation of his family's political legacy.

== Other works ==
Ka So Ka Kannan is a dedicated farmer, actively managing his agricultural land in his hometown of Kandiyankollai. In honor of his late father, Ka So Ganesan, he established a trust that undertakes various social service initiatives to support the people of his constituency. Through this trust, he has also founded a college in his father’s name, providing scholarships to numerous students, ensuring access to quality education for those in need.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1978 births]]

Digapahandi Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:37Z

Erlinda61E: new info...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Digapahandi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Digapahandi
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 134
| type = SLA
| map_image = 134-Digapahandi.svg
| map_caption = Digapahandi assembly constituency in [[Ganjam district]]
| district = [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Berhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampur]]
| map_alt =
| division = Southern Division
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Siddhanta Mahapatra (cropped).jpg
| mla = [[Sidhant Mohapatra]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,25,979{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Digapahandi''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Ganjam district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=134|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322001524/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=134|url-status=usurped|archive-date=22 March 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Digapahandi (134) District: Ganjam|accessdate= 21 March 2014}}</ref>

This constituency includes [[Digapahandi]], Digapahandi block and 17 [[Gram panchayat]]s (Rohigam, Baulajholi, Kukudakhandi, Masiakhali, Jagadalpur, Ankushpur, Dakshinapur, Ballipada, Lanjia, Dengapadar, Bontapalli, Anantayi, Lathi, Mohuda, Kankia, Sahala and Baghalati) of Kukudakhandi block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

Constituency didn't existed in between 1967 & 2008. It was revived in 2008 Delimitation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delimitation 2008 |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/forms/int1.pdf |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> and went for polls in [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 election]].

== Elected members ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|49.21}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|54.66}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|61.46}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|61.75}}
}}
Since its formation in 1957, 6 elections were held till date. It was a 2 member constituency in 1957.

List of members elected from Digapahandi constituency are
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Digapahandi Assembly Election Results 2024: Digapahandi Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/digapahandi-constituency-result-18134 |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Sidhant Mohapatra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Digapahandi Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/digapahandi-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |[[Surjya Narayan Patro]]
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":0" />
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1967-2009 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Raghunath Mahapatra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|Mohan Naik
|-
|Ananga Manjari Devi
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 13th May 2024 in 1st phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 4th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Sidhant Mohapatra]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Biplab Patro by a margin of 16,847 votes.<ref name=":3" />

{{Election box begin
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Vidhan Sabha Election]],Digapahandi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sidhant Mohapatra]]
|votes = 72,908
|percentage = 49.21
|change = {{up}}24.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Biplab Patro
|votes = 56,061
|percentage = 37.84
|change = {{down}}16.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Saka Sujit Kumar
|votes = 10,090
|percentage = 6.81
|change = {{down}}6.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,338
|percentage = 0.90
|change = {{down}}0.69
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,847
|percentage = 11.37
|change = {{down}}18.10
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,48,167
|percentage = 65.57
|change = {{up}}1.58
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Surjya Narayan Patro]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Pinky Pradhan by a margin of 40,452 votes.<ref name=":2" />

{{Election box begin|
| title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Digapahandi<ref name="FP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-I) (AC/ PC) |url=http://ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase%201/Form%207%20A%20to%20English%28Phase-I%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=14 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="Digapahandi Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Digapahandi Constituency (Seat) Election Results">{{cite news |last1=News18 |title=Digapahandi Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Digapahandi Constituency (Seat) Election Results |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/odisha/digapahandi-election-result-s18a134/ |accessdate=8 November 2022 |date=2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108124554/https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/odisha/digapahandi-election-result-s18a134/ |archivedate=8 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Surjya Narayan Patro]]
|votes = 75,016
|percentage = 54.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Pinky Pradhan
|votes = 34,564
|percentage = 25.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Prafulla Panda
|votes = 17,815
|percentage = 12.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,185
|percentage = 1.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 40,452
|percentage = 29.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,37,232
|percentage = 63.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Surjya Narayan Patro]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Saka Sujit Kumar by a margin of 45,897 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=18 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
| title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Digapahandi<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Digapahandi|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS18134.htm?ac=134|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014 Constituency: Digapahandi (134)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=134|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116053410/https://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=134|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 November 2023|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Surjya Narayan Patro]]
|votes = 78,949
|percentage = 61.46
|change = {{down}}0.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Saka Sujit Kumar
|votes = 33,052
|percentage = 25.73
|change = {{down}}5.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bijaya Kumar Swain
|votes = 7,771
|percentage = 6.05
|change = {{up}}2.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,397
|percentage = 1.87
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 45,897
|percentage = 35.73
|change = {{up}}4.71
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,28,466
|percentage = 68.65
|change = {{up}}5.83
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,87,134
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Surjya Narayan Patro]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate V. Rabi Narayan Raju by a margin of 32,763 votes.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=32763 |accessdate=17 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Digapahandi<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the LEgislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Surjya Narayan Patro]]
|votes = 65,219
|percentage = 61.75
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = V. Rabi Narayan Raju
|votes = 32,456
|percentage = 30.73
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shreedhar Dev
|votes = 4,119
|percentage = 3.90
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 32,763
|percentage = 31.02{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,05,630
|percentage = 62.82
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ganjam district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coords|19.38|84.57|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Ganjam district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Orissa]]

Chapra, Bihar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:54:15Z

Erlinda61E: new new article...

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chapra, Bihar
| type = SLA
| map_image = 118-Chapra, Bihar constituency.svg
| map_alt =
| image_size =
| map_caption = Location in Saran
| mla = [[Chhoti Kumari]] 
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Saran district|Saran]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]
| established = 1957
| electors = 325,112
| abolished = 
}}
'''Chapra''' (pronounced Chhapra) is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Saran district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. In [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], Chapra was one of the 36 seats to have VVPAT enabled electronic voting machines.<ref name="election1993">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/EC-move-to-allay-fears-about-errors-in-EVMs/articleshow/49199345.cms|title=EC move to allay fears about errors in EVMs|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="election2015">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/Current/ImpIns_24092015.pdf|title=General Election to the State Legislative Assembly of Bihar, 2015- Use of EVMs with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail System(VVPAT)-reg.}}</ref>

==Overview==
Chhapra assembly seat has a unique distinction of electing either a Rajput or Yadav since 1967 belonging to various parties. The dominating caste, after delimitation is Vaishya which accounts for 65,000 of the 2.89 lakh voters. The vaishya community has 10-12% population in Chhapra.

As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 118 Chapra Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Chhapra]] municipality and Naini, Fakuli, Karinga, Sadha, Mouna, Tenua and Barhara Mahaji [[gram panchayat]]s of Chapra [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]]; Rivilganj CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Chapra Assembly constituency is part of No. 20 [[Saran (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/> It was earlier part of [[Chapra (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. Chhapra assembly seat had a unique distinction of electing either a Rajput or Yadav since 1965 till 2014 belonging to various parties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/RSS-activist-joins-fray-against-BJP-in-Chhapra/articleshow/40324808.cms|title=RSS activist joins fray against BJP in Chhapra|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Randhir Kumar Singh (RJD) won the by-poll from Chhapra in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/saffron-party-struggles-to-keep-flock-together/articleshow/49510105.cms|title=Saffron party struggles to keep flock together}}</ref><ref name="election2014">[https://web.archive.org/web/20141206003858/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141206/jsp/frontpage/story_2365.jsp#.WJb4C9J97IU The RJD's Randhir Singh took advantage of the split and won the seat.]</ref> First time, a non-Yadav non-Rajput Dr. [[C. N. Gupta]] (BJP) won from assembly seat in [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="election2015-1">[http://www.ndtv.com/elections/bihar/chapra-mla-results Chhapra seat 2015]</ref><ref name="election2022">{{cite web|author=IANS |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/bjp-legislator-being-probed-over-bihar-communal-tension-116081100449_1.html |title=BJP legislator being probed over Bihar communal tension | Business Standard News |publisher=Business-standard.com |date= |accessdate=2022-02-21}}</ref><ref name="election2015-2">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Caste-stands-in-way-of-development-in-Chhapra/articleshow/49458065.cms |title=Caste stands in way of development in Chhapra | Patna News - Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2015-10-20 |accessdate=2022-02-21}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{cite web|title=Chapra Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/chapra.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Prabhunath Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|Jaglal Chaudhary
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Sundri Devi
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Uday Pratap N. Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="2" |Janak Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Mithlesh Kumar Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Janak Yadav
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Udit Rai]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ram Pravesh Rai]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Janardan Singh Sigriwal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2014^
|Randhir Kumar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="2" |[[C. N. Gupta]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Chhoti Kumari]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Chapra<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Chhoti Kumari]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:86845}}
|percentage = 45.86
|change = {{increase}}0.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Khesari Lal Yadav]]|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|votes={{formatnum:79245}}|percentage=41.84|change={{increase}}0.89}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rakhi Gupta|party=Independent|votes={{formatnum:11488}}|percentage=6.07|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jai Prakash Singh|party=Jan Suraaj Party|votes={{formatnum:3433}}|percentage=1.81|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)|candidate=Shak Naushad|votes={{formatnum:2093}}|percentage=1.11|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Rana Yashwant Pratap Singh|votes={{formatnum:2026}}|percentage=1.07|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|votes={{formatnum:2706}}|percentage=1.43|change={{increase}}0.29}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:7600}}|percentage=4.02|change={{increase}}0.0}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:189389}}|percentage=58.25|change={{increase}}7.26}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = BJP
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing = NDA
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Chapra<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dr. C. N. Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:75710}}
|percentage = 44.97
|change = {{decrease}}0.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Randhir Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:68939}}
|percentage = 40.95
|change = {{increase}}2.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sunil Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:6062}}
|percentage = 3.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjeev Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3744}}
|percentage = 2.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Subhash Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:3193}}
|percentage = 1.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Manoj Mahato
|votes = {{formatnum:2909}}
|percentage = 1.73
|change = {{decrease}}0.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1920}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change = {{decrease}}1.06
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6771}}
|percentage = 4.02
|change = {{decrease}}3.17
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:168361}}
|percentage = 50.99
|change = {{decrease}}0.88
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Chapra<ref name="election2015"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dr. C. N. Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:71646}}
|percentage = 45.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Randhir Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:60267}}
|percentage = 38.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Udit Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:5707}}
|percentage = 3.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kanhaiya Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:5176}}
|percentage = 3.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Subhash Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:3969}}
|percentage = 2.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Santosh Kumar Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:2837}}
|percentage = 1.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3488}}
|percentage = 2.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:11379}}
|percentage = 7.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:158247}}
|percentage = 51.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 bypoll===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2010]]: Chapra, Bihar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Randhir Kumar Singh
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[C. N. Gupta]]
|party = Independent
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kanhaiya Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum: }}
|ref=<ref name="Bihar Election 2020">{{cite web |title=Bihar Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Chapra}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Janardan Singh Sigriwal
|votes = {{formatnum:61045}}
|percentage = 53.36
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Pramendra Ranjan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:25174}}
|percentage = 22.00
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Subhash Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:7626}}
|percentage = 6.67
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Anil Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:4322}}
|percentage = 3.78
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajeshnath Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:2063}}
|percentage = 1.80
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Siyaram Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1306}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Praveen Kumar Alias Piku Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:1297}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|candidate = Rambabu Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:1189}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Randhir Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:1178}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Amita Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:1059}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramjee Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1048}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Arif Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:958}}
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janvadi Party (Socialist)
|candidate = Jitendra Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:956}}
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Tarkeshwar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:892}}
|percentage = 0.78
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mukesh Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:840}}
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gyani Kumar Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:839}}
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Indrajit Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:765}}
|percentage = 0.67
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajnarayan Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:525}}
|percentage = 0.46
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Amiteshwar Sahay
|votes = {{formatnum:369}}
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sunita Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:352}}
|percentage = 0.31
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Ekta Dal
|candidate = Rajendra Mahto
|votes = {{formatnum:339}}
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Sandeep Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:264}}
|percentage = 0.23
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:35871}}
|percentage = 31.36
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:114406}}
|percentage = 44.9
|change =
}}

{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2005===
{{Election box begin|title=[[ February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election ]]: Chapra}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Ram Parvash Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:33776}}
|percentage = 36.88
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Udit Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:31527}}
|percentage = 34.41
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Subhash Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:4602}}
|percentage = 5.03
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Laxman Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:2180}}
|percentage = 2.38
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramjee Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1466}}
|percentage = 1.60
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Harendar Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:1387}}
|percentage = 1.51
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vinod Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1112}}
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Arun Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1099}}
|percentage = 1.20
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|candidate = Ashok Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1085}}
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jitendra Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:684}}
|percentage = 0.75
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Momin Front
|candidate = Md Beraj
|votes = {{formatnum:657}}
|percentage = 0.72
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Brajesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:617}}
|percentage = 0.67
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjay Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:585}}
|percentage = 0.64
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Birendra Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:563}}
|percentage = 0.61
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rabish Chandra
|votes = {{formatnum:534}}
|percentage = 0.58
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nutan Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:487}}
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Raju Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:464}}
|percentage = 0.51
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nand Kishore
|votes = {{formatnum:327}}
|percentage = 0.36
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2249}}
|percentage = 2.46
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:91562}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2000===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Chapra}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Udit Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:76749}}
|percentage = 52.89
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rambabu Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:54030}}
|percentage = 37.23
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jai Narayan Singh Solanki
|votes = {{formatnum:7486}}
|percentage = 5.16
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jitendra Kr Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2014}}
|percentage = 1.39
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Surendra Prasad Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:1975}}
|percentage = 1.36
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Chandra Bhushan Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:838}}
|percentage = 0.58
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sheodas Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:417}}
|percentage = 0.29
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Laxmi Narayan Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:358}}
|percentage = 0.25
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Jan Congress
|candidate = Purushotam Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:308}}
|percentage = 0.21
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Birendra Kumar Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:301}}
|percentage = 0.21
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Brajesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:167}}
|percentage = 0.12
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Ajeya Bharat Party
|candidate = Rabindra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:111}}
|percentage = 0.08
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Brahmdeo Narain Gyani
|votes = {{formatnum:86}}
|percentage = 0.06
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bhagat Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:76}}
|percentage = 0.05
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Harendra Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:64}}
|percentage = 0.04
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|candidate = Muneshwar Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:55}}
|percentage = 0.04
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Abhay Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:45}}
|percentage = 0.03
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Birendra Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:37}}
|percentage = 0.03
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22719}}
|percentage = 15.66
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:145117}}
|percentage = 73.58
|change =
}}

{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1995===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Chapra}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = Udit Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:31577}}
|percentage = 31.7
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Janak Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:23618}}
|percentage = 23.71
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jai Narayan Singh Solanki
|votes = {{formatnum:19138}}
|percentage = 19.21
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ram Babu Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:12140}}
|percentage = 12.19
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samata Party
|candidate = Mithilesh Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:904}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya Pragatisheel Party
|candidate = Yashwant Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:164}}
|percentage = 0.16
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Yogender Prasad Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:49}}
|percentage = 0.05
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Abhay Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:35}}
|percentage = 0.04
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vishavjit Sinha
|votes = {{formatnum:35}}
|percentage = 0.04
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Suman Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:29}}
|percentage = 0.03
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Uday Kumar Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:21}}
|percentage = 0.02
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rameshwar Prasad Sinha
|votes = {{formatnum:20}}
|percentage = 0.02
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Heera Lal Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:19}}
|percentage = 0.02
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mahesh Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:13}}
|percentage = 0.01
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nagender Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:13}}
|percentage = 0.01
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Anjani Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:10}}
|percentage = 0.01
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7959}}
|percentage = 7.99
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:99613}}
|percentage = 55.04
|change =
}}

{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Dal
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1990===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Chapra}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Udit Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:65355}}
|percentage = 49.08
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = Janak Yadau
|votes = {{formatnum:46292}}
|percentage = 34.76
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ganesh Koo Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:10480}}
|percentage = 7.87
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ram Shekher Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:9322}}
|percentage = 7.00
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Surendra Nath Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:535}}
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Om Prakash Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:443}}
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Suresh Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:333}}
|percentage = 0.25
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party (JP)
|candidate = Raghubansh Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:114}}
|percentage = 0.09
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramjee Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:82}}
|percentage = 0.06
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Reoti Raman Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:62}}
|percentage = 0.05
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramedeo Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:53}}
|percentage = 0.04
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Krishna Roy
|votes = {{formatnum:41}}
|percentage = 0.03
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Raja Baboo Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:31}}
|percentage = 0.02
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nityanand Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:24}}
|percentage = 0.02
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:19063}}
|percentage = 14.32
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:133167}}
|percentage = 66.27
|change =
}}

{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Independent
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1985===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Chapra}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Janak Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:46438}}
|percentage = 50.99
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mithilesh Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:36153}}
|percentage = 39.70
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janta Party
|candidate = Ramjanam Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:3834}}
|percentage = 4.21
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janta Party
|candidate = Sabhapati Vishwakarma
|votes = {{formatnum:3689}}
|percentage = 4.05
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nawal Kishore Nirala
|votes = {{formatnum:353}}
|percentage = 0.39
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Satya Narain Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:225}}
|percentage = 0.25
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramji Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:144}}
|percentage = 0.16
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramdeo Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:123}}
|percentage = 0.14
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Keshari Nandan Sinha
|votes = {{formatnum:117}}
|percentage = 0.13
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10285}}
|percentage = 11.29
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:91076}}
|percentage = 59.6
|change =
}}

{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Independent
|loser = Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Chapra}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Janak Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:27568}}
|percentage = 34.14
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party (JP)
|candidate = Mithilesh Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:21838}}
|percentage = 27.04
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Subhapati Bishwakarma
|votes = {{formatnum:13311}}
|percentage = 16.48
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress (I)
|candidate = Hira Lal Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:13116}}
|percentage = 16.24
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Baldeo Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3269}}
|percentage = 4.05
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Anirudh Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:796}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Birendra Maharaj
|votes = {{formatnum:358}}
|percentage = 0.44
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party (secular) - Raj Narain
|candidate = Ravindra Prasad Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:214}}
|percentage = 0.27
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ram Pratap Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:141}}
|percentage = 0.17
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Hari Ram Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:139}}
|percentage = 0.17
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5730}}
|percentage = 7.10
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:80750}}
|percentage = 54.35
|change =
}}

{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Chapra}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Mithlesh Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:32865}}
|percentage = 51.55
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Janak Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:14978}}
|percentage = 23.49
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ram Jaipal Singh Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:13734}}
|percentage = 21.54
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shankar Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:5400}}
|percentage = 0.85
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mukhtar Ahmed
|votes = {{formatnum:4320}}
|percentage = 0.68
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramji Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:4230}}
|percentage = 0.66
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rameshwar Prasad Rajpal
|votes = {{formatnum:4020}}
|percentage = 0.63
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Lalit Mohan Singh Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:1240}}
|percentage = 0.19
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shrimati Sundari Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:1050}}
|percentage = 0.16
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shiv Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1040}}
|percentage = 0.16
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Udai Pratap N Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:450}}
|percentage = 0.07
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:17887}}
|percentage = 28.07
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:63752}}
|percentage = 55.43
|change =
}}

{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1972===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Chapra}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Janak Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:30240}}
|percentage = 43.43
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress (Organisation)
|candidate = Udai Pratap N Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:23172}}
|percentage = 33.28
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|candidate = Lal Babu Roy
|votes = {{formatnum:13870}}
|percentage = 19.92
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Prahalad Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1104}}
|percentage = 1.59
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samyukta Socialist Party
|candidate = Dhanjaya Prasad Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:946}}
|percentage = 1.36
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rameshwar Prasad Rajpal
|votes = {{formatnum:297}}
|percentage = 0.43
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7068}}
|percentage = 10.15
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:69629}}
|percentage = 65.24
|change =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===1957===
In the [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], Janak Yadav of the Praja Socialist Party won the Chapra constituency. In the [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], Uday Pratap N Singh of Bharatiya Jana Sangh won the Chapra assembly seat. In the [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]], Bihar Vidhan Sabha elections, Sundri Devi of the Indian National Congress (INC) won the Chapra assembly seat.[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]], Bihar Vidhan Sabha elections, Prabhunath Singh and Jaglal Chaudhary of the Indian National Congress (INC) won the Chapra assembly seat.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Saran Division topics}}

{{coord|25|47|05|N|84|43|39|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Saran district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]

Nadodimannan

2026-04-13T14:54:06Z

Erlinda61E: Created new stub

{{one source|date=March 2026}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nadodimannan
| image = Nadodimannan-2013.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Viji Thampi]]
| producer = V. S. Suresh
| story = V.S. Subhash
| screenplay = Krishna Poojappura
| starring = [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] [[Sayaji Shinde]] [[Nedumudi Venu]] [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]] [[Archana Kavi]] [[Mythili]]
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cinematography = Sanjeev Sankar
| editing = K. Sreenivas
| studio = [[Vendhar Movies]]
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2013|10|18}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Nadodimannan''''' ({{Translation|The Vagabond/Immigrant king}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by [[Viji Thampi]], starring [[Dileep]] in the title role,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nambidi |first=Parvathy |date=1 July 2013 |title=Nadodimannan: Comedy of errors |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2013/Jul/25/nadodimannan-comedy-of-errors-500123.html |access-date=5 March 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> along with [[Sayaji Shinde]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]], [[Archana Kavi]] and [[Mythili]] in the supporting role. Dileep and Viji Thampi collaborated after 17 years in this movie. The film is a satire that portrays how corruption and favoritism engulf a place and how they can be tackled.

==Plot==

The movie starts with Vinayachandran, an environmentalist getting killed by a rich influential real estate criminal businessman, Pushpam Prakashan as Vinayachandran was opposing Prakashan's dream project- Pushpam Mall citing environmental and societal reasons. Prakashan has the backing of the ruling party, police and a corrupt Mayor Purushothaman for all his wrongdoings as he helps them financially whenever they are in need. Once his eyes cast on something, Prakashan will try to acquire it by any means for his gains. His next target is an old man Damodaran's house and its surrounding plot occupied by Damodaran and his granddaughter Meera for developing another project. Even though Damodaran approaches higher-ranked officials including the Mayor to save from the advances of Prakashan, he now realizes that they all are nothing but associates of Prakashan. One night, Prakashan's henchmen attacks him and tries to kidnap Meera. In the tussle, Damodaran stabs himself and Prakashan's henchmen hospitalises him as his death will bring trouble to Prakashan.

The film then focuses to [[Palakkad]] where Padmanabhan hails from. Padmanabhan is a carefree and cheerful man who along with his friends do roadside shows, artificial political rallies, marches and hail and hoot for movies in theatres for daily wages. One day, he gets a call from [[Thiruvananthapuram]] to get his gang for organizing a political rally in support of Purushothaman to boost his image in the upcoming election. Padmanabhan and his gang leaves to Thiruvananthapuram the next day and he gets injured in a bomb blast planned by Prakashan and gets hospitalized.

Padmanabhan knowingly and unknowingly involves in various issues happening there. When the people found a leader's characteristics in Padmanabhan, they and the [[Travancore|Thiruvancore]] Thirumanassu Udaya Varma force him to contest in the upcoming election. He wins the election and becomes the next mayor. Being the mayor in the city, Padmanabhan is loved by everybody and he starts building public parks, toilets and facilities for the common people. He also asks the people to give away the places which really belong to the government. By seeing all these changes, Prakashan tries to briibe Padmanabhan but he insults Prakashan. Prakashan gets furious and tries to kill Padmanabhan but Padmanabhan's mother and his chauffeur Subair get killed in the accident made by Prakashan's henchman Kannappan.

Padmanabhan devises a plan to get revenge on Prakashan. He decides to destroy Pushpam Mall for good. He joins a demolition firm and sets the equipments for demolition all throughout the building. But when there is only 15 minutes left for the demolition, Prakashan calls Padmanabhan saying that he has kidnapped Thirumanassu. Padmanabhan rushes into the building and fights off Prakashan and Kannappan. During the fight, Kannappan is accidentally killed by Prakashan when he tries to shoot Padmanabhan. When Padmanabhan is about to kill Prakashan and avenge his mother's death, Thirumanassu stops him, saying to him "let god decide his fate", but Padmanabhan cuts Prakashan's thumb for accessing the elevator and they escape just in time and the building is demolished, killing Prakashan along with it. The mall is now converted into a public park.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] as [[Mayor]] Vadekkemadathil Padmanabhan
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Pushpam Prakashan, The main antagonist
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as [[Travancore|Thiruvithancore]] Maharaja His Highness Udaya Varma Thampuran
* [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]] as Meera, Padmanabhan's love interest
* [[Archana Kavi]] as Athira, a medical doctor and the niece of the Maharajah
* [[Mythili]] as Rima, a journalist
* [[Shobha Mohan]] as Jalaja, Padmanabhan's mother
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Damodaran, Meera's grandfather
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as Sarasappan, Padmanabhan's friend
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Ravi, Padmanabhan's brother-in-law
* [[Riyaz Khan]] as [[Inspector|CI]] George T. V., Prakashan's associate
* [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Purusothaman, a corrupt mayor of Trivandrum and Prakashan's associate
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]] as [[Chief minister of Kerala|Chief Minister]] Thomas Chacko
* [[Shammi Thilakan]] as [[Inspector|CI]] Karadi Johnny
* [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Hameed
* Kalabhavan Prajod as Subair
* [[Sreelatha Namboothiri]] as Shahina, Subair's mother
* [[Mohan Jose]] as Finance Minister K. A. Paulose
* [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] as Arun, Rima's Husband Photo Archived in Mobile Phone
* [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as Vinayachandran (cameo appearance)
* [[Balachandran Chullikadu]] as KRP
* [[Sunil Sukhada]] as Varijakshan
* [[Kozhikode Narayanan Nair]] as Swami, Maharajah's secretary
* [[Chali Pala]] as Peelipose, Prakashan's associate
* [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] as Kannappan, Prakashan's henchman and the secondary antagonist
* [[Shiju]] as Chandrakumar, Owner of the Demolition Company
* [[Kulappulli Leela]] as Leela
* [[Sreekala Sasidharan]] as Deepa, Vinayachandran's wife
* [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as Sakhavu Madhavan, Padmanabhan's late father (Photo archive)
* [[Kalabhavan Haneef]] as Vasu
* [[Geetha Salam]] as Mammachan
* [[Ponnamma Babu]] as Annamma Paulose
* [[Narayanankutty]]
* [[Gayathri (Malayalam actress)|Gayathri]] as Padmanabhan's sister
* Vettoor Purushan as Krishnankutty
* [[Koottickal Jayachandran]] as Santhosh, Padmanabhan's friend
* A. S. Joby as Krishnankutty
* Kalabhavan Rahman
* Manu Raj as George
* Manu Varma as Joseph Kuruvilla
{{colend}}

== Music ==
The film features three tracks composed by [[Vidyasagar (Composer)|Vidyasagar]].

{| class="wikitable"
!Track#
!Title
!Singer(s)
|-
|1
|"Palam Kadakkan Padmanaabha"
|[[M. G. Sreekumar]]
|-
|2
|"Macha Ente Matharam"
|[[Udit Narayan]], [[Rimi Tomy]], [[Jyotsna Radhakrishnan]], [[Ranjini Jose]]
|-
|3
|"Mannan Mannan Nadodi Mannan"
|[[Afsal]]
|-
|4
|Sarvarogi
|Vishnu
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:Films directed by Viji Thampi]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:2010s satirical films]]

Datta (1951 film)

2026-04-13T06:06:34Z

Erlinda61E: new a post

{{Short description|Films based on novel by Chattopadhyay}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Italics title}}
'''''Datta''''' is a [[Bengali language|1951 Bengali]] [[Romantic Drama film|romantic drama film]] directed by Soumyen Mukhopadhyay<ref>{{Cite web |title=Datta (1951) |url=https://indiancine.ma/GDM |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&dq=Datta+1951+Soumyen&pg=PT251 |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |date=2014-07-10 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94318-9 |language=en}}</ref> and released under the banner of S. B. Production.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Datta (1951) |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/datta-1951-bengali-movie |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}</ref> The film is based on the novel with the same name written by [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-05 |title=New movie based on Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's Bengali cult classic 'Datta' to release on June 16 |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/new-movie-based-on-sarat-chandra-chattopadhyays-bengali-cult-classic-datta-to-release-on-june-16/articleshow/100753063.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-05 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The film was remade twice: in 1976 and later in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-16 |title=Movie to mark centenary of Sarat Chandra's Datta starring Rituparna Sengupta, Joy Sengupta |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/sarat-chandra-datta-bengali-film-rituparna-sengupta-joy-sengupta-6071552/ |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Bijoya's father Banamali had informally engaged her to Naren, the son of his friend Jagdish. But Bijoya is attracted to Bilaas, son of another friend of Banamali. She has some hearsay knowledge about Naren and develops a negative image of Naren in her mind. But when she meets Naren, who is a doctor by profession the scenario starts changing. She starts to love Naren and realises that her conception about Naren is all wrong.

==Cast==
* Sunanda Banerjee as Bijoya
* [[Purnendu Mukherjee]] as Naren
* [[Ahindra Choudhury]] as Rashbehari
* [[Jahar Ganguly]] as Bilas
* [[Anubha Gupta]]
* Kali Sarkar
* [[Sukhen Das]]

==Music ==
Timir Baran composed the music

== Remake ==
{|class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" style="background:#154365" |{{font color|#FFFFFF|Year}}
! rowspan="2" style="background:#154365" |{{font color|#FFFFFF|Title}}
! rowspan="2" style="background:#154365" |{{font color|#FFFFFF|Director}}
! colspan="5" style="background:#154365"|{{font color|#FFFFFF|Cast}}
|-
! style="background:#154365" |{{font color|#FFFFFF|Naren}}
! style="background:#154365" |{{font color|#FFFFFF|Bijaya}}
! style="background:#154365" |{{font color|#FFFFFF|Bilas}}
! style="background:#154365" |{{font color|#FFFFFF|Rasbihari}}
! style="background:#154365" |{{font color|#FFFFFF|Nalini}}
|-
| 1976
! ''Datta''
| [[Ajoy Kar]]
| [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
| [[Suchitra Sen]]
| [[Samit Bhanja]]
| [[Utpal Dutt]]
| [[Sumitra Mukherjee]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0231428}}
[[Category:1951 films]]
[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1951 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:1976 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ajoy Kar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hemant Kumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Timir Baran]]

Yeh Kaali Kaali Ankhein

2026-04-03T11:57:34Z

Erlinda61E: Started New Bio - done

{{Short description|Romantic crime-mystery, thriller series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Yeh Kaali Kaali Ankhein poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional artwork
| genre = Crime thriller
| creator = [[Sidharth Sengupta]]
| director = [[Sidharth Sengupta]]
| producer = Jyoti Sagar Sidharth Sengupta
| writer = {{ubl|Sidharth Sengupta|Varun Badola|Anahata Menon|Umesh Padalkar}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Tahir Raj Bhasin]]
* [[Shweta Tripathi]]
* [[Anchal Singh]]
* Prachi Jain
}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 14
| editor = Rajesh G. Pandey
| cinematography = Murzy Pagdiwala (Season 1) Murli Krishna (Season 2)
| runtime = 31-51 minutes
| network = [[Netflix]]
| music = Shivam Sengupta & Anuj Danait
| company = Edgestorm
| composer = Shivam Sengupta & Anuj Danait
| executive_producer = Vishal Bajaj
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|01|14|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
}}
'''''Yeh Kaali Kaali Ankhein''''' ({{Translation|''These Black Black Eyes''}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Crime fiction|crime]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] television series on [[Netflix]] created and directed by [[Sidharth Sengupta]]. The series stars [[Tahir Raj Bhasin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/web-series/first-poster-of-tahir-raj-bhasin-anchal-singh-shweta-tripathi-starrer-yeh-kaali-kaali-ankhein-season-2-out-2022-02-03-757740|title=First poster of Tahir Raj Bhasin-Shweta Tripathi starrer 'Yeh Kaali Kaali Ankhein' Season 2 out|date=3 February 2022|publisher=India TV|access-date=3 February 2022|archive-date=3 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203013455/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/web-series/first-poster-of-tahir-raj-bhasin-anchal-singh-shweta-tripathi-starrer-yeh-kaali-kaali-ankhein-season-2-out-2022-02-03-757740|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shweta Tripathi]] and Anchal Singh in the lead roles with [[Saurabh Shukla]], Surya Sharma, [[Arunoday Singh]] and [[Brijendra Kala]] playing supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/anchal-singh-yeh-kaali-kaali-ankhein-undekhi-2-7797392/lite/|title=Anchal Singh on life after Yeh Kaali Kaali Ankhein: 'No longer have to knock at door of directors and prove my talent'|date=2 March 2022|publisher=The Indian Express|access-date=3 March 2022|archive-date=2 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302171211/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/anchal-singh-yeh-kaali-kaali-ankhein-undekhi-2-7797392/lite/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/yeh-kaali-kaali-ankhein-to-a-hero-best-streaming-picks-from-january-10335201.html/amp|title=Yeh Kaali Kaali Ankhein to A Hero: Best streaming picks from January|date=February 2022|publisher=Firstpost|access-date=1 February 2022|archive-date=1 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201070144/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/yeh-kaali-kaali-ankhein-to-a-hero-best-streaming-picks-from-january-10335201.html/amp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2022/Feb/03/yeh-kaali-kaali-ankhein-renewed-for-second-season-2414545.html|title='Yeh Kaali Kaali Ankhein' renewed for second season|publisher=The Indian Express|access-date=3 February 2022|archive-date=3 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203022637/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2022/feb/03/yeh-kaali-kaali-ankhein-renewed-for-second-season-2414545.amp|url-status=live}}</ref> The title of the series is derived from a song of the same name from the 1993 film ''[[Baazigar]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |title=Yeh Kaali Kaali Ankhein Review |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/yeh-kaali-kaali-ankhein-review/20220114.htm |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Rediff |language=en |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212060051/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/yeh-kaali-kaali-ankhein-review/20220114.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Tahir Raj Bhasin]] as Vikrant Singh Chauhan
* [[Shweta Tripathi]] as Shikha
* [[Anchal Singh]] as Purva Awasthi
* [[Arunoday Singh]] as Aditya Jalan, a kidnapper
* [[Gurmeet Choudhary]] as Guru
* Surya Sharma as Dharmesh
* [[Saurabh Shukla]] as Akheraj Awasthi "Vidrohi", Purva's Father
* [[Anant V Joshi]] as Golden, Vikrant's best friend
* [[Brijendra Kala]] as Vikrant's father
* [[Hetal Gada]] as Pallavi, Vikrant's sister
* [[Sunita Rajwar]] as Vikrant's mother
* Vikrant Koundal in special appearance
*[[Aasif Sheikh]] in special appearance
*[[Varun Badola]] as Sherpa
* Nikhil Pandey as Akhil Bhatnagar, Shikha's husband

==Episodes==

{{series overview
| color1 = #804848
| link1 = Yeh Kaali Kaali Ankhen (Indian TV series)#Season 1 (2022)
| episodes1 = 8
| start1 = {{Start date|df=y|2022|1|14}}
| end1 = 14 January 2022
| color2 = #804848
| link2 = Yeh Kaali Kaali Ankhen (Indian TV series)#Season 2 (2022)
| episodes2 = 6
| start2 = {{Start date|df=y|2024|11|22}}
| end2 = 22 November 2024
}}

=== Season 1 (2022) ===
{{Episode table |background=#804848 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR= |country= |aux4= |aux4T= Length (Minutes) |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Teri Baari Hai
|DirectedBy = [[Sidharth Sengupta]]
|WrittenBy = Sidharth Sengupta, [[Varun Badola]], [[Anahata Menon]] & [[Umesh Padalkar]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|01|14}}
|Aux4 = 42 Minutes
|ShortSummary =
|Linecolour = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Band Toh Bajega
|DirectedBy = [[Sidharth Sengupta]]
|WrittenBy = Sidharth Sengupta, [[Varun Badola]], [[Anahata Menon]] & [[Umesh Padalkar]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|01|14}}
|Aux4 = 39 Minutes
|ShortSummary =
|Linecolour = 000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Bandook Aur Hawaii Chappal
|DirectedBy = [[Sidharth Sengupta]]
|WrittenBy = Sidharth Sengupta, [[Varun Badola]], [[Anahata Menon]] & [[Umesh Padalkar]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|01|14}}
|Aux4 = 31 Minutes
|ShortSummary =
|Linecolour = 000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = 4 Goliyaan
|DirectedBy = [[Sidharth Sengupta]]
|WrittenBy = Sidharth Sengupta, [[Varun Badola]], [[Anahata Menon]] & [[Umesh Padalkar]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|01|14}}
|Aux4 = 40 Minutes
|ShortSummary =
|Linecolour = 000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Do You Love Me?
|DirectedBy = [[Sidharth Sengupta]]
|WrittenBy = Sidharth Sengupta, [[Varun Badola]], [[Anahata Menon]] & [[Umesh Padalkar]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|01|14}}
|Aux4 = 42 Minutes
|ShortSummary =
|Linecolour = 000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Jack and Jill
|DirectedBy = [[Sidharth Sengupta]]
|WrittenBy = Sidharth Sengupta, [[Varun Badola]], [[Anahata Menon]] & [[Umesh Padalkar]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|01|14}}
|Aux4 = 38 Minutes
|ShortSummary =
|Linecolour = 000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Seedha Sa Plan
|DirectedBy = [[Sidharth Sengupta]]
|WrittenBy = Sidharth Sengupta, [[Varun Badola]], [[Anahata Menon]] & [[Umesh Padalkar]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|01|14}}
|Aux4 = 39 Minutes
|ShortSummary =
|Linecolour = 000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = The Crying Game
|DirectedBy = [[Sidharth Sengupta]]
|WrittenBy = Sidharth Sengupta, [[Varun Badola]], [[Anahata Menon]] & [[Umesh Padalkar]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|01|14}}
|Aux4 = 51 Minutes
|ShortSummary =
|Linecolour = 000
}}
}}

=== Season 2 (2024) ===
{{Episode table |background=#804848 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR= |country= |aux4= |aux4T=Length (Minutes) |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = Lag Gaye Kismat Ke Ghode
|DirectedBy = [[Sidharth Sengupta]]
|WrittenBy = Sidharth Sengupta, [[Varun Badola]], [[Anahata Menon]] & [[Umesh Padalkar]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|11|22}}
|Aux4 = 42 Minutes
|ShortSummary =
|Linecolour = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = Aasmaan Se Gira Khajur Pe Atka
|DirectedBy = [[Sidharth Sengupta]]
|WrittenBy = Sidharth Sengupta, [[Varun Badola]], [[Anahata Menon]] & [[Umesh Padalkar]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|11|22}}
|Aux4 = 43 Minutes
|ShortSummary =
|Linecolour = 000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 11
|Title = Aage Kuan Peeche Khaai
|DirectedBy = [[Sidharth Sengupta]]
|WrittenBy = Sidharth Sengupta, [[Varun Badola]], [[Anahata Menon]] & [[Umesh Padalkar]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|11|22}}
|Aux4 = 43 Minutes
|ShortSummary =
|Linecolour = 000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 12
|Title = Saajan Niklu Bekaar
|DirectedBy = [[Sidharth Sengupta]]
|WrittenBy = Sidharth Sengupta, [[Varun Badola]], [[Anahata Menon]] & [[Umesh Padalkar]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|11|22}}
|Aux4 = 41 Minutes
|ShortSummary =
|Linecolour = 000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 13
|Title = Nehle Pe Dehla
|DirectedBy = [[Sidharth Sengupta]]
|WrittenBy = Sidharth Sengupta, [[Varun Badola]], [[Anahata Menon]] & [[Umesh Padalkar]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|11|22}}
|Aux4 = 41 Minutes
|ShortSummary =
|Linecolour = 000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 14
|Title = Maar Hi Daaloge
|DirectedBy = [[Sidharth Sengupta]]
|WrittenBy = Sidharth Sengupta, [[Varun Badola]], [[Anahata Menon]] & [[Umesh Padalkar]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|11|22}}
|Aux4 = 40 Minutes
|ShortSummary =
|Linecolour = 000
}}
}}

==Production==

=== Development ===

==Music==
Nirahua Yadav

==Release==
''Yeh Kaali Kaali Ankhein'' was released on [[Netflix]] on 14 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/yeh-kaali-kaali-aankhein-review-pulpy-netflix-show-tahir-raj-bhasin-haseen-dillruba-7721484/|title=Yeh Kaali Kaali Ankhein review: This is what Haseen Dillruba wishes it was|date=15 January 2022|accessdate=10 February 2025}}</ref>

The second season of the show was released on [[Netflix]] on 22 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/entertainment/streaming/yeh-kaali-kaali-ankhein-2-netflix-release-date-cast-plot/|title='Yeh Kaali Kaali Ankhein' season 2: Everything we know about the Netflix series|date=28 October 2024|accessdate=10 February 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|14160712}}
* {{Netflix title}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Netflix original programming]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]

Arun Kumar Sinha (police officer)

2026-03-29T04:43:52Z

Erlinda61E:

{{Short description|Indian Police Service officer (1963–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arun Kumar Sinha
| image =
| image_size = 100px
| order = [[Director of the Special Protection Group]] (SPG)
| term_start = March 2016
| term_end = September 2023
| predecessor = Vivek Srivastava
| successor = Alok Sharma
| birth_date = {{birth date|1963|05|09|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hazaribagh]], [[Jharkhand]]
| service =
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| department =
| branch =
| service_years =
| status =
| rank = [[File:Director General of Police.png|30px]][[Director General of Police]]
| awards = [[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|30px]]
| death_date = 6 September 2023 (aged 60)<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-09-06 |title=SPG chief Arun Kumar Sinha dies in Gurugram |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/spg-chief-arun-kumar-sinha-dies-in-gurugram/article67277615.ece |access-date=2023-10-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| Batch =
}}
'''Arun Kumar Sinha''' (1963–2023) was an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer of the [[Kerala]] cadre (1987 batch), known for his service as the Director of the [[Special Protection Group]] (SPG) India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Langa |first=Mahesh |date=2019-12-30 |title=SPG Director Arun Kumar Sinha gets extension |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/special-protection-group-director-arun-kumar-sinha-gets-extension/article30433998.ece |access-date=2023-10-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-06 |title=SPG chief Arun Kumar Sinha, responsible for PM Modi's protection, passes away |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/spg-chief-arun-kumar-sinha-responsible-for-pm-narendra-modis-protection-passes-away-11693986039162.html |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==
He was born on 9 May 1963 in [[Hazaribagh]], [[Jharkhand]]. He studied at [[St. Columba's College, Hazaribagh|St Columba's College Hazaribagh]] where he got Bachelor of Science in [[Zoology]] in 1984. He did his preparation for [[Civil Services Examination]] in Delhi and got into IPS on his second attempt.

== Career ==
Sinha was a 1987 batch IPS officer. He started his career in the Kerala cadre as assistant superintendent of police at [[Mananthavady]] in [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/spg-director-arun-sinha-passes-away-542008|title=SPG Director Arun Sinha passes away : The Tribune India}}</ref> Then he was posted as the [[Police commissioner|Commissioner of Police]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Kochi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-07 |title=Man behind country's first police website, SPG chief Arun Kumar Sinha dies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/thiruvananthapuram/man-behind-countrys-first-police-website-spg-chief-arun-kumar-sinha-dies-8928151/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

He is known for modernizing the Kerala Police, and his work to enhance law enforcement and effectiveness in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETGovernment.com |title=Centre extends tenure of SPG director Arun Sinha by one year, announces new foreign postings for 12 officers - ET Government |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/centre-extends-tenure-of-spg-director-arun-sinha-by-one-year-announce-new-foreign-postings-for-12-officers/100640728 |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=ETGovernment.com |language=en}}</ref> Before becoming the SPG Director, Sinha served with the [[Border Security Force]], contributing to safeguarding India's borders. In 2016, he assumed the role of Director of the Special Protection Group (SPG),<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=SPG chief Arun Kumar Sinha dies in Gurgaon hospital |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/spg-chief-arun-kumar-sinha-dies-in-gurgaon-hospital-2674879 |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> where he was responsible for the security of the [[Prime minister|Prime Minister]] of India and former Prime Ministers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet IPS Arun Kumar Sinha, the Director of SPG for PM Narendra Modi's security |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-meet-ips-arun-kumar-sinha-the-director-of-spg-for-pm-narendra-modi-s-security-3045348 |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

From June 2009 to June 2014, Mr. Sinha served a five-year Central deputation with the Border Security Force (BSF), holding the position of Inspector General (IG) for the Gujarat Frontier.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/who-was-arun-kumar-sinha-director-spg-who-passed-away-on-wednesday-1503219048.html|title=Who was Arun Kumar Sinha, Director, SPG, who passed away on Wednesday? - The Statesman|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=6 September 2023 }}</ref> During his tenure, he worked on [[Border Security Force|border security]] along an 860-kilometer stretch, which included the [[Barmer district|Barmer]] region of Rajasthan. His is known for deterrence of illegal activities carried out by counterparts, armed non-state entities (ANEs), and smugglers in the region.

As Director SPG he introduced training programmes to strengthen the acumen of SPG officers to provide fail proof security cover to all its Protectees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/columnists/070623/dilip-cherian-spg-chief-put-on-a-curious-contractual-rollercoaster.html|title=Dilip Cherian|date=8 June 2023 }}</ref>

On 30 May 2023 just one day before retirement, he was given an extension for 1 year in the same post.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arun Kumar Sinha, chief of SPG that handles PM's security, dies at 61 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chief-of-spg-pms-security-group-arun-kumar-sinha-dies-2431605-2023-09-06 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Sinha is known for launching Kerala Police's first website, a pioneering step in police digitalization. This model was subsequently adopted by other [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]].<ref name=":0" />

== Awards ==
During his 36-year service, Sinha received several awards, including the President's Medal for Meritorious Service in 2003 and the [[President's Police Medal|President's Medal for Distinguished Service]] in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-07 |title=SPG chief Arun Kumar Sinha passes away |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/spg-chief-arun-kumar-sinha-passes-away/articleshow/103447495.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Death ==
He was experiencing health issues related to [[pancreatic cancer]] and was admitted to [[Medanta|Medanta hospital]] in [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]] for treatment<ref>{{Cite web |title=SPG Director Arun Sinha, Entrusted With PM Modi's Security, Passes Away At 60 Due To Cancer |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/arun-kumar-sinha-director-spg-passes-away-at-60-due-to-cancer |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> where he died on 6 September 2023.<ref name="auto"/> At the time of his death, he was the longest serving Director SPG.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arun Kumar, Special Protection Group's Longest Serving Chief, Dies At 61 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/arun-kumar-special-protection-groups-longest-serving-chief-dies-at-61-4363756 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== References ==

<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Arun Kumar}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:People from Hazaribagh]]

{{Law-enforcement-bio-stub}}
{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Manthira Punnagai (TV series)

2026-03-28T09:00:17Z

Erlinda61E:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|மந்திர புன்னகை}}
| genre = [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| creator =
| developer =
| writer = Suriya '''dialogue''' Karthik Mahadevan
| starring = {{ubl|Supritha Sathyanarayan|Niyaz|Hussain Ahamed Khan}}
| director = Vikramathithan
| editor = Tamilmani.V
| country = [[India]]
| language = Tamil
| num_episodes = 81
| producer = Murali Rama Narayanan Thanga Ganapathy.R
| composer =
| location = 
| cinematography = Prabakar Devaraj
| camera = [[Single-camera]]
| runtime = approx.20-22 minutes per episode
| company = [[Thenandal Studio Limited]]
| network = [[Colors Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2022|8|1}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2022|11|25}}
| related = [[Ishq Mein Marjawan 2]]
}}

'''''Manthira Punnagai''''' ({{Translation|Mystic smile}}) is a 2022 Indian-[[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic thriller]] [[Tamil television drama|drama]] television series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/new-thrill-serial-will-be-telecast-named-mandhira-punnagai-in-famous-channel-097635.html|title=திகிலும் புதிரும் நிறைந்த மந்திர புன்னகை.. பிரபல சேனலில் துவங்கும் புது தொடர்!|website=tamil.filmibeat.com|date=11 July 2022 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ttncinema.com/television/colors-tamil-manthirapunnagai-new-serial-promo/cid8147079.htm|title=மர்மம் நிறைந்த 'மந்திரப் புன்னகை'... கலர்ஸ் தமிழன் புத்தம் புதிய தொடர் !|website=ttncinema.com|date=30 July 2022 |language=ta}}</ref> It is based on [[Hindi language|Hindi]]-language [[Colors TV]]'s drama series [[Ishq Mein Marjawan 2]], written by Sameer Siddiqui.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/colors-tamil-serial-manthira-punnagai-new-episodes-makes-fans-thrilling-099889.html|title=பொசசிவ்வில் கொதிக்கும் கதிர்.. மந்திரப் புன்னகை தொடரில் அடுத்த ட்விஸ்ட்!|website=tamil.filmibeat.com|date=September 2022 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/colors-tamil-television-new-serial-mandhira-punnagai.html|title=சீரியலா? இல்ல சீரிஸா? பிரபல டிவி சேனலில் காதல், மர்மம், சஸ்பென்ஸ் கலந்த விறுவிறு தொடர்.!|website=tamil.behindwoods.com|date=31 July 2022 |language=ta}}</ref>

It starred Supritha Sathyanarayan, Niyaz and Hussain Ahamed Khan<ref>{{Cite web|title=Niyaz Khan and Mersheena Neenu starrer 'Manthira Punnagai' to launch soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/niyaz-khan-and-mersheena-neenu-starrer-manthira-punnagai-to-launch-soon/articleshow/92809961.cms|access-date=6 August 2022|website=The Times of India|date=11 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> and produced by [[Thenandal Studio Limited]]. It premiered on [[Colors Tamil]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-colors-tamil-coming-soon-new-serial-mandhira-punnagai-serial-colors-tamil-launching-new-series-promo-romantic-thriller-774790.html|title=கலர்ஸ் தமிழின் 'மந்திர புன்னகை'.. எதிர்பார்ப்பை கூட்டும் புரமோ !|website=tamil.news18.com|date=21 July 2022 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-colors-tamil-manthira-punnaghai-serial-promo-770460.html|title=கலர்ஸ் தமிழின் புதிய திகில் தொடர் மந்திர புன்னகை!|website=tamil.news18.com|date=12 July 2022 |language=ta}}</ref> on 1 August 2022 and ended abruptly on 25 November 2022 with 81 episodes,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-colors-tamil-new-serial-mandhira-punnagai-timing-colorstamil-serials-list-next-mandhira-punnagai-from-august-1st-779167.html|title=கலர்ஸ் தமிழின் புதிய தொடர் 'மந்திரப் புன்னகை' .. ஆகஸ்ட் 1 முதல் ஆரம்பம்!|website=tamil.news18.com|date=30 July 2022 |language=ta}}</ref> and aired on Monday to Friday at 21:30 and available for streaming in selected markets on [[Voot]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/ishq-mein-marjawans-tamil-remake-manthira-punnagai-to-be-launched-soon/articleshow/92526019.cms|title=New Tamil soap 'Manthira Punnagai' to be launched soon|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=28 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinesamugam.com/mantrapunnakai-a-new-serial-that-will-be-aired-for-150-days-only-is-it-on-this-tv?page=1#gsc.tab=0|title=150 நாட்கள் மட்டுமே ஒளிபரப்பப்படவுள்ள மந்திரப்புன்னகை என்னும் புதிய சீரியல்- அடடே இந்த தொலைக்காட்சியில் தானா?|website=cinesamugam.com|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/new-thriller-serial-manthira-punnagai-going-to-start-on-august-1st-098343.html|title=ரசிகர்கள் காத்திருப்பு ஓவர்.. இன்னும் இரு தினங்களில் ஒளிபரப்பாகுது மந்திர புன்னகை த்ரில் தொடர்!|website=tamil.filmibeat.com|date=29 July 2022 |language=ta}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Mersheena Neenu]] / Supritha Sathyanarayan as Gayathiri: Kathir’s Ex Lover, Guru’s Wife
* Niyaz Khan as Guru: Gayathiri's husband
* Hussain Ahamed Khan as Kathir: A Cunning Cop, Gayathiri Ex Lover and Guru’s step brother (Main Antagonist)

===Supporting===
{{cast listing|
* [[Saravana Subbiah]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-citizen-movie-director-saravana-subbiah-entry-on-colors-tamil-madhira-punnagai-serial-797919.html|title=சீரியலில் நடிக்க வரும் அஜித் பட இயக்குனர்.. எந்த சேனலில் தெரியுமா?|website=tamil.news18.com|date=7 September 2022 |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[Vadivukkarasi]] - Lakshmi Paati: (Guru and Priya’s Grandmother)
* Nayana Raj as Sandhya (Gayathiri's Sister)
* [[Nalinikanth]] as Ramaiya (House helper, Guru’s welwisher)
* Punitha Balakrishnan as Priya (Guru’s Sister, Pravin's love interest)
* Priya Tharun as Saradha (Kathir Mother, Guru’s step mother)
* V.Dasarathy as Viswanathan (Janaki's husband, Pravin and Preeta father)
* Rajeshwary as Janaki (Viswanathan's wife, Pravin and Preeta mother)
* Mithun Raj as Pravin
* Gokila Gopal as Preeta
* -- as Mithra (Gayathiri's best friend)
}}

==Production==
===Casting===
The role of Gayathri was initially given to [[Mersheena Neenu]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/television/actress-mersheena-neenu-interview-psycho-is-one-of-my-favorite-roles-ive-ever-played|title=இந்த சீரியலில் நடிப்பதே த்ரில்லான அனுபவம் தான்! |website=kamadenu.hindutamil.in|language=ta}}</ref> but later given to Supritha Suryanarayan in October 2022. Hussain Ahamed Khan was cast as Kathir, Niyaz was cast as Guru. [[Saravana Subbiah]] and [[Vadivukkarasi]] were cast in supporting roles<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hippocinetamil.com/series/--436104|title=சீரியலில் நடிக்க வரும் அஜித் பட இயக்குநர்! |website=www.hippocinetamil.com|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=107788d|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005085646/https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=107788d|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 October 2022|title=சீரியலில் என்ட்ரி கொடுத்த அஜித் பட இயக்குநர்|website=[[Dinamalar]]|language=ta}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Colors Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Colors Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language mystery television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language police television series]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on Hindi-language television series]]

Bannari Mariamman Temple

2026-03-25T22:04:08Z

Erlinda61E: added references

{{more citations needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Arulmigu Sri Bannari Mariamman Temple
| image = Bannari Amman Temple.JPG
| alt = Arulmigu Sr Bannari Mariamman Temple
| image_upright =
| caption = Bannari Amman Temple Entrance
| coordinates = {{coord|11|33|10.7|N|77|08|21.4|E}}
| native_name = பண்ணாரி அம்மன் திருக்கோயில்
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Erode]]
| location = [[Bannari]], Sathyamangalam
| elevation_m =
| deity = Goddess [[Mariamman|Bannari]]
| festivals= [[Panguni]] Kundam festival
| temple_tank =
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| established =
| creator =
| website = http://www.bannariammantemple.tnhrce.in/
}}

'''Arulmigu Sri Bannari Mariamman Temple''' is an [[Mariamman|Amman]] temple in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is located near [[Sathyamangalam]], [[Erode district]].

The main deity is goddess Bannari, (the goddess of rain), an avatar of goddess [[Shakti]]. The goddess is considered powerful in Tamil and [[Kannada people|Kannada]] folklore. Nearly every village in the Kongu region of Tamil Nadu has a Mariamman temple.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bannariammantemple.tnhrce.in/ |title=Official Website of Arulmigu Sri Bannari Mariamman Temple, Sathyamangalam |access-date=19 December 2016 |archive-date=30 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230065400/http://www.bannariammantemple.tnhrce.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==History==
According to the official publication of the Arulmigu Bannari Mariamman Temple (HR&CE Department, Government of Tamil Nadu, 2025), the temple’s origin dates back to a period when the region was dense forest inhabited by wild animals. Local herders who grazed cattle in the area observed that one of their cows regularly released milk at a particular spot beneath a Vengai tree. When the people cleared the site to investigate, they discovered a self-manifested (swayambhu) form of Goddess Mariamman.<ref name=":0" />

Over time, the shrine developed into a major temple and became one of the most prominent Mariamman temples in South India. The official temple history does not include the washerman/Vannar legend commonly repeated in popular retellings; these are not part of the HR&CE-verified records.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arulmigu Bannari Mariamman Temple, Bannari - 638401, Erode District [TM010245].,Bannariamman,Bannariamman|url=https://bannarimariamman.hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/history.php?tid=10245|website=bannarimariamman.hrce.tn.gov.in|access-date=2025-11-30}}</ref>

==Kundam Festival==
Kundam Festival<ref>{{cite news|url =http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/08/stories/2009040851870300.htm|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090411063706/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/08/stories/2009040851870300.htm|url-status =dead|archive-date =2009-04-11|title= Kundam Festival 2009|accessdate=2009-04-15 |location=Chennai, India|work =[[The Hindu]]|date=2009-04-08}}</ref> is celebrated in the [[Tamil people|Tamil]] Month of Panguni (March - April). Lakhs of devotees from different directions throng the temple in this month. Erode district observes a local holiday during this festival.

==See also==
* [[Mariamman]]
* [[Periya Mariyamman Temple]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=755 Dinamalar-Bannari Amman Temple]

[[Category:Mariamman temples in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Erode district]]

Nandikotkur

2026-03-24T11:29:22Z

Erlinda61E: slightly enhance citations additionally for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nandikotkur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = telugu
| other_name = Nandikotkuru
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Nandikotkur entrance
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.8667|N|78.2667|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=civicbody>{{cite web|title=Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs|url=http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=29 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128175528/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|archivedate=28 January 2016|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 23.14
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 292
| population_total = 46593
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|http://cdma.ap.gov.in/NANDIKOTKUR/|Nandikotkur Municipality}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_caption =
}}
'''Nandikotkur''', natively known as '''Nandikotkuru''', is a grade II municipality town and capital of [[Tehsil|Nandikotkur mandal]] in [[Nandyal district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].

== Significance ==
Nandikotkur Assembly constituency is one of the constituencies formed during the early delimitation of electoral boundaries in Andhra Pradesh and has been in existence since the first general elections in 1952.<ref>{{cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://eci.gov.in}}</ref>

The constituency is reserved for Scheduled Castes and forms part of the Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency.<ref>{{cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://eci.gov.in}}</ref>

It comprises a mix of rural mandals where agriculture is a primary occupation, supported in part by irrigation systems linked to regional river basins. The electorate includes a substantial rural population, and the constituency has regularly participated in state assembly elections since its formation.

==Geography==
[[File:Nandikotkur Town Entrance Board.jpg|thumb|Nandikotkur Town Entrance]]
Nandikotkur is located at {{coord|15.8667|N|78.2667|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nandikotkur, India Page |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Nandikotkur.html |publisher=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 292 meters (961 feet). The nearest river is Krishna river.

Nandikotkur is located 27 km from Kurnool and 58 km from Nandyal.. It serves as a major transit point connecting important between Kurnool and Guntur. The route to Srisailam from Kurnool also traverses through Nandikotkur. The legend says that Nandikotkur is surrounded by nine Nandi statues (bulls) and hence this place was earlier called NavaNandikotkur and now this is called ''Nandi''kotkur. Handri Neeva Canal which provides irrigation water to Kurnool, Anantapur, Kadapa and Chittoor districts starts from Nadikotkur Mandal only. Sangamaheshwaram the place where seven rivers meet is located around 25 km from Nandikotkur. The population of Nandikotkur is 46,953

== Nearby pilgrimage centres ==
Nandikotkur is situated in proximity to several well-known pilgrimage centres in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, contributing to regional religious movement and connectivity.

* [[Srisailam]] – located approximately 140–160 km from Nandikotkur, it is a major Hindu pilgrimage centre known for the Mallikarjuna Temple, one of the twelve Jyotirlingas and a Shakti Peetha. The town is connected to Nandikotkur via road routes through the Nallamala forest region.

* [[Jogulamba Temple, Alampur]] – situated at a distance of around 20–25 km, this temple is dedicated to Goddess Jogulamba and is one of the eighteen Maha Shakti Peethas. Its close proximity makes it one of the nearest major pilgrimage sites accessible from Nandikotkur.

* [[Sangameswaram]] – located about 20–30 km from Nandikotkur, this temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva and is situated near the confluence of rivers. It is periodically accessible depending on water levels, attracting visitors from nearby areas including Nandikotkur.

== Transport ==
The [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] operates bus services from Nandikotkur bus station.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bus Stations in Districts |url=http://www.apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx |website=Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation |accessdate=9 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322233330/http://apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx |archivedate=22 March 2016 }}</ref>

==Education==
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the ''School Education Department'' of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department |url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=7 November 2016 |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227185018/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |archivedate=27 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education - Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |website=www.ap.gov.in |accessdate=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |archivedate= 7 November 2016 }}</ref> The medium of instruction followed by different schools are English, Telugu.

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.nandikotkur.com Nandikotkur.com]

{{Nandyal district}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Nandyal district]]

Roya Rozati

2026-03-15T18:25:44Z

Erlinda61E: added pg

{{Short description|Indian infertility specialist}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox medical person
| name = Roya Rozati
| image = Dr Roya Rozati.jpg
| alt = Dr Roya Rozati infertility specialist in Hyderabad
| caption = Rozati addressing the meeting as the State Secretary of Indian Fertility Society Telangana Chapter
| education = [[Gulbarga University]] [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi]] [[Fellow of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists London]]
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad, India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| years_active =
| known_for = Infertility Treatment, IVF, Gynaecology
| relations =
| website = {{URL|www.drroyarozati.com }}
| profession = Gynecologist, infertility specialist
| field =
| work_institutions = {{ublist |[[Indian Medical Association]]| Indian Council of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists}}
| specialism = Infertility treatment, obstetrics, gynecology
| research_field = Infertility
| notable_works =
| prizes =
| child =
| module2 =
| signature =
| work_institution = MHRT Hospital}}

'''Roya Rozati''' is an India-based [[gynecologist]] and [[infertility]] specialist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/india-ahead-of-european-countries-in-assisted-reproduction-dr-roya-rozti/States/news/1378728.html|title=India Ahead Of European Countries In Assisted Reproduction Dr Roya Rozti|last=|first=|date=14 October 2018|website=www.uniindia.com/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parentingnation.in//Hyderabad/Gynaec/Dr-Roya-Rozati_4341|title=Parenting Advice India, Pregnancy Advice, Baby Care, Baby Names India - Parenting Nation India|website=Parenting Nation|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref> She is also the Professor and Head of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences and formerly served as the Professor and Head of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Owaisi Hospital & Research Centre of the [[Deccan College of Medical Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ovary-related-issues-major-cause-of-womens-infertility/articleshow/63104346.cms|title=indian society for the study of reproduction: Ovary-related issues major cause of women's infertility |date=February 28, 2018|first=Syed |last=Akbar |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/surrogacy-finds-fertile-ground-in-capital-biz-turnover-at-rs-60cr/articleshow/59276617.cms|title=Surrogacy finds fertile ground in Hyderabad |date=June 23, 2017|first=Syed |last=Akbar |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref> In addition, Rozati is also the founder of the Maternal Health & Research Trust, a specialized research and infertility treatment center in [[Hyderabad]] focusing on infertility issues.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/infertility-doc-denies-charges-of-cheating-patients/article4684035.ece|title=Infertility doc denies charges of cheating patients|date=2013-05-04|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-08-13|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She is currently the National Advisor to Indian Fertility Society from Telangana State and A.R.T. Chief Specialist at MHRT Hospital and Research Center.

Her main areas of research are in [[Endometriosis]], [[Obstetrics]], [[stem cell biology]] and [[PCOS]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Muslim-share-of-population-is-growing/articleshow/48689527.cms|title=Muslim share of population is growing|date=August 27, 2015|first=Syed |last=Akbar |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Rozati was born and raised in [[Hyderabad, India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiacom.com/hyderabad/dr-mrs-roya-rozati_hyderabad_hyd_284415.html|title=Dr Mrs Roya Rozati in Banjara Hills, Hyderabad|website=www.indiacom.com|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref> She attended the [[Gulbarga University]] in 1985, where she studied medicine (MBBS). After completing medicine degree, she completed postdoctoral studies from [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|All India Institute Of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]] in 1990. After completing the education, Rozati joined Mahaveer Hospitals in 1995 as senior consultant.

In 1995, she joined the Deccan College Of Medical Sciences, resigned in the year 2020 and joined Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences where she currently serves as the Head of department, Gynecology. She has served on numerous conference program committees related to gynecology, edited journals, published articles, and is a Fellow of the Indian Council of Obstetricians and Gynaecologist (FICOG) and Member of the [[Indian Medical Association]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2018-10-16/India-is-way-ahead-in-assisted-reproduction/425588|title=India is way ahead in assisted reproduction|date=2018-10-16|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref>

In 2000, she founded Medical Health & Research Trust, a multi-speciality fertility hospital in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/Why-summer-is-unbearable-for-you/articleshow/19880752.cms|title=Why summer is unbearable for you - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref> Rozati serves as the ART Chief Specialist, Medical and Research Director of the hospital. She has previously chaired several conference program committees including, RCOG World Congress 2014 and was named as the “F.R.C.O.G. Fellow of the Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynecology” in 2005.

On August 12, 2018, the Indian Fertility Society inaugurated its Telangana State Chapter and Dr. Roya Rozati was appointed as the Telangana State Secretary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Roya Rozati {{!}} Indian Fertility Society |url=https://indianfertilitysociety.org/dr-roya-rozati/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |language=en}}</ref> She was instrumental in organizing a series of lectures In focused on infertility treatment under the aegis of the Indian Fertility Society Telangana Chapter.

In 2016, Rozati was appointed as the Program Advisor, Royal College Training Program at the Texila American University in South America. She was also appointed as the Co-Guide at the same institution where she serves in both the capacities until date.

Rozati lead and participated in nearly a dozen research projects including the ICMR supported Task Force Study on the Prevalence of Infertility in India.

In 2024, Rozati led the national conference ISSRF 2024 as its Organizing Secretary. The conference brought together India's noted scientists from different verticals and was inaugurated by Telangana Governor Dr. Tamilisai Soundararajan, a gynecologist herself at the [[Indian Institute of Chemical Technology]]. She also chaired the talk on "Advancements in |Technologies Related to Reproduction and Fertility" at the ISSRF 2025 held at Jaipur.

==Awards and honors==
Rozati is the recipient of several awards and honors including the prestigious :

* Rajiv Gandhi Shiromani Award {{cn|date=May 2023}}
* Rashtriya Ekta Award by The Global Economic Council, New Delhi.{{cn|date=May 2023}}
* Obstetricians and Gynecologists Award by Third World Organization Of Women Scientists{{cn|date=May 2023}}
* Honorary Award by National Academy of Medical Sciences
* Best Consultant Award by Mahavir Hospital and Research Center
* Honored as the Convenor to prepare Competency based Guidelines (Syllabus), Minimum Standards requirements by Medical Council of India
* Certificate of Recognition and Appreciation by Economic Times Health World Fertility Conclave (29 January 2019)
* Memorial Oration Award presented by ISSRF (2019){{cn|date=May 2023}}
* Best Chapter Award by the Indian Fertility Society (December 2019)
* Champion Award by ISAR (March 2020){{cn|date=May 2023}}

==Scientific conferences and webinars==
As the State Secretary of Indian Fertility Society (IFS) Telangana Chapter and the Director for Maternal Health and Research Institute (MHRI), Dr Roya Rozati contributed immensely to medical discourse on infertility and advancements in its treatments and procedures.

In February 2024, Dr. Roya Rozati led the efforts to organize the prestigious 34th annual meeting ISSRF 2024 as its Organizing Secretary. The 3-day Conference was inaugurated by Telangana Governor [[Tamilisai Soundararajan|Dr. Tamilisai Soundararajan]] at the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology focussed on providing infertility experts, academicians and research scholars in the field of reproductive medicine a platform to exchange recent trends and advancements in fertility and assisted reproduction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Advanced fertility treatments must reach poor: Telangana Governor |url=https://www.ap7am.com/en/75736/advanced-fertility-treatments-must-reach-poor-telangana-governor |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=ap7am.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sE2yiXvfr7s |title=ISSRF-2024 Inauguration {{!}} Jannat Hussain Jannat Ko Chale Gaye {{!}} MLA Nandita Killed |language=en |access-date=2024-04-24 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> The event held significant importance as it brought together "scientific papers, orations, protocols and deliberations on research to help advance the treatment of fertility medicine. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Gawah News |date=2024-02-24 |title=Advanced Fertility Treatments Must Reach Poorest of the Poor: Telangana Governor |url=https://gawahweekly.com/advanced-fertility-treatments-must-reach-poorest-of-the-poor-telangana-governor/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Gawah (The Witness) - Latest News, Current Affairs, Politics, Sports, Religion, Literature, Technology, Education, National, Local - Hyderabad Telangana India World |language=en-US}}</ref>” She leads a Special Interest Group on Endometriosis and has organized and chaired several conferences, symposiums and webinars of national and international repute. In January 2025, she delivered a talk on Impact of Assisted Reproduction on Women organized by Department of Women Education at the [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]].

* Organized First Annual Congress on “Reproductive Molecular Biology & [[Assisted reproductive technology|Assisted Reproductive Technology]] “Ethics, Regulations & Pioneering Technology (November 5, 2016)
* Conducted ISSRF 2018 -Pre – World Conference Workshop on Assisted reproductive Technology (February 22, 2018)
* Organized World Congress on Reproductive Health with Emphasis on Family Planning and Assisted Reproductive Technology (23rd Feb. to 25th Feb. 2018)
* Organized the 28th Annual Meeting of the Indian Society for the Study of Reproduction and Fertility- (ISSRF-2018)
* Invited as National Faculty for inauguration of Andhra Pradesh Chapter of Indian Fertility Society
* Invited as National Faculty at New Delhi-Medical Therapy on Endometriosis of Indian Fertility Society
* Chairperson and Convenor for webinar series on Endometrioris
* Chairperson and Convenor for webinar series on Managing Infertility in Women
* Delivered talk at the International conference on Challenges and strategies in reproductive and environmental Health with special reference to COVID-19 pandemic
* Moderated The 16th Annual Conference Fertivision and 1st Virtual Global Congress of Indian Fertility Society (IFS) in association with Indian Society for The Study Of Reproduction And Fertility (ISSRF) and CRISPR

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rozati, Roya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian gynaecologists]]
[[Category:Indian women gynaecologists]]
[[Category:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi alumni]]

Electric Loco Shed, Kalyan

2026-03-15T05:41:04Z

Erlinda61E: improved article

{{Short description|Loco shed in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Railway Depot
| name = Electric Loco Shed, Kalyan
| image = 22222 Rajdhani Express.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_alt = 
| caption = Kalyan based WAP-7 hauling NZM - CSMT Rajdhani Express.
| location = [[Kalyan]], [[Thane district]] [[Maharashtra]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|19.23525|N|73.1305|E|region:IN_type:railwaystation|display=inline,title}}
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Central Railway zone]]
| depotcode = KYN
| type = Electric [[engine shed]]
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1928|11|28}}
| closed = 
| original =
| pregrouping =
| postgrouping =
| roads = 
| rollingstock = [[WAP-5]] [[WAP-7]] [[Indian locomotive class WAG-7|WAG-7]] [[WAG-9]] [[WCAM-2]] [[WCAM-3|WCAM-3/WAG-7M]] [[Indian locomotive class WCAG-1|WCAG-1]] [[Indian locomotive class WCM-6|WCM-6]]
| routes =
| map_type = India Maharashtra
| map_dot_label =
}}

'''Electric Loco Shed, Kalyan''' is an electric engine shed located in [[Kalyan]] in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. Located north-east of [[Kalyan Junction railway station]], it falls under the [[Mumbai CR railway division]].<ref>[http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html Sheds and Workshops]</ref>

== History ==

Electric Loco Shed Kalyan has the distinction of being the prime mover of [[Mumbai CR railway division|Mumbai Division]] of [[Central Railway zone|central railway]] for the last 93 years. The shed was established on 28 November 1928 under Great Indian Peninsula Railway & is the first Electric Loco Shed in India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nandi|first=Tamal|date=2019-11-28|title=Indian Railways first electric loco shed celebrates its 91st anniversary|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-first-electric-loco-shed-as-it-celebrates-its-91st-anniversary-kalyan-11574950367844.html|access-date=2021-12-08|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> Kalyan Electric Loco Shed is the latest electric loco shed on [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]] to house the pure AC electric locomotives due to the shed being under 1500 V DC catenary. It is also the only shed in India to hold widest variety of locos.<ref>[http://irfca.org/apps/locos/show/8150?page=4 Loco Roster Database]</ref> Currently shed handles 225 locos includes 50 Nos. of [[WCAM-3]], 20 Nos. of [[WCAM-2]], 12 Nos. of [[Indian locomotive class WCAG-1|WCAG-1]], 55 Nos. of [[WAG-7]], 2 Nos. of WCM-6, 69 Nos. of [[WAG-9]], 78 Nos. of [[WAP-7]] respectively. It formerly held the [[Indian locomotive class WCG-2|WCG-2]] DC electric locomotives.

== Activities ==
Apart from regular Preventive Maintenance Schedule i.e. IA, IB, IC, TOH & IOH, Kalyan Loco Shed is also carrying out the following activities.

# Maintenance & operation of Accident Relief Train
# Maintenance & operation of Self Propelled ART
# Re-discing of wheel sets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-loco-electric-dc.html#acdc|title = [IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: Locomotives -- Specific classes : DC & Dual Current Electric}}</ref>

== Milestones ==
{| class="wikitable"
|1928
|Establishment of First Electric Loco Shed at Kalyan on 28-11-1928 in India.
|-
|1955
|07 Nos. WCM/1 class Locomotives (Make – English Electric) inducted into service on 01-08-1955
|-
|1960
|02 Nos. WCM/2 class Locomotives (Make – English Electric) & 03 Nos. WCM/3 Class (Make – Hitachi Japan) Locomotives inducted into service on 01-08-1960
|-
|1961
|07 Nos. WCM/4 class Locomotives (Make–Hitachi Japan) commissioned on 20-10-1961
|-
|1963
|First Electric Locomotive manufactured in India at CLW dedicated to Nation by then Prime Minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, & named as “LOKMANYA”. 21 Nos. WCM/5 class Locomotives commissioned during 1963-65
|-
|1967
|12 Nos. WCM/2 class Locomotives (after modification from 3000 Volts to 1500 Volts) commissioned on 15-03-1967
|-
|1971
|57 Nos. WCG/2 Class Locomotives (Make – CLW India) commissioned during 1971–77.
|-
|1996
|02 Nos. WCM-6 Class Locomotives (Make–CLW India) commissioned on 05-07-1996.
|-
|1996
|Under the plan of conversion of DC Traction to AC Traction, Kalyan Loco Shed received 53 Nos. WCAM-3 Class AC/DC Locomotives (Make – BHEL, India) & commissioned during 1996–1998. Use of Static Inverter Unit on Locomotives started for the first time on Indian Railway
|-
|1999
|12 Nos. WCAG-1 Class AC/DC Locomotives (make–BHEL, India) Commissioned on 24-06-1999
|-
|2003
|New RR Shed (06 Pit) commissioned for AC Locomotives.
|-
|2004
|SPARMV (Self Propelled Accident Relief Medical Van) commissioned at ELS Kalyan.
|-
|2010
|Shed OHE converted from 1500 V DC to 25 kV AC on 07-06-2010.
 
|-
|2008 to 2011
|50 Nos. WAG-7 Type locomotives (Make – CLW, India) received from ELS BSL, AQ & BIA. These locos are working as Banker in NE & SE Ghat Section under 25 KV AC Catenary.
|-
|2012
|20 Nos. WCAM-2 Class AC/DC Locomotives (make – BHEL, India) received from ELS / BL. These locos are working on Mail/Express Service.
|-
|2013
|First WAG-9 loco received from CLW and commissioned at ELS / KYN on 02-02-2013. Total 18 locomotives received and commissioned during 2013.
|-
|2014
|23 Nos. WAG-9 three Phase Locomotives (make – CLW, India) received and commissioned.
|-
|2015
|22 Nos. WAG-9 three Phase Locomotives (make – CLW, India) received and commissioned.
|-
|2016
|1. 07 Nos. WAG-9 Three Phase Locomotives (make – CLW, India) received and commissioned.

2. WAG-9 Maintenance activities were shifted to new building
|-
|2018
|1. !0 Nos. of WAG-9 Three Phase Locos. (4 nos. from BHEL & 6 nos. from CLW, India) received and commissioned.

2. New HS-SPART (High Speed Self Propelled Accident Relief Train) ICF make is commissioned.
|-
|2019
|13 Nos. of WAG-9 Three Phase Locos are received and commissioned.

12 Nos. of WAP-7 received from ELS AQ and ELS GZB for push pull operation.

05 nos. of WAG-7 locos received from ELS-AQ.

20 Nos. of WAG-9 locos transferred to GMO and LDH.

The holding of ELS KYN as on dt. is 223 locos
|}

== Locomotives ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Serial No. !! Locomotive Class !! Horsepower !! Quantity
|-
| 1. || [[WAP-5]] || 6120 || 8
|-
| 2. || [[WAP-7]] || 6350 || 78
|-
| 3. || [[WAG-7]] || 5350 || 68
|-
| 4. || [[Indian locomotive class WCAM-3|WAG-7M]] || 5350 || 46
|-
| 5. || [[WCAM-2]] || 4720 || 12
|-
| 6. || [[WCAM-3]] || 5350 || 6
|-
| 7. || [[Indian locomotive class WCAG-1|WCAG-1]] || 5000 || 12
|-
| 8. || [[Indian locomotive class WCM-6|WCM-6]] || 4600 || 2
|-
| 9. || [[WAG-9]] || 6120 || 2
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total Locomotives Active as of February 2026'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=e-Locos|url=http://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/holding.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Listing All Locos - IRFCA Locomotive Database |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos?filter_term%5Bshed_id%5D=127 |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>||234
|}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/ }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140112090715/http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/ Central Railway - Official Website]
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Kalyan}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Locomotives Sheds of India}}
{{Central Railway}}

[[Category:Electric railway depots in India|Kalyan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Transport in Kalyan-Dombivli]]
[[Category:1928 establishments in India]]

Manilal Joshi

2026-03-14T22:20:03Z

Erlinda61E: Created new stub - done

{{short description|Indian silent film director (1893–1927)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
'''Manilal Joshi''' (1893 – 7 September 1927) was a film director of silent films from [[Indian cinema]].
{{Infobox person
| name = Manilal Joshi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1893
| death_date = 7 September 1927
| occupation = Film director
| years_active =
| known_for = Silent films
}}

==Biography==
Joshi was a school teacher in [[Bombay]] before joining cinema. He was trained under cinematographer Vishnu B. Joshi at [[Kohinoor Film Company|Kohinoor Studio]] (1920).<ref name="Willemen2014">{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&dq=Veer+Mangdavalo&pg=RA39-PA1991 |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |date=2014-07-10 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |pages=115 |edition=revised |language=en}}</ref> He started his career as a director with his debut film ''Veer Abhimanyu'' (1922). The film was produced by [[Ardeshir Irani]] and Bhogilal Dave who had started their banner, Star Film Company Ltd. in 1922. The film was known as ''Virat Swaroop'' and was a "big-budget mythological". It was also a debut for actress Sultana who played the role of [[Uttara (Mahabharata)|Uttara]], with Vakil playing [[Abhimanyu]]. The film apparently included flashbacks in Indian cinema for the first time.<ref name="Gokulsing">{{cite book |author1=K. Moti Gokulsing |title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas |author2=[[Wimal Dissanayake]] |date=17 April 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-77284-9 |pages=90– |chapter=Gujarati Cinema-Amrit Gangar |access-date=16 July 2015 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&pg=PA90}}</ref> He started his independent production company Swastika Film in 1923 which failed. His next ''[[Prithvi Vallabh (1924 film)|Prithvi Vallabh]]'' (1924) under his banner Ashoka Pictures was a hit. His ''[[Mojili Mumbai]]'' (1925) depicted the moral decline in urban Westernised middle-class people of Mumbai which was one of the first film to depict contemporary culture. He later worked for Kohinoor Film Company and produced films under Laxmi Films established in 1925 as an associated company. He worked at Sharda Studio and Excelsior Film for short periods.<ref name="Willemen2014"/>

==Legacy==
Joshi was the first director who recognised the rights of director as an author of the film. He also introduced rolling of credits to cast and crew on screen. His films had fine cinematography.<ref name="Willemen2014"/>

==Filmography==
;Silent films<ref name="Willemen2014"/>
* 1922: ''Veer Abhimanyu'', ''Raja Parikshit'', ''Ratnavali''
* 1923: ''Sati No Sraap'', ''Kirat Arjun''
* 1924: ''[[Prithvi Vallabh (1924 film)|Prithvi Vallabh]]''
* 1925: ''Indrasabha'', ''Raj Yogi'', ''Desh Na Dushman'', ''Veer Kunal'', ''[[Mojili Mumbai]]'', ''Devadasi'', ''Suvarna'', ''Khandani Khavis'', ''Kala Chor'', ''Sati Simantini''
* 1926: ''Jungle Ni Jadibuti'', ''Ajabkumari'', ''Ratan Manjari'', ''Dulari'', ''Kashmeera''
* 1927: ''Nanand Bhojai'', ''Parsa Eblis'', ''Shrimati Nalini'', ''Laila Majnu'', ''Lohika Lilam'', ''Prem Ni Pratima''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Manilal}}
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Gujarat]]
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1927 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian silent film directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]

Tarn Taran Sahib

2026-03-12T01:47:02Z

Erlinda61E: Started Article - done

{{Short description|City in Punjab, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tarn Taran Sahib
| native_name = {{nativename|pa|Taran Tāran Sāhib}}
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| image1 = The Sarovar besides the GurudwaraTarn Taran Sahib, Punjab, India.jpg
| image2 = Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji Gate, Tarn Taran Sahib.jpg
}}
| imagesize = 250px
| image_alt =
| image_caption = clockwise from top: [[Gurdwara Sri Tarn Taran Sahib|Gurdwara Tarn Taran Sahib]], Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji Gate.
| pushpin_map = India Punjab
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.4491|N|74.9205|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1500 CE
| founder = [[Guru Arjan|Guru Arjan Dev Ji]]
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 70
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 500.5
| population_total = 66,847
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym = Tarn Tarn Sahib Wale
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=43891 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924120904/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=43891 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=Census of India: Search Details}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 143401
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 (225) 1852
| registration_plate = PB-46
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 764<ref>[http://pbhealth.gov.in/pdf/civil.pdf Population data] pbhealth.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828171117/http://pbhealth.gov.in/pdf/civil.pdf |date=28 August 2019 }}</ref> [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.DarbarsahibTarntarn.com}}
| footnotes =
| Website Designer =
| contact no. =
| official_name =
| motto =
| image_shield =
}}

'''Tarn Taran Sahib''' is a city in the [[Majha]] region of the state of [[Punjab, India]]. It is the district headquarters and hosts the [[municipal council]] of [[Tarn Taran district]]. [[Gurdwara Sri Tarn Taran Sahib]], a prominent [[Sikh]] shrine, is located in the central part of the city.

==History==
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2025}}
Tarn Taran Sahib was founded under [[Mughal rule]] by [[Guru Arjan Dev]] (1563–1606), the fifth [[Sikh Guru]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Mann |first=Gurinder Singh |title=The Making of Sikh Scripture |date=May 3, 2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198029878 |pages=9 |chapter=Table 1. Towns Associated with the Sikh Gurus}}</ref>

[[Tarn Taran district]] was formed in 2006.

===Gurdwara Reform Movement===
{{Main|Akali movement}}
As the [[Akali movement|Gurdwara reform movement]] got under way, the control of the sacred shrines passed to a representative body of the Sikhs, the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]], on 27 January 1921. A leper asylum established by Guru Arjan Dev was ignored by the clergy after the abrogation of Sikh sovereignty, and taken over in 1858 by Christian missionaries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/events/tarntaran.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000919055826/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/events/tarntaran.html |archive-date=19 September 2000 |title=Sikh Social Warriors}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} Indian [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800254-tarn-taran-punjab.html|title=Tarn Taran City Population 2011 Census|access-date=2015-11-16|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021047/http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800254-tarn-taran-punjab.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Tarn Taran Sahib had a population of 66,847. Males constituted 52.3% of the population, and females 47.7%. Tarn Taran has an average literacy rate of 79.33%, higher than the state average of 75.84%: male literacy was 82.39%, and female literacy was 76%. In Tarn Taran Sahib, 11.2% of the population was under 6 years of age and 15% is elderly. 3% of its residents have settled abroad.

===Religion===
{{Pie chart|caption=Religion in Tarn Taran (2011)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800254-tarn-taran-punjab.html |title=Tarn Taran Municipal Council City Population Census 2011-2022 {{!}} Punjab |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021047/http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800254-tarn-taran-punjab.html |url-status=live }}</ref>|value1=75.7|color1=Darkkhaki|label1=[[Sikhism]]|color2=Orange|label2=[[Hinduism]]|value2=23.2|value3=0.7|color3=Blue|label3=[[Christianity]]|value4=0.3|color4=Green|label4=[[Islam]]|value5=0.1|label5=Others|color5=Grey}}The table below shows the population of different religious groups in Taran Taran city and their [[sex ratio|gender ratio]], as of 2011 census.
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Population by religious groups in Tarn Taran city, 2011 census<ref>https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11389 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110204209/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11389 |date=10 November 2024 }}, India - C-01: Population by religious community, Punjab - 2011, Tarn Taran (M Cl)</ref>
!Religion!!Total!!Female!!Male!!Gender ratio
|-
|Sikh||75,584||31,232||33,352||919
|-
|Hindu||15,499||7,305||8,194||891
|-
|Christian||488||230||258||891
|-
|Muslim||202||92||110||836
|-
|Buddhist||16||8||8||1000
|-
|Jain||10||5||5||1000
|-
|Other religions||7||2||5||400
|-
|Not stated||41||22||19||1157
|-
|Total||91,847||31,896 ||34,951||912
|}

==Politics==
The city is part of the [[Tarn Taran Assembly Constituency]].<ref name="Tribune News Service">{{cite news |title=Punjab Assembly: 12 doctors make it to House |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-assembly-12-doctors-make-it-to-house-377306 |access-date=14 March 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313065353/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-assembly-12-doctors-make-it-to-house-377306 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Economy==

===Industry===
Tarn Taran Sahib is the site of the [[Goindwal Sahib Power Plant]] and [[harike]] barrage.

Tarn Taran Sahib is also a major producer of agriculture products including [[wheat]], [[rice]], [[maize]] and vegetables such as peas, broccoli and so on. As a district 80% economy is based on agricultural products and 20% includes local shops, [[real estate]] businesses, and local software and technology businesses.

==Government and politics==
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2025}}
Tarn Taran Sahib is situated near the [[Amritsar district]]. It sends one elected representative to the [[Lok Sabha]] (the Indian parliament), one member to the State Legislative Assembly and two members to Shiromani Gurdwara Parbhandhak Committee (SGPC) at [[Amritsar]]. It is the headquarters of Tarn Taran district. It is a municipal council with 19 wards. The district borders Doaba, Malwa Belt and [[Pakistan]].

==Notable people==
*[[Baba Deep Singh]], [[Sikh]] leader
*[[Baba Gurdit Singh]], of the [[SS Komagata Maru]] incident
*[[Bhai Bidhi Chand Chhina]], soldier
*[[Bhai Maha Singh]], Sikh leader
*[[Dara Singh]], wrestler
*[[Deepak Dhawan]] communist leader
*[[Gurdial Singh Dhillon]], politician
*[[Gurpreet Singh (shooter)]]
*[[M. S. Gill]], politician
*[[Mai Bhago]], soldier
*[[Pratap Singh Kairon]], politician
*[[Krishan Kant]], politician
*[[Surender Mohan Pathak]], novelist
*[[Teja Singh Samundri]], temple administrator
*[[Baghel Singh]], who occupied [[Delhi]]
*[[Sohan Singh Bhakna]], politician
*[[Gurbaksh Chahal]], businessman
*[[Prem Dhillon]], singer
*[[Jordan Sandhu]], singer
*[[Paintal (comedian)|Paintal]], actor
*[[Talwiinder]], singer

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-aug-27-la-et-capsule-soch-lo-20100827-story.html "La et capsule soch lo"], LATimes.com, 27 August 2010.

{{Tarn Taran district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tarn Taran Sahib| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Tarn Taran district]]

Buckingham Palace

2026-03-05T14:10:28Z

Erlinda61E: slightly fix article for accuracy and added references

{{Short description|Official London residence of the British monarch}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}

[[File:Buckingham Palace London Morning 2020 01 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|East Front of the palace seen from the [[Victoria Memorial, London|Victoria Memorial]]]]
'''Buckingham Palace''' ({{IPAc-en|uk|ˈ|b|ʌ|k|ɪ|ŋ|ə|m}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Buckingham |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/buckingham |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304010024/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/buckingham |archive-date=4 March 2021 |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=Collins Dictionary |language=en-US}}</ref> is the [[official residence]] and the administrative headquarters of the [[monarch of the United Kingdom]] in [[London]].{{efn|By tradition, the [[Court of St James's|British Royal Court]] is officially resident at [[St James's Palace]], which means that, while foreign [[ambassador]]s assuming their new position are received by the [[British sovereign]] at Buckingham Palace, they are accredited to the "Court of St James's Palace". This anomaly continues for the sake of tradition, as Buckingham Palace is to all intents and purposes the [[official residence]]. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20100529122601/http://www.royal.gov.uk/TheRoyalResidences/StJamessPalace/History.aspx History of St James's Palace] (Official website of the British Monarchy).}} Located in the [[City of Westminster]], the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focal point for the [[British people]] at times of national rejoicing and mourning.

Originally known as Buckingham House, the building at the core of today's palace was a large [[townhouse (Great Britain)|townhouse]] built for the [[John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby|Duke of Buckingham and Normanby]] in 1703 on a site that had been in private ownership for at least 150 years. It was acquired by [[George III]] in 1761 as a private residence for [[Queen Charlotte]] and became known as The Queen's House. In the early 19th century it was enlarged by the architects [[John Nash (architect)|John Nash]] and [[Edward Blore]], who constructed three wings around a central courtyard. Buckingham Palace became the London residence of the British monarch on the accession of [[Queen Victoria]] in 1837.

[[File:Buckingham Palace aerial view 2016.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Aerial view of the palace during [[Elizabeth II]]'s 90th birthday celebrations in 2016]]
The last major structural additions were made in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the East Front, which contains the balcony on which the [[British royal family|royal family]] traditionally appears to greet crowds. A German bomb destroyed the palace chapel during the [[Second World War]]; the [[King's Gallery]] was built on the site and opened to the public in 1962 to exhibit works of art from the [[Royal Collection]].

The original early-19th-century interior designs, many of which survive, include widespread use of brightly coloured [[scagliola]] and blue and pink [[Lapis lazuli|lapis]], on the advice of [[Charles Long, 1st Baron Farnborough|Charles Long]]. [[Edward VII]] oversaw a partial redecoration in a [[Belle Époque]] cream and gold colour scheme. Many smaller reception rooms are furnished in the Chinese [[Chinoiserie|regency]] style with furniture and fittings brought from the [[Royal Pavilion]] at [[Brighton]] and from [[Carlton House]]. The palace has 775 rooms, and [[Garden at Buckingham Palace|the garden]] is the largest private garden in London. The state rooms, used for official and state entertaining, are open to the public each year for most of the summer and on selected days in winter and spring.

==History==

===Pre-1624===
In the [[Middle Ages]], the site of the future palace formed part of the Manor of Ebury (also called [[Eia]]). The marshy ground was watered by the river [[Tyburn (stream)|Tyburn]], which still flows below the courtyard and south wing of the palace.<ref>Goring, p. 15.</ref> Where the river was fordable (at Cow Ford), the village of Eye Cross grew. Ownership of the site changed hands many times; owners included [[Edward the Confessor]] and [[Edith of Wessex]] in late Saxon times, and, after the [[Norman conquest of England|Norman Conquest]], [[William the Conqueror]]. William gave the site to [[Geoffrey de Mandeville (11th century)|Geoffrey de Mandeville]], who bequeathed it to the monks of [[Westminster Abbey]].{{efn|The topography of the site and its ownership are dealt with in Wright, chapters 1–4.}}

In 1531, [[Henry VIII]] acquired the Hospital of St James, which became [[St James's Palace]],<ref>Goring, p. 28.</ref> from [[Eton College]], and in 1536 he took the Manor of Ebury from Westminster Abbey.<ref>Goring, p. 18.</ref> These transfers brought the site of Buckingham Palace back into royal hands for the first time since William the Conqueror had given it away almost 500 years earlier.<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Survey of London]]: The Grosvenor Estate in Mayfair |publisher=London County Council |year=1977 |volume=39 |pages=1–5 |chapter=Chapter 1: The Acquisition of the Estate |access-date=3 February 2009 |chapter-url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=41820 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213074652/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=41820 |archive-date=13 December 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> Various owners leased it from royal landlords, and the [[Freehold (law)|freehold]] was the subject of frenzied speculation during the 17th century. By then, the old village of Eye Cross had long since fallen into decay, and the area was mostly wasteland.<ref>Wright, pp. 76–78.</ref> Needing money, [[James VI and I]] sold off part of the Crown freehold but retained part of the site on which he established a {{convert|4|acre|adj=on|spell=in}} [[Morus alba|mulberry]] garden for the production of [[silk]]. (This is at the north-west corner of today's palace.)<ref>Goring, pp. 31, 36.</ref> [[Clement Walker]] in ''Anarchia Anglicana'' (1649) refers to "new-erected sodoms and spintries at the Mulberry Garden at S. James's"; this suggests it may have been a place of debauchery. Eventually, in the late 17th century, the freehold was inherited from the property tycoon [[Hugh Audley]] by the great heiress Mary Davies.{{efn|Audley and Davies were key figures in the development of Ebury Manor and also the Grosvenor Estate (see [[dukes of Westminster]]), which still exists today. They are remembered in the street names North Audley Street, [[South Audley Street]], and Davies Street, all in [[Mayfair]].}}

===First houses on the site (1624–1761)===
[[File:Buckingham House 1710.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.2|Engraving of Buckingham House, {{c.|1725}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1880-0911-1187|title=Museum number 1880,0911.1187|website=British Museum|access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>]]
Possibly the first house erected within the site was that of William Blake, around 1624.<ref>Wright, p. 83.</ref> The next owner was [[George Goring, 1st Earl of Norwich]], who from 1633 extended Blake's house, which came to be known as Goring House, and developed much of today's garden, then known as Goring Great Garden.<ref>Goring, Chapter V</ref><ref name="Harris, p.21">Harris, p. 21.</ref> He did not, however, obtain the freehold interest in the mulberry garden. Unbeknown to Goring, in 1640 the interest "failed to pass the [[Great Seal of the Realm|Great Seal]] before [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] fled London, which it needed to do for legal execution".<ref>Wright, p. 96.</ref> It was this critical omission that would help the British royal family regain the freehold under [[George III]].<ref>Goring, p. 62.</ref> When the improvident Goring defaulted on his rents,<ref>Goring, p. 58.</ref> [[Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington]] was able to purchase the lease of Goring House and he was occupying it when it burned down in 1674,<ref name="Harris, p.21"/> following which he constructed Arlington House on the site – the location of the southern wing of today's palace – the next year.<ref name="Harris, p.21"/> In 1698, [[John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby|John Sheffield]] acquired the lease. He later became the first [[Duke of Buckingham and Normanby]].<ref name="who built">{{cite web |title=Who built Buckingham Palace? |url=https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/visit/buckinghampalace/about/who-built-the-palace |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624153126/https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/visit/buckinghampalace/about/who-built-the-palace |archive-date=24 June 2017 |access-date=8 March 2016 |website=Royal Collection Trust}}</ref> Buckingham House was built for Sheffield in 1703 to the design of [[William Winde]]. The style chosen was of a large, three-floored central block with two smaller flanking service wings.<ref name="harris22">Harris, p. 22.</ref> It was eventually sold by Buckingham's illegitimate son, [[Sir Charles Herbert Sheffield, 1st Baronet|Charles Sheffield]], in 1761<ref name="rob14">Robinson, p. 14.</ref> to George III for £21,000.<ref>Mackenzie, p. 12 and Nash, p. 18.</ref>{{efn|The purchase price is given by Wright p. 142 as £28,000.}} Sheffield's [[leasehold]] on the mulberry garden site, the freehold of which was still owned by the royal family, was due to expire in 1774.<ref>Mackenzie, p. 12.</ref>

===From Queen's House to palace (1761–1837)===
{{anchor|Queen's House}}
[[File:Buckingham House, East Front, by William Westall, 1819 - royal coll 922137 257059 ORI 0.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The house in 1819, by [[William Westall]]]]
Under the new royal ownership, the building was originally intended as a private retreat for [[Queen Charlotte]], and was accordingly known as The Queen's House. Remodelling of the structure began in 1762.<ref>Harris, p. 24.</ref> In 1775, an Act of Parliament settled the property on Queen Charlotte, in exchange for her rights to nearby [[Old Somerset House]],<ref name="Old and New">{{cite book |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=45183 |title=Old and New London |publisher=Cassell, Petter & Galpin |date=1878 |volume=4 |pages=61–74 |access-date=3 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008025710/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=45183 |archive-date=8 October 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> and 14 of her 15 children were born there.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/encyclopedia/queen-charlotte-19-may-1744-17-november-1818|title=Queen Charlotte (19 May 1744 - 17 November 1818)|website=royal.uk|access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref> Some furnishings were transferred from [[Carlton House]] and others had been bought in France after the [[French Revolution]]<ref>Jones, p. 42.</ref> of 1789. While [[St James's Palace]] remained the official and ceremonial royal residence,<ref name="Old and New"/>{{Efn|The tradition persists of foreign ambassadors being formally accredited to "the [[Court of St James's]]", even though it is at Buckingham Palace that they present their credentials and staff to the monarch upon their appointment.}} the name "Buckingham Palace" was used from at least 1791.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Zg-AAAAYAAJ |title=The Annual Register |date=1791 |editor-last=Burke |editor-first=Edmund |page=8 |quote=Buckingham-palace was the dwelling house of the king. |access-date=25 September 2016}}</ref>

After his accession to the throne in 1820, [[George IV]] continued the renovation, intending to create a small, comfortable home. However, in 1826, while the work was in progress, the King decided to modify the house into a palace with the help of his architect [[John Nash (architect)|John Nash]].<ref>Harris, pp. 30–31.</ref> The façade was designed with George IV's preference for [[Neoclassicism in France#Architecture|French neoclassical]] architecture in mind. The cost of the renovations grew dramatically, and by 1829 the extravagance of Nash's designs resulted in his removal as the architect. On the death of George IV in 1830, his younger brother [[William IV]] hired [[Edward Blore]] to finish the work.<ref>Harris, p. 33.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Royal Residences > Buckingham Palace > History |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/TheRoyalResidences/BuckinghamPalace/History.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328161802/http://www.royal.gov.uk/TheRoyalResidences/BuckinghamPalace/History.aspx |archive-date=28 March 2010 |website=www.royal.gov.uk}}</ref> William never moved into the palace, preferring [[Clarence House]], which had been built to his specifications and which had been his London home while he was heir presumptive. After the [[Palace of Westminster]] was destroyed by fire in 1834, he offered to convert Buckingham Palace into a new Houses of Parliament, but his offer was declined.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ziegler |first=Philip |title=King William IV |publisher=Collins |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-0021-1934-4 |page=280 |author-link=Philip Ziegler}}</ref>

===Queen Victoria (1837–1901)===
[[File:Buckingham Palace engraved by J.Woods after Hablot Browne & R.Garland publ 1837 edited.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Buckingham Palace {{circa|1837}}, showing [[Marble Arch]] at left, a ceremonial entrance. It was moved next to [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] to make way for the new east wing in 1847.]]
Buckingham Palace became the principal royal residence in 1837, on the accession of Queen Victoria,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Royal Residences > Buckingham Palace |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/TheRoyalResidences/BuckinghamPalace/BuckinghamPalace.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327220845/http://www.royal.gov.uk/TheRoyalResidences/BuckinghamPalace/BuckinghamPalace.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2010 |website=www.royal.gov.uk}}</ref> who was the first monarch to reside there.<ref>Hedley, p. 10.</ref> While the [[state room]]s were a riot of [[Gilding|gilt]] and colour, the necessities of the new palace were somewhat less luxurious. The chimneys were said to smoke so much that the fires had to be allowed to die down, and consequently the palace was often cold.<ref name="ws249">Woodham-Smith, p. 249.</ref> Ventilation was so poor that the interior had a foul smell, and when it was decided to install gas lamps, there was a serious worry about the build-up of gas on the lower floors. It was also said that the staff were lax and lazy and the palace was dirty.<ref name="ws249"/> Following the Queen's marriage in 1840, her husband, [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Albert]], concerned himself with a reorganisation of the [[Royal Household|household]] offices and staff, and with addressing the design faults of the palace.<ref name="Rappaport">Rappaport, p. 84.</ref> By the end of 1840, all the problems had been rectified. However, the builders were to return within a decade.<ref name="Rappaport">Rappaport, p. 84.</ref>

By 1847, the couple found the palace too small for court life and their growing family<ref>Harris, de Bellaigue & Miller, p. 33.</ref> and a new wing, designed by Edward Blore, was built by [[Thomas Cubitt]],<ref>''Holland & Hannen and Cubitts – The Inception and Development of a Great Building Firm'', published 1920, p. 35.</ref> enclosing the central quadrangle. The work, carried out from 1847 to 1849, was paid for by the sale of Brighton Pavilion in 1850.<ref name=Tel/> The large East Front, facing [[The Mall, London|The Mall]], is today the "public face" of Buckingham Palace and contains the balcony from which the [[British royal family|royal family]] acknowledge the crowds on momentous occasions and after the annual [[Trooping the Colour]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Owens |first=Ed |title=Buckingham Palace's balcony: a focal point for national celebration |url=http://www.historyextra.com/article/feature/history-buckingham-palace-balcony-appearance-focal-point-national-celebration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522124727/http://www.historyextra.com/article/feature/history-buckingham-palace-balcony-appearance-focal-point-national-celebration |archive-date=22 May 2017 |access-date=12 June 2017 |website=Immediate Media/BBC}}</ref> The ballroom wing and a further suite of state rooms were also built in this period, designed by Nash's student [[James Pennethorne]].<ref name="Twilight">King, p. 217.</ref> Before Prince Albert's death, in addition to royal ceremonies, investitures and presentations Buckingham Palace was frequently the scene of lavish costume balls<ref>{{cite web |title=Who has lived at Buckingham Palace? |url=https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/visit/buckinghampalace/about/who-has-lived-at-the-palace |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623215833/https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/visit/buckinghampalace/about/who-has-lived-at-the-palace |archive-date=23 June 2017 |access-date=12 June 2017 |website=Royal Collection Trust}}</ref> and musical entertainments.<ref>Hedley, p. 19.</ref> The most celebrated contemporary musicians entertained there; for example [[Felix Mendelssohn]] is known to have played there on three occasions,<ref>Healey, pp. 137–138.</ref> and [[Johann Strauss II]] and his orchestra played there when in England.<ref>Healey, p. 122.</ref>

Widowed in 1861, the grief-stricken Queen withdrew from public life and left Buckingham Palace to live at [[Windsor Castle]], [[Balmoral Castle]] and [[Osborne House]]. For many years the palace was seldom used, even neglected. In 1864, a note was found pinned to the fence, saying: "These commanding premises to be let or sold, in consequence of the late occupant's declining business."<ref name="Gardiner2006">{{cite book |last=John Gardiner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dipe9nVHV3cC&pg=PA142 |title=The Victorians: An Age in Retrospect |publisher=A&C Black |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-8528-5560-4 |page=142}}</ref> Eventually, public opinion persuaded the Queen to return to London, though even then she preferred to live elsewhere whenever possible. Court functions were still held at Windsor Castle, presided over by the sombre Queen habitually dressed in mourning black, while Buckingham Palace remained shuttered for most of the year.<ref name="rob9">Robinson, p. 9.</ref>

===Early 20th century (1901–1945)===
[[File:1910_Buckingham_Palace.png|thumb|upright=1.2|The east wing public façade in 1910. Enclosing the courtyard, it was completed in 1850 and remodelled to its present form in 1913.]]
In 1901, the new king, [[Edward VII]], began redecorating the palace. He and his wife, [[Queen Alexandra]], had always been at the forefront of London high society, and their friends, known as "the [[Marlborough House]] Set", were considered to be the most eminent and fashionable of the age. Buckingham Palace—the Ballroom, Grand Entrance, Marble Hall, Grand Staircase, vestibules and galleries were redecorated in the [[Belle Époque]] cream and gold colour scheme they retain today—once again became a setting for entertaining on a majestic scale but leaving some to feel Edward's heavy redecorations were at odds with Nash's original work.<ref>Robinson (Page 9) asserts that the decorations, including plaster swags and other decorative motifs, are "finicky" and "at odds with Nash's original detailing".</ref>

The last major building work took place during the reign of [[George V]] when, in 1913, [[Aston Webb]] redesigned Blore's 1850 East Front to resemble in part [[Giacomo Leoni]]'s [[Lyme Park]] in Cheshire. This new refaced principal façade (of [[Portland stone]]) was designed to be the backdrop to the [[Victoria Memorial, London|Victoria Memorial]], a large memorial statue of Queen Victoria created by sculptor [[Thomas Brock]], erected outside the main gates on a surround constructed by architect Aston Webb.<ref>Harris, p. 34.</ref> George V, who had succeeded Edward VII in 1910, had a more serious personality than his father; greater emphasis was now placed on official entertainment and royal duties than on lavish parties.<ref>Healey, p. 185.</ref> He arranged a series of [[Royal Command Performance|command performances]] featuring jazz musicians such as the [[Original Dixieland Jazz Band]] (1919; the first jazz performance for a head of state), [[Sidney Bechet]] and [[Louis Armstrong]] (1932), which earned the palace a nomination in 2009 for a (Kind of) Blue Plaque by the [[Brecon Jazz Festival]] as one of the venues making the greatest contribution to jazz music in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 August 2009 |title=Buckingham Palace hits right note with jazz fans |location=London |newspaper=[[Evening Standard]] |url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23727267-buckingham-palace-hits-right-note-with-jazz-fans.do |url-status=dead |access-date=11 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426000757/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23727267-buckingham-palace-hits-right-note-with-jazz-fans.do |archive-date=26 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Stephen |last=Bates |date=3 August 2009 |title=By royal approval: Buckingham Palace's place in jazz history |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/aug/03/buckingham-palace-jazz-plaque-brecon |url-status=live |access-date=11 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715015559/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/aug/03/buckingham-palace-jazz-plaque-brecon |archive-date=15 July 2014}}</ref>

During the [[First World War]], which lasted from 1914 until 1918, the palace escaped unscathed. Its more valuable contents were evacuated to Windsor, but the royal family remained in residence. The King imposed [[Rationing in the United Kingdom|rationing]] at the palace, much to the dismay of his guests and household.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rose |first=Kenneth |title=King George V |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |year=1983 |url=https://archive.org/details/kinggeorgev0000rose/page/178/mode/2up?q=rationing |isbn=978-0-2977-8245-2 |location=London |pages=176–177 |author-link=Kenneth Rose}}</ref> To the King's later regret, [[David Lloyd George]] persuaded him to go further and ostentatiously lock the wine cellars and refrain from alcohol, to set a good example to the supposedly inebriated working class. The workers continued to imbibe, and the King was left unhappy at his enforced abstinence.<ref>Rose, pp. 178–179.</ref>

George V's wife, [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]], was a connoisseur of the arts and took a keen interest in the [[Royal Collection]] of furniture and art, both restoring and adding to it. Queen Mary also had many new fixtures and fittings installed, such as the pair of marble [[Empire style]] chimneypieces by [[Benjamin Vulliamy]], dating from 1810, in the ground floor Bow Room, the huge low room at the centre of the garden façade. Queen Mary was also responsible for the decoration of the Blue Drawing Room.<ref>Healey pp. 221–222.</ref> This room, {{convert|69|ft|m|abbr=off}} long, previously known as the South Drawing Room, has a ceiling designed by Nash, coffered with huge gilt console brackets.<ref>Harris, p. 63.</ref> In 1938, the northwest pavilion, designed by Nash as a conservatory, was converted into [[Buckingham Palace swimming pool|a swimming pool]].<ref>Allison and Riddell, p. 69.</ref>

====Second World War====
{{ external media| float=right| width=230px|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KxbV8EcaSkk Buckingham Palace Bombed (1940)] – Newsreel of damage to the palace and chapel (1:08)}}
During the [[Second World War]], which broke out in 1939, the palace was [[The Blitz|bombed]] nine times.<ref>{{cite web |title=Letter from Queen Elizabeth to Queen Mary describing the bombing of Buckingham Palace, 13 September 1940 |url=https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/exhibitions/letter-from-queen-elizabeth-to-queen-mary-describing-the-bombing-of-buckingham-palace-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410024430/https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/exhibitions/letter-from-queen-elizabeth-to-queen-mary-describing-the-bombing-of-buckingham-palace-13 |archive-date=10 April 2016 |access-date=31 March 2016 |website=Royal Collection Trust}}</ref> The most serious and publicised incident destroyed the palace chapel in 1940. One bomb fell in the palace quadrangle while [[George VI]] and [[Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother|Queen Elizabeth]] (the future Queen Mother) were in the palace, and many windows were blown in and the chapel destroyed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Thornton |first=Michael |title=Royal Feud: The Dark Side of the Love Story of the Century |location=New York |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=1985 |url=https://archive.org/details/royalfeuddarksid00thor/page/216/mode/2up?q=chapel |page=216 |isbn=978-0-6716-0298-7}}</ref>  The King and Queen were filmed inspecting their bombed home, and the newsreel footage shown in cinemas throughout the United Kingdom to show the common suffering of rich and poor. As ''[[The Sunday Graphic]]'' reported:
{{blockquote|By the Editor: The King and Queen have endured the ordeal which has come to their subjects. For the second time a German bomber has tried to bring death and destruction to the home of Their Majesties ... When this war is over the common danger which King George and Queen Elizabeth have shared with their people will be a cherished memory and an inspiration through the years.<ref>''[[The Sunday Graphic]]'', 18 September 1939, p. 1.</ref>}}
It was at this time the Queen famously declared: "I'm glad we have been bombed. Now I can look the [[East End]] in the face".<ref name="Luftwaffe">{{cite news |last=Davies, Caroline |date=12 September 2009 |title=How the Luftwaffe bombed the palace, in the Queen Mother's own words |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/sep/13/queen-mother-biography-shawcross-luftwaffe |url-status=live |access-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417091423/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/sep/13/queen-mother-biography-shawcross-luftwaffe |archive-date=17 April 2021}}</ref>

On 15 September 1940, known as [[Battle of Britain Day]], an RAF pilot, [[Ray Holmes]] of [[No. 504 Squadron RAF|No. 504 Squadron]], rammed a German [[Dornier Do 17]] bomber he believed was going to bomb the palace. Holmes had run out of ammunition to shoot down the bomber and made the quick decision to ram it. He bailed out and the bomber crashed into the forecourt of [[London Victoria station]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Price |first=Alfred |title=The Battle of Britain Day |publisher=Greenhill Books |location=London |date=19 February 2006 |pages=49–50 |isbn=978-1-8536-7419-8}}and {{cite book| author-link=Stephen Bungay |first=Stephen |last=Bungay |title=The Most Dangerous Enemy: A History of the Battle of Britain |publisher=Aurum Press |location=London |date=18 August 2000 |page=325 |isbn=978-1-8541-0721-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/mostdangerousene0000step/page/324/mode/2up?q=%22victoria+station%22}}</ref> Its engine was later exhibited at the [[Imperial War Museum]] in London. Holmes became a [[King's Messenger]] after the war and died at the age of 90 in 2005.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 November 2005 |title=Pilot who 'saved Palace' honoured |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/leicestershire/4398484.stm |url-status=live |access-date=18 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207152854/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/leicestershire/4398484.stm |archive-date=7 December 2008}}</ref>

On [[VE Day]]—8 May 1945—the palace was the centre of British celebrations. The King, the Queen, [[Elizabeth II|Princess Elizabeth]] (the future queen) and [[Princess Margaret]] appeared on the balcony, with the palace's blacked-out windows behind them, to cheers from a vast crowd in The Mall.<ref>{{cite news |title=On This Day: 8 May: 1945: Rejoicing at end of war in Europe |date=8 May 1945 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/8/newsid_3580000/3580163.stm |access-date=19 June 2023 |work=BBC News}}</ref> The damaged palace was carefully restored after the war by John [[Mowlem]] & Co.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2000 |title=Sir Edgar Beck |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1351908/Sir-Edgar-Beck.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 June 2012 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1351908/Sir-Edgar-Beck.html |archive-date=11 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===Mid-20th century onwards===
[[File:Queen's Gallery, Buckingham Palace.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Paintings by [[Canaletto]] and [[Claude Lorrain]] exhibited at the gallery in 2021]]
Many of the palace's contents are part of the [[Royal Collection]]; they can, on occasion, be viewed by the public at the [[King's Gallery]], near the [[Royal Mews]]. The purpose-built gallery opened in 1962 and displays a changing selection of items from the collection.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Royal Collection |url=https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/about |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620184509/https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/about |archive-date=20 June 2017 |access-date=8 March 2016 |website=[[Royal Collection Trust]]}}</ref> It occupies the site of the chapel that was destroyed in the Second World War.<ref name="who built"/> The palace was designated a Grade I [[listed building]] in 1970.<ref name="NHLE">{{National Heritage List for England| num=1239087 |desc=Buckingham Palace |grade=I |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref> Its state rooms have been open to the public during summer and on selected dates throughout the year since 1993. The money raised in admission fees was originally put towards the rebuilding of Windsor Castle after the [[1992 Windsor Castle fire|1992 fire]] devastated many of its staterooms.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 November 1997 |title=Windsor Castle – five years from disaster to triumph |work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/31069.stm |url-status=live |access-date=8 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402101032/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/31069.stm |archive-date=2 April 2012}}</ref> It now funds the conservation of Royal Collection artwork.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rct.uk/about|title=About|website=Royal Collection Trust|access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref> In the year to 31 March 2025, 683,000 people visited the palace, and 174,000 visited the gallery.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 August 2025 |title=Royal Collection Enterprises Limited: Full accounts made up to 31 March 2025 |url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/02778486/filing-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206013943/https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/02778486/filing-history|archive-date=6 December 2025 |access-date=11 January 2026 |website=Companies House |page=4}}</ref>

The palace used to [[Racial segregation in the United Kingdom|racially segregate]] staff. In 1968, [[Charles Tryon, 2nd Baron Tryon]], acting as treasurer to Queen [[Elizabeth II]], sought to exempt Buckingham Palace from full application of the [[Race Relations Act 1968]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last1=Pegg |first1=David |last2=Evans |first2=Rob |date=2 June 2021 |title=Buckingham Palace banned ethnic minorities from office roles, papers reveal |url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/jun/02/buckingham-palace-banned-ethnic-minorities-from-office-roles-papers-reveal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310121328/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/jun/02/buckingham-palace-banned-ethnic-minorities-from-office-roles-papers-reveal |archive-date=10 March 2022 |access-date=15 March 2022 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite magazine |last=Vanderhoof |first=Erin |date=11 June 2021 |title=Why the Scandal Around Buckingham Palace's Racist 1960s Hiring Policy Still Resonates |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2021/06/buckingham-palace-racist-1960s-hiring-policy-scandal |url-status=live |magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023121337/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2021/06/buckingham-palace-racist-1960s-hiring-policy-scandal |archive-date=23 October 2021 |access-date=15 March 2022}}</ref> He stated that the palace did not hire people of colour for clerical jobs, only as domestic servants. He arranged with civil servants for an exemption that meant that complaints of racism against the royal household would be sent directly to the [[Home Secretary]] and kept out of the legal system.<ref name=":2"/>

The palace, like Windsor Castle, is owned by the reigning monarch in right of [[the Crown]]. Occupied royal palaces are not part of the [[Crown Estate]],<ref>{{cite book |last=House of Commons Treasury Committee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2I2nYZ-VJgMC |title=The Management of the Crown Estate: Eighth Report of Session 2009–10 |publisher=Stationery Office |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-2155-5322-5 |volume=1 |page=30 |quote=Windsor Castle is an occupied Royal Palace and therefore not part of the Crown Estate. |access-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929153341/https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_management_of_the_Crown_Estate/2I2nYZ-VJgMC |archive-date=29 September 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> nor are they the monarch's personal property, unlike [[Sandringham House]] and [[Balmoral Castle]].<ref>{{Cite Hansard|title=Royal Property|jurisdiction=United Kingdom|house=House of Commons|date=16 January 1995|volume=252|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1995/jan/16/royal-property#S6CV0252P0_19950116_CWA_187|column=301W}} [https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1995/jan/16/royal-property#S6CV0252P0_19950116_CWA_187]</ref> The [[Government of the United Kingdom]] is responsible for maintaining the palace in exchange for the profits made by the Crown Estate.<ref>{{cite web |last=HM Treasury |title=Sovereign Grant Act: frequently asked questions relating to the Act and on general issues |url=http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/leg_sovereign_grant_faq.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130129110402/http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/leg_sovereign_grant_faq.htm |archive-date=29 January 2013 |access-date=22 May 2016 |website=The National Archives}}</ref> In 2015, the State Dining Room was closed for a year and a half because its ceiling had become potentially dangerous.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bailey |first=Martin |date=23 March 2017 |title=Emergency repair work to Buckingham Palace's State Dining Room nears completion |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2017/03/23/emergency-repair-work-to-buckingham-palaces-state-dining-room-nears-completion |access-date=18 March 2025 |newspaper=[[The Art Newspaper]] }}</ref> A 10-year schedule of maintenance work, including new plumbing, wiring, boilers and radiators, and the installation of solar panels on the roof, has been estimated to cost £369 million and was approved by the prime minister in November 2016. It will be funded by a temporary increase in the [[Sovereign Grant]] paid from the income of the Crown Estate and is intended to extend the building's working life by at least 50 years.<ref>{{cite news |first=Gordon |last=Rayner |date=18 November 2016 |title=Queen to remain in residence as Buckingham Palace gets £369m taxpayer-funded facelift to avert 'catastrophic building failure' |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/11/18/buckingham-palace-to-get-369m-facelift-over-10-years |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 November 2016 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/11/18/buckingham-palace-to-get-369m-facelift-over-10-years |archive-date=11 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=18 November 2016 |title=Buckingham Palace to get £369m refurbishment |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-38025513 |url-status=live |access-date=18 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118120956/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-38025513 |archive-date=18 November 2016}}</ref> In 2017, the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] backed funding for the project by 464 votes to 56.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 March 2017 |title=Buckingham Palace repairs funding approved by MPs |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-39280770 |url-status=live |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122194237/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-39280770 |archive-date=22 November 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Changing the Guard - Buckingham Palace (6367947019).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[Band of the Grenadier Guards]] provides musical accompaniment for the Changing of the Guard ceremony.]]
Buckingham Palace is a symbol and home of the British monarchy, an art gallery and a tourist attraction. Behind the gilded railings and gates that were completed by the [[Bromsgrove Guild]] in 1911,<ref name="rob9"/> lies Webb's famous façade, which was described in a book published by the [[Royal Collection Trust]] as looking "like everybody's idea of a palace".<ref name="rob9"/> It has not only been a weekday home of Elizabeth II and Prince Philip but was also the London residence and office of the [[Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor|Duke of York]] until 2023.<ref>{{cite news|author-first1=Kate|author-last1=Ng|title=King Charles 'tells Prince Andrew there is no place' for him at Buckingham Palace|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/royal-family/prince-andrew-king-charles-buckingham-palace-b2269728.html |access-date=17 March 2024 |newspaper=The Independent |location=London |date=27 January 2023}}</ref> [[Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh]] and [[Sophie, Duchess of Edinburgh]] continue to have a private apartment in the palace for use when they are in London. The palace also houses [[Royal Households of the United Kingdom|their offices]], as well as those of the [[Anne, Princess Royal|Princess Royal]] and [[Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy|Princess Alexandra]], and is the workplace of more than 800 people.<ref name="fact"/><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Hill |first=Erin |date=14 March 2019 |title=Meghan Markle and Prince Harry Have Split Royal Households from Kate Middleton and Prince William |url=https://people.com/royals/meghan-markle-prince-harry-split-households-kate-middleton-prince-william |url-status=live |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402132823/https://people.com/royals/meghan-markle-prince-harry-split-households-kate-middleton-prince-william |archive-date=2 April 2019 |access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=March 2024}} [[Charles III]] and [[Queen Camilla]] live at [[Clarence House]] while restoration work continues, although they conduct official business at Buckingham Palace, the monarch's administrative headquarters,<ref name="royal.uk">{{cite web |date=12 November 2015 |title=Buckingham Palace |url=https://www.royal.uk/royal-residences-buckingham-palace |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509132429/https://www.royal.uk/royal-residences-buckingham-palace |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=21 April 2016 |website=Royal Household}}</ref> including audiences and receptions.<ref>{{cite news |date=2025-03-27|title= King and Queen host special reception at Buckingham Palace to recognise 'unique and vital role' of local journalists
|url= https://m.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/king-and-queen-host-special-reception-at-buckingham-palace-to-recognise-unique-and-vital-role-of-local-journalists/a2053523514.html# |access-date=2025-03-27|website= Belfast Telegraph |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2023-05-17|title= Humza Yousaf has first audience with King Charles
|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-65627156.amp |access-date=2023-05-17|website= BBC |language=en}}</ref> Every year, some 50,000 invited guests are entertained at garden parties, receptions, audiences and banquets. [[Garden at Buckingham Palace#Garden parties|Three garden parties]] are held in the summer, usually in July.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 March 2016 |title=About Buckingham Palace |url=https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/visit/buckinghampalace/about |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002102536/https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/visit/buckinghampalace/about |archive-date=2 October 2015 |access-date=8 March 2016 |website=Royal Collection Trust}}</ref> The forecourt of Buckingham Palace is used for the [[King's Guard|Changing of the Guard]], a major ceremony and tourist attraction (daily from April to July; every other day in other months).<ref>{{cite web |title=Changing the Guard |url=https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/visit/buckinghampalace/what-to-see-and-do/changing-the-guard |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624231115/https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/visit/buckinghampalace/what-to-see-and-do/changing-the-guard |archive-date=24 June 2017 |access-date=8 March 2016 |website=Royal Collection Trust}}</ref>

==Interior==
[[File:Plan of Buckingham palace.gif|thumb|upright=1.2|''[[Piano nobile]]'' of Buckingham Palace. The areas defined by shaded walls represent lower minor wings. {{paragraph break}}'''Note''': this is an unscaled sketch plan for reference only. Proportions of some rooms may differ slightly in reality.]]
The front of the palace measures {{convert|108|m|order=flip|round=5}} across, by {{convert|120|m|order=flip}} deep, by {{convert|24|m|order=flip|-1}} high and contains over {{convert|77000|m2|abbr=out|order=flip}} of floorspace.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 November 2015 |title=Royal Residences: Buckingham Palace |url=https://www.royal.uk/royal-residences-buckingham-palace |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509132429/https://www.royal.uk/royal-residences-buckingham-palace |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=28 July 2019 |website=British Monarchy website}}</ref> There are 775 rooms, including 188 staff bedrooms, 92 offices, 78 bathrooms, 52 principal bedrooms and 19 [[state room]]s. The royal family occupy a small suite of private rooms in the north wing.<ref name="Packard1982">{{cite book |last=Packard, Jerrold M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfk_5uIFtqIC |title=The Queen and Her Court: A Guide to the British Monarchy Today |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-6841-7648-2 |page=48}}</ref> It also has a cinema, swimming pool, doctor's surgery,<ref name="fact">{{cite web |title=40 facts about Buckingham Palace |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Factfiles/40factsaboutBuckinghamPalace.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104182150/http://www.royal.gov.uk/latestnewsanddiary/factfiles/40factsaboutbuckinghampalace.aspx |archive-date=4 November 2011 |website=British Monarchy website}}</ref> jeweller's workshop <ref>{{Cite news |date=6 January 2016 |title=Queen honours jeweller with top personal award |work=Times of Tunbridge Wells |url=https://www.timeslocalnews.co.uk/local-news/queen-honours-jeweller-with-top-personal-award |url-status=live |access-date=2 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701021803/https://www.timesoftunbridgewells.co.uk/queen-honours-jeweller-with-top-personal-award |archive-date=1 July 2016}}</ref> and post office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.postoffice.co.uk/branch-finder/8000115/court|title=Court Post Office|website=Post Office|accessdate=27 October 2025}}</ref> In the 1960s, under Court Postmaster William King, the Post Office branch included [[pigeon holes]] for [[Master of the Household]], Equerry in Waiting, Privy Purse Door, and Sergeant Footman.<ref>''Mr King of Buckingham Palace'', Feature of the Month, Derek Dewey-Leader ''Courier'' Post Office Newspaper 1967/68</ref>

=== Principal rooms ===
The principal rooms are contained on the first-floor ''[[piano nobile]]'' behind the west-facing garden façade at the rear of the palace. The centre of this ornate suite of state rooms is the Music Room, its large bow the dominant feature of the façade. Flanking the Music Room are the Blue and the White Drawing Rooms. At the centre of the suite, serving as a corridor to link the state rooms, is the Picture Gallery, which is top-lit and {{convert|55|yd}} long.<ref name="Harris, p.41">Harris, p. 41.</ref> The Gallery is hung with numerous works including some by [[Rembrandt]], [[van Dyck]], [[Rubens]] and [[Vermeer]];<ref>Harris, pp. 78–79 and Healey, pp. 387–388.</ref> other rooms leading from the Picture Gallery are the [[Throne Room]] and the Green Drawing Room. The Green Drawing Room serves as a huge anteroom to the Throne Room, and is part of the ceremonial route to the throne from the Guard Room at the top of the Grand Staircase.<ref name="Harris, p.41"/> The Guard Room contains white marble statues of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, in Roman costume, set in a [[Tribune (architecture)|tribune]] lined with tapestries. These very formal rooms are used only for ceremonial and official entertaining but are open to the public every summer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Visit the State Rooms, Buckingham Palace |url=https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/visit/the-state-rooms-buckingham-palace |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306164557/https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/visit/the-state-rooms-buckingham-palace |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=7 February 2016 |website=Royal Collection Trust}}</ref>

=== Semi-state apartments ===
[[File:Obama and Duke Duchess of Cambridge.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Prince William]] and his wife [[Catherine, Princess of Wales|Catherine]] greeting [[Barack]] and [[Michelle Obama]] in the 1844 room]]
Directly underneath the state apartments are the less grand semi-state apartments. Opening from the Marble Hall, these rooms are used for less formal entertaining, such as luncheon parties and private [[Head of state|audiences]]. At the centre of this floor is the Bow Room, through which thousands of guests pass annually to the monarch's [[garden parties]].<ref>Harris, p. 40.</ref> When paying a state visit to Britain, foreign [[heads of state]] are usually entertained by the monarch at Buckingham Palace. They are allocated an extensive suite of rooms known as the Belgian Suite, situated at the foot of the Minister's Staircase, on the ground floor of the west-facing Garden Wing. Some of the rooms are named and decorated for particular visitors, such as the 1844 Room, decorated in that year for the state visit of [[Nicholas I of Russia]], and the 1855 Room, in honour of the visit of [[Napoleon III]] of France.<ref>Harris, p. 81.</ref> The former is a sitting room that also serves as an audience room and is often used for personal investitures. Narrow corridors link the rooms of the suite; one of them is given extra height and perspective by [[saucer dome]]s designed by Nash in the style of Soane.<ref name="harrisp82">Harris, p. 82.</ref> A second corridor in the suite has Gothic-influenced [[Vault (architecture)|cross-over vaulting]].<ref name="harrisp82"/> The suite was named after [[Leopold I of Belgium]], uncle of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. In 1936, the suite briefly became the private apartments of the palace when [[Edward VIII]] occupied them.<ref name="fact"/> The original early-19th-century interior designs, many of which still survive, included widespread use of brightly coloured [[scagliola]] and blue and pink [[Lapis lazuli|lapis]], on the advice of Charles Long. [[Edward VII]] oversaw a partial redecoration in a [[Belle Époque]] cream and gold colour scheme.<ref name="Jones43">Jones, p. 43.</ref>

=== East wing ===
[[File:Royal Family Platinum Jubilee Balcony Appearance 2022.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Queen Elizabeth II's final appearance on the balcony during her [[Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Platinum Jubilee]] celebrations in 2022]]
Between 1847 and 1850, when Blore was building the new east wing, the [[Brighton Pavilion]] was once again plundered of its fittings. As a result, many of the rooms in the new wing have a distinctly oriental atmosphere. The red and blue Chinese Luncheon Room is made up of parts of the Brighton Banqueting and Music Rooms with a large oriental chimneypiece designed by [[Robert Jones (designer)|Robert Jones]] and sculpted by [[Richard Westmacott]].<ref name="Harris, de Bellaigue & Miller, p. 87.">Harris, de Bellaigue & Miller, p. 87.</ref> It was formerly in the Music Room at the Brighton Pavilion.<ref name="Harris, de Bellaigue & Miller, p. 87."/> The ornate clock, known as the [[Qilin|Kylin Clock]], was made in [[Jingdezhen]], [[Jiangxi Province]], China, in the second half of the 18th century; it has a later [[Movement (clockwork)|movement]] by [[Benjamin Vulliamy]] circa 1820.<ref>Harris, de Bellaigue & Miller, p. 135.</ref> The [[Yellow Drawing Room]] has hand-painted Chinese wallpaper supplied in 1817 for the Brighton Saloon,<ref name=Tel>{{cite news |first=Hannah |last=Furness |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2024/07/10/visitors-buckingham-palace-balcony-king-view/ |title=King allows public to peek from royal balcony from next week – but one thing will be missing |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |date=10 July 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710131357/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2024/07/10/visitors-buckingham-palace-balcony-king-view/ |archive-date=10 July 2024 }}</ref> and a chimneypiece which is a European vision of a Chinese chimneypiece. It has nodding [[Mandarin (bureaucrat)|mandarins]] in [[Niche (architecture)|niches]] and fearsome winged [[Chinese dragon|dragons]], designed by Robert Jones.<ref>Healey, pp. 159–160.</ref>

At the centre of this wing is the famous balcony with the Centre Room behind its glass doors. This is a [[Chinoiserie|Chinese-style]] saloon enhanced by Queen Mary, who, working with the designer [[Charles Allom]], created a more "binding"<ref>Harris, de Bellaigue & Miller, p. 93.</ref> Chinese theme in the late 1920s, although the [[lacquer]] doors were brought from Brighton in 1873. Running the length of the ''piano nobile'' of the east wing is the Great Gallery, modestly known as the Principal Corridor, which runs the length of the eastern side of the quadrangle.<ref>Harris, de Bellaigue & Miller, p. 91.</ref> It has mirrored doors and mirrored cross walls reflecting [[porcelain]] pagodas and other oriental furniture from Brighton. The Chinese Luncheon Room and Yellow Drawing Room are situated at each end of this gallery, with the Centre Room in between.<ref name="HarrisBellaigue1968">{{cite book |first1=John |last1=Harris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pscQAQAAMAAJ |title=Buckingham Palace and its Treasures |author2=Geoffrey De Bellaigue |author3=Oliver Millar |publisher=Viking Press |year=1968 |page=90}}</ref>

==Court ceremonies==
[[File:MBE1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[Anne, Princess Royal|Princess Royal]] conducting an Investiture in the Throne Room in 2023]]
[[Investiture]]s for the awarding of [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom|honours]] (which include the conferring of [[knight]]hoods by dubbing with a sword) usually take place in the palace's [[Throne room|Throne Room]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Investitures |url=https://www.royal.uk/investitures |website=The Royal Household |access-date=25 November 2023}}</ref> Investitures are conducted by the King or another senior member of the royal family: a military band plays in the musicians' gallery, as recipients receive their [[honour]]s, watched by their families and friends.<ref name="Healey, p.364">Healey, p. 364.</ref>

[[File:P052411LJ-0751 (5835926297).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A state banquet held in the Ballroom in 2011, when Queen [[Elizabeth II]] hosted President [[Barack Obama]]]]
State [[banquet]]s take place in the Ballroom, built in 1854. At {{convert|36.6|m|order=flip}} long, {{convert|18|m|order=flip|-1}} wide and {{convert|13.5|m|order=flip|round=5}} high,<ref name="fact"/> it is the largest room in the palace; at one end of the room is a throne dais (beneath a giant, domed velvet canopy, known as a ''[[shamiana]]'' or [[baldachin]], that was used at the [[Delhi Durbar]] in 1911).<ref>Harris, p. 72.</ref> State Banquets are formal dinners held on the first evening of a state visit by a foreign head of state.<ref name="Healey, p.364"/> On these occasions, for up to 170 guests in formal "white tie and decorations", including tiaras, the dining table is laid with the Grand Service, a collection of silver-gilt plate made in 1811 for the Prince of Wales, later George IV.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 July 2008 |title=Royal seal of approval for state banquet exhibition |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/2457467/Royal-seal-of-approval-for-state-banquet-exhibition.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=31 January 2016 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/2457467/Royal-seal-of-approval-for-state-banquet-exhibition.html |archive-date=11 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

The largest and most formal reception at Buckingham Palace takes place every November when the King entertains members of the [[diplomatic corps]].<ref>Healey, p. 362.</ref> On this grand occasion, all the state rooms are in use, as the royal family proceed through them,<ref>Hedley, p. 16.</ref> beginning at the great north doors of the Picture Gallery. As Nash had envisaged, all the large, double-mirrored doors stand open, reflecting the numerous crystal chandeliers and [[Sconce (light fixture)|sconces]], creating a deliberate optical illusion of space and light.<ref>Robinson, p. 18.</ref>

Smaller ceremonies such as the reception of new ambassadors take place in the "1844 Room". Here too, the King holds small lunch parties, and often meetings of the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]]. Larger lunch parties often take place in the curved and domed Music Room or the State Dining Room.<ref name="Healey, pp. 363–365">Healey, pp. 363–365.</ref> Since the bombing of the palace chapel in World War II, royal christenings have sometimes taken place in the Music Room. Queen [[Elizabeth II]]'s first three children were all baptised there.<ref>Robinson, p. 49.</ref> On all formal occasions, the ceremonies are attended by the [[Yeomen of the Guard]], in their historic uniforms, and other officers of the court such as the [[Lord Chamberlain]].<ref name="Healey, pp. 363–365"/>

===Former ceremonial===

====Court dress====
[[File:President Nixon visiting Buckingham Palace with Britain's royal family - NARA - 194606.tif|thumb|upright=1.2|President [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]] with members of the royal family in the ground-floor Marble Hall]]
Formerly, men not wearing [[military uniform]] wore knee [[breeches]] of 18th-century design. Women's evening dress included trains and [[tiara]]s or feathers in their hair (often both). The dress code governing formal [[Court uniform and dress in the United Kingdom|court uniform and dress]] has progressively relaxed. After the [[First World War]], when [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] wished to follow fashion by raising her skirts a few inches from the ground, she requested a [[lady-in-waiting]] to shorten her own skirt first to gauge the King's reaction. King [[George V]] disapproved, so the Queen kept her hemline unfashionably low.<ref>Healey, p. 233, quoting ''The Memoirs of Mabell, Countess of Airlie'', edited and arranged by Jennifer Ellis, London: Hutchinson, 1962.</ref> Following his accession in 1936, King [[George VI]] and [[Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother|Queen Elizabeth]] allowed the hemline of daytime skirts to rise. Today, there is no official dress code.<ref name="fact"/> Most men invited to Buckingham Palace in the daytime choose to wear [[service uniform]] or [[lounge suit]]s;<ref name="fact"/> a minority wear [[morning coat]]s, and in the evening, depending on the formality of the occasion, [[black tie]] or [[white tie]].<ref name="Seldon1999">{{cite book |first=Anthony |last=Seldon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jj2AAAAAIAAJ |title=10 Downing Street: The Illustrated History |publisher=Harper Collins Illustrated |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-0041-4073-5 |page=202}}</ref>

====Court presentation of débutantes====
[[Débutante]]s were aristocratic young ladies making their first entrée into society through a presentation to the monarch at court. These occasions, known as "coming out", took place at the palace from the reign of Edward VII. The débutantes entered—wearing full court dress, with three ostrich feathers in their hair—curtsied, performed a backwards walk and a further curtsey, while manoeuvring a dress train of prescribed length. The ceremony, known as an evening court, corresponded to the "court [[drawing room]]s" of Victoria's reign.<ref>Peacocke, pp. 178–179, 244–247.</ref> After World War II, the ceremony was replaced by less formal afternoon receptions, omitting the requirement of court evening dress.<ref>Peacocke, pp. 264–265.</ref> In 1958, Queen Elizabeth II abolished the presentation parties for débutantes,<ref>{{cite web |title=Mailbox |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/page5299.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123231607/http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/page5299.asp |archive-date=23 January 2008 |access-date=23 January 2008 |website=Royal Insight Magazine}}</ref> replacing them with [[Garden at Buckingham Palace#Garden parties|Garden Parties]],{{efn|[[Princess Margaret]] is reputed to have remarked of the débutante presentations: "We had to put a stop to it, every tart in London was getting in."<ref>{{cite book |last=Blaikie |first=Thomas |title=You look awfully like the Queen |publisher=Harper Collins |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-0071-4874-5 |location=London}}</ref>}} for up to 8,000 invitees in the Garden. They are the largest functions of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Royal Household |title=Garden parties: The guests |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/RoyalEventsandCeremonies/GardenParties/TheGuests.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117060104/http://www.royal.gov.uk/RoyalEventsandCeremonies/GardenParties/TheGuests.aspx |archive-date=17 January 2013 |website=Official Website of the British Monarchy}}</ref>

==Garden and surroundings==
[[File:Lawn and West facade of Buckingham Palace.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The lawn and west façade of Buckingham Palace]]
At the rear of the palace is [[Buckingham Palace Garden|the large and park-like garden]] covering {{Cvt|39|acre}}, which is the largest private garden in London. There, monarchs host garden parties each summer and also hold large functions to celebrate royal milestones, such as jubilees. The garden contains more than 1,000 trees, 325 species of wild plants and 20–25 different species of nesting birds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rct.uk/visit/buckingham-palace/buckingham-palace-garden|title=Buckingham Palace Garden|website=Royal Collection Trust|access-date=18 January 2026}}</ref> It also includes a helicopter landing area, a lake and a tennis court.<ref name="fact"/>

Adjacent to the palace is the [[Royal Mews]], also designed by Nash, where the royal carriages, including the [[Gold State Coach]], are housed. This [[Rococo]] styled [[Gold coach|gilt coach]], designed by [[William Chambers (architect)|William Chambers]] in 1760, has painted panels by [[Giovanni Battista Cipriani]]. It was first used for the [[State Opening of Parliament]] by George III in 1762 and has been used by the monarch for every coronation since William IV.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gold State Coach |url=https://www.rct.uk/visit/the-royal-mews-buckingham-palace/the-gold-state-coach |access-date=8 May 2023 |website=Royal Collection Trust}}</ref> Also housed in the mews are the coach horses used at royal ceremonial processions as well as many of the cars used by the royal family.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rct.uk/visit/the-royal-mews-buckingham-palace|title=The Royal Mews, Buckingham Palace|website=Royal Collection Trust|access-date=18 January 2026}}</ref>

[[The Mall, London|The Mall]], a ceremonial approach route to the palace, was designed by [[Aston Webb]] and completed in 1911 as part of a grand memorial to Queen Victoria. It extends from [[Admiralty Arch]], across [[St James's Park]] to the [[Victoria Memorial, London|Victoria Memorial]], concluding at the entrance gates into the palace [[Courtyard|forecourt]].<ref>{{NHLE|num=1239251|desc=Buckingham Palace forecourt gate piers, gates, railings and lamps|grade=I|access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref> This route is used by the cavalcades and motorcades of visiting heads of state, and by the royal family on state occasions—such as the annual [[Trooping the Colour]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicholson |first=Louise |title=London |publisher=Frances Lincoln |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7112-1187-2 |location=London |page=56 |author-link=Louise Nicholson}}</ref>

==Security breaches==
[[The boy Jones]] was an intruder who gained entry to the palace on three occasions between 1838 and 1841.<ref>''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]''. [http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/7/2/1/17216/17216.txt Volume 1: July–December 1841].{{dead link|date=March 2025}}</ref><ref name="dickens">{{Cite magazine |last=Dickens |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Dickens |date=5 July 1884 |title=The boy Jones |url=http://john-adcock.blogspot.com/2008/10/boy-jones.html |magazine=All The Year Round |pages=234–237}}</ref> At least 12 people have managed to gain unauthorised entry into the palace or its grounds since 1914,<ref>{{cite news |last=Tobey, Pam |date=24 September 2014 |title=Remember the guy who got into the Queen's bedroom? |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/09/24/remember-the-visitor-to-the-queens-bedroom-when-it-comes-to-intruders-buckingham-palace-beats-the-white-house-any-day |url-status=live |access-date=21 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227130214/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/09/24/remember-the-visitor-to-the-queens-bedroom-when-it-comes-to-intruders-buckingham-palace-beats-the-white-house-any-day |archive-date=27 December 2015}}</ref> including [[Michael Fagan]], who broke into the palace twice in 1982 and entered Queen Elizabeth II's bedroom on the second occasion on 9 July. At the time, news media reported that he had had a long conversation with her while she waited for security officers to arrive. In a 2012 interview with ''[[The Independent]]'', Fagan said she ran out of the room, and no conversation took place.<ref name="independent">{{cite news |last=Dugan |first=Emily |date=19 February 2012 |title=Michael Fagan: 'Her nightie was one of those Liberty prints, down to her knees' |newspaper=[[The Independent]] on Sunday |location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/michael-fagan-her-nightie-was-one-of-those-liberty-prints-down-to-her-knees-7179547.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908075232/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/michael-fagan-her-nightie-was-one-of-those-liberty-prints-down-to-her-knees-7179547.html |archive-date=8 September 2013}}</ref> It was only in 2007 that trespassing on the palace grounds became a specific criminal offence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 March 2007 |title=Trespass law targets royal sites |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6492003.stm |url-status=live |access-date=27 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121065101/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6492003.stm |archive-date=21 January 2023}}</ref>{{efn|Under section 128(1) of the [[Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005]], "A person commits an offence if he enters, or is on, any designated site in England and Wales or Northern Ireland as a trespasser".<ref>{{cite web |date=7 January 2005 |title=Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/15/part/4/crossheading/trespass-on-designated-site |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827170502/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/15/part/4/crossheading/trespass-on-designated-site |archive-date=27 August 2017 |access-date=11 June 2017 |website=Legislation.gov.uk}}</ref> Buckingham Palace is a designated site under the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (Designated Sites under Section 128) Order 2007.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 June 2007 |title=The Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (Designated Sites under Section 128) Order 2007 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2007/930/made |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827170958/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2007/930/made |archive-date=27 August 2017 |access-date=11 June 2017 |website=Legislation.gov.uk}}</ref>}}

==See also==
* [[Flags at Buckingham Palace]]
* [[List of British royal residences]]
* [[King's Guard]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* Allison, Ronald; Riddell, Sarah (1991). ''[https://archive.org/details/royalencyclopedi0000unse The Royal Encyclopedia]''. London: Macmillan. {{ISBN|978-0-3335-3810-4}}
* Blaikie, Thomas (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=SOQ8LDRIRlEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=You+Look+Awfully+Like+the+Queen:+Wit+and+Wisdom+from+the+House+of+Windsor&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOj4uX9pKMAxXSrokEHZbWN84Q6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false You Look Awfully Like the Queen: Wit and Wisdom from the House of Windsor]''. London: HarperCollins. {{ISBN|978-0-0073-9622-1}}.
* Goring, O. G. (1937). ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.89709 From Goring House to Buckingham Palace]''. London: Ivor Nicholson & Watson.
* Harris, John; de Bellaigue, Geoffrey; & Miller, Oliver (1968). ''[https://archive.org/details/buckinghampalace0000harr Buckingham Palace]''. London: Nelson. {{ISBN|978-0-1714-1011-2}}.
* Healey, Edma (1997). ''[https://archive.org/details/queenshousesocia0000heal The Queen's House: A Social History of Buckingham Palace]''. London: Penguin Group. {{ISBN|978-0-7181-4089-2}}.
* Hedley, Olwen (1971) ''[https://archive.org/details/pictorialhistory0000hedl The Pictorial History of Buckingham Palace]''. Pitkin, {{ISBN|978-0-8537-2086-7}}.
* {{cite book |last=Jones |first=Nigel R. |title=Architecture of England, Scotland, and Wales |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IuLEEAAAQBAJ&q=Architecture+of+England,+Scotland,+and+Wales |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |date=30 June 2005 |isbn=978-0-3133-1850-4}}
* {{cite book |last=King |first=Greg |title=Twilight of Splendor: The Court of Queen Victoria During Her Diamond Jubilee Year |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |url=https://archive.org/details/twilightofsplend0000king |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-4700-4439-1}}
* [[Compton Mackenzie|Mackenzie, Compton]] (1953). ''[https://archive.org/details/queenshousehisto0000comp The Queen's House]''. London: Hutchinson.
* {{cite book |last=Nash |first=Roy |year=1980 |title=Buckingham Palace: The Place and the People |url=https://archive.org/details/buckinghampalace0000nash |location=London |publisher=Macdonald Futura |isbn=978-0-3540-4529-2}}.
* {{cite book |last=Peacocke, M. D. |title=The Story of Buckingham Palace |publisher=Odhams Press |date=1951 |location=London}}
* {{cite book |last=Rappaport |first=Helen |title=Queen Victoria: A Biographical Companion |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-8510-9355-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Robinson |first=John Martin |year=1999 |title=Buckingham Palace: Official Guide | publisher=The [[Royal Collection]] |location=St James's Palace, London |url=https://archive.org/details/buckinghampalace00robi |isbn=978-1-9021-6336-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Williams |first=Neville |year=1971 |title=Royal Homes of Great Britain from Medieval to Modern Times |publisher=Lutterworth Press |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/royalhomesofgrea0000will |isbn=978-0-7188-0803-7}}.
* {{cite book |author-link=Cecil Woodham-Smith |last=Woodham-Smith |first=Cecil |year=1975 |title=Queen Victoria: Her Life and Times 1819-1861 |volume=1 |publisher=Sphere Books |location=London |isbn=978-0-3511-8738-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/queenvictoriaher0000wood_t1y0}}
* {{cite book |last=Wright |first=Patricia |year=1999 |orig-date=1996 |title=The Strange History of Buckingham Palace |publisher=Wren's Park |location=Trowbridge |url=https://archive.org/details/strangehistoryof0000wrig_j1g3 |isbn=978-0-9057-7837-2}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|auto=1|voy=1}}
* [https://www.royal.uk/royal-residences-buckingham-palace Buckingham Palace] at the Royal Family website
* [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=45183 Account of Buckingham Palace, with prints of Arlington House and Buckingham House] from ''Old and New London'' (1878)
* [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=41820 Account of the acquisition of the Manor of Ebury] from ''Survey of London'' (1977)
* [https://www.rct.uk/visit/the-state-rooms-buckingham-palace The State Rooms, Buckingham Palace] at the [[Royal Collection Trust]]
* {{osmrelation|5208404}}

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Shivayogi Sri Puttayyajja

2026-03-05T04:52:17Z

Erlinda61E: Started New Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2016}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Shivayogi Sri Puttayyajja
| image =Shivayogi_Sri_Puttayyajja.jpeg

| caption =
| director =
| producer = Shyam M Navale and Mukund T Navale
| writer = Umesh Puranik Mata
| starring = [[Vijay Raghavendra]] [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] [[Anu Prabhakar]] [[Shashikumar]]
| music = Amara Priya
| cinematography = Sathish Chandru Belavangala
| editing = Amith Javalkar
| distributor =
| studio = Sri Tulaja Bhavani Combines Hubli
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2016|02|05}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Shivayogi Sri Puttayyajja''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Kannada language|Kannada]] [[Biographical film|biographical]] film produced by Shyam M Navale and Mukund T Navale under the banner Sri Tulaja Bhavani Combines. Starring [[Vijay Raghavendra]] in the title role, the film also featured [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]], [[Shashikumar]], [[Anu Prabhakar]] and [[Abhijith]] in other pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/4808-vijay-raghavendra-plays-the-role-of-pandit-puttaraj-gawai.html|title=Vijay Raghavendra Plays The Role of Pandit Puttaraj Gawai|work= Chitraloka}}</ref> The film is based on the real life of [[Puttaraj Gawai|Pandit Puttaraja Gawai]] (1914 - 2010), who was a scholar and a Hindustani traditional musician who was well noted for his social services.

The film, upon release was critically acclaimed and won awards at the [[Karnataka State Film Awards|Karnataka State Awards]] for Best Social Film and Best Actor to Vijay Raghavendra.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newskarnataka.com/bangalore/vijay-raghavendra-malashri-bag-top-honours-at-state-film-awards|title=Vijay Raghavendra, Malashri bag top honours at State Film Awards|work=News Karnataka}}</ref> The musical score composed and written by Amara Priya.

==Cast==
* [[Vijay Raghavendra]] as [[Puttaraj Gawai]]
* [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]]
* [[Anu Prabhakar]]
* [[Shashikumar]]
* [[Abhijith (actor)|Abhijith]]
* Bhavyashree Rai
* Shankarlinga Sugnalli
* Ramananda Nayak

==Production==
Shyam M Navale (Actor, Producer & Distributor), son of the producer Mukund Tuljaram Navale, selected Umesh Puranik for the script. Actor Vijay Raghavendra was initially reluctant to accept the offer to play the title role since it would require a lot of sincere dedication and time. Later he agreed to star in the film with Shruti, Anu Prabhakar and Shashikumar also being roped in to play supporting roles. The film was shot in [[Gadag]], [[Badami]] and [[Pattadakal]] regions of Karnataka state where Gawai used to live.

===Legal issues===
The film faced legal troubles post its shooting and was stayed from its release. The stay order was put forth by producer Maruthi Jediyavar who claimed that he had acquired the rights to do a film on the legendary musician. However, after a certain delay, the court withdrew the stay order and gave a clean chit to release the film. The initial plan to release was on 15 January 2016 which was postponed to 5 February 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/12697-shivayogi-puttayyajja-to-release-for-sankranthi.html|title=Shivayogi Puttayyajja to Release for Sankranthi|work=Chitraloka}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music of the film was composed by Amara Priya. The soundtrack features 16 tracks which include a poetry compilation of [[Puttaraj Gawai]], [[Basavanna]], [[Shishunala Sharif]] and Amara Priya himself.<ref>[http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/Gaana-Yogi-Panchakshara-Gawai-songs-K0000068 Songs list]</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nee Enage Guruvagabekendu
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| lyrics1 = [[Puttaraj Gawai]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Bhoomigintha Neenu
| extra2 = Rajesh Krishnan
| lyrics2 = Amara Priya
| length2 =
| title3 = Puttarajaane
| extra3 = [[Sangeetha Katti]]
| lyrics3 = Amara Priya
| length3 =
| title4 = Naana Embudu Naanalla
| extra4 = Rajesh Krishnan
| lyrics4 = [[Shishunala Sharif]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Mathadu Mathadu Lingave
| extra5 = Uday, Vasundhara
| lyrics5 = Janapada
| length5 =
| title6 = Enu Ninna Leeleyo
| extra6 = Rajesh Krishnan, Ajay Warrior
| lyrics6 = Sri Shankarananda Swamiji
| length6 =
| title7 = Akaara Ukaara Makaara
| extra7 = Rajesh Krishnan
| lyrics7 = Amara Priya
| length7 =
| title8 = Sabh Sakhi Milkar
| extra8 = Basavaraj Bhantanuru
| lyrics8 = Traditional
| length8 =
| title9 = Neethi Lakshana Bhajiso
| extra9 = Sharankumar Jalahalli
| lyrics9 = Ghana Matada Shivayogi
| length9 =
| title10 = Iliyuvude Shiva
| extra10 = Basavaraj Bhantanuru
| lyrics10 = Traditional
| length10 =
| title11 = Morey Binath Arade
| extra11 = Basavaraj Bhantanuru
| lyrics11 = Puttaraj Gawai
| length11 =
| title12 = Kannolage Kanniddu
| extra12 = Basavaraj Bhantanuru
| lyrics12 = [[Basavanna]]
| length12 =
| title13 = Bana Bana Doondana
| extra13 = Basavaraj Bhantanuru
| lyrics13 = Puttaraj Gawai
| length13 =
| title14 = Vidhi Hoodida
| extra14 = Basavaraj Bhantanuru
| lyrics14 = Umesh Puranik
| length14 =
| title15 = Iru Thiruguva Vidhi
| extra15 = Sharankumar Jalahalli
| lyrics15 = Paramparika
| length15 =
| title16 = Shadja Rishaba
| extra16 = Chorus
| lyrics16 = Traditional
| length16 =
}}

==Awards==
The film has won the following awards since its release.

'''2015-16 [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]'''
* Won – [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Social film]]
* Won – [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor]] – [[Vijay Raghavendra]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shivayogi Sri Puttayyajja}}
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Indian musical films]]
[[Category:2010s biographical films]]
[[Category:2016 musical films]]

Chaudhvin Ka Chand

2026-03-04T04:00:38Z

Erlinda61E: updated page

{{short description|1960 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chaudhvin Ka Chand
| image = Chaudhvin Ka Chand.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| producer = [[Guru Dutt]]
| director = M. Sadiq
| writer = Saghir Usmani
| screenplay = Saghir Usmani
| music = [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]]
| cinematography = [[Nariman Irani]]
| editing =
| starring = [[Guru Dutt]] [[Waheeda Rehman]] [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]] [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]]
| studio = [[Guru Dutt Films]]
| distributor = [[Guru Dutt Films]]
| released = {{Film date|1960}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Chaudhvin Ka Chand''''' ({{translation|''The Full Moon''}}) is a 1960 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film directed by Mohammed Sadiq.<ref name=UOI>{{Cite web |title=Aftab ka Chand (1960 film) - (film review)|website= Indian Cinema – The University of Iowa website|url=https://indiancinema.sites.uiowa.edu/chaudhvin-ka-chand |access-date=2023-10-21 |language=en |archive-date=31 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831081205/https://indiancinema.sites.uiowa.edu/chaudhvin-ka-chand |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=PT>{{Cite web |last=Luo |first=Ray |title="Chaudhvin Ka Chand" captures the heartbreaking choice of love or friendship |url=https://pacificties.org/chaudhvin-ka-chand-captures-the-heartbreaking-choice-of-love-or-friendship/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Pacific Ties |language=en-US |archive-date=31 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831081205/https://pacificties.org/chaudhvin-ka-chand-captures-the-heartbreaking-choice-of-love-or-friendship/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ThePrint>{{Cite web |last=Sood |first=Samira |date=2020-07-11 |title=Chaudhvin Ka Chand, Guru Dutt's Muslim social that pioneered the bro code in Hindi films |url=https://theprint.in/features/chaudhvin-ka-chand-guru-dutts-muslim-social-that-pioneered-the-bro-code-in-hindi-films/458084/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=ThePrint website |language=en-US |archive-date=31 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831081208/https://theprint.in/feature/chaudhvin-ka-chand-guru-dutts-muslim-social-that-pioneered-the-bro-code-in-hindi-films/458084/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

This film was a super-hit at the box-office, and became one of the top-grossing films of 1960.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://muvyz.com/boxoffice/byyear/y1/1960|title= Chaudhvin Ka Chand (1960 film)|website= Muvyz.com website| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831081813/https://muvyz.com/boxoffice/byyear/y1/1960 |archive-date=31 August 2023|url-status=dead|access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref> A production of [[Guru Dutt]], the film centers on a love triangle between Dutt, [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]] and [[Waheeda Rehman]], and features [[music]] by [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]]. After the disastrous box office performance of ''[[Kaagaz Ke Phool]]'', Guru Dutt ventured into the idea of producing a commercial project to protect his studio from ruin. The next commercial venture by the studio was ''Chaudhvin ka Chand'', which was a successful comeback film for Guru Dutt and saved Guru Dutt's production studio.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sukanya |title=Chaudhvin Ka Chand: An ode to Waheeda Rehman's incandescent beauty |url=http://www.sukanyaverma.com/2013/03/chaudhvin-ka-chand-an-ode-to-waheeda-rehmans-incandescent-beauty/ |access-date=2021-04-13 |website=Sukanya Verma |language=en-US |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413125947/http://www.sukanyaverma.com/2013/03/chaudhvin-ka-chand-an-ode-to-waheeda-rehmans-incandescent-beauty/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

The film is considered a notable Muslim-social.<ref name=PT/> It was ranked ''#28'' in 2003 [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook Magazine]] poll of ''25 Leading Indian Directors'' for "Best Bollywood Movies of all time''"''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-01-08|title=Bollywood's Best Films (as of 12 May 2003)|website=Outlook (India magazine)|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/article/bollywoods-best-films/220089|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108071843/https://www.outlookindia.com/article/bollywoods-best-films/220089|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-01-08|access-date=2023-10-21}}</ref> [[Filmfare]] listed it among "Seven Muslim socials you must watch''"''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seven Muslim socials you must watch |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/seven-muslim-socials-you-must-watch-13710.html |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413125932/https://www.filmfare.com/features/seven-muslim-socials-you-must-watch-13710.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Its music album was ranked #30 in ''Top 100 Bollywood Albums'' by ''Film Companion'' website.<ref name=FC>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Vipin |date=2017-10-10 |title=#30 Chaudhvin Ka Chand: Top 100 Bollywood Albums |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/30-chaudhvin-ka-chand-top-100-bollywood-albums/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Film Companion website |language=en-US |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413130241/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/30-chaudhvin-ka-chand-top-100-bollywood-albums/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Vipin |date=2017-11-07 |title=Top 100 Bollywood Albums |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/music/top-100-bollywood-albums/ |access-date=2021-04-13 |website=Film Companion |language=en-US |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413125932/https://www.filmcompanion.in/music/top-100-bollywood-albums/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film's title track "Chaudhvin Ka Chand" became especially popular and is noted for picturization of the song sequence. The song is regarded as one of the most acclaimed romantic ballads in India and one of the most loved ''[[filmi]]'' songs of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Romance and Mystique of Waheeda Rehman in Chaudhvin ka Chand |url=https://thewire.in/film/the-romance-and-mystique-of-waheeda-rehman-in-chaudhvin-ka-chand |access-date=2021-04-13 |website=The Wire |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413125932/https://thewire.in/film/the-romance-and-mystique-of-waheeda-rehman-in-chaudhvin-ka-chand |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=HT>{{Cite news|date=2013-09-02 |title=Top 32: Most loved Bollywood songs of all time |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/top-32-most-loved-bollywood-songs-of-all-time/story-Oy5PxR4xslOx82xB6cmVkI.html |access-date=2023-10-21 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413125932/https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/top-32-most-loved-bollywood-songs-of-all-time/story-Oy5PxR4xslOx82xB6cmVkI.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2014, the film's screenplay was published as a book, titled ''[[Chaudhvin Ka Chand: The Original Screenplay]]'', by the film historians [[Dinesh Raheja]] and Jitendra Kothari.<ref name=IndianExpress>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/classic-re-visited/ |title=Classic re-visited (Chaudhvin Ka Chand (1960 film) - film review) |date=18 April 2014 |newspaper=The Indian Express newspaper|last=Pathak |first=Siddhi |access-date=21 October 2023 |archive-date=17 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717124513/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/classic-re-visited/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

This film also entered into the [[2nd Moscow International Film Festival]].<ref name="Moscow1961">{{Cite web|title=2nd Moscow International Film Festival (1961) (|url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1961|url-status=dead|website=Moscow International Film Festival website|access-date=21 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116210653/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1961|archive-date=16 January 2013|df=dmy}}</ref>

== Plot ==

The movie is set in a time and Muslim social circle where noble women, especially young girls, would always cover their faces out in public. Houses were divided into common and female sections where even men of family would seek permission before entering into female sections. Much confusion and plot revolve around the customary veils worn by love interest of leading men.

Nawab Pyaare Miyan ([[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]]), Aslam ([[Guru Dutt]]) and Mirza Musarraddique Shaida ([[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]]) are three childhood friends who live like brothers in Lucknow. One day Pyaare Miyan accidentally sees a beautiful girl Jameela ([[Waheeda Rehman]]) in market and sets his heart to marry her. As the luck has it, Jameela is one of the guests on his sister Rehana's birthday party next week. Pyaare Miyan gets hold of a piece of Jameela's veil which he hands over to their maid Naseeban ([[Tun Tun]]) to match and bring information about the girl he adores. Meanwhile girls exchange veils (dupatta) as a sisterhood tradition. Jameela exchanges her veil with her friend Bano, to whom Naseeban matches the torn piece and reports about her origin to Pyaare as she had worked at Bano's house as maid earlier. Pyaare sends his friends Aslam and Shaida to Bano's house for setting the marriage but her father asks for some time to think about it.

Meanwhile Pyaare Miyan's mother ([[Mumtaz Begum (actress)|Mumtaz Begum]]) who dreams to perform Hajj, is forbidden by doctor. An Imam suggests to send someone else in her place as it's permitted in Islam. The family asks Imam to go instead but he is hesitant as he wants his young daughter to get married before going. Pyaare Miyan's mother wants Pyaare Miyan to marry Imam's daughter, but Pyaare Miyaan is unknown of the fact that Imam's daughter is Jameela and in order to avoid him getting entangled with Imam's daughter, Pyaare Miyaan first asks Shaida to marry Jameela and when Shaida refuses as he likes Tameezan ([[Minoo Mumtaz]]), thereafter he asks Aslam to marry Jameela, which Aslam accepts without even asking anything about Jameela. Pyaare Miyaan, too, attends the marriage of Aslam and Jameela, but face of Jameela does not get revealed to Pyaare Miyaan. So, unknowingly, Pyaare Miyaan himself get the girl he loves married to his friend.

Pyaare Miyan's rendezvous with Bano is set by Naseeban, it's when he realizes that Bano is not the girl he wanted to marry. Paayre also gets a good beating by Bano's house guards who take him as thief. Trio sets to find out the girl again and go to the market next day. Jameela runs into Aslam's cousin Naseem there and both along with other woman notice Pyaare Miyan at their tail and to dodge him they again exchange their veil. Pyaare Miyan and Aslam reach Naseem's house who has exchanged Jameela's veil. Upon finding out that Naseem is in fact Aslam's cousin, their marriage is set, again Pyaare has not seen his bride to be.

One day, Pyaare Miyan goes to Aslam's house to deliver a necklace for Naseem but accidentally runs into Jameela who is sitting in the common section of house as their maid is cleaning her room. Pyaare Miyan takes her as Naseem and tells Aslam about the incident also hands him the necklace. Aslam comes home to meet Naseem and get her opinion on the necklace. It's then he finds out that Jameela is the girl his friend is madly in love with. The revelation tore him apart as he feels divided between love for his friend and wife. Still to confirm it, he takes Jameela's photo to Pyaare Mian who is overjoyed upon seeing the photo, confirming his fear.

Aslam decides to distant himself from Jameela to lead their marriage towards divorce. He starts visiting Tameezan's ([[Minoo Mumtaz]])'Kotha' regularly where he is caught by Shaida who arrived there to invite Tameezan for Pyaare Miyan's wedding. Jameela's brother confronts Aslam who wants him to divorce their sister and so that they can marry her off to Pyaare Miyan. Aslam sees his plan working, he further angers his brothers-in-law. As they proceed to kill Aslam, Jameela, who is under the impression that Aslam is suspicious about her and Pyaare Miyan, pledges her loyalty to her husband.

Aslam loads his revolver and plans to kill himself at the wedding. He asks Jameela to wear their wedding dress and praises her. Pyaare Miyan arrives at their home and realizes his mistake. He rushes back to his home and asks his mother to stop the wedding. Under the burden of guilt of showing his affection for his friend's wife in front of him, he swallows the diamond. Aslam breaks the door to enter the room as he breaths his last. Jameela arrives and unveils her face, but Aslam covers her face.

In last scene, Aslam and Shaida are praying at Pyaare Miyan's grave.

== Cast ==
*[[Guru Dutt]] as Aslam<ref name=IndianExpress/><ref name=muvyz/><ref name=UOI/>
*[[Waheeda Rehman]] as Jameela<ref name=IndianExpress/><ref name=muvyz/><ref name=UOI/>
*[[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]] as Nawab Pyaare Miyan<ref name=IndianExpress/><ref name=muvyz/><ref name=UOI/>
*[[Farida Jalal]]<ref name=muvyz>{{cite web|url=http://muvyz.com/moviepage/cr352591|url-status=dead|title=Chaudhvin Ka Chand (1960)|website=MuVyz.com website|archive-date=1 July 2022|access-date=21 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701234751/http://muvyz.com/moviepage/cr352591}}</ref>
*[[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] as Mirza Musarraddique Shaida<ref name=muvyz/><ref name=UOI/>
*[[Minoo Mumtaz]] as Tameezan<ref name=muvyz/><ref name=UOI/>
*[[Mumtaz Begum (actress)|Mumtaz Begum]] as Nawab's Mother
*[[Tun Tun]] as Naseeban<ref name=muvyz/>

== Music ==
Guru Dutt's music composer of earlier films [[S. D. Burman]] had warned him not to make ''[[Kaagaz Ke Phool]]'' (1959), which resembled his own life. When Guru Dutt insisted on making the film, Burman said that would be his last film with Guru Dutt. Hence, the music composing of this film was offered to composer [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]] and was critically acclaimed, and the lyrics by [[Shakeel Badayuni]].<ref name=UOI/> The title song is sung by [[Mohammed Rafi]]. The other hit songs from this film are "Mera Yaar Bana Hai Dulha", also sung by Mohammed Rafi, often played in wedding ceremony and mujra song "Dil Ki Kahani Rang Layi Hai", sung by [[Asha Bhosle]].

=== Track listing ===
Ravi has composed the music of the film and Shakeel Badayuni wrote the lyrics.
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
![[Raga]]
|-
| "Chaudhvin Ka Chand Ho"<ref name=HT/><ref name=PT/><ref name=FC/>
| Mohammed Rafi
|Pahadi
|-
| "Mili Khaak Mein Mohabbat"<ref name=PT/>
| Mohammed Rafi
|
|-
| "Mera Yaar Bana Hai Dulha"<ref name=FC/>
| Mohammed Rafi
|
|-
| "Yeh Duniya Gol Hai"
| Mohammed Rafi
|
|-
| "Yeh Lakhnau Ki Sarzameen"
| Mohammed Rafi
|
|-
| "Balam Se Milan Hoga, Sharmaane Ke Din Aaey"<ref name=FC/>
| [[Geeta Dutt]]
|
|-
| "Badle Badle Mere Sarkar Nazar Aatey Hain"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|
|-
| "Sharmake Yeh Kyun Sab Pardanasheen Aanchal Ko Sanwara Kartein Hain"<ref name=UOI/><ref name=FC/>
| [[Shamshad Begum]], Asha Bhosle
|
|-
| "Dil Ki Kahani Rang Layi Hai"<ref name=FC/>
| Asha Bhosle
|
|-
| "Bedardi Mere Saiyan, Shabnam Hain Kabhi Sholay"<ref name=FC/>
| Asha Bhosle
|
|-
|}

== Awards ==

; [[8th Filmfare Awards]]<nowiki>:</nowiki>

'''Won'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] – [[Shakeel Badayuni]] for film "Chaudhvin Ka Chand"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] – [[Mohammed Rafi]] for film "Chaudhvin Ka Chand"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]] – [[Biren Nag]]

'''Nominated'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] – [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – [[Ravi (composer)|Ravi]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]] – Saghir Usmani

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=0053706|title=Chaudhvin Ka Chand}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20230831081203/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0053706/ Chaudhvin Ka Chand on IMDb website - Archived]
{{FilmfareAwardBestLyricist}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestMaleSinger}}

[[Category:1960 films]]
[[Category:1960 drama films]]
[[Category:1960 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1960 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ravi]]
[[Category:Films set in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Abrar Alvi]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. Sadiq]]

Pooja (1975 film)

2026-03-03T20:25:34Z

Erlinda61E: rework lead to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pooja
| image = Pooja 1975 film.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Murugan-Kumaran
| producer = M. Murugan M. Kumaran [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]] M. Balasubramanian [[M. S. Guhan]]
| writer = N. R. Nandi (Dialogues)
| screenplay =
| story = ''Eradu Kanasu'' by [[Vani (writer)|Vani]]
| based_on = [[Eradu Kanasu (1974 film)|Eradu Kanasu]]
| starring = [[G. Ramakrishna]] [[Vanisri]] [[Manjula (Kannada actress)|Manjula]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] [[Tadepalli Lakshmi Kanta Rao|Kanta Rao]] [[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantam]] [[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
| cinematography = [[S. Maruthi Rao]]
| editing = R. G. Gopi
| studio = [[AVM Productions]]
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|1975|8|25}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Pooja''''' ({{translation|Prayer ritual}}) is a 1975 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film directed by Murugan-Kumaran and produced by [[AVM Productions]]. It is a remake of the 1974 [[Kannada]] film ''[[Eradu Kanasu (1974 film)|Eradu Kanasu]]''.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=NFAI |author-link=NFAI |user=NFAIOfficial |number=1197097149751644160 |date=20 November 2019 |title=#Remake #Telugu film #Pooja (1975), directed by Murugan-Kumaran was a remake of popular #Kannada film #EraduKanasu (1974) by Dorairaj-Bhagavan. Music directors #RajanNagendra composed music for both the films and also retained few songs from the earlier Kannada version. https://t.co/xuQOtfHsoo |language=en |access-date=27 September 2021}}</ref>

==Plot==
Ramachandra Rao/Ramu and Lalitha fall in love and want to marry but Lalitha's father, who is also Ramu's uncle, breaks off relations with Ramu's family after some internal disputes. Ramu's mother falls ill after this incident and insists that he marry a girl of her choice. Ramu's father agrees with his wife too and requests Ramu to consider his mother's health. As a result, Ramu is forced to marry another girl, Gauri who is the daughter of a lawyer. However, he does not accept her her as he is still in love with Lalitha. He behaves coldly towards her. Gauri, who is devoted to him, is hurt and perplexed by his behavior. She tries to win him over but grows frustrated. Ramu's parents observe this and decide to leave for a pilgrimage giving Ramu and Gauri some space to work out their issues. Gauri breaks down and asks Ramu about why he behaves this way with her. He refuses to explain anything, saying that he is helpless and asks her to go to her parents' house. She refuses to leave. Ramu falls ill one day and Gauri nurses him back to health. He softens towards her. Then, he bumps into an old acquaintance at the doctor's office. He finds out that Lalitha has married him and has a young son. So he starts anew with Gauri.

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Actor !! Character
|-
| [[G. Ramakrishna]] || Ramachandra Rao "Ramu"
|-
| [[Vanisri]] || Gauri
|-
| [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] || Anand
|-
| [[Manjula (Kannada actress)|Manjula]] || Lalita
|-
| [[Tadepalli Lakshmi Kanta Rao|Kanta Rao]] || Sivaramaiah, Ramu's father
|-
| [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] || Sitamma
|-
| [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] || Parvatamma
|-
| [[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] || Kishtaiah, Lalita's father
|-
| [[Allu Ramalingaiah]] ||
|-
| [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] || Gauri's father
|-
| [[K. V. Chalam]] ||
|-
| Balakrishna ||
|-
| [[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]] ||
|}

==Songs==

Some songs were sung by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] and [[Vani Jayaram]].
The song ''Enneno Janmala Bandham'' is known for its captivating lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/08/16/stories/2004081601260300.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=22 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201171139/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/08/16/stories/2004081601260300.htm |archive-date=1 December 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 August 2004 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/01/stories/2009020157690200.htm |title=The Hindu : Andhra Pradesh / Vijayawada News : Vani Jayaram recalls experience with big singers |access-date=4 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107085322/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/01/stories/2009020157690200.htm |archive-date=7 November 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Three songs from the Kannada original were retained by [[Rajan–Nagendra]] in the Telugu version. The original song ''Endendu Ninnanu Marethu''<ref>{{cite AV media |date=25 March 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CwlSyNSFEo0 |title=Endendu Ninnanu Marethu {{!}} Eradu Kanasu--ಎರಡುಕನಸು {{!}} Rajkumar {{!}} Kalpana {{!}} Manjula {{!}} Kannada Video Song |publisher=SRS Media Vision Entertainment |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824072905/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CwlSyNSFEo0 |archive-date=24 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> was retained in the Telugu version as ''Enneno Janmala Bandham''.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=3 November 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEqTVp3JB0E |title=Ennenno Janmala Bandham HD Song - Telugu Video Songs |publisher=Rose Telugu Movies |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408113052/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEqTVp3JB0E |archive-date=8 April 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The original song ''Baadi Hoda Balliyinda'' was retained in the Telugu version as ''Malleteega Vaadipoga Marala Poolu Pooyuna''.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=18 July 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jd9mdHyKYtE |title=Pooja Telugu Movie Songs - malle teega vadipoye - Ramakrishna, vanisree |publisher=Rose Telugu Movies |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804130905/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jd9mdHyKYtE |archive-date=4 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The original song ''Poojisalende Hoogala Thande''<ref>{{cite AV media |date=3 October 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aG--PhHEy6Y |title=Poojisalende Hoogala - Eradu Kanasu - Rajkumar - Kalpana - Kannada Superhit Song |publisher=Shemaroo Kannada |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301094106/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aG--PhHEy6Y |archive-date=1 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> was retained in the Telugu version as ''Poojalu Cheya Poolu Tecchanu''.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=28 December 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TF3BvD31cg |title=Poojalu Cheya Poolu Thechanu - Superhit Song - In Pooja Telugu Movie (HD) |publisher=Rose Telugu Movies |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221104038/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TF3BvD31cg |archive-date=21 December 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{track listing
| all_lyrics = [[Dasaradhi]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Anthata Nee Roopam
| music1 = [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Vani Jayaram]]
| title2 = Enneno Janmala Bandham
| music2 = Rajan–Nagendra
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Vani Jayaram
| title3 = Malleteega Vaadipoga Marala Poolu Pooyuna
| music3 = Rajan–Nagendra
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title4 = Nee Daya Raadaa Raama Nee Daya Raadaa
| music4 = [[Tyagaraja]]
| extra4 = [[P. Susheela]]
| title5 = Ningi Nela Okatayene
| music5 = Rajan–Nagendra
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Vani Jayaram
| title6 = Poojalu Cheya Poolu Tecchanu
| music6 = Rajan–Nagendra
| extra6 = Vani Jayaram
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|10478754|Pooja}}

{{AVM Productions}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pooja (1975 Film)}}
[[Category:1975 films]]
[[Category:1975 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1975 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajan–Nagendra]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:AVM Productions films]]
[[Category:1970s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:1975 romance films]]
[[Category:1975 musical films]]

Mahanati

2026-03-03T17:48:37Z

Erlinda61E: cleanup

{{short description|2018 film directed by Nag Ashwin}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mahanati
| image = Mahanati poster.jpg
| alt = Torso of Keerthy Suresh in the look of Savitri in centre and the title appears at bottom in Telugu script.
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Nag Ashwin]]
| producer = [[Priyanka Dutt]]
| writer = {{ubl|Nag Ashwin||[[Sai Madhav Burra]] (dialogues)||[[Padmavathi Malladi]] (additional screenplay and dialogues)}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Keerthy Suresh]]||[[Dulquer Salmaan]]||[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]||[[Vijay Deverakonda]]}}
| music = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| cinematography = [[Dani Sanchez-Lopez]]
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| studio = {{ubl|[[Vyjayanthi Movies]]|Swapna Cinema}}
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2018|5|9}}
| runtime = 177 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Mahanati'' (PG) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/mahanati-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zotq3mde |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525103425/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/mahanati-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zotq3mde |archive-date=25 May 2021 |access-date=25 May 2021 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|25|link=yes}}{{nbsp}}crore<ref name="boxoffice legacy 2018">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=3 July 2018 |title=Rangasthalam, Bharat Ane Nenu and Mahanati emerge as biggest Telugu hits in first half of 2018 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rangasthalam-bharat-ane-nenu-and-mahanati-emerge-as-biggest-telugu-hits-in-first-half-of-2018-4652271.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715233950/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rangasthalam-bharat-ane-nenu-and-mahanati-emerge-as-biggest-telugu-hits-in-first-half-of-2018-4652271.html |archive-date=15 July 2018 |access-date=24 May 2018 |website=Firstpost}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}83 crore
}}

'''''Mahanati''''' ({{translation|The great actress}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]-language [[biographical film|biographical]] [[drama (film and television)|drama film]] based on the life of actress [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]. It is written and directed by [[Nag Ashwin]], and produced by [[Priyanka Dutt]] under [[Vyjayanthi Movies]] and Swapna Cinema. The film features [[Keerthy Suresh]]{{efn|In this Indian name, the name Suresh is a patronymic, and the person is referred to by the given name, Keerthy.}} as Savitri while [[Dulquer Salmaan]] (in his Telugu debut) plays Savitri's husband [[Gemini Ganesan]]. The film also stars [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] and [[Vijay Deverakonda]], while [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Bhanupriya]], Divyavani, [[Mohan Babu]] and [[Prakash Raj]] appear in supporting roles. The plot follows Savitri's life, depicting her turbulent rise to prominence, marriage with Ganesan, and subsequent fall from grace, which is viewed from the perspective of a journalist and a photographer, played by Samantha and Deverakonda respectively.

Ashwin began working on the biopic of Savitri following the release of his directorial debut ''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]'' (2015). Its [[principal photography]] began in May 2017 and ended in March 2018 with filming taking place in [[Hyderabad]], [[Palakollu]], [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Mysore]], and [[Delhi]]. [[Dani Sanchez-Lopez]] performed the cinematography while [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]] edited the film. The film features the score and soundtrack composed by [[Mickey J. Meyer]]. ''Mahanati'' released theatrically on 9 May 2018 while its dubbed versions in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] released on 11 May 2018, with the title ''Nadigaiyar Thilagam'' and in [[Malayalam]] on the same day as ''Mahanadi''.

''Mahanati'' received positive reviews for Keerthy's performance as Savitri and mixed reviews for Ashwin's screenplay and direction. The film won three awards at the [[66th National Film Awards]], namely, [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]], [[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] for Keerthy and [[National Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]. The film also won four [[Filmfare Awards South]] including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress]] in Telugu category. ''Mahanati'' was screened at the [[International Film Festival of India]], the [[Shanghai International Film Festival]], and the [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]. It also fetched the state Telangana Gaddar Film Award for Best Feature Film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2025 |title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards: Adivi Sesh Thanks Telangana Government For Honouring Major, Expresses Gratitude To Mahesh Babu |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-adivi-sesh-thanks-telangana-government-for-honouring-major-expresses-gratitude-to-mahesh-babu-article-151755732 |website=Times Now}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards: Here’s who won big in Telangana |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/ampstories/entertainment/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-heres-who-won-big-in-telangana-3564452 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In [[Bangalore]], 1980, the popular actress [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] is found unconscious by her son. She is hospitalised, spending a year in a [[coma]]. The incident receives media attention but Savitri's initial life and whereabouts remain unknown to the public. Madhuravani, a [[stuttering]] journalist, and Vijay Anthony, a photographer, are appointed to write an article about her situation. Madhuravani recovers a letter written by Savitri, in which she wishes to take her son to someone called "Shankarayya." Though she is later relieved from writing the memoir by her editor, Madhuravani continues her research curiously. She sneaks into Savitri's house and overhears her aunt talk about her childhood.

In [[Vijayawada]], 1942, a widowed Subadrama and her daughter Savitri are taken in by Subadrama's sister, Durgamba, and her husband, KV Chowdary, much to the latter's chagrin. Savitri grows up to become an accomplished dancer and earns a profit for Chowdary by acting in plays with her friend Susheela. The increasing popularity of cinema leads to less attendance for plays, and Chowdary incurs huge losses. He tries to have Savitri join the film industry based in [[Chennai|Madras]] but her young age and inability to speak [[Tamil language|Tamil]] hinder her prospects. She, however, meets [[Gemini Ganesan|Ramasamy "Gemini" Ganesan]], a studio employee who takes her photograph for a casting director. A year later, Savitri is cast in a film directed by [[L. V. Prasad]] but she gets the dialogue wrong and is thrown out. However, she earns a dancing role for a song in the film ''[[Pathala Bhairavi]]''. Her performance in that film helps her in getting major roles.

Savitri is offered a role opposite Ganesan, now an actor, who teaches her Tamil language. They together rise as superstars and Savitri falls in love with the married Ganesan. They secretly marry, which leads to a clash with Savitri's family. Despite being reluctant to act after marriage, Savitri is persuaded by the filmmakers and Ganesan. She goes on to become a successful actress. Savitri later gives birth to two children{{ndash}} a girl and a boy. Ganesan is initially supportive of her career, however, he feels jealous of Savitri as her fame overshadows his. He starts consuming alcohol and when Savitri tries to stop him, he shares the drink with her.

A few ladies urge Savitri to both direct and star in an all-woman cast and crew film. On the day of her film's release, Savitri finds Ganesan in their guesthouse with another woman. Feeling cheated, Savitri angrily part ways with Ganesan. She becomes an alcoholic and gains weight. Meanwhile, her mother dies, and poor financial decisions lead to a raid by the [[Income Tax Department]], resulting in the loss of her wealth. One day, Savitri fights with her daughter about her excessive alcohol consumption and faints, accidentally setting their house on fire. They learn that Savitri has [[diabetes]].

As Chowdary visits Savitri, she asks both her daughter and uncle for forgiveness. She gets her daughter married, stops drinking, and loses weight. She shifts to a smaller house with her son and starts acting in low-budget films. She sets aside money for opening a [[Drug rehabilitation|rehabilitation]] centre. Upon knowing that she still owes income tax, she strongly refuses to part with any more money. She goes to Bangalore with her son the next day. Feeling lost, she calls Ganesan but cuts the line before speaking. Angry with him and with herself, she consumes alcohol again, before collapsing into a coma.

Madhuravani realises her love for Anthony via Savitri's story. She interrupts what is supposedly Anthony's engagement and speaks strongly without a stutter, only to realise that is his sister's engagement and that Anthony too loves her. Madhuravani writes Savitri's memoir and visits the comatose Savitri. She places a picture of her father, someone who she has never met before, retrieved from a newspaper archive in her hands. Savitri dies in December 1981.

In the end, Shankarayya is revealed to be a statue that Savitri considers her father.

== Cast ==

{{Cast listing|
* [[Keerthy Suresh]] as [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]
* [[Dulquer Salmaan]] as [[Gemini Ganesan]]
* [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] as Madhuravani 
* [[Vijay Deverakonda]] as Vijay Anthony,Madhuravani's love interest
* [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Kommareddy Venkataramaiah Chowdary, Savitri's father
* [[Bhanupriya]] as Durgamba
* Divyavani as Subhadramma, Savitri's mother
* [[Mohan Babu]] as [[S. V. Ranga Rao]]
* [[Prakash Raj]] as [[Aluri Chakrapani]]
* [[Srinivas Avasarala]] as [[L. V. Prasad]]
* [[Naga Chaitanya]] as [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]
* [[Manobala]] as [[P. Pullaiah]]
* [[Malavika Nair (actress, born 1996)|Malavika Nair]] as Alamelu, Ganesan's first wife
* [[Shalini Pandey]] as Suseela, Savitri's friend
* [[Krish (director)|Krish]] as [[K. V. Reddy]]
* [[Tharun Bhascker]] as [[Singeetham Srinivasa Rao]]
* Sai Tejaswini as child Savitri
* Chaitra as child Suseela
* Suresh as Dance Master
* Ram Charan as child Satish
* Jayanthi Reddy as Aayyama
* [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] as Madhuravani's mother
* Murali Krishna as Madhuravani's father
* Ramadevi as Madhuravani's grandmother
* [[Sandeep Vanga]] as [[Vedantam Raghavayya]]
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as the editor of ''Prajavani''
* Mohan Bhagath as Journalist Shekar
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Cameraman Kesava
* [[Karthik Rathnam]] as Dancer
* Vamsee Chaganti as JJ Krishnamurthy
* Bindu Chandramouli as [[Pushpavalli]]
* Mahesh Achanta as Sattya
* [[Sai Madhav Burra]] as [[Pingali (writer)|Pingali]]
* [[Dani Sanchez-Lopez]] as Lux ad photographer
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In May 2016, director [[Nag Ashwin]], who made his debut with ''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]'' (2015), announced that his next film would be a biopic of the Indian actress [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], who was active during the 1950s and 60s, predominantly in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films.<ref name="savitriwho">{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Priyanka |date=8 May 2018 |title=Who is Mahanati Savitri and why a biopic is being made on her |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/who-is-mahanati-savitri-and-why-a-biopic-is-being-made-on-her/story-OyehXX6T4159MNH9ExrmLM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523174631/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/who-is-mahanati-savitri-and-why-a-biopic-is-being-made-on-her/story-OyehXX6T4159MNH9ExrmLM.html |archive-date=23 May 2021 |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> The film was titled ''Mahanati,'' and Ashwin had finished the script work and began casting actors for the project. He spent six months researching the actress by reading articles and books, in addition to meeting old journalists and actors associated with her. In an interview with [[Indo-Asian News Service]], Ashwin talked about his intention to adapt Savitri's life into a film. "From a penniless origin to the first female superstar, her life is quite a story," he stated. Ashwin felt that the time had come to revisit the "legends" and understand why they were legends."<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=27 May 2016 |title=Nag Ashwin's next a biopic on legendary actress Savitri |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/nag-ashwins-next-a-biopic-on-legendary-actress-savitri-2821617/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912012139/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/nag-ashwins-next-a-biopic-on-legendary-actress-savitri-2821617/ |archive-date=12 September 2017 |access-date=14 September 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref> In another interview to ''[[India Today]]'', Ashwin told that choosing to make ''Mahanati'' was more of a [[subconscious]] decision, as he grew up watching her films and songs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=30 April 2021 |title=Nag Ashwin on Mahanati: Keerthy, Dulquer, Samantha and Vijay had no problem working in a multi-starrer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nag-ashwin-interview-mahanati-nadigaiyar-thilagam-keerthy-suresh-samantha-akkineni-dulquer-salmaan-1223420-2018-04-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235448/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nag-ashwin-interview-mahanati-nadigaiyar-thilagam-keerthy-suresh-samantha-akkineni-dulquer-salmaan-1223420-2018-04-30 |archive-date=23 September 2018 |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

The film's production is handled by Ashwin's wife [[Priyanka Dutt]] and her sister [[Swapna Dutt]]. They are the daughters of veteran film producer Ashwini Dutt, the founder of [[Vyjayanthi Movies]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=12 May 2018 |title=The Dutt sisters behind Mahanati |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/120518/the-dutt-sisters-behind-mahanati.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524144333/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/120518/the-dutt-sisters-behind-mahanati.html |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> The film was originally intended to be shot simultaneously in Telugu and Tamil languages, however, the Tamil version was later dropped in favour of a dub.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=20 May 2018 |title=Bilingual films: The big, bilingual scam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/may/20/bilingual-films-the-big-bilingual-scam-1817232.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014023155/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/may/20/bilingual-films-the-big-bilingual-scam-1817232.html |archive-date=14 October 2020 |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>{{efn|The [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] certificate of the Tamil version ''Nadigaiyar Thilagam'' indicates that it is a dubbed version of ''Mahanati''.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Nadigaiyar Thilagam |date=2018 |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[Vyjayanthi Movies]] |place=India |time=0:00:01}}</ref>}}

=== Cast and crew ===
In August 2016, Ashwin announced his intention to cast the lead actress with an audience poll.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2016 |title=Savitri biopic: Haven't approached Vidya Balan, says Nag Ashwin |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/savitri-biopic-haven-t-approached-vidya-balan-says-nag-ashwin/story-PFlegWb2FB3eZcAUb01MZJ.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523142005/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/savitri-biopic-haven-t-approached-vidya-balan-says-nag-ashwin/story-PFlegWb2FB3eZcAUb01MZJ.html |archive-date=23 May 2021 |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> In December, [[Nithya Menen]] entered the talks to play Savitri but it did not materialise.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 December 2016 |title=Nithya Menen hasn't signed Mahanati yet |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/dec/12/nithya-menen-hasnt-signed-mahanati--yet-1548048.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912055212/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/dec/12/nithya-menen-hasnt-signed-mahanati--yet-1548048.html |archive-date=12 September 2017 |access-date=14 September 2017 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Subsequently, [[Keerthy Suresh]] was signed for the role in early January 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2017 |title=Confirmed: Keerthy Suresh to play Savitri in Mahanati |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mahanati-savitri-biopic-keerthy-suresh-samantha-nag-ashwin-952890-2017-01-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005011112/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mahanati-savitri-biopic-keerthy-suresh-samantha-nag-ashwin/1/848312.html |archive-date=5 October 2017 |access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref> Post the film's release in May 2018, Ashwin in a video interview with ''Indiaglitz Tamil'', stated that [[Anushka Shetty]] and [[Vidya Balan]] were his first choices to play the role of Savitri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=See "External Links": ''Why Keerthy Suresh for Saviri ? Nag Ashwin Explains''}}</ref> However he was convinced that Keerthy was the right choice after watching her in ''[[Thodari]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=21 May 2018 |title='Mahanati made me more responsible as a filmmaker': Nag Ashwin on directing the Savitri biopic |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mahanati-made-me-more-responsible-as-a-filmmaker-nag-ashwin-on-directing-the-savitri-biopic-4476335.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924005705/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mahanati-made-me-more-responsible-as-a-filmmaker-nag-ashwin-on-directing-the-savitri-biopic-4476335.html |archive-date=24 September 2018 |access-date=26 May 2021 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> Keerthy was initially apprehensive to play Savitri but her [[Menaka (actress)|mother]], who is a fan of Savitri's work prompted her to take up the role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2019 |title=How Keerthy Suresh almost said no to playing Savitri Ganesan in Mahanati |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/made-in-her-image-5927191/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914030151/https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/made-in-her-image-5927191/ |archive-date=14 September 2019 |access-date=27 May 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> While preparing for the character, she watched Savitri's films, read her biography ''A Legendary Actress: Mahanati Savitri'', and consulted her daughter Vijaya Chamundeswari to know about her personality.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Pooja |date=25 August 2019 |title=How Keerthy Suresh almost said no to playing Savitri Ganesan in Mahanati |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/made-in-her-image-5927191/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914030151/https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/made-in-her-image-5927191/ |archive-date=14 September 2019 |access-date=27 May 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

[[Samantha Akkineni]] was confirmed to be a part of the project who would be portraying Madhuravani, a journalist from whose perspective the story is narrated.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2017 |title=Samantha's role in Savitri biopic revealed |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/samantha-s-role-savitri-biopic-revealed-60618 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523143508/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/samantha-s-role-savitri-biopic-revealed-60618 |archive-date=23 May 2021 |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Priyanka |date=10 May 2018 |title=Keerthy Suresh's Mahanati has a huge star cast. Here's a look at who plays who in the biopic |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/keerthy-suresh-s-mahanati-has-a-huge-star-cast-here-s-a-look-at-who-plays-who-in-the-biopic/story-Wy1dTOr6My7ymzBf3EWR3N.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523174634/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/keerthy-suresh-s-mahanati-has-a-huge-star-cast-here-s-a-look-at-who-plays-who-in-the-biopic/story-Wy1dTOr6My7ymzBf3EWR3N.html |archive-date=23 May 2021 |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> For the role of Savitri's husband [[Gemini Ganesan]], Ashwin has considered [[Suriya]] and [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]], before finalising [[Dulquer Salmaan]] for the character. The film marked Salmaan's debut in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Karthik |date=24 April 2017 |title=Dulquer pips Suriya and Madhavan, set to play Gemini Ganesan in Savitri biopic |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dulquer-pips-suriya-and-madhavan-to-play-gemini-ganesan-in-savitri-biopic/story-dS1KR7yPAFUOcjYI6AhmhM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912012058/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dulquer-pips-suriya-and-madhavan-to-play-gemini-ganesan-in-savitri-biopic/story-dS1KR7yPAFUOcjYI6AhmhM.html |archive-date=12 September 2017 |access-date=14 September 2017 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> [[Vijay Deverakonda]], who had earlier been considered for Ganesan's role, was selected to pair opposite Samantha as Vijay Antony.<ref>{{Cite news |last=K. |first=Janani |date=15 May 2017 |title=A new addition to Savitri biopic |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/150517/a-new-addition-to-savitri-biopic.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912013003/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/150517/a-new-addition-to-savitri-biopic.html |archive-date=12 September 2017 |access-date=14 September 2017 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref name=":10" /> Ashwin told Indo-Asian News Service that Salmaan's portrayal of Ganesan would go beyond the physical resemblance, to better depict the character's emotional side.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 July 2017 |title=Dulquer to not mimic Gemini Ganesan in 'Mahanati' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dulquer-to-not-mimic-gemini-ganesan-in-mahanati/article19389995.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011141227/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dulquer-to-not-mimic-gemini-ganesan-in-mahanati/article19389995.ece |archive-date=11 October 2020 |access-date=14 September 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

The cast also includes [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] who plays Savitri's uncle KV Chowdary and [[Bhanupriya]] who plays Savitri's aunt. [[Shalini Pandey]] plays Suseela, Savitri's friend. [[Naga Chaitanya]] plays his grandfather [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] while [[Mohan Babu]] plays [[S. V. Ranga Rao]]. Other appearances include [[Prakash Raj]] as [[Aluri Chakrapani]], [[Krish (director)|Krish]] as [[K. V. Reddy]], and [[Srinivas Avasarala]] as [[L. V. Prasad]] among others.<ref name=":10" /> [[Sai Madhav Burra]] who gave the dialogue for the film, makes a cameo appearance as writer [[Pingali (writer)|Pingali]].<ref name="smpingali">{{Cite news |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=12 May 2018 |title=Sai Madhav Burra : Touching the soul of the story |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sai-madhav-borra-touching-the-soul-of-the-story/article23864209.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512143557/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sai-madhav-borra-touching-the-soul-of-the-story/article23864209.ece |archive-date=12 May 2018 |access-date=27 May 2021 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] was offered to play his grandfather [[N. T. Rama Rao]] but he declined, saying that he would not be able to do justice for that role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pattikonda |first=Gautham |date=2 May 2018 |title=Will never reprise any role played by my grandfather N T Rama Rao: Jr NTR at Mahanati audio launch |url=https://regional.pinkvilla.com/telugu/news/will-never-reprise-role-played-grandfather-n-t-rama-rao-jr-ntr-mahanati-audio-launch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923122552/https://regional.pinkvilla.com/telugu/news/will-never-reprise-role-played-grandfather-n-t-rama-rao-jr-ntr-mahanati-audio-launch/ |archive-date=23 September 2020 |access-date=27 May 2021 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref>

[[Mickey J Meyer]] and [[Dani Sanchez-Lopez]] were confirmed as music composer and cinematographer respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2017 |title='Mahanati' release date and logo revealed |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mahanati-release-date-and-logo-revealed-72849 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523144231/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mahanati-release-date-and-logo-revealed-72849 |archive-date=23 May 2021 |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[File:Konaseema.jpg|right|thumb|alt=Coconut trees and a meadow seen across a river.|[[Palakollu]] where the scenes related to Savitri's childhood were shot.]]
Principal photography began on 29 May 2017 in [[Hyderabad]] and ended on 22 March 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jayakrishnan |date=29 May 2017 |title=Mahanati starts rolling in Hyderabad today |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/mahanati-starts-rolling-in-hyderabad-today/articleshow/58895404.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921075518/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/mahanati-starts-rolling-in-hyderabad-today/articleshow/58895404.cms |archive-date=21 September 2017 |access-date=14 September 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Papri |first=Paul |date=22 March 2018 |title=Shooting for Savitri biopic wrapped up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/shooting-for-savitri-biopic-wrapped-up/articleshow/63415145.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329060640/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/shooting-for-savitri-biopic-wrapped-up/articleshow/63415145.cms |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=27 December 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Filming also took place in [[Palakollu]] of [[West Godavari district]] to picturise Savitri's childhood, in addition to [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Mysore]], and [[Delhi]].<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /> The song ''"Aha Na Peliyanta"'' from ''[[Mayabazar]]'' (1957) was shot as a part of the first schedule and a 25-day long second schedule took place in June.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2017 |title=తొలి షెడ్యూల్లో మాయాబజార్ మేకింగ్ |trans-title=Making of Mayabazar in the first schedule |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/mahanati-savitri-biopic-shooitng-first-schedule-480042 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523144228/https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/mahanati-savitri-biopic-shooitng-first-schedule-480042 |archive-date=23 May 2021 |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te}}</ref> [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] who worked as an assistant director for ''Mayabazar'' visited the sets when they were shooting scenes related to that film.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=12 May 2018 |title=The making of Mahanati: Cinematographer Dani Sanchez-Lopez talks about recreating the life of Savitri |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-making-of-mahanati-cinematographer-dani-sanchez-lopez-talks-about-recreating-the-life-of-savitri-4466833.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531153241/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-making-of-mahanati-cinematographer-dani-sanchez-lopez-talks-about-recreating-the-life-of-savitri-4466833.html |archive-date=31 May 2021 |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> Keerthy gained some weight to play crucial scenes featuring Savitri after her childbirth.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 June 2017 |title=Keerthy Suresh to put on some weight to play Savithri in 'Mahanati', a biopic on Savithri by Nag Ashwin |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/keerthy-suresh-to-put-on-some-weight-to-play-savithri-in-mahanati-a-biopic-on-savithri-by-nag-ashwin/articleshow/58985858.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921075523/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/keerthy-suresh-to-put-on-some-weight-to-play-savithri-in-mahanati-a-biopic-on-savithri-by-nag-ashwin/articleshow/58985858.cms |archive-date=21 September 2017 |access-date=14 September 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=George |first=Anjana |date=5 June 2018 |title=Keerthi Suresh gains weight to play actress Savitri in Mahanati |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/keerthi-suresh-gains-weight-to-play-actress-savitri-in-mahanati/articleshow/59000764.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903000659/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/keerthi-suresh-gains-weight-to-play-actress-savitri-in-mahanati/articleshow/59000764.cms |archive-date=3 September 2018 |access-date=26 May 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Madhuravani's storyline which takes place in the 1980s was shot on [[film stock]], using a [[16 mm film|super 16mm]] camera to achieve a grainy texture. Cinematographer [[Dani Sanchez-Lopez|Sanchez-Lopez]] explained that the decision was consciously made to match the [[Technicolor]] format used in the Indian films of that period.<ref name=":11" /> Salmaan shot his portions by January 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jayaram |first=Deepak |date=18 January 2018 |title=Dulquer starrer Mahanati's team wraps up shoot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dulquer-starrer-mahanatis-team-wraps-up-shoot/articleshow/62557232.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531153224/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dulquer-starrer-mahanatis-team-wraps-up-shoot/articleshow/62557232.cms |archive-date=31 May 2021 |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He completed his [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]] later in March, followed by Akkineni and Keerthy in April.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jayakrishnan |date=26 March 2018 |title=Dulquer Salmaan begins dubbing for 'Mahanati' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/dulquer-salmaan-to-dub-for-himself-in-mahanati/articleshow/63467024.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531153243/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/dulquer-salmaan-to-dub-for-himself-in-mahanati/articleshow/63467024.cms |archive-date=31 May 2021 |access-date=27 December 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2018 |title=Photo: Samantha Akkineni completes dubbing for 'Mahanati' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/photo-samantha-akkineni-completes-dubbing-for-mahanati/articleshow/63816197.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329050525/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/photo-samantha-akkineni-completes-dubbing-for-mahanati/articleshow/63816197.cms |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=27 December 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Papri |date=22 March 2018 |title=Keerthy Suresh completes dubbing for 'Nadigaiyar Thilagam' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/keerthy-suresh-completes-dubbing-for-nadigaiyar-thilagam/articleshow/63961443.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531153248/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/keerthy-suresh-completes-dubbing-for-nadigaiyar-thilagam/articleshow/63961443.cms |archive-date=31 May 2021 |access-date=27 December 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The production team is said to have put extensive effort into Savitri's costumes and jewellery. To give a vintage look for the jewellery, designer Naveen Sangli used old methods such as gold wire wrapping and dainty stone setting. Sangli worked with Ashwin and the costume designer Gaurang Shah to get the right match between the [[sari]]s and jewellery.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshitha |date=2 May 2018 |title=15 karigars worked on the exclusive jewellery recreated for Keerthy Suresh for her upcoming Savitri biopic 'Mahanati' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/15-karigars-worked-on-the-exclusive-jewellery-recreated-for-keerthy-suresh-for-her-upcoming-savitri-biopic-mahanati/articleshow/63996310.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531153256/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/15-karigars-worked-on-the-exclusive-jewellery-recreated-for-keerthy-suresh-for-her-upcoming-savitri-biopic-mahanati/articleshow/63996310.cms |archive-date=31 May 2021 |access-date=27 December 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Shah revealed that they did months of research for costumes. He along with a team of 100 artisans worked over a year to make them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=2 May 2018 |title=The costumes of Keerthy Suresh, Samantha, Dulquer Salmaan and Vijay Deverakonda starrer 'Mahanati' took over a year and 100 artisans to make |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-costumes-of-keerthy-suresh-samantha-dulquer-salmaan-and-vijay-deverakonda-starrer-mahanati-took-over-a-year-and-100-artisans-to-make/articleshow/63844826.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423151152/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-costumes-of-keerthy-suresh-samantha-dulquer-salmaan-and-vijay-deverakonda-starrer-mahanati-took-over-a-year-and-100-artisans-to-make/articleshow/63844826.cms |archive-date=23 April 2018 |access-date=27 December 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Mahanati (soundtrack)}}
The film's score and soundtrack album are composed by [[Mickey J. Meyer]]. The album consists of five songs with lyrics written by [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]] and [[Ramajogayya Sastry]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nathan |first=Archana |date=6 May 2018 |title='Mahanati' music review: Soulful and dramatic, just like screen legend Savitri |url=https://scroll.in/reel/877828/mahanati-music-review-soulful-and-dramatic-just-like-screen-legend-savitri |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106194208/https://scroll.in/reel/877828/mahanati-music-review-soulful-and-dramatic-just-like-screen-legend-savitri |archive-date=6 January 2019 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> The full album of ''Mahanati'' was released on 1 May 2018 at a launch event, featuring the entire cast and crew.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2018 |title=Savitri remembered at this star-studded audio launch of Mahanati |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/savitri-remembered-at-this-star-studded-audio-launch-of-mahanati/articleshow/64000017.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531153304/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/savitri-remembered-at-this-star-studded-audio-launch-of-mahanati/articleshow/64000017.cms |archive-date=31 May 2021 |access-date=27 December 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A sixth single "Gelupuleni Samaram" that was not part of the album was released later.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=31 May 2018 |title=The final song of 'Mahanati' 'Gelupu Leni Samaram' to release soon on YouTube |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/the-final-song-of-mahanati-gelupu-leni-samaram-to-release-soon-on-youtube/articleshow/64399931.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329093941/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/the-final-song-of-mahanati-gelupu-leni-samaram-to-release-soon-on-youtube/articleshow/64399931.cms |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Mridula Ramagudu of ''Firstpost'' called the album Meyer's best work to date.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Mridula |first=Ramagudu |date=9 May 2018 |title=Mahanati music review: Mickey J Meyer delivers his finest work till date in this Savitri biopic |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mahanati-music-review-mickey-j-meyer-delivers-his-finest-work-till-date-in-this-savitri-biopic-4459819.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227110028/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mahanati-music-review-mickey-j-meyer-delivers-his-finest-work-till-date-in-this-savitri-biopic-4459819.html |archive-date=27 December 2019 |access-date=27 December 2019 |website=Firstpost}}</ref>

== Themes and influences ==
The film's structure broadly follows that of [[Orson Welles]]' ''[[Citizen Kane]]'' (1941), where a reporter sets out to find the story of an elderly protagonist. The mystery of 'Rosebud' in ''Citizen Kane'' is comparable to 'Shankarayya' in ''Mahanati''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ge |first=Krupa |date=23 May 2018 |title=Ms. Representation: Citizen Savitri |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2018/may/23/ms-representation-citizen-savitri-6154.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525190327/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2018/may/23/ms-representation-citizen-savitri-6154.html |archive-date=25 May 2021 |access-date=25 May 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pivhal |first=Navin |date=20 May 2018 |title=Recreating the magic of yesteryears |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Sunday-Hans/2018-05-20/Recreating-the-magic-of-yesteryears/382668 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525190254/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Sunday-Hans/2018-05-20/Recreating-the-magic-of-yesteryears/382668 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |access-date=25 May 2021 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> While the film is based on Savitri's life, Madhuravani, the journalist played by Ruth Prabhu, is fictional. It is reported that the character was inspired by Sivasankari, a journalist and writer of [[Ananda Vikatan]] magazine who published an article about Savitri's ill-health and financial position similar to Madhuravani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2018 |title=Samantha as Madhuravani: Actor's first look from 'Mahanati' revealed |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/samantha-madhuravani-actors-first-look-mahanati-revealed-79185 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531153241/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/samantha-madhuravani-actors-first-look-mahanati-revealed-79185 |archive-date=31 May 2021 |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2018 |title=Who Is Inspired Samantha's Character In Mahanati ? |url=https://cinema.suryaa.com/cinema-11049-who-is-inspired-samanthas-character-in-mahanati.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526154617/https://cinema.suryaa.com/cinema-11049-who-is-inspired-samanthas-character-in-mahanati.html |archive-date=26 May 2021 |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=[[Suryaa (newspaper)|Suryaa]]}}</ref> Madhuravani is named after Savitri's character in [[Kanyasulkam (film)|''Kanyasulkam'']] (1955). [[The New Indian Express|''Cinema Express'']]' Aditya Shrikrishna noted that the inter-religious romance between Madhuravani and Antony is similar to the one depicted in the Savitri-starrer ''[[Missamma]]'' (1955). The scene in which Ganesan takes Savithri's hand on her terrace while her fans below are watching for her is an ode to [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Iruvar]]'' (1997).<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Shrikrishna |first=Aditya |date=16 May 2018 |title=An ode not just to Savitri, but to cinema itself |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2018/may/16/brief-history-of-southern-cinema-codified-in-mahanati-6036.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122062352/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2018/may/16/brief-history-of-southern-cinema-codified-in-mahanati-6036.html |archive-date=22 January 2021 |access-date=9 June 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

In an interview with ''[[The Hindu]]'', [[Dani Sanchez-Lopez|Sanchez-Lopez]] talked about the choice of colour palettes in the film. The colours represent the tone and mood of the film as it explores Savitri's life.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=16 April 2018 |title=Using film is a different way to capture reality, says 'Manahati' cinematographer Dani Sanchez Lopez |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cinematographer-dani-sanchez-lopez-manahati-savitri/article23557144.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429173309/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cinematographer-dani-sanchez-lopez-manahati-savitri/article23557144.ece |archive-date=29 April 2018 |access-date=24 May 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The use of mirrors in the film also serves as visual metaphors to her life.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sundar |first=Priyanka |date=12 May 2018 |title=Mahanati's 5 best moments, as explained by cinematographer Dani Sanchez-Lopez |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mahanati-s-5-best-moments-as-explained-by-cinematographer-dani-sanchez-lopez/story-Ul2vCVZeQvQLzxxVMLLngM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804145537/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mahanati-s-5-best-moments-as-explained-by-cinematographer-dani-sanchez-lopez/story-Ul2vCVZeQvQLzxxVMLLngM.html |archive-date=4 August 2018 |access-date=9 June 2021 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Shrikrishna of ''Cinema Express'' stated that the film is not just a biopic but a "visual retelling of the history of [[Cinema of South India|South Indian cinema]]", adding, "Ashwin, in crafting this love letter to Savithri, encloses a post-script to cinema of a bygone era and the people at the centre of that early movement." The film also touches upon [[Andhra movement|the movement for the statehood]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] which took place in that period.<ref name=":5" />

== Release ==
''Mahanati'' was initially slated to release worldwide on 29 March 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=7 December 2017 |title=Mahanati release date locked, to hit screens on March 29, 2018 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mahanati-release-date-locked-to-hit-screens-on-march-29-2018/story-TK0u1qOWURGdsi9BNuJJlO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524153007/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mahanati-release-date-locked-to-hit-screens-on-march-29-2018/story-TK0u1qOWURGdsi9BNuJJlO.html |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Owing to delays in post-production and [[Computer graphics|CG]] work, it was postponed to May.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SR |first=Shajini |date=25 January 2018 |title='Mahanati' release date postponed? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahanati-release-date-postponed/articleshow/62647336.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531153258/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahanati-release-date-postponed/articleshow/62647336.cms |archive-date=31 May 2021 |access-date=27 December 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was released on 9 May 2018, while its [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbed]] versions in Tamil and [[Malayalam]] languages were released on 11 May 2018, the former titled ''Nadigaiyar Thilagam'' ({{translation}} The pride of actresses).<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |date=11 May 2018 |title=Mahanati box-office collections: Keerthy Suresh-starrer crosses half million at the US box-office |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahanati-box-office-collections-keerthy-suresh-starrer-crosses-half-million-at-the-us-box-office/articleshow/64125084.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703033209/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahanati-box-office-collections-keerthy-suresh-starrer-crosses-half-million-at-the-us-box-office/articleshow/64125084.cms |archive-date=3 July 2018 |access-date=11 May 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=5 May 2018 |title='Nadigaiyar Thilagam' censored, to release in Tamil on May 11 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nadigaiyar-thilagam-censored-to-release-in-tamil-on-may-11-news-tamil-sffox8jfaicjf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531153303/https://www.sify.com/movies/nadigaiyar-thilagam-censored-to-release-in-tamil-on-may-11-news-tamil-sffox8jfaicjf.html |archive-date=31 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2018 |title=Savitri Biopic Mahanati to hit Kerala Screens on May 11 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/may/07/savitri-biopic-mahanati-to-hit-kerala-screens-on-may-11-1811062.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524153016/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/may/07/savitri-biopic-mahanati-to-hit-kerala-screens-on-may-11-1811062.html |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

The overseas distribution rights of ''Mahanati'' were acquired by Nirvana Cinemas, reportedly at an amount of {{INR|45}}{{nbsp}}million.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2017 |title=Heavy demand for distribution rights of Savitri biopic 'Mahanati' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/heavy-demand-distribution-rights-savitri-biopic-mahanti-67702 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010102226/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/heavy-demand-distribution-rights-savitri-biopic-mahanti-67702 |archive-date=10 October 2020 |access-date=27 May 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]], the then [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|chief minister of Andhra Pradesh]], was impressed with the film and offered to exempt ''Mahanati'' from taxes in [[Andhra Pradesh]], but the studio owner Ashwini Dutt politely declined it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2018 |title=Mahanati makers deny tax exemption: CM's gesture means more than National Awards |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/mahanati-andhra-cm-chandrababu-naidu-5193336/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527173549/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/mahanati-andhra-cm-chandrababu-naidu-5193336/ |archive-date=27 May 2018 |access-date=24 May 2018 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> From the third week, makers announced that the film would be screened at the old age homes.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=22 May 2018 |title=Special screenings of Nag Ashwin's 'Mahanati' to be held at old age homes in June |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/special-screenings-of-nag-ashwins-mahanati-to-be-held-at-old-age-homes-in-june/articleshow/64271656.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531153247/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/special-screenings-of-nag-ashwins-mahanati-to-be-held-at-old-age-homes-in-june/articleshow/64271656.cms |archive-date=31 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2018 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

After the film's release, Ganesan's first daughter [[Kamala Selvaraj]] alleged that Ganesan's characterisation was distorted and the film was biased in favour of Savitri. Ashwin responded by stating that Selvaraj was made aware of the plot during its development.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2018 |title='Nadigaiyar Thilagam' is based on gossip, reality is distorted: Gemini Ganesan's daughter Kamala Selvaraj on the Savitri biopic |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/may/19/nadigaiyar-thilagam-is-based-on-gossip-reality-is-distorted-gemini-ganesans-daughter-kamala-sel-1816492.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905063659/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/may/19/nadigaiyar-thilagam-is-based-on-gossip-reality-is-distorted-gemini-ganesans-daughter-kamala-sel-1816492.html |archive-date=5 September 2019 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Savitri's daughter Vijaya Chamundeswari also defended the film, suggesting that Selvaraj may have watched the film from a different perspective.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=23 May 2018 |title=After Gemini Ganesan's family slammed Mahanati, Savitri's daughter speaks in film's defence |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/after-gemini-ganesan-s-family-slammed-mahanati-savitri-s-daughter-speaks-in-film-s-defence/story-RXPywAHJ0GUNWLptCEcDaP.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216222637/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/after-gemini-ganesan-s-family-slammed-mahanati-savitri-s-daughter-speaks-in-film-s-defence/story-RXPywAHJ0GUNWLptCEcDaP.html |archive-date=16 December 2020 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film's digital rights were acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vyas |date=30 December 2018 |title=Amazon bagged the rights of the prestigious biopic |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-12-30/Amazon-bagged-the-rights-of-the-prestigious-biopic/466858 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525132855/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-12-30/Amazon-bagged-the-rights-of-the-prestigious-biopic/466858 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |access-date=25 May 2021 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> The television broadcast rights of ''Mahanati'' were acquired by [[Star Maa]]; its premiere on television registered a [[target rating point]] (TRP) rating of 20.16.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=30 August 2018 |title=Keerthy Suresh, Dulquer Salmaan and Nag Ashwin's Mahanati rakes in staggering TRP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/keerthy-suresh-dulquer-salmaan-and-nag-ashwins-mahanati-rakes-in-staggering-trp/articleshow/65609367.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901152709/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/keerthy-suresh-dulquer-salmaan-and-nag-ashwins-mahanati-rakes-in-staggering-trp/articleshow/65609367.cms |archive-date=1 September 2018 |access-date=25 May 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A deleted scene from the film was released on 30 May 2018. The scene recreated the song "Vaarayo Vennilave" from the Tamil film ''[[Missiamma]]'' (1955).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=31 May 2018 |title=The filmmakers of Keerthy Suresh, Dulquer Salmaan, Samantha and Vijay Deverakonda's 'Mahanati' released a delicious deleted scene! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-filmmakers-of-keerthy-suresh-dulquer-salmaan-samantha-and-vijay-deverakondas-mahanati-released-a-delicious-deleted-scene/articleshow/64305947.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531153302/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-filmmakers-of-keerthy-suresh-dulquer-salmaan-samantha-and-vijay-deverakondas-mahanati-released-a-delicious-deleted-scene/articleshow/64305947.cms |archive-date=31 May 2021 |access-date=27 December 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was also dubbed in [[Hindi]] produced by Swapna Cinema and released by Goldmines Telefilms on [[YouTube]] on 14 October 2021.<ref>{{Citation |title=Mahanati 2021 New Released Hindi Dubbed Movie {{!}} Keerthy Suresh, Dulquer Salmaan, Samantha |date=14 October 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C12WRs6LiQs |access-date=14 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
''Mahanati'' became the highest-grossing [[Cinema of South India|South Indian film]] that starred a woman as the primary character, surpassing [[Anushka Shetty]]'s [[Rudramadevi (film)|''Rudramadevi'']] (2015).<ref name="50days">{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=2 July 2018 |title=Mahanati completes 50-day theatrical run, becomes highest grossing woman-led South Indian film |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mahanati-completes-50-day-theatrical-run-becomes-highest-grossing-woman-led-south-indian-film-4644911.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714173542/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mahanati-completes-50-day-theatrical-run-becomes-highest-grossing-woman-led-south-indian-film-4644911.html |archive-date=14 July 2018 |access-date=24 May 2018 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> The film was made on a budget of {{INR|25}}{{nbsp}}crore and grossed {{INR|83}}{{nbsp}}crore by the end of its theatrical run.<ref name="boxoffice legacy 2018" />

The film became the fourth-best Telugu opener in the United States in 2018, grossing over {{US$|500000}}.It completed its 50-day theatrical run with a gross of {{INR|83}}{{nbsp}}crore. With over {{US$|2.5}}{{nbsp}}million (₹17.4 crore), ''Mahanati'' stood as the [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films|sixth-highest grossing Telugu film]] in the United States.<ref name="50days" />

=== Critical reception ===
[[File:Keerthy Suresh at Mahanit Audio Launch.png|thumb|right|alt=Portrait of Keerthy at an event.|Keerthy received critical acclaim for her performance as [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] and went on to win the [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for Best Actress.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Keerthy Suresh on her Indian National Award: 'This is just the beginning'|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/keerthy-suresh-on-her-indian-national-award-this-is-just-the-beginning-1.65778299|access-date=2020-12-22|website=gulfnews.com|date=12 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>]]

On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film has a score of {{RT data|score}} based on {{RT data|count|spell=y}} reviews, with an average rating of {{RT data|average}}.<ref name="RottenTomatoes">{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id={{RT data|rtid|noprefix=y}} |type=m |title=Nadigaiyar Thilagam (Tamil) |access-date={{RT data|access date}}}}</ref>

Writing for ''[[The Times of India]]'', Neeshita Nyayapati gave the film four stars out of five and commented, "To call ''Mahanati'' a celebration of Savitri's life would be an understatement, because the film breathes her life in a span of almost 3 hours."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Neeshita |first=Nyayapati |date=9 May 2018 |title=Mahanati Movie Review {4/5}: Watching 'Mahanati' is an experience one won't forget soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/mahanati/movie-review/64092552.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630215507/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/mahanati/movie-review/64092552.cms |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=11 May 2018 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A review carried by ''[[Sify]]'' opined that Ashwin narrated the story in an emotional and poignant manner. They found Keerthy's portrayal of Savitri "pitch perfect" and felt Salmaan gave his "best performance."<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=9 May 2018 |title=Review : Mahanati review: Nag Ashwin pulls off Savitri's biopic (2018) |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mahanati-review-nag-ashwin-pulls-off-savitris-biopic-brilliantly-review-telugu-sfjpCHfadgjbb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624112329/http://www.sify.com/movies/mahanati-review-nag-ashwin-pulls-off-savitris-biopic-brilliantly-review-telugu-sfjpCHfadgjbb.html |archive-date=24 June 2019 |access-date=24 May 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Sub-editor of ''[[India Today]]'', Janani K called ''Mahanati'' "one of the best biopics of all time."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=10 May 2018 |title=Mahanati Movie Review: Nag Ashwin crafts a soulful ode to Savitri's life |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/mahanati-nadigaiyar-thilagam-review-keerthy-suresh-samantha-akkineni-dulquer-salmaan-1231202-2018-05-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914132138/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/mahanati-nadigaiyar-thilagam-review-keerthy-suresh-samantha-akkineni-dulquer-salmaan-1231202-2018-05-10 |archive-date=14 September 2018 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

''[[The Indian Express]]'' critic Manoj Kumar R gave the film four stars out of five and praised the performances. He called Salmaan, Keerthy, Akkineni, and the costume designers as the four best things to happen to the film. "These three actors are in top form and equally shoulder this film," Kumar stated.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar R |first=Manoj |date=11 May 2018 |title=Mahanati movie review: Savitri's Devdas-esque story makes for good drama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/mahanati-movie-review-keerthy-suresh-dulquer-salmaan-star-rating-5172511/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526103400/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/mahanati-movie-review-keerthy-suresh-dulquer-salmaan-star-rating-5172511/ |archive-date=26 May 2018 |access-date=24 May 2018 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Priyanka Sundar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' applauded Salmaan's performance and wrote, "whether it is a frustrated and rude Ganesan when Savitri succumbs to coma or his cheesy Romeo avatar wooing Savitri [...] Dulquer has nailed it."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sundar |first=Priyanka |date=10 May 2018 |title=Mahanati movie review: Keerthy Suresh breathes life into Savitri's beautiful tragedy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/mahanati-movie-review-keerthy-suresh-breathes-life-into-savitri-s-beautiful-tragedy/story-qGNjj0Jx2hX32LjlFdnpCP.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511053016/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/mahanati-movie-review-keerthy-suresh-breathes-life-into-savitri-s-beautiful-tragedy/story-qGNjj0Jx2hX32LjlFdnpCP.html |archive-date=11 May 2018 |access-date=11 May 2018 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said that the film belonged to Keerthy and Salmaan. "[T]hey imbibe the mannerisms of the legendary actors they're portraying but don't end up as caricatures," she wrote.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=9 May 2018 |title='Mahanati' review: celebration of a legend |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mahanati-review-nag-ashwins-work-of-passion-doffs-its-hat-to-savitri/article23823395.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514001520/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mahanati-review-nag-ashwins-work-of-passion-doffs-its-hat-to-savitri/article23823395.ece |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave a positive review and praised the aspects of production and writing. He wrote: "The director has also successfully captured the essence of Gemini Ganeshan and Savitri's romance. He takes the audience on an emotional journey along with the actress."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=10 May 2018 |title=Mahanati movie review: A great tribute to Savitri |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/100518/mahanati-movie-review-a-great-tribute-to-savitri.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026154548/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/100518/mahanati-movie-review-a-great-tribute-to-savitri.html |archive-date=26 October 2020 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Krishna Sripada of ''[[The News Minute]]'' felt that Ashwin had pulled off a stunner by making Savitri's story a "once-in-a-lifetime epic." He said that the film would make the audience "smile through the tears".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sripada |first=Krishna |date=9 May 2018 |title='Mahanati' review: This Savitri biopic will make you smile through the tears |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mahanati-review-savitri-biopic-will-make-you-smile-through-tears-80975 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009072134/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mahanati-review-savitri-biopic-will-make-you-smile-through-tears-80975 |archive-date=9 October 2020 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> A review from ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' gave 4 stars stated the performances are "compelling." "Director Nag Ashwin demonstrates a surprising level of maturity in apportioning flamboyance to the real-life tale," the reviewer wrote.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2018 |title=Mahanti review: Keerthy Suresh's film is a befitting tribute to a legendary actress Savitri |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/mahanti-review-keerthy-sureshs-film-is-a-befitting-tribute-to-a-legendary-actress-savitri |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531153230/https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/mahanti-review-keerthy-sureshs-film-is-a-befitting-tribute-to-a-legendary-actress-savitri |archive-date=31 May 2021 |access-date=22 December 2020 |website=[[Free Press Journal]]}}</ref> Rahul Devalapalli of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' observed that Keerthy shared a striking resemblance with Savitri. "In some of the scenes, shot in black and white, it is tough to tell if it is Savitri or Keerthy," Devulapalli added.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapalli |first=Rahul |date=9 May 2018 |title=Mahanati review: This biopic on legendary actress Savitri lights up the screen |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2018/05/09/mahanti-review-biopic-legendary-actress-savitri-lights-up-stage.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813093245/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2018/05/09/mahanti-review-biopic-legendary-actress-savitri-lights-up-stage.html |archive-date=13 August 2019 |access-date=22 December 2020 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref>

In his review for ''[[Firstpost]]'', Hemnath Kumar gave ''Mahanati'' three stars out of five; he felt that the film does not have enough drama and wrote, "It is like reading a [[Wikipedia]] page of a famous person. You might get all that you are looking for but it is not the same as reading an in-depth book about the same person".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=9 May 2018 |title=Mahanati movie review: Savitri's life is laid down with authenticity, but lacks drama that it inherently demands |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mahanati-movie-review-savitris-life-is-laid-down-with-authenticity-but-lacks-drama-that-it-inherently-demands-4462883.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526060246/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mahanati-movie-review-savitris-life-is-laid-down-with-authenticity-but-lacks-drama-that-it-inherently-demands-4462883.html |archive-date=26 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'''s Akshara K. V. who also gave the film three stars out of five opined that the film's runtime could have been shorter as the latter half of the film lagged.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. V. |first=Akshara |date=12 May 2018 |title=Mahanati: Here is a 'great actress' – Movie rating: 3/5 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/review/mahanati-here-is-a-great-actress-%7C-movie-rating-3-5-mahanati-1.2805023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525214121/http://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/review/mahanati-here-is-a-great-actress-%7C-movie-rating-3-5-mahanati-1.2805023 |archive-date=25 May 2018 |access-date=24 May 2018 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref> Writing for ''Film Companion'', [[Baradwaj Rangan]] said, "''Mahanati'', despite its numerous failings, cannot be easily dismissed – because it remembers a forgotten era, whose clips are lovingly recreated via scratchy prints and computerised colour".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=31 May 2018 |title=Southern Lights: Great Actress, Middling Biopic |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/indepth-stories/south/keerthy-suresh-dulquer-salmaan-mahanati-baradwaj-rangan-southern-lights-column |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006132012/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/indepth-stories/south/keerthy-suresh-dulquer-salmaan-mahanati-baradwaj-rangan-southern-lights-column |archive-date=6 October 2022 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> Among the overseas reviewers, Mythily Ramachandran in her review for ''[[Gulf News]]'' wrote that "Suresh completely owns her character and delivers a powerful performance. Dulquer Salmaan as Gemini Ganesan plays the perfect tango. Samantha, Vijay Devarkonda and Rajendra Prasad in supporting roles are brilliant." She also appreciated Meyer's "melodious compositions" and [[Dani Sanchez-Lopez|Sanchez-Lopez]]'s frames that "juggle between sepia tones and colour."<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2018 |title='Nadigaiyar Thilagam' film review: A tribute to Savithri |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/nadigaiyar-thilagam-film-review-a-tribute-to-savithri-1.2222142 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531153304/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/malayalam-actor-unni-dev-jailed-for-abetment-of-wifes-suicide-1.79474599?articleTypeSuffix=Package |archive-date=31 May 2021 |access-date=22 December 2020 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The first look poster that featured Keerthy as Savitri was parodied in the promotional poster of ''[[Tamizh Padam 2]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2018 |title='Tamizh Padam 2' new poster: CS Amudhan takes a dig at 'Mahanati' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamizh-padam-2-new-poster-cs-amudhan-takes-a-dig-at-mahanati/articleshow/64881007.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128092947/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamizh-padam-2-new-poster-cs-amudhan-takes-a-dig-at-mahanati/articleshow/64881007.cms |archive-date=28 January 2021 |access-date=27 December 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In August 2018, an art series titled ''The Mahanati Retrospective'' was showcased at the Telugu Film Chamber, Hyderabad. It was as a tribute to the actress Savitri which portrayed her in various phases of her life. A sum of {{INR|300,000}} was raised from the exhibition and was donated to the victims of [[2018 Kerala floods]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2018 |title=Art show offers glimpse into life of actor Savitri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/art-show-offers-glimpse-into-life-of-actor-savitri/articleshow/65542867.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313042139/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/art-show-offers-glimpse-into-life-of-actor-savitri/articleshow/65542867.cms |archive-date=13 March 2020 |access-date=27 December 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

''[[Film Companion]]'' listed ''Mahanati'' among the "25 Greatest Telugu Films of the Decade" while Keerthy's portrayal of Savitri was featured in their "100 Greatest Performances of the Decade."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Sankeertana |title=25 Greatest Telugu Films Of The Decade |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-decades/pages/telugu.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017163531/https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-decades/pages/telugu.html |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=25 May 2018 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Greatest Performances of the Decade |url=https://filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html#section1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525130813/https://filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html#section1 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |access-date=25 May 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> ''Mahanati''<nowiki/>'s success spurred a series of biopics in the Telugu film industry. These include [[Yatra (2019 film)|''Yatra'']], ''NTR'' film series ([[NTR: Kathanayakudu|''Kathanayakudu'']] and [[NTR: Mahanayakudu|''Mahanayakudu'']]), and ''[[Lakshmi's NTR]]'', which released in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=22 May 2018 |title=Telugu cinema hops on the biopic bandwagon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/telugu-filmmakers-are-working-on-a-line-up-of-biopics-from-sports-to-politics-and-history/article23959962.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525144053/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/telugu-filmmakers-are-working-on-a-line-up-of-biopics-from-sports-to-politics-and-history/article23959962.ece |archive-date=25 May 2021 |access-date=25 May 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Richi |first=Priyanka |date=21 August 2018 |title=From 'Mahanati' to 'Yatra': Telugu filmmakers speak on the biopic craze in Tollywood |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mahanati-yatra-telugu-filmmakers-speak-biopic-craze-tollywood-86984 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525142920/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mahanati-yatra-telugu-filmmakers-speak-biopic-craze-tollywood-86984 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |access-date=25 May 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{{Main|List of accolades received by Mahanati}}

At the [[66th National Film Awards]], ''Mahanati'' won three awards, [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]], [[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Keerthy) and [[National Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]] (Rajshree Patnaik, Gaurang Shah and Archana Rao).<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2019 |title=66th National Film Awards: Full winners list |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/66th-national-film-awards-list-of-winners-1579143-2019-08-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809130404/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/66th-national-film-awards-list-of-winners-1579143-2019-08-09 |archive-date=9 August 2019 |access-date=25 May 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The film won four [[Filmfare Awards South]] (including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]), three [[South Indian International Movie Awards]] (including [[SIIMA Award for Best Film (Telugu)|Best Film – Telugu]] and [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress (Telugu)|Best Actress – Telugu]]), and ten awards at [[Zee Cine Awards Telugu]], among others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2019 |title=Winners of the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222020917/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |archive-date=22 December 2019 |access-date=25 May 2021 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2019 |title=SIIMA 2019 winners full list: Dhanush, Trisha, Prithviraj win big |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-awards-2019-winners-rangasthalam-kgf-yash-keerthy-suresh-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-5909506/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817071054/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-awards-2019-winners-rangasthalam-kgf-yash-keerthy-suresh-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-5909506/ |archive-date=17 August 2019 |access-date=25 May 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2019 |title=Tollywood's first and biggest Awards event of the Year on Zee Telugu. |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/tollywoods-first-and-biggest-awards-event-of-the-year-on-zee-telugu-2173969.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209204146/https://zeenews.india.com/regional/tollywoods-first-and-biggest-awards-event-of-the-year-on-zee-telugu-2173969.html |archive-date=9 February 2019 |access-date=26 November 2019 |website=[[Zee News]]}}</ref>

The film has also garnered the Equality in Cinema award at the 2018 [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=LMK |date=16 August 2018 |title=Mahanati: 100 glorious days of an undisputed classic! |url=https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/mahanati-100-glorious-days-of-an-undisputed-classic-184535.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108224505/https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/mahanati-100-glorious-days-of-an-undisputed-classic-184535.htm |archive-date=8 November 2018 |website=[[In.com]]}}</ref> ''Mahanati'' was selected in the [[Indian Panorama]] section at the [[49th International Film Festival of India]] and was also screened at the [[Shanghai International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2018 |title=Padmaavat, Mahanati and Nagarkirtan among others in Indian Panorama section of IFFI 2018 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/padmaavat-mahanati-goa-film-fesival-iffi-2018-5427908/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425111519/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/padmaavat-mahanati-goa-film-fesival-iffi-2018-5427908/ |archive-date=25 April 2019 |access-date=25 May 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2019 |title=Mahanati to be screened at Shanghai International Film Festival |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mahanati-to-be-screened-at-shanghai-international-film-festival/story-zdCCj0csu7TZylK1CLDbbO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115132933/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mahanati-to-be-screened-at-shanghai-international-film-festival/story-zdCCj0csu7TZylK1CLDbbO.html |archive-date=15 November 2019 |access-date=8 January 2020 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt7465992}}
* {{YouTube|jGypNx6_xjM|Why Keerthy Suresh for Savitri ?: Nag Ashwin Explains}}
{{Nag Ashwin}}{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Telugu|state=collapsed}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu}}{{SIIMA Award for Best Film – Telugu}}
[[Category:2018 films]]
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[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Best Telugu Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:2018 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mickey J Meyer]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1950s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1960s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1970s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actress National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Costume Design National Film Award]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of actors]]
[[Category:2010s biographical films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
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[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2018 drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Biographical films about singers]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nag Ashwin]]
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[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]

Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Telugu

2026-03-02T07:11:45Z

Erlinda61E: new a data...

{{Short description|Indian annual film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Telugu
| awarded_for = Best performance by an actress in Telugu films
| presenter = ''[[Filmfare]]''
| country = India
| year = [[63rd Filmfare Awards South|2015]]
| holder = [[Kajal Aggarwal]] for ''[[Satyabhama (2024 film)|Satyabhama]]'' ([[70th Filmfare Awards South|2024]])
| most_wins = [[Sai Pallavi]] (2)
| website =
| image = Kajal Aggarwal at Bhagavanth Kesari Trailer Launch (1).jpg
| caption = The 2024 Recipient : [[Kajal Aggarwal]]
}}

The '''Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Telugu''' is given by ''[[Filmfare]]'' as part of its annual [[Filmfare Awards South]] for [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]]. The award is given by a chosen jury of critics.

==Winners==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Year
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Actress
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Role
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Film
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"|{{Refh}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[63rd Filmfare Awards South|2015]]
| [[Nithya Menen]]
| Nazeera Khanum
| ''[[Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju]]''
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702102328/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |archive-date=2 July 2016 |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=filmfare.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[64th Filmfare Awards South|2016]]
| [[Ritu Varma]]
| Chitra
| ''[[Pelli Choopulu]]''
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |date=17 June 2017 |title=Winners of the 64th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416113129/https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=9 December 2018 |work=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[65th Filmfare Awards South|2017]]
| [[Ritika Singh]]
| Rameswari
| ''[[Guru (2017 film)|Guru]]''
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |date=16 June 2018 |title=Winners of the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887-2.html |access-date=9 December 2018 |work=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[66th Filmfare Awards South|2018]]
| [[Rashmika Mandanna]]
| Geetha
| ''[[Geetha Govindam]]''
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222020917/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |archive-date=22 December 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[67th Filmfare Awards South|2020 / 21]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sai Pallavi]]
|Maithreyi / Rosie
|''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]''
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite news |title=67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 full winners list Telugu: 'Pushpa' bags 7 titles, Sai Pallavi wins Black Lady for 'Love Story'; 'Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo' shines |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-full-winners-list-telugu-pushpa-bags-7-titles-sai-pallavi-wins-black-lady-for-love-story-ala-vaikunthapurramuloo-shines/articleshow/94747276.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024012859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-full-winners-list-telugu-pushpa-bags-7-titles-sai-pallavi-wins-black-lady-for-love-story-ala-vaikunthapurramuloo-shines/articleshow/94747276.cms |archive-date=24 October 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[68th Filmfare Awards South|2022]]
|Vennela
|''[[Virata Parvam]]''
|style="text-align:center" |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 68th Filmfare Awards South (Telugu) 2023 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-2023_-67194.html |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
![[69th Filmfare Awards South|2023]]
|[[Vaishnavi Chaitanya]]
|Vaishnavi
|''[[Baby (2023 film)|Baby]]''
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-03 |title=69th SOBHA Filmfare Awards South 2024: Ponniyin Selvan 2 Leads, Kapil Kapilan Bags 2 Trophies. See Full Winners List |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-2024-ponniyin-selvan-2-leads-kapil-kapilan-bags-2-trophies-see-full-winners-list-article-112251099 |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
![[70th Filmfare Awards South|2024]]
|[[Kajal Aggarwal]]
|Satyabhama IPS
|''[[Satyabhama (2024 film)|Satyabhama]]''
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2026 |title=Full List of Winners of The 70th Filmfare Awards South With Kerala Tourism (Telugu) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-the-70th-filmfare-awards-south-with-kerala-tourism-telugu-81912.html |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Superlatives ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Superlative
!Actress
!Record
|-
|Most wins
|[[Sai Pallavi]]
|2
|-
|Oldest winner
|[[Kajal Aggarwal]]
|38 years
|-
|Youngest winner
|[[Rashmika Mandanna]]
|23 years
|}

== See also ==
*[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Telugu}}
{{Filmfare Awards South|state=expanded}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress - Telugu}}
[[Category:2015 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2015]]
[[Category:Awards for actresses]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South (Telugu)]]

Mohan Raja

2026-02-17T05:17:36Z

Erlinda61E:

{{short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Indian patronymic|Raja|Mohan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mohan Raja
| image = Jayam Raja at Enna Satham Indha Neram Press Meet.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = May 30, 1974
| birth_place = [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| occupation = {{Hlist|Film director|Screenwriter}}
| spouse =
| children = 2
| father = [[Editor Mohan]]
| relatives = [[Ravi Mohan]] (brother)
| yearsactive = 2001–present
}}
'''Mohan Raja''' a.k.a '''Raja Mohan''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter who primarily works in Tamil and Telugu film industries.
After making his debut in the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film ''[[Hanuman Junction (film)|Hanuman Junction]]'' (2001), he went on to remake several successful Telugu films into Tamil, beginning with ''[[Jayam (2003 film)|Jayam]]'' (2003) which also launched his brother [[Ravi Mohan|Ravi]] as a leading actor. Raja then collaborated with Ravi for three consecutive commercially successful films, ''[[M. Kumaran S/O Mahalakshmi]]'' (2004), ''[[Something Something... Unakkum Enakkum]]'' (2006) and ''[[Santosh Subramaniam]]'' (2008), all of which were remakes of successful Telugu films. After a period of mixed success, he returned with his first original script, ''[[Thani Oruvan]]'' (2015) which went on to become one of the most profitable Tamil films of 2015.

== Early life ==
Raja's father, [[Editor Mohan|Mohan]], was the adopted son of actor [[K. A. Thangavelu]]. Mohan is a well known film editor in the [[Tamil film industry|Tamil industry]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=நான் முஸ்லீம், என் மனைவி பிராமணர்.. 3 முறை திருமணம் செய்துகொண்டது ஏன்? - ஜெயம் ரவியின் தந்தை சுவாரஸ்ய பேட்டி |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/jayam-ravi-parents-mohan-and-varalakshmi-opens-up-about-their-love-marriage-rltycz |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=Asianet News Tamil |language=ta}}</ref> Raja has a brother, [[Ravi Mohan]], and a sister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2019-11-28 |title=Parents are the real stars... {{!}} Parents are the real stars... |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/271119/parents-are-the-real-stars.html |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
===2001–2004: Early career and initial success===
As a result of his father [[Editor Mohan]]'s involvement in the film industry, Raja regularly visited Vauhini Studios as a teenager to watch his father work as a film editor. Likewise, Raja's role as the president of the Dubbing Film Producers Association meant that Raja was exposed to world cinema, before he attended [[M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute|the Film Institute]] to complete his education.<ref name="hindu">{{cite web |date=12 October 2007 |title=Raja of remakes |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/raja-of-remakes/article3023879.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214085959/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/raja-of-remakes/article3023879.ece |archive-date=14 December 2019 |access-date=28 December 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He made his directorial debut through the Telugu [[action comedy film]] ''[[Hanuman Junction (film)|Hanuman Junction]]'' (2001), a remake of the Malayalam film ''[[Thenkasipattanam]]'' (2000). Featuring an ensemble cast led by [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] and [[Jagapathi Babu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/research/anal/tollywood2002firsthalf.html |title=Telugu Cinema – Research – Analysis – Telugu cinema in first half of 2002 – Aadi, Hanuman Junction, Santosham, Jayam, Lahiri |publisher=Idlebrain.com |access-date=30 July 2012 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924114909/http://www.idlebrain.com/research/anal/tollywood2002firsthalf.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Raja won positive reviews for his work, with Jeevi of Idlebrain.com stating "credit goes to Raja for narrating the story in such a way that all the viewers understand the complex and randomly changing relationships clearly" and that "the film looks solid in most of the scenes", while adding that Raja knows "the mass pulse".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-hanumanjunction.html |title=Telugu Cinema – Review – Hanuman Junction – Jagapathi Babu, Arjun, Venu, Laya, Sneha & Vijaya Lakshmi – Raja – Editor Mohan |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=21 December 2001 |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=6 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706112118/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-hanumanjunction.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Raja then moved on to make his first Tamil film, ''[[Jayam (2003 film)|Jayam]]'' (2003), which was a remake of the successful [[Jayam (2002 film)|2002 Telugu film of the same name]]. A romantic thriller set in a village, the film was produced by Raja's father Mohan and starred his younger brother [[Jayam Ravi|Ravi]] in the lead role alongside [[Sadha]], who acted in the original version. ''Jayam'' opened to mixed reviews, with a critic from [[The Hindu]] stating the film gave a sense of "[[déjà vu]]" but added that Raja's "treatment is interesting in patches".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/06/27/stories/2003062701250200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031028135534/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/06/27/stories/2003062701250200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 October 2003 |title=Jayam |date=27 June 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref> The film went on to become a [[Sleeper hit|surprise success]] at the box office, and prompted Raja to adopt "Jayam" to his stage name as a prefix, while their home production studio was renamed Jayam Company.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2004/apr/05sld3.htm |title=Tamil heroes: Generation Next! |work=rediff.com |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=5 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105191713/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2004/apr/05sld3.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://kollywood.allindiansite.com/g/11ta.html |title=<!-#echo var="stitle" -> – Cinema scidhigal – It's All About movie |publisher=Kollywood.allindiansite.com |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=24 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224104121/http://kollywood.allindiansite.com/g/11ta.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Raja then worked with his father and brother on the production of ''[[M. Kumaran S/O Mahalakshmi]]'' (2004), a remake of the Telugu film ''[[Amma Nanna O Tamila Ammayi]]'' (2003). [[Nadhiya]] made a comeback to Tamil films by portraying Ravi's mother. The film opened in October 2004 to positive reviews, with Behindwoods.com stating "Raja has done well for his second film" and "he has well defined the relationship between a mother and a son in this movie", while ''The Hindu'' wrote that "casting is a main draw", praising Nadhiya's inclusion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/10/08/stories/2004100802130301.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041122114949/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/10/08/stories/2004100802130301.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 November 2004 |title=Entertainment / Film Review : M. Kumaran Son of |date=8 October 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Reviews/reviews2/mksm_rev.html |title="M.Kumaran Son of Mahalakshmi" – Review |website=Behindwoods.com |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=26 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226235631/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Reviews/reviews2/mksm_rev.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Rediff.com also listed the film amongst the "best Tamil films of 2004", stating that the film was "a big success".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/21sld8.htm |title=rediff.com: The Best Tamil Films, 2004 |publisher=Specials.rediff.com |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=29 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929194222/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/21sld8.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Like ''Jayam'', ''M. Kumaran son of Mahalakshmi'' went on to become another highly profitable venture at the box office for the production house. Following the success of the film, Ravi signed on for films directed by different filmmakers, while Raja also stated he was looking to work for other production houses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/10/25/stories/2004102501130300.htm |title=Metro Plus Coimbatore / Personality : The family 'connection' |date=25 October 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2015}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===2006–2010: Further remakes===
Raja did not sign on to make any further films, while Ravi experienced two consecutive box office failures after the success of their last collaboration. Subsequently, the duo came together for another home production titled ''[[Something Something... Unakkum Enakkum]]'' (2006), which would be a remake of [[Prabhu Deva]]'s successful Telugu film, ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]''. (2005).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2006/mar/07look.htm |title=Something..Something: Will it work? |work=Rediff.com |date=31 December 2004 |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103540/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2006/mar/07look.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/will-it-be-a-success-story-in-tamil/article3217785.ece |title=Will it be a success story in Tamil? – CHEN |work=The Hindu |date=14 April 2006 |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231025145601/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/will-it-be-a-success-story-in-tamil/article3217785.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> A family drama focusing on the relationship between a brother and a sister, the film told the story of how a city-bred youngster attempts to please his lover's brother. The film opened to positive reviews in July 2006, with Behindwoods.com noting Raja "should be applauded for hand picking a cast that makes the movie worth watching", while remarking that "it has everything that can well set the box office collections soaring".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Reviews/reviews1/something/something-something-review.html |title=Something Something Review – Finally Jeyam Ravi had got his another break and Trisha is all set to rule again!! |website=Behindwoods.com |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064131/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Reviews/reviews1/something/something-something-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Likewise [[Sify]] added the film was "like a saccharine coated candy floss champion that is superbly packaged" and The Hindu stated "Raja has a way of making remakes successful".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/something-something-unakkum-enakkum-review-tamil-pclwa1debcdfe.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224211206/http://www.sify.com/movies/something-something-unakkum-enakkum-review-tamil-pclwa1debcdfe.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 December 2015 |title=Review : Something Something Unakkum Enakkum |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/from-london-with-love-unakkum-enakkum/article3218938.ece |title=From London with love – Unakkum Enakkum – CHEN |work=The Hindu |date=28 July 2006 |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304091539/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/from-london-with-love-unakkum-enakkum/article3218938.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The venture went on to become profitable, and scored the third straight success for the actor-director duo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/success-begins-at-home/article3230588.ece |title=Success begins at home – MADS |work=The Hindu |date=8 September 2006 |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128072513/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/success-begins-at-home/article3230588.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> He was then signed on by [[Gemini Film Circuit]] to remake [[Rajkumar Hirani]]'s Hindi film ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'' (2006) into Tamil, but the project failed to materialise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/raja-to-direct-lage-raho-remake-news-tamil-kkfvgQdgbadsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223223524/http://www.sify.com/movies/raja-to-direct-lage-raho-remake-news-tamil-kkfvgQdgbadsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 December 2015 |title=Raja to direct 'Lage Raho' remake! |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref>

Raja next began work on the family drama film ''[[Santosh Subramaniam]]'' (2008), a remake of the Telugu film ''[[Bommarillu]]'' (2006), after outbidding several other interested parties for the remake rights. The film's original version was made by Raja's friend [[Bhaskar (director)|Bhaskar]], who also stated that Raja would be the most apt director to remake the film into the [[Tamil language]]. Ravi and [[Prakash Raj]] were chosen again to play lead roles, while [[Genelia D'Souza]] was selected as the film's heroine, after winning acclaim for her portrayal of the role in the original version.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/khel/fullstory.php?id=14658196 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226010915/http://www.sify.com/khel/fullstory.php?id=14658196 |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 December 2015 |title=M.Raja – A quick chat |website=[[Sify]] |date=29 April 2008 |access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref> The film revolved around a father-son relationship where the son's choices and his ambitions to achieve something in life are subdued by his father, and Raja related the storyline back to his personal life. ''Santosh Subramaniam'' opened to positive reviews from critics, with Raja winning critical acclaim for his work. A critic from Sify.com noted "Raja, a past master at remakes, is once again a winner" and that the film "has simple charm, immensely likeable characters, and the intrinsic humour in the writing makes it a must watch".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/santhosh-subramaniam-review-tamil-pclw8Jhecjaad.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226010912/http://www.sify.com/movies/santhosh-subramaniam-review-tamil-pclw8Jhecjaad.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 December 2015 |title=Review : Santhosh Subramaniam |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref> Similarly, a critic from ''The Hindu'' noted "for the fourth time in succession film-maker Raja shows he can re-make a film to suit the audiences here", stating the script was "aptly re-tuned to suit the Tamil milieu".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/the-jayam-jamboree-santosh-subramaniam/article3022778.ece |title=The 'Jayam' jamboree – Santosh Subramaniam – CHEN |work=The Hindu |date=18 April 2008 |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422091859/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/the-jayam-jamboree-santosh-subramaniam/article3022778.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The film also went on to be ranked amongst the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Tamil films of the year]] by the Tamil Nadu State, while it also garnered four [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award]] nominations, including one for Best Film. Moreover, it became a very profitable venture for the makers, running for over 100 days in theatres across Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/santhosh-subramaniyam-100-days-and-going-strong-tamil-news-40298.html |title=Santhosh Subramaniyam 100 days and going strong – Tamil Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz.com |date=28 July 2008 |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=30 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130204443/https://www.indiaglitz.com/santhosh-subramaniyam-100-days-and-going-strong-tamil-news-40298.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The producers, AGS Entertainment, subsequently requested Raja to make another film with Ravi after ''Santosh Subramaniam''{{'}}s success, but Raja gave Ravi's dates to director Prabhu Deva to film ''[[Engeyum Kaadhal]]'' (2011).<ref name="pre">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/director-raja-on-his-family-and-thani-oruvan/article7464506.ece|title=Cracking the bro code|date=25 July 2015|website=The Hindu|access-date=28 December 2015|archive-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021095703/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/director-raja-on-his-family-and-thani-oruvan/article7464506.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2010–2015: Mixed success===
After five consecutive successful films, Raja chose to remake the Telugu comedy film, ''[[Kick (2009 film)|Kick]]'' (2009) into Tamil as ''[[Thillalangadi]]'' (2010), with Ravi in the lead role. The remake rights were purchased for "astronomical sum", a month after the Telugu film's release by Raja's father Mohan, who was set to produce the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/47364.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608043534/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/47364.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 June 2009 |title=Editor Mohan bags Kick Tamil rights!! – Telugu Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz.com |date=3 June 2009 |access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref> The film began production in mid-2009 and was shot extensively across Malaysia, with [[Tamannaah]] and [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] signed on to play supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jayam-ravi-s-thillalangadi-starts-rolling-news-tamil-kkfrAfgeacgsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119115535/http://www.sify.com/movies/jayam-ravi-s-thillalangadi-starts-rolling-news-tamil-kkfrAfgeacgsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 January 2016 |title=Jayam Ravi's Thillalangadi starts rolling! |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref> The film opened to mixed-to-negative reviews, unlike the original version, whilst Sify.com rated the film as "below average" film and added that it was "boring".<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/comedy-of-errors/article542126.ece Comedy of errors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429165834/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/comedy-of-errors/article542126.ece |date=29 April 2016 }}. ''The Hindu'' (30 July 2010)</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan from [[Rediff]].com cited the film as a "ridiculous pot-boiler" and criticised Ravi's performance as "lacking punch" and also drew criticism to the "wafer-thin story line", giving the film a mere 1.5 out of 5.<ref>[http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jul/23/south-tamil-movie-review-thillalangadi.htm Review-3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194431/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jul/23/south-tamil-movie-review-thillalangadi.htm |date=3 March 2016 }}. Movies.rediff.com (23 July 2010). Retrieved on 2016-12-26.</ref> Behindwoods.com cited "Raja's narration is interesting but is way too long", adding that "the ‘family’ feel which is generally present in Raja's films is missing in ''Thillalangadi''".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/thillalangadi-movie-review.html |title=Thillalangadi Review – Tamil Movie Thillalangadi Review |website=Behindwoods.com |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=3 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103132300/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/thillalangadi-movie-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film became Raja's first venture to gain predominantly negative reviews, but the film had an average run at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/box-office-2010/thillalangadi.html |title=TOP 20 CHENNAI BOX OFFICE COLLECTION OF 2010 – Behindwoods.com – Tamil Movie Slide Shows – Endhiran | Nandalala | Myna | Singam | Paiyaa | Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa | Naan Mahaan Alla | Uthama Puthiran | Angadi Theru |website=Behindwoods.com |date=23 July 2010 |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073536/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/box-office-2010/thillalangadi.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In late 2009, Raja agreed terms to work with actor [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], and spent ten months writing a script based on a story written by director [[Thirupathisamy]] in the early 2000s. Thirupathisamy had gone on to make the story into a Telugu film titled ''[[Azad (2000 film)|Azad]]'' (2000), while also began pre-production work to remake it in Tamil as ''Velan'' with Vijay and [[Priyanka Chopra]] in 2001, before he died later that year. Raja subsequently bought the remake rights and reworked the script of ''Azad'' to suit Tamil audiences and signed on Genelia D'Souza and [[Hansika Motwani]] to play other lead roles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/jeyam-raja-looks-beyond-remakes/article516344.ece |title='Jeyam' Raja looks beyond remakes – TAMIL NADU |work=The Hindu |date=15 July 2010 |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407212721/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/lsquoJeyam-Raja-looks-beyond-remakes/article16196771.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/velayudham-is-a-mass-entertainer-m-raja-news-tamil-lkxnrdjciefsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223033809/http://www.sify.com/movies/velayudham-is-a-mass-entertainer-m-raja-news-tamil-lkxnrdjciefsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 December 2015 |title=Velayudham is a mass entertainer: M Raja |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-raja/20111024.htm#4 |title=Raja: Velayudham is not a remake' – Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |date=24 October 2011 |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=5 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105191154/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-raja/20111024.htm#4 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film, which was retitled ''[[Velayudham]]'', became Raja's first Tamil venture which did not include his brother in the cast and while writing the script, Raja analysed Vijay's popularity amongst children and women audience to insert certain scenes into the script. The film told the tale of a milkman who turns into a vigilante, with a human interest story as a backdrop.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/the-v-quotient/article2521783.ece |title=The V quotient – Puducherry |work=The Hindu |date=9 October 2011 |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421160051/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/the-v-quotient/article2521783.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The film opened to positive reviews and became the third highest grossing Tamil film of 2011. A critic from Behindwoods.com noted "Raja has done a fine job of mixing all the elements that go towards making a mass hero film, though he has lost the balance a bit in the last hour", while Rediff.com noted it is "a masala entertainer that doesn't require you to tax your brain cells".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/oct-11-04/velayudham-review.html |title=Velayudham Review – Velayudham Movie Review |website=Behindwoods.com |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=1 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301123223/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/oct-11-04/velayudham-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-velayudham-is-paisa-vasool/20111026.htm |title=Review: Velayudham is paisa vasool – Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |date=26 October 2011 |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=5 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105191203/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-velayudham-is-paisa-vasool/20111026.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In early 2012, Raja began pre-production on remaking the Tamil film ''[[Ramanaa (film)|Ramanaa]]'' (2002) into Hindi with [[Akshay Kumar]] and Tamannaah in the lead roles. He later opted out of the film after it went through delays and was not involved in the subsequent remake titled ''[[Gabbar Is Back]]'' (2015).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Akki-in-Rajas-film/articleshow/15823044.cms |title=Akki in Raja's film? |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=28 August 2012 |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=14 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114084933/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Akki-in-Rajas-film/articleshow/15823044.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/aug-12-02/jayam-raja-ar-murugadoss-13-08-12.html |title=Jayam Raja Gets A.r.murugadoss' Film – Jayam Raja – Ar Murugadoss – Ramana – Akshay Kumar – Vijayakanth – Tamil Movie News |website=Behindwoods.com |date=13 August 2012 |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071519/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/aug-12-02/jayam-raja-ar-murugadoss-13-08-12.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Raja then briefly forayed into acting and played the father of quadruplets in the comedy thriller, ''[[Enna Satham Indha Neram]]'' (2014), directed by his friend, Guru Ramesh. Raja shot for the film for six days in Chennai, but the film had a low-key opening at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Director-Jayam-Raja-turns-actor/articleshow/24151899.cms |title=Director Jayam Raja turns actor |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=15 October 2013 |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=30 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030054618/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Director-Jayam-Raja-turns-actor/articleshow/24151899.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2015–present: ''Thani Oruvan'' (2015) and recent work===
After taking a sabbatical, Raja began working on his first original script for the production house [[AGS Entertainment]] in late 2012 and was helped by the writer duo [[Subha (writers)|Subha]]. He worked on the script of ''[[Thani Oruvan]]'' (2015) for nine months, and revealed that it was based on an original idea about "a man who goes all out to hunt evil in society". He added that in "formulaic Tamil films", the protagonist would require a flashback to show a reason to fight evil or that the "hero would wait for the villain to make the first move", but noted that ''Thani Oruvan'' would eschew those typical notions seen in Tamil films.<ref name="ss">{{cite web |date=25 August 2015 |title=Thani Oruvan Is Neither Remake Nor 'Freemake': The M Raja Interview |url=http://silverscreen.in/tamil/features/thani-oruvan-is-neither-remake-nor-freemake-the-m-raja-interview/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829072107/https://silverscreen.in/tamil/features/thani-oruvan-is-neither-remake-nor-freemake-the-m-raja-interview/ |archive-date=29 August 2018 |access-date=28 December 2015 |website=Silverscreen.in |publisher=}}</ref> He considered several actors for the lead role but finally chose his brother again as he wanted an actor "who would trust him blindly" because he had wanted the film to be a "career-changing film". After unsuccessful negotiations with [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] and [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]], Raja cast [[Arvind Swamy]] in the role of the main antagonist because he wanted "an actor whose attractiveness would act as a distraction from his evilness".<ref name="ss"/> Raja called the film "experimental" and "close to his heart", revealing the efforts he put into the pre-production of the project. The film began production in late 2013 and took a year and a half to complete shoot, with several delays during production. The making of the film was marred with the troubles of the original composer backing out, [[Sun Pictures]] cancelling their film distribution contract, and a spat between the director and the lead actress, [[Nayanthara]]. As a result of the delays, Raja and Ravi decided to forgo their salaries for the last schedule to ensure the budget stopped escalating.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moviecrow.com/News/9502/thani-oruvan---jayam-raja--ravi-emotional-break-down |title='Thani Oruvan – Reasons why Jayam Raja and Ravi emotionally broke down' Tamil Movie, Music Reviews and News |publisher=Moviecrow.com |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=17 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217072353/http://www.moviecrow.com/News/9502/thani-oruvan---jayam-raja--ravi-emotional-break-down |url-status=live }}</ref> The film opened in August 2015 to unanimously positive reviews, with Rediff.com noting that the script was "highly intelligent, racy and well-polished script that is perfectly executed" and added it has "flawless execution by the director that deserves all the credit".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-thani-oruvan-is-brilliant-south/20150828.htm |title=Review: Thani Oruvan is brilliant – Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |date=28 August 2015 |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=13 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213164901/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-thani-oruvan-is-brilliant-south/20150828.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Likewise Sify.com called the film a "taut, intelligent, and deliciously twisted action drama", while ''[[The Times of India]]'' praised the "sleek filmmaking".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Thani-Oruvan/movie-review/48719649.cms |title=Thani Oruvan Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=29 August 2015 |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170707093456/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/thani-oruvan/movie-review/48719649.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated the film was a "pretty smart, pulpy thriller" and wrote it has "more style than you expect in a Mohan Raja movie".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/thani-oruvan-review-a-pretty-smart-pulpy-thriller/article7591277.ece |title=Thani Oruvan review: Jayam Ravi in a pretty smart, pulpy thriller |work=The Hindu |date=28 August 2015 |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407212718/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Thani-Oruvan-review-A-pretty-smart-pulpy-thriller/article62135898.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The film subsequently went on to become one of the most profitable Tamil films of 2015, as well as the biggest successes in the careers of Raja and Ravi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/thani-oruvan-is-biggest-hit-in-jayam-ravis-career/ |title='Thani Oruvan' is 'biggest hit' in Jayam Ravi's career |publisher=The Indian Express |date=8 September 2015 |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-date=9 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109034243/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/thani-oruvan-is-biggest-hit-in-jayam-ravis-career/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Raja then directed another film, ''[[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]'' starring [[Sivakarthikeyan]], [[Nayanthara]] and [[Fahadh Faasil]] in the lead roles. This film, being his second original film after ''Thani Oruvan'', was released in 2017 and was a box office success. In 2022, Raja returned to remakes with ''[[Godfather (2022 film)|Godfather]]'', the Telugu remake of the Malayalam film ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]'' (2019), which marked his return to Telugu cinema after 20 years.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-20|title=Chiranjeevi's next with Jayam Mohan Raja launched|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/chiranjeevi-next-with-jayam-mohan-raja-launched-7154565/|access-date=2021-07-13|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717070330/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/chiranjeevi-next-with-jayam-mohan-raja-launched-7154565/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-25|title=Mohan Raja to direct Lucifer Telugu remake starring Chiranjeevi|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mohan-raja-to-direct-lucifer-telugu-remake-starring-chiranjeevi/story-3f90j03XrHHs71bL5pr9KJ.html|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903121128/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mohan-raja-to-direct-lucifer-telugu-remake-starring-chiranjeevi/story-3f90j03XrHHs71bL5pr9KJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Craft, style, and technical collaborations==
Raja has mostly worked on Tamil remakes of Telugu films, leading to the media nicknaming him "Remake Raja" or "Xerox Raja".<ref name="pre" /> He has stated, "Remakes aren't easy. Taking up a proven hit and making it succeed again is a challenge."<ref name="hindu"/> While other filmmakers in Tamil cinema have often taken to plagiarism without acknowledging the source material, Raja has only worked on officially approved remake projects, and his first six directed films were credited to other writers.<ref name="pre"/> He works with his team of assistants to blend in changes to the script to suit the culture of Tamil audiences and thrashes out every single shot from the original version to add or subtract sequences. Raja has been praised for his casting decisions for putting Nadhiya in a comeback role as a young mother in ''M. Kumaran Son of Mahalakshmi'' and for casting [[Asin]] as the film's heroine. Meanwhile, he gave [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] a supporting role as a brother in ''Unakkum Enakkum'', marking an early foray away from lead roles for Prabhu, which won him acclaim from critics.<ref name="hindu"/> Likewise, his decision to cast Arvind Swamy as an antagonist in ''Thani Oruvan'' because of his "attractiveness" also received acclaim, following the film's success.<ref name="ss"/>

Raja has often attempted to make films for family entertainment, and revealed that progressively since ''Jayam'', he has attempted to reduce scenes of glamour and vulgarity. He has also stated his intentions of appealing to all sectors of the audience and has revealed that films such as ''[[Samsaram Adhu Minsaram]]'' (1986) and ''[[Kadhalukku Mariyadhai]]'' (1997) are amongst the types of films that he aspires to make.<ref>{{cite web |title=Interview |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/interview-5/director/jayam-raja.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070754/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/interview-5/director/jayam-raja.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=28 December 2015 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref>

===Frequent collaborators===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | Collaborator
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Hanuman Junction (film)|Hanuman Junction]]'' | (2001)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Jayam (2003 film)|Jayam]]'' | (2003)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[M. Kumaran Son of Mahalakshmi]]'' | (2004)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Unakkum Enakkum]]'' | (2006)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Santosh Subramaniam]]'' | (2008)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Thillalangadi]]'' | (2010)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Velayudham]]'' | (2011)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Thani Oruvan]]'' | (2015)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]'' | (2017)}}
! scope="col" | {{Ubl | ''[[Godfather (2022 film)|Godfather]]'' | (2022)}}
|-
| [[Ravi Mohan]]
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
|-
| [[Editor Mohan]]
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]
|
|
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
|-
| [[Nayanthara]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|-
| [[Prakash Raj]]
|
|
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
| {{ya}}
|
|-
| [[Livingston (actor)|Livingston]]
|
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Sayaji Shinde]]
|
|
|
|
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
| {{ya}}
|-
| [[O. A. K. Sundar]]
|
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
|-
| [[Manivannan]]
|
|
|
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
|-
| [[Manobala]]
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Kadhal Dhandapani]]
|
|
|
| {{ya}}
|
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
|}

==Personal life==
Raja is married and has a son, Pranav Mohan, who made his acting debut as a child artist in ''[[Tamilarasan]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-19 |title=Mohan Raja's son makes his foray into K'wood with Vijay Antony's film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mohan-rajas-son-makes-his-foray-into-kwood-with-vijay-antonys-film/articleshow/67598368.cms |access-date=2025-07-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He also has a daughter.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-30 |title=The secret behind Mohan Raja's salt-and-pepper beard |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-secret-behind-mohan-rajas-salt-and-pepper-beard/articleshow/63533399.cms |access-date=2025-07-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
*''All films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
*''Note: He was credited as M. Raja till 2011.''

===As director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of film directing credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Hanuman Junction (film)|Hanuman Junction]]'' || {{br list | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film; | Remake of Malayalam film ''[[Thenkasipattanam]]''}}
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Jayam (2003 film)|Jayam]]''
| {{br list | Also producer|Remake of Telugu film [[Jayam (2002 film)|with the same name]]}}
|-
| 2004 || ''[[M. Kumaran Son of Mahalakshmi]]''
| {{br list | Also producer| Remake of ''[[Amma Nanna O Tamila Ammayi]]''; | Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil]]}}
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Unakkum Enakkum]]''
| {{br list | Also producer| Remake of ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]''}}
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Santosh Subramaniam]]''
| {{br list | Remake of ''[[Bommarillu]]''; | [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]] (Third prize); | Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil]]}}
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Thillalangadi]]''
| {{br list | Also producer | Remake of ''[[Kick (2009 film)|Kick]]''}}
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Velayudham]]''
|Loosely based on the 2000 Telugu film ''[[Azad (2000 film)|Azad]]''
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Thani Oruvan]]'' || {{br list
| Won—[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Award for Best Director]]
| Won—[[1st IIFA Utsavam|IIFA Utsavam Award for Best Director]]
| Won—[[Filmfare Award for Best Director - Tamil]]
}}
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]'' ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Godfather (2022 film)|Godfather]]''
| {{br list | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film; | Remake of ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]''}}
|}

===As actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of film acting credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Enna Satham Indha Neram]]'' || Raja ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Yaadhum Oore Yaavarum Kelir]]'' || Vincent || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnaswamy |first=Karthik |date=2019-11-22 |title=Mohan Raja to make a special cameo appearance in Yaadhum Oore Yaavarum Kelir |url=https://www.onlykollywood.com/mohan-raja-to-make-a-special-cameo-appearance-in-yaadhum-oore-yaavarum-kelir/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Only Kollywood |language=en-US |archive-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512081655/https://www.onlykollywood.com/mohan-raja-to-make-a-special-cameo-appearance-in-yaadhum-oore-yaavarum-kelir/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1924824}}
* {{Twitter|jayam_mohanraja|MOhan Raja}}

{{Mohan Raja}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raja, Mohan}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Artists from Madurai]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:1974 births]]

Salahuddin Ayub

2026-02-05T12:34:08Z

Erlinda61E: quick update

{{Short description|Malaysian politician (1961–2023)}}
{{like resume|date=April 2021}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}
{{Malay name|Salahuddin|Ayub}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Malay styles and titles#Honorary styles|Yang Berbahagia]] [[Malay styles and titles#State titles|Datuk Seri]]
| name = Salahuddin Ayub
| native_name = {{lang|ms|{{Script|Arab|صلاح الدين أيوب}}}}
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=MYS|size=100%|DGSM|DSPN}}
| image = Datuk_Seri_Salahuddin_Ayub.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Salahuddin in 2019
| office = [[Minister of Domestic Trade and Costs of Living (Malaysia)|Minister of Domestic Trade and Costs of Living]]
| term_start = 3 December 2022
| term_end = 23 July 2023
| monarch = [[Abdullah of Pahang|Abdullah]]
| primeminister = [[Anwar Ibrahim]]
| deputy = [[Fuziah Salleh]]
| predecessor = [[Alexander Nanta Linggi]] {{small|as Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs}}
| successor = [[Armizan Mohd Ali]] (acting) Armizan Mohd Ali
| constituency = [[Pulai (federal constituency)|Pulai]]
| office1 = [[Minister of Agriculture and Food Security (Malaysia)|Minister of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry]]
| term_start1 = 21 May 2018
| term_end1 = 24 February 2020
| monarch1 = [[Muhammad V of Kelantan|Muhammad V]] {{resize|(2018–2019)}} Abdullah {{resize|(2019–2020)}}
| primeminister1 = [[Mahathir Mohamad]]
| deputy1 = [[Sim Tze Tzin]]
| predecessor1 = [[Ahmad Shabery Cheek]]
| successor1 = [[Ronald Kiandee]] (''Minister of Agriculture and Food Industries'')
| constituency1 = Pulai
| office2 = State Chairman of [[Pakatan Harapan]] of [[Johor]]
| term_start2 = 21 September 2022
| term_end2 = 23 July 2023
| deputy2 = [[Aminolhuda Hassan]] & [[Syed Ibrahim Syed Noh]] & [[Liew Chin Tong]]
| 2blankname2 = {{nobr|National Chairman}} 
| 2namedata2 = Anwar Ibrahim
| predecessor2 = Aminolhuda Hassan
| successor2 = Aminolhuda Hassan
| office3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| constituency_3 =
| assembly3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| office4 = 1st Deputy President of the [[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|National Trust Party]]
| term_start4 = 16 September 2015
| term_end4 = 23 July 2023
| predecessor4 = ''Position established''
| successor4 = [[Mujahid Yusof Rawa]]
| president4 = [[Mohamad Sabu]]
| constituency_MP5 = [[Pulai (federal constituency)|Pulai]]
| parliament5 = Malaysian
| term_start5 = 9 May 2018
| term_end5 = 23 July 2023
| predecessor5 = [[Nur Jazlan Mohamed]] ([[Barisan Nasional|BN]]–[[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
| successor5 = [[Suhaizan Kayat]] ([[Pakatan Harapan|PH]]–[[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|AMANAH]])
| majority5 = 28,924 ([[2018 Malaysian general election|2018]]) 33,174 ([[2022 Malaysian general election|2022]])
| constituency_MP6 = [[Kubang Kerian (federal constituency)|Kubang Kerian]]
| parliament6 = Malaysian
| term_start6 = 21 March 2004
| term_end6 = 5 May 2013
| predecessor6 = [[Husam Musa]] ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
| successor6 = Ahmad Baihaki Atiqullah (PAS)
| majority6 = 5,627 ([[2004 Malaysian general election|2004]]) 10,642 ([[2008 Malaysian general election|2008]])
| constituency_AM7 = [[Simpang Jeram (state constituency)|Simpang Jeram]]
| assembly7 = Johor State Legislative
| term_start7 = 9 May 2018
| term_end7 = 23 July 2023
| predecessor7 = Sheikh Ibrahim Salleh (PAS)
| successor7 = [[Nazri Abdul Rahman]] (PH–AMANAH)
| majority7 = 7,687 ([[2018 Johor state election|2018]]) 2,399 ([[2022 Johor state election|2022]])
| birth_name = Salahuddin bin Ayub
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1961|12|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Serkat, [[Tanjung Piai]], [[Pontian District|Pontian]], [[Johor]], [[Federation of Malaya]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2023|07|23|1961|12|01|df=yes}}
| death_place = Sultanah Bahiyah Hospital, {{nobr|[[Alor Setar]]}}, [[Kedah]], Malaysia
| resting_place = Jalan Sulong Muslim Cemetery, Serkat, Tanjung Piai, Johor
| death_cause = [[Brain hemorrhage]]
| residence =
| citizenship =
| party = [[Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS) {{resize|(1983–2015)}} {{flagicon image|Parti Amanah Negara Flag.svg}} [[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|National Trust Party]] (AMANAH) {{resize|(2015–2023)}}
| otherparty = Harakah Keadilan Rakyat (HAK) {{resize|(1970–1990)}} [[Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah]] (APU) {{resize|(1990–1996)}} [[Barisan Alternatif]] (BA) {{resize|(1999–2004)}} {{flagicon image|Pakatan-harapan-logo.svg}} [[Pakatan Rakyat]] (PR) {{resize|(2008–2015)}} [[Pakatan Harapan]] (PH) {{resize|(2015–2023)}}
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| spouse = Fatimah Taha
| children = 6
| alma_mater = [[University of Putra Malaysia]] [[Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology|Tunku Abdul Rahman College]]
| website = {{URL|http://salahuddinayub.wordpress.com/|{{nobr|salahuddinayub.wordpress.com/}}}}
| footnotes = {{facebook|Salahuddin.Bin.Ayub}} {{pom|3686}}
| nickname = Bapa Rahmah Malaysia
| nationality = {{MAS}}
}}

'''Salahuddin bin Ayub''' ({{langx|ms-Arab|صلاح الدين بن أيوب|label=[[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]}}; 1 December 1961 – 23 July 2023) was a [[Malaysians|Malaysian]] [[politician]] who served as [[Minister of Domestic Trade and Costs of Living (Malaysia)|Minister of Domestic Trade and Costs of Living]] in the Unity Government administration under [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] [[Anwar Ibrahim]] from December 2022 to his death in office in July 2023 and [[Minister of Agriculture and Food Security (Malaysia)|Minister of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry]] in the [[Pakatan Harapan]] administration under Prime Minister [[Mahathir Mohamad]] from May 2018 to his resignation and the collapse of the PH administration in February 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/bahasa/2020/02/24/salahuddin-dzulkefly-letak-jawatan-menteri/|title=Salahuddin, Dzulkefly letak jawatan menteri|trans-title=Salahuddin, Dzulkefly resigned as minister|work=[[Free Malaysia Today]]|date=24 February 2020}}</ref> He served as the [[Dewan Rakyat|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Pulai (federal constituency)|Pulai]] from May 2018 to his death in July 2023, MP for [[Kubang Kerian (federal constituency)|Kubang Kerian]] from March 2004 to May 2013 as well as Member of the [[Johor State Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) for [[Simpang Jeram (state constituency)|Simpang Jeram]] from May 2018 to his death in July 2023. He was a member of the [[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|National Trust Party]] (AMANAH),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://amanahnegara.org/berkenaan-amanah/kepimpinan-amanah-2015/|title=Kepimpinan 2015|date=6 September 2015|work=[[Parti Amanah Negara]]|access-date=6 September 2015|archive-date=12 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912153528/http://amanahnegara.org/berkenaan-amanah/kepimpinan-amanah-2015/|url-status=usurped}}</ref> a component party of the Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition. He also served as the 1st and founding Deputy President of AMANAH from September 2015 and State Chairman of PH of [[Johor]] from September 2022 to his death in July 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/09/22/salahuddin-ayub-named-new-johor-pakatan-chairman|title=Salahuddin Ayub named Johor Pakatan chairman|website=The Star|date=22 September 2022|access-date=22 September 2022}}</ref> He was previously a member, Youth Chief and Vice President of the [[Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS), a former component party of the former [[Pakatan Rakyat]] (PR) and [[Barisan Alternatif]] (BA) coalitions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parlimen.gov.my/DewRakyat_KedAhli_detail.php?id=214 |title=Salahuddin bin Haji Ayub, Y.B. Tuan |publisher=[[Parliament of Malaysia]] |language=ms |access-date=27 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423054431/http://www.parlimen.gov.my/DewRakyat_KedAhli_detail.php?id=214 |archive-date=23 April 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news
| title = PAS Government stands firm
| newspaper = [[New Straits Times]]
| date = 30 April 1996
| url = https://news.google.com.au/newspapers?id=eHEWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4R4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=5853,4286582&dq=wan+abdul+rahim+wan+abdullah&hl=en
| access-date = 22 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2003/9/10/nation/6240929&sec=nation|title=Rising star assured of PAS Youth post|date=10 September 2003|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|publisher=Star Publications|access-date=27 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622031608/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2003%2F9%2F10%2Fnation%2F6240929&sec=nation|archive-date=22 June 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> But he together with a few other progressive leaders led by [[Mohamad Sabu]] referred as G18 were ousted during the [[2015 Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party leadership election|2015 PAS Muktamar]] which had launched [[Gerakan Harapan Baru]] (GHB)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/purged-pas-leaders-launch-splinter-movement|title='Purged' PAS leaders launch splinter movement|author=Jennifer Gomez|date=13 July 2015|work=The Malaysian Insider|access-date=13 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713224043/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/purged-pas-leaders-launch-splinter-movement|archive-date=13 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and founded AMANAH.

==Early life and education==
Salahuddin Ayub was born on 1 December 1961 in Kampung Serkat, Tanjung Piai, Pontian, Johor, and was of Malay-Chinese mixed parentage. He received his early education at Serkat English Primary School, Pontian, from 1967 to 1973. Later, he continued his studies at the lower secondary level at Teluk Kerang English Secondary School, Pontian, from 1974 to 1976, and at Sri Perhentian Secondary School, Pontian, from 1977 to 1978, where he completed Form 5. He then pursued his sixth form at Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Datuk Penggawa Barat, Pontian, from 1979 to 1980. Additionally, in 1977, he completed his Islamic religious studies at the Johor State Islamic Religious School.

After graduating from school, Salahuddin pursued a Diploma in Business Administration at [[Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology|Tunku Abdul Rahman College]] (KTAR) from 1982 to 1983. He then went on to obtain his Bachelor of Science (Human Development) at [[University of Putra Malaysia]] (UPM) in 1984.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/425720|title = Salahuddin: Dari Kampung Serkat ke Putrajaya |work =[[Bernama]] |publisher= [[Malaysiakini]] |language=ms|date=19 May 2018|access-date= 19 May 2018}}</ref>

==Career and social activism==
Salahuddin started his early career as a Financial Officer at [[Hong Leong Bank#Acquisitions|MUI Bank]] in 1980, before delving into social and youth activism within [[Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia]] (ABIM) as the Pontian branch Secretary from 1981 to 1983. Subsequently, he ventured into politics in 1983.

==Politics==
Salahuddin was involved in PAS from 1999, and was selected by them to contest the [[Johor State Legislative Assembly]] state seat of Benut in the [[1999 Malaysian general election|1999 general election]] but lost. He was picked to contest federal parliamentary seat of [[Kubang Kerian]], Kelantan in the [[2004 Malaysian general election|2004 general election]] which he had won. He was re-elected again in [[2008 Malaysian general election|2008 general election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/state_news/news.php?id=315632&cat=et|title=PAS Names Candidates Except For Gua Musang, Jeli|date=22 February 2008|work=Berita Wilayah Eastern Region|publisher=[[Bernama]]|access-date=27 May 2010|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143604/http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/state_news/news.php?id=315632&cat=et|url-status=dead}}</ref> For the [[2013 Malaysian general election|2013 election]] he returned to his home state of [[Johor]] to contest the parliamentary seat of Pulai, losing to its [[Barisan Nasional]] incumbent [[Nur Jazlan Mohamed]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/st/print/1046226|title=Touting their mixed ethnic heritage to win votes|last=Lim|first=Joyce|date=29 April 2013|work=Straits Times|access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref> He also contested, and lost the Johor seat of Nusajaya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www2.nst.com.my/nation/politics/pas-confirms-salahuddin-will-stand-in-pulai-1.246296|title=Pas confirms Salahuddin will stand in Pulai|date=2 April 2013|work=New Straits Times|access-date=10 October 2014|archive-date=19 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019021147/http://www2.nst.com.my/nation/politics/pas-confirms-salahuddin-will-stand-in-pulai-1.246296|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the [[2018 Malaysian general election|2018 general election]], Salahuddin for the first time contested under AMANAH of Pakatan Harapan and won both the federal parliamentary seat of Pulai and the Johor state seat of Simpang Jeram.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/politik/2018/05/423635/pemimpin-utama-pakatan-menang |title =Pemimpin utama pakatan menang |date=9 May 2018 |author =Nazura Ngah; Fairul Asmaini Mohd Pilus; Nur Lela Zulkipli & Seri Nor Nadiah Koris|publisher=[[Berita Harian]]|language=ms|access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref>

===PAS===
In the early stages of Salahuddin's political career, he was actively involved with the [[Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS) and held various leadership positions within the party.

From 1983 to 1987, Salahuddin served as the Vice-President of PAS Pontian. Following that, he held several roles within the PAS Pontian Youth, including being the Youth Chief from 1987 to 1989. He then went on to become the Johor PAS Youth Chief, a position he held from 1989 to 1999.

During his tenure in PAS Youth, Salahuddin took on additional responsibilities, including serving as a Youth Exco member from 1991 to 1995 and as the PAS Youth Information Chief from 1995 to 1997. Later, he assumed the role of the Central PAS Youth Council Secretary from 1997 to 1999.

Salahuddin's involvement with PAS Youth continued, and he was appointed as the PAS Youth Vice-Chairman from 1999 to 2001. Subsequently, he held the position of Deputy Head of PAS Youth Council from 2001 to 2003 and eventually became the PAS Youth Chief, serving from 2003 to 2009.

In recognition of his contributions and leadership within the party, Salahuddin was appointed as the Vice President of PAS, holding the position from 2009 to 2015.

Apart from his roles within PAS and PAS Youth, Salahuddin also had responsibilities within the Johor state chapter of the party. He served as the Johor PAS Information Chief from 1997 to 2001 and briefly as the Johor PAS Liaison Secretary in 2001. He was also the Johor PAS Deputy Commissioner from 2001 to 2003. Additionally, he was a Member of the Central PAS Committee from 2001 to 2003.

During his time with PAS Youth, Salahuddin held various positions within the organization's committees, including being the Head of Lujnah Agriculture and Lujnah Information and Da'wah from 1993 to 1997. He later served as the Head of the National Relations Committee from 1999 to 2001 and the Head of the International Lujnah from 2001 to 2003. Furthermore, he was the Head of Lujnah User and Environment from 2001 to 2003.

In the [[2013 Malaysian general election]], Salahuddin contested the Pulai parliamentary constituency in Johor and the Nusajaya State Assembly seat (now known as Iskandar City). However, he was unsuccessful in both attempts, losing to [[Barisan Nasional]] (BN) candidates in both constituencies.

===AMANAH===
* Appointed Deputy President of AMANAH in 2015.
* Won the Simpang Jeram state seat in the [[2018 Malaysian general election]].
* Won the Pulai parliamentary seat in the [[2018 Malaysian general election]].

===Pakatan Harapan===
* Appointed Vice President of Pakatan Harapan on 22 September 2015.

===Experience===
* Participated in the Malaysian Youth Associations Association to support the Lebanese people by all the leaders of the National Political Party in 2006.
* Prime Debate with UMNO's [[Nazri Abdul Aziz]] in 2003.
* Detained at [[Kajang Prison]] in 2001 for being involved in an illegal assembly of Ops [[Israel national cricket team|Cricket Israel]] at [[University of Malaya]] in 1997.
* Leader of the humanitarian mission of the PAS Youth Council to Kosovo (1999), Afghanistan (2002), Vietnam (2002), Iraq (2003) and Lebanon (2006).
* Malaysian Government Representative while being Member of Parliament to sit on the Special Committee of Parliament on Unity and PLN.
* Member of the International Parliamentary Organization (IPO) and member of the Caucus of the Defense of Humanity Standing.

==Election results==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%"
|+ [[Johor State Legislative Assembly]]<ref name="election results">{{cite web|url=http://semak.spr.gov.my/spr/laporan/5_KedudukanAkhir.php|title=Keputusan Pilihan Raya Umum Parlimen/Dewan Undangan Negeri|publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]]|access-date=27 May 2010}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref><ref name="undiinfo">{{cite web |url=http://undi.info/# |title=Malaysia General Election |work=undiinfo Malaysian Election Data |publisher=[[Malaysiakini]] |access-date=19 April 2013}} Results only available from the [[2004 Malaysian general election|2004 election]] (GE11).</ref><ref name="PRU13">{{cite web|url=http://resultpru13.spr.gov.my/module/keputusan/paparan/paparan_laporan.php|title=KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM 13|work=Sistem Pengurusan Maklumat Pilihan Raya Umum|publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]]|language=ms|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314141057/http://resultpru13.spr.gov.my/module/keputusan/paparan/paparan_laporan.php|url-status=dead}}Results only available for the [[2013 Malaysian general election|2013 election]].</ref><ref name ="myundi pru 13">{{cite web |url=http://www.myundi.com.my/pru13/region.aspx |title=my undi : Kawasan & Calon-Calon PRU13 : Keputusan PRU13 (Archived copy) |website=www.myundi.com.my|access-date=2014-04-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331000718/http://www.myundi.com.my/pru13/region.aspx |archive-date=31 March 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Utusan PRU 13 results">{{cite web|url=http://ww2.utusan.com.my/utusan/special.asp?pr=PilihanRaya2013&pg=keputusan.htm|title=Keputusan Pilihan Raya Umum ke-13|work=[[Utusan Malaysia]]|access-date=26 October 2014|archive-date=21 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321134049/http://ww2.utusan.com.my/utusan/special.asp?pr=PilihanRaya2013&pg=keputusan.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="GE14 results">{{cite web|url=https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/|title=SEMAKAN KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM KE - 14|publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]]|language=ms|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913134822/https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/|url-status=dead}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref><ref name="The Star GE14">{{cite web|url=https://election.thestar.com.my/|title=The Star Online GE14|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|access-date=24 May 2018}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref>
!|Year
!|Constituency
! colspan=2|Candidate
!|Votes
!|Pct
! colspan=2|Opponent(s)
!|Votes
!|Pct
!|Ballots cast
!|Majority
!|Turnout
|-
|[[1999 Malaysian general election|1999]]
|'''N53 [[Benut (state constituency)|Benut]]'''
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|Salahuddin Ayub ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
|align="right" |4,701
|27.20%
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|{{nowrap|'''Salehon Sengot'''}} ([[United Malays National Organisation|'''UMNO''']])
|align="right" |'''11,970'''
|'''69.25%'''
|17,286
|7,269
|73.32%
|-
|[[2013 Malaysian general election|2013]]
|'''N49 Nusa Jaya'''
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|Salahuddin Ayub ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
|align="right" |20,965
|46.58%
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|{{nowrap|'''Zaini Abu Bakar'''}} ([[United Malays National Organisation|'''UMNO''']])
|align="right" |'''23,166'''
|'''51.48%'''
|45,120
|2,201
|89.90%
|-
| rowspan=3|[[2018 Johor state election|2018]]
| rowspan=6|'''N13 [[Simpang Jeram (state constituency)|Simpang Jeram]]'''
| rowspan=3 {{Party shading/Keadilan}} |
| rowspan=3|{{nowrap|'''Salahuddin Ayub'''}} ([[Parti Amanah Negara|'''AMANAH''']])
| rowspan=3 align="right"|'''14,640'''
| rowspan=3|'''61.63%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Mohd Radzi Amin ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" |6,953
|29.27%
| rowspan=3|24,069
| rowspan=3|7,687
| rowspan=3|85.40%
|-
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|Mohd Mazri Yahya ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
|align="right" |2,136
|8.99%
|-
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |
|Ahmad Hashim ([[Independent politician|IND]])
|align="right" |28
|align=right|0.10%
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[2022 Johor state election|2022]]
| rowspan="3" {{Party shading/PH}}|
| rowspan="3" |'''Salahuddin Ayub''' ([[Parti Amanah Negara|'''AMANAH''']])
| rowspan="3" align=right|'''8,749'''
| rowspan="3" |'''40.94%'''
| bgcolor="{{party color|Perikatan Nasional}}"|
|Zarul Salleh ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
| align=right|6,350
|29.72%
| rowspan="3" |21,369
| rowspan="3" |2,399
| rowspan="3" |53.40%
|-
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Lokman Md Don ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
| align=right|6,062
|28.37%
|-
| bgcolor="{{Party color|Homeland Fighter's Party}}" |
|Mahaizal Mahmor ([[Homeland Fighter's Party|PEJUANG]])
| align=right|208
| align=right|0.97%
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%"
|+ [[Dewan Rakyat|Parliament of Malaysia]]<ref name="election results"/><ref name="undiinfo"/><ref name="PRU13"/><ref name ="myundi pru 13"/><ref name="Utusan PRU 13 results"/><ref name="GE14 results"/><ref name="The Star GE14"/>
!|Year
!|Constituency
! colspan=2|Candidate
!|Votes
!|Pct
! colspan=2|Opponent(s)
!|Votes
!|Pct
!|Ballots cast
!|Majority
!|Turnout
|-
|[[2004 Malaysian general election|2004]]
|rowspan=2|'''P024 [[Kubang Kerian (federal constituency)|Kubang Kerian]]'''
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|{{nowrap|'''Salahuddin Ayub'''}} ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
|align="right" |'''21,430'''
|'''57.56%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Ahmad Rusli Iberahim ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" |15,803
|42.44%
|38,458
|5,627
|81.57%
|-
|[[2008 Malaysian general election|2008]]
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|'''Salahuddin Ayub''' ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|'''PAS''']])
|align="right" |'''27,179'''
|'''62.17%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Ab Ghani Mamat ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" |16,537
|37.83%
|44,474
|10,642
|83.14%
|-
|[[2013 Malaysian general election|2013]]
| rowspan=6| ''' P161 [[Pulai (federal constituency)|Pulai]]'''
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|Salahuddin Ayub ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
|align="right" |40,525
|48.09%
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|{{nowrap|'''[[Nur Jazlan Mohamed]]'''}} ([[United Malays National Organisation|'''UMNO''']])
|align="right" |'''43,751'''
|'''51.91%'''
|85,924
|3,226
|85.51%
|-
| rowspan=3|[[2018 Malaysian general election|2018]]
| rowspan=3 {{Party shading/Keadilan}} |
| rowspan=3|'''Salahuddin Ayub''' ([[Parti Amanah Negara|'''AMANAH''']])
| rowspan=3 align="right"|'''55,447'''
| rowspan=3|'''63.81%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|[[Nur Jazlan Mohamed]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
|align="right" |26,523
|30.52%
| rowspan=3|86,893
| rowspan=3|28,924
| rowspan=3|81.77%
|-
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|Mohd Mazri Yahya ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
|align="right" |4,332
|align=right|4.99%
|-
|{{Party shading/Independent}} |
|Yap Keng Tak ([[Independent politician|IND]])
|align="right" |591
|align=right|0.68%
|-
| rowspan=2|[[2022 Malaysian general election|2022]]
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/PH}} |
| rowspan=2|'''Salahuddin Ayub''' ([[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|'''AMANAH''']])
| rowspan=2 align="right" |'''64,900'''
| rowspan=2|'''55.33%'''
| {{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|[[Nur Jazlan Mohamed]] ([[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]])
| align="right" | 31,726
| 27.05%
| rowspan=2|117,303
| rowspan=2|33,174
| rowspan=2|70.96%
|-
|bgcolor={{Party color|Perikatan Nasional}} |
|Loh Kah Yong ([[Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia|Gerakan]])
| align="right" |20,677
|17.63%
|}

== Personal life ==
Ayub married his wife, Fatimah Taha in 1985 and the couple are blessed with six children and eight grandchildren.

=== Illness and death ===
On 22 July 2023, Salahuddin was confirmed to have suffered from a [[Intracerebral hemorrhage|brain hemorrhage]] by a specialist doctor. He was immediately rushed to Sultanah Bahiyah Hospital in [[Alor Setar]], [[Kedah]], after experiencing symptoms of [[nausea]] and [[vomiting]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/07/22/salahuddin-rushed-to-hospital-after-complaining-of-nausea-vomiting|title=Salahuddin confirmed to have brain haemorrhage, currently in surgery|website=The Star|date=22 July 2023|accessdate=22 July 2023}}</ref> Following his admission, Salahuddin underwent a four-hour surgery and operation to address the condition. He was closely monitored by a team of specialists and was reported to be recovering well.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/07/22/salahuddin-undergoes-successful-surgery-for-brain-hemorrhage|title=Salahuddin undergoes successful surgery for brain haemorrhage|website=The Star|date=22 July 2023|accessdate=22 July 2023}}</ref> On 23 July 2023, Salahuddin died at the age of 61. He left behind his wife, six children, eight grandchildren and his elderly widowed 83 year old mother, Aminah Abdullah (born 1940).<ref>{{cite web |title=Salahuddin Ayub passes away following surgery |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/07/23/salahuddin-ayub-passes-away-following-surgery |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)]] |date=23 July 2023 |access-date=23 July 2023}}</ref>

He was laid to rest at Jalan Sulong Muslim Cemetery, [[Pontian District|Pontian]], near the graves of his father, Ayub Umar (1935–2008) and grandfather.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Devi |first1=Venesa |title=Salahuddin Ayub laid to rest in Pontian |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/07/24/salahuddin-ayub-laid-to-rest-in-pontian |website=[[The Star (Malaysia)]] |date=24 July 2023 |access-date=24 July 2023 |language=en-MY}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rahim |first1=Faida |title=Sibuk mana sekalipun, Salahuddin akan balik kampung jumpa ibu - Adik |url=https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/sibuk-mana-sekalipun-salahuddin-akan-balik-kampung-jumpa-ibu-adik-429462 |website=[[Astro Awani]] |date=24 July 2023 |access-date=24 July 2023 |language=ms-MY}}</ref>

== Honours ==
===Honours of Malaysia===
* {{flag|Malaysia}}
** [[File:MY Pingat Pertabalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong XVI ribbon.svg|50px]] Recipient of the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Malaysia#Honorary orders and medals|16th Yang di-Pertuan Agong Installation Medal]] (2019)
* {{Flag|Malacca}}
** [[File:MY-MAL Exalted Order of Malacca.svg|50px]] Grand Commander of the [[Exalted Order of Malacca#Grand Commander|Exalted Order of Malacca]] (DGSM) – '''Datuk Seri''' (2019)<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Bernama]]|date=12 October 2019|title=65 terima Darjah, Bintang dan Pingat Kebesaran Negeri Melaka|language=ms|access-date=12 October 2019|url=http://www.bernama.com/bm/news.php?id=1778193}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Penang}}
** [[File:MY-PEN Order of the Defender of State - Officer - DSPN.svg|50px]] Officer of the [[Order of the Defender of State#Officer|Order of the Defender of State]] (DSPN) – '''Dato'''' (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/07/395215/agriculture-minister-salahuddin-conferred-datukship|title=Agriculture Minister Salahuddin conferred Datukship|work=[[Bernama]]|publisher=[[The New Straits Times]]|date=27 July 2018|access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Members of the Malaysian Parliament who represented multiple states]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}
* {{facebook|Salahuddin.Bin.Ayub}}

{{Malaysia 15th FedRep}}
{{Seventh Mahathir cabinet}}
{{Anwar cabinet}}
{{Pakatan Harapan}}
{{Portal bar|Malaysia|Biography|Politics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salahuddin, Ayub}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Malaysian politicians of Malay descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian Muslims]]
[[Category:National Trust Party (Malaysia) politicians]]
[[Category:Malaysian politicians of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Former Malaysian Islamic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Agriculture ministers of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Members of the Johor State Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:University of Putra Malaysia alumni]]
[[Category:Malaysian MPs 2004–2008]]
[[Category:Malaysian MPs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Malaysian MPs 2018–2022]]
[[Category:Malaysian MPs 2022–]]

Talwandi Mehma

2026-01-27T20:39:49Z

Erlinda61E: adjusted citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Talwandi Mehma
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.351549|N|75.375446|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kapurthala district|Kapurthala]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| unit_pref = Metric


| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 1,396
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] 715/681[[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 144601
| area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]
| area_code = 01822
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#PB.E2.80.94Punjab|PB]]-09
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-PB]]
| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| website = {{URL|kapurthala.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Talwandi Mehma''' is a village in [[Kapurthala district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] [[States and territories of India|State]], India. It is located {{convert|1|km}} from [[Kapurthala]], which is both district and sub-district headquarters of Talwandi Mehma. The village is [[Administration (government)|administrated]] by a [[Sarpanch]], who is an [[elected representative]].

== Demography ==
According to the report published by [[Census India]] in 2011, Talwandi Mehma has total number of 258 houses and population of 1,396 of which include 715 males and 681 females. [[Literacy in India|Literacy]] rate of Talwandi Mehma is 72.67%, lower than state average of 75.84%. The population of children under the age of 6 years is 141 which is 10.10% of total population of Talwandi Mehma, and child sex ratio is approximately 905, higher than state average of 846.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=21004| title=Talwandi Mehma| work= | accessdate=23 July 2016}}</ref>

== Population data ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Particulars !! Total !! Male!!Female
|-
| Total No. of Houses ||258||- ||-
|-
| Total Population ||1,396 ||715 ||681
|-
| In the age group 0–6 years ||141 ||74 ||67
|-
| Scheduled Castes (SC) ||984 ||510 ||474
|-
| Scheduled Tribes (ST) ||0 ||0 ||0
|-
| Literates ||912 ||498 ||414
|-
| Illiterate ||484 ||217 ||267
|-
| Total Worker ||471 ||399 ||72
|-
| Main Worker ||305 ||274 ||31
|-
| Marginal Worker ||166 ||125 ||41
|-
|}

==Air travel connectivity==
The closest airport to the village is [[Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport]].

==Villages in Kapurthala ==
{{Main|List of villages in Kapurthala}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}



==External links==
* [https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Listofvillagesandtowns.aspx Villages in Kapurthala]
* [https://www.punjabdata.com/Villages/Villages-In-Kapurthala-Tehsil-In-Kapurthala-District.html Kapurthala Villages List]

{{Kapurthala district |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Villages in Kapurthala district]]

{{KapurthalaTehsil-geo-stub}}

Reningavaram (J. Panguluru mandal)

2026-01-23T11:43:14Z

Erlinda61E: added a article

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Reningavaram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Reningavaram''' is a village in the district of [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{cite web| title =Reningavaram, Andhra Pradesh, National Habitation Survey 2003| publisher =Ministry of Rural Development, NIC-Dept. of Drinking Water Supply| url =http://ddws.gov.in/habquery/villresult.asp?search=exact&stcode=02&key=Rayavaram| accessdate =2007-12-19| url-status =dead| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155736/http://ddws.gov.in/habquery/villresult.asp?search=exact&stcode=02&key=Rayavaram| archivedate =2011-07-21}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Prakasam district]]

{{Prakasam-geo-stub}}

J. B. Institute of Engineering and Technology

2026-01-20T00:28:15Z

Erlinda61E: enhanced formatting for consistency

#REDIRECT [[List of educational institutions in Hyderabad#Private colleges]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from subtopic}}
{{R printworthy}}
{{R to list entry}}
{{R to section}}
{{R with history}}
{{R with Wikidata item}}
}}

Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair

2026-01-12T04:24:14Z

Erlinda61E: minor enhance layout after review and added references

{{Short description|Indian scholar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}

{{family name hatnote|Vazhenkada|Kunchu Nair|Indian name|lang=Toponymic}}'''Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair''', also spelt Kunju Nair, (1909-1981) was an Indian Kathakali dancer.

==Life==
He mainly served in PSV Natya Sangham, [[Kottakkal]], since 1946, and from 1960 to 1972 at Kerala Kalamandalam.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}} He was the first principal of [[Kerala Kalamandalam]], the premier performing arts institute of [[Kerala]] in south [[India]].<ref>http://www.remashrikant-ecpa.com/ {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref> A [[Padma Shri]] and [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]ee,<ref name="SNA Awardees' List">{{cite web | url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm | title=SNA Awardees' List | publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi | date=2016 | access-date=5 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530204253/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm | archive-date=30 May 2015 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Kunchu Nair was a student of [[Pattikkamthodi Ramunni Menon]], and was noted for his subdued portrayal of lead Kathakali roles like [[Nala]]n, [[Rukmangada]]n, Dharmaputrar, [[Bhima]]n, [[Arjuna]]n, [[Brahmana]]n (in the storyplay Santanagopalam) and [[Parasurama]]n (Sitaswayamvaram) besides in anti-hero slots like [[Ravanan]] and [[Duryodhan]]an.<ref>Kathakali Encyclopedia (Vijnanakosam), page 319</ref>

Nair died on 19 February 1981 after prolonged illness.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Winners of Kerala}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kunchu Nair, Vazhenkada}}
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Kathakali dancers]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:Teachers of Indian classical dance]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Educators from Kerala]]

{{India-culture-stub}}

Kolar, Karnataka

2026-01-12T01:30:28Z

Erlinda61E: Starting first article w/ infobox

{{Short description|City in Karnataka, India}}
{{redirect|Kolara|the region around the city|Kolar district}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kolar
| official_name =
| native_name = 
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = View from the rear of Someshwara temple at Kolar.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Someshwara Temple
| nickname = Kuvaḻālapura (old)
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 6
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Kolar in Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|13.1333|N|78.1333|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kolar district|Kolar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipal Council
| governing_body = Kolar Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 46.56
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 849
| population_total = 138,462
| population_as_of = 2011

| population_footnotes =<ref name=2011Cities>{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above | publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India | access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=23 January 2021|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 563101, 563102, 563103
| area_code = 08152
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = KA-07
| website = {{URL|www.kolarcity.gov.in}} {{URL|www.kolarcity.mrc.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kolar''' or '''Kolāra''' ({{ipa|kn|koːlaːrɐ|lang}}, historically "Kuvaḻālapura") is a city in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. It is the headquarters of [[Kolar district]]. The city is known for its milk production and [[Kolar Gold Fields|gold mines]]. It is also known for the [[Someshwara Temple, Kolar|Someshwara]] and Kolaramma temples.

== History ==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2019}}
The [[Western Gangas]] sovereignty lasted from about 350 to 550 CE, initially ruled from Kolar as their Capital City. The founder of the Western Ganga dynasty was Konganivarman Madhava, who built Kolar as his capital around 350 and ruled for about twenty years. He was succeeded by his son Madhava I. Kolar, the headquarters of the [[Kolar district]], was earlier known as Kuvaḻālapura, also known as Kolahala Pura. Historically, Kolar is said to be associated with the epic age, which recalls many legends associated with Avani in [[Mulabagilu]] Taluk, which was also called Avani Kshetra.

It was once known as Avantika - Kshetra, a sacred place in [[Kolar district]] in Karnataka State. It was famous for its religious establishments from ancient times. It was once known as Aavanya which was under the Ganga prince Madhava Muttarasa, who governed several districts. In about AD 890, its earliest grant relates that Tribhuvana Kartara Deva, who held the title of Kali Yuga Rudra, ruled over the Avaniya Thana for 40 years. During this period he constructed 50 temples and two large tanks. Maharshi Valmiki, the author of the epic [[Ramayana]], lived here. The legend goes further to establish that Seetha Devi, after being sent to exile, gave birth to her twins Lava and Kusha at Avani. The Avani continued to survive as a religious establishment from the 9th to 11th centuries. There are temples dedicated to Lord Rama.

The hill to the west of Kolar called the ''Shatasringa Parvata'' or 'Hundred-Peaked Mountain' is 'Antharagange', associated with the story of Parasurama and his fight with King Kartaviryarjuna over Surabhi, the divine cow. As the story goes, King Kartavirya Arjuna (Sahasrarjuna) and his army visited Jamadagni, Parasurama's father, when the king demanded the magical cow from Jamadagni. When Jamadagni refused, the King sent his soldiers to take the cow, but Parashurama killed the entire army and the king with his axe. In return, the princes beheaded Jamadagni. Thus, Parasurama took an oath to behead the entire Kshatriya race, which is said to have taken place on the hills. It is said that the 'kolahala' on the death of Kartaviryarjuna gave its name to the town, which later become Kolar. Gangas built the temple of Sri Uttameshwara temple in '' [[Uttanur]]'' Mulbagal Taluk.

Antaragange is one of the tourist attractions of Kolar. It is also known as "Dakshina Kashi Kshetra". In the temple is a pond which gets a continuous flow of underground water from the mouth of a Basava (stone bull).

==Geography==
Kolar is located at {{Coord|13.13|N|78.13|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/19/Kolar.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Kolar, India|website=www.fallingrain.com|access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref> with an average elevation of {{convert|849|m|ft}}.

It is located at a distance of about {{convert|70|km|mi}} from [[Bangalore]], {{convert|50|km|mi}} from Kempegowda International Airport, {{convert|147|km|mi}} from [[Hogenakkal waterfalls]] & {{convert|32|km|mi}} from [[Kolar Gold Fields]]. The city is located on the southern ''maidan'' (plains) region of [[Karnataka]]. The Ammerallikere, a tank, forms its eastern boundary. To the north is the Kodikannur tank, the main source of water supply to the city. The nearest railway junction is [[Bangarapet Junction railway station]]. It is situated on the Bangalore - [[Chennai]] [[National Highway 75 (India)|National Highway 75]].

Kolar is also the gateway to [[Tirumala]] and Chennai via [[National Highway 75]].

===Climate===
The city is ranked among top 10 Indian cities with the cleanest air and best [[Air quality index|AQI]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Cherry |date=21 November 2024 |title=India's top 10 cities with the best air quality in 2024: Global cities' AQI insights revealed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/top-10-listing/top-10-indian-cities-with-best-air-quality-index-aqi-2024-9680798/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref>

==Demographics==

{{As of|2011|alt=As of the}} [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Kolar city municipality had a population of 138,462 and has 30,506 households.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=District Handbook - Karnataka - Town Amenities (row 322)|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB.html|access-date=28 September 2020|website=Census of India}}</ref> The population of [[scheduled castes]] in the city is 16,536, while that of [[scheduled tribes]] is 2094.<ref name=":2" /> The city has grown at the rate of 21.56% in the last decade.<ref name=":2" />

The municipality had a [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 978 females per 1,000 males and 11.5% of the population were under six years old.<ref name="2011Cities" /> Effective literacy was 84.02%; male literacy was 87.28% and female literacy was 80.69%.<ref name="2011Cities" />
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Kolar city (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=C-01 Population By Religious Community: Karnataka|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11378/download/14491/DDW29C-01%20MDDS.XLS|publisher=Census of India}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Karnataka|Hinduism]]|darkorange|51.13}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|46.51}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Karnataka|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.98}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.36}}
}}

Kolar is a city with Hindus and Muslims in nearly equal population. Christians are a small minority.<ref name="Religion"/>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Kolar city (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Urdu]] |value1 = 46.49 |color1 = green
|label2 = [[Kannada]] |value2 = 36.26 |color2 = darkslateblue
|label3 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value3 = 11.52 |color3 = steelblue
|label4 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value4 = 3.04 |color4 = royalblue
|label5 = [[Hindi]] |value5 = 1.20 |color5 = orange
|label6 = Others |value6 = 1.49 |color6 = grey
|thumb=left
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 46.49% of the population spoke [[Urdu]], 36.26% [[Kannada]], 11.52% [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 3.04% [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and 1.20% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10208/download/13320/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Kolar is part of Morasu Nadu, where Kannada, Telugu and Tamil languages and cultures blend. After Bangalore, it is the most diversified city. The [[Kannadigas]] are a minority here as flow of other people were huge. Tamils and Telugus are native to this city and have been here for centuries.

==Governance and politics==
Kolar city is governed by Kolar City Municipal Council.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Municipalities {{!}} Kolar district, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India|url=https://kolar.nic.in/en/public-utility-category/municipality/|access-date=28 September 2020|language=en-US}}</ref> The [[municipality]] covers an area of 18.3 square km and is divided into 35 wards, each represented by a [[councillor]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Kolar City Municipal Council - City Summary|url=http://www.kolarcity.mrc.gov.in/en/city-summary|access-date=28 September 2020}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It is headed by the [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]], R. Srikanth.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 May 2020|title=CMC requests owners to clear property tax dues|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/kolar-chikkaballapur-tumakuru/cmc-requests-owners-to-clear-property-tax-dues-834341.html|access-date=29 September 2020|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> The president is the elected head, currently incumbent B.M. Mubarak.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=AMRUT Cities Contact details of Heads|url=http://amrut.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/AMRUT_Cities-_Contact_details_of_Heads.pdf|access-date=28 September 2020|website=Amrut.gov.in}}</ref> The executive wing has 8 departments: engineering, health, revenue, town planning, finance, birth and death, election and day-NULM.<ref name=":1" />

=== Civic utilities ===
The masterplan of the city is developed by the Urban Development Department, State of Karnataka. Kodikannur tank in the north of the city is its main source of water supply.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Master Plan |url=http://www.uddkar.gov.in/sites/uddkar.gov.in/files/pdfs/19_kolar_plu.jpg |website=uddkar.gov.in |access-date=29 September 2020}}</ref> The city has a shortage of drinking water, being an area with a 'permanent drought', and pipes being over 35 years old.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2018|title=16 of 24 'eternally drought-prone' districts in country are in Karnataka|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/16-of-24-eternally-drought-prone-districts-in-country-are-in-karnataka/article25784373.ece|access-date=29 September 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=29 September 2020|title=59 इंच की कोलार लाइन फूटी, कई घरों में भरा पानी, आधे शहर में दो दिन किल्लत; कोलार रेस्ट हाउस के सामने फूटी लाइन, तीन लोग घायल|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/bhopal/news/59-inch-kolar-line-burst-water-filled-in-many-homes-half-town-for-two-days-shortage-footy-line-in-front-of-kolar-rest-house-three-people-injured-127763134.html|access-date=29 September 2020|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref> Water is also supplied from four [[borewell]]s at Maderahalli tank, and five more borewells that were revived in April 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 April 2020|title=MP S Muniswamy to CMC: Ensure water pumping facility at borewells|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/kolar-chikkaballapur-tumakuru/mp-s-muniswamy-to-cmc-ensure-water-pumping-facility-at-borewells-828582.html|access-date=29 September 2020|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> According to the city municipality's website, the city receives a total of 56.20 MLD water, at 125 LPCD per capita.<ref name=":1" />

The city has both open and closed drains.<ref name=":2" /> Kolar receives wastewater from Bangalore as part of the KC project, which was expected to increase groundwater levels but has received criticism when it started contaminating the area.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rao|first=Mohit M.|date=13 October 2018|title=In Kolar, a parched land in a sea of sewage|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/a-parched-land-in-a-sea-of-sewage/article25208558.ece|access-date=29 September 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2017, it was reported that non-clearance of garbage by the municipal council had caused unhygienic conditions in the city.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kundapura|first=Vishwa|date=6 January 2015|title='Mandur of Kolar' in the making?|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mandur-of-kolar-in-the-making/article6759709.ece|access-date=29 September 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Tourist attractions==
{{Main|List of tourist attractions in Kolar district}}

{{Gallery
|title=
|width=170 | height=170
|align=center
|File:Profile of the Kolaramma Temple complex at Kolar.jpg
|Kolaramma Temple, Kolar
|File:Antharagange.JPG
|Antharagange
|File:Entrance of Somnatheshwar Temple in Kolar.JPG
|Entrance of Somnatheshwar Temple in Kolar
|File:Main Structure of the Somnatheshwar temple, Kolar.jpg
|Main Structure of the Somnatheshwar temple, Kolar
|File:Interior view of the Somnatheshwar temple, Kolar.jpg
|Interior view of the Somnatheshwar temple, Kolar
|File:Back side view of Somnatheshwar temple, Kolar.jpg|
Back side view of Somnatheshwar temple, Kolar
|File:Relief of a maiden at the entrance to the Kolaramma temple at Kolar.jpg
|Sculpture of a Guardian goddess at the Kolaramma Temple
|File:Maiden with bow in the Kolaramma temple at Kolar.jpg
|A sculpture adorning entrance wall of Kolarmma Temple
|File:Maiden at the mahadwara (main entrance) of Kolaramma temple at Kolar.jpg
|A sculpture adorning interior gate of Kolarmma Temple
}}

== Transportation ==
Kolar has transportation amenities such as buses, taxis, and [[auto rickshaw]]s.

Kolar also has a local transportation facility " Antaragange Kolara Nagara Sarige" which was inaugurated in July 2012 but Govt has stopped this services and utilising these buses for rural areas. {{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

===Railways===

The district headquarters has a railway station connecting two destinations:

1. [[Bangalore]] - Via [[Bangarapet Junction railway station]]

The nearest junction to Kolar is [[Bangarapet Junction railway station]]. It is the first railway junction in [[Karnataka]] on Chennai Central– Bengaluru City line

2. Bangalore - Via [[Srinivaspura]], [[Chintamani, Karnataka|Chinthamani]], [[Sidlaghatta]], [[Chikkaballapura]], [[Devanahalli]], [[Yelahanka]]

== Educational institutes ==
* [[Bengaluru North University]], Sri Devaraj Urs Extension, NH 75, Tamaka, Kolar-563103.
* [[Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College]] (SDUMC) - Next to Horticulture college, NH 75, Tamaka, Kolar-563103.

== Notable people ==


* [[M. Visvesvaraya]] – Celebrated Indian Engineer and Statesman, also known as "Father of Indian Engineering" and "The architect of modern Karnataka".
* [[D. V. Gundappa]] – was an Indian writer, [[Kannada]] poet and philosopher.
* [[Masti Venkatesha Iyengar]] – Kannada poet and recipient of [[Jnanpith Award|Jnanpith]] Award
* [[B. K. S. Iyengar]] - Founder of the style of yoga as exercise known as "[[Iyengar Yoga]]", considered one of the foremost yoga gurus in the world.
* [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]] - is an Indian [[billionaire]] businessman and the founder of [[Infosys]].
* [[K. C. Reddy]] – First Chief Minister of Karnataka, (then Mysore State)
* [[Hyder Ali]] – Ruler of Mysore Kingdom, Father of [[Tipu Sultan|Tippu Sultan]].
* [[Prashanth Neel]]- Renowned Indian Movie Director of [[K.G.F: Chapter 1]] and [[K.G.F: Chapter 2]] fame.
* [[A. N. Prahlada Rao]] - highest Crossword writer in India.
* [[K. H. Muniyappa]] – is an Indian Politician. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) political party.
* [[Mallikarjuna Reddy]] – Guinness World Record holder, Micro Artist, Miniature artist.
* [[S. Muniswamy]] - is an Indian politician, a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]] and MP of Kolar.
* [[B. G. L. Swamy]] - an Indian botanist and Kannada writer who was professor, head of the botany department and principal of Presidency College, Chennai.
* [[Soundarya]] - was an Indian actress known for her works primarily in Kannada and Telugu.
* [[K. N. Ganeshaiah]] - is an agricultural scientist and an Emeritus professor and a novelist specialising in thrillers, and writes in the Kannada language.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Kolar}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090116022357/http://www.kolarcity.gov.in/ City Official Website]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kolar district]]
[[Category:Cities in Karnataka]]

Rupiamma

2025-12-17T23:25:42Z

Erlinda61E: added article

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=250
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| direction =horizontal
| header=Rupiamma Great Satrap
| image1 = Pauni Mahakshatrapa Rupiamma pillar inscription.jpg
| caption1 = Mahakshatrapa Rupiamma pillar inscription, Pauni.<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Archaeology 1964-65 A Review |page=58, item 40 |url=https://dokumen.tips/documents/indian-archaeology-1964-65-a-review.html |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Rupiamma pillar recent photograph |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1442623 |website=Zenondo |access-date=25 January 2020 |date=2 October 2018|doi=10.5281/zenodo.1442623 |author1=Anon }}</ref>
| footer=
{{Location map
| India
| width = 220px
| float = center
| border =
| caption = Location of [[Pauni]] in [[India]].
| alt =
| relief = yes
| AlternativeMap =
| overlay_image =
| label = Pauni
| label_size =
| position =
| background =
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}}
'''Rupiamma''' was a Great Satrap in India during the 2nd century CE, who is known from an inscription found at [[Pauni]] in [[Central India]], south of the [[Narmada River]].

==Pillar inscription==
A memorial pillar with an inscription in the name of "Mahakshatrapa Kumara Rupiamma" has been recovered in Pauni,<ref>{{cite web |title=Siddham. The Asian Inscription Database, Pauni (पवनी Bhandara district). Memorial Pillar (OBNAG0032) with Inscription (INNAG0031) of Rupiamma |url=https://siddham.network/object/obnag0032/ |language=en}}</ref> and is dated to the 2nd century CE.<ref name="VVM">{{cite journal |last1=Mirashi |first1=V. V. |title=A Pillar Inscription of Mahakshatrapa Rupiamma from Pawni |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1965 |volume=27 |pages=51–54 |issn=2249-1937|jstor=44140583 }}</ref> Rupiamma is probably related to the [[Saka]] [[Western Satraps]].<ref name="VVM"/> This memorial pillar is thought to mark the southern extent of the conquests of the Western Satraps, much beyond the traditionally held boundary of the [[Narmada River]].<ref name="VVM"/> The use of the word "Kumara" may also mean that Rupiamma was the son of a Great Satrap, rather than holding the title himself.<ref>"The pillar inscription of Rupiamma from Pauni (1-41) may present a similar example. In it, Rupiamma is described as Mahakhattava-kumära ; he is a son or prince of the mahäksatrapa; the title in itself is felt to be sufficient identification" {{cite book |title=Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies |date=1974 |publisher=E.J. Brill |page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uF5OAAAAYAAJ |language=de}}</ref>

The [[Brahmi|Middle Brahmi]] inscription reads:<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Archaeology 1964-65 A Review |page=58, item 40 |url=https://dokumen.tips/documents/indian-archaeology-1964-65-a-review.html |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Rupiamma pillar recent photograph |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1442623 |website=Zenondo |access-date=25 January 2020 |date=2 October 2018|doi=10.5281/zenodo.1442623 |author1=Anon }}</ref>
{{quote|'''𑀲𑀺𑀥𑀁 𑀫𑀳𑀔𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀯 𑀓𑀼𑀫𑀭𑀲 𑀭𑀼𑀧𑀺𑀅𑀁𑀫𑀲 𑀙𑀬𑀸 𑀔𑀁𑀪𑁄''' ''Sidhaṃ Mahakhattava Kumarasa Rupiaṃmasa chayā Khambo'' "Sculpted pillar of Lord Prince and Great Satrap Rupiamma"|Rupiamma inscription, 2nd century CE<ref name="VVM"/>}}

==Coinage==
[[File:Western_Satrap_Coin_of_Rudrasimha_I_.jpg|thumb|Coins and pillar inscriptions of the [[Western Satraps]] were found in Pauni.]]
There are no coins of Rupiamma known, but coins belonging to the [[Western Satraps]] ([[Rudrasimha]]) were also discovered in the ruins of Buddhist [[stupas]] at [[Pauni]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Excavation Pauni ASI Nagpur |url=http://excnagasi.in/excavation_pauni.html |website=excnagasi.in}}</ref><ref>"The numismatic evidence comprised coins of the Satavahana king Satakarni and those of the Kshatrapas." {{cite book |title=Indian Archaeology 1969-70 A Review |quote=mentioned in early Taina literature as one of the six important cities of ... with an embankment of brick |pages=20–21 |url=https://dokumen.tips/documents/indian-archaeology-1969-70-a-archaeology-1969-70-a-reviewpdfindian-archaeology.html |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shastri |first1=Ajay Mitra |last2=Sharma |first2=Raj Kumar |last3=Handa |first3=Devendra |title=Revealing India's Past: Recent Trends in Art and Archaeology : Prof. Ajay Mitra Shastri Commemoration Volume |date=2005 |publisher=Aryan Books International |isbn=978-81-7305-287-3 |page=xxxiii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZ7pAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

A few dozen donative inscriptions in the [[Brahmi]] script have been found at the site of Pauni, in a style similar to the inscriptions of [[Bharhut]] and [[Sanchi]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Salomon |first1=Richard |title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535666-3 |page=142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC&pg=PA142 |language=en}}</ref>

==Kushan or Western Satrap?==
It is not known is Rupiamma, as a "Great Satrap", should be understood as a representative of the [[Kushan Empire]], or as one of the [[Western Satraps]], whose own political relationship with the Kushan is not clearly known. If Rupiamma belonged to the Kushan hierarchy, this would suggest that Kushan control extended this far south, beyond the generally accepted southern boundary formed by the [[Narmada River]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Bratindra Nath |title=The rise and fall of the Kushāṇa Empire |date=1988 |page=269 |isbn=9780836423938 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ig1uAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> According to the recently discovered [[Rabatak inscription]], Kushan dominions expanded into the heartland of northern India in the early 2nd century CE. Lines 4 to 7 of the inscription<ref>For a translation of the full text of the Rabatak inscription see: Mukherjee, B.N., "The Great Kushana Testament", Indian Museum Bulletin, Calcutta, 1995. This translation is quoted in: Goyal (2005), p.88.</ref> describe the cities which were under the rule of Kanishka, among which six names are identifiable: [[Ujjain]], [[Kundina]], [[Saketa]], [[Kausambi]], [[Pataliputra]], and [[Janjgir-Champa|Champa]] (although the text is not clear whether Champa was a possession of Kanishka or just beyond it).<ref>For quotation: "The Rabatak inscription claims that in the year 1 Kanishka I's authority was proclaimed in India, in all the satrapies and in different cities like Koonadeano (Kundina), Ozeno (Ujjain), Kozambo (Kausambi), Zagedo (Saketa), Palabotro (Pataliputra) and Ziri-Tambo (Janjgir-Champa). These cities lay to the east and south of Mathura, up to which locality Wima had already carried his victorious arm. Therefore they must have been captured or subdued by Kanishka I himself." see: Goyal, p. 93.</ref><ref>See also the analysis of Sims-Williams and J. Cribb, specialists of the field, who had a central role in the decipherment: "A new Bactrian inscription of Kanishka the Great", in ''Silk Road Art and Archaeology'' No. 4, 1995–1996. pp.75–142.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sims-Williams|first=Nicholas|authorlink=Nicholas Sims-Williams|title=Bactrian Documents from Ancient Afghanistan
|url=http://www.gengo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~hkum/bactrian.html|access-date=2007-05-24|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610192252/http://www.gengo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~hkum/bactrian.html|archive-date=10 June 2007
}}</ref>{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017b|p=201}} <ref> Kaundina forms part of Kanishka's empire. See J. Oberoi, “The Rupiamma Riddle and Kanishka In Vidarbha: Some Reflections” in Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, Volume 7, Issue 7, 2017, pp.397-399. ISSN 2249-7315.https://documentsdelivered.com/source/053/138/053138028.php </ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |first=Khodadad|last=Rezakhani|editor1-last=Daryaee |editor1-first=Touraj |title=King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE) |date=2017b |publisher=UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies |chapter=From the Kushans to the Western Turks|pages=1–236|isbn=9780692864401|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=unTjswEACAAJ}}

{{Indo-Scythians}}
{{Western Satraps}}

[[Category:Western Satraps]]
[[Category:2nd-century Indian monarchs]]

Saraighat Bridge

2025-11-30T06:02:59Z

Erlinda61E: Started New Pg - done

{{Short description|Road and rail bridge in Assam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox bridge
| fetchwikidata = coordinates
| bridge_name = Saraighat Bridge
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = New Saraighat.jpg|
| image_caption = Old Saraighat bridge on right
| location = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
| downstream = [[Naranarayan Setu]]
| material = Steel, Concrete
| material1 =
| length = 1298 meters (4258 feet)
| width = 7.3 meters (24 feet)
| cost = ₹ 10.6 crores
| open =
| inaugurated = 1962
}}

The '''Saraighat Bridge''' is a rail-cum-road bridge across [[Brahmaputra River]] in [[Assam]], [[India]] and is the first of its kind bridge across the river in the state. The length of the bridge is 1298 meters (4258 feet) and the road on the bridge is 7.3 meters (24 feet) wide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guwahati.com/content/saraighat-bridge|title=The Saraighat Bridge {{!}} Guwahati.com|website=guwahati.com|access-date=2019-01-26|archive-date=26 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126220723/https://guwahati.com/content/saraighat-bridge|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/50-years-of-Saraighat-bridge/articleshow/17121361.cms|title=50 years of Saraighat bridge|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-01-26}}</ref>

==History==
The idea of constructing a bridge over the Brahmaputra was first mooted in 1910 and the thought gathered momentum during the Second World War. Initially there were doubts over the stability of the railway line between [[Bongaigaon]] and Amingaon following devastating floods in 1942–43. However, when the line had been satisfactorily stabilized, the Railway Minister Nitish Lagachu and Public Health Director Ranjan Malakar announced the decision to construct the bridge in the Budget session of the Parliament in 1958.

==Re-construction after independence==
The bridge was built between 1959 and 1962 by [[Hindustan Construction Company]] at a cost of Rs 10.6 crore at that time. The bridge was completed in September 1962 and the first engine rolled across it on 23 September 1962. The bridge is known to connect [[Northeast India]] with the rest of the country.<ref name=":0" />

The bridge is 40 feet above the normal flood level of the river which also ensure free navigation. The bridge was closed for a major repair work from 23 March 2019, and was opened for traffic on 20 June 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenewsmill.com/old-saraight-bridge-over-brahmaputra-reopened-for-traffic-after-repairs/|title=Old Saraight bridge over Brahmaputra reopened for traffic after repairs|date=2019-06-20|website=The News Mill|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenewsmill.com/saraighat-bridge-will-reopen-by-june-20-nf-railway/|title=Saraighat Bridge will reopen by June 20: NF Railway|date=2019-06-15|website=The News Mill|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-20}}</ref>

The [[New Saraighat Bridge]] was constructed beside the old bridge. It is slightly longer than the old bridge as ordered by the Cultural Director of Assam, Priyam Shrishti Menon. It was inaugurated in January 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/archive/assam-a-reason-to-cheer-after-10-years-of-waiting-2nd-saraighat-bridge-finally-inaugurated/|title=Assam: A reason to cheer! After 10 years of waiting, 2nd Saraighat Bridge finally inaugurated|website=TNT-The NorthEast Today|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-26}}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenewsmill.com/second-saraighat-bridge-river-brahmaputra-open-january-28/|title=Second Saraighat Bridge over river Brahmaputra to open on January 28|date=2017-01-19|website=The News Mill|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-20}}</ref>
[[File:Saraighat Bridge 50 Years by Vikramjit Kakati.jpg|thumb|Saraighat bridge during its fiftieth anniversary]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Saraighat Bridge}}
{{Hydrography of Northeast India}}

[[Category:Bridges in Assam]]
[[Category:Bridges over the Brahmaputra River]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Transport in Guwahati]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Edmund Barrow

2025-11-20T12:51:50Z

Erlinda61E: formatting fix

{{Short description|British Army general (1852–1934)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[General (United Kingdom)|General]]
| name = Sir Edmund Barrow
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCB|KCMG}}
| image = General Sir Edmund George Barrow in 1916.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Barrow in 1916
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1852|01|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1934|01|03|1852|01|28|df=yes}}
| death_place = Milestown, [[Castlebellingham]], [[County Louth]], Ireland
| placeofburial =
| allegiance = United Kingdom
| branch = [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]]
| serviceyears = 1871–1919
| rank = [[General (United Kingdom)|General]]
| unit =
| commands = [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Army, India]] [[1st (Peshawar) Division]] Hong Kong Regiment
| battles = [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] [[Anglo-Egyptian War]] [[Boxer Rebellion]] [[First World War]]
| awards = [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] [[Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
| relations =
| laterwork =
}}
[[General (United Kingdom)|General]] '''Sir Edmund George Barrow''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100|sep=,|GCB|KCMG}} (28 January 1852 – 3 January 1934) was a senior [[British Indian Army]] officer who served as [[Military Secretary to the India Office]] from 1914 to 1917.<ref name="times">{{cite news |title= Obituary: General Sir Edmund Barrow – The Mesopotamian Campaign |work=[[The Times]] |date=5 January 1934 |page=7 }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Barrow was born in [[British India]] to Major General Joseph Lyons Barrow of the Madras Army, and his wife, Alicia. He was educated at [[Marlborough College]] and [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]].<ref name="times"/>

==Military career==
Barrow was [[Officer (armed forces)|commissioned]] into the [[102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers)|102nd Regiment of Foot]] in 1871, at age 19.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=23812|page=5877|date=29 December 1871}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Barrow, Lieut.-General Sir Edmund George Barrow|magazine=Who's Who|year=1907|volume= 59|page=102|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yEcuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA102}}</ref> Having joined the Indian Army in 1877, he served in the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] of 1878 and the [[Anglo-Egyptian War]] of 1882.<ref name=lh>[http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/locreg/BARROW3.shtml Sir Edmund George Barrow] Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives</ref> He was a member of the Lockhart Boundary Commission to [[Chitral]], [[Kafirstan]], [[Hunza Valley|Hunza]] and [[Wakhan]] in 1885 and the Anglo-[[Siam]]ese Boundary Commission in 1889.<ref name=lh/> He was made [[Commanding Officer]] of the Hong Kong Regiment in 1892,<ref name=lh/> and took part in the [[Tirah Expedition]] to the [[North-West Frontier (military history)|North West Frontier]] of India in 1897. He was appointed [[adjutant-general|deputy adjutant-general]], [[Bengal Army|Bengal Command]], on 1 April 1900,<ref>Hart′s Army list, 1901</ref> but only three months later, in July 1900 was transferred as [[Chief of Staff]] for the China Expeditionary Force in response to the [[Boxer Rebellion]],<ref name=lh/> after which he was knighted as a [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27337 |date=24 July 1901 |page=4915 |supp=y}}</ref> He was appointed Secretary to the Military Department of the [[Government of India]] in November 1901, with the temporary rank of [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major general]] whilst so employed,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27403 |date=4 February 1902 |page=718 }}</ref> and [[General Officer Commanding]] [[1st (Peshawar) Division]] in India in 1904.<ref name=lh/> He was appointed General Officer Commanding the [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Army]] in India in 1908.<ref name=lh/>

Barrow served in the [[First World War]] as [[Military Secretary to the India Office]] from 1914.<ref name=lh/> He was appointed a member of the [[Council of India]] in 1917 and retired in 1919.<ref name=lh/>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Archibald Hunter|Sir Archibald Hunter]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Southern Command (India)|GOC-in-C, Southern Army, India]]|years=1908–1912}}
{{s-aft|after=[[John Nixon (Indian Army officer)|Sir John Nixon]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Beauchamp Duff|Sir Beauchamp Duff]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Military Secretary to the India Office]]|years=1914–1917}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Vaughan Cox|Sir Herbert Cox]]}}
{{end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barrow, Edmund}}
[[Category:1852 births]]
[[Category:1934 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century British Army personnel]]
[[Category:Indian Army generals of World War I]]
[[Category:People educated at Marlborough College]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Second Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Tirah campaign]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Boxer Rebellion]]
[[Category:Royal Dublin Fusiliers officers]]
[[Category:Explorers of Central Asia]]
[[Category:Bengal Staff Corps officers]]

DRIEMS University

2025-11-11T07:16:51Z

Erlinda61E: new details...

{{Short description|Private Technical University in Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = DRIEMS University
| native_name =
| image_name = DRIEMS.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto = सर्व संभाव्यते त्वयि
| motto_lang = sa
| mottoeng = Everything is Possible For You
| established = 1999
| closed =
| type = Private
| affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman = Dr. Pramod Chandra Rath
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor = Prof. Dr. Prakash Kumar Hota
| rector =
| head_label =
| head =
| administrative_staff =
| students = 30000+
| undergrad =
| postgraduate =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = Tangi, [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]], 754022
| state = [[Odisha]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{coord|20|33|10|N|86|0|1|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| campus = 150 acres
| former_names = Dhaneswar Rath Institute of Engineering and Management Studies
| website = {{URL|http://www.driems.ac.in/}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}

'''DRIEMS University''', formerly '''Dhaneswar Rath Institute of Engineering and Management Studies (DRIEMS)''', is a state private university<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sambadenglish.com/odisha-driems-gets-university-status/ | title=Odisha: DRIEMS gets university status | date=15 November 2023 }}</ref> and group of technical and professional institutions located in Tangi, [[Cuttack district]] of [[Odisha]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Orissa-celebrates-Odisha/articleshow/10615533.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426102910/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-05/bhubaneswar/30363551_1_odia-113th-amendment-odisha | url-status=live | archive-date=2013-04-26 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Orissa celebrates Odisha | Bhubaneswar News}}</ref>

==History==
In 1999, DRIEMS University founded as ''Dhaneswar Rath Institute of Engineering and Management Studies (DRIEMS)'' by Dr. Pramod Chandra Rath in the memory of his father and social worker, philanthropist Dhaneshwar Rath in a rural area of [[Cuttack district]].

It is situated on a sprawling 150 acre campus, DRIEMS now offers more than 50 courses across 12 disciplines, including Engineering, Medical Science, Paramedical, Nursing, Pharmacy, Management, and Polytechnic programs. During the Covid pandemic the DRIEMS Society started Padmini Care Multi-Specialty Hospital. Named after Late Padmini Rath (wife of Dr. Pramod Chandra Rath).

==Schools==
* School of Engineering & Technology
* Institute of Health Sciences & Hospital
*School of Management
* School of Professional Studies
* School of Paramedical & Allied Science
* School of Nursing
* School of Hotel Management
* School of Fashion Design
* School of Occupational & Physiotherapy
* School of Pharmacy
* School of Humanities & Social Sciences
* School of Natural Sciences
===DRIEMS Higher Secondary School===
This school started as a Junior college in 2003 offering science education for grades 11th and 12th. The intake is 192 students per year, as of 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=DRIEMS Junior College-Overview|url=http://www.driems.ac.in/science/about/overview.php|accessdate=26 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822022705/http://www.driems.ac.in/science/about/overview.php|archive-date=22 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> This college is affiliated to [[Council of Higher Secondary Education, Odisha|CHSE(O)]]. The college consists of physics, chemistry, information technology and biology laboratories.

===DRIEMS Polytechnic===
The diploma school at DRIEMS provides a diploma in engineering in five streams. Started in 2003, the school has the capacity of 500 students per annum. It is affiliated to the [[State Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training, Odisha|SCTE&VT, Odisha]] The school provides the following streams:
*Computer Science
*Mechanical Engineering
*Electrical Engineering
*Electronics & Telecommunications
*Civil Engineering

==Affiliation==
From 1999 to 2003 it was affiliated to [[Utkal University]] for its engineering & management programmes. From 2004 till it attained university status in 2023, it was affiliated to the [[Biju Patnaik University of Technology]].

==Recognition & Accreditation==
It has been recognized with the highest ‘A’ grade by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]. It is an ISO 9001:2008 certified institution. Moreover, DRIEMS has earned the ISTE Best Engineering College award in 2018 and the Best Student Chapter award in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.driems.ac.in/about-driems/|website=Www.driems.ac.in | title=About DRIEMS|date=9 January 2024 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.driems.ac.in/ DRIEMS website]

{{Universities in Odisha}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Odisha]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated with Biju Patnaik University of Technology]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1999]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Orissa]]

Malik Sahib Khan Tiwana

2025-10-19T01:24:08Z

Erlinda61E: Created a bio

{{short description|Indian military leader}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
'''Malik Sahib Khan Tiwana''' [[Order of the Star of India|CSI]] (died 1879) was a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] Muslim [[Muslim Rajput|Rajput]] landowner during the [[British India]].

==Biography==
Sahib Khan was born into the [[Rajput]] [[Tiwana family of Shahpur]], the son of Ahmad Yar Khan Tiwana . On hearing news of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], he requested and received permission to raise 200 men of his clan for the service of the Government.<ref>Ian Talbot, Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India, Routledge, 16 Dec 2013</ref> He assisted in disarming the mutiny in [[Jhelum]] and was present at the destruction of the [[Bengal Native Infantry|26th Native Infantry]].<ref>Ian Talbot, Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India, Routledge, 16 Dec 2013</ref> He thereafter marched to Hindustan where he assisted at Calpi. So impressed were the British by his Tiwana irregulars, that the detachment was incorporated into the [[19th Lancers|2nd Mahratta Horse]] at [[Gwalior]].<ref>Ian Talbot, Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India, Routledge, 16 Dec 2013</ref> As a reward for he received a land grant of nearly 9,000 acres in [[Kalpi]], a life jagir worth 1,200 rupees and the title [[Khan Bahadur]].<ref>Tan Tai Yong, The Garrison State: Military, Government and Society in Colonial Punjab, 1849-1947, SAGE, 1 May 2005, p.129 </ref> In 1863 he built the first privately built canal on state-leased land in the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]].<ref>Imran Ali, The Punjab Under Imperialism, 1885-1947, Princeton University Press, 14 Jul 2014, p.81</ref> His control of both land and water generated immense political and economic influence over his tenants.<ref>Tan Tai Yong, The Garrison State: Military, Government and Society in Colonial Punjab, 1849-1947, SAGE, 1 May 2005, p.129 </ref> He died in 1879 when his son [[Malik Umar Hayat Khan]] was still a minor. Malik Sahib Khan Tiwana served in military service as well as in administrative positions. Malik Sahib Khan Tiwana was three times the administrator of Lucky Marwat, which is now a District Headquarter of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The grave of Malik Sahib Khan Tiwana is in Kalra [[Jhawarian]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1879 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

1942 Adas shooting

2025-10-16T10:59:29Z

Erlinda61E: Stub

{{Short description|Shooting in India}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = 1942 Adas shooting
| subtitle =
| partof = [[Quit India movement]]
| image =
| caption =
| date = {{start date|1942|08|18|df=y}}
| place = Adas, [[Anand district]], [[Gujarat]], India
| coordinates = {{Coord|display=title, inline}}
| causes =
| goals =
| methods =
| result =
| side1 = Quit India movement activists
| side2 = [[Indian Imperial Police]]
| side3 =
| side4 =
| leadfigures1 =
| leadfigures2 =
| leadfigures3 =
| leadfigures4 =
| howmany1 = 34
| howmany2 = 7
| howmany3 =
| howmany4 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| casualties4 =
| fatalities = 6
| injuries = 15
| arrests =
| damage =
| buildings =
| detentions =
| charged =
| fined =
| effect =
| effect_label =
| casualties_label =
| notes =
| sidebox =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption= Location of memorial
| mapframe-zoom = 16
}}
On 18 August 1942, six people died and many more wounded during the [[Quit India movement]] at the Adas railway station in Adas village in [[Kaira district]] in [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]] (now in [[Anand district]] in [[Gujarat]], India).

==Incident==
On 18 August 1942, on the 11th day of the [[Quit India movement]], 34 youth from [[Baroda]] (now Vadodara) were travelling to villages to distribute [[Indian National Congress]] propaganda leaflets. They travelled to Bajva, Navli and Vadod villages from where they reached the Adas railway station to return Baroda. When they reached the station, the police fired on them without warning.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-17 |title=૧૮મી ઓગસ્ટ ૧૯૪૨ના રોજ અડાસ રેલ્વે સ્ટેશને સર્જાયેલો શહાદતનો ઈતિહાસ...!! |url=https://charotarsandesh.com/history-of-martyrdom-created-on-15th-august-19-at-adas-railway-station/ |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Charotar Sandesh |language=gu}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jamindar |first=Rasesh |date=2001-01-01 |title=અડાસનો ગોળીબાર |url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8B-%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B3%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0/ |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]] |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hDFuAAAAMAAJ&q=adas+railway+station+1942 |title=The Indian Nation in 1942 |publisher=K P Bagchi and Company, for Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta |year=1988 |isbn=978-81-7074-024-7 |editor-last=Pandey |editor-first=Gyanendra |pages=84 |language=en |chapter=3. The Quit India Movement in Gujarat}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last= |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/gujarat-state-gazetteer-kheda-district |title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Kheda |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State |year=1977 |editor-last=Rajyagor |editor-first=S. B. |pages=130–131 |language=en}}</ref>

Ratibhai Gordhanbhai Patel, Raman Purushottambhai Patel and Mohan Maganlal Patel died on the spot while Tulsi S. Modi and Manibhai P. Shah died of wounds in Anand next day. Four more were severely injured and 11 were suffered minor injuries.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chopra |first=P. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=urqvDQAAQBAJ&dq=adas+railway+station+1942&pg=RA1-PA1841 |title=Who's Who of Indian Martyrs |publisher=Ministry of Education and Youth Services, Government of India |year=1969 |isbn=978-81-230-2180-5 |volume=I |pages=1785, 1841 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

==Memorial==
A memorial pillar was erected by Anand-Kheda District National Committee at the cost of {{INR|20000}}. The pillar depicts a scene of shooting. On 18 August every year, the Martyr Memory Day is celebrated.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Adas |url=https://charotarbavis26gamsurat.com/mcategory/adas/ |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Shri Charotar Bavis (26) Gam Patidar Samaj, Surat |publisher=}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/982349/|title=Emperor vs Amimiya Imammiya on 17 March, 1947|website=Indian Kanoon}}

[[Category:Quit India Movement]]
[[Category:20th century in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Anand district]]
[[Category:Police brutality in India]]
[[Category:August 1942 in Asia]]

M. Shanmugam

2025-09-25T11:34:49Z

Erlinda61E:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = M. Shanmugam
|office = [[Member of parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
|term_start = 25 July 2019
|term_end = 24 July 2025
|predecessor = [[T. Rathinavel]], [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|successor = [[S. R. Sivalingam]]
|constituency = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|office1 = General Secretary of [[Labour Progressive Federation]]
|term_start1 =
|term_end1 =
|predecessor1 =
|successor1 =
|party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
}}

'''M. Shanmugam''' is an Indian politician and former [[Member of parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Tamil Nadu]] State.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/vaiko-anbumani-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-from-tamil-nadu/articleshow/70174819.cms | title=Vaiko, Anbumani elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha from Tamil Nadu | publisher=[[The Economic Times]] | date=11 July 2019 | accessdate=14 May 2021}}</ref> Shanmugam is the secretary general of the [[Labour Progressive Federation]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-05-02 |title=Tamil Nadu should have its own labour laws: LPF |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-should-have-its-own-labour-laws-lpf/article69530301.ece |access-date=2025-08-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

He belongs to the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shanmugam, M.}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}

Thomas K. Oommen

2025-07-30T15:54:51Z

Erlinda61E:

{{short description|20th and 21st-century Indian bishop}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Reverend]]
| name = Thomas K. Oommen
| title = former Moderator Emeritus of the [[Church of South India]] and Bishop Emeritus of [[Madhya Kerala Diocese]]
| image = BpThomasKOommen.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| church = [[Church of South India]]
| archdiocese =
| diocese = [[Diocese of Madhya Kerala|Madhya Kerala]]
| term = 2011–2020 {{nowrap|(Madhya Kerala)}} 2017–2019(Moderator)
| successor = [[Sabu K. Cherian]]
| predecessor = Thomas Samuel

| ordination = 1982
| ordained_by = M. C. Mani
| consecration = 5 March 2011
| consecrated_by = [[S. Vasantha Kumar]], [[Joseph Mar Thoma]], [[G. Devakadasham]] & [[George Daniel (bishop)|K. G. Daniel]]
| rank = [[Bishop]]


| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1953|11|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Thalavady]], [[Travancore Cochin]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| previous_post =
}}
'''Thomas Kanjirappally Oommen''' (born 29 November 1953) is an Indian Anglican bishop. He was the [[Bishop]] of the [[Madhya Kerala Diocese]] and former Moderator of [[Church of South India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Thomas K. Oommen selected Bishop of CSI diocese|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/thomas-k-oommen-selected-bishop-of-csi-diocese/article1327376.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date =10 February 2011}}</ref>

==Early years==
Thomas K Oommen was born on 29 November 1953, to an agrarian [[Saint Thomas Anglicans|Saint Thomas Anglican]] family at [[Thalavady]] in [[Alappuzha]] district. He did his college education at NSS Hindu College, [[Changanassery]]. He had taken an undergraduate degree in divinity from Leonard Theological College, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh.

==Ecclesiastical career==
Oommen was ordained deacon in 1982 and was made presbyter the next year. Oommen was elected as [[Bishop]] of [[Madhya Kerala Diocese]] of [[Church of South India]] in February 2011. He was ordained as the 12th Bishop of the CSI Madhya Kerala diocese at the Holy Trinity Cathedral, [[Kottayam]] on 5 March 2011. CSI Moderator Rt. Rev. [[S. Vasantha Kumar]] was the chief [[consecrator]]. [[Joseph Mar Thoma|Joseph Mar Thoma Metropolitan]], CSI Deputy Moderator Rt. Rev. [[Gnanasigamony Devakadasham]] and CSI Bishop Rt. Rev. [[George Daniel (bishop)|K. G. Daniel]] were [[Co-consecrator]]s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thomas K Oommen ordained CSI diocese bishop|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article452522.ece?service=print|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002044956/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article452522.ece?service=print|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 October 2013|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date =6 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |title=Thomas Oommen installed as CSI central Kerala Bishop |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Thomas-Oommen-installed-as-CSI-central-Kerala-Bishop/article14935620.ece |work=The Hindu |date=5 March 2011 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=Babu |title=CSI Madhya Kerala Diocese gets new Bishop |url=https://www.christiantoday.co.in/news/csi-madhya-kerala-diocese-gets-new-bishop.html |website=www.christiantoday.co.in |language=en}}</ref> Oommen was elected as the Deputy Moderator of [[Church of South India]] at the [[Church of South India Synod]] held at Vijayawada on 11 January 2014 and as the Moderator and Primate of [[Church of South India]] at the Synod held at Kottayam on 15 January 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.anglican.ink/article/reformer-elected-moderator-csi|title=Reformer elected Moderator of the CSI}}</ref>

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-rel}}
{{Succession box
| before=Thomas Samuel
| title=[[Bishop]] - in - [[Madhya Kerala Diocese]] [[Church of South India]] |after=[[Sabu K. Cherian]] | years=2011–2020}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[G. Dyvasirvadam]] 2014-2017| title=Moderator [[Church of South India Synod]]|after=Dharmaraj Rasalam<ref>Joseph Muthuraj, ''Church of South India Elects New Moderator - The Rt. Rev. A. Dharmaraj Rasalam will be Moderator from 2020-2023 and is from South Kerala'', Virtueonline, January 11, 2020.[https://virtueonline.org/church-south-india-elects-new-moderator]</ref> 2020-2023| years=2017-2020}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[G. Dyvasirvadam]] 2012-2014| title=Deputy Moderator [[Church of South India Synod]]|after=[[V. Prasada Rao]] 2017-2020| years=2014-2017}}
{{S-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{Moderators of the Church of South India}}
{{Dioceses in the Church of South India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oommen, Thomas K.}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Anglican bishops of Madhya Kerala]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Anglican bishops in India]]
[[Category:Leonard Theological College alumni]]
[[Category:Moderators of the Church of South India]]
[[Category:Anglican bishops of Thoothukudi - Nazareth]]

Meghna Singh

2025-07-06T02:51:50Z

Erlinda61E: typo fix

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Meghna Singh
| female = true
| image =Meghna Singh.jpg
| country = India
| international = true
| fullname = Meghna Singh
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|6|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bijnor]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]
| role = [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowler]]

| onetest = true
| testdebutdate = 30 September
| testdebutyear = 2021
| testdebutagainst = Australia
| testcap = 90
| lasttestdate =
| lasttestyear =
| lasttestagainst =

| odidebutdate = 21 September
| odidebutyear = 2021
| odidebutagainst = Australia
| odicap = 134
| lastodidate = 18 September
| lastodiyear = 2022
| lastodiagainst = England
| odishirt = 16

| T20Idebutdate = 29 July
| T20Idebutyear = 2022
| T20Idebutagainst = Australia
| T20Icap = 70
| lastT20Idate = 11 December
| lastT20Iyear = 2022
| lastT20Iagainst = Australia
| T20Ishirt = 16

| club1 = [[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|2012/13–2019/20}}
| club2 = [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
| year2 = 2017/18–present
| club3 = [[IPL Velocity|Velocity]]
| year3 = 2020
| club4 = [[IPL Supernovas|Supernovas]]
| year4 = 2022

| columns = 3

| column1 = [[Women's Test cricket|WTest]]
| matches1 = 1
| runs1 = 2
| bat avg1 = –
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 2[[Not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 126
| wickets1 = 2
| bowl avg1 = 33.00
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 2/54
| catches/stumpings1 = 0/–

| column2 = [[Women's One Day International|WODI]]
| matches2 = 15
| runs2 = 27
| bat avg2 = 13.50
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 12[[Not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 644
| wickets2 = 15
| bowl avg2 = 35.80
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 3/26
| catches/stumpings2 = 1/–

| column3 = [[Women's Twenty20 International|WT20I]]
| matches3 = 7
| runs3 = 1
| bat avg3 = 0.50
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| top score3 = 1
| deliveries3 = 93
| wickets3 = 4
| bowl avg3 = 27.50
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 1/6
| catches/stumpings3 = 2/–

| date = 25 January 2023
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/709839.html ESPNcricinfo
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry| {{IND}}}}
{{MedalSport|Women's [[Cricket]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Cricket at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Cricket at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|Team]]}}
|caption=Singh in August 2022}}
'''Meghna Singh''' (born 18 June 1994) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who plays for [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/709839.html |title=Meghna Singh |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/meet-meghna-singh-indian-cricketer-secures-her-ticket-to-australia-tour/ |title=Meet Meghna Singh, Indian Cricketer Secures Her ticket to Australia Tour |work=She the People |access-date=16 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/whos-meghna-singh-10-facts-about-the-uncapped-player-selected-for-indias-tour-of-australia/ |title=Who's Meghna Singh? – 10 facts about the uncapped player selected for India's tour of Australia |work=Cric Tracker |access-date=16 September 2021}}</ref> In August 2021, Singh earned her maiden call-up to the [[India women's national cricket team|India women's cricket team]], for their series [[India women's cricket team in Australia in 2021–22|against Australia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2021/news/154934/india-women-s-squad-for-one-off-test-odi-and-t20i-series-against-australia-announced |title=India Women's squad for one-off Test, ODI and T20I series against Australia announced |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=24 August 2021}}</ref> including being named in India's squad for the one-off [[Women's Test cricket|women's Test match]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-women-tour-of-australia-india-call-up-uncapped-meghna-singh-yastika-bhatia-renuka-singh-1274527 |title=India Women call up Meghna Singh, Yastika Bhatia, Renuka Singh for Australia tour |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/india-women-tour-of-australia-2021/19376-who-are-the-uncapped-indian-players-on-the-australian-tour-for-odi-t20i-and-d-n-test.html |title=Who are the Uncapped Indian Players on the Australian Tour for ODI, T20I and D/N Test? |work=Female Cricket |access-date=16 September 2021}}</ref> She made her [[Women's One Day International]] (WODI) debut on 21 September 2021 against [[Australia women's national cricket team|Australia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1263617.html |title=1st ODI, Mackay, Sep 21 2021, India Women tour of Australia |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref> She made her Test debut on 30 September 2021, also against Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1263620.html |title=Only Test (D/N), Carrara, Sep 30 - Oct 3 2021, India Women tour of Australia |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>

In January 2022, she was named in India's team for the [[2022 Women's Cricket World Cup]] in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/womens-odi-world-cup-2022-renuka-singh-meghna-singh-yastika-bhatia-break-into-indias-world-cup-squad-1295643 |title=Renuka Singh, Meghna Singh, Yastika Bhatia break into India's World Cup squad |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref> She was also named in India's [[Women's Twenty20 International]] (WT20I) squad for their one-off match [[India women's cricket team in New Zealand in 2021–22|against New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/5555849/india-women-s-squad-for-icc-women-s-world-cup-2022-and-new-zealand-series-announced |title=India Women's squad for ICC Women's World Cup 2022 and New Zealand series announced |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>

In July 2022, she was named in India's team for the [[Cricket at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|cricket tournament]] at the [[2022 Commonwealth Games]] in [[Birmingham]], England.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555899/team-india-senior-women-squad-for-birmingham-2022-commonwealth-games-announced?type=Latest |title=Team India (Senior Women) squad for Birmingham 2022 Commonwealth Games announced |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref> In the opening match of that tournament she made her WT20I debut on 29 July 2022, against [[Australia women's national cricket team|Australia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1289259.html |title=1st Match, Group A, Birmingham, July 29, 2022, Commonwealth Games Women's Cricket Competition |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref>

In December 2023, she was signed by [[Gujarat Giants (WPL)|Gujarat Giants]] at the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]] auction, for the [[2024 Women's Premier League (cricket)|2024 season]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/live-blog/women-s-premier-league-2024-auction-live-blog-1411991 |title=Bid-by-bid updates - 2024 WPL auction |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=9 December 2023 |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ESPNcricinfo}}
* {{CricketArchive|archive=20230417101444}}
* {{2022 Commonwealth Games profile|32737}}

{{Gujarat Giants WPL squad}}
{{India Squad 2022 Women's Cricket World Cup}}
{{India Cricket Squad 2022 Commonwealth Games}}
{{India Squad 2022 Women's Asia Cup}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Meghna}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women cricketers]]
[[Category:India women Test cricketers]]
[[Category:India women One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India women Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:People from Bijnor]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh women cricketers]]
[[Category:Railways women cricketers]]
[[Category:Central Zone women cricketers]]
[[Category:IPL Velocity cricketers]]
[[Category:IPL Supernovas cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in cricket]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]

Harishchandra Range

2025-05-07T04:01:33Z

Erlinda61E: small expand layout for accuracy and updated info

{{Short description|Spur of the Western Ghats in India}}
{{Coord|19.5000196|73.4897002|display=title}}
[[File:Hariščandra.jpg|thumb|300px| Harischandra Range as seen from the [[Pune]] – [[Nasik]] road]]

The '''Harischandra Range''' is a [[Spur (topography)|spur]] of the [[Western Ghats]] in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It runs in a northwest to southeast direction stretching from northeast of [[Pune district]] through [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]] and [[Beed district|Beed]] to [[Osmanabad district]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Hussain|first=Majid|title=Geography of India|year=2011|publisher=Tata McGraw Hill|location=New Delhi|pages=2.9}}</ref> It lies between the [[Godavari]] and the [[Bhima River|Bhima]] rivers<ref name="StudentsBritannica2000">{{cite book|title=Students' Britannica India Volume 2|year=2000|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|location=New Delhi|pages=249}}</ref> and acts as a water divide between the Godavari and [[Krishna River]] basins.<ref name="Hussain2009">{{cite book|last=Hussain|first=Majid|title=Understanding Map Entries|year=2009|publisher=Tata McGraw Hill|location=New Delhi|pages=II H.2}}</ref> These are low-lying hills with an average elevation of only {{convert|600|m|ft|-1}} and they gain in elevation towards the northwest. Geologically, these hills are similar to the [[Deccan Plateau]] and are composed of [[Basaltic flood|basaltic lava]] deposits.<ref name="StudentsBritannica2000" /> The range derives its name from the [[Harishchandragad|Harischandragarh]] peak, a popular trekking spot and the highest peak of the range. The hills are covered under [[deciduous forest]]s especially [[teak]] but much of it has been degraded due to the rapid industrialisation and urbanisation in this region.<ref name="Hussain2009" /> The city of [[Ahmednagar]] is the largest in this region.<ref>{{cite web|title=Harischandra Range|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/255336/Harischandra-Range|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Landforms of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of India]]

2012 Rajasthan Royals season

2025-04-15T10:33:46Z

Erlinda61E: Entry!

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club =[[Rajasthan Royals]]
| season =2012
| coach = [[Shane Warne]]
| captain = [[Rahul Dravid]]
| ground = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]
| comp1 = [[2012 Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result = 7th
| most runs = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] (560)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2012/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=6680;type=tournament|title=Indian Premier League, 2012/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=20 June 2015}}</ref>
| most wickets =[[Siddharth Trivedi]] (13)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2012/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=6680;type=tournament|title=Indian Premier League, 2012/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=20 June 2015}}</ref>
| prevseason = [[Rajasthan Royals in 2011|2011]]
| nextseason = [[Rajasthan Royals in 2013|2013]]
}}

[[Rajasthan Royals]] (RR) is a franchise cricket team based in [[Jaipur]], India, which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). They were one of the nine teams that competed in the [[2012 Indian Premier League]]. They were captained by [[Rahul Dravid]]. Rajasthan Royals finished 7th in the IPL and did not qualify for the champions league T20.

== Squad ==
Players with international caps prior to the 2012 season are listed in '''bold'''.<ref>{{cite news |title=IPL 5 teams |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cricket-fest-5/story/ipl-5-teams-97410-2012-03-27 |access-date=15 April 2025 |work=India Today |date=28 March 2012 |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" width="80%"
|-
!style="background: #00009C; color:gold" align=right| No.
!style="background: #00009C; color:gold" align=right| Name
!style="background: #00009C; color:gold" align=right| Nat
!style="background: #00009C; color:gold" align=right| Birth date
!style="background: #00009C; color:gold" align=right| Batting Style
!style="background: #00009C; color:gold" align=right| Bowling Style
!style="background: #00009C; color:gold" align=right| Notes
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=right| Batsmen
|-
|01|| [[Ashok Menaria]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1990|10|29|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left arm orthodox]] ||
|-
|03|| '''[[Ajinkya Rahane]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1988|6|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
|06|| '''[[Aakash Chopra]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1977|9|19|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
|07|| '''[[Brad Hodge]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1974|12|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Overseas
|-
|19|| '''[[Rahul Dravid]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1973|1|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
|-
|24|| [[Faiz Fazal]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1985|9|7|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
|99|| '''[[Owais Shah]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|ENG}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1978|10|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Overseas
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=right| All-rounders
|-
|02|| [[Abhishek Raut]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1987|3|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
|05|| '''[[Paul Collingwood]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|ENG}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1976|5|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Overseas
|-
|08|| [[Sumit Narwal]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1982|4|16|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
|11|| [[Ajit Chandila]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1983|12|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
|22|| '''[[Johan Botha (cricketer)|Johan Botha]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|RSA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1982|5|2|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Overseas
|-
|28|| [[Ankeet Chavan]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1985|10|28|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left arm orthodox]] ||
|-
|33|| '''[[Shane Watson]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1981|6|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || [[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|Vice-captain]]
|-
|84|| [[Stuart Binny]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1984|6|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
||| [[Kevon Cooper]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|TRI}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1989|2|2|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Overseas
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=right| Wicket-keepers
|-
|16|| [[Pinal Shah]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1987|11|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || – ||
|-
|17|| '''[[Dinesh Chandimal]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|SRI}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1989|11|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Overseas
|-
|63|| [[Shreevats Goswami]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1989|5|18|df=y}} || Left-handed || – ||
|-
| || [[Amit Paunikar]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1988|4|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || – ||
|-
| || [[Dishant Yagnik]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1983|6|22|df=y}} || Left-handed || – ||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=right| Bowlers
|-
|20|| [[Amit Singh (cricketer)|Amit Singh]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1981|6|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
|31|| '''[[Brad Hogg]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1971|2|6|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm unorthodox spin|chinaman]] || Overseas
|-
|32|| '''[[Shaun Tait]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1983|2|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || Overseas
|-
|36|| '''[[Sreesanth]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1983|2|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] ||
|-
|37|| [[Siddharth Trivedi]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1982|9|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
|44|| [[Samad Fallah]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1985|5|2|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
|91|| '''[[Pankaj Singh (cricketer)|Pankaj Singh]]''' || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1985|5|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] ||
|-
||| [[Aditya Dole]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1987|10|9|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
||| [[Deepak Chahar]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1992|8|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
||| [[Gajendra Singh (cricketer)|Gajendra Singh]] || style="text-align:center"|{{flagicon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2012|04|04|1988|9|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left arm orthodox]] ||
|-
|}

==IPL==
===Standings===
Rajasthan Royals finished 7th in the league stage of IPL 2012.
{{:2012 Indian Premier League|team=RR}}

===Match log===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!Date
!Opponent
!Venue
!Result
!Man of the match
!Scorecard
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 1 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2012|2=4|3=6}} || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Jaipur]] || Won by 31 runs || [[Ajinkya Rahane]] (98)|| {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002304/http://www.espnstar.com/cricket/results/scorecard/?matchfile=Scorecard-JAI-MOH-APR-6-2012.html Scorecard]}}
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 2 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2012|2=4|3=8}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Jaipur]] || Won by 22 runs || [[Brad Hodge]] 44 (29) || {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002303/http://www.espnstar.com/cricket/results/scorecard/?matchfile=Scorecard-JAI-KOL-APR-8-2012.html Scorecard]}}
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 3 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2012|2=4|3=11}} || [[Mumbai Indians]] || Mumbai || Lost by 27 runs || ||[http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2012/engine/match/548317.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 4 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2012|2=4|3=13}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || Kolkata
|| Lost by 5 wickets || ||[http://www.espnstar.com/cricket/results/scorecard/?matchfile=Scorecard-KOL-JAI-APR-13-2012.html Scorecard]{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 5 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2012|2=4|3=15}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || Bangalore
|| Won by 59 runs || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 103* || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2012/engine/current/match/548324.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 6 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2012|2=4|3=17}} || [[Deccan Chargers]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Jaipur]]
|| Won by 5 wickets || [[Brad Hodge]] || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2012/engine/match/548326.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 7 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2012|2=4|3=21}} || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || Chennai || Lost by 7 Wickets || || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2012/engine/match/548332.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 8 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2012|2=4|3=23}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]|| [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Jaipur]]
|| Lost by 46 runs || ||[http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2012/engine/current/match/548336.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 9 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2012|2=4|3=29}} || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Feroz Shah Kotla|New Delhi]] || Lost by 1 run || ||[http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2012/engine/current/match/548345.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 10 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2012|2=5|3=1}} || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Jaipur]]
|| Lost by 6 wickets || ||[http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2012/engine/current/match/548349.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 11 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2012|2=5|3=5}} || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Mohali]] || Won by 43 runs || [[Shane Watson]] || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2012/engine/current/match/548354.html Score Card]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 12 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2012|2=5|3=8}} || [[Pune Warriors India]] || Pune || Won by 7 wickets || [[Shane Watson]] 90* (51) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2012/engine/current/match/548358.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 13 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2012|2=5|3=10}} || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Jaipur]]
|| Lost by 4 Wickets || ||[http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2012/engine/match/548361.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 14 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2012|2=5|3=13}} || [[Pune Warriors India]] || [[Jaipur]] || Won by 45 runs || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ajit Chandila]] 4/13 || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2012/engine/match/548365.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 15 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2012|2=5|3=18}} || [[Deccan Chargers]] || Hyderabad
|| Lost by 5 Wickets || ||[http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2012/engine/match/548373.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 16 || {{dts|format=dmy|1=2012|2=5|3=20}} || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Jaipur]] || Lost by 10 wickets || || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2012/engine/match/548377.html Scorecard]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rajasthan Royals}}

[[Category:2012 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Rajasthan Royals seasons]]

Tembholi

2024-07-08T12:47:43Z

Erlinda61E: Started Data - done

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tembholi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.7898325|N|73.1666753|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vikramgad]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 102
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 430
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 551799
| footnotes =
}}
'''Tembholi''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Vikramgad]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Tembholi has 99 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 75.4%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 430 || 225 || 205
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 56 || 26 || 30
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 398 || 207 || 191
|-
| Literates || 282 || 166 || 116
|-
| Workers (all) || 241 || 128 || 113
|-
| Main workers (total) || 104 || 59 || 45
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 98 || 54 || 44
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 2 || 2 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 4 || 3 || 1
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 137 || 69 || 68
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 97 || 51 || 46
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 37 || 18 || 19
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 3 || 0 || 3
|-
| Non-workers || 189 || 97 || 92
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vikramgad taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Vikramgad taluka]]

Sirpur Dam

2024-05-11T11:46:21Z

Erlinda61E: cleanup article further and fixed typos to improve readability

{{primary sources|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Sirpur Dam
| image =
| image_caption =
| name_official = Sirpur Dam
| dam_crosses = Bagh river
| location = Deori
| dam_type = [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]]
| dam_length = {{convert|2840|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{convert|24.69|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_volume = {{convert|1195000|m3|abbr=on}}
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| construction_began =
| opening = 1970<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Sirpur_Dam_D01039 | title=Sirpur D01039 | accessdate=28 February 2016}}</ref>
| cost =
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| res_name = Bagh reservoir
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|0.20384|km3|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{convert|32.970|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| location_map = India Maharashtra
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|21.0315736|80.4501343|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Sirpur Dam''', is an [[dam#Earth-fill dams|earth fill]] and [[dam#Gravity dams|gravity]] dam on Bagh river near [[Deori, Gondia|Deori]], [[Gondia district]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]]. The reservoir created by the dam is also known as Bagh reservoir. It is a joint project of Maharashtra and [[Chhattisgarh]] states located in [[Godavari River]] basin.

==Specifications==
The height of the dam above the lowest foundation is {{convert|24.69|m|abbr=on}} while the length is {{convert|2840|m|abbr=on}}. The gross storage capacity is {{convert|0.20384|km3|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf Specifications of large dams in India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>

==Purpose==
* Irrigation

==See also==
* [[Dams in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of reservoirs and dams in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dams in Gondia district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1970]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{India-dam-stub}}