Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

IN10 Media Network

2026-05-28T20:30:14Z

ErinChamberlin3: Done - done

{{Short description|Indian media and entertainment company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = The EPIC Company Private Limited
| logo = In10 logo.png
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption = Logo used until November 2025
| native_name =
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| traded_as =
| industry = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mass Media]]
* [[Entertainment]]
}}
| products = [[Broadcasting]], [[Film]]s,
[[Music]],
| founded = {{start date and age|2011||}}
| founder = Aditya Pittie, Managing Director
| hq_location = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| area_served = India
| key_people = Vivek Krishnani - President & Chief Executive Officer
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| parent =
| num_employees =
| website = {{URL|https://www.epiccompany.com/}}
}}
'''The EPIC Company''' (formerly known as '''IN10 Media Network)'''<ref>{{Cite web |last1=PTI |last2=ThePrint |date=2025-11-27 |title=IN10 Media Network rebrands as The EPIC Company |url=https://theprint.in/feature/in10-media-network-rebrands-as-the-epic-company/2793437/ |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> is an Indian [[mass media]] company headquartered at [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-30 |title=IN10 Media Network ventures into music business |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/in10-media-network-ventures-into-music-business/articleshow/104815646.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> it has interests in television, movies<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-05-04 |title=IN10 Media Network launches its film division MovieVerse Studios |url=https://theprint.in/feature/in10-media-network-launches-its-film-division-movieverse-studios/1555966/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> and businesses related to mobile content, and operates 6 channels. Led by Aditya Pittie, managing director of The Epic Company.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2023-05-09 |title=IN10 Media Network announces launch of film content studio |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/in10-media-network-launches-movieverse-studios-hindi-regional-language-films-for-theatre-streaming-platforms-11683609122236.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= 30 October 2023|title=IN10 Media Network launches music vertical Let's Get Louder |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/in10-media-network-launches-music-vertical-lets-get-louder-11698649562366.html |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2023-10-30 |title=IN10 Media Network launches music vertical Let's Get Louder |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/in10-media-network-launches-music-vertical-lets-get-louder-11698649562366.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=livemint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kavita Sagar exits IN10 Media Network {{!}} Media |url=https://www.campaignindia.in/article/kavita-sagar-exits-in10-media-network/492875 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Campaign India}}</ref>

==Owned assets ==
=== On air channels ===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:middle;
!Channel
!Launched
!Language
!Category
!SD/HD availability
!Notes
|-
| [[Epic TV]]
| 2014
| rowspan="3" | [[Hindi]]
| rowspan="3" | General Entertainment
| rowspan="7" | SD
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-07 |title="There is so much more to infotainment": Aditya Pittie, Epic TV |url=https://www.afaqs.com/interviews/564_there-is-so-much-more-to-infotainment-aditya-pittie-epic-tv |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=afaqs!}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=New EPIC identity |first=afaqs! News Bureau |date=1 April 2026 |title=The EPIC Company brings channels under unified EPIC Brand |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/the-epic-company-brings-channels-under-unified-epic-brand-11442437 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260410123555/https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/the-epic-company-brings-channels-under-unified-epic-brand-11442437 |archive-date=10 April 2026 |access-date=1 April 2026 |website=Afaqs!}}</ref>
|-
| [[Epic Parivaar]]
| 2021
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-01 |title=Anand Mahindra's IN10 Media launches new Hindi entertainment channel |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/anand-mahindra-in10-media-launches-new-hindi-entertainment-channel-289670-2021-03-01 |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2021-03-01 |title=IN10 Media Network launches new Hindi GEC |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/in10-media-network-launches-new-hindi-gec-11614597253803.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>Formerly ''Ishara TV''
|-
| [[Epic Bharat]]
|2023
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-30 |title=IN10 Media Network Launches Second Hindi GEC – Nazara {{!}} 📺 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/tv/in10-media-network-launches-second-hindi-gec-nazara-5011529.html |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2023-03-30 |title=IN10 Media Network launches second Hindi GEC |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/in10-media-network-launches-second-hindi-gec-11680160686060.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>Formerly ''Nazara TV''
|-
| [[Epic Bhojpuri]]
| 2021
| [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
|Film
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2021-08-11 |title=Bhojpuri channel Filamchi lines up 50 movie premieres |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/bhojpuri-channel-filamchi-lines-up-50-movie-premieres-11628658784803.html |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-22 |title=Filamchi Bhojpuri to air 50 WTPs during festive period |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-filamchi-bhojpuri-to-air-50-wtps-during-festive-period-3251194/ |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>Formerly
''Filmachi Bhojpuri''
|-
| [[Epic Kids]]
| 2020
| rowspan="2" | [[Hindi]]
| Kids
| Formerly ''iSpace,''
''Gubbare TV''<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2020-11-13 |title=IN10 Media ventures iSpace into rebranded as kids entertainment with 'Gubbare' |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/in10-media-ventures-into-kids-entertainment-with-gubbare-201113 |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=indiantelevision |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Epic Music]]
|2019
|Music
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2019-06-12 |title=IN10 Media launches new music channel Showbox |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/in10-media-launches-new-music-channel-showbox-1560322098930.html |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>Formerly ''ShowBox''
|}

=== Discontinued channels ===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:middle;
!Channel
!Launched
!Defunct
!Language
!Category
!SD/HD availability
!Notes
|-
|[[Epic TV HD]]
|2014
|2018
|Hindi
|Knowledge
|HD
|
|-
|[[ISpace]]
|2016
|2020
|Hindi
|News
|SD
|
|}

===Others===
'''Digital'''
*[[Epic On]]<ref name=":0" />
*DocuBay<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2023-04-27 |title=DocuBay rolls out original documentary slate |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/docubay-launches-original-slate-with-six-documentaries-covering-crime-technology-culture-society-relationships-and-more-available-in-2023-11682577697669.html |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
'''Production'''
*MovieVerse Studios<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farooqui |first=Javed |date=2023-05-04 |title=Anand Mahindra-backed IN10 Media launches new film studio |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/anand-mahindra-backed-in10-media-launches-new-film-studio/articleshow/99983284.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
*Juggernaut Productions<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2023-02-17 |title=Juggernaut Productions acquires rights to life of poker player Muskan Sethi |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/juggernaut-productions-acquires-rights-to-life-of-poker-player-muskan-sethi-11676611284770.html |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
'''Music'''
*Let's Get Louder<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2023-10-30 |title=IN10 Media Network launches music vertical Let's Get Louder |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/in10-media-network-launches-music-vertical-lets-get-louder-11698649562366.html |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
'''News'''
*Latestly<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Rahul Shrivastava back at IN10 Media Network's LatestLY as CEO - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/people-movement-news/rahul-shrivastava-back-at-in10-media-networks-latestly-as-ceo-131734.html |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=exchange4media |date=3 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
'''Technology'''
*Stream-Sense
'''Gaming'''
*Platanista

==Epic On==
'''Epic On''' is an Indian subscription video on-demand [[Over-the-top media service|over-the-top]] streaming service owned by The Epic Company. It was launched on 2014.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2023-07-31 |title=EPIC ON announces slate of originals |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/epic-on-announces-slate-of-originals-11690785878629.html |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-31 |title=EPIC ON forays into originals, aims to expand its horizon |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/ott-streaming/epic-on-forays-into-originals-aims-to-expand-its-horizon |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=afaqs!}}</ref>
{{Infobox website
| name = Epic On
| logo = Epic On logo.png
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2021.
| logo_size =
| owner = [[The Epic Company]]
| country = [[Mumbai, India]]
| parent =
| url = {{URL|epicon.in}}
| language = *[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
*[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2014|5|3}}
| industry = {{hlist|[[Entertainment]]|[[mass media]]}}
| collapsible = Yes
| type = [[Over-the-top media service|OTT platform]]
| products = {{flatlist|
* [[Streaming media]]
* [[video on demand]]
* [[digital distribution]]
}}
| services = {{flatlist|
* Mass Media
* film distribution
* television production
}}
| country_of_origin = India
| area_served =
| registration = Required
| current_status = Active
| num_users =
}}

The app combines the offerings of Epic TV, [[Nazara TV]], [[Ishara TV]] and Filamchi Bhojpuri. It is an on-demand video streaming platform providing entertainment and movies exclusively in Hindi and Bhojpuri language.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2023-07-31 |title=EPIC ON announces slate of originals |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/epic-on-announces-slate-of-originals-11690785878629.html |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
The tuye

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.in10media.com/}}

[[Category:IN10 Media Network| ]]
[[Category:Television broadcasting companies of India]]
[[Category:Mass media companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2011]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 2011]]
[[Category:Indian subsidiaries of foreign companies]]

2025–26 Indian Racing League

2026-05-06T16:25:00Z

ErinChamberlin3: New data

{{Short description|Indian motor racing championship}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}

{{Motorsport season
|series = Indian Racing League
|year = 2025–26
|previous = 2024
|previouslink = 2024 Indian Racing League
|footer = {{small|Support series:}} [[2025 F4 Indian Championship|F4 Indian Championship]]|next=2026|subheader=Entrant Champion: No. 5 Goa Aces [[John Abraham|JA]] Racing [[Raoul Hyman]] & [[Fabienne Wohlwend]] Teams' Champion: Goa Aces [[John Abraham|JA]] Racing}}

The '''2025–26 Indian Racing League''' was a [[single seater]] [[Auto racing|motor racing]] championship held across [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Racing League |url=https://www.rpplind.com/irll.html |accessdate=10 July 2025 |publisher=RPPL Motorsports}}</ref> 2025–26 was the fourth season of the championship. It started on 15 August 2025 at [[Kari Motor Speedway]] and ran over four race weekends until February of 2026.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=9 July 2025 |title=Indian Racing League on Instagram: 'The IRL 2025 Race Calendar is officially here. 🗓️' |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DL4t1-tIzNo/ |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref>

After the cancellation of the fifth and final race weekend, [[Raoul Hyman]] and [[Fabienne Wohlwend]] won the Entrant Championship driving the No. 5 [[Goa Aces JA Racing]] car. Hyman and the Goa Aces defended their title for the third year running while Wohlwend claimed a maiden championship. The Goa Aces also defended their Teams' Championship title after first winning it in 2024.

==Teams and drivers==
All teams were Indian-registered. Drivers were selected via a [[Draft (sports)|draft]] held on 15 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2025 |title=Indian Racing League on Instagram: '6 Teams. 24 Drivers. New Line-ups. 🏎️🔥 The Indian Racing League Driver Draft is set to take place in Mumbai on July 15th, where all six teams will pick their drivers for the 2025 season 🏁' |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DMFAzCqo7jA/?hl=en |access-date=15 July 2025 |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref> The three race weekends held in 2025 saw all drivers compete with single-seater [[Wolf GB08|Wolf GB08 Thunder]] cars, fitted with a {{cvt|215|bhp|kW}} [[Aprilia]] engine.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bhadra |first=Akaash |title=Formula Regional Indian and Formula 4 are the first FIA-sanctioned championships in India to qualify for Formula 1 super license points |url=https://www.evoindia.com/motorsport/motorsport-news/formula-regional-indian-and-formula-4-the-first-fia-sanctioned-championships-in-india |access-date=2021-08-19 |website=Evo India |language=en}}</ref> The final round saw the series switch to the [[Automobiles Alpine|Alpine]]-powered [[Mygale M21-F4]] cars used in the [[F4 Indian Championship]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%;"
!Team
!{{Tooltip|No.|Car number}}
!Driver
!Rounds
|-
|rowspan=4| [[Goa Aces JA Racing]]
|rowspan=2| 5
| {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Raoul Hyman]]
| NC, All
|-
| {{flagicon|LIE}} [[Fabienne Wohlwend]]
| NC, All
|-
| rowspan="2" |6
| {{flagicon|IND}} Akash Gowda
| NC, All
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} Chetan Surineni
| NC, All
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Speed Demons Delhi]]
| rowspan="3" | 11
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shahan Ali Mohsin]]
| NC, All
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sai Sanjay]]
| NC, 1–2
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Madesh]]
|3
|-
| rowspan="2" |22
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Caitlin Wood]]
| NC, All
|-
| {{flagicon|MYS}} Alister Yoong
| NC, All
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Chennai Turbo Riders]]
| rowspan="2" | 14
| {{flagicon|RSA}} Aqil Alibhai
| NC, All
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} Tijil Rao
| NC, All
|-
| rowspan="3" |25
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Laura Camps Torras
| NC, All
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} Shibin Yousaf
| NC, 1
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Viswas Vijayraj
|2–3
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Kolkata Royal Tigers]]
| rowspan="3" | 18
| {{flagicon|FRA}} Alexandra Hervé
| NC, 1–2
|-
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Jemma Moore
|3
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sandeep Kumar
| NC, All
|-
| rowspan="3" | 24
| {{flagicon|GBR}} Tom Canning
| NC, 1, 3
|-
|{{flagicon|DNK}} Julius Dinesen
|2
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sohil Shah
| NC, All
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Hyderabad Blackbirds]]
| rowspan="2" | 23
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jon Lancaster]]
| NC, All
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mohamed Ryan
| NC, All
|-
| rowspan="4" |31
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Akshay Bohra]]
| NC, 1
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Akhil Rabindra]]
|2
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Divy Nandan
|3
|-
| {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Gabriela Jílková]]
| NC, All
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Kichcha's Kings Bengaluru]]
| rowspan="5" | 27
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ruhaan Alva
| NC, 2–3
|-
| {{flagicon|CHE}} [[Neel Jani]]
| NC, 2
|-
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Dani Clos]]
|1
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Akhil Rabindra]]
|1
|-
|{{flagicon|FRA}} Sachel Rotgé
|3
|-
| rowspan="2" |70
| {{flagicon|GBR}} Jem Hepworth
| NC, All
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kyle Kumaran]]
| NC, All
|-
! colspan="4" | Sources: <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2025 |title=Indian Racing League on Instagram: '24 Drivers. 6 Teams. One Ultimate Championship. 🏁 The grid is set. The lineups are locked in. Presenting the official driver lineup for the 2025 season.' |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DMIL5V9PWNi/?hl=en |access-date=15 July 2025 |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=1 October 2025 |title=Indian Racing League on Instagram: 'The stage is set for Round 3!' |url=https://www.instagram.com/indianracingleagueofficial/p/DPQ25OcCIE-/?hl=en |access-date=3 October 2025 |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2026-02-05 |title=Indian Racing League on Instagram: 'The streets are calling, and the grid is locked.🚦Our star drivers are ready. Here is the official Round 4 roster.' |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DUYFfwwiHgA/?img_index=2 |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref>
|}

=== Team changes ===
A new team joined the grid in ''Kichcha's Kings Bengaluru'', led by actor [[Sudeepa|Kiccha Sudeepa]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2025 |title=Indian Racing League on Instagram: 'Designed to turn heads. Built to own every lane. Kichcha’s King Bengaluru, led by @kichchasudeepa , is all about the details.' |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DLzDPc2IVzS/?img_index=1 |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref> In turn, the Bangalore Speedsters left the championship after entering every season since 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2025 |title=Indian Racing League on Instagram: '24 drivers. 6 teams. The stage is set. The lineup reveal is on its way. 🏎️' |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DMAD8FdPNZE/?hl=en |access-date=15 July 2025 |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref> The [[Rarh Bengal Tigers (motorsport)|Rarh Bengal Tigers]] meanwhile changed their name to ''Kolkata Royal Tigers'', thereby returning to the guise under which the team was officially launched in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2024 |title=Indian Racing League Official on X: "Kolkata, start your engines! Catch a new powerhouse burning rubber in Season 3 of the Indian Racing Festival in 2024." |url=https://twitter.com/Irlofficial1/status/1810314065899868231 |access-date=9 July 2024 |website=X}}</ref>

=== Driver changes ===
The reigning champions, Goa Aces [[John Abraham|JA]] Racing, saw [[Gabriela Jílková]] join the Hyderabad Blackbirds, while [[Shahan Ali Mohsin]] moved over to the Speed Demons Delhi and Sohil Shah was drafted by the Kolkata Royal Tigers. To replace them, the team took on Akash Gowda, who leaves the Delhi-branded team after three seasons, as well as [[Fabienne Wohlwend]], who previously competed for the departing Rarh Bengal Tigers, and [[2024 F4 Indian Championship|Indian F4]] graduate Chetan Surineni.

The renamed Kolkata Royal Tigers entered the 2025 season with an all-new lineup after [[Nikhil Bohra]] left the championship, Alister Yoong moved to the Speed Demons Delhi, Ruhaan Alva joined the new Kichcha's Kings Bengaluru outfit and Fabienne Wohlwend was signed by the Goa Aces. The team drafted in reining champion Sohil Shah, Chennai Turbo Riders driver Sandeep Kumar, Hyderabad's 2024 substitute driver Tom Canning and debutant Alexandra Hervé, who last competed in the TTE Formula Renault series in 2022.

The Chennai Turbo Riders also have four new drivers after neither Mira Erda nor Emily Duggan returned to the series, Sandeep Kumar moved to the Kolkata Royal Tigers and both Jon Lancaster and Mohamed Ryan joined the Hyderabad Blackbirds. Ex-Hyderabad driver Laura Camps Torras will be the team's only entrant with previous championship experience, as it took on three debutants: reigning Indian Formula 4 champion Aqil Alibhai, [[Radical SR3|radical]] driver Shibin Yousaf and Formula LGB competitor Tijil Rao.

Two of the departing Bangalore Speedsters' drivers found new berths: [[Caitlin Wood]] joined the Speed Demons Delhi and [[Kyle Kumaran]] moved to Kichcha's Kings Bengaluru. Both Rishon Rajeev and Julius Dinesen did not return to the championship.

The Speed Demons Delhi drafted three returning drivers to its team after both [[Álvaro Parente]] and Angélique Detavernier left the series and Akash Gowda joined the Goa Aces. Alister Yoong moved over from the Kolkata Royal Tigers, Shahan Ali Mohsin left the Goa Aces to join Delhi and Caitlin Wood joined from the departing Bangalore Speedsters.

The Hyderabad Blackbirds also renewed their whole roster as series mainstays [[Anindith Reddy]] and [[Akhil Rabindra]] both left after entering every season since 2022, [[Neel Jani]] joined Bengaluru and Laura Camps Torras moved to the Chennai Turbo Riders. The team took on a debutant in [[Formula Regional]] driver [[Akshay Bohra]], as well as three returnees: [[Jon Lancaster]] and Mohamed Ryan moved over from the Chennai Turbo Riders, while [[Gabriela Jílková]] left the Goa Aces to join the team.

Debuting team Kichcha's Kings Bengaluru also drafted in three returning drivers and a debutant: [[Neel Jani]], Ruhaan Alva and [[Kyle Kumaran]] joined the team after previously competing for the Hyderabad Blackbirds, the Kolkata Royal Tigers and the Bangalore Speedsters, respectively, while sportscar driver Jem Hepworth completed the team's lineup.

==== Mid-season ====
Kichcha's Kings Bengaluru changed both drivers of their No. 27 entry after the non-championship opener, with Jani and Alva being replaced by former Formula One test driver [[Dani Clos]] and 2022 drivers' champion [[Akhil Rabindra]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=23 August 2025 |title=Indian Racing Festival 2025 - R2 IRL DRIVER A RACE -1 |url=https://www.race-monitor.com/Results/Session/8480993 |access-date=23 August 2025 |website=www.race-monitor.com}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=24 August 2025 |title=Indian Racing Festival - R2 Day 2 IRL -DRIVER B OFFICIAL PRACTICE |url=https://www.race-monitor.com/Results/Session/8484772 |access-date=24 August 2025 |website=www.race-monitor.com}}</ref>

Alva and Jani returned for round two, and Rabindra moved over to the Hyderabad Blackbirds, where he replaced [[Akshay Bohra]]. The Chennai Turbo Riders meanwhile replaced Shibin Yousaf with series debutant Viswas Vijayraj, and at the Kolkata Royal Tigers, Tom Canning was absent and replaced by series returnee Julius Dinesen.<ref name=":4" />

Round three saw several driver changes after its postponement by multiple months. [[Sai Sanjay]] was replaced by reigning [[MRF Challenge|MRF F2000]] champion [[Ishaan Madesh]] at the Speed Demons Delhi, while Kolkata Royal Tigers' Alexandra Hervé and Julius Dinesen were replaced by GT driver Jemma Moore and returnee Tom Canning. [[GB3 Championship|GB3]] driver Divy Nandan replaced [[Akhil Rabindra]] at the Hyderabad Blackbirds, while [[Neel Jani]]'s seat at the Kichcha's Kings Bengaluru was filled by [[2025 F4 Indian Championship|Indian F4 runner-up]] Sachel Rotgé.<ref name=":5" />

==Race calendar==
The provisional calendar, comprising five race weekends, was announced in July of 2025, with the venues of the final two rounds yet to be confirmed.<ref name=":1" /> In February 2025, the series confirmed plans to host a street race in the state of [[Goa]] as part of the 2025 season – this was later added as the third round of the series.<ref name="GoaRaceOne">{{cite news|url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/goa-street-circuit-in-the-works-for-indian-racing-festival-434535|title=Goa street circuit in the works for Indian Racing Festival|publisher=Autocar India|date=11 February 2025|last=Gidithuri|first=Unnatee}}</ref><ref name="GoaRaceTwo">{{cite news|url=https://desiracingco.in/goa-street-circuit-becomes-indias-newest-track/|title=Goa Street Circuit Set to Become India’s Newest Motorsport Destination|publisher=Desi Racing Co.|date=9 February 2025|last=Adusumilli|first=Aman}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.instagram.com/indianracingleagueofficial/p/DOa6QSZCLLF/|title="🚨🏎️ HUGE NEWS ALERT! 🏎️🚨 The Indian Racing Festival is coming to GOA for the epic..."|publisher=@indianracingleagueofficial on [[Instagram]]|date=10 September 2025}}</ref> In September 2025, the championship announced plans for another new venue, the [[Mumbai Street Circuit]], for the season finale.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2025 |title=Indian Racing League on Instagram: 'India’s second ever night street race is locked in 🌃' |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DO0ChTEiAAg/?hl=en |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref> The final two rounds were pushed back multiple times before the penultimate round was held in February of 2026, using an overhauled weekend format that added a third race featuring a mid-race driver swap.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2025 |title=Indian Racing League on Instagram: '⚠️ OFFICIAL UPDATE FROM RPPL ⚠️' |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DQQy9tBiJOi/?hl=en |access-date=26 October 2025 |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2025 |title=Indian Racing League on Instagram: '📢 Official Update 📢' |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DQ8wN-HiL2i/ |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-17 |title=Indian Racing League on Instagram: 'Make it a date with speed this Valentine’s weekend! 🏁' |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DTmg1QQCFvi/ |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-14 |title=Indian Racing League on Instagram: 'Schedule for the weekend of Round 4 is LOCKED.' |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DUuaO1fiGHf/?hl=en&img_index=2 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref> The season final at Mumbai was later announced to instead be part of the planned 2026 season, thereby making the Goa round the season final.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-20 |title=Indian Racing League on Instagram: 'An incredible season comes to a close.' |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DXWU8_iCKHo/ |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%;"
! colspan="2" |No.
!Circuit
!Date
!Map of circuit locations
|-
! colspan="4" |2025
| rowspan="11" |{{Location map+|India|caption=|width=250|float=right|places=
{{location map~ |India |lat=13.0025 |long=79.985833 |label='''[[Madras International Circuit|Irungattukottai]]''' |position=left}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=10.901389 |long=77.050833 |label='''[[Kari Motor Speedway|Coimbatore]]''' |position=right}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=15.7322 |long=73.868 |label='''[[Goa Street Circuit|Goa]]''' |position=right}}
}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |NC
!R1
| rowspan="2" |[[Kari Motor Speedway]], [[Chettipalayam]]
|16 August
|-
!R2
|17 August
|-
! rowspan="2" |1
!R1
| rowspan="2" |{{nowrap|[[Madras International Circuit]], [[Irungattukottai]]}}
|23 August
|-
!R2
|24 August
|-
! rowspan="2" |2
!R1
| rowspan="2" |[[Kari Motor Speedway]], [[Chettipalayam]]
|4 October
|-
!R2
|5 October
|-
! colspan="4" |2026
|-
! rowspan="3" |3
!R1
| rowspan="3" |[[Goa Street Circuit]], [[Mopa, Goa|Mopa]]
| rowspan="2" |14 February
|-
!R2
|-
!R3
|15 February
|}

== Race results ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%;"
!colspan="2" | No.
! Circuit
! Pole position
! Fastest lap
! Winning driver
! Winning team
|-
!rowspan="2" | NC
! R1
|rowspan="2" | [[Kari Motor Speedway]]
| {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Raoul Hyman]]
| {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Raoul Hyman]]
| {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Raoul Hyman]]
| [[Goa Aces JA Racing]]
|-
! R2
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Akshay Bohra]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sai Sanjay]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sai Sanjay]]
|[[Speed Demons Delhi]]
|-
!rowspan="2" | 1
! R1
|rowspan="2" | {{nowrap|[[Madras International Circuit]]}}
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shahan Ali Mohsin]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shahan Ali Mohsin]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shahan Ali Mohsin]]
|[[Speed Demons Delhi]]
|-
! R2
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Sohil Shah
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Sohil Shah
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Sohil Shah
|[[Kolkata Royal Tigers]]
|-
!rowspan="2" | 2
! R1
|rowspan="2" | [[Kari Motor Speedway]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kyle Kumaran]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kyle Kumaran]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kyle Kumaran]]
|[[Kichcha's Kings Bengaluru]]
|-
! R2
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Raoul Hyman]]
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Raoul Hyman]]
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Raoul Hyman]]
|[[Goa Aces JA Racing]]
|-
! rowspan="4" | 3
!R1
| rowspan="4" | [[Goa Street Circuit]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|RSA}} Aqil Alibhai
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Raoul Hyman]]
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Raoul Hyman]]
|[[Goa Aces JA Racing]]
|-
! R2
| align="left" |{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Gabriela Jílková]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Sohil Shah
|{{flagicon|MYS}} Alister Yoong
|[[Speed Demons Delhi]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |R3
|No. 24 [[Kolkata Royal Tigers]]
| rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Raoul Hyman]]
|No. 5 [[Goa Aces JA Racing]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Goa Aces JA Racing]]
|-
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Tom Canning {{flagicon|IND}} Sohil Shah
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Raoul Hyman]] {{flagicon|LIE}} [[Fabienne Wohlwend]]
|}

== Season report ==
The 2025–26 Indian Racing League began at [[Kari Motor Speedway]] with [[Raoul Hyman]] taking pole position for [[Goa Aces JA Racing]] after [[Kichcha's Kings Bengaluru]] driver [[Kyle Kumaran]] had his fastest qualifying laptimes deleted. He led lights-to-flag, fending off [[Hyderabad Blackbirds]] driver [[Jon Lancaster]] before the latter suffered a technical issue. Kumaran took second, ahead of Goa's Chetan Surineni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Modi |first=Drumil |date=2025-08-17 |title=Indian Racing Festival 2025 Opens with Thrilling Battles |url=https://www.topgearmag.in/news/motorsport/indian-racing-festival-opens-with-high-drama-in-coimbatore |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=www.topgearmag.in}}</ref> Pole position for the second race went to Hyderabad's [[Akshay Bohra]], but car issues saw him retire. That handed the lead to [[Speed Demons Delhi|Delhi]]'s [[Sai Sanjay]]. He held on to win as Goa's [[Fabienne Wohlwend]] beat [[Kichcha's Kings Bengaluru|Bengaluru]]'s [[Neel Jani]] to second.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-08-18 |title=IRL: Fabienne Wohlwend scores podium at season opener in Kari Motor Speedway |url=https://www.racers-behindthehelmet.com/post/irl-fabienne-wohlwend-scores-podium-at-kari-speedway-takes-championship-lead |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=Racers |language=en}}</ref> This first round would later be changed to a non-scoring round.

The first points-scoring round was held at [[Madras International Circuit]], where Delhi's [[Shahan Ali Mohsin]] dominated the opening day of competition. He took pole position by nearly half a second before gapping the field to take victory. Behind him, teammate Alister Yoong looked set to take second place before [[Chennai Turbo Riders|Chennai]]'s Aqil Alibhai overtook him in the final corner.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chauhan |first=Arvind |date=2025-08-24 |title=Agra’s Shahan Ali Mohsin clinches Indian Racing League (IRL) round 2 victory, powers team Delhi to top |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/shahan-ali-mohsin-dominates-irl-round-2-leading-team-delhi-to-victory/articleshow/123483712.cms |access-date=2026-04-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Kolkata Royal Tigers]]' Sohil Shah claimed the second pole position of the weekend. He led Bohra throughout a disrupted race that was punctured by multiple interruptions. Shah remained faultless despite pressure from Bohra to secure victory and the championship lead, with Bohra taking second and Lancaster finishing third.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gidithuri |first=Unnatee |date=2025-08-25 |title=Indian Racing Festival: Madesh, Rotge win at F4 India Round 2 |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/indian-racing-festival-madesh-rotge-win-at-f4-india-round-2-436854 |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=Autocar India |language=en}}</ref>

The series returned to Kari Motor Speedway for its third weekend, and Kumaran went fastest in qualifying once again. This time, his laptime would stand, and he converted his grid spot into a lead that he would not relinquish until the race ended. Hyderabad's [[Akhil Rabindra]] came second as Jani rose from seventh on the grid to take the final podium spot.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nalawade |first=Rohit |date=2025-10-04 |title=2025 Indian Racing Festival Round 3: Kyle Kumaran dominates in the IRL |url=https://www.evoindia.com/motorsport/motorsport-news/2025-indian-racing-festival-round-3-587176 |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.evoindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Day two brought a similarly dominant performance, this time for Hyman, who returned to the top step of the podium after taking pole position in qualifying and leading every lap of the race. Mohsin finished second and Bengaluru's Ruhaan Alva took third. [[Gabriela Jílková]] finished fourth to place her No. 31 Hyderabad machine atop the points standings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nalawade |first=Rohit |date=2025-10-06 |title=2025 Indian Racing Festival Round 3 update: Raoul Hyman bags his second win of the season |url=https://www.evoindia.com/motorsport/motorsport-news/2025-indian-racing-festival-round-3-update-587178 |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.evoindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

The season final brought a new track in the [[Goa Street Circuit]], as well as new Formula 4 machinery and a new weekend format with a third race that included a mid-race driver swap. First came the two normal races, however, and Alibhai took pole position for the first one. He was overtaken by Hyman early on, who led the rest of the race to take victory as series debutant [[Ishaan Madesh]] took third for Delhi. Jílková started race two on pole position, but ran off track to hand the lead to Yoong, who won ahead of Shah and Alva.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nalawade |first=Rohit |date=2026-02-14 |title=Indian Racing Festival Round 4 Day 1: IRF goes to Goa! |url=https://www.evoindia.com/motorsport/motorsport-news/indian-racing-festival-round-4-day-1-587354 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.evoindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Qualifying for the third race saw Shah and his teammate Tom Canning claim pole position, but Hyman once again claimed the lead immediately before Canning retired. Hyman built a gap and handed the car to Wohlwend, who endured multiple safety cars to take a home victory for Goa and clinch both the Entrant and the Teams' Championship title.<ref>{{Cite web |last=RACERS |date=2026-02-16 |title=Fabienne Wohlwend takes historic win in IRL Goa feature race, Caitlin Wood secures podium |url=https://www.racers-behindthehelmet.com/post/fabienne-wohlwend-takes-historic-win-in-irl-goa-feature-race-caitlin-wood-secures-podium |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Racers |language=en}}</ref>

== Championship standings ==

=== Scoring system ===
Points were awarded to the top ten classified finishers as follows:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center"
!Race Position
| style="background:#ffffbf;" | '''1st''' 
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" | '''2nd''' 
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" | '''3rd''' 
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | '''4th''' 
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | '''5th''' 
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | '''6th''' 
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | '''7th''' 
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | '''8th''' 
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | '''9th''' 
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | '''10th''' 
|'''Pole'''
|'''{{tooltip|FL|Fastest lap}}'''
|-
!Points
| style="background:#ffffbf;" |25
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |18
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" |15
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |12
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |10
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |8
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |6
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |4
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |2
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |1
|1
|1
|}
Drivers sharing a car added the points they earned in their respective races to a shared total.

=== Entrant championship ===
{|
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |Pos
! rowspan="2" |Entrant
! rowspan="2" |Drivers
! colspan="2" |[[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR]]1
! rowspan="37" |
! colspan="2" |[[Chennai Formula Racing Circuit|CHE]]
! colspan="2" |[[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR]]2
! colspan="3" |[[Goa Street Circuit|GOA]]
! rowspan="2" |Pts
|-
!R1
!R2
!R1
!R2
!R1
!R2
!R1
!R2
!R3
|-
! rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" align="left" |No. 5 [[Goa Aces JA Racing]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Raoul Hyman]]
| style="background:#cfcfff;" |'''''1'''''
|
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |4
|
| style="background:#ffffbf;" |'''''1'''''
| style="background:#ffffbf;" |''1''
|
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ffffbf;" |''1''
! rowspan="2" |107
|-
| align="left" nowrap|{{flagicon|LIE}} [[Fabienne Wohlwend]]
|
| style="background:#cfcfff;" |2
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |7
|
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
|
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |5
|-
! rowspan="2" |2
| rowspan="2" align="left" |No. 22 [[Speed Demons Delhi]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Caitlin Wood]]
|
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |6
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |5
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |5
|
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ffdf9f;" |3
! rowspan="2" |87
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|MYS}} Alister Yoong
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
|
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" |3
|
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |8
|
| style="background:#ffffbf;" |1
|-
! rowspan="3" |3
| rowspan="3" align="left" |No. 24 [[Kolkata Royal Tigers]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|GBR}} Tom Canning
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |4
|
|
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |4
|
| rowspan="2" style="background:#efcfff;" |'''Ret'''
! rowspan="3" |81
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Sohil Shah
|
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
|
| style="background:#ffffbf;" |'''''1'''''
| style="background:#ffffff;" |DNS
|
|
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |''2''
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|DNK}} Julius Dinesen
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |5
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |4
| rowspan="2" align="left" |No. 14 [[Chennai Turbo Riders]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|RSA}} Aqil Alibhai
| style="background:#cfcfff;" |4
|
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |2
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |4
|
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |'''2'''
|
| rowspan="2" style="background:#dfffdf;" |4
! rowspan="2" |75
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Tijil Rao
|
| style="background:#cfcfff;" |5
|
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |6
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |7
|-
! rowspan="5" |5
| rowspan="5" align="left" |No. 27 [[Kichcha's Kings Bengaluru]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Ruhaan Alva
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" |3
|
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" |3
| rowspan="2" style="background:#dfdfdf;" |2
! rowspan="5" |64
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|FRA}} Sachel Rotgé
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#ffffff;" |DNS
|
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Dani Clos]]
|
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |10
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Neel Jani]]
|
| style="background:#cfcfff;" |3
|
|
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" |3
|
|
|
|
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Akhil Rabindra]]
|
|
|
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |6
| rowspan="4" align="left" |No. 31 [[Hyderabad Blackbirds]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Akshay Bohra]]
|
| style="background:#efcfff;" |'''Ret'''
|
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |2
|
|
|
|
|
! rowspan="4" |61
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Gabriela Jílková]]
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |6
|
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |4
|
| style="background:#efcfff;" |'''Ret'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Divy Nandan
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |8
|
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Akhil Rabindra]]
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |2
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |7
| rowspan="3" align="left" |No. 11 [[Speed Demons Delhi]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shahan Ali Mohsin]]
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
|
| style="background:#ffffbf;" |'''''1'''''
|
|
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |2
|
| style="background:#ffffff;" |DNS
| rowspan="2" style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
! rowspan="3" |60
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Madesh]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" |3
|
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sai Sanjay]]
|
| style="background:#cfcfff;" |''1''
|
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |8
| rowspan="2" align="left" nowrap="" |No. 70 [[Kichcha's Kings Bengaluru]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|GBR}} Jem Hepworth
|
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |7
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |7
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |8
| rowspan="2" style="background:#dfffdf;" |6
! rowspan="2" |53
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kyle Kumaran]]
| style="background:#cfcfff;" |2
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |9
|
| style="background:#ffffbf;" |'''''1'''''
|
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |9
| rowspan="2" align="left" |No. 6 [[Goa Aces JA Racing]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Akash Gowda
|
| style="background:#cfcfff;" |4
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |8
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |6
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |7
|
| rowspan="2" style="background:#dfffdf;" |5
! rowspan="2" |40
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Chetan Surineni
| style="background:#cfcfff;" |3
|
|
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
|
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |4
|-
! rowspan="3" |10
| rowspan="3" align="left" |No. 18 [[Kolkata Royal Tigers]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|FRA}} Alexandra Hervé
| style="background:#cfcfff;" |5
|
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
|
| style="background:#ffffff;" |DNS
|
|
|
|
! rowspan="3" |26
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|GBR}} Jemma Moore
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |6
| rowspan="2" style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Sandeep Kumar
|
| style="background:#cfcfff;" |6
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |5
|
| style="background:#ffffff;" |DNS
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |6
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |11
| rowspan="2" align="left" |No. 23 [[Hyderabad Blackbirds]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jon Lancaster]]
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
|
|
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" |3
| style="background:#ffffff;" |DNS
|
|
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
| rowspan="2" style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
! rowspan="2" |25
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Mohamed Ryan
|
| style="background:#cfcfff;" |7
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |5
|
|
| style="background:#ffffff;" |DNS
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |12
| rowspan="3" align="left" |No. 25 [[Chennai Turbo Riders]]
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ESP}} Laura Camps Torras
|
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
|
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |8
|
| style="background:#ffffff;" |DNS
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |9
|
| rowspan="2" style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
! rowspan="3" |6
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Viswas Vijayraj
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#ffffff;" |DNS
|
|
| style="background:#ffffff;" |DNS
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Shibin Yousaf
| style="background:#cfcfff;" |6
|
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Pos
! rowspan="2" |Entrant
! rowspan="2" |Drivers
!R1
!R2
!R1
!R2
!R1
!R2
!R1
!R2
!R3
! rowspan="2" |Pts
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR]]1
! colspan="2" |[[Chennai Formula Racing Circuit|CHE]]
! colspan="2" |[[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR]]2
! colspan="3" |[[Goa Street Circuit|GOA]]
|}

| valign="top" |{{Motorsport driver results legend}}'''Bold''' – Pole

''Italics'' – Fastest Lap
|}

=== Teams' championship ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |Pos
! rowspan="2" |Team
! colspan="2" |[[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR]]1
! rowspan="16" |
! colspan="2" |[[Chennai Formula Racing Circuit|CHE]]
! colspan="2" |[[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR]]2
! colspan="3" |[[Goa Street Circuit|GOA]]
! rowspan="2" |Pts
|-
!R1
!R2
!R1
!R2
!R1
!R2
!R1
!R2
!R3
|-
! rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Goa Aces JA Racing]]
| style="background:#cfcfff;" |'''''1'''''
| style="background:#cfcfff;" |2
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |7
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |4
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |6
| style="background:#ffffbf;" |'''''1'''''
| style="background:#ffffbf;" |''1''
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |4
| style="background:#ffffbf;" |''1''
! rowspan="2" |147
|-
| style="background:#cfcfff;" |3
| style="background:#cfcfff;" |4
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |8
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |7
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |5
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |5
|-
! rowspan="2" |2
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Speed Demons Delhi]]
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
| style="background:#cfcfff;" |''1''
| style="background:#ffffbf;" |'''''1'''''
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |6
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |5
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |2
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" |3
| style="background:#ffffbf;" |1
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" |3
! rowspan="2" |147
|-
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" |3
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |8
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |5
| style="background:#ffffff;" |DNS
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
|-
! rowspan="2" |3
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Kichcha's Kings Bengaluru]]
| style="background:#cfcfff;" |2
| style="background:#cfcfff;" |3
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |9
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |7
| style="background:#ffffbf;" |'''''1'''''
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" |3
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" |3
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |2
! rowspan="2" |117
|-
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |10
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" |3
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |7
| style="background:#ffffff;" |DNS
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |8
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |6
|-
! rowspan="2" |4
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Kolkata Royal Tigers]]
| style="background:#cfcfff;" |5
| style="background:#cfcfff;" |6
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |4
| style="background:#ffffbf;" |'''''1'''''
| style="background:#ffffff;" |DNS
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |5
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |4
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |''2''
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
! rowspan="2" |106
|-
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |5
| style="background:#ffffff;" |DNS
| style="background:#ffffff;" |DNS
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |6
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |6
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
|-
! rowspan="2" |5
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Hyderabad Blackbirds]]
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
| style="background:#cfcfff;" |7
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |5
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |2
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |2
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |4
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |8
| style="background:#efcfff;" |'''Ret'''
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
! rowspan="2" |85
|-
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
| style="background:#efcfff;" |'''Ret'''
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |6
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" |3
| style="background:#ffffff;" |DNS
| style="background:#ffffff;" |DNS
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
|-
! rowspan="2" |6
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[Chennai Turbo Riders]]
| style="background:#cfcfff;" |4
| style="background:#cfcfff;" |5
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |2
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |8
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |4
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |6
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" |'''2'''
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |7
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |4
! rowspan="2" |81
|-
| style="background:#cfcfff;" |6
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
| style="background:#ffffff;" |DNS
| style="background:#ffffff;" |DNS
| style="background:#dfffdf;" |9
| style="background:#ffffff;" |DNS
| style="background:#efcfff;" |Ret
|-
! rowspan="2" |Pos
! rowspan="2" |Team
!R1
!R2
!R1
!R2
!R1
!R2
!R1
!R2
!R3
! rowspan="2" |Pts
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR]]1
! colspan="2" |[[Chennai Formula Racing Circuit|CHE]]
! colspan="2" |[[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR]]2
! colspan="3" |[[Goa Street Circuit|GOA]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.rpplind.com/ Promoters website]

[[Category:Indian Racing League]]
[[Category:2025 in Indian motorsport|Indian Racing League]]

Puriyada Pudir

2026-05-02T15:37:54Z

ErinChamberlin3:

{{short description|1990 film by K. S. Ravikumar}}
{{distinguish|Puriyatha Puthir}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Puriyada Pudir.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. S. Ravikumar]]
| screenplay = K. S. Ravikumar
| story = [[Sunil Kumar Desai]]
| producer = [[R. B. Choudary]] R. Mohan
| starring = [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] [[Raghuvaran]] [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarathkumar]] [[Anand Babu]] [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]]
| cinematography = A. Haribabu
| editing = K. Thanikachalam
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| studio = [[Super Good Films]]
| distributor = 
| released = {{film date|1990|9|7|df=y}}
| runtime = 127 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}29 [[lakh]]<ref name="sparkles" />
}}

'''''Puriyadha Pudir''''' ({{Translation|Incomprehensive Puzzle}}) is a 1990 Indian Tamil-language [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by [[K. S. Ravikumar]] in his directorial debut. It is a remake of the 1989 [[Kannada]] film ''[[Tarka (film)|Tarka]]'' which was based on [[Agatha Christie]]'s 1958 play, ''[[The Unexpected Guest (play)|The Unexpected Guest]]''. The film, produced by [[R. B. Choudary]], stars [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Raghuvaran]], [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarathkumar]], [[Anand Babu]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] and [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]]. It was released on 7 September 1990.

== Plot ==
Raghu escapes from jail and hides in a bungalow to hide from the police. Luckily, the bungalow belongs to his college mate Geetha. He confesses to Geetha that he is a convict on death row. Suddenly the police show up and Raghu tries to hide in a wardrobe. A dead body fall out and Geetha says that is her husband Chakravarthi, and she had killed him. Raghu still hides in the same closet. Police informs Geetha that the flight that Chakravarthi took to Calcutta earlier that day crashed and there are no survivors. After the police leave, Geetha requests Raghu to help her dispose the dead body for which Raghu agrees. Raghu and Geetha take the dead body and dispose it in outskirts of the city.

Geetha reveals her past to Raghu. Chakravarthi was a rich business man, however he was apparently a sadist. Babu is a disco dancer and a very good friend of Geetha. Chakravarthi suspects Babu and Geetha are having an affair and tortures her verbally and physically. One day, Chakravarthi decides to go on a business trip to Calcutta and Geetha invites Babu over to her house to discuss how to treat Chakravarthi's mental illness. However, Chakravarthi cancels his trip and returns home and is enraged seeing Babu in his house. Babu leaves the house, planning to come back with the police. Chakravathi then tries to hurt her, and Geetha says she had to kill him in self defence.

Raghu sympathizes with Geetha and accepts her invitation to stay in her house and be supportive. He also needs a place to stay after escaping from jail with says he has a mission. One day, Geetha gets a phone call from a stranger mentioning about her and Raghu's involvement in murder of Chakravarthi. The blackmailer wants Geetha to pay him a few lakhs of rupees else, he would inform this to the police. Geetha and Raghu suspect that Babu could be the blackmailer as he is only one who is aware that Chakravarthi did not take the flight to Kolkata. Geetha now reveals that she actually did not kill Chakravarthi. She was in fact hiding in her bedroom after Babu left. When she came down after a few minutes, she saw Chakravarthi dead and assumed Babu had killed him. She then decided to take the blame because Babu did this to save her.

Regardless, Geetha follows the blackmailer's instructions and takes the money to a hotel, but the blackmailer backs out. We also see a random person stabbed to death. The blackmailer proposes and alternate location for drop off. Raghu also accompanies Geetha. However, police arrive at the situation and arrests the blackmailer – who happens to be the policeman who came to Geetha's house to inform her about the plane crash. It is revealed that crime branch inspector Sarath was investigating this case as he had developed some doubts over Geetha when he saw Raghu with her. Sarath tapped Geetha's telephone and understood about the stranger threatening her for money. Upon investigation, the policeman reveals that he spotted Raghu and Geetha in the city outskirts when they were disposing Chakravarthi's dead body and decided to extract money by threatening Geetha using this opportunity. Sarath arrests Babu, Geetha and Raghu. During the police interrogation, the plot unfolds revealing the real killer. The film ends with the escape of the unsuspecting killer and the voiceover of the director, K.S. Ravikumar saying not to reveal the suspense for those who have not watched the movie.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as Raghu
*[[Raghuvaran]] as Chakravarthi
*[[Anand Babu]] as Babu
*[[R. Sarathkumar|Sarathkumar]] as Inspector Sarath
*[[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] as Geetha
*[[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] as Sindhu
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Police Officer
* [[Kumarimuthu]] as Mark, Geetha's neighbor
* [[K. R. Indira Devi]] as Kutti Amma, Geetha's cook
}}
The uncredited cast includes:
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] as Venkatraman, Geetha's brother
* [[K. S. Ravikumar]] as fellow prisoner
* [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Chakravarthi's father<ref name="IE"/>

== Production ==
The producer [[R. B. Choudary]] had remade the [[Kannada]] film ''[[Tarka (film)|Tarka]]'' (1989), based on [[Agatha Christie]]'s 1958 play, ''[[The Unexpected Guest (play)|The Unexpected Guest]]'' in [[Malayalam]] as ''Chodhyam''; however, the remake remained unreleased,{{sfn|Aldridge|2016|page=301}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 October 2016 |title=Mohanlal big budget films that never released |work=MalayalamEmagazine.com |url=http://en.malayalamemagazine.com/mohanlal-big-budget-films-never-released/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904202851/http://en.malayalamemagazine.com/mohanlal-big-budget-films-never-released/ |archive-date=4 September 2017}}</ref> as he was not happy with the final cut. He later decided to remake ''Tarka'' in Tamil, and asked [[K. S. Ravikumar]], then an assistant under [[Vikraman]], to write the screenplay. Ravikumar completed the screenplay within a week, and later realised that Choudary had appointed him as the director. The film, ''Puriyada Pudir'', thus marked Ravikumar's directorial debut. [[R. Sarathkumar]], who acted in the film, wore a belt around his neck while filming due to an accident he had before production began.<ref name="30YearsOfKSRavikumar" /> The film was planned to be filmed in a 30-day schedule, at the rate of {{INRConvert|1|l|year=1990|lk=on}} per day, which would bring the entire budget to {{INRConvert|30|l|year=1990}}. Ravikumar finished the entire film in 29 days, saving the producer a lakh.<ref name="sparkles">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=16 October 2009 |title=Life sparkles |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/life-sparkles/article3022021.ece |access-date=5 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905025848/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/life-sparkles/article3022021.ece |archive-date=5 September 2017}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2020 |title=Puriyatha Puthir |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/puriyatha-puthir/jiIg-314EW8_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417091022/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/puriyatha-puthir/jiIg-314EW8_ |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=22 April 2023 |work=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Puriyatha Puthir (1990) Tamil Super Hit Film LP Vinyl Record by S.A.Rajkumar |url=https://dmcvinyl.com/collection/puriyatha-puthir-by-s-a-rajkumar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023163038/https://dmcvinyl.com/collection/puriyatha-puthir-by-s-a-rajkumar/ |archive-date=23 October 2021 |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=Disco Music Center}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Do Do Ri Ri" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || rowspan=3|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|-
| "Kannoram Gangai" || [[Swarnalatha]]
|-
| "Kannoram Gangai" || S. A. Rajkumar
|-
| "Oor Iravil Kaatru" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[P. Susheela]] || rowspan=2|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|-
| "Vishayam Poga Poga" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Anitha Suresh
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Puriyada Pudir'' was released on 7 September 1990.<ref name="30YearsOfKSRavikumar">{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V |date=7 September 2020 |title=#30YearsOfKSRavikumar: I came into the film industry because of piracy: KS Ravikumar |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/30yearsofksravikumar-i-came-into-the-film-industry-because-of-piracy-ks-ravikumar/articleshow/77968290.cms |url-status=live |access-date=7 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122045859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/30yearsofksravikumar-i-came-into-the-film-industry-because-of-piracy-ks-ravikumar/articleshow/77968290.cms |archive-date=22 January 2022}}</ref> On 21 September, N. Krishnaswamy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "''Puriyaadha Pudhir'' is a murder thriller that is interesting, and well made from Kodambakkam standards".<ref name="IE">{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=21 September 1990 |title=Puriyaadha Pudhir |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19900921&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=5 September 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated Ravikumar for making his debut with a thriller. The critic felt despite filming a story which resembles pocket novel, the director's hard work is visible throughout the film.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=14 October 1990 |title=புரியாத புதிர் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1990-10-14/page/n37/mode/2up |access-date=1 January 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=36 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film underperformed at the box office, and Ravikumar later opted against directing offbeat, experimental films; instead he went on to identify with mainstream, populist films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INTERVIEW with Ravikumar {{!}} A much sought after man. |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/interview/director/ravikumar/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010628021101/http://www.tamilstar.com/interview/director/ravikumar/ |archive-date=28 June 2001 |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=Tamil Star Online |via=Indiatalkies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vandhana |date=22 December 2014 |title=Above and Beyond: The KS Ravikumar Interview |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/above-and-beyond-the-ks-ravikumar-interview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241010060124/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/above-and-beyond-the-ks-ravikumar-interview/ |archive-date=10 October 2024 |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=Silverscreen India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=30 October 2002 |title=Giving hits, his speciality |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/30/stories/2002103000080200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040116031114/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/30/stories/2002103000080200.htm |archive-date=16 January 2004 |access-date=4 June 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Sarathkumar went on to star in various other films directed by Ravikumar, including his next ''[[Cheran Pandian]]'' (1991) and ''[[Nattamai]]'' (1994).<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Kalyani Pandiyan |date=26 April 2023 |title=KS Ravikumar: படுத்த படுக்கையில் சரத்; கைகழுவிய திரையுலகம்.. கைப்பிடித்து நின்ற ரவி-நிஜ ‘நட்புக்காக’ கதை! |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/ks-ravikumar-share-story-of-his-friendship-with-sarathkumar-in-touring-talkies-channal-131682413126170.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514095924/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/ks-ravikumar-share-story-of-his-friendship-with-sarathkumar-in-touring-talkies-channal-131682413126170.html |archive-date=14 May 2025 |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Aldridge |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UeZODQAAQBAJ&q=dhund+puriyadha+pudhir&pg=PA301 |title=Agatha Christie on Screen |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-349-67695-8}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{K. S. Ravikumar}}
{{The Unexpected Guest}}

[[Category:1990 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1990s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Agatha Christie]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Ravikumar]]
[[Category:Films produced by R. B. Choudary]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. S. Ravikumar]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Super Good Films films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language mystery thriller films]]

Imambaras of Lucknow

2026-05-02T09:20:41Z

ErinChamberlin3: Starting Initial Info From Scratch.

{{Short description|Shia Muslim buildings in the Indian city}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more footnotes|date=June 2016}}{{tone|date=June 2016}}}}

[[Lucknow]] is known as a city of [[Husayniyya|imambaras]] as it contains a large number{{Clarify|reason=vague|date=July 2016}} of them, among which, some are very well known.

== Lucknow the center of Azadari in India ==

[[Lucknow]] is the center of Azadari in [[India]] because of the large number of Imambaras in the city. There are multiple replicas of every holy [[Shia Islam|Shia]] shrine which reflects the efforts of the Nawabs of Awadh (Oudh) to promote Azadari in the Indian sub-continent. Lucknow holds the privilege of holding the Shabi-e-Rauza (Replicas of the original Shrines or Tombs) of all the Members of Muhammad S.A.W. 's family, collectively known as Ahlebait a.s.. Not only the Nawabs but also the noble men and the locals built the Shrines(Shabi-e-Rauza) of Ahlebait a.s. in Lucknow. These shrines were built for the people who were unable to visit the original Shrines in the [[Middle East]] region.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

== Imambara ==
[[File:Imambara Mir Zain-ul-Abideen Khan, Lucknow.jpg|thumb|Imambara Mir Zain-ul-Abideen Khan, Lucknow]]
[[File:Imambara at 9th Moharram.jpg|thumb|Imambara at the residence of Mr. Aziz Alam, Sharif Manzil, Husainabad, Lucknow]]
An "Imambara" or an "Imambargah" means (House of Imam or Court of Imam); this word is a North Indian origin. An Imambara is also known as [[Husayniyya]], Ashoor Khana. An Imambara is a place or a building with a hall where people assemble for "Majlis" (Mourning Congregations) of Imam Husain a.s. and Martyrs of Karbala.

An Imambara is different from a [[Mosque]] as it is intended for "Majlis". But Namaz can be offered in an Imambara. An Imambara in Indian Sub-continent is generally built south facing and the western wall of the hall can be used for Namaz.

The main building of an Imambara is called "Azakhana" and is constructed in a manner where under the dome the "Taaziya" (The replica of the original tomb) or "Zarih" (The wooden or metal protective grill constructed around the Holy Graves.) is kept on an approximately 3 feet high platform called the "Shehnasheen", where the Zaireens (Visitors) can bow their head and kiss the platform in a manner to pay respect to Imam Husain and the martyrs of Karbala. One or two halls are added after the "Shehnasheen" for the "Majlis".

The first hall generally serves as the burial place for the builder of the Imambara and his household. A "Mimber" (A staircase like structure) is kept in the second hall for "Majlis". The "Zakir" (The Orator) sits on the "Mimber" and the "Azadaars" (The Mourners) sits on the floor of the hall. As the number of "Azadaars" (The Mourners) increases The "Zakir" (The Orator) sits one step upwards on the "Mimber" in order to address the whole gathering. The "Azakhana" generally have five doorways resembling the significance and importance of "Panjetan" in Shia Islam.

The oldest [[imambara]] of [[Lucknow]] was built during the reign of [[Nawab Abul-Mansur Khan]] (Nawab Safdar Jung) in 1745 by Mirza Abu Talib Khan. He was son of Haji Mohammad Beg and enjoyed a respectable position during the reign of Nawab Safdar Jung. This imambara no longer exists. Almost every Shia constructs an imambara at their home. The Imambara may differ in terms of size and material used for its construction e.g. wood, metal or concrete.
[[File:Imam Chabutrah at Karbala Musahab-ud-Daulah, Misri ki Baghiya..jpg|thumb|Imam Chabutra at Karbala Musahab-ud-Daulah, Misri ki Baghiya, Ali Colony, Lucknow]]

==Imam Chabutra==

An "Imam Chabutra" is a structure built on the site where the soil from the shrines of all "14 Masoomeen" (The Fourteen Infallible) is buried in one place. An "Imam Chabutra" is generally constructed with a dome and 12 doors (3 doors on each of its 4 sides) and a "Zarih" is mounted inside it.
The purpose of building the Shrine is to give an easy access to those people who are unable to visit the original Shrines in the Middle-Eastern region. Lucknow has two "Imam Chabutra".

1. The oldest "Imam Chabutra" is situated at Karbala Musahab-ud-Daulah, Misri ki Baghiya, Ali Colony, Lucknow. The original structure was destroyed by time and only the platform was left but a new structure is erected on the same platform. This new structure has a dome and 12 doors (3 doors on each of its 4 sides).

2. The second Imam Chabutra is situated at Shahganj in Nkkhas area.

== Dargah==

[[Dargah]] is generally associated with Abbas Alambardar. "Shah-e-Wafa" (The King of Loyalty). He was the younger brother and the Flag Commander of Imam Husain at the [[battle of Karbala]]. Abbas Alambardar was martyred on 10th of Muharram 61 AH (10 October 680 AD) in the battle of Karbala.
A "Dargah" is an "Imambara" like structure where the "Zarih" is kept on a high platform (generally 4 to 5 feet high) under the dome, where the "Zaireens" (Visitors) can raise their hands in such a manner if they are asking for their wishes.

Lucknow has two Dargahs of Abbas Alambardar

1. Dargah Abbas Alambardar, Rustam Nagar, Lucknow. This Dargah came into existence during the reign of Nawab Asaf-ud-Daulah (1775–1797 AD). A poor man, Mirza Faqeera Beg, was visited by Abbas in his dream and directed to dig out his Alam (Standard) from a specific location in the city.
2. Dargah Abbas Alambardar, situated at Karbala Musahab-ud-Daulah, Misri ki Baghiya, Ali Colony, Thakurganj, Lucknow. This Karbala also has a Mosque, an Imambara of Bi Misri Sahiba {Associated with Ali Akber} and an Imam Chabutra.
3 Dargah Abbasbagh situated at road between Thakurganj and balaganj Ali Colony

==Rauza==

A "Rauza" (Tomb) is the replica of the original Tomb or Shrine situated in the Middle-Eastern region. The "Rauza" is different from an "Imambara" and "Dargah". In a "Rauza" the "Zarih" is mounted from the floor under the Dome and the "Zaireens" (Visitors) can do "Tawwaf" or "Circumambulation" (To move around) of the Zarih.

==Karbala==

The term "[[Karbala]]" is derived from the city of Karbala (Iraq), where the original tombs (shrines) of [[Imam Husain]] and other martyrs of Karbala are situated.
A "Karbala" is the place or compound where the Replica of Rauza of Imam Husain or more Rauza are built. But it is not necessary that a "Karbala" should have the Replica of Rauza of Imam Husain. A Karbala may contain the Rauza of other Imams also. The "Karbala" also serves as the cemetery for the local residents.

==Gunj-e-Shaheedan==

The land of the Karbala compound which is used for the burial of "Taaziya" is called "Gunj-e-Shaheedan".

== List of Holy Shrines in Lucknow ==
* Aasafi Imambara or [[Bara Imambara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lucknow.me/Bada-Imambara.html |title=Lucknow | Bada Imambara ..::: |publisher=Lucknow.me |date= |accessdate=2014-01-01}}</ref> (One of the oldest Imambara of Lucknow) it has Asia's largest flat roof unsupported by columns.
* Imambara Husainabad Mubarak or [[Chota Imambara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lucknow.me/Chota-Imambara.html |title=Lucknow | Chota Imambara ..::: |publisher=Lucknow.me |date=1994-06-06 |accessdate=2014-01-01}}</ref>
* [[Imambara Shah Najaf]].
* Imambara Sibtainabad Mubarak or Imambara Jannat Nasheen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lucknow.me/Maqbara-Imambara-Sibtainabad.html |title=Lucknow | Maqbara of Amjad Ali Shah | Imambara Sibtainabad ..::: |publisher=Lucknow.me |date=1998-05-27 |accessdate=2014-01-01}}</ref>
* Imambara Agha Baqar Sahab. (This Imambara is associated with [[Abbas Alambardar]]. This Imambara is second oldest in Lucknow. Built by Agha Baqar during the reign of Nawab Shuja-ud-Daulah.
* [[Imambara Ghufran Ma'ab]].
* Imambara of Hakeem Sayyed Yusuf Husain Sahab, Imambara Qasr-e-Jannat (Jannat ki Khidki). During the reign of King [[Nasir-ud-Din Haider]], The "Chehal Mimbari", was revolutionized at this Imambara by putting 39 Small "Mimbers" on a Large "Mimber".
* Imambara of Nazim Sahab.
* Imambara of Mir Baqar Saudagar.
* Imambara of Moghul Saheba, the highest "Mimber" in India is kept in this Imambara.
* Imambara Kaiwan Jah.
* Imambara of (Nawab Salarjung Bahadur) Mirza Muhammad Ali Khan Sahab or Kaala Imambara."Zarih" in this Imambara has 13 domes associated with "13 Masoomin"
* Imambara of Mir Zain-ul-Abidin Khan Sahab.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lucknow.me/Imambara-of-Zain-ul-Abidin-Khan.html |title=Lucknow | Imambara of Zain-ul-Abidin Khan ..::: |publisher=Lucknow.me |date= |accessdate=2014-01-01}}</ref>
* Imambara of Raja Jhau Lal Sahab, (Bait-ul-Maal) {{Citation needed|date=July 2016}}
* Imambara of Meeran Sahab {{Citation needed|date=July 2016}}
* Imambara of Kazmain

===Rauza of Muhammad===
The original Rauza of [[Muhammad]] is situated inside [[Masjid-e-Nabawi]] at [[Medina]] ([[Saudi Arabia]]). In Lucknow the Rauza of Muhammad is situated near [[Madarsa-e-Waizeen]] adjacent to Jahaz wali kothi in the Raja Bazar area of Lucknow. This rauza is known as "90 dar ki Masjid". This mosque is the small scale replica of Masjid-e-Nabawi and Rauza of Muhammad. This Masjid also have the replica of [[Rauza-e-Fatimain]], Medina.

===Qadam-e-Rasool===
The shrines related to Muhammad are also known as "Qadam-e-Rasool", where the relic of Muhammad's foot print is kept. Once Lucknow have many "Qadam-e-Rasool".
*The oldest "Qadam-e-Rasool" in Lucknow was built in the year 1630 AD by [[Alkutaash Khan]] near [[Asharfabad]].
* The second "Qadam-e-Rasool" was built during the region of [[Nawab Asaf-ud-Daulah]]. This shrine was built in a small Mosque in the Sardaar Bagh in Rustam Nagar Area.
* The third "Qadam-e-Rasool" was built by King [[Ghazi-ud-Din Haider]] in Wilayti Bagh in the area of [[Bibi Pur]] on the right bank of river Gomti. The Wilayti Bagh was built for Mubarak Mahal (the European wife of King Ghazi-ud-Din Haider).
* "Malika Badsha Begam Sahiba" the wife of King Ghazi-ud-Din Haider also built a "Qadam-e-Rasool" in Husn Bagh in the area of Daliganj.
*In the year 1830 King [[Nasir-ud-Din Haider]] also built a "Qadam-e-Rasool" in Imambara Shah Najaf (Hazratganj). This "Qadam-e-Rasool" was the most magnificent of all other "Qadam-e-Rasool". This "Qadam-e-Rasool" was partially destroyed on 16–17 November 1857 by the British forces.

===Rauza of Ali===
[[File:Shah Najaf Mosque in 2013 2014-05-30 22-00.jpg|thumb|Imambara Shah Najaf, Lucknow]]
[[Ali]] is buried in the City of Najaf-e-Ashraf in Iraq, so the Rauza of Ali is called The Najaf.
*Imambara Shah Najaf. This is an Imambara associated with Ali. In this Imambara the Zarih of Ali is kept on a platform "Shehnasheen". This Imambara was built by King Ghazi-ud-Din Haider. This Imambara also serves as the tomb of King [[Ghazi-ud-Din Haider]] and his three wives.
* Najaf Qadeem or Purana Najaf. This Rauza is situated in the area of Niwaz Ganj. This is said to be the oldest Najaf in Lucknow.
* Najaf in Karbala Haji Maseeta near Karbala Mir Khuda Baksh (Karbala Taal Katora). This Rauza and the Karbala no longer exist but some land of the Karbala is still left by the name Waqf Karbala Haji Maseeta near the Karbala Azimullah Khan.
*Najaf of Hasan Mirza Sahab. This Rauza is situated in the area of Rustam Nagar. On the Day of 21 Ramzan a [[Taboot Juloos]] (Coffin procession) of Ali is carried out from this Najaf to the Najaf in Mir Khuda Baksh (Karbala Taal Katora).
*Najaf in Karbala Mir Khuda Baksh (Karbala Taal Katora). The Taboot Juloos of Ali which is carried out from Najaf of Hasan Mirza Sahab reaches here and the Taboot of Ali is buried here.
* Najaf in Sarfaraz Ganj. This Rauza was built by Late Nawab Ali Husain Mirza Sahab (Late Gauhar Agha Sahab), for the Isaal-e-Sawab of Late Mohammad Husain Ali Sahab (Babba Nawab Sahab).

===Rauza-e-Fatimain (Rauza-e-Jannat-ul-Baqi)===
The original tomb constructed over the Graves of Muhammad's daughter [[Fatimah]] and grandsons [[Hasan ibn Ali]], 4th [[Shia Imam]] [[Ali al-Sajjad|Zayn al-Abidin]], 5th Imam [[Muhammad al-Baqir]], 6th Imam [[Jafar al-Sadiq]] was situated at [[Jannat ul-Baqi]], Madina, and was known as [[Rauza-e-Fatimain]]. The tomb was demolished on 21 April 1926 by king [[Abdul Aziz ibn Saud]], but Lucknow have many replicas of the Tomb.
*The oldest Rauza-e-Fatimain (Rauza-e-Jannat-ul-Baqi) in Lucknow is situated in the area of Bulaki ka Adda on the right hand near the Suppa Ros Swamp (Daldal). This Rauza can be reached by a narrow lane situated near the Petrol Pump.
*Another Rauza-e-Fatimain (Rauza-e-Jannat-ul-Baqi) is situated in the compound of the Rauza of Muhammad is situated near Madarsa-e-Waizeen adjacent to Jahaz wali kothi in the Raja Bazar area of Lucknow. This rauza is known as "90 dar ki Masjid". This Mosque is the small scale replica of Masjid-e-Nawabi and Rauza of Muhammad in Medina.
* Rauza-e-Fatimain (Rauza-e-Jannat-ul-Baqi) in the area of Rustam Nagar.
* Rauza-e-Fatimain (Rauza-e-Jannat-ul-Baqi) in Karbala Mir Khuda Baksh (Karbala Taal Katora).

===Bait-ul-Huzn===
[[File:Bait-ul-Huza at Kaala Imambara.jpg|thumb|Bait-ul-Huzn at Kaala Imambara, Lucknow]]
Bait-ul-Huzn is the replica of that place which Ali built for Fatimah to lament for her loving father. After the death of Muhammad Fatimah was so heart broken she lamented for her loving father, but some Muslims objected to this and complained to Ali for this. Lucknow have three replica of Bait-ul-Huzn.
*The first Bait-ul-Huzn is situated in the Rustam Nagar area.
*The second Bait-ul-Huzn is Imambara Baitul Huzn (Aza-e-Husain) situated at Wazirganj, Lucknow
*The third Bait-ul-Huzn is small in size and is situated inside Imambara of Nawab Salaarjung Bahadur (Mirza Muhammad Ali Khan Sahab), (Kaala Imambara), in Peer Bukhara Locality of Lucknow.

===Rauza of Husain===
[[File:Rauza of Hazrat Imam Husain (A.S.) at Karbala King Nasir-ud-Din Haider, Lucknow.jpg|thumb|Rauza of Husain at Karbala King Nasir-ud-Din Haider, Lucknow]]
Lucknow have many Rauzas of [[Husayn ibn Ali]] which are often called Karbala as Husain is buried in the city of [[Karbala]], Iraq.
*The oldest Rauza of Husayn ibn Ali is situated in the Karbala Mir Khuda Baksh (Karbala Taal Katora) built on the birth anniversary of Ali in 1817, during the reign of [[Nawab Ghazi-ud-Din Haider]].
* A Second Rauza of Husayn ibn Ali is situated in the Karbala of King [[Nasir-ud-Din Haider]]. This Rauza is situated behind Shia P.G. College on Sitapur Road in the Iradat Nagar area of Lucknow. This is the largest Rauza in entire India. The outer construction was left incomplete after the death of King Nasir-ud-Din Haider. The remains of the king is also buried here along with his wife Qudisiya Begam and his maternal uncle.
* The third Rauza of Husayn ibn Ali is situated in the Karbala of Malika Jahan Sahiba (Aishbagh ki Karbala), Aish Bagh, Lucknow. This Karbala was built by Ashiq Ali in the year 1840-41 for which the fund was provided by Malika Jahan Sahiba ( Wife of King Muhammad Ali Shah Bahadur, 3rd King of Awadh).
* The fourth Rauza of Husayn ibn Ali is situated in the Karbala of Dayanat-ud-Daula. It was built in 1851–52 by Dayanat-ud-Daulah, a khwajasara of Nawab [[Wajid Ali Shah]]. His original name was Mohammed Ali Khan and Dayanat-ud-Daulah was the title conferred upon him on 13 February 1847, on the occasion of King Wajid Ali Shah's coronation.
* The fifth Rauza of Husayn ibn Ali is situated in the Karbala of Puttan Sahib (Shahzadi Puttan Sahib ki Karbala). This Karbala is situated on Victoria Street in the Bazar Khala area of Lucknow. This Karbala was built by Sahibzadi Asmat Ara Begum, also known as Shahzadi Puttan Sahib (the great, great granddaughter of King Muhammad Ali Shah Bahadur, 3rd King of Awadh).
* The Sixth Rauza of Husayn ibn Ali is situated at Karbala Rafiq-ud-Daulah, (Karbala Abbas Bagh), Balaganj, Lucknow.
* One small scale Rauza of Husayn ibn Ali is situated inside Dargah Abbas Alambardar, Rustam Nagar, Lucknow.
* Another small scale Rauza of Husayn ibn Ali is situated inside Imambara of Nawab Salaarjung Bahadur (Mirza Qasim Ali Khan Sahab), (Kaala Imambara), in Peer Bukhara Locality of Lucknow.

===Qaima Gah===
"Qaima Gah" is the shrine constructed over the same spot where the camps of Imam Husain were present during the battle of Karbala. The original shrine is situated at Karbala, Iraq. Lucknow has two "Qaima Gah".
*The first "Qaima Gah" is situated in Karbala Mir Khuda Baksh (Karbala Talkatora). This "Qaima Gah" is a white colored octagonal structure with a dome.
*The second "Qaima Gah" is situated in Kacchi Karbala, adjacent to Karbala of Dayanat-ud-Daula. This "Qaima Gah" is almost same to the original Qaima Gah in Karbala, Iraq.

===Rauza-e-Zainabiya, Rauza of Zaynab bint Ali===
[[File:Tila Tilla-e-Zainabiya at Imambara Malika Jahan, Lucknow.jpg|thumb|Tila Tilla-e-Zainabiya at Imambara Malika Jahan, Lucknow]]
Lucknow have two replicas of [[Rauza-e-Zainabiya]], Rauza of [[Zaynab bint Ali]] and One [[Tila-e-Tilla-e-Zanabiya]].

* The old Rauza-e-Zainabiya, Rauza of Zaynab bint Ali is situated near Tikat Rai ka Talaab in the area of Mehdi Ganj, Rajaji Puram. This Rauza also has the grave replicas of Bibi Saiyyada Umm-e-Kulsoom, Bibi Saiyyada Sakina and the grave replica of Bibi Fizza The Protector of Ahlebait in the brutal court of Tyrant Yazid.
* The new Rauza-e-Zainabiya, Rauza of Zaynab bint Ali is situated in the Karbala Mir Khuda Baksh (Karbala Taal Katora), This Rauza is under construction.

===Tila-e-Tilla-e-Zainabiya.===
Tila-e-Tilla-e-Zainabiya is a pyramid-shaped structure with stairs on all four sides and an Alam (Standard) is mounted on the top of the platform. This shrine is situated at Imambara of Malika Jahan Sahiba, Shahi Jama Masjid, Tahseenganj, Husainabad, Lucknow.

===Rauza of Abbas ibn Ali===
[[File:Rauza of Hazrat Abbas (A.S.) at Dariya Wali Masjid, Lucknow.jpg|thumb|Rauza of Abbas ibn Ali at Dariya Wali Masjid, Lucknow]]
Lucknow have One Imambara associated with [[Abbas ibn Ali]], Two Dargahs of Abbas ibn Ali and Five Rauzas of Abbas ibn Ali, which are listed below.
* Imambara Agha Baqar Sahab. This Imambara is associated with Abbas ibn Ali. This Imambara is situated at Chowk area. This Imambara is second oldest in Lucknow. Built by Agha Baqar who was commander of 5000 cavalry soldiers during the reign of Nawab Shuja-ud-Daulah. This Imambara also contains the grave of Shahenshah-e-Qasida, A great Urdu poet, Mirza Muhammad Rafi Sauda.
* Dargah Abbas ibn Ali, Rustam Nagar, Lucknow. The Dargah (shrine) came into existence during the reign of Nawab Asaf-ud-Daulah (1775–1797). A poor man, Mirza Faqeera Beg, was visited by Abbas in his dream and directed to dig out his alam from a specific location in the city.
* Dargah Abbas ibn Ali, situated at Karbala Musahab-ud-Daulah, Misri ki Baghiya, Ali Colony, Lucknow. This Karbala also have a Mosque, an Imambara of Bi Misri Sahiba and an Imam Chabutra.
* Rauza of Abbas ibn Ali situated at Karbala Rafiq-ud-Daulah, (Karbala Abbas Bagh), Bala ganj, Lucknow.
* Rauza of Abbas ibn Ali situated at Karbala Amin-ud-Daulah, (Karbala Imdad Husain Khan), Dariya pur, Rajaji Puram, Lucknow.
* Rauza of Abbas ibn Ali situated at Karbala Malika Jahan Sahiba, (Aish Bagh ki Karbala), Aish Bagh, Lucknow. This Karbala was Built by Ashiq Ali in the year 1840-41 for which the fund was provided by Malika Jahan Sahiba ( Wife of King Muhammad Ali Shah Bahadur, 3rd King of Awadh).
* Rauza of Abbas ibn Ali situated at Masjid Ramzan Ali Khan Sahab (Dariya wali Masjid), Near Aasafi Imambara (Bara Imambara), Lucknow.
* Rauza of Abbas ibn Ali situated at the Karbala Mir Khuda Baksh (Karbala Taal Katora), Rajaji Puram, Lucknow.

===Imambara of Ali Akber===
[[File:Imambara of Bi Misri Sahiba (Associated with Hazrat Ali Akber (A.S.).jpg|thumb|Imambara of Bi Misri Sahiba (Associated with Ali Akber at Karbala Musahab-ud-Daulah, Misri ki Baghiya, Ali Colony, Lucknow]]
Imambara of [[Bi Misri Sahiba]] is situated at Karbala Musahab-ud-Daulah, Misri ki Baghiya, Ali Colony, Lucknow. The Imambara is not in good condition at present. This Karbala also have a Mosque, an Imam Chabutra and a Dargah of Abbas Alambardar.

===Rauza of Qasim===
* In Lucknow the Rauza of Qasim is situated at Hazrat Qasim Hall, Rustam Nagar, Lucknow.
* Old Rauza of Qasim was located in the New Hyderabad locality of Nishatganj, Waqf no. 243/199 Imambara known as Karbala Imam Husain (A.S.), Shabeeh Rauza Hazrat Qasim (A.S.). Some traces are still present.
* The Dargah of Qasim is situated at Mohan.

===Rauza of Sakina===
Lucknow have few Rauzas of [[Sakina bint Husayn]].
* Rauza of Sakina bint Husayn, situated behind Shahi Jama Masjid, Tahseen Ganj. Built by Late Syed Baqar Husain Sahab of Sharif Manzil. This Rauza is an independent structure with a Green Dome. This Rauza is attached to a small Mosque.
*A Rauza of Sakina bint Husayn is situated inside Dargah Abbas, Rustam Nagar, Lucknow.
* Another Rauza of Sakina bint Husayn is situated inside Dargah Abbas, situated at Karbala Musahab-ud-Daulah, Misri ki Baghiya, Ali Colony, Lucknow.
*One Rauza of Sakina bint Husayn is situated inside Imambara Kaiwan Jah, situated in the Karbala Mir Khuda Baksh (Karbala Taal Katora), Rajaji Puram, Lucknow.
* Another Rauza of Sakina bint Husayn along the grave replica of Bibi Saiyyada Umm-e-Kulsoom is situated inside Rauza-e-Zainabiya near Tikat Rai ka Talaab in the area of Mehdi Ganj, Rajaji Puram.

===Yaad-e-Sakina "Remembering Sakina bint Husayn"===
This is a Mourning event organised on the 4th Sunday of the month of Muharram every year at Imambara Husainabad Mubarak (The Chota Imambara), Husainabad. During this grief-stricken event a temporary small scale replica of the "Qaid Khana" (Prison or Dungeon) is constructed with a small grave of Sakina bint Husayn inside this "Qaid Khana" to depict the Agony of Sakina bint Husayn. Thousands of mourners gather here to visit the "Qaid Khana" and to pay tribute to Sakina bint Husayn. This Sorrowful event was founded in 1990 by Late. Muhammad Sarfaraz Khan Sahab (Late. Banney Miya Sahab) of Beal Wala Tila, Muftiganj, Lucknow. The members of Anjuman-e-Gulzaar-e-Panjetan take active part in the organisation and management of this event.

===Rauza of Musa al-Kazim===
The original [[Rauza-e-Kazimain]], Tomb (Shrine) of [[Musa al-Kazim]] and his Grand Son [[Muhammad al-Jawad]] is Situated in the city of [[Kazimain]] in Iraq. The tomb have two golden domes and four golden minarets. Lucknow have two Rauzas (Replicas) of Kazimain.
* Karbala Agha Mir or Karbala Moata-mud-Daula, Narhi, Lucknow is the first Rauza-e-Kazimain. It was built in 1815 by Saiyed Mohammad Agha Meer who was given the title of Nawab Moata-mud-Daula Bahadur in 1818. Agha Mir was the prime minister of King [[Ghazi-ud-Din Haider]]. After the Mutiny Britishers confiscated the properties and religious places of Shia Muslims for their active participation in the first war of independence of 1857. Monument came under the illegal possession of [[East India Company]] in February 1856 and later they handed it over to Freemasons.
* The second Rauza-e-Kazimain is Karbala Sharaf-ud-Daula (Kazimain Building) situated in Sahadat Ganj. This Rauza was built by a converted Shia "Jagannath Agarwal" who was bestowed with the title of ‘Sharf-Ud-Daula’ by King [[Amjad Ali Shah]]. The constructed started in the Regime of King Amjad Ali Shah(4th King of Awadh) and was completed in the year 1852 during the regime of King Wajid Ali Shah (5th and last King of Awadh). Kazimain also remains hub of Muharram rituals throughout the mourning period of Muharram, which is two months and eight days. The famous procession of 8th Rabi-ul-Awwal also culminate at Kazimain and witness a very aggressive Seenazani and Zanjeer ka Matam by the devotees.

===Rauza of Ali al-Ridha===
The original Rauza or Tomb (Shrine) of [[Ali al-Ridha]] is situated at the city of [[Mashhad]], [[Iran]]. Lucknow have a replica of Rauza of Ali al-Ridha which is situated at Karbala Azimullah Khan, near Karbala Mir Khuda Baksh (Karbala Taal Katora), Rajaji Puram, Lucknow. This rauza also have a Mosque by the name "Masjid-e-Gauhar Shaad" adjacent to the Rauza. This Mosque is also a small scale replica of "Masjid-e-Gauhar Shaad" in Mashhad, Iran.

===Rauza of Fatima al-Kubra===
* The Rauza of [[Fatima al-Kubra]] is situated at Karbala Azimullah Khan, near Karbala Mir Khuda Baksh (Karbala Taal Katora), Rajaji Puram, Lucknow.
*A small scale Zarih of Fatima al-Kubra is also kept inside Bait-ul-Huza at Imambara of Nawab Salaarjung Bahadur (Kaala Imambara), in Peer Bukhara Locality of Lucknow.

===Rauza of Ali ibn Muhammad, Ali al-Hadi, Ali an-Naqi===
[[File:Rauza-e-Askarien at Karbala Malika Afaq Sahiba, Lucknow.jpg|thumb|Rauza-e-Askarien at Karbala Malika Afaq Sahiba, Lucknow]]
The Rauza of [[Ali an-Naqi]] is situated at Karbala of Malika Afaq Sahiba (Karbala-e-Askarien) (Gaar wali Karbala). The Karbala was built in the year 1837-42 by Malika Afaq Sahiba who was the wife of third king of [[Awadh Muhammad Ali Shah Bahadur]].

Beneath the dome are four graves, those of [[Alī an-Naqī]] and his son, [[Hasan Al-Askari]], [[Janab-e-Hakimah Khatoon]], the sister of Alī an-Naqī, [[Janab-e-Nargis Khatoon]], the mother of Mehndi.

===Rauza of Hasan al-Askari===

In Lucknow the Rauza of [[Hasan al-Askari]] is situated at Karbala of Malika Afaq Sahiba (Karbala-e-Askarien) (Gaar wali Karbala).

===Mosque of Muhammad-al-Mahdi===
[[File:Imam Mahdi (A.S.) Mosque at Karbala Malika Afaq Sahiba, Lucknow.jpg|thumb|Mahdi Mosque at Karbala Malika Afaq Sahiba, Lucknow]]
In Lucknow the Mosque of [[Muhammad al-Mahdi]] is situated at Karbala of Malika Afaq Sahiba (Karbala-e-Askarien) (Gaar wali Karbala). Ghar wali Karbala also has the similar pattern and devotees enter cave by the flight of stairs. Arrangement for holding Majlises and Namaz has also been made by erecting a hall over the cave.

===Rauza of Muslim ibn Aqeel===
[[Muslim ibn Aqeel]] was the Cousin, Brother-in-Law and Ambassador of Husain. The original Rauza of Muslim ibn Aqeel is situated at [[Masjid-e-Kufa]], [[Kufa, Iraq]]. Lucknow have two Rauza of Muslim ibn Aqeel.
*The first and the oldest Rauza of Muslim ibn Aqeel is situated at Masjid-e-Kufa, in Karbala Sharaf-ud-Daula (Kaizmain Building) situated in Sahadat Ganj.
*The second Rauza of Muslim ibn Aqeel is situated at Rais Manzil, Husainabad.

===Rauza of Muhammad and Ibrahim===
Muhammad and Ibrahim were the sons of Muslim and Bibi Saiyyada Ruqayyah {Daughter of Imam Ali}. After Muslim was martyred, Muhammad and Ibrahim were also arrested and put into a dungeon. Muhammad was just eight years old and Ibrahim was ten years old.

The two innocent children were killed brutally near the river of Euphrates on 12th Zil-Hijja, 60 AH and are buried near the town of Musayyib, Babil Province, Iraq.
Lucknow has one Rauza of Muhammad and Ibrahim.

* This Rauza of Muhammad and Ibrahim is situated at Karbala Munshi Fazl-e-Husain Khan Sahab in the Bazar Khala area on Victoria Street, Lucknow.

===Rauza of Hani ibne Urwah===
The martyrdom of Hani ibne Urwah is also a very touching part of Karbala revolution. He was executed on the orders of Ibn Ziyad, Governor of Kufa, after the martyrdom of Muslim bin Aqeel. Hani ibne Urwah lost his life for playing host to Muslim bin Aqeel, the ambassador of Imam Hussain and refusing to handover him to the Governor Ibn Ziyad (L.A.).
The original Rauza of [[Hani ibn Urwa]] is situated at Masjid-e-Kufa, Kufa, Iraq. Lucknow has two Rauza of Hani ibn Urwa.
* The oldest Rauza of Hani ibn Urwa is situated at Masjid-e-Kufa, in Karbala Sharaf-ud-Daula (Kaizmain Building) situated in Sahadat Ganj.
* The second Rauza of Hani ibne Urwah is situated at Rais Manzil, Husainabad.

===Rauza of Hur===
"Al-Hurr ibn Yazid al Tamimi" was among the first martyrs of Karbala. He was also martyred along with his son on 10th Muharram, 61 AH (10 October 680 AD) in the battle of Karbala. The original Rauza of Hur is situated at Karbala, Iraq. Lucknow has one Rauza of Hur.

* Once the Rauza of Hur was located in the area of Suppa, near Tikat Rai ka Talab, in Umrao Mahal Waqf, but this Rauza no longer exist. Only the Mosque exists.

===Rauza of Mukhtar===
Mukhtar {Mukhtar bin Abu Ubaid} was also known as "al-Mukhtār ibn Abī Ubaydah al-Thaqafī", "Mukhtar-e-Thaqafi". He was born in Taif (near Mecca, Saudi Arabia) in the First year of Hijri (622 AD). Mukhtar avenged the death of Imam Husain and the martyrs of Karbala. Later at the age of 67 Mukhtar along with his 17 companions was also martyred on 14th Ramzan 67 AH (3 April 687 AD). After that his wife "Bibi al-Numan bin Bashher al-Ansary" was taken captive to a place in the desert between Hira and Kufa where she was beheaded. Mukhtar is buried near Masjid-e-Kufa, Kufa Iraq.

In Lucknow the Rauza of Mukhtar is built inside Rauza of Muslim situated at Rais Manzil, Husainabad.

== See also ==
* [[Azadari in Lucknow]]
*[[Bara Imambara]] (One of the oldest Imambara of Lucknow).
* [[Chota Imambara]]
* [[Imambara Shah Najaf]]
* [[Imambara Ghufran Ma'ab]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*''Bahar-e-Awadh'', book by Yogesh Pravin, published by Lucknow Mahotsav Book Committee, Lucknow

[[Category:Lists of religious buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:Imambaras of Lucknow| ]]

Shalom Studios

2026-05-01T14:19:01Z

ErinChamberlin3:

{{Short description|Indian Film Production Company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| logo = Shalom_Studios_Logo.jpg
| industry = [[Entertainment]] [[motion picture|Motion Picture]]
| website = [http://www.shalomstudios.in www.shalomstudios.in]
| name = Shalom Studios
| hq_location = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| key_people = John Max
| services = [[Production company|Film Production]] [[Film distribution|Film Distribution]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2008}}
}}

'''Shalom Studios''' is an Indian [[Production company|film production]] company based in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. It was established by John Max. Its first Production [[Mynaa]] (2010), directed by [[Prabhu Solomon]] was critically acclaimed and commercially successful. Prabhu Solomon and John Max joined hands for their next film [[Saattai]] (2012) under the banner. The movie received good reviews and had decent initial collections.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/saattai-cracking-the-whip-differently/article3926157.ece |title=Saattai: Cracking the whip differently |website=The Hindu |date=22 September 2012 |access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref>

In 2013, [[Prabhu Solomon]] stepped out of the production house and handed the entire production work to John Max
.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/prabhu-solomon-quits-prabhu-solomon-mynaa-18-02-13.html |title=Prabhu Solomon quits… |website=Behindwoods |date=18 February 2013 |access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref> He Produced several films under the banner which include [[Mosakutty]], [[Sowkarpettai]] and [[Pottu]].

Their Recent Film [[Kaa - The Forest]] was released in February 2026 after an 8 Year Delay which Opened to Mixed Reviews.

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Cast
! Notes
|-
| 2010
|''[[Mynaa]]''
|[[Prabhu Solomon]]
|[[Amala Paul]], [[Vidharth]]
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Saattai]]''
|[[M. Anbazhagan]]
|[[Yuvan (actor)|Yuvan]], [[Mahima Nambiar]]
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Mosakutty]]''
|[[M. Jeevan]]
|[[Mahima Nambiar]], Veera
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/Jul/28/risky-stunts-are-the-highlight-of-mosakutty-says-veera-641070.html |title=Risky Stunts are the Highlight of Mosakutty, says Veera |website=The New Indian Express |date=28 July 2014 |access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
|''[[Sowkarpettai]]''
|[[V. C. Vadivudaiyan]]
|[[Raai Laxmi]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sowkarpettai-trailer/articleshow/49504223.cms |title=Sowkarpettai trailer out – Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=27 October 2015 |access-date=3 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
|''[[Pottu]]''
|[[V. C. Vadivudaiyan]]
|[[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], [[Ineya]], [[Srushti Dange]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pottu-the-bharath-starrer-film-gets-postponed/articleshow/64270221.cms |title=Pottu: The Bharath-starrer film gets postponed |website=The Times of India |date=17 May 2018 |access-date=3 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''[[Kaa – The Forest]]''
|Nanjil
|[[Andrea Jeremiah]], [[Salim Ghouse]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/Mar/20/andrea-jeremiah-starrer-kaa-to-release-in-april-2432243.html |title=Andrea-Jeremiah starrer Kaa to release in April |website=The New Indian Express |date=20 March 2022 |access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|Sambavam}}
|Ranjith Parijatham
|[[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], [[Natty Subramaniam]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiaglitz.com/new-movie-starring-srikanth-and-dinesh-launched-tamil-news-245891 |title=Dinesh and Srikanth join hands! |website=IndiaGlitz |date=13 February 2018 |access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kollywoodzone.com/boxoffice/first-look-poster-of-natarajan-subramaniam-and-srikanths-sambavam-is-here/ |title=First Look Poster Of Natarajan Subramaniam And Srikanth's Sambavam is Here! |website=KollywoodZone |date=9 February 2025 |access-date=3 December 2025}}</ref>
|}

==Awards==

{| class="wikitable""
|-
! Year
! Movie
! Ceremony
! Category
|-
|rowspan=5|2010
|rowspan=5|''[[Mynaa]]''
| [[58th Filmfare Awards South]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominees of Idea Filmfare Awards South |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/67252.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604053400/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/67252.html |archive-date=4 June 2011 |access-date=1 December 2025 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film - Tamil]]
|-
|[[Vijay Awards]]
|[[Vijay Award for Best Crew]]
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]<ref name="statefilm">{{Cite news |date=14 July 2017 |title=TN Govt. announces Tamil Film Awards for six years |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615081711/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=1 December 2025 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|-
|[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
|[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Best Film]]
|-
|[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/tamil-films-in-oslo/articleshow/7534062.cms |title=Tamil films in Oslo? |website=The Times of India |date=20 February 2011 |access-date=2 December 2025}}</ref>
|[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Best Film]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2012
|rowspan=2|''[[Saattai]]''
|[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
|[[Edison Awards (India)|Best Educational Movie]]
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]<ref name="statefilm" />
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film (Second Price)]]
|}

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.shalomstudios.in Shalom Studios Official Website]
* [https://www.youtube.com/@ShalomStudios_YT Shalom Studios on YouTube]

[[Category:Film production companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2010]]
[[Category:Film production companies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Film production companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian film studios]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 2010]]

Beheading of Bhausaheb Maruti Talekar

2026-04-30T02:36:43Z

ErinChamberlin3: New new pg

{{Short description|Militant attack in Kashmir, February 2000}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}

The '''beheading of Bhausaheb Maruti Talekar''' by a group of militants led by [[Ilyas Kashmiri]] of [[Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami]] occurred in the [[Rajouri district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] on 27 February 2000.

Talekar was an [[Indian army]] personnel on guard duty at the Ashok Listening Post.

All seven soldiers on duty from the [[Maratha Light Infantry|17 Maratha Light Infantry]] battalion were killed by the militants. Talekar was [[beheaded]], and his head was carried across the [[Line of Control]] to [[Pakistan]].

==Early years==
Talekar was a resident of [[Kolgaon, Maharashtra|Kolgaon]] village in [[Ahmednagar district]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. He was the son of daily laborers and had studied till the tenth grade before joining the army. He was unmarried and 24 years old at the time of his killing. According to natives of his village, his family did not know that he was beheaded. The army declined Talekar's sister's request to see his face.<ref name="TIE0902"/> His last rites were performed at his village.<ref name="TIE0902"/><ref name="TIE09"/>

==Attack==
In the early hours of 27 February 2000, the Ashok Listening Post, an [[Indian army]] [[Border outpost|guard post]], situated on the [[Line of control]] came under ambush attack, led by [[Ilyas Kashmiri]] and twenty-five [[HuJI]] militants.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Manu Pubby|title=24-yr-old sepoy was beheaded in 2000 LoC raid - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/24yrold-sepoy-was-beheaded-in-2000-loc-raid/520047/2|access-date=13 October 2016|work=Indian Express|date=22 September 2009}}</ref>

The Ashok Listening Post was located in [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir|Nowshehra]] sector in the [[Rajouri district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]].<ref name="ToI02">{{cite news|last1=Joseph|first1=Josy|title=Col faced CoI after Ilyas Kashmiri attack|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Col-faced-CoI-after-Ilyas-Kashmiri-attack/articleshow/8731261.cms|access-date=30 September 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="TIE0902">{{cite news|last1=Raghavan|first1=Ranjani|title=Dead sepoy's village doesn't know his killer is killed in Pakistan|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/dead-sepoys-village-doesnt-know-his-killer-is-killed-in-pakistan/520455/0|access-date=30 September 2016|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=23 September 2009}}</ref> The attack was covered by heavy [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]] and [[rocket]] barrage from [[Pakistan army]] positions, which were dressed in black uniform and reported to be from [[Special Services Group]].<ref name="TOI01">{{cite news|last1=Joseph|first1=Josy|title=Pak cross-LoC raid: Brutality similar to 2000 strike by Ilyas Kashmiri|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pak-cross-LoC-raid-Brutality-similar-to-2000-strike-by-Ilyas-Kashmiri/articleshow/17961775.cms|access-date=30 September 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 January 2013}}</ref>

The Indian post was surrounded on all three sides by the Pakistani posts and was said to be an unfavorable position.<ref name="ToI02"/>

Bhausaheb Maruti Talekar was on guard duty, and other seven soldiers of the 17 Maratha Light Infantry were in the post at the time of attack. Ilyas Kashmiri slit Talekar's throat and thereafter the other militants accompanying him opened fire inside the bunker in which all seven army men were killed.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Manu Pubby|title=24-yr-old sepoy was beheaded in 2000 LoC raid - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/24yrold-sepoy-was-beheaded-in-2000-loc-raid/520047/|access-date=12 October 2016|work=Indian Express|date=22 September 2009}}</ref>

The head of Talekar was taken across the Line of Control in Pakistan by the militants<ref name="TIE09">{{cite news|last1=Pubby|first1=Manu|title=24-yr-old sepoy was beheaded in 2000 LoC raid|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/24yrold-sepoy-was-beheaded-in-2000-loc-raid/520047/|access-date=30 September 2016|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=22 September 2009}}</ref> and was brandished as a trophy before the public, who cheered.<ref name="TMOAT">{{cite book|last1=Sørensen|first1=Kaare|title=The Mind of a Terrorist: The Strange Case of David Headley|date=9 June 2016|publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin]]|location=UK|isbn=978-9386057310|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4csyDAAAQBAJ&q=Maruti+Talekar|access-date=6 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="ToI03">{{cite news|last1=Pandit|first1=Rajat|last2=Joseph|first2=Josy|title=Pak troops kill two jawans, behead, mutilate one of them|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pak-troops-kill-two-jawans-behead-mutilate-one-of-them/articleshow/17945868.cms|access-date=1 October 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 January 2013}}</ref> According to [[Indian Army]], Talekar was the first casualty of the attack.<ref name="TIE09"/> A captured militant revealed that they had played football with the head of Talekar.<ref name="IT01">{{cite news|last1=Unnithan|first1=Sandeep|title=Pakistani Barbarism At The Border|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20130121-conflict-around-pakistan-india-line-of-control-border-jawans-mutilation-761404-1999-11-29|access-date=6 October 2016|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=11 January 2013}}</ref>

Pakistan denied that its soldiers were involved in the incident.<ref name="TTA01">{{cite web|last1=K|first1=M|last2=Danfes|title=Pak Brutality, It's In Blood|url=http://www.dayafterindia.com/magz_detail_news.php?id=2047|website=The Day After|access-date=6 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009115408/http://www.dayafterindia.com/magz_detail_news.php?id=2047|archive-date=9 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
The [[President of Pakistan]] Gen. [[Pervez Musharraf]] honored Ilyas Kashmiri in a ceremony and rewarded him with one-lakh [[Pakistani rupees]], in cash for bringing the head of an Indian army personnel.<ref name="TIE0902"/><ref name="Da02">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Zaigham|title=Death of a quintessential Jihadi|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/634784/death-of-a-quintessential-jihadi|access-date=4 October 2016|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=7 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="ZN01">{{cite news|last1=Arora|first1=Kamna|title=Ilyas Kashmiri still alive inside Pakistani troops|url=http://zeenews.india.com/blog/ilyas-kashmiri-still-alive-inside-pakistani-troops_5974.html|access-date=1 October 2016|publisher=Zee News|date=11 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="N1801">{{cite news|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Tathagata|title=Who is Illyas Kashmiri?|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/who-is-illyas-kashmiri-373303.html|access-date=6 October 2016|publisher=News18.com|date=4 June 2011}}</ref>

Ilyas Kashmiri, was killed in an alleged US drone attack in 2011.<ref name="TIE0902"/>

===The inquiry against the commanding officer===
The commanding officer of the unit was [[Colonel]] Sandes. He had communicated to the superiors seeking permission to shift the Ashok listening post because of the possibility of a sneaking attack such as the one which happened on 27 February 2000, but he was denied permission. He faced a court of inquiry after the incident which exonerated him, but his superiors had reported that Colonel Sandes was unfit for commanding a unit. The colonel had to fight a legal battle to be eligible for promotion. Sandes was promoted to the rank of [[Brigadier]] in 2010.<ref name="ToI02"/>

===Talekar's memory===
The army took up the responsibility of the education of his sister after the incident. His family continues to receive a [[pension]] of {{INR}}10,000 per month. A sum of [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]12 [[lakh]] was given to Talekar's family as compensation.<ref name="TIE0902"/>

In his memory, a community hall was built in his village. His sister is pursuing{{when|date=October 2016}} the hope to start a school for special children in his memory.<ref name="TIE0902"/>

===Similar incidents===
During the [[Kargil War]], Captain [[Saurabh Kalia]] of the Indian Army was captured by the Pakistani soldiers and later his dead body was handed back. Indian security officials allege that [[Saurabh Kalia]]'s dead body was badly mutilated when they received it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/15/world/asia/kashmir-jammu-india-pakistan-beheadings.html|title=Beheadings and Vengeance: A Cycle of Killing on a Border in Kashmir|date=15 May 2017|work=New York Times}}</ref> In one decade before 2013, when [[Lance Naik Hemraj]] was beheaded, there have been at least three other such instances of decapitation of Indian soldiers by the Pakistani troops.<ref name="TH02">{{cite news|last1=Josephy|first1=Josy|title=Back in the day, cross-LoC hit and run was a given|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/back-in-the-day-crossloc-hit-and-run-was-a-given/article9174532.ece|access-date=3 October 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 October 2013}}</ref>

According to [[List of newspapers in India|Indian newspaper]], ''[[The Hindu]]'', cross-border raids had almost ceased after 2003. However, they resumed again in 2007 and 2008.<ref name="TH02"/> In 2017, India alleged that two of its soldiers were beheaded by [[Pakistani Border Action Team]] (BAT). According to Indian officials, the Border Action Team had crossed {{convert|250|m}} deep into Indian territory to ambush Indian Army patrol party.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/oturqz0uQmDBKDs7pjG3oM/Slain-Indian-soldiers-might-have-fallen-into-a-death-trap-se.html|title=Slain Indian soldiers might have fallen into a death trap set up by Pakistani BATs|work=Live Mint|date=1 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/fallen-indian-soldiers-might-have-walked-into-death-trap/articleshow/58463458.cms|title=Fallen Indian soldiers might have walked into death trap|date=12 July 2018|work=Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/report/how-pakistan-crossed-the-loc-and-beheaded-2-soldiers/20170501.htm|title=How Pakistan crossed the LoC and beheaded 2 soldiers|date=1 May 2017|work=Rediff News}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Saurabh Kalia]]
*[[List of punitive expeditions across the LOC]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Talekar, Bhausaheb Maruti}}
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2000]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:2000 murders in India]]
[[Category:Deaths by decapitation]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in India]]
[[Category:Rajouri district]]
[[Category:2000s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Necroviolence]]
[[Category:Pakistan military scandals]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents attributed to Pakistani jihadist groups]]

Sridevika

2026-04-29T22:39:50Z

ErinChamberlin3: new

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sridevika
| image =
| imagesize =
| birth_name = Sreedevi Panicker
| birth_date = 6 May 1984
| birth_place = [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]], [[Kerala]], India
| education = [[Master of Business Administration]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/women/2018/03/23/actor-sridevika-foray-films-random-wekaram.html | title=Sridevika keen on another foray into films with the success of 'Random Wekaram' }}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Director}}
| othername =
| years_active = 2004{{endash}}present
| spouse = {{Marriage|Rohit Ramachandran|2010}}
| children = 1
| parents =
}}

'''Sridevika''' is an Indian actress who has appeared in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] film industries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://beta.sify.com/khel/fullstory.php?id=13958606 |title=Remake Raja! - Sify.com |website=beta.sify.com |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208052051/http://beta.sify.com/khel/fullstory.php?id=13958606 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early days==
Sridevika was born on 6 May 1984 in [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]], [[Kerala]]. She married Rohit Ramachandran, an airline pilot, in March 2010.

Her entrance in Tamil films by pairing opposite [[Jai Akash]] in [[Agathiyan]]'s ''[[Ramakrishna (2004 Tamil film)|Ramakrishna]]'' (2004) and then opposite [[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]] in ''[[Anda Naal Nyabagam]]'' (2005). She subsequently went on to appear in Telugu films like ''[[Rajababu (2006 film)|Rajababu]]'', Malayalam films such as ''[[Avan Chandiyude Makan]]'' (2007), ''[[Parthan Kanda Paralokam]]'' (2008) and ''[[Manjadikuru]]'' (2012), and Kannada films including ''[[My Autograph]]'' (2006) opposite [[Kiccha Sudeep|Sudeep]]. She has also directed a Malayalam web series called ''Random Wekaram''.

==Filmography==
;Films
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Meerayude Dukhavum Muthuvinte Swapnavum]]'' || Rajendran's sister || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Kerala House Udan Vilpanakku]]'' || Damayanti || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Ramakrishna (2004 Tamil film)|Ramakrishna]]'' || Pooncholai || Tamil ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Anda Naal Nyabagam]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Anbe Vaa (2005 film)|Anbe Vaa]]'' || Priya|| Tamil ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Rajababu (2006 film)|Rajababu]]'' ||Anjali || Telugu ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Red Salute (2006 film)|Red Salute]]'' || Annie Joseph Thomas || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[My Autograph]]'' || Lathika || Kannada ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Neelakanta (film)|Neelakanta]]'' || Ganga || Kannada ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Santha]]'' || Sandhya|| Kannada ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Kshana Kshana]]'' ||Gayathri || Kannada ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Avan Chandiyude Makan]]'' || Shobha || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Parthan Kanda Paralokam]]'' || Sathyabhama || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Chempada]]'' ||Meenakshi || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Gnabagangal]]'' || Meera|| Tamil ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Mayamalika]]'' ||Maya || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Manjadikuru]]'' || Latha || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2012 || ''Sivamayam'' || -|| Tamil ||
|-
| 2017 -2019 || ''[[Random Wekaram]]'' || Director || Malayalam ||Webseries
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Oru Kuprasidha Payyan]]'' || Anuradha Sreedhar || Malayalam||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Palakkad]]

Chumdeo

2026-04-24T04:50:30Z

ErinChamberlin3:

{{Short description|Deity of Ahom people}}
'''Chumdeo,''' also known as '''Chum Phra Rung Mung''' or '''Chumpha''', is a deity<ref name="TAR&C" /> and the god of heaven in the Ahom religion. The Ahom kings worshipped it and kept it in the Deoghar at the royal palace. It was customary to hang Chumdeo around the new king’s neck at the [[Singarigharutha ceremony]] (coronation).<ref name="শিঙৰিঘৰ">{{cite book | title=আহোমৰ দিন (Days of Ahoms) | publisher=Publication Board, Assam| author=Hiteswar Borboruah | year=2018 | location=Guwahati | pages=448 | isbn=978-93-84733-87-2}}</ref><ref name="প্ৰমত্তসিংহ">{{cite book | title=তুংখুঙ্গীয়া বুৰঞ্জী (Tungkhungia Buranji) | publisher= Department of History and Archeology, Govt. of Assam | author= [[Surya Kumar Bhuyan]] | year=2010 | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=42–43}}</ref> It was given to the first Ahom king [[Sukaphaa]] by his maternal grandmother and brought to Assam with him. According to public belief, Chumdeo grants infinite wealth and with the deity in possession the enemy cannot win over. The size and shape of the Chumdeo is not much known though it is described to be a stone. According to some sources the shape of this stone is like a heron. It was kept in a small box in a golden seat.<ref name="TAR&C">{{cite web | url=https://ia902908.us.archive.org/13/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.99476/2015.99476.Tai-ahom-Religion-And-Customs.pdf | title=Tai-Ahom Religion and Customs | publisher=Publication Board, Assam | date=July 1976 | accessdate=23 January 2022 | author=Dr. Padmeswar Gogoi | pages=7–8}}</ref> Chumdeo disappeared after the end of [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom rule]] in [[Assam]].

==Origin==
According to legend, the king of heaven, [[Ahom religion#Revered deities|Lengdon]], entrusted Chumdeo to his brother's sons, Khun-lung and Khun-lai, to reign on the earth. Later, the statue of Chumdeo came into the hands of Sukapha's step-brother Sukhranpha. Sukapha’s maternal grandmother secretly handed over it to him on his way to Assam. The Ahoms did not worship idols. Hence, there is no statue of the deity as mentioned in their religious texts. However, members of the royal family kept two images, ''Chum'' and ''Seng''. They were of bright colour (''Rung'') and presided over the country (''mung''). These images were also known as Chumdeo and Sengdeo.<ref name="TAR&C" /> According to the Ahom religion, Chumdeo gave infinite wealth and had to be kept secret. Some scholars suggest that the heron-shaped ''Chum'' could also be a statue of the dragon in ancient China and Myanmar and that ''Seng'' could be a female dragon who accompanies ''Chum''.<ref name="TAR&C" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Ahom religion]]

V. C. Abhilash

2026-04-21T05:51:39Z

ErinChamberlin3: done

{{short description|Indian film director and actor|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = V C Abhilash
| image = Vc abhilash 2.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_date = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| birth_place =
| occupation = Film director, scriptwriter, actor
| spouse = Rakhi Krishna
| parents =
| children =
}}

'''V C Abhilash''' is an Indian film director and actor who works in [[Malayalam cinema]]. He began his career as a director and screenwriter in 2018 with the film ''[[Aalorukkam]].''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/may/01/awards-galore-but-team-aalorukkam-has-a-tale-of-neglect-to-narrate-1808408.html|title=Awards galore but team 'Aalorukkam' has a tale of neglect to narrate|work=The New Indian Express|date=May 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Aalorukkam|date=6 April 2018|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt8066304/|access-date=2019-05-05}}</ref> The film was awarded in the [[65th National Film Awards]]'','' and received the [[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues]] {{Citation needed|date= March 2023}}.

==Early life and education==

Abhilash was born in the [[Nedumangad]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] district of [[Kerala]]. Abhilash studied at Emmanuel High School. After a pre-degree from St. Mary Higher Secondary School, he completed his B.Sc. degree from [[University of Kerala]]. He married Rakhi Krishna in December 2014 {{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}.

==Career==
Abhilash started his film career as a director and scriptwriter for the film ''Aalorukkam'' (2018).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/010817/leaping-into-ottanthullal.html|title=Leaping into Ottanthullal|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=2017-07-31}}</ref> His second film was ''Oru Supradhana Karyam'' (An Important Matter, 2018). He also acted in ''Aalorukkam''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sensitive-character-sketches/article23468527.ece|title=Aalorukkam treats its flawed protagonist in a non-judgemental way|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2018-04-07}}</ref> as Pappu Pisharody's nephew.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/140418/finally-a-place-in-the-sun.html|title=Finally, a place in the sun|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=2018-04-13}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
Movies:
* ''[[Aalorukkam]]''<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8066304/?ref_=nv_sr_1 "Aalorukam"]</ref> (writer, director, actor)
*''[[Sabaash Chandrabose]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=തിയേറ്ററുകളില്‍ ചിരി പടര്‍ത്തി സബാഷ് ചന്ദ്രബോസ്: റിവ്യൂ |url=https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/cinema/story/sabash-chandrabose-first-day-report-review-432632-2022-08-05 |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=India Today Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> (writer, director)
*''[[Oru Supradhana Karyam]]'' (writer, director)

==Recognition==
*[[National Film Awards]] for [[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues|Best Film on Other Social Issues]].
*Kashmir world film festival for best Indian movie [http://www.uniindia.com/4th-edition-of-kashmir-world-film-festival-concluded-in-srinagar/north/news/1426048.html].
*Movie street special jury award.
*[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/film-critics-awards-announced/article23621153.ece|title=Film critics awards announced|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2018-04-20}}</ref> for Second Best film.
*[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]] for director of Best Second film.
*Adoor bhasi award for Best film.
*Perunathachan award for Best film.
*Perunathachan award for Best director.
*Perunathachan award for Best script writer

==Film festivals==
*Official Selection – Covellite International Film Festival, USA.
*Official Selection – The Fatherhood Image Film Festival. USA.
*Official Selection – Kashmir world film festival, India [http://www.uniindia.com/4th-edition-of-kashmir-world-film-festival-concluded-in-srinagar/north/news/1426048.html]
*Official Selection – 4th All Lights India International Film Festival 2018 (ALIIFF)
*Official Selection – 9th Jagran Film Festival, MUMBAI
*Official Selection – National film festival of Kerala
*Official Selection – Malayalam film festival of Pune
*Official Selection – Habitat national film festival, NEW DELHI

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|9659631}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abhilash, V C}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Film on Other Social Issues National Film Award]]

Bharuch Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-19T09:00:00Z

ErinChamberlin3: New new post

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Gujarat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bharuch
| type = LS
| map_image = ભરૂચ – Bharuch.svg
| map_caption = Bharuch Lok Sabha Constituency ભરૂચ લોક સભા મતદાર વિભાગ
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Mansukhbhai Dhanjibhai Vasava addressing a meeting on effective and efficient implementation mechanism of schemes of Ministry of Tribal Affairs for development of Tribals, in New Delhi on August 05, 2014.jpg
| established = 1957
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Mansukhbhai Vasava]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| assembly_cons = [[Karjan Assembly constituency|Karjan]] [[Dediapada Assembly constituency|Dediapada]] [[Jambusar Assembly constituency|Jambusar]] [[Vagra Assembly constituency|Vagra]] [[Jhagadiya Assembly constituency|Jhagadiya]] [[Bharuch Assembly constituency|Bharuch]] [[Ankleshwar Assembly constituency|Ankleshwar]]
}}
'''Bharuch''' (formerly known as '''Broach''') is one of the 26 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Gujarat]] state in western [[India]].

==Vidhan Sabha segments==
Presently, Bharuch Lok Sabha constituency comprises seven assembly segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceogujarat.nic.in/site/download/FINAL_ROLL_2009.pdf |title=Parliament Constituency wise Electors Detail, Polling Stations & EPIC - Loksabha Election 2009 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Gujarat website |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416162919/http://ceogujarat.nic.in/site/download/FINAL_ROLL_2009.pdf |archivedate=2009-04-16 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="120px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|147
|[[Karjan Assembly constituency|Karjan]]
|None
|[[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|149
|[[Dediapada Assembly constituency|Dediapada]]
|ST
|[[Narmada district|Narmada]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|150
|[[Jambusar Assembly constituency|Jambusar]]
|None
| rowspan="5" |[[Bharuch district|Bharuch]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|151
|[[Vagra Assembly constituency|Vagra]]
|None
|-
|152
|[[Jhagadiya Assembly constituency|Jhagadiya]]
|ST
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|153
|[[Bharuch Assembly constituency|Bharuch]]
|None
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|154
|[[Ankleshwar Assembly constituency|Ankleshwar]]
|None
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|Chandrashanker Bhatt
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|Chhotubhai Patel
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mansinhji Rana]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ahmed Patel]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Chandubhai Deshmukh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=11}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|1998^
| rowspan="7" |[[Mansukhbhai Vasava]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

== Elections results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Bharuch]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Mansukhbhai Vasava]]
|votes = 6,08,157
|percentage = 50.72
|change = {{decrease}}4.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Chaitar Vasava]]
|votes = 5,22,461
|percentage = 43.58
|change =''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 23,283
|percentage = 1.94
|change = {{increase}}1.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Bharat Adivasi Party
|candidate =Dilipbhai Chhotubhai Vasava
|votes =10,014
|percentage = 0.84
|change =''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party =[[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate =Sajid Yakub Munshi
|votes = 9,937
|percentage = 0.83
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vasava Chetanbhai Kanjibhai
|votes =6,324
|percentage = 0.53
|change =''N/A''
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 85,696
|percentage = 7.15
|change = {{decrease}}21.92
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,99,601
|percentage = 69.60
|change ={{down}}3.95
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Bharuch]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Mansukhbhai Vasava]]
|votes = 6,37,795
|percentage = 55.47
|change = +3.70
|Result = Win
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sherkhan Abdulsakur Pathan
|votes = 3,03,581
|percentage = 26.40
|change = -10.92
|Result =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Tribal Party
|candidate = [[Chhotubhai Vasava]]
|votes = 1,44,083
|percentage = 12.53
|change = +12.53
|Result =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 6,321
|percentage = 0.55
|change = -1.68
|Result =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,34,214
|percentage = 29.07
|change = +14.61
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,50,658
|percentage = 73.55
|change = -1.30
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Bharuch]]<ref>CEO Gujarat. ''[http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Contesting_Candidates_LS2014.PDF Contesting Candidates LS2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514025434/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Contesting_Candidates_LS2014.PDF |date=2014-05-14 }}''</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0620.htm?ac=20|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=ECI|access-date=2014-05-17|archive-date=2014-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517135238/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0620.htm?ac=20|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Mansukhbhai Vasava]]
|votes = 5,48,902
|percentage = 51.77
|change = +10.27
|Result = Win
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jayeshbhai Patel
|votes = 3,95,629
|percentage = 37.32
|change = -0.55
|Result =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Anilkumar Bhagat
|votes = 49,289
|percentage = 4.65
|change = -3.84
|Result =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 23,615
|percentage = 2.23
|change =
|Result =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,53,273
|percentage = 14.46
|change = +10.83
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,61,060
|percentage = 74.85
|change = +17.10
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Bharuch]]<ref>CEO Gujarat. ''[http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Contesting_Candidates_LS2014.PDF Contesting Candidates LS2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514025434/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Contesting_Candidates_LS2014.PDF |date=2014-05-14 }}''</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0620.htm?ac=20|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=ECI|access-date=2014-05-17|archive-date=2014-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517135238/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0620.htm?ac=20|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Mansukhbhai Vasava]]
|votes = 311,018
|percentage = 41.50
|change =
|Result = Win
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Aziz Tankarvi
|votes = 283,787
|percentage = 37.87
|change =
|Result =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Chhotubhai Vasava]]
|votes = 63,660
|percentage = 8.49
|change =
|Result =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 27,232
|percentage = 3.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 749,420
|percentage = 57.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=2014-04-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |archivedate=2014-08-11 }}</ref>

===General election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Bharuch]]<ref>CEO Gujarat. ''[http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Contesting_Candidates_LS2014.PDF Contesting Candidates LS2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514025434/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Contesting_Candidates_LS2014.PDF |date=2014-05-14 }}''</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0620.htm?ac=20|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=ECI|access-date=2014-05-17|archive-date=2014-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517135238/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0620.htm?ac=20|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Mansukhbhai Vasava]]
|votes = 299,630
|percentage = 44.01
|change =
|Result = Win
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Muhammad Patel
|votes = 227,428
|percentage = 33.40
|change =
|Result =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Chhotubhai Vasava
|votes = 111,600
|percentage = 16.39
|change =
|Result =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 72,202
|percentage = 10.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 680,834
|percentage = 54.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref><nowiki>{{cite web|url=</nowiki>http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-04-30 |url-status=dead</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bharuch district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Gujarat}}

{{coord|21.7|73.0|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharuch Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Bharuch district]]

Patan Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-19T08:51:57Z

ErinChamberlin3: adding the post from scratch

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Gujarat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Patan
| type = LS
| map_image = પાટણ – Patan.svg
| map_caption = Patan Lok Sabha Constituency પાટણ લોક સભા મતદાર વિભાગ
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| assembly_cons = [[Vadgam Assembly constituency|Vadgam]] [[Kankrej Assembly constituency|Kankrej]] [[Radhanpur Assembly constituency|Radhanpur]] [[Chanasma Assembly constituency|Chanasma]] [[Patan, Gujarat Assembly constituency|Patan]] [[Sidhpur Assembly constituency|Sidhpur]] [[Kheralu Assembly constituency|Kheralu]]
| mp = [[Bharatsinhji Dabhi]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| electors = 20,19,916 (2024)<ref>{{Cite web| title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525141320/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-date=2024-05-25}}</ref>
}}
'''Patan''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Gujarat]] state, in western India.

==Vidhan Sabha segments==
Presently, Patan Lok Sabha constituency comprises seven [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceogujarat.nic.in/site/download/FINAL_ROLL_2009.pdf|title=Parliament Constituency wise Electors Detail, Polling Stations & EPIC - Loksabha Election 2009|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Gujarat website|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416162919/http://ceogujarat.nic.in/site/download/FINAL_ROLL_2009.pdf|archivedate=2009-04-16}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="120px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|11
|[[Vadgam Assembly constituency|Vadgam]]
|SC
| rowspan="2" |[[Banaskantha district|Banaskantha]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|15
|[[Kankrej Assembly constituency|Kankrej]]
|None
|-
|16
|[[Radhanpur Assembly constituency|Radhanpur]]
|None
| rowspan="4" |[[Patan district|Patan]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|17
|[[Chanasma Assembly constituency|Chanasma]]
|None
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|18
|[[Patan, Gujarat Assembly constituency|Patan]]
|None
|-
|19
|[[Sidhpur Assembly constituency|Sidhpur]]
|None
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|20
|[[Kheralu Assembly constituency|Kheralu]]
|None
|[[Mehsana district|Mahesana]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Members of Lok Sabha==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|Thakore Motisinh Bahadursinh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|Purushottamdas Ranchhoddas Patel
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|D.R. Parmar
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| rowspan="2" |Khemchanbhai Somabhai Chavda
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (O)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|Parmar Hiralal Ranchhoddas
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|Vankar Punamchand Mithabhai
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|Khemchanbhai Somabhai Chavda
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Mahesh Kanodia]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Praveen Rashtrapal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Mahesh Kanodia]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Jagdish Thakor]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Liladharbhai Vaghela]]<ref name="Senior BJP leader, former minister Liladhar Vaghela dies">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Senior BJP leader, former minister Liladhar Vaghela dies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/senior-bjp-leader-former-minister-liladhar-vaghela-dies-6599080/ |accessdate=5 November 2022 |date=17 September 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105071133/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/senior-bjp-leader-former-minister-liladhar-vaghela-dies-6599080/ |archivedate=5 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|rowspan=2|[[Bharatsinhji Dabhi|Bharatsinhji Dabhi Thakor]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election in Gujarat|2024]]
|}

==Election results==

===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Patan District|Patan]]<ref name="Patan lok sabha election results 2024">{{cite news |last1=India Today |title=Patan lok sabha election results 2024 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/gujarat/patan-constituency-result-6503 |access-date=25 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725183604/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/gujarat/patan-constituency-result-6503 |archive-date=25 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate=[[Bharatsinhji Dabhi|Bharatsinhji Dabhi Thakor]]
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes= 5,91,947
|percentage=49.61
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Chandanji Thakor]]
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes=5,60,071
|percentage=46.94
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Social Democratic Party of India
|candidate = Ghagha Masihullah Abdul Hamid
|votes = 2,312
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 31,876
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =11,95,554
|percentage =59.13
|change ={{decrease}}3.32
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Patan District|Patan]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Bharatsinhji Dabhi|Bharatsinhji Dabhi Thakor]]|votes=6,33,368|percentage=56.24|change=+1.99}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Jagdish Thakor]]|votes=4,39,489|percentage=39.02|change=-0.72}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the Above|votes=14,327|percentage=1.27|change=+0.01}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Nationalist Congress Party|candidate=Chaudhari Kirtibhai Jeshangbhai|votes=9,215|percentage=0.82|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,93,879|percentage=17.22|change=+2.71}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,28,417|percentage=62.45|change=+3.71}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Patan District|Patan]]<ref>CEO Gujarat. ''[http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Contesting_Candidates_LS2014.PDF Contesting Candidates LS2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514025434/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Contesting_Candidates_LS2014.PDF |date=2014-05-14 }}''</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0620.htm?ac=20|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=ECI|access-date=2014-05-17|archive-date=2014-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517135238/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0620.htm?ac=20|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Liladhar Vaghela]]|votes=5,18,538|percentage=54.25|change=+12.35}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Bhavsinh Rathod]]|votes=3,79,819|percentage=39.74|change=-5.08}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Maganbhai Parmar|votes=9,900|percentage=1.04|change=-0.65}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the Above|votes=12,061|percentage=1.26|change=---}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,38,719|percentage=14.51|change=+11.59}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,56,616|percentage=58.74|change=+14.07}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Patan<ref>CEO Gujarat. ''[http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Contesting_Candidates_LS2014.PDF Contesting Candidates LS2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514025434/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Contesting_Candidates_LS2014.PDF |date=2014-05-14 }}''</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0620.htm?ac=20|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=ECI|access-date=2014-05-17|archive-date=2014-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517135238/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0620.htm?ac=20|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf | title=Constituency wise detailed results | access-date=2014-05-17 | archive-date=2013-08-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802000135/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf | url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Jagdish Thakor]]|votes=2,83,772|percentage=44.82|change=|Result=Win}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Bhavsinh Rathod]]|votes=2,65,271|percentage=41.90|change=|Result=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Mahagujarat Janta Party|candidate=Naranbhai Patel|votes=18,554|percentage=2.93|change=|Result=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=18,054|percentage=2.92|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=6,33,209|percentage=44.67|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===Lok Sabha 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Patan<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf | title=Statistical report on general elections, 2004 to the 14th lok sabha | access-date=2017-06-28 | archive-date=2014-07-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718190634/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf | url-status=dead}}</ref> }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Mahesh Kanodia]]|votes=2,73,970|percentage=50.90|change=|Result=Win}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Pravin Rastrapal|votes=2,50,346|percentage=46.51|change=|Result=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Ishwarbhai Karbatiya|votes=13,841|percentage=2.57|change=|Result=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=23,624|percentage=4.39|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=5,38,194|percentage=47.50|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

=== Lok Sabha 1957 ===
* Patan was in Bombay State in 1957.
* Thakore, Motisinh Bahadursinh (IND) : 131,802 votes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1957-election-results.html|title = 1957 India General (2nd Lok Sabha) Elections Results}}</ref>
* Vijaykumar Madhavlal Trivedi (INC) : 90,458

==See also==
* [[Patan district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{Patan district}}

{{coord|23.9|72.1|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Patan district]]

Aizawl East 1 Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:39:32Z

ErinChamberlin3: New a article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Mizoram legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Aizawl East 1
| type= SLA
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Mizoram (Aizawl East 1 highlighted).png
| mla = [[Lalthansanga]]
| party = [[Zoram People's Movement]]
| constituency_no = 12
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Mizoram]]
| district = [[Aizawl district|Aizawl]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mizoram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mizoram]]
| established = 1987
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:29044}}{{update after|2029|1}}
}}
'''Aizawl East 1''' is one of the 40 [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Mizoram]] state in India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

It is part of the [[Aizawl district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1987 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| Saingura Sailo<ref name=election1987>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3659-mizoram-1987/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 1987 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|-
|[[1989 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<ref name=election1989>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3661-mizoram-1989/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 1989 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan=2|J. Lalsangzuala
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1993 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref name=election1993>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3662-mizoram-1993/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 1993 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[1998 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[Lalhmingthanga]]<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3663-mizoram-1998/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 1998 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| {{Party name with colour|Mizoram People's Conference}}
|-
|[[2003 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| K. Sangthuama<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3664-mizoram-2003/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2003 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|-
|[[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008/>
| rowspan=2|R. Lalrinawma
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013/>
|-
|[[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Zoramthanga]]<ref name=election2018/>
| {{Party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|-
|[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Lalthansanga]]<ref name=election2023/>
| {{Party name with colour|Zoram People's Movement}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Aizawl East 1<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mizoram-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2023- Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=20 January 2024 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Lalthansanga]]
|party = Zoram People's Movement
|votes = 10,727
|percentage = 47.88
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Zoramthanga]]
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 8,626
|percentage = 38.5
|change = {{decrease}}4.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Lalsanglura Ralte
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,520
|percentage = 11.25
|change = {{decrease}}13.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Lalruatfeli Hlawndo
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 441
|percentage = 1.97
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 90
|percentage = 0.4
|change = {{increase}}0.08
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,101
|percentage = 9.38
|change = {{decrease}}3.41
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 22,404
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Zoram People's Movement
|loser = Mizo National Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Aizawl East 1<ref name=election2018>{{cite web|title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2018- Statistical Report|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9687-mizoram-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Zoramthanga]]
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 8358
|percentage = 42.75
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = K. Sapdanga
|party = Zoram People's Movement
|votes = 5854
|percentage = 29.94
|change = {{decrease}}31.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = K. Vanlalrawna
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 4768
|percentage = 24.39
|change = {{decrease}}13.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Laldinliana Sailo
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 260
|percentage = 1.33
|change = {{increase}}0.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Zosangliana
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 146
|percentage = 0.75
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = K. Lalrinpuii
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|votes = 102
|percentage = 0.52
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 63
|percentage = 0.32
|change = {{decrease}}0.20
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2504
|percentage = 12.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 19551
|percentage = 80.30
|change = {{increase}}0.89
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = {{formatnum:24348}}
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Mizo National Front
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Aizawl East 1<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3667-mizoram-2013/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name=Miz2013>{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1613.htm?ac=13 |title= Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |publisher= Election Commission of India |access-date= 8 October 2021 |archive-date= 11 December 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131211181813/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1613.htm?ac=13 |url-status= dead }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = R. Lalrinawma
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 6221
|percentage = 37.72
|change = {{increase}}0.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalhmangaiha Sailo
|party = Mizoram People's Conference
|votes = 5799
|percentage = 35.16
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Zarzoliana
|party = Zoram Nationalist Party
|votes = 4291
|percentage = 26.02
|change = {{decrease}}1.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Thangchungnunga
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 98
|percentage = 0.59
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 85
|percentage = 0.52
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 422
|percentage = 2.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 16494
|percentage = 81.12
|change = {{increase}}0.03
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2008===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Aizawl East 1<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3666-mizoram-2008/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = R. Lalrinawma
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 5084
|percentage = 37.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = F. Malsawma
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 3995
|percentage = 29.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Zarzoliana
|party = Zoram Nationalist Party
|votes = 3664
|percentage = 27.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalthazuala Rawite
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 337
|percentage = 2.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = J. F. Rothangliana
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = 269
|percentage = 1.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rualpawla
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 97
|percentage = 0.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Suakdailova
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|votes = 73
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1089
|percentage = 8.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 13519
|percentage = 79.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Mizoram}}
{{coord|23.844|92.786|display=title}}

[[Category:Aizawl district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Aizawl]]
[[Category:Politics of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1987]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Mizoram]]

Jayashree Raj

2026-04-15T11:38:29Z

ErinChamberlin3: Starting First Info W/ Infobox.

{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names = Jaishree
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1997–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Ganesh Prasad|April 2002|November 2006}} Rakesh Chandru
| children = 1
}}

'''Jayashree Raj''' is an Indian actress, television host, producer and director known for her work in Kannda television and [[Kannada|cinema]].<ref name="asianet">{{cite web |last1=Das |first1=Pavna |title=ನಟಿ, ನಿರ್ಮಾಪಕಿ, ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕಿ ಜಯಶ್ರೀ ರಾಜ್ ಪತಿ ಯಾರ್ ಗೊತ್ತಾ? ಇವರು ಕೂಡ ನಟ! |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/tv-talk/kannada-actress-producer-jayashree-raj-shares-beautiful-video-with-husband-pav-sqqjuq |website=Asianet Suvarna News |access-date=10 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127074223/https://kannada.asianetnews.com/tv-talk/kannada-actress-producer-jayashree-raj-shares-beautiful-video-with-husband-pav-sqqjuq |archive-date=27 January 2025 |language=kn |date=27 January 2025 |trans-title=Do you know who is the husband of actress, producer, director Jayashree Raj? He is also an actor!}}</ref> After beginning her career as an actress with ''Kathegara'', Jayashree has gone on to appear in more than 50 [[Indian television drama|television serials]], and 20 films. She turned director and producer with ''Aramane'' in 2017 with her husband Rakesh Chandru, before they produced ''[[Kasturi Nivasa (TV series)|Kasturi Nivasa]]'' two years later. In addition to Kannada, Jayashree has also acted in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] serials.<ref>{{cite web |title=ఆ జానర్‌ ఎప్పటికీ ఈ జానకిదే! |url=https://www.ntnews.com/zindagi/jayashree-raj-who-is-very-close-to-telugu-people-as-janaki-shares-his-feelings-with-zindagi-1670168 |website=Ntnews |access-date=10 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260410141828/https://www.ntnews.com/zindagi/jayashree-raj-who-is-very-close-to-telugu-people-as-janaki-shares-his-feelings-with-zindagi-1670168 |archive-date=10 April 2026 |language=te |date=27 July 2024 |trans-title=This genre will always belong to Janaki}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Jayashree hails from [[Karnataka]].<ref name="nettv4u">{{cite web |title=Kannada Tv Actress Jayashree Raj Biography, News, Photos, Videos |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/kannada/tv-actress/jayashree-raj |website=nettv4u |access-date=10 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Her parents Rajanna and Jagadamba ran a pharmacy store in [[Bangalore]]. Jayashree did her schooling there at the Nehru Smaraka Vidya Kendra Trust. Jayashree did not rceive formal education after her [[matriculation]], considering she began screen acting when in school.<ref name="dh17">{{cite web |title=Twinkly-eyed star |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/twinkly-eyed-star-2015219 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=10 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260410105046/https://www.deccanherald.com/features/twinkly-eyed-star-2015219 |archive-date=10 April 2026 |language=en |date=16 July 2017}}</ref> While in school, she was an athlete and represented her school as a [[volleyball]] and a [[kho kho]] player. She also trained as a [[Indian classical dance|classical dancer]].<ref name="dh01">{{cite web |last1=Srinivasa |first1=Srikanth |title=In focus |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep09/ent2.htm |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=10 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011116221435/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep09/ent2.htm |archive-date=16 November 2001 |date=9 September 2001 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She earned a [[Bachelor of Arts|bachelor's degree in arts]] from [[Karnataka State Open University|Mysore Open University]].<ref name="dh17"/> In an interview with ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' in 2001, Jayashree recalled that she was first noticed by popular television director [[T. N. Seetharam]], who offered a role in his serial, ''[[Mayamruga]]''.<ref name="dh01"/>

== Career ==
Jayashree made her screen debut in the mid-1990s with the television serial titled ''Kathegara'', which was a collection of short stories adapted to the small screen, in [[P. Lankesh]]'s Umapatiya Scholarship Yatre, when she was 13. In Seetharam's ''Mayamruga'', she played the second daughter of Shastri. Jayashree would go on to star in multiple serials in the mid- to late-1990s, often appearing in serials that would run parallelly, considering most serials during the time ran to 13, 26 or 52 episodes.<ref name="dh17"/> Some of them include ''Chakra'' which was aired on [[DD Chandana]], and ''Minchumareyadavaru'', ''Sulivu'', ''Haavina Hejje'', ''Chaduranga'' and ''Kathasagara''. Jayashree also compered a musical programme ''Sangeetha Sagara'', and hosted a [[talk show]] titled ''Namaste ETV'' in 2001.<ref name="dh01"/>

Jayashree's film debut came in [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]]'s ''[[Preethsod Thappa]]'' (1998). She played the daughter of [[Srinivasa Murthy]]'s character. She would go on to play supporting roles in ''[[Sparsha (film)|Sparsha]]'' (2000), ''Bannada Hejje'' (2000) and ''Majnu'' (2001).<ref name="dh01"/>

Jayashree would go on to play lead roles in mega serials such ''Rathasapthami'', ''Guptagamini'' and ''Punyakoti'', all of which completed 1,000 episodes. However, in 2014, after acting roles dried up, she turned to direction. In 2017, along with her husband Rakesh Chandru, she produced and directed ''Aramane'' for ''[[Udaya TV]]''. She called the project being "...like an oasis for a thirsty traveller in a desert."<ref name="dh17"/> It was her 50th serial as an actress.<ref>{{cite web |title=ಅರಮನೆ ಮೂಲಕ ಫಿಫ್ಟಿ ಹೊಡೆದ ಜಯಶ್ರೀ |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/actress-jayashree-completes-50-serials/articleshow/59366289.cms |website=Vijay Karnataka |access-date=10 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260410121419/https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/actress-jayashree-completes-50-serials/articleshow/59366289.cms |archive-date=10 April 2026 |language=kn |trans-title=Jayashree Hits 50 Through Aramane}}</ref> In 2019, the couple produced ''[[Kasturi Nivasa (TV series)|Kasturi Nivasa]]''.<ref name="asianet"/> In addition to production, Jayashree continued to act in serials. In 2025, she appeared in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] serials such as ''Padamati Sandhyaragam'' and ''Malli''.<ref name="asianet"/> In ''Jhansi'', a courtroom drama, she played a lawyer Mrunalini, who has confrontations with the titular character.<ref name="Jhansi">{{cite web |last1=Murthy |first1=Neeraja |title=Meet Likitha Murthy, the ‘Jhansi’ of Telugu television |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/meet-likitha-murthy-the-jhansi-of-telugu-television/article69191979.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=10 April 2026 |date=13 February 2025}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Jayashree has been married twice. She was first married to Ganesh Prasad, a US-based engineer, in April 2002.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jayashri Raj weds Atlanta engineer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/jayashri-raj-weds-atlanta-engineer/articleshow/8000800.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=11 April 2026 |date=26 April 2002}}</ref> The couple divorced in November 2006. They had a daughter together,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Praveen |title=A slap for hugging daughter! |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/a-slap-for-hugging-daughter/articleshow/22178688.cms |website=Bangalore Mirror |access-date=11 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260411023041/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/a-slap-for-hugging-daughter/articleshow/22178688.cms? |archive-date=11 April 2026 |language=en |date=3 April 2009}}</ref> Anagha Abhivandana.<ref name="dh17"/> Jayashree is presently married to Chandrashekhar, also known as Rakesh Chandru,<ref name="asianet"/> a television actor and director. They met on the sets of ''Brungada Benneri'', which had Jayashree playing the lead role in, and Chandru serving as production manager. They would go on to star together in ''Samaagama''. In an interview with ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' in 2017, Jayashree mentioned that she has been married to him for 14 years.<ref name="dh17"/>

== Filmography ==
=== Television ===
*''All television serials are in [[Kannada language|Kannada]], unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes !! {{Ref.}}
|-
| 1997 || ''Kathegara'' || || ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Mayamruga]]'' || Sharada || ||
|-
| || ''Janani'' || || ||
|-
| || ''Sangama'' || || ||
|-
| || ''Suptamanasina Saptaswaragalu'' || || ||
|-
| || ''Samagaama'' || Chanchala || ||
|-
| || ''Chakra'' || || ||
|-
| || ''Minchumareyadavaru'' || || ||
|-
| || ''Sulivu'' || || ||
|-
| || ''Haavina Hejje'' || || ||
|-
| || ''Chaduranga'' || || ||
|-
| || ''Kathasagara'' || || ||
|-
| || ''Sangeetha Sagara'' || Presenter || ||
|-
| 2001 || ''Bhargavi'' || || ||
|-
| 2001 || ''Sahana'' || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] serial || <ref name="nettv4u"/>
|-
| 2001 || ''Chandrabimba'' || || ||
|-
| 2001 || ''Namaste ETV'' || Host || ||
|-
| 2002 || ''Manvanthara'' || || ||
|-
| || ''Brungada Benneri'' || || ||
|-
| –2014 || ''Rathasapthami'' || || ||
|-
| || ''Guptagamini'' || || ||
|-
| || ''Punyakoti'' || || ||
|-
| || ''Sangeetha Samagamam'' || Host || [[Malayalam]] reality show || <ref name="nettv4u"/>
|-
| –2014 || ''Mukta Mukta'' || Niveditha || ||
|-
| –2014 || ''Shubhamangala'' || || ||
|-
| 2014 || ''Seere Beka Seere'' || Host || ||
|-
| 2016–2020 || ''[[Naagini]]'' || Nagarani || ||
|-
| 2017 || ''Aramane'' || || Also director and producer ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada]]'' || Self || [[Bigg Boss Kannada season 6|Season 6]] || <ref>{{cite web |last1=Upadhyaya |first1=Prakash |title=Bigg Boss Kannada 6: Jayashree shown the door from Sudeep's show |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-kannada-6-jayashree-shown-door-sudeeps-show-788538 |website=Ibtimes |access-date=10 April 2026 |language=en |date=23 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2019–2022 || ''[[Kasturi Nivasa (TV series)|Kasturi Nivasa]]'' || Durga || Cameo; also producer || <ref name="asianet"/>
|-
| 2019 || ''Devayani'' || || ||
|-
| 2021 || ''Ninnindale'' || || ||
|-
| 2024 || ''Chukki Tare'' || Yashoda Karve || || <ref name="asianet"/>
|-
| 2025 || ''Jhansi'' || Mrunalini || Telugu serial || <ref name="Jhansi"/>
|-
| 2025– || ''Padamati Sandhyaragam'' || Janaki || Telugu serial || <ref name="asianet"/>
|-
| 2025 || ''Malli'' || || Telugu serial || <ref name="asianet"/>
|-
|}

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes !! {{Ref.}}
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Preethsod Thappa]]'' || || ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Sparsha (film)|Sparsha]]'' || || ||
|-
| 2000 || ''Bannada Hejje'' || || ||
|-
| 2001 || ''Majnu'' || || ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Honganasu]]'' || Shilpa || ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Meera Madhava Raghava]]'' || || ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Cheluvina Chittara]]'' || || ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Chaitrada Chandrama]]'' || || ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Inthi Ninna Preethiya]]'' || Kalyani || ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Sugreeva (film)|Sugreeva]]'' || || ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Anna Bond]]'' || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=ನಟಿ ಜಯಶ್ರೀ ರಾಜ್ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಯಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಜರ್ನಲಿಸ್ಟ್ |url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/24-actress-jayashri-raj-acts-journalist-role-annabond-aid0172.html |website=Filmibeat |access-date=11 April 2026 |language=kn |date=24 November 2011 |trans-title=Actress Jayashree as Journalist in a Film}}</ref>
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Cool Ganesha]]'' || || ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Baanaadi]]'' || Girija || ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Dil Rangeela]]'' || || ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Priyanka (2016 film)|Priyanka]]'' || || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Priyanka: Love & murder most foul |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/527281/priyanka-love-murder-most-foul.html |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=11 April 2026 |language=en |date=6 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''[[John Jani Janardhan (2016 film)|John Jani Janardhan]]'' || || ||
|-
| 2019 || ''Eesha Mahesha'' || || ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Sanju Weds Geetha 2]]'' || || ||
|-
| 2025 || ''Guri'' || || || <ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Guri Movie Review: Honest intentions, lost in translation |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2025/Sep/14/guri-film-review-honest-intentions-lost-in-translation |website=Cinema Express |access-date=10 April 2026 |language=en |date=14 September 2025}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Indian television actresses]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDB name|9378883}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raj, Jayashree}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women television producers]]
[[Category:Indian women television directors]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]

Madhuchandra Singh

2026-04-07T18:36:43Z

ErinChamberlin3: Bio - done

{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}{{Infobox royalty
| name = Madhuchandra Singh
| title = Meitei Ningthou Maharaja of Manipur
| image =
| succession = [[List of Meitei kings|King of Manipur]]
| reign = 1801 - 1804
| reign-type = [[Monarchy]]
| coronation = 17 Kalen 1801 (30 April)
| predecessor = [[Labanyachandra]]
| successor = [[Chourjit Singh]]
| birth_date = 1764
| death_date = {{death date and age|1804|05|23|1764}}
| spouse = 29 wives (19 issueless)
| issue = Sana Naol Singh, Sana Pabritra Singh, Sana Mega Singh, [[Yumjaotaba|Sana Yumjaotaba]], Sana Nilambar Singh, Sanaton, Sana Hem Singh (sons) [[Induprabha]] (daughter)
| full name = Meidingu Tamlen Khomba Madhuchandra Singh
| regnal name = Meidingu Tamlen Khomba
| house = House of Karta
| father = [[Bhagyachandra]]
| mother = Khayoiron Ngangbam Chanu Harimati
| religion = Hinduism
| dynasty = [[Ningthouja dynasty]]
}}
[[File:Maharani_Induprabha,_princess_of_Manipur_and_queen_of_Cachar_with_her_husband,_Krishna_Chandra,_the_King_of_Cachar.jpg|thumb|Induprabha with Krishna Chandra, King of Cachar.]]{{Kingdom of Manipur}}
'''Maharaja Madhuchandra Singh''' or '''Meidingu Tamlen Khomba'''{{Sfnp|Joykumar Singh, Colonialism to Democracy|2002|p=4-5}} ({{Langx|mni|ꯇꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯈꯣꯝꯕ}}) was a king of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] of [[Medieval Manipur]] who ruled from 1801 to 1804.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tensuba |first=Keerti Chand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GmZuAAAAMAAJ |title=Genesis of Indian Tribes: An Approach to the History of Meiteis and Thais |date=1993 |publisher=Inter-India Publications |isbn=978-81-210-0308-7 |pages=133 |language=en}}</ref> He was the third son of King [[Bhagyachandra]].{{Sfnp|Sanajaoba, Manipur, Past and Present: Volume 4|1988|p=220}} Accordingly, he ascended the throne in 1800, but was crowned in 1801.{{Sfnp|Jhalajit Singh, A Short History of Manipur|p=210, 212}}{{Sfnp|Somorjit Sana, The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs|2010|p=207, 210}}

== Family ==
Madhuchandra Singh was the third son of King Bhagyachandra,{{Sfnp|Sanajaoba, Manipur, Past and Present: Volume 4|1988|p=220}} born by ''Khayoiron Ngangbam Chanu Metuloikhombi Wairang Lamnembi'' (Harimati).{{Sfnp|Somorjit Sana, The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs|2010|p=200-201}} Eventually after Bhagyachandra's death, his numerous sons fought for the throne.{{sfnp|Hodson, The Meitheis|1908|p=81}}

Bhagyachandra had eight sons;{{Sfnp|Sanajaoba, Manipur, Past and Present: Volume 4|1988|p=123}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Jyotirmoy |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98685 |title=History Of Manipur |date=1958 |pages=56}}</ref><ref name=":Phanjoubam_111-126">{{cite book |last=Tarapot |first=Phanjoubam |title=Bleeding Manipur |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=2003 |isbn=9788124109021 |location=New Delhi |pages=111–126}}</ref>

* Sanahal
* [[Labanyachandra]]
* Madhuchandra Singh himself
* Tulsijit
* [[Chourjit Singh]]
* [[Marjit Singh]]
* Daoji
* [[Gambhir Singh]]

== Reign ==
Madhuchandra became king at age 36,{{Sfnp|Joykumar Singh, Colonialism to Democracy|2002|p=4}} soon after his older brother, [[Labanyachandra]] was assassinated after a conspiracy by his younger siblings, Daoji and [[Gambhir Singh]].{{Sfnp|Joykumar Singh, Colonialism to Democracy|2002|p=4}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dena |first=Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vVluAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Modern Manipur, 1826-1949 |date=1991 |publisher=Orbit Publishers-Distributors |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref> Following his death, Madhuchandra took the throne, foiling the conspirators' plans.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Jyotirmoy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ws4BAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Manipur |date=1973 |publisher=Eastlight Book House |pages=56 |language=en}}</ref> He made [[Kanchipur, Manipur|Kanchipur]] as the second capital as the kingdom.{{Sfnp|Jhalajit Singh, A Short History of Manipur|p=211}} During his reign, he also introduced three coins made of bell metal<ref>{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=L. Kunjeswori |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aFluAAAAMAAJ |title=Archaeology in Manipur |date=2003 |publisher=Rajesh Publications |isbn=978-81-85891-18-7 |pages=47 |language=en}}</ref> He was crowned with his queen, Meitei Reima Yanglei Ngambi from the [[Haobam]] family.{{Sfnp|Somorjit Sana, The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs|2010|p=210}}{{Sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle: Volume 2|2009|p=72}} on 30th April 1801.

He made his two younger brothers, [[Chourjit Singh]] his [[Yuvaraja]], or crown prince, and [[Marjit Singh]] the [[Senapati]], or General.{{Sfnp|Jhalajit Singh, A Short History of Manipur|p=210}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Moirangthem Tineshowri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--xiEQAAQBAJ |title=1857 and Prince Narendrajit (Sana Chahi Ahum) |date=2024-01-01 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-93-5594-769-7 |pages=37 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> However, Chourjit Singh opposed Madhuchandra and went to [[Cachar]] in 1802.{{Sfnp|Somorjit Sana, The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs|2010|p=210}}

=== Manufacture of muskets ===
There were no Burmese invasions during Madhuchandra's rule. However, some double-barrel guns were produced to improve the defense capability, continuing the process started during [[Bhagyachandra]]'s reign. In April 1801, shortly after Madhuchandra's accession, the production of double-barrel guns commenced.{{Sfnp|Jhalajit Singh, A Short History of Manipur|p=209}}

=== Religion and alliance with Cachar ===
In 1801, Tamlen Khomba placed a new image of [[Jagannath|Mahaprabhu]] in the temple of [[Bishnupur, Manipur|Bishnupur]]. He also built Shri Govindajee's chapel and new temples. Many [[Meitei Brahmin|Brahmins]] and royals made pilgrimages to the [[Ganga]] during his rule.{{Sfnp|Somorjit Sana, The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs|2010|p=211-212}}

He maintained friendly ties with the Cachar in 1802 and married his beautiful daughter, [[Induprabha]], to the King of Cachar, Krishna Chandra.{{Sfnp|Somorjit Sana, The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs|2010|p=211-212}}<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Maharani Induprabha a historical novel A Book Review |url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.books.Maharani_Induprabha_a_historical_novel_A_Book_Review |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Deposition and death ==
Crown Prince Chourjit, arrived in [[Nabadwip]] and joined forces with the ambitious young Senpati, 20-year-old Prince Marjit, to invade Manipur and depose Tamlen Khomba in 1804.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Aheibam Koireng |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYtjEQAAQBAJ |title=Manipur Myanmar Historical Connections |last2=Hanjabam |first2=Shukhdeba Sharma |date=2022-01-01 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-93-5439-078-4 |language=en}}</ref> Madhuchandra was dethroned and was forced to flee to [[Cachar]].{{Sfnp|Somorjit Sana, The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs|2010|p=213-214}}{{Sfnp|Jhalajit Singh, A Short History of Manipur|p=216}} Chourjit then became King, with his mother, Chingakham Chanu Devahuti becoming the [[Queen mother|Queen Mother]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Birajit |first=Soibam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgHgCwAAQBAJ |title=Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness |date=2014-12-01 |publisher=ARECOM ( Advanced Research Consortium, Manipur) |pages=138 |language=en}}</ref>

In order to reclaim his throne, Tamlen invaded Manipur with the assistance of the King of Cachar. To ensure victory, he worshipped Devi, the goddess of war, and spent the following night at [[Hiyangthang]]. Marjit moved forward and set up camp at Mayang Keinou with the royal army.{{Sfnp|Jhalajit Singh, A Short History of Manipur|p=218}}{{Sfnp|Somorjit Sana, The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs|2010|p=215-216}}{{Sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle: Volume 2|2009|p=65}}

On Kalen 14, Madhuchandra arrived in Shamupan. After three hours of fierce fighting, Tamlen was killed in combat, along with 100 of his soldier. The royal army took 600 prisoners and captured 50 Ramjangees, 148 muskets, 100 swords, 100 shields, one bronze cannon, and one iron cannon.{{Sfnp|Jhalajit Singh, A Short History of Manipur|p=218}}{{Sfnp|Somorjit Sana, The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs|2010|p=215-216}}{{Sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle: Volume 2|2009|p=65}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{Cite book |last=Joykumar Singh |first=N |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r1xuAAAAMAAJ |title=Colonialism to Democracy: A History of Manipur, 1819-1972 |publisher=Spectrum Publications |year=2002 |isbn=9788187502449 |ref={{SfnRef|Joykumar Singh, Colonialism to Democracy|2002}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jhalajit Singh |first=R.K |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466438 |title=A Short History of Manipur |ref={{SfnRef|Jhalajit Singh, A Short History of Manipur}} |via=Internet Archive}}
* {{Cite book |last=Somorjit Sana |first=Raj Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eybpM1KZjVoC |title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE |publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meitei |year=2010 |isbn=9788184652109 |ref={{SfnRef|Somorjit Sana, The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs|2010}}}}
* {{citation |last=Hodson |first=Thomas Callan |title=The Meitheis |year=1908 |url=https://archive.org/details/meitheis01hods |publisher=Harvard University |ref={{sfnref|Hodson, The Meitheis|1908}} |via=archive.org}}
* {{cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization. Volume 4 |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=9788170998532 |language=English |ref={{SfnRef|Sanajaoba, Manipur, Past and Present: Volume 4|1988}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Parratt |first=Saroj Nalini Arambam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xZja9ZnSuakC |title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: Volume 2, The Cheitharon Kumpapa |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9788175966383 |ref={{SfnRef|Parratt, The Court Chronicle: Volume 2|2009}}}}

[[Category:1764 births]]
[[Category:1804 deaths]]
[[Category:Ningthouja kings]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian monarchs]]

1990 Andhra Pradesh cyclone

2026-04-07T16:52:41Z

ErinChamberlin3: New a data

{{Short description|Category 4 North Indian tropical cyclone in 1990}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox weather event
| image = BOB 01 May 8 1990 0802Z.png
| caption = 1990 Andhra Pradesh cyclone
| formed = {{start-date|4 May 1990}}
| dissipated = {{end-date|10 May 1990}}
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 127
| pressure = 920
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 125
| pressure = 916
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| damages =
| deaths = 967
| affected = India
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[1990 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
| IBTRACS=1990124N09088
}}

The '''1990 Andhra Pradesh cyclone''' was the worst disaster to affect Southern India since the [[1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone]]. The system was first noted as a depression on 4 May 1990, while it was located over the Bay of Bengal about {{convert|600|km|mi|round=5|abbr=on}} to the southeast of [[Chennai, India]]. During the next day the depression intensified into a cyclonic storm and started to intensify rapidly, becoming a super cyclonic storm early on 8 May. The cyclone weakened slightly before it made landfall on India about 300 km (190 mi) to the north of [[Madras]] in the [[Tamil Nadu]] state as a very severe cyclonic storm with winds of {{convert|165|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}. While over land the cyclone gradually dissipated. The cyclone had a severe impact on India, with over 967 people reported to have been killed. Over 100,000 animals also died in the cyclone with the total cost of damages to crops estimated at over ${{formatprice|600000000}} (1990 USD).

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Cyclone 02B 1990 track.png}}
On 4 May 1990, the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) reported that a depression had developed over the [[Bay of Bengal]] about {{convert|600|km|mi|round=5|abbr=on}} to the southeast of Chennai, India.<ref name="IMD TCR">{{cite book|title=Report on Cyclonic Disturbances (Depressions and Tropical Cyclones) over North Indian Ocean in 1990 |archive-date=15 January 2015 |pages=3–18 |chapter=2. Pre Monsoon Season Cyclonic Disturbances |date=January 1991 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |url-status=live |chapter-url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/download.php?path=uploads/report/27/27_736e8a_35_d4f6b7_RSMC%20REPORT%201990.pdf|access-date=15 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115051002/http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/rsmc/1990.pdf}}</ref> During that day the system gradually developed further and became the subject of a [[Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert]], by the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] as it moved westwards under the influence of the [[subtropical ridge]] of high pressure.<ref name="IMD TCR"/><ref name="JTWC ATCR">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/atcr/1990atcr.pdf |title=1990 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report |chapter=Tropical Cyclone 02B |access-date=15 January 2015 |author=Carr, Lester E |year=1991 |publisher=United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223654/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/atcr/1990atcr.pdf|archive-date=23 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The depression subsequently intensified into a cyclonic storm early the next day, before the JTWC initiated advisories on the system and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 02B later that day.<ref name="IMD TCR"/><ref name="JTWC ATCR"/> At this stage the JTWC only expected the cyclone to intensify marginally before it weakened as it made landfall in Southern India within 72 hours.<ref name="JTWC ATCR"/> During 6 May, the system started to move more towards the north-west because of a weakness in the subtropical ridge, as it continued to intensify and became a Very Severe Cyclonic Storm.<ref name="IMD TCR"/>{{IMD TC Database}} This turn towards the northwest turned out to be more northerly than had been expected, which as a result allowed the system to stay offshore for longer than had been expected by the JTWC.<ref name="JTWC ATCR"/>

Over the next couple of days the system rapidly intensified before the JTWC reported early on 8 May, that the system had peaked with 1-minute sustained windspeeds of {{convert|230|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}, which made the system equivalent to a category 4 hurricane on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref name="JTWC ATCR"/> At around the same time the IMD also reported that the cyclone had peaked as a Super Cyclonic Storm, with 3-minute sustained wind speeds of {{convert|127|kn|km/h mph|order=out|abbr=on|round=5}} and an estimated central pressure of {{convert|920|hPa|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}.<ref name="IMD TCR"/> By this time the system was located about {{convert|150|km|mi|round=5|abbr=on}} to the northeast of Madras and was moving northwards slowly.<ref name="IMD TCR"/> Later that day as the ship Visvamohini moved through the systems eye region, it measured a central pressure of {{convert|912|hPa|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}, which the IMD reported would be one of the lowest central pressures ever measured in the Bay of Bengal if it was correct.<ref name="IMD TCR"/> The system subsequently weakened and had become a Very Severe Cyclonic Storm by the time it made landfall during 9 May, near the mouth of the [[Krishna River]] in southern [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="IMD TCR"/><ref name="JTWC ATCR"/><ref name="IMD BT"/> The system subsequently moved north-westwards and gradually weakened further, before it was last noted during 11 May, by both the IMD and JTWC.<ref name="IMD TCR"/><ref name="JTWC ATCR"/>

==Preparations and impact==

===Preparations===
As a result of timely warnings issued by the IMD, the Indian government was able to launch an evacuation campaign and order that all fisherman return to shore.<ref name="Sitrep1-3">{{cite web|url=http://ocha-gwapps1.unog.ch/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/OCHA-64CAD9?OpenDocument|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707005401/http://ocha-gwapps1.unog.ch/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/OCHA-64CAD9?OpenDocument|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-07-07|title=India Cyclone May 1990 UNDRO Information Reports 1 - 3|date=14 May 1990|work=United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs (DHA)|publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]|access-date=14 November 2009}}</ref><ref name="Earthweek">{{cite web|url= https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/471898041.html?dids=471898041:471898041&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=May+13%2C+1990&author=Steve+Newman&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=EARTHWEEK%3A+A+DIARY+OF+THE+PLANET&pqatl=google|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121023160110/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/471898041.html?dids=471898041:471898041&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=May+13,+1990&author=Steve+Newman&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=EARTHWEEK:+A+DIARY+OF+THE+PLANET&pqatl=google|url-status= dead|archive-date= 23 October 2012|title=Earthweek: A diary of the planet |last=Newman|first=Steve|date=13 May 1990|work=Toronto Star}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SJ&s_site=mercurynews&p_multi=SJ&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB7323B17B2E416&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=150,000 flee cyclone on Indian coast|date=9 May 1990|work=San Jose Mercury News|access-date=18 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0VoPAAAAIBAJ&pg=7162,3576376&dq=cyclone&hl=en|title=Cyclone claims 65 in India|date=10 May 1990|publisher=The Bulletin|access-date=18 November 2009}}</ref> This led to more than 150,000 people being evacuated to relief camps which had been set up on higher ground.<ref name="Reeling">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/13/world/furious-cyclone-has-india-reeling.html|title=Furious Cyclone has India reeling|last=Hazarika|first=Sanjoy|date=13 May 1990|work=The New York Times|access-date=16 November 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121225945/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/13/world/furious-cyclone-has-india-reeling.html|archive-date=21 January 2011}}</ref> Due to the thorough preparations, there was fewer deaths than in the [[1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone]].<ref name="JTWC ATCR"/><ref name="Sitrep1-3"/>

===Impact===
On [[Edurumondi|Edurumondi Island]] over 7,000 people were left stranded after they refused to evacuate.<ref name="Earthweek"/> The island itself was reported to have experienced the full brunt of the system.<ref name="JTWC ATCR"/><ref name="Earthweek"/> However, all of the residents reportedly sought protection within a shelter provided by the government.<ref name="Earthweek"/> The cyclone had a significant effect on India, with storm surge tides as high as 4.9 meters (16 ft) above normal. Consequently, over 100 villages were submerged in water and destroyed.<ref name="JTWC ATCR"/> At least 967 people were killed by the cyclone; most of the deaths occurred when houses made mostly out of mud and straw collapsed. Other people were killed when electrical wires were knocked down and while some people were carried away by flooded rivers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndmindia.nic.in/WCDRDOCS/Primer%20for%20Parliamentarians.pdf|title=Hazards disasters and your community: A Primer for Parliamentarians|date=18 January 2005|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=14 November 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619073130/http://www.ndmindia.nic.in/WCDRDOCS/Primer%20for%20Parliamentarians.pdf|archive-date=19 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="DAMAGED CROPS">{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/72588658.html?dids=72588658:72588658&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=May+14%2C+1990&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Cyclone+Kills+450+Along+Indian+Coast%3B+Damage+to+Crops+Estimated+at+%24588+Million&pqatl=google|title=Cyclone Kills 450 Along Indian Coast; Damage to Crops Estimated at $588 Million|date=14 May 1990|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=18 November 2009|archive-date=23 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023175644/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/72588658.html?dids=72588658:72588658&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=May+14,+1990&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Cyclone+Kills+450+Along+Indian+Coast%3B+Damage+to+Crops+Estimated+at+$588+Million&pqatl=google|url-status=dead}}</ref> The storm left at least 3 million people homeless, while over 100,000 farm animals were killed. At least {{convert|435000|acre|km2}} of rice paddies were destroyed along with huge tracts of mango and banana trees. The total damage to crops and property was estimated at over ${{formatprice|600000000}} (1990 USD).<ref name="JTWC ATCR"/><ref name="DAMAGED CROPS"/> The cyclone was described as the worst disaster in southern India since the 1977 storm.<ref name="Sitrep1-3"/> Sea water contaminated fresh drinking wells, prompting warnings about outbreaks of Cholera and Typhoid as many people were drinking and cooking with water from the drains which was causing stomach disorders.<ref name="Reeling"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=GB&p_theme=gb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB191F082E41562&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=India Stunned after Cyclone|date=15 May 1990|publisher=news-record.com|access-date=18 November 2009}}</ref>

====Tamil Nadu====
Overall the cyclone only caused minor damage to Tamil Nadu with the worst affected area being the district of Chengalpattu, where one of the old shrines of Kasiviswanathar Temple collapsed as high waves hit the coast.<ref name="IMD TCR"/> A large number of huts were also washed away by the waves, while six deaths were reported in the state.<ref name="IMD TCR"/>

==Aftermath==
On 11 May, two days after the cyclone had hit, the Indian Government launched a massive relief and rescue operation. The Indian Army and Naval helicopters took surveys of areas affected by the cyclone, and also dropped food packets.<ref name="Sitrep1-3"/> Although the Indian Government did not request international assistance, the Red Cross provided food, oil, medicines and water tanks for the affected families; the Commission on Inter-Church Aid, Refugee and World Service (CICARWS) at the World Council of Churches issued an appeal for ${{formatprice|262000}} (1990 USD) so they could provide immediate needs with World Vision providing ${{formatprice|160000}} (1990 USD) for food blankets and utensils.<ref name="Sitrep1-3"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[1990 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
*[[1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC Joint Typhoon Warning Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301105349/http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC |date=1 March 2010 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050320025144/http://www.imd.ernet.in/main_new.htm India Meteorological Department]

{{Super Cyclonic Storms}}

[[Category:Tropical cyclones in India]]
[[Category:1990 disasters in India|Andhra Pradesh Cyclone, 1990]]
[[Category:Super cyclonic storms]]
[[Category:1990 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|Andhra Pradesh Cyclone, 1990]]
[[Category:1990s in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Disasters in Andhra Pradesh]]

Aam Aadmi Party

2026-03-29T05:14:06Z

ErinChamberlin3:

{{Short description|Political party in India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = Aam Aadmi Party
|party_logo = Aam Aadmi Party logo (English).svg
|abbreviation = AAP
|colorcode = {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|leader = [[Arvind Kejriwal]]
|rajyasabha_leader = [[Sanjay Singh (AAP politician)|Sanjay Singh]]
|loksabha_leader = [[Gurmeet Singh Meet Hayer]]
|spokesperson = [[Saurabh Bhardwaj]] and others<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aamaadmiparty.org/official-spokespersons/|title=Official Spokespersons – Aam Aadmi Party|date=7 July 2017|access-date=17 August 2020|archive-date=15 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815071446/https://aamaadmiparty.org/official-spokespersons/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|founder = [[Arvind Kejriwal]], Prasant Bhushan, [[Yogendra Yadav]] and others
|foundation = {{start date and age|2012|11|26|df=yes}}
|headquarters = 206, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Marg, [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India 110002<ref>{{cite web|title=Party's Address on Website|url=https://aamaadmiparty.org/|access-date=5 May 2018|archive-date=6 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406044404/http://aamaadmiparty.org|url-status=live}}</ref>
|eci = [[List of political parties in India|National Party]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Election Commission grants national party status to AAP Dated 10.04.2023|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/election-commission-grants-national-party-status-to-aap-withdraws-status-of-trinamool-congress-cpi/article66721271.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=10 April 2023|location=India|year=2013|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410144849/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/election-commission-grants-national-party-status-to-aap-withdraws-status-of-trinamool-congress-cpi/article66721271.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|ideology = {{Plainlist|class=nowrap|
* [[Welfarism]]<ref name="social">{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/politics/aam-aadmi-party-social-content|title=Understanding the Social Content of the Aam Aadmi Party|access-date=27 November 2022|archive-date=27 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127152032/https://thewire.in/politics/aam-aadmi-party-social-content|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Indian nationalism]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/india-ko-no-1-banana-hai-how-kejriwal-aap-are-playing-the-nationalism-game-this-year/1082793/|title=India ko no 1 banana hai'-how Kejriwal & AAP are playing the nationalism game this year|website=[[ThePrint]] |date = 14 August 2022|access-date = 17 May 2021|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814194151/https://theprint.in/politics/india-ko-no-1-banana-hai-how-kejriwal-aap-are-playing-the-nationalism-game-this-year/1082793/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/delhi-budget-explained-arvind-kejriwal-deshbhakti-7221315/|title=Delhi Budget explained: Deshbhakti with 500 national flags, benefits for women and vision 2047|date=10 March 2021|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517102255/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/delhi-budget-explained-arvind-kejriwal-deshbhakti-7221315/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/delhi-ncr/arvind-kejriwal-says-hardcore-patriotism-honesty-and-humanity-are-three-pillars-of-aap-ideology-4161665.html|title=अरविंद केजरीवाल ने इन 3 को बताया AAP की विचारधारा|date=30 March 2022|access-date=30 March 2022|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401033005/https://hindi.news18.com/news/delhi-ncr/arvind-kejriwal-says-hardcore-patriotism-honesty-and-humanity-are-three-pillars-of-aap-ideology-4161665.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Populism]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kejriwal & AAP's Tryst With Hindutva – When Populism Trumps Ideology|date = 6 November 2021|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/aap-kejriwals-tryst-with-hindutva-from-hanuman-chalisa-to-ram-mandir#read-more|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=1 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101020808/https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/aap-kejriwals-tryst-with-hindutva-from-hanuman-chalisa-to-ram-mandir#read-more|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="London School of Economics">{{citation |title=The populist politics of the Aam Aadmi Party|publisher=[[London School of Economics]]|url=http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2014/01/15/the-populist-politics-of-the-aam-aadmi-party |first1=Mitali |last1=Nikore |date=15 January 2014 |access-date=30 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201080821/http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2014/01/15/the-populist-politics-of-the-aam-aadmi-party/|archive-date=1 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/opinion/out-of-ideas-is-aap-struggling-to-stay-politically-relevant-9416181.html|title=Out of ideas, is AAP struggling to stay politically relevant?|date=31 October 2022|access-date=28 November 2022|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113053653/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/opinion/out-of-ideas-is-aap-struggling-to-stay-politically-relevant-9416181.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Secularism in India|Secularism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/aaps-vision-of-secularism-big-on-intention-weak-on-substance-1444157.html|title=AAP's vision of secularism: Big on intention, weak on substance|date=21 March 2014|access-date=28 April 2022|archive-date=28 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428112335/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/aaps-vision-of-secularism-big-on-intention-weak-on-substance-1444157.html/amp|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|position = [[Centrism|Centre]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=No soft Hindutva, no Left Revolution, Kejriwal establishing a new centre in Indian politics|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/no-soft-hindutva-no-left-revolution-kejriwal-establishing-a-new-centre-in-indian-politics/358776/|date=3 February 2020|first1=Rama|last1=Lakshmi|access-date=20 June 2024|work=[[ThePrint]]|archive-date=23 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023071209/https://theprint.in/opinion/no-soft-hindutva-no-left-revolution-kejriwal-establishing-a-new-centre-in-indian-politics/358776/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-rise-of-aap-and-a-central-question/article65268456.ece |title=The rise of AAP and a central question |date=29 March 2022 |first1=Asmin |last1=Ali |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=20 June 2024 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506023225/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-rise-of-aap-and-a-central-question/article65268456.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|membership =
|youth = AAP Youth Wing (AYW)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/politics/aap-to-launch-youth-wing-on-sept-27/article6409885.ece|title=AAP to launch youth wing on Sept 27|author=Our Bureau|work=Business Line|access-date=21 September 2014|archive-date=6 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706090915/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|students = {{ubl|
|Association of Students for Alternative Politics (ASAP)<ref>{{cite news|date=2025-05-20|title=ASAP|url=https://aamaadmiparty.org/press-release/arvind-kejriwal-launches-aaps-student-wing-asap-association-of-students-for-alternative-politics}}</ref>
|[[Chhatra Yuva Sangharsh Samiti]] (CYSS)<ref>{{cite news|title=CYSS|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/aaps-outing-in-du-north-campus-gets-tepid-response-1202799.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626192841/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/aaps-outing-in-du-north-campus-gets-tepid-response-1202799.html|archive-date=26 June 2014}}</ref>
|}}
|women = AAP Mahila Shakti (AMS)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aamaadmiparty.org/teams/richa-pandey-mishra/|title=Richa Pandey Mishra, President, AAP Mahila Shakti|access-date=5 August 2018|archive-date=5 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805052455/http://aamaadmiparty.org/teams/richa-pandey-mishra/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|labour = [[Shramik Vikas Sangathan]] (SVS)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/CHH-RAI-HMU-MAT-latest-raipur-news-021503-135335-NOR.html|title=आप ने बनाई नई टीम मिला नया टास्क|date=26 September 2017|access-date=22 December 2017|archive-date=8 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508103757/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/CHH-RAI-HMU-MAT-latest-raipur-news-021503-135335-NOR.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/odisha/rourkela-sramik-vikas-sangathan-14921138.html|title=श्रमिक विकास संगठन का हस्ताक्षर अभियान शुरू|access-date=22 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107022134/http://www.jagran.com/odisha/rourkela-sramik-vikas-sangathan-14921138.html|archive-date=7 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MP-OTH-MAT-latest-ganjbasoda-news-042503-1190635-NOR.html|title=श्रम विकास संगठन ने मांगों को लेकर हस्ताक्षर अभियान शुरू किया|date=16 October 2016|access-date=22 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016154237/http://www.bhaskar.com/news/MP-OTH-MAT-latest-ganjbasoda-news-042503-1190635-NOR.html|archive-date=16 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=श्रमिकों के 14052 रुपए वेतन को दिल्ली सरकार ने दी मंजूरी|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/UT-DEL-HMU-NEW-MAT-latest-new-delhi-news-040503-1076887-NOR.html|website=bhaskar.com|access-date=4 October 2022|archive-date=15 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015121840/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/UT-DEL-HMU-NEW-MAT-latest-new-delhi-news-040503-1076887-NOR.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|website = {{official URL}}
|symbol = [[File:AAP Symbol.png{{!}}class=skin-invert|150px]]
|flag = {{Switcher|[[File:Aam Aadmi Party flag (2).svg|frameless|150px]]|Show Flag of [[Aam Aadmi Party, Delhi]]|[[File:AAP FLAG.jpg|border|150px]]|Flag of [[Aam Aadmi Party, Punjab]]}}
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{{Composition bar|22|70|hex={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}([[Legislative Assembly of Delhi|Delhi]])
{{Composition bar|94|117|hex={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}([[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab]])
{{Composition bar|2|40|hex={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}([[Goa Legislative Assembly|Goa]])
{{Composition bar|4|182|hex={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}([[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]])
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|alliance = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]] (2023–25)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/politics/arvind-kejriwal-led-aap-officially-exists-india-bloc-only-till-lok-sabha-polls-9449125.html|title=Arvind Kejriwal-Led AAP Officially Exits INDIA Bloc: ‘Only Till Lok Sabha Polls…’|publisher=|date=18 July 2025|access-date=10 March 2026}}</ref>
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The '''Aam Aadmi Party''' ('''AAP''', {{Literal translation|[[Aam Aadmi|Common Man]] Party}}) is a [[List of political parties in India|political party in India]]. It was founded on 26 November 2012 by [[Arvind Kejriwal]] and his then-companions,<ref>Prasant Bhushan, Yogendra Yadav, Kumar Vishwas, etc.</ref> following the [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement]] against then government of [[Indian National Congress]]. The AAP is currently the [[Ruling party|governing party]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. On 10 April 2023, the AAP was officially granted the status of [[List of political parties in India#National parties|national party]] by the [[Election Commission of India|ECI]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-04-10|title=EC recognises AAP as national party; TMC, NCP & CPI lose tag|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ec-revokes-national-party-status-of-tmc-ncp-cpi-grants-status-to-aap-8549118/|access-date=2023-04-10|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410182257/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ec-revokes-national-party-status-of-tmc-ncp-cpi-grants-status-to-aap-8549118/|url-status=live}}</ref> The party's election symbol is a [[broom]].<ref>{{Cite news|title='Broom' is Aam Aadmi Party's election symbol|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/broom-is-aam-aadmi-partys-election-symbol/articleshow/21511772.cms|access-date=2022-07-11|archive-date=21 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721201706/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/broom-is-aam-aadmi-partys-election-symbol/articleshow/21511772.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> APP was formerly a part of the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]] coalition until it's withdrawal in 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/politics/arvind-kejriwal-led-aap-officially-exists-india-bloc-only-till-lok-sabha-polls-9449125.html|title=Arvind Kejriwal-Led AAP Officially Exits INDIA Bloc: ‘Only Till Lok Sabha Polls…’|publisher=|date=18 July 2025|access-date=10 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="c281">{{cite web | last=Pandit | first=Ambika | title=AAP disengages from INDIA bloc, says alliance was only for 2024 LS polls | website=The Times of India | date=2025-06-04 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aap-disengages-from-india-bloc-says-alliance-was-only-for-2024-ls-polls/articleshow/121605557.cms | access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref>

The party came into existence following a difference of opinion between Kejriwal and activist [[Anna Hazare]] regarding the incorporation of electoral politics into the popular [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement]], which had been demanding a [[Jan Lokpal Bill]] since 2011.<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news|date=2012-09-21|title=Anna Hazare, Arvind Kejriwal teams gear up for life after split|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/anna-hazare-arvind-kejriwal-teams-gear-up-for-life-after-split/articleshow/16482955.cms|access-date=2023-04-10|issn=0971-8257|archive-date=22 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422155536/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/anna-hazare-arvind-kejriwal-teams-gear-up-for-life-after-split/articleshow/16482955.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Hazare preferred the movement should remain politically unaligned, whereas Kejriwal felt the failure of the agitation route necessitated changes in the government's representation itself.<ref name="The Times of India"/> On 3 December 2015, the Jan Lokpal Bill was passed by the AAP government with a majority in the Delhi legislative assembly.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-04|title=Delhi assembly passes anti-corruption Jan Lokpal Bill |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/delhi-assembly-passes-anti-corruption-jan-lokpal-bill/story-kWSOzWBpYFI532c4jfGMuK.html|access-date=2023-04-10|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410192812/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/delhi-assembly-passes-anti-corruption-jan-lokpal-bill/story-kWSOzWBpYFI532c4jfGMuK.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jan Lokpal Bill passed by Delhi Assembly|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jan-lokpal-bill-passed-by-delhi-assembly-275725-2015-12-04|access-date=2023-04-10|website=India Today|date=4 December 2015 |language=en|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410192813/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jan-lokpal-bill-passed-by-delhi-assembly-275725-2015-12-04|url-status=live}}</ref>

Making its electoral debut in the [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]], the AAP emerged as the second-largest party and managed to form the government with support from Indian National Congress (INC) members of the assembly.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-08|title=Delhi Election 2013: AAP makes stunning debut, BJP short of majority in Delhi|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/delhi-election-2013-aap-makes-stunning-debut-bjp-short-of-majority-in-delhi/articleshow/27095533.cms|access-date=2023-04-10|issn=0013-0389|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410191820/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/delhi-election-2013-aap-makes-stunning-debut-bjp-short-of-majority-in-delhi/articleshow/27095533.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Kejriwal became the [[List of chief ministers of Delhi|Chief Minister of Delhi]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-12-28|title=Arvind Kejriwal sworn in as Delhi chief minister, promises change|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/arvind-kejriwal-new-delhi-chief-minister-promises-change-42172-2013-12-28|access-date=2023-04-10|website=Business Today|language=en|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410191816/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/arvind-kejriwal-new-delhi-chief-minister-promises-change-42172-2013-12-28|url-status=live}}</ref> but his government resigned 49 days after he could not pass the [[Jan Lokpal Bill]] in the assembly, because of the lack of support from the INC.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Barry|first1=Ellen|last2=Vyawahare |first2=Malavika|date=2014-02-14|title=Chief Minister of Delhi Resigns After 49 Days, Citing Resistance to Antigraft Bill|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/15/world/asia/delhis-newly-appointed-chief-minister-resigns.html|access-date=2023-04-10|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=16 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416034523/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/15/world/asia/delhis-newly-appointed-chief-minister-resigns.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After the [[President's rule]] in Delhi, in the [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|following 2015 elections]], the AAP won 67 of the 70 seats in the assembly and Kejriwal was again sworn in as the [[List of chief ministers of Delhi|Chief Minister of Delhi]].<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-elections-on-february-7/article6781169.ece|title=EC cracks whip as Delhi goes to polls|work=The Hindu|date=13 January 2015|access-date=13 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113004522/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-elections-on-february-7/article6781169.ece|archive-date=13 January 2015}}</ref> In the subsequent [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]], AAP was re-elected as the governing party after winning 62 seats out of 70.<ref name="Delhi 2020 Hindu"/> The party suffered a sharp decline in the [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]], winning only 22 seats. It ultimately lost power to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], which obtained an absolute majority. Kejriwal and several other notable leaders lost their seats.

Outside Delhi, the AAP cemented its popularity when it emerged as the principal opposition party in the [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] after securing 20 seats. In the subsequent [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]], AAP was elected as the main governing party after winning 92 seats.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-03-11|title=Punjab election: AAP tally biggest ever in the state|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-aap-tally-biggest-ever-in-the-state-101646984722193.html|access-date=2023-04-10|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410190718/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-aap-tally-biggest-ever-in-the-state-101646984722193.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-03-10|title=Explained: How the AAP's Punjab win heralds a tectonic shift in Indian politics |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/punjab-election-results-aap-arvind-kejriwal-national-politics-7813124/|access-date=2023-04-10|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410190719/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/punjab-election-results-aap-arvind-kejriwal-national-politics-7813124/|url-status=live}}</ref> Following this, its member [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as the [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-03-16|title=Bhagwant Singh Mann sworn in as Punjab chief minister|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bhagwant-singh-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-chief-minister/articleshow/90261743.cms|access-date=2023-04-10|issn=0971-8257|archive-date=15 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415233320/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bhagwant-singh-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-chief-minister/articleshow/90261743.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2022, the party emerged as the third front in the [[politics of Gujarat]] after [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]. It secured 12.92% of the votes polled and five seats in the Assembly.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Gujarat: AAP won 5 seats, 13% votes in Gujarat polls|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/gujarat/winning-5-seats-13-votes-in-gujarat-polls-was-like-milking-an-ox-but-we-did-it-arvind-kejriwal/articleshow/96322216.cms|access-date=2023-04-21|website=[[The Economic Times]]|date=18 December 2022 |archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426010920/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/gujarat/winning-5-seats-13-votes-in-gujarat-polls-was-like-milking-an-ox-but-we-did-it-arvind-kejriwal/articleshow/96322216.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from Gujarat, AAP is also accorded the status of state party in [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-08-09|title=Recognition as state party in Goa for AAP|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/recognition-as-state-party-in-goa-for-aap/articleshow/93439629.cms|access-date=2023-04-10|issn=0971-8257|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414133811/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/recognition-as-state-party-in-goa-for-aap/articleshow/93439629.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-04-10|title=How Did AAP Bag National Party Tag And NCP, TMC, CPI Lost It? News18 Explains|url=https://www.news18.com/explainers/how-did-aap-bag-national-party-tag-and-ncp-tmc-cpi-lost-it-news18-explains-7515283.html|access-date=2023-04-10|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410190038/https://www.news18.com/explainers/how-did-aap-bag-national-party-tag-and-ncp-tmc-cpi-lost-it-news18-explains-7515283.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]], AAP opened its account in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]] by winning of [[Mehraj Malik]] of AAP from [[Doda Assembly constituency]] seat in Jammu region by a margin of 4538 votes, making him the first AAP MLA of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]].

==History==
[[File:Aam Aadmi Party logo.svg|thumb|left|The party's former logo]]

===Formation===
In the years immediately preceding the 2011 anti-corruption protests under the erstwhile [[United Progressive Alliance|Second Manmohan Singh ministry led by UPA]] , there were examples of alleged corruption in the country; these included the [[Adarsh Housing Society Scam]],<ref>{{cite news |date=1 November 2010 |title=Adarsh Society: Army setting up court of inquiry |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article863396.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104022550/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article863396.ece |archive-date=4 November 2010 |access-date=23 September 2011 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> the [[2010 housing loan scam in India|2010 housing loan scam]],<ref>{{cite news |date=24 November 2010 |title=Housing scam: CBI arrests top officials of PSU banks, financial institutions – Economic Times |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-11-24/news/27590728_1_arrests-maninder-singh-johar-corporate-loans |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121112024/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-11-24/news/27590728_1_arrests-maninder-singh-johar-corporate-loans |archive-date=21 January 2012 |access-date=23 September 2011 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> the [[Radia tapes controversy]],<ref>{{cite magazine |date=10 December 2010 |title=Radia agent of foreign intelligence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/2g-scam/in-the-courts/story/radia-agent-of-foreign-intelligence-agencies-says-govt-affidavit-86880-2010-12-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320171050/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/radia-agent-of-foreign-intelligence-agencies-says-govt-affidavit/1/122879.html |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date=22 December 2011 |magazine=[[India Today]]}}</ref> and the [[2G spectrum case]].<ref>{{cite news |date=22 December 2010 |title=Indian opposition holds mass protest rally |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12056911 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007112011/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12056911 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |access-date=21 July 2018 |work=BBC News}}</ref> [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement|Massive anti-corruption protests and strikes]] were initiated by [[Anna Hazare]] in 2011 as a response to exposure of these financial scams and corruption. The aim was to press the government to enact a strong and effective Lokpal (Federal [[Ombudsman]]) through a [[Jan Lokpal Bill]].{{sfn|Sharma|2014|pp=39}} Hazare was supported by a clutch of activists and professionals which became popularly known as [[Team Anna]]. Team Anna also included a civil-servant turned activist [[Arvind Kejriwal]].{{sfn|Sharma|2014|pp=40-41}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Anna-Hazare-confirms-rift-with-Arvind-Kejriwal-says-his-apolitical-mass-movement-will-continue/articleshow/16456231.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018211416/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-19/india/33951624_1_anna-hazare-team-anna-members-political-alternative |url-status=live |archive-date=18 October 2012 |title=Anna Hazare confirms rift with Arvind Kejriwal, says his apolitical mass movement will continue |first1=Radheshyam |last1=Jadhav |first2=Sarang |last2=Dastane |date=19 September 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 August 2013}}</ref> Hazare had wanted to keep the movement politically neutral but Kejriwal considered that direct involvement in politics was necessary because attempts to obtain progress regarding the Jan Lokpal Bill through talks with existing political parties had, in his opinion, achieved nothing. A survey conducted on a Facebook page that purported to be operated by India Against Corruption<ref>{{cite news |title=India Against Corruption assets caught in tug of war |work=Business Standard|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-against-corruption-assets-caught-in-tug-of-war-112092203017_1.html |date=22 September 2012 |author=Sreelatha Menon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205032157/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-against-corruption-assets-caught-in-tug-of-war-112092203017_1.html |archive-date=5 December 2014 }}</ref> and other social networking services had indicated that there was wide support for politicisation.<ref name="IT20120919">{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |location=New Delhi |date=19 September 2012 |title=Anna Hazare tells Arvind Kejriwal not to use his name, photo for votes as they part ways |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/team-anna-split-anna-hazare-arvind-kejriwal-part-ways-116470-2012-09-19 |access-date=12 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927215015/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/team-anna-split-anna-hazare-arvind-kejriwal-part-ways/1/217947.html |archive-date=27 September 2013 }}</ref><ref name="intoday1">{{cite news|title=So what is the Aam Aadmi Party all about|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/what-is-the-aam-aadmi-party-all-about-122411-2012-11-23|date=24 November 2012|work=India Today|location=New Delhi|access-date=12 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304205801/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/what-is-the-aam-aadmi-party-all-about/1/234564.html|archive-date=4 March 2013}}</ref> Hazare rejected the poll, saying "elections require huge funds, which will be tough for activists to organise without compromising on their values". He also said it would be difficult to ensure that candidates are not corrupted once elected.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anna Hazare confirms split, asks Arvind Kejriwal not to use his name or photo |publisher=NDTV |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/anna-hazare-confirms-split-asks-arvind-kejriwal-not-to-use-his-name-or-photo-269577 |date=19 September 2012 |author=Abhinav Bhatt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205171951/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/anna-hazare-confirms-split-asks-arvind-kejriwal-not-to-use-his-name-or-photo-269577 |archive-date=5 December 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anna Hazare splits Team Anna |publisher=NDTV |url=http://www.iacmumbai.info/2012/09/19/anna-hazare-splits-team-anna |date=19 September 2012 |author=Abhinav Bhatt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204085133/http://www.iacmumbai.info/2012/09/19/anna-hazare-splits-team-anna |archive-date=4 December 2014 |access-date=28 November 2014 }}</ref> Hazare and Kejriwal agreed on 19 September 2012 that their differences regarding a role in politics were irreconcilable. Kejriwal had support from some anti-corruption movement activists, such as [[Prashant Bhushan]] and [[Shanti Bhushan]], but was opposed by others such as [[Kiran Bedi]] and [[Santosh Hegde]]. On 2 October,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20492056 |title=India activist Arvind Kejriwal's Aam Aadmi Party vows change |date=26 November 2012 |publisher=BBC |access-date=16 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727125439/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20492056 |archive-date=27 July 2013 }}</ref> Kejriwal announced that he was forming a political party and that he intended the formal launch to be on 26 November, coinciding with the anniversary of India's adoption of its Constitution in 1949.<ref name="IT20120919" /><ref name="intoday1" />

The party's name reflects the phrase ''[[Aam Aadmi]]'' ({{Translation|common man}}), whose interests Kejriwal proposed to represent. A party constitution was adopted on 24 November 2012, when a National Council comprising 320 people and a National Executive of 23 were also formed. Both the Council and the Executive were expected to have more members in due course, with the intention being that all districts and all classes of people would have a voice.<ref name="intoday1" /> Various committees were proposed to be formed to draft proposals for adoption by the party in a process that was expected to take several months. Although one aim was to limit nepotism, there were complaints at this initial meeting that the selection of people invited to attend was itself an example of such practices.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |location=New Delhi |date=24 November 2012 |title=Arvind Kejriwal's answer to Congress's 'mango people', names his political front as Aam Aadmi Party |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/arvind-kejriwal-names-his-political-party-as-aam-aadmi-party-122388-2012-11-23 |work=India Today |access-date=12 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707054715/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/arvind-kejriwal-names-his-political-party-as-aam-aadmi-party/1/234522.html |archive-date=7 July 2013 }}</ref> The party was formally launched in Delhi on 26 November<ref>{{cite news|title=Arvind Kejriwal formally launches Aam Aadmi Party|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/arvind-kejriwal-aam-aadmi-party-formal-launch-jantar-mantar-122520-2012-11-25|work=India Today|access-date=26 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126195211/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/arvind-kejriwal-aam-aadmi-party-formal-launch-jantar-mantar/1/234729.html|archive-date=26 November 2012}}</ref> and in March 2013, it was registered as a political party by the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Aam Aadmi Party now a registered political party|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aam-aadmi-party-now-a-registered-political-party/article4539185.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527000943/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aam-aadmi-party-now-a-registered-political-party/article4539185.ece|archive-date=27 May 2013}}</ref>{{efn|The [[Election Commission of India]] gazetted the AAP as a "registered unrecognised party" on 9 April 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/AmendmentNotificationEng09042013.pdf |title=Election Commission of India Notification |page=2 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=16 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203024423/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/AmendmentNotificationEng09042013.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref>}}

=== Funding ===
On 26 November 2012, the formal launch day of the AAP, former law minister [[Shanti Bhushan]] donated {{INRConvert|10|m}} to the party. Prashant Bhushan, his son, was a member of the party's National Executive Committee.<ref name="donations">{{citation |title=New Delhi Shanti Bhushan donates Rs. 1 crore to Kejriwal's Aam Aadmi Party |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Shanti-Bhushan-donates-Rs-1-crore-to-Kejriwal-s-Aam-Aadmi-Party/Article1-964698.aspx |date=26 November 2012 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |location=New Delhi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127162609/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Shanti-Bhushan-donates-Rs-1-crore-to-Kejriwal-s-Aam-Aadmi-Party/Article1-964698.aspx |archive-date=27 November 2012 }}</ref> The party raised {{INRConvert|20|c}} by November 2013 and received {{INRConvert|18|c}} in 2015 assembly polls.<ref>{{citation |title=Is the aam aadmi missing from AAP funding? |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/is-the-aam-aadmi-missing-from-aap-funding-116090400750_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=4 September 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315085843/http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/is-the-aam-aadmi-missing-from-aap-funding-116090400750_1.html |archive-date=15 March 2017 |last1=Makkar |first1=Sahil }}</ref>

===Initial period===
On 18 May 2013, a group of [[Indian Americans]] from 20 different cities in the US held a convention in Chicago and extended support to the AAP. The convention was attended by two AAP leaders, [[Kumar Vishwas]] and [[Yogendra Yadav]], and Kejriwal addressed it via video conferencing.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indianamericans-extend-support-to-kejriwals-aam-aadmi-party/392801-37.html|title=Indian-Americans extend support to Kejriwal's Aam Aadmi Party|date=20 May 2013|publisher=IBN Live|agency=Press Trust of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227201724/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indianamericans-extend-support-to-kejriwals-aam-aadmi-party/392801-37.html|archive-date=27 December 2013}}</ref> [[Aruna Roy]] and [[Medha Patkar]], who had differences with Kejriwal on certain issues, supported him after his 15-day fast against inflated electricity bills.<ref name="end" /> On 22 March 2014, the [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] party of Delhi announced it would merge with the Aam Aadmi Party, citing Kejriwal's tenure as Chief Minister of Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|title=JD(S) Delhi unit merges with AAP|url=http://www.aamaadmiparty.org/jds-delhi-merges-with-aap|publisher=Aam Aadmi Party|access-date=23 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807040723/http://www.aamaadmiparty.org/jds-delhi-merges-with-aap|archive-date=7 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-23 |title=Leaders of JD(S) unit in Delhi join AAP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/leaders-of-jds-unit-in-delhi-join-aap/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Later two of the founders of the party, Prashant Bhushan and Yogendra Yadav, left the Aam Aadmi Party in 2017 and formed [[Swaraj Abhiyan]].<ref>{{citation |title=Good people who left AAP will return: Arvind Kejriwal |date=22 April 2017 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mcd-election-2017-good-people-who-left-aap-will-return-arvind-kejriwal-1684664 |work=NDTV |access-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418012530/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mcd-election-2017-good-people-who-left-aap-will-return-arvind-kejriwal-1684664 |url-status=live |archive-date=18 April 2023}}</ref>

=== Protests ===
On 23 March 2013, Kejriwal began an indefinite fast in an attempt to mobilise people against inflated power and electricity bills at a house in Sundar Nagri, a low-income group resettlement colony in North-East Delhi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kejriwal's indefinite fast in Delhi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Kejriwals-indefinite-fast-in-Delhi/articleshow/19146694.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203062541/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-23/delhi/37959821_1_leader-arvind-kejriwal-today-fake-bills-inflated-bills |url-status=live |archive-date=3 December 2013 |date=29 March 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref> During the protest, he urged Delhi citizens not to pay "inflated" water and electricity bills.<ref>{{cite news |first=Danish |last=Raza |date=24 March 2013 |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/kerjiwal-moves-to-delhis-power-corridor-to-protest-against-inflated-power-bills-673015.html |title=Kerjiwal moves to Delhi's power corridor to protest against 'inflated' power bills |work=First Post|access-date=19 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102155612/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/kerjiwal-moves-to-delhis-power-corridor-to-protest-against-inflated-power-bills-673015.html |archive-date=2 January 2014 }}</ref> The AAP also demanded an audit of power and electricity supply in Delhi by the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]], something that was also supported by civil society groups like the National Alliance of People's Movement (NAPM).<ref>{{cite news|title=Civil society groups support Kejriwal's campaign against "inflated" power bills|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/civil-society-groups-support-kejriwals-campaign-against-inflated-power-bills/article4576216.ece|work=The Hindu|date=3 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203214532/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/civil-society-groups-support-kejriwals-campaign-against-inflated-power-bills/article4576216.ece|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> The AAP claimed that the protest gathered support from {{formatnum:100000}} people in Delhi on a single day and more than {{formatnum:300000}} people up to 28 March 2013.<ref name="support">{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=29 March 2013 |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/eminent-personalities-support-kejriwals-movement/articleshow/19276389.cms |title=Eminent personalities support Kejriwal's movement |work=The Economic Times |access-date=19 July 2013 |archive-date=6 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506175429/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/eminent-personalities-support-kejriwals-movement/articleshow/19276389.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Anna Hazare urged Kejriwal to end the fast on 29 March and he did so on 6 April.<ref name="end">{{cite news|title=Aam Admi Party leader Arvind Kejriwal Ends Two-week long fast|url=http://tehelka.com/aam-aadmi-party-leader-arvind-kejriwal-ends-two-week-long-fast/|access-date=18 June 2013|publisher=Tehelka.com|date=6 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509130906/http://tehelka.com/aam-aadmi-party-leader-arvind-kejriwal-ends-two-week-long-fast/|archive-date=9 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 10 June 2013, Kejriwal supported agitation by Delhi auto rickshaw drivers, who were protesting the [[Government of Delhi|Delhi government's]] ban on advertisements on auto rickshaws. Kejriwal claimed the government's ban was because the drivers supported his party and carried AAP's advertisements on their vehicles. He said that the AAP would put 10,000 advertisements on auto rickshaws as a protest.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ali|first=Mohammed|title=Kejriwal slams Sheila for banning ads on autos|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/kejriwal-slams-sheila-for-banning-ads-on-autos/article4801973.ece|access-date=14 June 2013|work=The Hindu|date=11 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613125341/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/kejriwal-slams-sheila-for-banning-ads-on-autos/article4801973.ece|archive-date=13 June 2013}}</ref> In retrospect, after Kejriwal had been elected and then resigned his position, a union representing the drivers expressed dissatisfaction, saying: "Arvind Kejriwal, who had won the elections because of the support of the auto drivers, has betrayed them by not fulfilling any of the promises made before the elections".<ref>{{cite news|title=Auto-Rickshaw Union Refuses to Support Kejriwal|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=829789|access-date=6 March 2014|newspaper=Outlook India|date=20 February 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307112420/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=829789|archive-date=7 March 2014}}</ref> On 22 April 2015, the AAP organised a rally in Delhi against a land acquisition bill.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Farmers-suicide-at-AAP-rally-Cops-probing-if-he-was-provoked-to-climb-tree/articleshow/47020691.cms|title=Farmer's 'suicide' at AAP rally: Cops probing if he was provoked to climb tree|newspaper=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423153437/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Farmers-suicide-at-AAP-rally-Cops-probing-if-he-was-provoked-to-climb-tree/articleshow/47020691.cms|archive-date=23 April 2015}}</ref>

== Ideology ==
[[File:Anaa Hazare with Anupam Kher, Manish Sisodia and Kumar Vishwas.jpg|thumb|Anna Hazare, Anupam Kher, Manish Sisodia and Kumar Vishwas during the [[Jan Lokpal Bill]] movement]]
Though the party doesn't follow any specific ideology, at the time of its formation, the AAP said that the promise of equality and justice that forms a part of the [[Constitution of India]] and of its preamble has not been fulfilled and that the [[Independence of India]] has replaced enslavement to an oppressive foreign power with that to a political elite. It claimed that the common people of India remain unheard and unseen except when it suits politicians. The AAP's goal is to reverse the way that government accountability operates, and the party takes an interpretation of the [[Gandhian socialism|Gandhian socialist]] concept of [[swaraj]] as a tenet. It believes that through ''swaraj'', the government will be directly accountable to the people instead of higher officials. The ''swaraj'' model lays stress on self-governance, community building, and decentralization.<ref>{{cite web |title=Goal of Swaraj |url=http://www.aamaadmiparty.org/page/goal-of-swaraj |publisher=Aam Aadmi Party|access-date=12 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611080545/http://aamaadmiparty.org/page/goal-of-swaraj |archive-date=11 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action |publisher=Columbia University Press |first=Dennis |last=Dalton |author-link=Dennis Dalton |edition=Revised |orig-year=1993 |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-231-15959-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KxUp1igCL_0C&q=77 |page=77 |access-date=13 June 2013 |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706090958/https://books.google.com/books?id=KxUp1igCL_0C&q=77 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kejriwal has stated that the AAP refuses to be guided by ideologies and that they are entering politics to change the system, saying, "We are common men. If we find our solution in the left, we are happy to borrow it from there. If we find our solution in the right, we are happy to borrow it from there."<ref>{{cite news |title=Arvind Kejriwal is not an angry man. Or a socialist. |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/arvind-kejriwal-is-not-an-angry-man-or-a-socialist-858861.html |newspaper=[[First Post]] |date=10 June 2013 |access-date=10 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112083216/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/arvind-kejriwal-is-not-an-angry-man-or-a-socialist-858861.html |archive-date=12 November 2013 }}</ref> Kejriwal has put forward 3 pillars of Aam Aadmi Party's core ideology: ''staunch patriotism'', ''staunch honesty'' and ''humanity.''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hardcore patriotism, honesty, humanity pillars of AAP ideology reflected in Delhi budget: Kejriwal |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/hardcore-patriotism-honesty-humanity-pillars-of-aap-ideology-reflected-in-delhi-budget-kejriwal/articleshow/90519818.cms |agency=PTI |date=29 March 2022 |access-date=1 January 2023 |archive-date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101020813/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/hardcore-patriotism-honesty-humanity-pillars-of-aap-ideology-reflected-in-delhi-budget-kejriwal/articleshow/90519818.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

The party advocates scrapping [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code]] and legalizing both homosexuality and [[same-sex marriage]].<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=AAP unveils Mumbai manifesto, vows to decriminalize gay sex|date=10 April 2014|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/AAP-unveils-Mumbai-manifesto-vows-to-decriminalize-gay-sex/articleshow/33567461.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331004428/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/AAP-unveils-Mumbai-manifesto-vows-to-decriminalize-gay-sex/articleshow/33567461.cms|archive-date=31 March 2018}}</ref> The party is also regarded as being [[Populism|populist]]<ref name="London School of Economics">{{citation |title=The populist politics of the Aam Aadmi Party|publisher=[[London School of Economics]]|url=http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2014/01/15/the-populist-politics-of-the-aam-aadmi-party |first1=Mitali |last1=Nikore |date=15 January 2014 |access-date=30 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201080821/http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2014/01/15/the-populist-politics-of-the-aam-aadmi-party/|archive-date=1 December 2016}}</ref> and [[centrist]].<ref name="ThePrint03Feb20">{{Cite news|title=No soft Hindutva, no Left Revolution, Kejriwal establishing a new centre in Indian politics|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/no-soft-hindutva-no-left-revolution-kejriwal-establishing-a-new-centre-in-indian-politics/358776/|date=3 February 2020|first1=Rama|last1=Lakshmi|access-date=11 February 2020|work=[[ThePrint]]|archive-date=23 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023071209/https://theprint.in/opinion/no-soft-hindutva-no-left-revolution-kejriwal-establishing-a-new-centre-in-indian-politics/358776/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-rise-of-aap-and-a-central-question/article65268456.ece |title=The rise of AAP and a central question |date=29 March 2022 |first1=Asmin |last1=Ali |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=6 May 2022 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506023225/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-rise-of-aap-and-a-central-question/article65268456.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Organisation==
[[File:Arvind Kejriwal 2022 Official Portrail.jpg|thumb|[[Arvind Kejriwal]]]]
The party leadership consists of the following bodies:

*'''National Convener''': Arvind Kejriwal
*'''National Secretary''': Pankaj Gupta<ref name="AAP PAC" />
*'''National Treasurer''': Narain Dass Gupta<ref name="AAP PAC" />

===Political Affairs Committee ===
Political Affairs Committee is the highest decision-making body of the party.<ref name="Newsmaker">{{cite news |title=Newsmaker {{!}} At 31, an old AAP hand and now party's Rajinder Nagar candidate |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/newsmaker-at-31-an-old-aap-hand-and-now-partys-rajinder-nagar-candidate-7943476/ |access-date=23 June 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=31 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=23 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623101102/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/newsmaker-at-31-an-old-aap-hand-and-now-partys-rajinder-nagar-candidate-7943476/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The current member of the PAC are [[Arvind Kejriwal]], [[Manish Sisodia]], [[Sanjay Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sanjay Singh]], [[Gopal Rai]], [[Atishi]], [[Imran Hussain (Indian politician)|Imran Hussain]], [[Durgesh Pathak]], [[Raghav Chadha]] and [[Rakhi Bidlan]]. Pankaj Kr Gupta (National Secretary) and Narain Dass Gupta (National Treasurer) are the ex officio members of the PAC.<ref name="AAP PAC">{{cite web |title=Political Affairs Committee {{!}} Aam Aadmi Party |url=https://aamaadmiparty.org/political-affairs-committee/ |access-date=19 January 2022 |date=29 June 2017 |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124174620/https://aamaadmiparty.org/political-affairs-committee/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===National Executive Committee ===
The party's National Executive Committee had 34 members in 2022.<ref name="AAP NEC">{{cite web |title=National Executive {{!}} Aam Aadmi Party |url=https://aamaadmiparty.org/about/national-executive/ |access-date=19 January 2022 |date=29 June 2017 |archive-date=17 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717182201/http://aamaadmiparty.org/national-executive |url-status=live }}</ref>

===State Leadership===

The AAP has state wings in Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh, Chhattisgarh, [[Aam Aadmi Party, Delhi|Delhi]], Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Mizoram,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Nidhi |date=2023-02-19 |title=AAP to contest 5 of 9 state polls this year |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/aap-to-contest-5-of-9-state-polls-this-year/articleshow/98050414.cms |access-date=2023-09-05 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> [[Aam Aadmi Party, Punjab|Punjab]], Puducherry, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal.
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="70%"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |State/UT
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |State President
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |State General Secretary
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |State Incharge
! style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |State Co-incharge
|-
| '''[[Andhra Pradesh]]'''
|Mani Naidu
|
|
| rowspan="4" |
|-
| '''[[Arunachal Pradesh]]'''
|Yamra Taya
|Toko Nikam
|Rajesh Sharma
|-
| '''[[Assam]]'''
|Dr. Bhaben Choudhury
| rowspan="34" |
|Rajesh Sharma<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aap Assam State Team {{!}} Aam Aadmi Party Assam Aap |url=https://www.aapassam.in/state |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=AAP Assam |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[Bihar]]'''
|
|
|-
| '''[[Chhattisgarh]]'''
|Komal Hupendi
|[[Sandeep Pathak]]
|[[Amolak Singh]], [[Amritpal Singh Sukhanand]]
|-
| '''[[Goa]]'''
|Amit Palekar
|[[Pankaj Gupta (politician)|Pankaj Gupta]]
| rowspan="7" |
|-
| '''[[Gujarat]]'''
|[[Isudan Gadhvi]]
|[[Gopal Rai]]
|-
| '''[[Haryana]]'''
|[[Sushil Gupta]]
| rowspan="9" |
|-
| '''[[Himachal Pradesh]]'''
|Surjeet Singh Thakur
|-
| '''[[Jharkhand]]'''
|Dr. Ajay Kumar singh
|-
| '''[[Karnataka]]'''
|[[Mukhyamantri Chandru]]
|-
| '''[[Kerala]]'''
|Adv. Vinod Wilson Mathew
|-
| '''[[Madhya Pradesh]]'''
|Rani Agrawal
|[[Rajnish Kumar Dahiya]], [[Jagtar Singh Diyalpura]]
|-
| '''[[Maharashtra]]'''
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="23" |
|-
| '''[[Manipur]]'''
|-
| '''[[Meghalaya]]'''
|-
| '''[[Mizoram]]'''
|Andrew Lalremkima Pachuau
|Rajesh Sharma
|-
| '''[[Nagaland]]'''
|Asu Keyho
|Rajesh Sharma
|-
| '''[[Odisha]]'''
|Nishikanta Mohapatra
|[[Sandeep Pathak]]
|-
| '''[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]'''
|[[Aman Arora]]
|
|-
| '''[[Rajasthan]]'''
|Naveen Paliwal
|[[Vinay Mishra]]
|-
| '''[[Sikkim]]'''
| rowspan="5" |
| rowspan="5" |
|-
| '''[[Tamil Nadu]]'''
|-
| '''[[Telangana]]'''
|-
| '''[[Tripura]]'''
|-
| '''[[Uttar Pradesh]]'''
|-
| '''[[Uttarkhand]]'''
|Sawinderjeet Singh Kaler
|[[Dinesh Mohaniya]]
|-
| '''[[West Bengal]]'''
| rowspan="5" |
|Sanjoy Basu
|-
| '''[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]'''
| rowspan="8" |
|-
| '''[[Chandigarh]]'''
|-
| '''[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]'''
|-
| '''[[Lakshadweep]]'''
|-
| '''[[Delhi]]'''
|[[Saurabh Bhardwaj]]
|-
| '''[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]'''
|[[Mehraj Malik]]
|-
| '''[[Ladakh]]'''
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| '''[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]'''
|}

== Election results ==
===General election results===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Lok Sabha
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Leader
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Seats contested
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Seats won
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | +/- seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Overall Votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Percentage of votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | +/- Vote
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Ref.
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Arvind Kejriwal]]
|432
|{{Composition bar|4|543|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|''New''
|11,325,635
|2.1%
|''New''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/party_list/0/16|title=IndiaVotes PC: Party-wise performance for 2014|access-date=20 May 2021|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520150846/https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/party_list/0/16|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
|35
|{{Composition bar|1|543|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 3
|2,716,629
|0.4%
|{{decrease}} 1.7%
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/party_list/0/17|title=IndiaVotes PC: Party-wise performance for 2019|access-date=20 May 2021|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520152421/https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/party_list/0/17|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
|22
|{{Composition bar|3|543|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{Increase}} 2
|7,147,800
|1.11%
|{{increase}} 0.71
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/index.htm|title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024}}</ref>
|-
|}

===State Assembly election results===

{|class="wikitable sortable " style="text-align:center;"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Election Year
!style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Leader
! style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | seats contested
! style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | seats won
! style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | +/- in seats
! style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | +/- in vote share
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Sitting side
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2026]] {{small|(debut)}}
|
|
| {{Composition bar|0|126|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|
|
|{{steady}}
|{{steady}}
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] {{small|(debut)}}
|Rakesh Yadav
|121
| {{Composition bar|0|243|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|150,913
|0.30
|{{steady}}
|{{steady}}
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]] {{small|(debut)}}
|
|85
| {{Composition bar|0|90|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|123,525
|0.87
|{{steady}}
|{{steady}}
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|Komal Hupendi
|57
| {{Composition bar|0|90|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|144,710
|0.93
|{{increase}}0.06
|{{steady}}
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]] {{small|(debut)}}
| rowspan="4" |[[Arvind Kejriwal]]
|69
| {{Composition bar|28|70|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|2,322,330
|29.49
|{{steady}}
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|69
| {{Composition bar|67|70|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{increase}} 39
|4,838,397
|54.3
|{{increase}} 24.8
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|70
| {{Composition bar|62|70|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 5
|4,974,522
|53.57
|{{decrease}} 0.73
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|70
| {{Composition bar|22|70|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{decrease}} 40
|4,133,898
| 43.57%
|{{decrease}} 10.0
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Goa Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017]] {{small|(debut)}}
|
|39
| {{Composition bar|0|40|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|57,420
|6.3
|{{steady}}
|{{steady}}
|-
|[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|Amit Palekar
|39
|{{Composition bar|2|40|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{increase}}2
|64,354
|6.77<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/partywiseresult-S05.htm |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=results.eci.gov.in |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310113754/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/partywiseresult-S05.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{increase}}0.5
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]] {{small|(debut)}}
|
|29
| {{Composition bar|0|182|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|29,509
|0.10
|{{steady}}
|{{steady}}
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Isudan Gadhvi]]
|180
| {{Composition bar|5|182|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{increase}}5
|4,112,055
|12.92
|{{increase}}12.82
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]] {{small|(debut)}}
|
|46
| {{Composition bar|0|90|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|59,839
|0.48
|{{steady}}
|{{steady}}
|-
|[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Sushil Gupta]]
|88
| {{Composition bar|0|90|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|227817
|1.79
|{{increase}}1.31
|{{steady}}
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]] {{small|(debut)}}
|Surjeet Singh Thakur
|67
| {{Composition bar|0|68|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|46,270
|1.10
|{{steady}}
|{{steady}}
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]] {{small|(debut)}}
|[[Mehraj Malik]]
|7
| {{Composition bar|1|90|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{increase}}1
|29,733
|0.52
|{{increase}}0.52
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]] {{small|(debut)}}
|
|26
| {{Composition bar|0|81|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|35,252
|0.23
|{{steady}}
|{{steady}}
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] {{small|(debut)}}
|
|28
| {{Composition bar|0|224|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|23,468
|0.06
|{{steady}}
|{{steady}}
|-
|[[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|Prithvi Reddy
|209
|{{Composition bar|0|224|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|225,869
|0.58
|{{increase}}0.42
|{{steady}}
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]] {{small|(debut)}}
|Alok Agrawal
|208
| {{Composition bar|0|230|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|253,106
|0.66
|{{steady}}
|{{steady}}
|-
|[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|Rani Agrawal
|69
| {{Composition bar|0|230|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|233,458
|0.54
|{{Decrease}}0.12
|{{steady}}
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] {{small|(debut)}}
|
|24
| {{Composition bar|0|288|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|57,855
|0.10
|{{steady}}
|{{steady}}
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]] {{small|(debut)}}
|
|6
| {{Composition bar|0|60|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|1,410
|0.09
|{{steady}}
|{{steady}}
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]] {{small|(debut)}}
|Andrew Lalremkima
|4
| {{Composition bar|0|40|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|915
|0.09
|{{steady}}
|{{steady}}
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]] {{small|(debut)}}
|
|3
| {{Composition bar|0|60|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|7,491
|0.75
|{{steady}}
|{{steady}}
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]] {{small|(debut)}}
|
|15
| {{Composition bar|0|147|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|14,916
|0.06
|{{steady}}
|{{steady}}
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|Nishikanta Mohapatra
|41
|{{Composition bar|0|147|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|42,281
|0.17
|{{increase}}0.11
|{{steady}}
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]] {{small|(debut)}}
|[[Gurpreet Ghuggi]]
| 112
| {{Composition bar|20|117|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|3,662,665
|23.7
|{{steady}}
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Bhagwant Mann]]
|117
|{{Composition bar|92|117|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{increase}}72
|6,538,783
|42.01
|{{increase}}18.3
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]] {{small|(debut)}}
|
|142
| {{Composition bar|0|200|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|136,345
|0.38
|{{steady}}
|{{steady}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|Naveen Paliwal
|85
| {{Composition bar|0|200|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|148,709
|0.38
|{{steady}}
|{{steady}}
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]] {{small|(debut)}}
|
|41
| {{Composition bar|0|119|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|13,134
|0.06
|{{steady}}
|{{steady}}
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]] {{small|(debut)}}
|[[Ajay Kothiyal]]
|70
|{{Composition bar|0|70|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|178,134
|3.31
|{{steady}}
|{{steady}}
|-
! colspan="9" |[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]] {{small|(debut)}}
|[[Sanjay Singh (AAP politician)|Sanjay Singh]]
|349
|{{Composition bar|0|403|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|347,187
|0.38
|{{steady}}
|{{steady}}
|-
|}

===Municipal Corporation election results===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Municipal Corporation
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Seats contested
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Seats won
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Change in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Percentage of votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Vote swing
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Ref.
|-
! colspan="8" |Assam
|-
|[[2022 Assam municipal elections|2022]]
|[[Guwahati Municipal Corporation|Guwahati]]
|39
|{{Composition bar|1|60|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{increase}}1
|10.69
|{{steady}}
|
|-
! colspan="8" |Chandigarh
|-
|[[2021 Chandigarh Municipal Corporation election|2021]]
|[[Municipal Corporation Chandigarh|Chandigarh]]
|35
|{{Composition bar|14|35|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{increase}}14
|27.08
|{{steady}}
|
|-
!colspan=8|Delhi
|-
| rowspan=3|[[2017 Delhi Municipal Corporation election|2017]]
|[[North Delhi Municipal Corporation|North Delhi]]
|104
|{{Composition bar|21|104|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{increase}}21
|27.88
|{{steady}}
|
|-
|[[South Delhi Municipal Corporation|South Delhi]]
|104
|{{Composition bar|16|104|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{increase}}16
|26.44
|{{steady}}
|
|-
|[[East Delhi Municipal Corporation|East Delhi]]
|64
|{{Composition bar|12|64|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{increase}}12
|23.40
|{{steady}}
|
|-
|[[2022 Delhi Municipal Corporation election|2022]]
| [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi|Delhi]]
|250
|{{Composition bar|134|250|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{increase}}85
|42.05
|{{increase}}15.82
|
|-
!colspan=8|Gujarat
|-
|2021
|[[Surat Municipal Corporation|Surat]]
|120
|{{Composition bar|27|120|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{increase}}27
|28.47
|{{steady}}
|
|-
|2021
|[[Gandhinagar Municipal Corporation|Gandhinagar]]
|40
|{{Composition bar|1|44|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{increase}}1
|21.77
|{{steady}}
|
|-
!colspan=8|Madhya Pradesh
|-
|2022
|Singrauli
|
|{{Composition bar|5|45|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2022 |title=AAP Makes Madhya Pradesh Debut With Singrauli Mayoral Win |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aap-makes-madhya-pradesh-debut-with-singrauli-mayoral-win-3166398 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719095140/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aap-makes-madhya-pradesh-debut-with-singrauli-mayoral-win-3166398 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-17 |title=MP: AAP Wins Mayor Post In Singrauli, Garners Only 5 Corporator Seats In 45-Member Body |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/madhya-pradesh-aap-wins-mayor-post-in-singrauli-garners-only-5-corporator-seats-in-45-member-body-1542995 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en |archive-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226100007/https://news.abplive.com/news/india/madhya-pradesh-aap-wins-mayor-post-in-singrauli-garners-only-5-corporator-seats-in-45-member-body-1542995 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! colspan="8" |Punjab
|-
|2018
|[[Amritsar Municipal Corporation|Amritsar]]
|85
|{{Composition bar|9|85|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{increase}}9
|
|
|
|-
|2018
|[[Ludhiana Municipal Corporation|Ludhiana]]
|95
|{{Composition bar|1|95|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{increase}}1
|
|
|
|-
|2021
|[[Batala Municipal Corporation|Batala]]
|51
|{{Composition bar|4|51|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{increase}}4
|
|
|
|-
|2021
|[[Moga Municipal Corporation|Moga]]
|50
|{{Composition bar|8|50|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{increase}}8
|
|
|
|-
|2024
|[[Amritsar Municipal Corporation|Amritsar]]
|85
|{{Composition bar|24|85|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{increase}}15
|
|
|
|-
|2024
|[[Ludhiana Municipal Corporation|Ludhiana]]
|40
|{{Composition bar|40|95|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{increase}}39
|
|
|
|-
|2024
|[[Patiala Municipal Corporation|Patiala]]
|60
|{{Composition bar|43|60|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{increase}}43
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="8" |Uttar Pradesh
|-
|[[2023 Uttar Pradesh municipal elections|2023]]
|[[Ayodhya Municipal Corporation|Ayodhya]]
|60
|{{Composition bar|1|60|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{increase}}1
|
|
|
|-
|[[2023 Uttar Pradesh municipal elections|2023]]
|[[Firozabad Municipal Corporation|Firozabad]]
|70
|{{Composition bar|1|70|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{increase}}1
|
|
|
|-
|[[2023 Uttar Pradesh municipal elections|2023]]
|[[Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation|Ghaziabad]]
|100
|{{Composition bar|3|100|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{increase}}3
|
|
|
|-
|[[2023 Uttar Pradesh municipal elections|2023]]
|[[Jhansi Municipal Corporation|Jhansi]]
|60
|{{Composition bar|1|60|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{increase}}1
|
|
|
|-
|[[2023 Uttar Pradesh municipal elections|2023]]
|[[Kanpur Municipal Corporation|Kanpur]]
|110
|{{Composition bar|1|110|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}
|{{increase}}1
|
|
|
|-
|}

=== 2013 Delhi Assembly election ===
{{Main|2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election}}

The 2013 Delhi state assembly elections were the party's first electoral contest. The Election Commission approved the symbol of a broom for use by the AAP in that campaign.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aam Aadmi Party gets broom as election symbol|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aam-aadmi-party-gets-broom-as-election-symbol/410942-37.html|access-date=2 August 2013|publisher=IBN Live|date=31 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803083441/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aam-aadmi-party-gets-broom-as-election-symbol/410942-37.html|archive-date=3 August 2013}}</ref> The party said that its candidates were honest and had been screened for potential criminal backgrounds.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/aap-picks-its-candidates-filmmaker-homemaker-and-loyalists-800919.html |title=AAP picks candidates: Filmmaker, homemaker and loyalists |first=Danish |last=Raza |date=21 May 2013 |work=First Post|access-date=19 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728193528/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/aap-picks-its-candidates-filmmaker-homemaker-and-loyalists-800919.html |archive-date=28 July 2013 }}</ref> It published its central manifesto on 20 November 2013, promising to implement the Jan Lokpal Bill within 15 days of coming to power.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-aap-promises-700-litres-of-free-water-cheap-power-jan-lokpal/435206-80-258.html |title=Delhi: AAP promises 700 litres of free water, cheap power, Jan Lokpal |publisher=IBN |date=20 November 2013 |access-date=30 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123235400/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-aap-promises-700-litres-of-free-water-cheap-power-jan-lokpal/435206-80-258.html |archive-date=23 November 2013 }}</ref>

In November 2013, a sting operation conducted by Media Sarkar alleged that several leaders of the AAP, including Kumar Vishwas and [[Shazia Ilmi]], had agreed to extend their support to some people seeking assistance with land deals and other financial arrangements in return for donations in cash to the AAP.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/DEL-sting-operation-controversial-political-career-shazia-ilmi-aam-aadmi-party-delhi-4441540-PHO.html |work=Daily Bhaskar |title=RECAP: The controversial political career of Shazia Ilmi |date=22 November 2013 |access-date=4 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112101008/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/DEL-sting-operation-controversial-political-career-shazia-ilmi-aam-aadmi-party-delhi-4441540-PHO.html |archive-date=12 January 2014 }}</ref> Ilmi offered to withdraw her candidature as a result, but the party refused to accept her offer, describing the footage as fabricated and a violation of the Model Code of Conduct.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/aap-defends-shazia-ilmi-threatens-to-sue-media-sarkar-and-tv-channels/1198331/ |title=AAP defends Shazia Ilmi, threatens to sue Media Sarkar and TV channels |work=The Indian Express|date=23 November 2013 |access-date=24 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124075245/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/aap-defends-shazia-ilmi-threatens-to-sue-media-sarkar-and-tv-channels/1198331/ |archive-date=24 November 2013 }}</ref> The Election Commission ordered an inquiry regarding the legitimacy of the video where the political leaders have raised funding through "illegal" means.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/ec-begins-inquiry-into-sting-operation-against-aap-leaders-218389-2013-11-21 |title=EC begins inquiry into sting operation against AAP leaders |work=India Today |date=22 November 2013 |access-date=30 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202043732/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ec-begins-inquiry-into-sting-operation-against-aap-leaders/1/326154.html |archive-date=2 December 2013 }}</ref> However immediately after the general elections, Shazia Ilmi (PAC member) resigned from the party.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 May 2014 |title=Shazia Ilmi quits AAP |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/shazia-ilmi-quits-aap/article6044201.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627220905/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/shazia-ilmi-quits-aap/article6044201.ece |archive-date=27 June 2014 |access-date=13 June 2014 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

The AAP emerged as the second-largest party in Delhi, winning 28 of the 70 Assembly seats; the Bharatiya Janata Party, as the largest party, won 31, while its ally [[Shiromani Akali Dal]], won 1; Indian National Congress won 8, and two were won by others.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/delhi-polls-bjp-ahead-aap-inches-to-second-113120800100_1.html|title=Delhi polls -BJP ahead, AAP inches to second|agency=ANI|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=8 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213025515/http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/delhi-polls-bjp-ahead-aap-inches-to-second-113120800100_1.html|archive-date=13 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResult.htm |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |access-date=12 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215065208/http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResult.htm |archive-date=15 December 2013 }}</ref> On 28 December 2013, the AAP formed a minority government in the hung Assembly, with what Sheila Dikshit describes as "not unconditional" support from Indian National Congress.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fulfill promises, Sheila Dikshit tells Aam Aadmi Party |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |publisher=NDTV |date=23 December 2013 |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/fulfill-promises-sheila-dikshit-tells-aam-aadmi-party-462091?curl=1387819909 |access-date=23 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224084523/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/fulfill-promises-sheila-dikshit-tells-aam-aadmi-party-462091?curl=1387819909 |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}</ref> Kejriwal became the second-youngest [[Chief Minister of Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Arvind Kejriwal becomes Delhi's youngest Chief Minister |publisher=IBN |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/assembly-elections-2013/delhi-assembly-elections/Aam-Admi-Arvind-Kejriwal-takes-oath-as-Delhi-CM-vows-change-in-governance/articleshow/28047952.cms |date=28 December 2013 |access-date=28 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229135831/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/assembly-elections-2013/delhi-assembly-elections/Aam-Admi-Arvind-Kejriwal-takes-oath-as-Delhi-CM-vows-change-in-governance/articleshow/28047952.cms |archive-date=29 December 2013 }}</ref> As a result of the Delhi elections, the AAP became a recognised state party in Delhi.<ref>{{cite news|title=EC recognises AAP as state party, Centre not in a hurry to impose President's rule in Delhi|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/EC-recognizes-AAP-as-state-party-Centre-not-in-a-hurry-to-impose-Presidents-rule-in-Delhi/articleshow/27657213.cms|access-date=2 February 2015|work=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219150412/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/EC-recognizes-AAP-as-state-party-Centre-not-in-a-hurry-to-impose-Presidents-rule-in-Delhi/articleshow/27657213.cms|archive-date=19 December 2013}}</ref>

=== 2014 general election ===
{{Main|2014 Indian general election}}The AAP fielded 434 candidates in the [[2014 Indian general election]], in which it did not expect to do well. It recognised that its support was based primarily in urban areas and that different strategies might be required for different regions of the country. The party pointed out that its funding was limited and that there were too many demands for local visits from Kejriwal. The intention was to field candidates in large numbers to maximise the likelihood of recognition as a national party by the Election Commission.<ref name="IndExp20140105">{{cite news |title=AAP gears for Lok Sabha polls, to contest all seats in Gujarat, Haryana |publisher=Indian Express Portal |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/aap-gears-for-lok-sabha-polls-to-contest-all-seats-in-gujarat-haryana/1215513/0 |date=28 December 2013 |access-date=4 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140204144711/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/aap-gears-for-lok-sabha-polls-to-contest-all-seats-in-gujarat-haryana/1215513/0 |archive-date=4 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Aam Aadmi Party seeks national role, names 426 candidates |first=Brajesh |last=Kumar |work=Hindustan Times|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/elections2014/state-of-the-states/with-426-names-aap-leads-list-race/article1-1203578.aspx |date=3 April 2014 |access-date=10 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095621/http://www.hindustantimes.com/elections2014/state-of-the-states/with-426-names-aap-leads-list-race/article1-1203578.aspx |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}</ref> The outcome was that four AAP candidates won, all from [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Constituency-wise Detailed Results – General Elections, 2014 – 16th Lok Sabha (page 258 of 492) |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf#page=258 |access-date=24 August 2016 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123041546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf#page=258 |archive-date=23 November 2016 }}</ref>

Consequently, the AAP became a recognised state party in Punjab.<ref>{{cite news|title=AAP recognised state party in Punjab|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-aap-recognised-state-party-in-punjab-1993078|access-date=2 February 2015|work=Daily News and Analysis|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223112756/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-aap-recognised-state-party-in-punjab-1993078|archive-date=23 February 2015}}</ref> The party obtained 2% of all votes cast nationwide and 414 of its candidates forfeited their [[deposit (politics)|deposit]] by failing to secure one-sixth of the vote in their constituencies.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/AAP-may-have-lost-Rs-1-crore-in-election-deposits/articleshow/35575404.cms |title=AAP may have lost Rs 1 crore in election deposits |work=The Times of India |date=25 May 2014 |access-date=13 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528050443/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/AAP-may-have-lost-Rs-1-crore-in-election-deposits/articleshow/35575404.cms |archive-date=28 May 2014 }}</ref> Although the party secured 32.9 per cent of the votes in Delhi, it failed to win any seats there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/PartyWiseResultU05.htm?st=U05|title=Election Commission of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517121625/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/PartyWiseResultU05.htm?st=U05|archive-date=17 May 2014|access-date=17 May 2014}}</ref> AAP convenor, Arvind Kejriwal fought from [[Varanasi Lok Sabha constituency|Varanasi]] against BJP's Prime Ministerial candidate [[Narendra Modi]], but lost by a margin of 371,784 (20.30%) votes and came second ahead of BSP, Congress, SP.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN |date=May 17, 2014 |title=Election results: Arvind Kejriwal bags over 2 lakh votes in Varanasi, ahead of Cong, SP, BSP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/election-results-arvind-kejriwal-bags-over-2-lakh-votes-in-varanasi-ahead-of-cong-sp-bsp/articleshow/35235116.cms |access-date=2022-12-08 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405071525/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/election-results-arvind-kejriwal-bags-over-2-lakh-votes-in-varanasi-ahead-of-cong-sp-bsp/articleshow/35235116.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

The National Executive member Yogendra Yadav in a letter to his party members criticised Kejriwal's style of leadership.<ref name="toi20140606">{{cite news |date=6 June 2014 |title=AAP vs AAP: Full text of Manish Sisodia and Yogendra Yadav's letters |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/AAP-vs-AAP-Full-text-of-Manish-Sisodia-and-Yogendra-Yadavs-letters/articleshow/36156171.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140609063337/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/AAP-vs-AAP-Full-text-of-Manish-Sisodia-and-Yogendra-Yadavs-letters/articleshow/36156171.cms |archive-date=9 June 2014 |access-date=13 June 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> After the National Executive meeting on 8 June, the party and Kejriwal acknowledged these differences and announced the launch of "Mission Vistar" (Mission Expand), to include more people in local as well as national decision making.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aamaadmiparty.org/aap-national-executive-resolutions |title=AAP national executive resolutions |publisher=Aam Aadmi Party |access-date=13 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614005338/http://www.aamaadmiparty.org/aap-national-executive-resolutions |archive-date=14 June 2014}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = '''Vote Share of different parties in the 2015 Delhi election.'''
|other = yes
|value1 = 53.4
|label1 = Aam Aadmi Party
|color1 = {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|value2 = 32.2
|label2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|color2 = orange
|value3 = 9.7
|label3 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|color3 = aqua
|value4 = 1.3
|label4 = [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|color4 = blue
|value5 = 0.6
|label5 = [[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]]
|color5 = silver
|value6 = 0.5
|label6 = [[Independent (politics)|Independents]]
|color6 = red
|value7 = 0.5
|label7 = [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
|color7 = darkblue
|value8 = 0.4
|label8 = [[None of the above|NOTA]]
|color8 = darkgreen
}}

=== 2015 Delhi Assembly election===
The Delhi state assembly elections for the [[Sixth Legislative Assembly of Delhi]] were held on 7 February 2015, as declared by the Election Commission of India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/election-commission-announce-delhi-assembly-poll-date-today-620071 |title=Election Commission Announces Delhi Assembly Poll Date: Voting on 7 Feb |date=12 January 2015 |work=International Business Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202084335/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/election-commission-announce-delhi-assembly-poll-date-today-620071 |archive-date=2 February 2015 }}</ref> The Aam Aadmi Party scored a landslide victory by winning a majority of 67 of the 70 seats. The BJP was able to win 3 seats and the Congress party saw all its candidates lose.<ref>{{cite web|title=Party-wise Winning Candidates|url=http://ceodelhi.gov.in/WriteReadData/assemblyelection2015/PartyWiseWinningCandidates.pdf|website=Delhi Assembly Elections – 2015|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Delhi|access-date=24 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329030534/http://ceodelhi.gov.in/WriteReadData/assemblyelection2015/PartyWiseWinningCandidates.pdf|archive-date=29 March 2016}}</ref> Kejriwal became the Chief Minister for the second time.<ref>({{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/miscellaneous/live-delhi-election-results-2015-arvind-kejriwals-aap-leading-in-11-constituencies/41064/ |title=Delhi election results 2015: Arvind Kejriwal's AAP sweeps BJP right out of the city |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301032229/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/miscellaneous/live-delhi-election-results-2015-arvind-kejriwals-aap-leading-in-11-constituencies/41064/ |archive-date=1 March 2015 |access-date=21 March 2022}}).</ref> The AAP had started campaigning in Delhi in November 2014 and declared candidates for all 70 seats.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/with-new-faces-and-young-team-aap-hits-campaign-trail/article1-1303093.aspx |title=Delhi: With new faces, AAP hits campaign trail |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=3 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103213526/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/with-new-faces-and-young-team-aap-hits-campaign-trail/article1-1303093.aspx |archive-date=3 January 2015 }}</ref>

During the campaign, Kejriwal claimed that the BJP had been trying to bribe AAP volunteers. He asked Delhi voters to not deny the bribes offered to them. He suggested that voters should accept the bribe from others and yet vote for AAP through the secret ballot in the election.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/now-kejriwal-asks-aap-volunteers-to-take-money-and-do-sting_1538065.html|title=Now, Kejriwal asks AAP volunteers to take money and do sting|work=Zee News|date=29 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203083625/http://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/now-kejriwal-asks-aap-volunteers-to-take-money-and-do-sting_1538065.html|archive-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> The situation caused the Election Commission of India to instruct Kejriwal to desist from breaking laws governing the model code of conduct for elections in India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/miscellaneous/congress-moves-election-commission-against-arvind-kejriwals-bribe-remarks/31799/|title=Congress moves Election Commission against Arvind Kejriwal's bribe remarks|work=The Financial Express|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034427/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/miscellaneous/congress-moves-election-commission-against-arvind-kejriwals-bribe-remarks/31799/|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref> but the Delhi court then allowed Kejriwal to challenge this.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/TYmNsoTTWSNCgjljm8nN7N/Court-to-hear-plea-against-Arvind-Kejriwals-bribe-remark-on.html#nav=latest_news|title=Court to hear plea against Arvind Kejriwal's bribe remark on Tuesday|date=2 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205011640/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/TYmNsoTTWSNCgjljm8nN7N/Court-to-hear-plea-against-Arvind-Kejriwals-bribe-remark-on.html#nav=latest_news|archive-date=5 February 2015}}</ref>

The President's Rule was subsequently rescinded and Kejriwal became the Chief Minister of Delhi with six cabinet ministers ([[Manish Sisodia]], [[Asim Ahmed Khan]], [[Sandeep Kumar (politician)|Sandeep Kumar]], [[Satyendar Jain]], [[Gopal Rai]], and [[Jitender Singh Tomar]]).<ref>{{cite news|title=Kejriwal appointed Delhi Chief Minister|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/kejriwal-appointed-delhi-chief-minister/article6892633.ece?ref=relatedNews|work=The Hindu|date=13 February 2015|access-date=14 February 2015|archive-date=6 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706090926/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Kejriwal-appointed-Delhi-Chief-Minister/article60330600.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Arvind Kejriwal takes oath as the eighth Chief Minister of Delhi at Ramlila Maidan|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/arvind-kejriwal-takes-oath-as-the-eighth-chief-minister-of-delhi-at-ramlila-maidan/articleshow/46242583.cms|access-date=14 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217013941/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/arvind-kejriwal-takes-oath-as-the-eighth-chief-minister-of-delhi-at-ramlila-maidan/articleshow/46242583.cms|archive-date=17 February 2015}}</ref>

Major differences surfaced within the party leadership soon after its victory. It created deep fissures between the founding members who had together championed the anti-corruption movement. Problems emerged in February 2015 when Yogendra Yadav and Prashanth Bhushan wrote a joint letter to the National Executive, highlighting Kejriwal's tendency to unilateral decision-making, which they alleged had compromised the party's core principle of Swaraj.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/its-over-yadav-bhushans-open-letter-to-kejriwal-suggests-aaps-headed-for-big-break-up-2176113.html|title=It's over! Yadav, Bhushan's open letter to Kejriwal suggests AAP's headed for big break up|author=Debobrat Ghose|date=27 March 2015|work=Firstpost|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910090945/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/its-over-yadav-bhushans-open-letter-to-kejriwal-suggests-aaps-headed-for-big-break-up-2176113.html|archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> After continued allegations, counter-allegations and several failed attempts at reconciliation between the two sides, Yadav and Bhushan were first removed from the PAC and later from the National Executive after the party's National Council passed a resolution to expel them for their alleged anti-party activities.<ref>{{cite web|title=AAP reconciliation talks fail; Yadav, Bhushan accuse Kejriwal of forcing them to quit|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/aap-reconciliation-talks-fail-yadav-bhushan-accuse-kejriwal-forcing-quit-2175459.html|access-date=21 April 2015|work=First Post|date=26 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429124957/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/aap-reconciliation-talks-fail-yadav-bhushan-accuse-kejriwal-forcing-quit-2175459.html|archive-date=29 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Prashant Bhushan, Yogendra Yadav out of key AAP panel|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/aap-removes-yogendra-yadav-prashant-bhushan-from-pac/|access-date=21 April 2015|work=The Indian Express|date=5 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427143402/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/aap-removes-yogendra-yadav-prashant-bhushan-from-pac/|archive-date=27 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Yogendra Yadav and Prashant Bhushan accuse Arvind Kejriwal of getting goons to the National Council meeting|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/arvind-kejriwal-yogendra-yadav-prashant-bhushan-aap-national-council-246267-2015-03-28|access-date=21 April 2015|work=India Today|date=29 March 2015 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502103414/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/arvind-kejriwal-yogendra-yadav-prashant-bhushan-aap-national-council/1/426262.html|archive-date=2 May 2015}}</ref> Party leaders refuted accusations made by Yadav and Bhushan at the meeting that the party was murdering democracy and resorting to intimidation.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/arvind-kejriwal-yogendra-yadav-prashant-bhushan-aap-national-council-246267-2015-03-28 | title=Yogendra Yadav and Prashant Bhushan accuse Arvind Kejriwal of getting goons to the National Council meeting | work=India Today | date=29 March 2015 | access-date=21 April 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502103414/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/arvind-kejriwal-yogendra-yadav-prashant-bhushan-aap-national-council/1/426262.html | archive-date=2 May 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Yadav, Bhushan shown the door|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aap-national-council-meeting-gets-underway/article7042977.ece|access-date=21 April 2015|work=The Hindu|date=28 March 2015|last1=Anand|first1=Jatin|last2=Sriram|first2=Jayant|archive-date=11 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211011310/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aap-national-council-meeting-gets-underway/article7042977.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2015, Yadav, Bhushan, Anand Kumar, and Ajit Jha were removed from the party.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dragged and thrown out of my own house, says an upset Yogendra Yadav after AAP expels him|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/dragged-and-thrown-out-of-my-own-house-says-an-upset-yogendra-yadav-after-aap-expels-him/541064-37-64.html|access-date=21 April 2015|publisher=IBN Live|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423222903/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/dragged-and-thrown-out-of-my-own-house-says-an-upset-yogendra-yadav-after-aap-expels-him/541064-37-64.html|archive-date=23 April 2015}}</ref>

=== 2017 State Assembly elections===
For the first time, the AAP contested the [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] and [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. In Goa the AAP could not win any seat, and 38 out of 39 candidates failed to save their security deposits.<ref>{{citation |title=AAP debacle in Goa more stunning than it looks |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/Ct69xkEPNWaFn384XSsUhL/AAP-debacle-in-Goa-more-stunning-than-it-looks.html |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=14 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314113942/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/Ct69xkEPNWaFn384XSsUhL/AAP-debacle-in-Goa-more-stunning-than-it-looks.html |archive-date=14 March 2017 }}</ref> For the [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]], the [[Lok Insaaf Party]] allied with the AAP. This alliance was called the ''AAP Alliance'' and was represented on news channels as ''AAP+''. It won 22 seats in total, two of which were won by the Lok Insaaf Party and the other twenty by the AAP.<ref>{{citation |title=High on hype, how AAP got it wrong |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/punjab/high-on-hype-how-aap-got-it-wrong/376185.html |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=12 March 2017 |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=13 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813180630/https://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/punjab/high-on-hype-how-aap-got-it-wrong/376185.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2019 general election===
{{Main|2019 Indian general election}}
Unlike the [[2014 Indian general election]], the Political Affairs Committee (PAC) of the party decided to contest elections on limited seats of some of the states and all the seats in [[2019 Indian general election in Delhi|Delhi]], [[2019 Indian general election in Goa|Goa]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.india.com/lok-sabha-elections-2019-india/aam-aadmi-party-is-not-b-team-of-ruling-bjp-in-goa-elvis-gomes-3629452/|title=Aam Aadmi Party is Not 'B Team' of Ruling BJP in Goa: Elvis Gomes|date=13 April 2019|website=India.com|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425001921/https://www.india.com/lok-sabha-elections-2019-india/aam-aadmi-party-is-not-b-team-of-ruling-bjp-in-goa-elvis-gomes-3629452/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[2019 Indian general election in Punjab|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/aap-to-contest-all-13-seats-in-punjab/articleshow/68569750.cms|title=AAP News: Lok Sabha elections: AAP to contest all 13 seats in Punjab|date=26 March 2019|first=Alok KN|last=Mishra|website=The Times of India|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=7 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507045805/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/aap-to-contest-all-13-seats-in-punjab/articleshow/68569750.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In the state of [[Haryana]], the AAP formed an alliance with [[Dushyant Chautala]]'s [[Jannayak Janata Party]] to contest three [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/delhi/news/aap-jjp-make-haryana-alliance-official-latter-names-4-candidates/articleshow/68946694.cms|title=AAP and JJP make Haryana alliance official, latter names four candidates|date=19 April 2019|first=AlokKN|last=Mishra|website=The Times of India|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=10 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510063245/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/delhi/news/aap-jjp-make-haryana-alliance-official-latter-names-4-candidates/articleshow/68946694.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/aap-announces-three-candidates-for-lok-sabha-elections-in-haryana/article26903637.ece|title=AAP announces three candidates for Lok Sabha elections in Haryana|last=Kumar|first=Ashok|date=21 April 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 April 2019|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=21 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421095039/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/aap-announces-three-candidates-for-lok-sabha-elections-in-haryana/article26903637.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The PAC also decided to support and campaign for [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] in [[2019 Indian general election in Kerala|Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/elections/aap-gives-unconditional-support-to-ldf-in-kerala|title=Elections 2019: AAP Gives Unconditional Support To LDF In Kerala|website=BloombergQuint|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425001924/https://www.bloombergquint.com/elections/aap-gives-unconditional-support-to-ldf-in-kerala|url-status=live}}</ref> The party also fielded its first [[transgender]] candidate from [[Allahabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Allahabad]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Trans">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/uttar-pradesh/news/aap-fields-its-first-transgender-candidate-from-allahabad/articleshow/68631419.cms|title=Bhawani Nath Balmiki: AAP's first transgender candidate from Allahabad|date=29 March 2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=9 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509033509/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/uttar-pradesh/news/aap-fields-its-first-transgender-candidate-from-allahabad/articleshow/68631419.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The AAP won only 1 constituency of [[Sangrur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangrur]].

=== 2020 Delhi Assembly election===
{{Pie chart|caption=Vote Share of major political parties in [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly Election 2020]]|color1={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}|label1=AAP|value1=53.57|color2=orange|label2=[[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]]|value2=38.51|color3=aqua|label3=[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|value3=4.26|color4=black|label4=[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]|value4=0.46|color5=Grey|label5=Others|value5=3.2}}
Voting for the Delhi Assembly elections took place on 8 February 2020, following vehement campaigns run by the major political parties contesting the election.<ref name="D0">{{Cite web|date=2020-01-06|title=Delhi Election 2020: Voting on February 8, counting on 11th|url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi-election-2020-live-updates-election-commission-to-announce-poll-schedule-dates-11578304330157.html|access-date=2020-09-03|website=Livemint|language=en|archive-date=7 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107093625/https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi-election-2020-live-updates-election-commission-to-announce-poll-schedule-dates-11578304330157.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The counting of votes and subsequent announcement of results happened on 11 February.<ref name="D0" />

The Aam Aadmi Party retained the government as the party won 62 out of 70 seats.<ref name="Delhi 2020 Hindu">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/delhi-assembly/delhi-assembly-election-results-2020/article30787472.ece|title=Delhi Assembly election results 2020|date=11 February 2020|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 February 2020|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211130832/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/delhi-assembly/delhi-assembly-election-results-2020/article30787472.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-12|title=Arvind Kejriwal's party wins more seats in close contests than it did in 2015|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/delhi-assembly-election-results-2020-arvind-kejriwal-s-party-wins-more-seats-in-close-contests-than-it-did-in-2015/story-gD4UPH6ycKlVNzKfJivZ1H.html|access-date=2020-09-03|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=18 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918052747/https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/delhi-assembly-election-results-2020-arvind-kejriwal-s-party-wins-more-seats-in-close-contests-than-it-did-in-2015/story-gD4UPH6ycKlVNzKfJivZ1H.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Arvind Kejriwal]] became the [[List of chief ministers of Delhi|Chief Minister of Delhi]] for the third consecutive time. The party's vote share was 53.5%, according to the results.<ref>{{Cite news|title=AAP scores landslide victory in Delhi polls, BJP improves marginally, Congress fails to score again|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/aap-scores-landslide-victory-in-delhi-polls-bjp-improves-marginally-congress-fails-to-score-again/articleshow/74089434.cms|access-date=2020-09-03|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814154148/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/aap-scores-landslide-victory-in-delhi-polls-bjp-improves-marginally-congress-fails-to-score-again/articleshow/74089434.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===2021 Chandigarh Municipal Corporation election===
The AAP contested in [[2021 Chandigarh Municipal Corporation election]] for the first time, won 14 seats and became the single largest party in the council of total 35 elected seats.<ref name="NDTV 27 Dec">{{cite news |title=AAP Wins Most Seats In Chandigarh Polls On Debut, BJP Mayor Among Losers |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chandigarh-civic-polls-aaps-big-debut-in-chandigarh-civic-polls-as-punjab-preps-for-elections-2673407 |access-date=27 December 2021 |work=NDTV.com |archive-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227061922/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chandigarh-civic-polls-aaps-big-debut-in-chandigarh-civic-polls-as-punjab-preps-for-elections-2673407 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sitting mayor Ravi Kant Sharma from BJP lost his seat to AAP candidate Damanpreet Singh.<ref name="Tribuneindia Full list MC 2021">{{cite news |title=AAP emerges as leading party as Chandigarh MC poll throws up hung house; BJP's sitting mayor loses |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/counting-of-votes-under-way-for-chandigarh-municipal-corporation-polls-355069 |work=Tribuneindia |agency=Tribune News Service |date=28 December 2021 |language=en |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228101014/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/counting-of-votes-under-way-for-chandigarh-municipal-corporation-polls-355069 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="outlookindia 27 Dec 21" /> In ward number 21, former mayor and BJP candidate Davesh Moudgil was defeated by AAP's Jasbir.<ref name="outlookindia 27 Dec 21">{{cite news |title=Chandigarh Municipal Polls: AAP Emerges Leading Party; Party's Damanpreet Singh Defeats BJP Mayor |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-chandigarh-municipal-polls-aap-emerges-leading-party-partys-damanpreet-singh-defeats-bjp-mayor/406949 |work=outlookindia.com |date=27 December 2021 |language=en |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228221502/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-chandigarh-municipal-polls-aap-emerges-leading-party-partys-damanpreet-singh-defeats-bjp-mayor/406949/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2022 Punjab Assembly election ===

In January 2021, Arvind Kejriwal announced that AAP would be contesting [[2022 elections in India|six state elections in 2022]]. The six states were [[#Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]], [[#Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]], [[#Goa|Goa]], [[#Gujarat|Gujarat]], [[#Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand]], and [[#Punjab|Punjab]].<ref name="6 States HT 28 Jan 2021">{{cite news |title=AAP to contest polls in 6 states, including Himachal Pradesh, UP, Gujarat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/aap-to-contest-polls-in-6-states-including-himachal-pradesh-up-gujarat-101611814372385.html |access-date=30 December 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230050702/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/aap-to-contest-polls-in-6-states-including-himachal-pradesh-up-gujarat-101611814372385.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The party won a landslide victory in [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab]], defeating the incumbent Congress government of [[Charanjit Singh Channi]], and state party convener [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as the new CM. The party also gained two seats in [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|Goa]] and five seats in [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat]].

=== 2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election ===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Vote share by party in 2025 Delhi Legislative assembly election
| other =
| label1 = National Democratic Alliance
| value1 = 47.15
| color1 = {{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}
| label2 = Aam Aadmi Party
| value2 = 43.57
| color2 = {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| label3 = Indian National Congress
| value3 = 6.34
| color3 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| label4 = Others
| value4 = 2.37
| color4 = {{party color|Others}}
| label5 = NOTA
| value5 = 0.57
| color5 = black
}}
The incumbent Aam Aadmi Party, which was in power for the previous ten years, lost the election, with several prominent leaders and cabinet ministers including national convener [[Arvind Kejriwal]], [[Manish Sisodia]], [[Satyendra Kumar Jain]], [[Somnath Bharti]], [[Saurabh Bhardwaj]], [[Rakhi Birla]], and [[Durgesh Pathak]] losing their seats. AAP managed to win only 22 seats, which was the party's worst performance in Delhi to date. Its vote share plummeted to 43.57%. The BJP formed the government with 48 seats.

==List of state/ territory governments from AAP==

===Punjab===
{|class="wikitable sortable"style="text-align:center;"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Assembly
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Chief Minister
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" ; colspan="3"|Tenure
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Ministry
|-
|[[16th Punjab Assembly|16th]]
|[[File:Bhagwant Mann.png|75px]] [[Bhagwant Mann]]
|16 March 2022
|''Incumbent''
|{{Ayd|16 March 2022}}
|[[Mann ministry|Mann I]]
|-
|}

===NCT of Delhi===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Assembly
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Chief Minister
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Deputy Chief Minister
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" ; colspan="3"|Tenure
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Ministry
|-
|[[5th Delhi Assembly|5th]]
|rowspan="4"|[[File:Arvind Kejriwal 2022 Official Portrail (AI enhanced).jpg|75px]] [[Arvind Kejriwal]]
|''Vacant''
|28 December 2013
|14 February 2014
|''48 days''
|[[First Kejriwal ministry|Kejriwal I]]
|-
|[[6th Delhi Assembly|6th]]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:ManishSisodia_(cropped).jpg|60px]] [[Manish Sisodia]] {{small|(till 28 Feb 2023)}}
|14 February 2015
|15 February 2020
|''5 years, 1 day''
|[[Second Kejriwal ministry|Kejriwal II]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[7th Delhi Assembly|7th]]
|rowspan="2"|16 February 2020
|rowspan="2"|21 September 2024
|rowspan="2"|{{Ayd|16 February 2020|21 September 2024}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Third Kejriwal ministry|Kejriwal III]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''Vacant {{small|(since 28 Feb 2023)}}''
|-
|[[File:Atishi Marlena.jpg|75px]] [[Atishi]]
|21 September 2024
|20 February 2025
|{{ayd|21 SEPTEMBER 2024|20 February 2025}}
|[[Atishi ministry|Atishi]]
|}

== List of Leaders of Opposition ==
=== Leaders of Opposition ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Sr.no.
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Portrait
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Name
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|State Assembly
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Term
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Duration
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Punjab Legislative Assembly|15th Leader of the Opposition]]
|[[File:H. S. Phoolka.jpg|75px]]
|[[Harvinder Singh Phoolka]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab]]
|16 March 2017 – 12 October 2018
|155 days
|-
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Punjab Legislative Assembly|16th Leader of the Opposition]]
|[[File:Sukhpalsingh.jpeg|75px]]
|[[Sukhpal Singh Khaira]]
|20 July 2017 – 26 July 2018
|1 year, 17 days
|-
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Punjab Legislative Assembly|17th Leader of the Opposition]]
|[[File:H. S. Cheema.png|75px]]
|[[Harpal Singh Cheema]]
|27 July 2018 – 10 March 2022
|3 years, 232 days
|-
![[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Delhi Legislative Assembly|9th Leader of the Opposition]]
|[[File:Atishi.jpg|75px]]
|[[Atishi Marlena Singh]]
|[[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi]]
|23 February 2025 – present
|{{ayd|2025|02|23}}
|}

=== Deputy Leaders of Opposition ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Sr.no.
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Portrait
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Name
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Constituency
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|State Assembly
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Term
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Duration
|-
![[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Punjab Legislative Assembly|15th Deputy Leader of the Opposition]]
|
|[[Saravjit Kaur Manuke]]
|[[Jagraon Assembly constituency|Jagraon]]
|[[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab]]
|May 2017 – 11 March 2022
|5 years
|-
![[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Delhi Legislative Assembly|9th Deputy Leader of the Opposition]]
|
|[[Mukesh Kumar Ahlawat]]
|[[Sultanpur Majra Assembly constituency|Sultanpur Majra]]
|[[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi]]
|23 February 2025-Incumbent
|{{ayd|2025|2|23}}
|}

== List of MPs from AAP ==

=== Lok Sabha ===

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|State
!style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Lok sabha
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Constituency
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Portrait
! style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Name
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Election
|-
|rowspan="9"|'''[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]'''
|rowspan="4"|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
|[[Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency|Sangrur]]
| [[File:Bhagwant Mann.png|50px]]
| [[Bhagwant Mann]]
|rowspan="4"|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehgarh Sahib (SC)]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|center|50px]]
|[[Harinder Singh Khalsa]]
|-
|[[Faridkot Lok Sabha constituency|Faridkot (SC)]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|center|50x50px]]
|[[Sadhu Singh]]
|-
|[[Patiala Lok Sabha constituency|Patiala]]
|[[File:Dharamvir Gandhi.png|50px]]
|[[Dharamvir Gandhi]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
|[[Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency|Sangrur]]
| [[File:Bhagwant Mann.png|50px]]
| [[Bhagwant Mann]]
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency|Jalandhar]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|center|50px]]
|[[Sushil Kumar Rinku]]
|[[2023 elections in India#Lok Sabha by-elections|2023 (by poll)]]<ref group="N" name="JB"/>
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
|[[Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency|Sangrur]]
|[[File:Meet Hayer L1.jpg|50px]]
| [[Gurmeet Singh Meet Hayer]]
| rowspan="3" | [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|-
|[[Hoshiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Hoshiarpur]]
|
|[[Raj Kumar Chabbewal]]
|-
|[[Anandpur Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Anandpur Sahib]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|center|50px]]
|[[Malvinder Singh Kang]]
|}

=== Leader of AAP in Lok Sabha ===

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|S. No.
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Name
!style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Term start
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Term end
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Lok Sabha
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Constituency
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|State
|-
!rowspan=2|1
|rowspan=2|[[Bhagwant Mann]]
|rowspan=2|[[File:Bhagwant Mann.png|50px]]
|2014
|2019
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
|rowspan=2|[[Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency|Sangrur]]
|rowspan=4|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|-
|2019
|2022
|rowspan=2|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
|-
!2
|[[Sushil Kumar Rinku]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|center|50px]]
|2023
|2024<ref group="N" name="JB">Joined BJP in 2024</ref>
|[[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency|Jalandhar]]
|-
!3
|[[Gurmeet Singh Meet Hayer]]
|[[File:Meet Hayer L1.jpg|50px]]
|2024
|''Incumbent''
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
|[[Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency|Sangrur]]
|}

=== Rajya Sabha ===
{{main|List of Rajya Sabha members from the Aam Aadmi Party}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|State
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Name
!style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Term start
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Term end
|-
| rowspan="6" |'''[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Delhi|Delhi]]'''
|[[Sushil Gupta|Sushil Kumar Gupta]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|center|50x50px]]
|28 January 2018
|27 January 2024
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Sanjay Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sanjay Singh]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Sanjay Singh (cropped).jpg|50x50px]]
|28 January 2018
|27 January 2024
|-
|28 January 2024
|27 January 2030
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[N. D. Gupta]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Blank.svg|center|50x50px]]
|28 January 2018
|27 January 2024
|-
|28 January 2024
|27 January 2030
|-
|[[Swati Maliwal]]
|[[File:Maliwal.png|50x50px]]
|28 January 2024
|27 January 2030
|-
|rowspan="8"|'''[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Punjab|Punjab]]'''
|[[Harbhajan Singh]]
|[[File:Harbhajan Singh's Pepsi promotional event 'Change The Game'.jpg|50x50px]]
|10 April 2022
|9 April 2028
|-
|[[Raghav Chadha]]
|[[File:Raghav Chadha.jpg|50x50px]]
|10 April 2022
|9 April 2028
|-
|[[Sandeep Pathak]]
|[[File:Sandeep Kumar Pathak Profile.jpg|50x50px]]
|10 April 2022
|9 April 2028
|-
|[[Ashok Mittal]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|center|50x50px]]
|10 April 2022
|9 April 2028
|-
|[[Sanjeev Arora (politician)|Sanjeev Arora]]
|[[File:Arora Sanjeev.jpg|50x50px]]
|10 April 2022
|1 July 2025<ref>[https://www.babushahi.com/full-news.php?id=206822 Sanjiv Arora Resigned from Rajya Sabha after elected to Punjab Assembly]</ref>
|-
|[[Balbir Singh Seechewal]]
|[[File:Balbir Singh Seechewal.jpeg|50x50px]]
|5 July 2022
|4 July 2028
|-
|[[Vikramjit Singh Sahney]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|center|50x50px]]
|5 July 2022
|4 July 2028
|-
|[[Rajinder Gupta]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|center|50x50px]]
|24 Oct 2025
|9 April 2028
|-
|}

===Leader of AAP in Rajya Sabha===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Name
!style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Term start
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Term end
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|State
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Deputy Leader
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|State
|-
|[[Sanjay Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sanjay Singh]]
|[[File:Sanjay Singh (cropped).jpg|50x50px]]
|28 January 2018
|''Incumbent''
|[[Delhi]]
|[[N. D. Gupta]] {{small|(2018-Incumbent)}}
|Delhi
|}

== Further reading ==

* ''[[An Insignificant Man]]'' is a 2017 Hindi/English Indian socio-political documentary co-produced and directed by Khushboo Ranka and Vinay Shukla and also co-produced by filmmaker [[Anand Gandhi]].<ref name="BS 2">{{cite news|title='Ship of Theseus' team's next is 'Proposition for a Revolution'|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/ship-of-theseus-team-s-next-is-proposition-for-a-revolution-114033100286_1.html|access-date=2 July 2014|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=31 March 2014|author1-link=Indo-Asian News Service|archive-date=10 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110134312/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/ship-of-theseus-team-s-next-is-proposition-for-a-revolution-114033100286_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FP 1">{{cite news|title=After Ship of Theseus, Recyclewala Labs to make Proposition for a Revolution|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/after-ship-of-theseus-recyclewala-labs-to-make-proposition-for-a-revolution-1458995.html|access-date=2 July 2014|work=[[Firstpost|First Post]]|date=31 March 2014|author1-link=Indo-Asian News Service|archive-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026233748/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/after-ship-of-theseus-recyclewala-labs-to-make-proposition-for-a-revolution-1458995.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The documentary is about the rise of [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement|anti-corruption]] protests in India and the formation and rise to power of the Aam Aadmi Party.<ref name="The Hindu 1">{{cite news|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Budhaditya|title=Talking about a revolution|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/talking-about-a-revolution/article5931052.ece|access-date=2 July 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 April 2014|archive-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701214352/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/talking-about-a-revolution/article5931052.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|last=Shukla|first=SP|date=2013-02-16|title=Myopia, Distortions and Blind Spots in the Vision Document of AAP|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2013/07/commentary/myopia-distortions-and-blind-spots-vision-document-aap.html|volume=48|issue=7|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|publisher=Sameeksha Trust|access-date=2021-03-29|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421070701/https://www.epw.in/journal/2013/07/commentary/myopia-distortions-and-blind-spots-vision-document-aap.html|url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

== See also ==
* [[AAP Delhi]]
* [[AAP Punjab]]
* [[Swaraj (book)]]
* [[List of political parties in India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}} {{Reflist|group=N}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Prashant |year=2014 |title=Political Parties and Citizen Movements in Asia and Europe |url=https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/political-parties-and-citizen-movements-in-asia-and-europe.pdf |chapter=From India Against Corruption to the Aam Admi Party: Social Movements, Political Parties and Citizen Engagement in India |isbn=978-9187729713 |publisher=Asia-Europe Foundation (ASEF), Hanns Seidel Foundation, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) |pages=38–59 |access-date=2021-03-29 |archive-date=28 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328063215/https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/political-parties-and-citizen-movements-in-asia-and-europe.pdf |url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|https://aamaadmiparty.org/}}
* [https://www.elections.in/political-parties-in-india/aam-aadmi-party.html Aam Aadmi Party (AAP)] at [[Elections in India|Elections.in]]

{{Indian political parties}}

[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Centrist parties in India]]
[[Category:Nationalist parties in India]]
[[Category:National political parties in India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2012]]
[[Category:Populist parties]]
[[Category:Socialist parties in India]]
[[Category:Member parties of the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]

Lodi Road

2026-03-12T09:23:54Z

ErinChamberlin3: Done - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=February 2011}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lodhi Road
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhoods of Delhi|Road]]
| image_skyline = Lodhi Road Delhi.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India New Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.5920784827|77.228387091|display=title,inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[New Delhi district|New Delhi]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = [[New Delhi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 110003 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://pincode.net.in/DELHI/SOUTH_DELHI/L/LODI_ROAD|title=Pin Code: LODI ROAD, SOUTH DELHI, DELHI, India, Pincode.net.in}}</ref>
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[New Delhi Municipal Council|NDMC]]
}}
[[File:The tree lined Lodhi Road, New Delhi.jpg|right|250px|thumb|alt=Photograph|The tree-lined Lodi Road, [[New Delhi]]]]
'''Lodhi Road''' ({{Langx|hi|लोदी रोड}}) in [[New Delhi]], India, is named after the [[Lodi Gardens]] located on it. Two [[Mughal (tribe)|Mughal]] mausoleums, [[Humayun's Tomb]] and [[Safdarjung's Tomb]], lie at the eastern and western ends of the road respectively. A number of cultural, educational, and international institutions line the road. The [[Jor Bagh (Delhi Metro)|Jor Bagh]] metro station lies under [[Aurobindo Marg]] near its intersection with Lodi Road. Also located near it are [[Lodhi Colony|Lodi colony]] and Lodi Estate built during [[British Raj]] in 1940s,<ref name=ht>{{cite news|title=A tale of two cities |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/A-tale-of-two-cities/Article1-740282.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=1 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702164816/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/A-tale-of-two-cities/Article1-740282.aspx |archive-date=2 July 2015 }}</ref> and Lodi Road Institutional Area.

==History==
The road follows a 14th-century dirt track connecting Ghiyathpur (now [[Nizamuddin West|Nizamuddin]]) village with the Bagh-i Jud (from which the present day [[Jor Bagh metro station|Jor Bagh]] is derived), one of the earliest orchards mentioned in Sultanate records, before joining the larger road from Rewari and Gurgaon. It has been used by invading armies, most famously by [[Timur]]'s troops in 1398.

The road has always marked a boundary between neighbouring settlements. During the 15th century it divided the [[Kotla Mubarakpur]] (of the [[Sayyid]]s) from the necropolis of the [[Lodi (Pashtun tribe)|Lodi]]s. In the 16th and 17th centuries it marked the boundary between the [[Delhi]] and [[Mehrauli]] [[tehsil]]s. The masonry bridge over the now dried-up rivulet of Jaitpur (the village occupying the site razed by the British in 1912) is a reminder of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Akbar]]'s interest in the region. By the late 18th century the road marked the edge of the then controversial [[Shia]] enclave of Alipur, which contained the remains, houses, and troops of some estranged [[Persia]]n nobles of the later Mughal court.

==Overview==
[[File:IndiaHabitatCentre.jpg|right|210px|thumb|[[India Habitat Centre]] (IHC), Lodi Road, in Stein's typical architectural style]]
The road marked the edge of the original [[New Delhi Plan]], and still defines the [[Lutyens Bungalow Zone]] ([[Lutyens' Delhi]]). Almost all the trees lining New Delhi's avenues can be traced to the Lodi Road nursery, created as New Delhi was being planned. The road was significantly widened in preparation for the Asian Games of 1982.

[[File:LodiGardenSheeshGumbad.JPG|left|200px|thumb|alt=Photograph|''Sheesh Gumbad'' in [[Lodi Gardens]]]]
The post-independence spurt of institutions constructed along Lodi Road began with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s gift of some minor bungalow plots to the [[India International Center]] (IIC). The [[Ford Foundation]], the architectural input of [[Joseph Allen Stein]], the "brown sahib" bureaucrat nexus, and the approval of the Indian government, allowed the gradual growth of institutions built in a sultanate-cum-prairie architectural style extending as far as the Lodi tombs in Lodi Gardens, which Stein re-landscaped in 1968.

The Meteorological Department was soon followed by the international development community active in Delhi during the 1960s. [[UNICEF]], WHF, and others acquired plots in what was developing into an enclave for the diplomatic and government elite. Subsequently, the [[Chinmaya Mission]], [[World Bank]], [[INTACH]] and [[India Habitat Centre]] (IHC) constructed buildings in sympathetic materials and architectural styles. The area was referred to as Steinabad, and Stein remained involved with the construction until the early 1990s. In addition, the [[Research and Analysis Wing]], India's external intelligence agency, is headquartered at Lodi Road.

The area is largely an exclusive, elite preserve in the heart of the city, containing the offices of many large Indian companies.

Lodhi Road is aligned to point in the direction of Mecca.

== Attractions ==

* [[Lodi Gardens|Lodi Garden]]
* [[Lodhi Art District]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lodhi Art District |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/lodhi-art-district/EAWh787tb1GHJA |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Niharika Lal|date=Apr 26, 2019 |title=Mural of the story: Lodhi Art District is a hit with tourists {{!}} Delhi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/mural-of-the-story-lodhi-art-district-is-a-hit-with-tourists/articleshow/69040059.cms |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* Aliganj Lodi Road<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Lok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSBVAAAAYAAJ&q=aliganj+lodhi+road |title=Lok Sabha Debates |date=2002 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. |language=en}}</ref>

== Landmarks ==

*[[Amanresorts|Aman Hotel]] – featuring a 50-metre pool<ref>{{citation |title=Aman New Delhi: The details |url=http://www.amanresorts.com/amannewdelhi/details.aspx |publisher=Aman Resorts |access-date=13 February 2011}}</ref>
*[[Air Force Bal Bharati School]]
* [[Dyal Singh College, Delhi]]
*[[Institute of Company Secretaries of India]], Headquarters

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Streets in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Roads in Delhi]]
[[Category:Research & Analysis Wing]]

Laadla (1994 film)

2026-03-11T05:08:43Z

ErinChamberlin3:

{{short description|1994 film by Raj Kanwar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Laadla
| image = Laadla 1994 poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = [[Raj Kanwar]]
| based_on = ''[[Anuraga Aralithu]]''
| producer = Nitin Manmohan
| story =
| screenplay = [[Anees Bazmee]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sridevi]]|[[Anil Kapoor]]|[[Raveena Tandon]]}}
| music = [[Anand–Milind]]
| cinematography = Harmeet Singh
| editing = A. Muthu
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|1994|3|25|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INRConvert|2.50|c|year=1994}}
| gross = {{INRConvert|17.43|c|year=1994}}<ref>[http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=200&catName=/ 1994 boxoffice]</ref>
}}

'''''Laadla''''' ({{translation|Beloved Son}}) is a 1994 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[Raj Kanwar]], based on a screenplay written by [[Anees Bazmee]]. The film stars [[Sridevi]] and [[Anil Kapoor]] while [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Farida Jalal]], [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Aruna Irani]], [[Mohnish Bahl]] and [[Paresh Rawal]] play supporting roles.The film is the remake of [[Kannada film]] ''[[Anuraga Aralithu]]'' (1986).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/38534/inspiration-remakes.html|title=Inspiration for remakes|date=29 November 2009|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/movies/dr-rajkumars-18th-birth-anniversary-when-his-film-anuraga-aralithu-was-remade-in-7-languages-8864891.html#goog_rewarded | title=Dr Rajkumar's 18th Birth Anniversary: When His Film Anuraga Aralithu Was Remade in 7 Languages }}</ref>

The film initially starred [[Divya Bharti]] as the female lead, and she had shot most of the film. However, due to her sudden death in 1993, the film was reshot with Sridevi replacing her. In the film, a headstrong factory owner marries the union leader of her factory to quell his spirit and teach him a lesson. In the process, she ends up learning a few lessons herself.

''Laadla'' was released theatrically on 25 March 1994 and became one of the [[List of Hindi films of 1994|highest-grossing films of the year]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3159|title=Laadla – Movie |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref> Sridevi's performance in a negative role as Sheetal Jaitley was widely acclaimed and earned her a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]], while Tandon's performance fetched her a [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] nomination.

==Plot==
Raj "Raju" Verma lives with his disabled and paralyzed mother, Gayatri. Before a job interview, he saves [[textile mill]] owner Laxminarayan Jetley, who offers him a job in his factory run by his ambitious daughter, Sheetal. Her competitive attitude and open insults of staff earns her several enemies, including her henchman Tilak Bhandari, whom she often slaps and insults.

As a mechanic, Raju confronts her several times about the proper treatment of workers. She is enraged when he turns union leader. Raju falls for the mill's modest worker Kajal. Suryadev, a competing owner, tries to eliminate Sheetal. Charismatic, Raju guides her on how to handle rivals and workers. Egoistic and angered, Sheetal slaps him, who retaliates by reaching her cabin and slapping her back to back.

Sheetal cannot fire Raju, as then she would have to admit and give a proper reason. Vengeful, she convinces Gayatri to get her married to Raju. Reluctantly, on Gayatri's order, Raju sacrifices his love for Kajal and marries Sheetal. He lives in his own house and works as a mechanic but moves to Sheetal's luxurious house later, upon Gayatri's request. Slowly, he falls in love with Sheetal.

Kajal turns caretaker of Gayatri, which results in the betterment of Gayatri's health. Tensions arise when Sheetal eliminates Kajal, seeing Raju kissing her forehead. Later, labour issues cause the workers to go on strike. A competing mill owner, for personal benefit, hires people to set it on fire. Raju is mistakenly arrested, and Gayatri visits Sheetal's house to clarify the matter.

Insulted and taunted, she collapses, but Raju saves her and slaps Sheetal hard. Guilty, Sheetal, who now has feelings for Raju too, is kidnapped by Suryadev. Raju rescues her. Sheetal improves herself. Kajal turns managing director of her company, as Sheetal quits her job.

==Cast==
* [[Divya Bharti]]/[[Sridevi]] as Sheetal Verma Jetley : Raju's wife and Laxminarayan's daughter
* [[Anil Kapoor]] as Raj "Raju" Verma: Sheetal's husband and Gayatri's son
* [[Raveena Tandon]] as Kajal Bansal
* [[Farida Jalal]] as Gayatri Verma: Raju's mother
* [[Aruna Irani]] as Banobi
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Laxminarayan Jetley: Sheetal's father
* [[Prem Chopra]] as Suryadev Bajaj
* [[Paresh Rawal]] as Hiravat Bajaj
* [[Mohnish Behl]] as Vikram "Vicky" Bajaj
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Tilak Bhandari
* [[Alok Nath]] as Swaraaj Bansal
* [[Kalpana Iyer]] as Kamini Shastra
* [[Arun Bakshi]] as Mehtu
* [[Javed Khan Amrohi]] Loyal worker in the factory
* [[Ravi Baswani]] Loyal worker in the factory
* [[Lalit Tiwari]] as Advocate Devdas Shukla
* [[Vikram Gokhale]] as Doctor
* [[Vaishnavi Mahant]] in [[item song]]
* [[Ghanashyam Nayak]] as Gate Watchman

==Production==
[[Divya Bharti]] was originally cast in the role of Sheetal and filmed most of her role, but due to her sudden death on 5 April 1993, she could not complete the film. Later, [[Sridevi]] was signed to play the role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayan |first=Hari |date=25 February 2018 |title=Sridevi: a picture of divine grace |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sridevi-a-picture-of-divine-grace/article22849681.ece |access-date=29 May 2021}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
Producer Nitin Manmohan repeated music directors Anand–Milind and lyricist Sameer after hits like ''[[Baaghi: A Rebel for Love|Baaghi]]'', ''Maha Sangram'', ''[[Adharm (1992 film)|Adharm]]'' and ''[[Bol Radha Bol]]''. The music topped the charts when released. It was among the best-selling albums of 1994.<ref>{{cite web|title=Laadla among most sold music albums of 1994 |url=http://www.naachgaana.com/2011/05/27/top-music-sales-in-bollywood-last-60-years/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614210115/http://www.naachgaana.com/2011/05/27/top-music-sales-in-bollywood-last-60-years/ |archivedate=14 June 2012 }}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ladki Hai Kya
| extra1= [[Udit Narayan]]
| length1 =

| title2 = Meri Dhadkan Suno
| extra2 = Udit Narayan, [[Alka Yagnik]]
| length2 =

| title3 = Rab Mujhe Bata De
| extra3 = Udit Narayan
| length3 =

| length4 =
| title4 = Teri Ungli Pakad Ke Chala
| extra4 = Udit Narayan, Jyotsna Hardikar

| title5 = Boi Boi
| extra5 = [[Vinod Rathod]], [[Arun Bakshi]]
| length5 =

| title6 = Dhik Ta Na Na
| extra6 = Udit Narayan, [[Sushma Shrestha|Poornima]]
| length6 =

| title7 = Mere Ghulam Tera
| extra7 = Alka Yagnik, Udit Narayan
| length7 =

| title8 = Dhik Ta Na Na
| note8 = Female
| extra8= Poornima
| length8 =

| title9 = Mere Ghulam Tera
| note9 = Female
| extra9= Alka Yagnik
| length9 =
}}

== Reception ==

==Awards and nominations==
'''[[40th Filmfare Awards]]:'''

'''Nominated'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – [[Sridevi]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] – [[Raveena Tandon]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0187227}}
{{Anuraga Aralithu and its remakes}}

[[Category:1994 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand–Milind]]
[[Category:Films directed by Raj Kanwar]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Ireland

2026-03-10T23:35:33Z

ErinChamberlin3: fixes

{{short description|Island in the North Atlantic Ocean}}
{{About|the island|the sovereign state|Republic of Ireland|the part of the United Kingdom|Northern Ireland|other uses|Ireland (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use Hiberno-English|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox islands
|name = Ireland
|local_name = {{unbulleted list
|{{native name|ga|Éire}}
|''{{lang|sco|Airlann}}'' {{nobold|([[Ulster Scots dialect|Ulster Scots]])}}
}}
|image_name = File:Ireland (MODIS).jpg
|image_caption = Ireland photographed in October 2010
|image_alt = Satellite image of Ireland
|map_image = Map of Ireland in Europe.svg
|map_caption = {{map caption|country={{nobold|Ireland}}|location_color=dark green|region=Europe|region_color=dark grey}}
|location=Northwestern Europe
|coordinates = {{Coord|53|N|8|W|type:country_scale:2500000|display=inline,title}}
|archipelago = [[British Isles]]
|waterbody = Atlantic Ocean
|area_km2 = 84421
|area_footnotes = <ref name="irlgeog">{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.ie/en/essays/geography.html |title=Geography of Ireland |publisher=[[Government of Ireland]] |access-date=11 November 2009 |last=Nolan |first=William |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124012641/http://www.gov.ie/en/essays/geography.html |archive-date=24 November 2009 }}</ref>
|rank = 20th<ref name="royle">{{cite journal |last=Royle |first=Stephen A. |title=Beyond the boundaries in the island of Ireland |journal=Journal of Marine and Island Cultures |volume=1 |issue=2 |date=December 2012 |pages=91–98 |doi=10.1016/j.imic.2012.11.005|doi-access=free |bibcode=2012JMICu...1...91R }}</ref>

|coastline_km = 7,527
|coastline_footnotes =<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.heritagecouncil.ie/content/files/irish_coastal_habitats_impacts_conservation_areas_1998_2mb.pdf |title= Irish Coastal Habitats: A Study of Impacts on Designated Conservation Areas |website= heritagecouncil.ie |publisher= Heritage Council |access-date= 2 November 2020 |archive-date= 3 December 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201203160047/https://www.heritagecouncil.ie/content/files/irish_coastal_habitats_impacts_conservation_areas_1998_2mb.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Neilson |first1=Brigitte |last2=Costello |first2=Mark J. |title=The Relative Lengths of Seashore Substrata Around the Coastline of Ireland as Determined by Digital Methods in a Geographical Information System |journal=Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science |date=1999 |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=501–508 |doi=10.1006/ecss.1999.0507 |bibcode=1999ECSS...49..501N }}</ref>
|highest_mount = [[Carrauntoohil]]
|demonym = Irish
|elevation_m = 1041
|country = [[Republic of Ireland]]
|country_largest_city = [[Dublin]], pop. 1,458,154 Metropolitan Area (2022)<ref>{{cite news |title=Population at Each Census by Sex and County, 1841 to 2022 |url=https://data.cso.ie/table/FY001}}</ref>
|country_largest_city_type = city
|country1 = [[United Kingdom]]
|country1_admin_divisions_title = [[Countries of the United Kingdom|Country]]
|country1_admin_divisions = [[Northern Ireland]]
|country1_largest_city = [[Belfast]], pop. 671,559 Metropolitan Area (2011)<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.planningni.gov.uk/downloads/volume_1_-_plan_strategy___framework-2.pdf|title= Belfast Metropolitan Area Plan|website= Planningni.gov|access-date= 11 April 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171107013522/https://www.planningni.gov.uk/downloads/volume_1_-_plan_strategy___framework-2.pdf|archive-date= 7 November 2017|url-status = live}}</ref>
|country1_largest_city_type = city
|population = 7,185,600
|population_as_of = 2023 estimate
|population_footnotes = {{efn|Including surrounding islands}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Population and Migration Estimates, April 2023 |date=25 September 2023 |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-pme/populationandmigrationestimatesapril2023/ |publisher=Central Statistics Office |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=25 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925143020/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-pme/populationandmigrationestimatesapril2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|population_rank = 19th (of islands)
|density_km2 = 82.2
|languages = {{cslist
|[[Hiberno-English|English]]
|[[Irish language|Irish]]
|[[Irish Sign Language|ISL]]
|[[Ulster Scots dialect|Ulster Scots]]
|[[Northern Ireland Sign Language|NISL]]
|[[Shelta]]
}}
|ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list
|90.0% [[White people|White]]
|2.8% [[Asian people|Asian]]
|1.2% [[Black people|Black]]
|0.3% [[Arab]]
|1.2% other (inc. [[Multiracial people|Mixed]])
|4.5% not stated<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.cso.ie/table/FY023 |title=Population Usually Resident and Present in the State |publisher=[[Central Statistics Office (Ireland)|Central Statistics Office]] |date=30 May 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531023003/https://data.cso.ie/table/FY023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-ethnic-group.pdf|date=September 2022 |title=Census 2021 Main statistics for Northern Ireland, Statistical bulletin, Ethnic group |publisher=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency |page=4 |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205220600/https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-ethnic-group.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
|timezone1 = [[Greenwich Mean Time]]
|utc_offset1 = +0
|timezone1_DST = {{indented plainlist|
* [[Irish Standard Time]]
* [[British Summer Time]]
}}
|utc_offset1_DST = +1
|footnotes =
}}

'''Ireland'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Ireland.ogg|ˈ|aɪər|l|ən|d}}, {{respell|IRE|lənd}}; {{langx|ga|[[Éire]]}} {{IPA|ga|ˈeːɾʲə||Eire_pronunciation.ogg}}; [[Ulster Scots dialect|Ulster-Scots]]: {{lang|sco|Airlann}} {{IPA|sco|ˈɑːrlən|}}}} is an island in the North [[Atlantic Ocean]], in [[Northwestern Europe]]. Geopolitically, the island is divided between the [[Republic of Ireland]] (officially [[Names of the Irish state|named Ireland]]{{snd}}a sovereign state covering five-sixths of the island) and [[Northern Ireland]] (part of the [[United Kingdom]]{{snd}}covering the remaining sixth). It is separated from [[Great Britain]] to its east by the [[North Channel (Great Britain and Ireland)|North Channel]], the [[Irish Sea]], and [[St George's Channel]]. Ireland is the [[List of islands of the British Isles|second-largest island]] of the [[British Isles]], the [[List of European islands by area|third-largest]] in Europe, and the [[List of islands by area|twentieth-largest]] in the world.<ref name="unep">{{cite web |url=http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm |title=Islands by Area |date=18 February 1998 |website=[[UN System-Wide Earthwatch]] |publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]] |access-date=20 February 2026|archive-date= 14 December 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151214191720/http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm|url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2022, the [[Irish population analysis|population of the entire island]] is just over 7 million, with 5.1 million in the Republic of Ireland and 1.9 million in Northern Ireland, ranking it the [[List of European islands by population|second-most populous island in Europe]] after Great Britain.<ref name="2022population">The 2022 population of the Republic of Ireland was 5,123,536 and that of Northern Ireland in 2021 was 1,903,100. These are Census data from the official governmental statistics agencies in the respective jurisdictions:
* {{cite web |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpr/censusofpopulation2022-preliminaryresults/introduction/ |title=Census of Population 2022 – Preliminary Results |author=Central Statistics Office, Ireland |publisher=Central Statistics Office, Ireland |location=Dublin |date=23 June 2022 |access-date=23 June 2022 |archive-date=23 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623114218/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpr/censusofpopulation2022-preliminaryresults/introduction/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/statistics/census/2021-census |title=2021 Census |author=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency |publisher=Department of Finance |location=Belfast |date=2022 |access-date=23 June 2022 |archive-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703182652/https://www.nisra.gov.uk/statistics/census/2021-census |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[geography of Ireland]] comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with [[Rivers of Ireland|several navigable rivers]] extending inland. Much of Ireland was woodland until the end of the [[Middle Ages]]. Today, woodland makes up about 10% of the island, compared with a European average of over 33%,<ref name=forest>{{cite web |url=https://www.agriculture.gov.ie/media/migration/forestry/forestservicegeneralinformation/ForestStatisticsIreland2017090318.pdf |title=Forest Statistics – Ireland 2017 |publisher=[[Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine]] |access-date=29 January 2019 |pages=3, 63 |archive-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020021739/https://www.agriculture.gov.ie/media/migration/forestry/forestservicegeneralinformation/ForestStatisticsIreland2017090318.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> with most of it being non-native conifer plantations.<ref name=forest2>[https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/native-trees-cover-just-2-of-ireland-how-can-this-be-increased-1.3553824 "Native trees cover just 2% of Ireland. How can this be increased?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304164603/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/native-trees-cover-just-2-of-ireland-how-can-this-be-increased-1.3553824 |date=4 March 2020 }}. ''[[The Irish Times]]'', 6 July 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2019.</ref><ref name=forest3>[https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/ireland-s-native-woodlands-are-quietly-disappearing-1.3529317 "Ireland's native woodlands are quietly disappearing"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216190001/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/ireland-s-native-woodlands-are-quietly-disappearing-1.3529317 |date=16 February 2019 }}. ''[[The Irish Times]]'', 19 June 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2019.</ref> Its lush vegetation is a product of [[Climate of Ireland|its mild climate]], which is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and thus very moderate,<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.met.ie/climate-ireland/climate-of-ireland.asp |title= Climate of Ireland |author=  |date= 16 April 2018|publisher={{lang|ga|[[Met Éireann]]}} The Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage
|access-date=20 February 2026 |url-status=dead
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180416152239/https://www.met.ie/climate-ireland/climate-of-ireland.asp |archive-date= 16 April 2018 }}</ref> and winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, although summers are cooler than those in continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant.

[[Gaelic Ireland]] had emerged by the 1st century AD. The island was [[Christianised]] from the 5th century onwards. During this period Ireland was divided amongst petty kings, who in turn served under the kings of the [[Provinces of Ireland|traditional provinces]] ({{lang|ga|Cúige}}; {{lit.|fifth}}) vying for dominance and the title of [[High King of Ireland]]. Between the late 8th and early 11th centuries, [[Viking Age|Viking raids and settlement]] took place culminating in the [[Battle of Clontarf]] on 23 April 1014 which resulted in the end of Viking power in Ireland. Following the 12th-century [[Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland|Anglo-Norman invasion]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] claimed sovereignty. However, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century [[Tudor conquest of Ireland|Tudor conquest]], which led to [[Plantations of Ireland|colonisation by settlers from Britain]]. In the 1690s, a system of [[Protestant Ascendancy|Protestant English rule]] was designed to materially disadvantage the [[Catholic]] majority and [[English Dissenters|Protestant dissenters]], and was extended during the 18th century. With the [[Acts of Union 1800|Acts of Union]] in 1801, Ireland became [[Countries of the United Kingdom|a part of]] the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]. The [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]] of the 1840s saw the population fall by over 20%, through death and emigration. A [[Irish War of Independence|war of independence]] in the early 20th century was followed by the [[Partition of Ireland|partition of the island]], leading to the creation of the [[Irish Free State]], which became increasingly sovereign over the following decades until it declared a republic in 1948 (Republic of Ireland Act, 1948) and Northern Ireland, which remained a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much [[The Troubles|civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s]]. This subsided following the [[Good Friday Agreement]] in 1998. In 1973, both the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom, with Northern Ireland as part of it, joined the [[European Economic Community]]. Following a referendum vote in 2016, the United Kingdom, Northern Ireland included, left the [[European Union]] (EU) in 2020. Northern Ireland was granted a limited special status and allowed to operate within the EU single market for goods without being in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brexit Questions and Answers {{!}} Northern Ireland Assembly |url=http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/assembly-business/brexit-and-beyond/brexit-questions-and-answers/ |access-date=31 July 2023 |website=www.niassembly.gov.uk |language=en-GB |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727205102/http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/assembly-business/brexit-and-beyond/brexit-questions-and-answers/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Irish culture]] has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the field of [[Irish literature|literature]]. Alongside mainstream [[Western culture]], a strong indigenous culture exists, as expressed through [[Gaelic games]], [[Irish music]], [[Irish language]], and [[Irish dance]]. The island's culture shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing, golf, and boxing.

{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

==Name==
The names ''Ireland'' and {{lang|ga|Éire}} both derive from [[Old Irish]] ''[[Ériu]]'', which in turn comes from [[Proto-Celtic]] ''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/ɸīweriyū|ɸīweriyū]]'' meaning "fertile soil". The [[Classical Latin]] name for the island of Ireland, ''[[wiktionary:Ivernia#Latin|Ivernia]]'', also comes from this same root,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stüber |first1=Karin |title=The Historical Morphology of n-Stems in Celtic (Maynooth studies in Celtic linguistics; III)|date=1998 |publisher=Department of Old Irish, National University of Ireland, Maynooth |isbn=978-0-901519-54-2 |language=en |page=95 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Zair |first1=Nicholas |title=The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic|date=2012 |publisher=Leiden: Brill |isbn=978-90-04-22539-8 |language=en |page=107 }}</ref> and it remains a popular, poetic synonym for the island (usually respelt "''[[Hibernia]]''", [[morphological reanalysis|under the influence]] of ''[[wiktionary:hibernum#Latin|hibernum]]'', the [[Latin language|Latin]] word for "winter").

==History==
{{Main|History of Ireland}}

===Prehistoric Ireland===
{{main|Prehistoric Ireland}}
During the [[last glacial period]], and until about 16,000 BC, much of Ireland was periodically covered in ice.<ref name="National Museum" /> The [[relative sea level]] was less than 50 m lower resulting in an [[ice bridge]] (but not a [[land bridge]]) forming between Ireland and Great Britain.<ref name="Marine Geology">{{cite journal |last1=Andrew Cooper & D. Jackson |title=Sea-level change and inner shelf stratigraphy off Northern Ireland |journal=Marine Geology |date=2006 |volume=232 |issue=1–2 |page=1 |doi=10.1016/j.margeo.2006.04.002 |bibcode=2006MGeol.232....1K }}</ref> By 14,000 BC this ice bridge existed only between Northern Ireland and Scotland and by 12,000 BC Ireland was completely separated from Great Britain.<ref name="drowning">Edwards, Robin & al. "[http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/handle/2262/40560/Edwards&Brooks_INJ08_TARA.pdf?sequence=1 The Island of Ireland: Drowning the Myth of an Irish Land-bridge?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319234651/http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/2262/40560/1/Edwards%26Brooks_INJ08_TARA.pdf |date=19 March 2014 }}" Accessed 15 February 2013.</ref> Later, around 6,100 BC, Great Britain became separated from continental Europe.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lane |first1=Megan |title=The moment Britain became an island |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-12244964 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=19 July 2017 |archive-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707152005/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-12244964 |url-status=live }}</ref> Until recently, the earliest evidence of human activity in Ireland was dated at 12,500 years ago, demonstrated by a butchered bear bone found in a cave in [[County Clare]].<ref name="BBC2016-03-21">{{cite news|date=21 March 2016|title=Earliest evidence of humans in Ireland|publisher=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-35863186|access-date=21 March 2016|archive-date=3 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403033840/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-35863186|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, a reindeer bone with chop marks, which had been found in Castlepook Cave near [[Doneraile]], County Cork in the early twentieth century during [[Richard J. Ussher]]'s excavations, was dated to 33,000 years ago by Dr Ruth Carden a [[paleozoologist]] from the School of Archaeology in [[University College Dublin]], pushing back the earliest signs of human activity by 20,000 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roseingrave|first=Louise|date=18 April 2021|title=Reindeer bone found in north Cork to alter understanding of Irish human history|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-40269116.html|access-date=24 April 2021|website=Irish Examiner|language=en|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422022106/https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-40269116.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

By about 8,000 BC, more sustained occupation of the island has been shown, with evidence for [[Mesolithic]] communities around the island.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Driscoll |first1=Killian |title=The early prehistory in the west of Ireland: Investigations into the social archaeology of the Mesolithic, west of the Shannon, Ireland |url=http://lithicsireland.ie/mlitt_mesolithic_west_ireland_chap_1.html |website=LithicsIreland.ie |publisher=Lithics Ireland Consultancy |access-date=19 July 2017 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019121446/http://lithicsireland.ie/mlitt_mesolithic_west_ireland_chap_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some time before 4,000 BC, [[Neolithic Europe|Neolithic]] [[Early European Farmers|settlers]] introduced cereal [[cultivar]]s, domesticated animals such as cattle and sheep, built large timber buildings, and stone monuments.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cooney |first1=Gabriel |title=Landscapes of Neolithic Ireland |date=2000 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-16977-6}}</ref><ref name="National Museum" /> The earliest evidence for farming in Ireland or Great Britain is from [[Ferriter's Cove]], [[County Kerry]], where a flint knife, cattle bones and a sheep's tooth were [[Radiocarbon dating|carbon-dated]] to {{circa|4,350 BC}}.<ref name="Ireland's DNA">{{cite web |title=Prehistoric Genocide in Ireland? |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/mace-lab/genetic-ancestry/guff_documents/Genocide_in_Ireland.pdf |website=Ireland's DNA |access-date=27 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411233025/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/mace-lab/genetic-ancestry/guff_documents/Genocide_in_Ireland.pdf |archive-date=11 April 2019}}</ref> Field systems were developed in different parts of Ireland, including at the {{lang|ga|[[Céide Fields]]}}, that has been preserved beneath a blanket of peat in present-day [[Tyrawley]] in northwest Mayo. An extensive [[field system]], arguably the oldest in the world,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heritageireland.ie/en/west/ceidefields/ |title=Céide Fields |author=Heritage Ireland |publisher=Office of Public Works |access-date=23 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302095051/http://www.heritageireland.ie/en/West/CeideFields/ |archive-date=2 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> consisted of small divisions separated by [[dry-stone wall]]s. The fields were farmed for several centuries between 3,500 BC and 3,000 BC. [[Wheat]] and [[barley]] were the principal crops.<ref name="National Museum">{{Cite web |title=Prehistoric Details |url=https://www.museum.ie/en-IE/Collections-Research/Irish-Antiquities-Division-Collections/Collections-List-(1)/Stone-Age/Prehistoric-Details |url-status=live |access-date=12 February 2023 |website=National Museum of Ireland |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005054953/https://www.museum.ie/en-IE/Collections-Research/Irish-Antiquities-Division-Collections/Collections-List-(1)/Stone-Age/Prehistoric-Details |archive-date=5 October 2022}}</ref>

The [[Bronze Age]] began around 2,500 BC, with technology changing people's everyday lives during this period through innovations such as the wheel, harnessing [[oxen]], [[weaving|weaving textiles]], brewing [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] and [[metalworking]],<ref name="National Museum" /> which produced new weapons and tools, along with fine gold decoration and jewellery, such as [[brooch]]es and [[torc]]s.

=== Celts ===
How and when the island became Celtic has been debated for close to a century, with the migrations of the [[Celts]] being one of the more enduring themes of archaeological and linguistic studies. The most recent genetic research strongly associates the spread of [[Indo-European languages]] (including [[Celtic languages|Celtic]]) through Western Europe with a people bringing a composite [[Bell Beaker culture]], with its arrival in Britain and Ireland dated to around the middle of the third millennium BC.<ref name="Reich 2018 115">{{cite book |last=Reich |first=David |title=Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past |year=2018 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-882125-0 |page=115}}</ref> According to [[John T. Koch]] and others, Ireland in the Late Bronze Age was part of a maritime trading culture called the [[Atlantic Bronze Age]] that also included Britain, western France and Iberia, and that this is where Celtic languages developed.<ref name="Koch">{{cite web |url=http://www.wales.ac.uk/Resources/Documents/Research/ODonnell.pdf |title=O'Donnell Lecture 2008 Appendix |access-date=27 May 2010 |archive-date=9 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709032557/http://www.wales.ac.uk/Resources/Documents/Research/ODonnell.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Koch2009">{{cite journal |last=Koch |first=John |title=Tartessian: Celtic from the Southwest at the Dawn of History |journal=Palaeohispanica |volume=9 (Acta Palaeohispanica X) |date=2009 |pages=339–351 |url=http://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/29/54/26koch.pdf |access-date=17 May 2010 |archive-date=23 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623034727/http://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/29/54/26koch.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book  |editor1=John T. Koch |editor2=Barry Cunliffe |title=Celtic from the West: Alternative Perspectives from Archaeology, Genetics, Language and Literature |date=2010 |publisher=Oxbow Books and Celtic Studies Publications |isbn=978-1-84217-529-3 |page=384 |url=http://www.oxbowbooks.com/oxbow/celtic-from-the-west-2.html |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Cunliffe |first=Barry |title=A Race Apart: Insularity and Connectivity in Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 75, 2009, pp. 55–64 |date=2008 |publisher=The Prehistoric Society |page=61}}</ref> This contrasts with the traditional view that their origin lies in mainland Europe with the [[Hallstatt culture]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/the-arrival-of-the-celts-in-ireland/|title=The Arrival of the Celts in Ireland|publisher=Penn Museum|year=1979|last=Burton|first=Holly|access-date=12 December 2020|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127185040/https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/the-arrival-of-the-celts-in-ireland/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Uragh Stone Circle.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Uragh Stone Circle|The Uragh Stone Circle]], a [[Neolithic]] [[stone circle]] in [[Tuosist]], close to Gleninchaquin Park, [[County Kerry]]]]
The long-standing traditional view is that the Celtic language, [[Ogham]] script and culture were brought to Ireland by waves of invading or migrating Celts from mainland Europe. This theory draws on the ''[[Lebor Gabála Érenn]]'', a medieval Christian pseudo-history of Ireland, along with the presence of Celtic culture, language and artefacts found in Ireland such as Celtic bronze spears, shields, torcs and other finely crafted Celtic associated possessions. The theory holds that there were four separate Celtic invasions of Ireland. The [[Priteni]] were said to be the first, followed by the [[Belgae]] from northern [[Gaul]] and Britain. Later, [[Laigin|Laighin]] tribes from [[Armorica]] were said to have invaded Ireland and Britain more or less simultaneously. Lastly, the [[Milesians (Irish)|Milesians]] ([[Gaels]]) were said to have reached Ireland from either northern Iberia or southern Gaul.<ref>''The Celts: A History'', by Dáithí Ó hÓgáin</ref> It was claimed that a second wave named the Euerni, belonging to the Belgae people of northern Gaul, began arriving about the 6th century BC. They were said to have given their name to the island.<ref>Early Peoples of Britain and Ireland: A-G Christopher Allen Snyder</ref><ref>"A History of Ireland: From the Earliest Times to 1922" By Edmund Curtis</ref>

The theory was advanced in part because of the lack of archaeological evidence for large-scale Celtic immigration, though it is accepted that such movements are notoriously difficult to identify. Historical linguists are skeptical that this method alone could account for the absorption of Celtic language, with some saying that an assumed processual view of Celtic linguistic formation is 'an especially hazardous exercise'.<ref>{{cite book |last=Waddell |first=John |title=Ireland in the Bronze Age |publisher=Irish Government Stationery Office |date=April 1995 |location=Dublin |url=http://www.nuigalway.ie/archaeology/oldsite/documents/jw_celts.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319230912/http://www.nuigalway.ie/archaeology/oldsite/documents/jw_celts.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Waddell |first=John |title=The Question of the Celticization of Ireland |publisher=Emania |date=September 1992 |url=http://www.nuigalway.ie/archaeology/oldsite/documents/jw_celticization_of_ire.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721151900/http://www.nuigalway.ie/archaeology/oldsite/documents/jw_celticization_of_ire.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2015}}</ref> Genetic lineage investigation into the area of Celtic migration to Ireland has led to findings that showed no significant differences in [[mitochondrial DNA]] between Ireland and large areas of continental Europe, in contrast to parts of the Y-chromosome pattern. When taking both into account, a study concluded that modern Celtic speakers in Ireland could be thought of as European "Atlantic Celts" showing a shared ancestry throughout the Atlantic zone from northern Iberia to western Scandinavia rather than substantially central European.<ref>{{cite journal |pmc=1182057 |title=The Longue Durée of Genetic Ancestry: Multiple Genetic Marker Systems and Celtic Origins on the Atlantic Facade of Europe |pmid=15309688 |doi=10.1086/424697 |volume=75 |issue=4 |date=October 2004 |journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics]] |pages=693–702 |last1=McEvoy |first1=B. |last2=Richards |first2=M. |last3=Forster |first3=P. |last4=Bradley |first4=D.G.}}</ref>
In 2012, research showed that the occurrence of genetic markers for the earliest farmers was almost eliminated by Beaker-culture immigrants: they carried what was then a new Y-chromosome R1b marker, believed to have originated in Iberia about 2,500 BC. The prevalence amongst modern Irish men of this mutation is a remarkable 84%, the highest in the world, and closely matched in other populations along the Atlantic fringes down to Spain. A similar genetic replacement happened with lineages in mitochondrial DNA.<ref name="Ireland's DNA"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hay |first1=Maciamo |title=Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA) |url=http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml |website=Eupedia |access-date=1 August 2015 |archive-date=22 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822060129/http://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> This conclusion is supported by recent research carried out by the geneticist [[David Reich (geneticist)|David Reich]], who says: "British and Irish skeletons from the Bronze Age that followed the Beaker period had at most 10 per cent ancestry from the first farmers of these islands, with other 90 per cent from people like those associated with the Bell Beaker culture in the Netherlands." He suggests that it was Beaker users who introduced an Indo-European language, represented here by Celtic (i.e. a new language and culture introduced directly by migration and genetic replacement).<ref name="Reich 2018 115"/>

===Late antiquity and early medieval times===
{{Main|History of Ireland (800–1169)}}

[[File:Dalriada.png|right|thumb|upright=0.75|The [[Scoti]] were [[Gaels|Gaelic]]-speaking people from Ireland who settled in western Scotland in the 6th century or before.]]
The earliest written records of Ireland come from classical [[Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman]] geographers. [[Ptolemy]] in his ''[[Almagest]]'' refers to Ireland as ''Mikra Brettania'' ("Little Britain"), in contrast to the larger island which he called ''Megale Brettania'' ("Great Britain").<ref>{{cite book |last=Freeman |first=Philip |title=Ireland and the classical world |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |date=2001 |location=Austin, Texas |page=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSHhfOM-5AEC&pg=PA65 |isbn=978-0-292-72518-8 |access-date=26 October 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727155652/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSHhfOM-5AEC&pg=PA65 |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Ptolemy's map of Ireland|his map of Ireland]] in his later work, ''[[Geography (Ptolemy)|Geography]]'', Ptolemy refers to Ireland as ''[[Hibernia|Iouernia]]'' and to Great Britain as ''Albion''. These names were likely to have been the local names for the islands at the time. The earlier names, [[Exonym and endonym|in contrast]], were likely to have been coined before direct contact with local peoples was made.<ref>{{cite book |first=Philip |last=Freeman |title=Ireland and the Classical World |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin |date=2001}}</ref>

The [[Ancient Romans|Romans]] referred to Ireland by this name too in its [[Latinisation of names|Latinised]] form, ''Hibernia'', or [[Scotia]].<ref>{{cite book |last=O'Hart |first=John |title=Irish Pedigrees: or, The Origin and Stem of the Irish Nation |url=https://archive.org/details/irishpedigreesor02ohar |publisher=J. Duffy and Co. |date=1892 |location=Dublin |page=[https://archive.org/details/irishpedigreesor02ohar/page/725 725]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Roman Studies |volume=12 |date=1922 |pages=57–59 |title=Tacitus, Agricola, C. 24 |last=Bury |first=J.B. |doi=10.2307/296171 |jstor=296171 }}</ref> Ptolemy records 16 nations inhabiting every part of Ireland in 100 AD.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=R. |last1=Darcy |first2=William |last2=Flynn |title=Ptolemy's Map of Ireland: a Modern Decoding |journal=Irish Geography |volume=14 |issue=1 |date=March 2008 |pages=49–69 |via=Informaworld.com |doi=10.1080/00750770801909375 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The relationship between the Roman Empire and the kingdoms of ancient Ireland is unclear. However, finds of Roman coins have been made, for example at the Iron Age settlement of Freestone Hill near [[Gowran]] and [[Newgrange]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carson |first1=R. A. G. |last2=O'Kelly |first2=Claire |title=A Catalogue of the Roman Coins from Newgrange, Co. Meath and Notes on the Coins and Related Finds |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section C: Archaeology, Celtic Studies, History, Linguistics, Literature |date=1977 |volume=77 |pages=35–55 |jstor=25506335 }}</ref>

Ireland continued as a patchwork of rival kingdoms; however, beginning in the 7th century, a concept of national kingship gradually became articulated through the concept of a [[High King of Ireland]]. [[Medieval Irish literature]] portrays an almost unbroken sequence of high kings stretching back thousands of years, but some modern historians believe the scheme was constructed in the 8th century to justify the status of powerful political groupings by projecting the origins of their rule into the remote past.<ref name="DOC">{{lang|ga|[[Dáibhí Ó Cróinín]]}}, "Ireland, 400–800", in {{lang|ga|Dáibhí Ó Cróinín}} (ed.), ''A New History of Ireland 1: Prehistoric and Early Ireland'', Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 182–234.</ref>

All of the Irish kingdoms had their own kings but were nominally subject to the high king. The high king was drawn from the ranks of the provincial kings and ruled also the royal [[kingdom of Meath]], with a ceremonial capital at the [[Hill of Tara]]. The concept did not become a political reality until the [[Viking Age#Ireland|Viking Age]] and even then was not a consistent one.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Jaski |first=Bart |date=2005 |title=Kings and kingship |editor=Seán Duffy |encyclopedia=Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia |location=Abingdon and New York |pages=251–254 [253] }}</ref> Ireland did have a culturally unifying rule of law: the early written judicial system, the [[Brehon Laws]], administered by a professional class of jurists known as the ''brehons''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ginnell |first=Laurence |author-link=Laurence Ginnell |title=The Brehon Laws: A Legal Handbook |publisher=[[T. Fisher Unwin]] |date=1894 |page=[https://archive.org/details/brehonlawsalega00ginngoog/page/n93 81] |url=https://archive.org/details/brehonlawsalega00ginngoog}}</ref>

''[[The Chronicle of Ireland]]'' records that in 431, Bishop [[Palladius (bishop of Ireland)|Palladius]] arrived in Ireland on a mission from [[Pope Celestine I]] to minister to the Irish "already believing in Christ".<ref>{{CathEncy |wstitle=St. Palladius |title=St. Palladius |first=Patrick Francis |last=Moran}}</ref> The same chronicle records that [[Saint Patrick]], Ireland's best known [[Patron saints of places|patron saint]], arrived the following year. There is continued debate over the missions of Palladius and Patrick, but the consensus is that they both took place<ref>{{cite book |last=De Paor |first=Liam |title=Saint Patrick's World: The Christian culture of Ireland's Apostolic Age |publisher=[[Four Courts Press]] |date=1993 |location=Dublin |pages=78, 79 |isbn=978-1-85182-144-0}}</ref> and that the older [[druid]] tradition collapsed in the face of Christianity.<ref name="cah">{{cite book |last=Cahill |first=Tim |title=How the Irish Saved Civilization |date=1996 |publisher=Anchor Books |isbn=978-0-385-41849-2}}</ref> Irish Christian scholars excelled in the study of Latin and Greek learning and Christian theology. In the monastic culture that followed the Christianisation of Ireland, Latin and Greek learning was preserved in Ireland during the [[Middle Ages|Early Middle Ages]] in contrast to elsewhere in Western Europe, where the [[Early Middle Ages|Dark Ages]] followed the [[Fall of the Western Roman Empire]].<ref name="cah"/><ref name="Eer">{{cite book|editor=Dowley, Tim |title=Eerdman's Handbook to the History of Christianity |date=1977 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |location=Grand Rapids, Michigan |isbn=978-0-8028-3450-8 |display-editors=etal |url=https://archive.org/details/eerdmanshandbook00work }}</ref>{{page needed|date=October 2019}}

[[File:KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg|thumb|right|A folio of the [[Book of Kells]] showing Christ enthroned]]
The arts of [[Illuminated manuscript|manuscript illumination]], metalworking and sculpture flourished and produced treasures such as the ''[[Book of Kells]]'', ornate jewellery and the many carved stone crosses<ref>{{cite book |last=Stokes |first=Margaret |author-link=Margaret Stokes |title=Early Christian Art in Ireland |publisher=Chapman and Hall |date=1888 |location=London |pages=9, 87, 117 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=25gTAAAAQAAJ |access-date=26 October 2020 |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205182750/https://books.google.com/books?id=25gTAAAAQAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> that still dot the island today. A mission founded in 563 on [[Iona]] by the Irish monk Saint [[Columba]] began [[Hiberno-Scottish mission|a tradition of Irish missionary]] work that spread [[Celtic Christianity]] and learning to Scotland, England and the [[Frankish Empire]] on continental Europe after the fall of Rome.<ref>{{cite book |first=Thomas |last=Bartlett |title=Ireland: A History |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=2010 |isbn=978-0-521-19720-5}}</ref> These missions continued until the [[late Middle Ages]], establishing monasteries and centres of learning, producing scholars such as [[Sedulius Scottus]] and [[Johannes Eriugena]] and exerting much influence in Europe.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

From the 9th century, waves of [[Viking]] raiders plundered Irish monasteries and towns.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ó Corráin |first=Donnchadh |author-link=Donnchadh Ó Corráin |title=Vikings & Ireland |url=http://www.ucc.ie/celt/General%20Vikings%20in%20Ireland.pdf |access-date=19 March 2010 |archive-date=3 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403032850/http://www.ucc.ie/celt/General%20Vikings%20in%20Ireland.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> These raids added to a pattern of raiding and [[endemic warfare]] that was already deep-seated in Ireland. The Vikings were involved in establishing most of the major coastal settlements in Ireland: [[Dublin]], [[Limerick]], [[Cork (city)|Cork]], [[Wexford]], [[Waterford]], as well as other smaller settlements.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlkik/ihm/ire800.htm |title=Ireland's History in Maps (800 AD) |website=Rootsweb.ancestry.com |publisher=Ancestry Publishing |date=6 December 1998 |access-date=15 August 2011 |archive-date=9 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809201152/http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlkik/ihm/ire800.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=October 2019}}

===Norman and English invasions===
{{Main|Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland|History of Ireland (1169–1536)|Tudor conquest of Ireland}}

{{See also|Bruce campaign in Ireland}}
[[File:Trim Castle 6.jpg|thumb|Remains of the 12th-century [[Trim Castle]] in [[County Meath]], the largest [[Norman architecture|Norman castle]] in Ireland]]
On 1 May 1169, an expedition of [[Cambro-Norman]] knights, with an army of about 600 men, landed at [[Bannow|Bannow Strand]] in present-day [[County Wexford]]. It was led by [[Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke|Richard de Clare]], known as 'Strongbow' owing to his prowess as an archer.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chrisafis |first=Angelique |title=Scion of traitors and warlords: Why Bush is coy about his Irish links |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=25 January 2005 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/27/usa.angeliquechrisafis |access-date=8 November 2008 |location=London |archive-date=29 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829003628/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/27/usa.angeliquechrisafis |url-status=live }}</ref> The invasion, which coincided with a period of renewed Norman expansion, was at the invitation of [[Diarmait Mac Murchada|Dermot Mac Murrough]], [[Kings of Leinster|King of Leinster]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Charles |last=Previté-Orton |title=The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1975 |page=[https://archive.org/details/shortercambridge0000prev/page/810 810] |isbn=978-0-521-09977-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/shortercambridge0000prev/page/810 }}</ref>

In 1166, Mac Murrough had fled to [[County of Anjou|Anjou]], France, following a war involving [[Tighearnán Ua Ruairc]], of [[Breifne]], and sought the assistance of the [[Angevin Empire|Angevin]] King [[King Henry II of England|Henry II]], in recapturing his kingdom. In 1171, Henry arrived in Ireland in order to review the general progress of the expedition. He wanted to re-exert royal authority over the invasion which was expanding beyond his control. Henry successfully re-imposed his authority over Strongbow and the Cambro-Norman warlords and persuaded many of the Irish kings to accept him as their overlord, an arrangement confirmed in the 1175 [[Treaty of Windsor 1175|Treaty of Windsor]].

The invasion was legitimised by reference to provisions of the alleged [[Papal Bull]] ''[[Laudabiliter]]'', issued by an Englishman, [[Pope Adrian IV|Adrian IV]], in 1155. The document apparently encouraged Henry to take control in Ireland in order to oversee the financial and administrative reorganisation of the [[Celtic Church|Irish Church]] and its integration into the Roman Church system.<ref name="Curtis 2002 49">{{Cite book |last=Curtis |first=Edmund |title=A History of Ireland from Earliest Times to 1922 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |date=2002 |page=49 |isbn=978-0-415-27949-9}}</ref> Some restructuring had already begun at the ecclesiastical level following the [[Synod of Kells]] in 1152.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Ruth |last1=Edwards |display-authors=etal |title=An Atlas of Irish History |publisher=Routledge |date=2005 |page=106 |isbn=978-0-415-33952-0}}</ref> There has been significant controversy regarding the authenticity of ''Laudabiliter'',<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last={{lang|ga|Ó Clabaigh}} |first=Colmán N. |date=2005 |title=Papacy |editor=Seán Duffy |encyclopedia=Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia |location=Abingdon and New York |pages=361–362}}</ref> and there is no general agreement as to whether the bull was genuine or a forgery.<ref>{{cite book |first1=John D. |last1=Hosler |display-authors=etal |title=Henry II: A Medieval Soldier at War, 1147–1189 |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |date=2007 |page=239 |isbn=978-90-04-15724-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Brenda |last=Bolton |title=Adrian IV, the English Pope, 1154–1159: Studies and Texts |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |date=2003 |page=149 |isbn=978-0-7546-0708-3}}</ref> Further, it had no standing in the Irish legal system.
[[File:Ireland 1450.png|thumb|left|Political boundaries in Ireland in 1450, before the [[plantations of Ireland|plantations]]]]

In 1172, Pope [[Pope Alexander III|Alexander III]] further encouraged Henry to advance the integration of the Irish Church with Rome. Henry was authorised to impose a tithe of one penny per hearth as an annual contribution. This church levy, called [[Peter's Pence]], is extant in Ireland as a voluntary donation. In turn, Henry assumed the title of [[Lord of Ireland]] which Henry conferred on his younger son, [[John Lackland]], in 1185. This defined the Anglo-Norman administration in Ireland as the [[Lordship of Ireland]].{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} When Henry's successor, [[Richard I of England|Richard the Lionheart]] died unexpectedly in 1199, [[John of England|John]] inherited the crown of England and retained the Lordship of Ireland. Over the century that followed, Norman feudal law gradually replaced the Gaelic Brehon Law across large areas, so that by the late 13th century the [[Hiberno-Norman|Norman-Irish]] had established a feudal system throughout much of Ireland. Norman settlements were characterised by the establishment of baronies, manors, towns and the seeds of the modern county system. A version of [[Magna Carta]] (the [[Great Charter of Ireland]]), substituting ''Dublin'' for ''London'' and the ''Irish Church'' for, the English church at the time, the ''Catholic Church'', was published in 1216 and the [[Parliament of Ireland]] was founded in 1297.

=== Gaelicisation ===
From the mid-14th century, after the [[Black Death]], Norman settlements in Ireland went into a period of decline. The Norman rulers and the Gaelic Irish elites intermarried and the areas under Norman rule became [[Gaelicisation|Gaelicised]]. In some parts, a hybrid Hiberno-Norman culture emerged. In response, the [[Parliament of Ireland#Middle Ages|Irish parliament]] passed the [[Statutes of Kilkenny]] in 1367. These were a set of laws designed to prevent the assimilation of the Normans into Irish society by requiring English subjects in Ireland to speak English, follow English customs and abide by English law.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jrbooksonline.com/PDF_Books/irish.pdf |title=The Great Irish Famine: Laws that Isolated and Impoverished the Irish |publisher=New Jersey Commission on Holocaust Education |date=1998 |website=Irish Famine Curriculum Committee |access-date=9 September 2011 |archive-date=19 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319234704/http://www.jrbooksonline.com/PDF_Books/irish.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

By the end of the 15th century, central English authority in Ireland had all but disappeared, and a renewed Irish culture and language, albeit with Norman influences, was again dominant. English Crown control remained relatively unshaken in an amorphous foothold around Dublin known as [[The Pale]], and under the provisions of [[Poynings' Law (on certification of acts)|Poynings' Law]] of 1494, Irish Parliamentary legislation was subject to the approval of the [[English Privy Council]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pack |first=Mark |title=Charles James Fox, the Repeal of Poynings Law, and the Act of Union: 1782–1801 |journal=Journal of Liberal History |volume=33 |date=2001 |page=6 |url=http://www.markpack.org.uk/1288/charles-james-fox-the-repeal-of-poynings-law-and-the-act-of-union/ |access-date=23 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100142/http://www.markpack.org.uk/1288/charles-james-fox-the-repeal-of-poynings-law-and-the-act-of-union/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Kingdom of Ireland===
{{Main|Kingdom of Ireland}}

[[File:Archive-ugent-be-79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2 DS-25 (cropped).jpg|thumb|A 16th-century perception of Irish women and girls, illustrated in the manuscript "Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel". Painted by [[Lucas de Heere|Lucas d'Heere]] in the 2nd half of the 16th century. Preserved in the [[Ghent University Library]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel par Luc Dheere peintre et sculpteur Gantois[manuscript]|url=https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2#?c=&m=&s=&cv=85&xywh=-4233,-130,13874,8416|access-date=25 August 2020|website=lib.ugent.be|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029015419/https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:79D46426-CC9D-11E3-B56B-4FBAD43445F2#?c=&m=&s=&cv=85&xywh=-4233,-130,13874,8416|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
The title of [[King of Ireland]] was re-created in 1542 by [[Henry VIII]], [[King of England]], of the [[Tudor dynasty]]. English rule was reinforced and expanded in Ireland during the latter part of the 16th century, leading to the [[Tudor conquest of Ireland]]. A near-complete conquest was achieved by the turn of the 17th century, following the [[Nine Years' War (Ireland)|Nine Years' War]] and the [[Flight of the Earls]].

This control was consolidated during the wars and conflicts of the 17th century, including the English and Scottish colonisation in the [[Plantations of Ireland]], the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] and the [[Williamite War in Ireland|Williamite War]]. Irish losses during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (which, in Ireland, included the [[Irish Confederacy]] and the [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]]) are estimated to include 20,000 battlefield casualties. 200,000 civilians are estimated to have died as a result of a combination of war-related famine, displacement, guerrilla activity and pestilence throughout the war. A further 50,000{{efn|Numbers vary, from a low of 12,000.<ref>{{cite book |last=Foster |first=Robert Fitzroy |author-link=R. F. Foster (historian) |title=Modern Ireland |url=https://archive.org/details/modernireland16000fost |url-access=registration |date=1989 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-013250-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/modernireland16000fost/page/107 107] |quote='[S]lave-hunts' certainly happened, though their extent has been exaggerated; there were probably 12,000 Irish in the West Indies by the late 1600s}}</ref> [[Giovanni Battista Rinuccini]] wrote 50,000,<ref name=ocallaghan85>{{cite book |last=O'Callaghan |first=Sean |title=To Hell or Barbados |date=2000 |publisher=Brandon |isbn=978-0-86322-287-0 |page=85}}</ref> T. N. Burke said 80,000 to 100,000.<ref name=ocallaghan85/>}} were sent into [[indentured servitude]] in the [[West Indies]]. Physician-general [[William Petty]] estimated that 504,000 Catholic Irish and 112,000 Protestant settlers died, and 100,000 people were transported, as a result of the war.<ref>{{cite news |title=A Short History of Ireland: The Curse of Cromwell |publisher=BBC News |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/ashorthistory/archive/intro99.shtml |access-date=8 November 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120302224034/http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/ashorthistory/archive/intro99.shtml |archive-date=2 March 2012}}</ref> If a prewar population of 1.5 million is assumed, this would mean that the population was reduced by almost half.

The religious struggles of the 17th century left a deep sectarian division in Ireland. Religious allegiance now determined the perception in law of loyalty to the Irish King and Parliament. After the passing of [[Test Act#Test Act of 1673|the Test Act 1672]], and the victory of the forces of the dual monarchy of [[William III of England|William]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary]] over the [[Jacobitism|Jacobites]], Roman Catholics and nonconforming Protestant Dissenters were barred from sitting as members in the Irish Parliament. Under the emerging [[Penal Laws (Ireland)|Penal Laws]], Irish Roman Catholics and Dissenters were increasingly deprived of various civil rights, even the ownership of hereditary property. Additional regressive punitive legislation followed in 1703, 1709 and 1728. This completed a comprehensive systemic effort to materially disadvantage Roman Catholics and Protestant Dissenters while enriching a new ruling class of Anglican conformists.<ref>{{cite web |title=Laws in Ireland for the Suppression of Popery |publisher=University of Minnesota Law School |url=http://library.law.umn.edu/irishlaw/offices.html |access-date=23 January 2009 |archive-date=25 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125003816/http://library.law.umn.edu/irishlaw/offices.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The new Anglo-Irish ruling class became known as the [[Protestant Ascendancy]].

[[File:Half-hanging on travelling gallows.gif|thumb|upright|[[Half-hanging]] of suspected [[United Irishmen]]]]
The "[[Irish Famine (1740–1741)#Cause|Great Frost]]" struck Ireland and the rest of Europe between December 1739 and September 1741, after a decade of relatively mild winters. The winters destroyed stored crops of potatoes and other staples, and the poor summers severely damaged harvests.<ref>{{cite book |first=David |last=Dickson |title=Arctic Ireland: The Extraordinary Story of the Great Frost and Forgotten Famine of 1740–41 |publisher=White Row Press |location=Belfast |date=1997 |isbn=978-1-870132-85-5}}</ref>{{page needed|date=October 2019}} This resulted in the [[Irish Famine (1740–1741)|famine of 1740]]. An estimated 250,000 people (about one in eight of the population) died from the ensuing pestilence and disease.<ref name="cormac_famine">{{cite book |first={{lang|ga|Cormac}} |last={{lang|ga|Ó Gráda}} |title=The Great Irish Famine |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1989 |page=12 |isbn=978-0-521-55266-0}}</ref> The Irish government halted export of corn and kept the army in quarters but did little more.<ref name="cormac_famine"/><ref name="crawford_feast">{{cite book |first1=Leslie |last1=Clarkson |first2=Margaret |last2=Crawford |title=Feast and Famine: Food and Nutrition in Ireland, 1500–1920 |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2001 |page=274 |isbn=978-0-19-822751-9}}</ref> Local gentry and charitable organisations provided relief but could do little to prevent the ensuing mortality.<ref name="cormac_famine"/><ref name="crawford_feast"/>

In the aftermath of the famine, an increase in industrial production and a surge in trade brought a succession of construction booms. The population soared in the latter part of this century and the [[Georgian architecture|architectural legacy of Georgian]] Ireland was built. In 1782, [[Poynings' Law (on certification of acts)|Poynings' Law]] was repealed, giving Ireland legislative independence from Great Britain for the first time since 1495. The British government, however, still retained the right to nominate the government of Ireland without the consent of the Irish parliament.

===1798 Rebellion===
{{Main|Irish Rebellion of 1798}}

[[File:MAXWELL(1845) p130 Camp on Vinegar Hill.jpg|thumb|right|"The Camp on Vinegar Hill" - an illustration by [[George Cruikshank]] to accompany [[William Hamilton Maxwell]]'s 1845 work ''History of the Irish rebellion in 1798'']]

In 1798, members of the Protestant Dissenter tradition (mainly [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]]) made common cause with Roman Catholics in a republican rebellion inspired and led by the [[Society of United Irishmen]], with the aim of creating an independent Ireland. Despite assistance from France the [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|rebellion]] was put down by British and Irish government and yeomanry forces. The rebellion lasted from the 24th of May to the 12th of October that year and saw the establishment of the short lived [[Irish Republic (1798)]] in the province of [[Connacht]]. It saw numerous battles across the island with an estimated 30,000 people dead.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

===Union with Great Britain===
{{Main|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}

As a direct result of the 1798 rebellion in its aftermath in 1800, the British and Irish parliaments both passed [[Acts of Union 1800|Acts of Union]] that, with effect from 1 January 1801, merged the [[Kingdom of Ireland]] and the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] to create a [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]].<ref name="Ward 1994 28">{{cite book |last=Ward |first=Alan J. |title=The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Responsible Government and Modern Ireland, 1782–1992 |publisher=Catholic University of America Press |date=1994 |location=Washington, DC |page=28 |isbn=978-0-8132-0784-1}}</ref>

The passage of the Act in the Irish Parliament was ultimately achieved with substantial majorities, having failed on the first attempt in 1799. According to contemporary documents and historical analysis, this was achieved through a considerable degree of bribery, with funding provided by the British Secret Service Office, and the awarding of peerages, places and honours to secure votes.<ref name="Ward 1994 28"/> Thus, the parliament in Ireland was abolished and replaced by a [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|united parliament at Westminster]] in London, though resistance remained, as evidenced by [[Robert Emmet]]'s failed [[Irish Rebellion of 1803]].

Aside from the development of the [[linen]] industry, Ireland was largely passed over by the [[Industrial Revolution]], partly because it lacked coal and iron resources<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/british_isles/ireland/AD1750-1900 |title=Ireland AD 1750–1900 The Industrial Age |website=WorldTimelines.org.uk |publisher=The British Museum |access-date=28 March 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101226180112/http://worldtimelines.org.uk/world/british_isles/ireland/AD1750-1900 |archive-date=26 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LamjgLbhTvwC&q=ireland+failed+to+industrialize+due+to+lack+of+coal+and+iron&pg=PA314 |first=Cormac |last=Ó Gráda |title=Ireland: A New Economic History, 1780–1939 |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1994 |pages=314–330 |isbn=978-0-19-820598-2 |access-date=26 October 2020 |archive-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206093038/https://books.google.com/books?id=LamjgLbhTvwC&q=ireland+failed+to+industrialize+due+to+lack+of+coal+and+iron&pg=PA314 |url-status=live }}</ref> and partly because of the impact of the sudden union with the structurally superior economy of England,<ref>{{cite book |title=Culture and Capitalism in Contemporary Ireland |first1=Paul |last1=Keating |first2=Derry |last2=Desmond |publisher=Avebury Press |location=Hampshire, UK |date=1993 |isbn=978-1-85628-362-5 |page=119}}</ref> which saw Ireland as a source of agricultural produce and capital.<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Jacobsen |title=Chasing Progress in the Irish Republic |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1994 |page=47}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Joel |last=Mokyr |title=Why Ireland Starved: A Quantitative and Analytical History of the Irish Economy, 1800–1850 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |location=Oxon |date=1983 |page=152}}</ref>

[[File:FRENCH(1891) p118 THE FAMINE AT BOFIN.jpg|thumb|A depiction of the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]] from ''Our Boys in Ireland'' by Henry Willard French (1891)]]
The [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]] of 1845–1851 devastated Ireland, as in those years Ireland's population fell by one-third. More than one million people died from starvation and disease, with an additional million people emigrating during the famine, mostly to the United States and Canada.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Irish Potato Famine |website=Digital History |publisher=University of Houston |date=7 November 2008 |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/voices/irish_potato_famine.cfm |access-date=8 November 2008 |archive-date=23 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223095446/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/voices/irish_potato_famine.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref> In the century that followed, an economic depression caused by the famine resulted in a further million people emigrating.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/past/famine/emigration.html|title=Effects of the Famine: Emigration|website=wesleyjohnston.com|access-date=18 December 2019|archive-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228122057/http://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/past/famine/emigration.html|url-status=live}}</ref> By the end of the decade, half of all [[immigration to the United States]] was from Ireland. The period of civil unrest that followed until the end of the 19th century is referred to as the [[Land War]]. Mass emigration became deeply entrenched and the population continued to decline until the mid-20th century. Immediately prior to the famine the population was recorded as 8.2 million by the [[1841 census of Ireland|1841 census]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/1841-a-window-on-victorian-britain-475516.html |title=1841: A window on Victorian Britain – This Britain |work=[[The Independent]] |date=25 April 2006 |access-date=16 April 2009 |last=Vallely |first=Paul |location=London |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150617075008/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/1841-a-window-on-victorian-britain-475516.html |archive-date=17 June 2015}}</ref> The population has never returned to this level since.<ref>{{cite news |last=Quinn |first=Eamon |title=Ireland Learns to Adapt to a Population Growth Spurt |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=19 August 2007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/19/world/europe/19ireland.html?ex=1345176000&en=ab2b49203b6fb511&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss |access-date=8 November 2008 |archive-date=16 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416000143/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/19/world/europe/19ireland.html?ex=1345176000&en=ab2b49203b6fb511&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss |url-status=live }}</ref> The population continued to fall until 1961; [[County Leitrim]] was the final Irish county to record a population increase post-famine, in 2006.

The 19th and early 20th centuries saw the rise of modern [[Irish nationalism]], primarily among the Roman Catholic population. The pre-eminent Irish political figure after the Union was [[Daniel O'Connell]]. He was elected as Member of Parliament for [[Ennis (UK Parliament constituency)|Ennis]] in a surprise result and despite being unable to take his seat [[The Test Act|as a Roman Catholic]]. O'Connell spearheaded a vigorous campaign that was taken up by the Prime Minister, the Irish-born soldier and statesman, the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]]. Steering the [[Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829|Catholic Relief Bill]] through Parliament, aided by future prime minister [[Robert Peel]], Wellington prevailed upon a reluctant [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]] to sign the Bill and proclaim it into law. [[George III|George's father]] had opposed the plan of the earlier Prime Minister, [[William Pitt the Younger|Pitt the Younger]], to introduce such a bill following the Union of 1801, fearing [[Catholic emancipation]] to be in conflict with the [[Act of Settlement 1701]].

Daniel O'Connell led a subsequent campaign, for the repeal of the Act of Union, which failed. Later in the century, [[Charles Stewart Parnell]] and others campaigned for autonomy within the Union, or "[[Irish Home Rule Bills|Home Rule]]". Unionists, especially those located in Ulster, were strongly opposed to Home Rule, which they thought would be dominated by Catholic interests.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kee |first=Robert |title=The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |date=1972 |location=London |pages=376–400 |isbn=978-0-297-17987-0}}</ref> After several attempts to pass a Home Rule bill through parliament, it looked certain that one would finally pass in 1914. To prevent this from happening, the [[Ulster Volunteers]] were formed in 1913 under the leadership of [[Edward Carson]].<ref name="Kee 1972 478–530">{{cite book |last=Kee |first=Robert |title=The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |date=1972 |location=London |pages=478–530 |isbn=978-0-297-17987-0}}</ref>

Their formation was followed in 1914 by the establishment of the [[Irish Volunteers]], whose aim was to ensure that the [[Third Home Rule Act|Home Rule Bill]] was passed. The Act was passed but with the "temporary" exclusion of the six counties of Ulster, which later became Northern Ireland. Before it could be implemented, however, the Act was suspended for the duration of the [[First World War]]. The Irish Volunteers split into two groups. The majority, approximately 175,000 in number, under [[John Redmond]], took the name [[National Volunteers]] and supported [[Ireland and World War I|Irish involvement]] in the war. A minority, approximately 13,000, retained the Irish Volunteers' name and opposed Ireland's involvement in the war.<ref name="Kee 1972 478–530"/>

[[File:Sackville Street (Dublin) after the 1916 Easter Rising.JPG|thumb|Sackville Street (now [[O'Connell Street]]), Dublin, after the 1916 [[Easter Rising]]]]
The [[Easter Rising]] of 1916 was carried out by the latter group together with a smaller socialist militia, the [[Irish Citizen Army]]. The British response, executing 15 leaders of the Rising over a period of ten days and imprisoning or interning more than a thousand people, turned the mood of the country in favour of the rebels. Support for [[Physical force Irish republicanism|Irish republicanism increased]] further due to the ongoing war in Europe, as well as the [[Conscription Crisis of 1918]].<ref name="autogenerated34">{{cite journal |last=Morough |first=Michael |title=The Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 |url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/feature/anglo-irish-treaty-1921 |journal=History Review |date=December 2000 |issue=38 |pages=34–36 |access-date=13 October 2022 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925152047/https://www.historytoday.com/archive/feature/anglo-irish-treaty-1921 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The pro-independence republican party, [[Sinn Féin]], received overwhelming endorsement in the [[1918 United Kingdom general election in Ireland|1918 general election]], and in 1919 proclaimed an [[Irish Republic]], setting up its own parliament ({{lang|ga|[[First Dáil|Dáil Éireann]]}}) and government. Simultaneously the Volunteers, which became known as the [[Irish Republican Army]] (IRA), launched a [[Irish War of Independence|three-year guerrilla war]], which ended in a truce in July 1921 (although violence continued until June 1922, mostly in Northern Ireland).<ref name="autogenerated34" />

===Partition===
{{Main|Partition of Ireland}}

In December 1921, the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] was concluded between the British government and representatives of the [[Second Dáil]]. It gave Ireland complete independence in its home affairs and practical independence for foreign policy, but an opt-out clause allowed [[Northern Ireland]] to remain within the United Kingdom, which it immediately exercised. Additionally, Members of the [[Third Dáil|Free State Parliament]] were required to swear [[Oath of Allegiance (Ireland)|an oath of allegiance to the Constitution of the Irish Free State]] and make a statement of faithfulness to the king.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kee |first=Robert |title=The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |date=1972 |location=London |pages=719–748 |isbn=978-0-297-17987-0}}</ref> Disagreements over these provisions led to a split in the nationalist movement and a subsequent [[Irish Civil War]] between the new government of the [[Irish Free State]] and those opposed to the treaty, led by [[Éamon de Valera]]. The civil war officially ended in May 1923 when de Valera issued a cease-fire order.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gwynn |first=Stephen |title=Ireland Since the Treaty |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=12 |issue=2 |date=January 1934 |page=322 |doi=10.2307/20030588|jstor=20030588}}</ref>

====Independence====
{{main|History of the Republic of Ireland|Economy of the Republic of Ireland}}

[[File:Anglo-Irish Treaty Griffith annotated2.gif|thumb|Annotated page from the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] that established the [[Irish Free State]] and independence for 26 out of 32 [[Counties of Ireland|Irish counties]]]]
During its first decade, the newly formed Irish Free State was governed by the victors of the civil war. When de Valera achieved power, he took advantage of the [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]] and [[Edward VIII abdication crisis|political circumstances]] to build upon inroads to greater sovereignty made by the previous government. The oath was abolished and in 1937 a new constitution was adopted.<ref name="autogenerated34"/> This completed a process of gradual separation from the British Empire that governments had pursued since independence. However, it was not until 1949 that the state was declared, officially, to be the [[Republic of Ireland]].

[[Irish neutrality|The state was neutral]] during [[The Emergency (Ireland)|World War II]], but offered [[Irish neutrality during World War II|clandestine assistance to the Allies]], particularly in the potential defence of Northern Ireland. Despite their country's neutrality, approximately 50,000<ref>{{cite news |last=Connolly |first=Kevin |title=Irish who fought on the beaches |publisher=BBC News |date=1 June 2004 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/3749629.stm |access-date=8 November 2008 |archive-date=17 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217024027/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/3749629.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> volunteers from independent Ireland joined the British forces during the war, four being awarded [[Victoria Crosses]].

The [[Abwehr|German intelligence]] was also active in Ireland.<ref name="autogenerated695">{{cite journal |last1=Hull |first1=Mark M. |title=The Irish Interlude: German Intelligence in Ireland, 1939-1943 |journal=The Journal of Military History |date=2002 |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=695–717 |id={{ProQuest|195620656}} |doi=10.2307/3093356 |jstor=3093356 }}</ref> Its operations ended in September 1941 when [[Garda Síochána|police]] made arrests based on surveillance carried out on the key diplomatic legations in Dublin. To the authorities, counterintelligence was a fundamental line of defence. With a regular army of only slightly over seven thousand men at the start of the war, and with limited supplies of modern weapons, the state would have had great difficulty in defending itself from invasion from either side in the conflict.<ref name="autogenerated695"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Carroll |first=Joseph T. |title=Ireland in the War Years 1939–1945 |publisher=International Scholars Publishers |date=2002 |location=San Francisco |page=190 |isbn=978-1-57309-185-5}}</ref>

Large-scale emigration marked most of the post-WWII period (particularly during the 1950s and 1980s), but beginning in 1987 the economy improved, and the 1990s saw the beginning of substantial economic growth. This period of growth became known as the [[Celtic Tiger]].<ref name=clancy3>{{cite book|last1=Clancy |first1=Patrick |first2=Sheelagh |last2=Drudy |first3=Kathleen |last3=Lynch |first4=Liam |last4=O'Dowd |title=Irish Society: Sociological Perspectives |pages=[https://archive.org/details/irishsociety00patr/page/68 68–70] |publisher=Institute of Public Administration |date=1997 |isbn=978-1-872002-87-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/irishsociety00patr/page/68 }}</ref> The Republic's real GDP grew by an average of 9.6% per annum between 1995 and 1999,<ref>{{cite book |first=Doris |last=Schmied |title=Winning and Losing: the Changing Geography of Europe's Rural Areas |publisher=Ashgate |location=Chippenham, UK |date=2005 |page=234 |isbn=978-0-7546-4101-8}}</ref> in which year the Republic joined the [[euro]]. In 2000, it was the sixth-richest country in the world in terms of GDP per capita.<ref>{{cite book |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) |title=The Future of International Migration to OECD Countries |location=Paris |page=67 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-MXbmt8J5YC&q=%22The+Future+of+International+Migration+to+OECD+Countries%22 |isbn=978-92-64-04449-4 |year=2009 |access-date=26 October 2020 |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205175831/https://books.google.com/books?id=t-MXbmt8J5YC&q=%22The+Future+of+International+Migration+to+OECD+Countries%22 |url-status=live }}</ref> Historian [[R. F. Foster (historian)|R. F. Foster]] argues the cause was a combination of a new sense of initiative and the entry of American corporations. He concludes the chief factors were low taxation, pro-business regulatory policies, and a young, tech-savvy workforce. For many multinationals, the decision to do business in Ireland was made easier still by generous incentives from the [[IDA Ireland|Industrial Development Authority]]. In addition [[European Union]] membership was helpful, giving the country lucrative access to markets that it had previously reached only through the United Kingdom, and pumping huge subsidies and investment capital into the Irish economy.<ref>R. F. Foster, ''Luck and the Irish: A Brief History of Change 1970–2000'' (2007), pp 7–36</ref>

Modernisation brought secularisation in its wake. The traditionally high levels of religiosity have sharply declined. Foster points to three factors: First, Irish feminism, largely imported from America with liberal stances on contraception, abortion and divorce, undermined the authority of bishops and priests. Second, the mishandling of the paedophile scandals humiliated the Church, whose bishops seemed less concerned with the victims and more concerned with covering up for errant priests. Third, prosperity brought hedonism and materialism that undercut the ideals of saintly poverty.<ref>Foster, ''Luck and the Irish'' pp 37–66.</ref>

The [[post-2008 Irish economic downturn]] dramatically ended this period of boom. GDP fell by 3% in 2008 and by 7.1% in 2009, the worst year since records began (although earnings by foreign-owned businesses continued to grow).<ref>{{cite news |first=Shawn |last=Pogatchnik |title=Ireland's Economy Suffered Record Slump in 2009 |work=[[Bloomberg BusinessWeek]] |date=25 March 2010 |access-date=6 April 2010 |url= http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9ELOCOG1.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150208020158/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9ELOCOG1.htm |archive-date=8 February 2015}}</ref> The state has since experienced deep recession, with unemployment, which doubled during 2009, remaining above 14% in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Measuring Ireland's Progress 2011 |website=CSO.ie |publisher=[[Central Statistics Office (Ireland)|Central Statistics Office]] |date=October 2012 |page=36 |url=http://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/otherreleases/2011/measuringirelandsprogress2011.pdf |access-date=30 August 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923223057/http://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/otherreleases/2011/measuringirelandsprogress2011.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Northern Ireland====
{{Main|History of Northern Ireland|Economy of Northern Ireland}}

Northern Ireland resulted from the division of the United Kingdom by the [[Government of Ireland Act 1920]], and until 1972 was a self-governing jurisdiction within the United Kingdom with its own parliament and prime minister. Northern Ireland, as part of the United Kingdom, was not neutral during the Second World War, and [[Belfast Blitz|Belfast suffered four bombing raids]] in 1941. [[Conscription]] was not extended to Northern Ireland, and roughly an equal number volunteered from Northern Ireland as volunteered from the Republic of Ireland.

[[File:Carson signing Solemn League and Covenant.jpg|thumb|[[Edward Carson]] signing the [[Ulster Covenant|Solemn League and Covenant]] in 1912, declaring opposition to [[Irish Home Rule bills|Home Rule]] "using all means which may be found necessary"]]

Although Northern Ireland was largely spared the strife of the civil war, in the decades that followed partition there were sporadic episodes of inter-communal violence. Nationalists, mainly Roman Catholic, wanted to unite Ireland as an independent republic, whereas unionists, mainly Protestant, wanted Northern Ireland to remain in the United Kingdom. The Protestant and Catholic communities in Northern Ireland voted largely along [[sectarian]] lines, meaning that the government of Northern Ireland (elected by [[Plurality electoral system|"first-past-the-post"]] from 1929) was controlled by the [[Ulster Unionist Party]]. Over time, the minority Catholic community felt increasingly alienated with further disaffection fuelled by practices such as [[gerrymandering]] and discrimination in housing and employment.<ref name=whyte>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/discrimination/whyte.htm |chapter=How much discrimination was there under the Unionist regime, 1921–1968? |last=Whyte |first=John |editor-first1=Tom |editor-last1=Gallagher |editor-first2=James |editor-last2=O'Connell |title=Contemporary Irish Studies |isbn=0-7190-0919-7 |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |via=[[Conflict Archive on the Internet]] |year=1983 |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-date=14 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514131114/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/discrimination/whyte.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/cmd380.htm |title=Fair Employment in Northern Ireland |isbn=0-10-103802-X |year=1988 |access-date=23 October 2008 |author=Northern Ireland Office |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |via=Conflict Archive on the Internet |author-link=Northern Ireland Office |archive-date=4 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104025822/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/cmd380.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/crights/nicra/nicra78.htm |title='We Shall Overcome' ... The History of the Struggle for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland 1968–1978 |date=1978 |publisher=Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association |access-date=23 October 2008 |via=Conflict Archive on the Internet |archive-date=31 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531024030/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/crights/nicra/nicra78.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the late 1960s, nationalist grievances were aired publicly in mass civil rights protests, which were often confronted by [[Ulster loyalism|loyalist]] counter-protests.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Peter |date=1997 |title=Provos: The IRA and {{lang|ga|Sinn Féin}} |pages=33–56 |location=London |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-7475-3392-4}}</ref> The government's reaction to confrontations was seen to be one-sided and heavy-handed in favour of unionists. Law and order broke down as unrest and inter-communal violence increased.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Peter |date=1997 |title=Provos: The IRA and {{lang|ga|Sinn Féin}} |pages=56–100 |location=London |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-7475-3392-4}}</ref> The Northern Ireland government requested the [[British Army]] to aid the police and protect the [[Irish Nationalist]] population. In 1969, the paramilitary [[Provisional Irish Republican Army|Provisional IRA]], which favoured the creation of a [[united Ireland]], emerged from a split in the [[Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)|Irish Republican Army]] and began a campaign against what it called the "British occupation of the six counties".{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

Other groups, both the unionist and nationalist participated in violence, and a period known as "[[the Troubles]]" began. More than 3,600 deaths resulted over the subsequent three decades of conflict.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/467904.stm |title=Turning the pages on lost lives |publisher=BBC News |access-date=4 January 2010 |date=8 October 1999 |archive-date=17 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217024018/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/467904.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Owing to the civil unrest during the Troubles, the British government suspended home rule in 1972 and imposed [[Direct rule over Northern Ireland|direct rule]]. There were several unsuccessful attempts to end the Troubles politically, such as the [[Sunningdale Agreement]] of 1973. In 1998, following a ceasefire by the Provisional IRA and multi-party talks, the [[Good Friday Agreement]] was concluded as a treaty between the British and Irish governments, annexing the text agreed in the multi-party talks.

The substance of the Agreement (formally referred to as the Belfast Agreement) was later endorsed by referendums in both parts of Ireland. The Agreement restored self-government to Northern Ireland on the basis of power-sharing in a regional [[Northern Ireland Executive|Executive]] drawn from the major parties in a new [[Northern Ireland Assembly]], with entrenched protections for the two main communities. The Executive is jointly headed by a [[First Minister and deputy First Minister]] drawn from the unionist and nationalist parties. Violence had decreased greatly after the Provisional IRA and loyalist ceasefires in 1994, and in 2005, the Provisional IRA announced the end of its armed campaign and an [[Independent International Commission on Decommissioning|independent commission]] supervised its disarmament and that of other nationalist and unionist paramilitary organisations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/peace/decommission/iicd190106.pdf |first1=Tauno |last1=Nieminen |first2=John |last2=de Chastelain |author3=Andrew D. Sens |title=Independent International Commission on Decommissioning |access-date=15 October 2008 |archive-date=11 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311172621/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/peace/decommission/iicd190106.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Assembly and power-sharing Executive were suspended several times but were restored again in 2007. In that year the British government officially ended its military support of the police in Northern Ireland ([[Operation Banner]]) and began withdrawing troops. On 27 June 2012, Northern Ireland's deputy first minister and former IRA commander, [[Martin McGuinness]], shook hands with Queen Elizabeth II in Belfast, symbolising reconciliation between the two sides.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-18607911 |title=Queen and Martin McGuinness shake hands |publisher=BBC News |date=27 June 2012 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=20 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820133101/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-18607911 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Politics==
[[File:British–European Union frontier in Ireland.svg|thumb|upright|Political entities on the island of Ireland]]
The island is divided between the Republic of Ireland, an independent [[Sovereign state|state]], and Northern Ireland, a constituent country of the United Kingdom. They share an [[Irish border|open border]] and both are part of the [[Common Travel Area]] and as a consequence, there is [[Single market|free movement of people, goods, services and capital]] across the border.

The Republic of Ireland is a member state of the European Union while the United Kingdom is a former member state, having both acceded to its precursor entity, the European Economic Community (EEC), in 1973 but the UK [[Brexit|left the European Union in 2020]] after a [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|referendum on EU membership was held in 2016]] which resulted in 51.9% of UK voters choosing to leave the bloc.

===Republic of Ireland===
{{main|Republic of Ireland}}

[[File:Áras an Uachtaráin-2011.jpg|thumb|{{lang|ga|[[Áras an Uachtaráin]]}}, the official residence of the [[President of Ireland]]]]
The Republic of Ireland is a [[parliamentary democracy]] based on the [[Westminster system]], with a [[Constitution of Ireland|written constitution]] and a popularly elected [[President of Ireland|president]] whose role is mostly ceremonial. The [[Oireachtas]] is a [[bicameral]] parliament, composed of {{lang|ga|[[Dáil Éireann]]|italic=no}} (the Dáil), a house of representatives, and {{lang|ga|[[Seanad Éireann]]|italic=no}} (the Seanad), an [[upper house]]. The [[Government of Ireland|government]] is headed by a prime minister, the {{lang|ga|[[Taoiseach]]|italic=no}}, who is appointed by the president on the nomination of the {{lang|ga|Dáil|italic=no}}. Its capital is Dublin.

The Republic of Ireland today ranks among the wealthiest countries in the world in terms of [[GDP per capita]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Country Comparison: GDP – per capita (PPP) |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html?countryName=Ireland&countryCode=ei&regionCode=eur&rank=27#ei |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=29 August 2011 |archive-date=19 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119060620/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html?countryName=Ireland&countryCode=ei&regionCode=eur&rank=27#ei |url-status=dead }}</ref> and in 2015 was ranked the sixth most developed nation in the world by the United Nations' [[Human Development Index]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/images/hdi2015.pdf |page=47 |title=Human Development Report 2015: Table A1.1 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP) |date=2015 |website=Human Development Index and its components |via=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |access-date=30 November 2016 |archive-date=1 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301091348/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/images/hdi2015.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> A period of rapid economic expansion from 1995 onwards became known as the [[Celtic Tiger]] period, was brought to an end by the post-2008 Irish economic downturn and an economic depression in 2009. According to the 2024 [[Global Peace Index]], Ireland is the second most peaceful country in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |access-date=11 August 2024 |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819091540/https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Northern Ireland===
{{main|Northern Ireland}}

[[File:StormontCarson.jpg|thumb|[[Parliament Buildings (Northern Ireland)|Parliament Buildings]], in [[Stormont Estate]], seat of the [[Northern Ireland Assembly]]]]
Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom with a local [[Northern Ireland Executive|executive]] and [[Northern Ireland Assembly|assembly]] which exercise devolved powers. The executive is jointly headed by the first and deputy first minister, with the ministries being allocated in proportion to each party's representation in the assembly. Its capital is [[Belfast]].

Ultimately political power is held by the [[UK government]], from which Northern Ireland has gone through intermittent periods of direct rule during which devolved powers have been suspended. Northern Ireland elects 18 of the UK [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]' 650 MPs. The [[Northern Ireland Secretary]] is a cabinet-level post in the British government.

Along with [[England and Wales]] and with Scotland, Northern Ireland forms one of the three separate legal jurisdictions of the UK, all of which share the [[Supreme Court of the United Kingdom]] as their court of final appeal.

===All-island institutions===
As part of the Good Friday Agreement, the British and Irish governments agreed on the creation of all-island institutions and areas of cooperation. The [[North/South Ministerial Council]] is an institution through which ministers from the Government of Ireland and the Northern Ireland Executive agree all-island policies. At least six of these policy areas must have an associated all-island "implementation body", and at least six others must be implemented separately in each jurisdiction. The implementation bodies are: [[Waterways Ireland]], the [[Food Safety Promotion Board]], [[InterTradeIreland]], the [[Special European Union Programmes Body]], [[the North/South Language Body]] and the [[Commissioners of Irish Lights|Foyle, Carlingford and Irish Lights Commission]].

The [[British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference]] provides for co-operation between the Government of Ireland and the Government of the United Kingdom on all matters of mutual interest, especially Northern Ireland. In light of the Republic's particular interest in the governance of Northern Ireland, "regular and frequent" meetings co-chaired by the Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs and the British Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, dealing with non-devolved matters to do with Northern Ireland and non-devolved [[all-Ireland]] issues, are required to take place under the establishing treaty.

The [[North/South Inter-Parliamentary Association]] is a joint parliamentary forum for the island of Ireland. It has no formal powers but operates as a forum for discussing matters of common concern between the respective legislatures.

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Ireland}}

[[File:Ireland physical large.png|right|thumb|upright=1.2|Physical features of Ireland]]

Ireland is located in the [[North-West Europe|north-west of Europe]], between latitudes [[51st parallel north|51°]] and [[56th parallel north|56° N]], and longitudes [[11th meridian west|11°]] and [[5th meridian west|5° W]]. It is separated from Great Britain by the [[Irish Sea]] and the [[North Channel (Great Britain and Ireland)|North Channel]], which has a width of {{convert|23|km}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Across the waters |last1=Ritchie |first1=Heather |last2=Ellis |first2=Geraint |date=2009 |url=http://assets.wwf.org.uk/downloads/atw_north_channel.pdf |access-date=14 September 2010 |archive-date=5 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205005310/http://assets.wwf.org.uk/downloads/atw_north_channel.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> at its narrowest point. To the west is the northern Atlantic Ocean and to the south is the [[Celtic Sea]], which lies between Ireland and [[Brittany]], in France. Ireland has a total area of {{convert|84421|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},<ref name="irlgeog"/><ref name="royle"/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.osi.ie/Education/Secondary-Schools/Teacher-Resources/Area-and-Land-Mass.aspx |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121110132721/http://osi.ie/Education/Secondary-Schools/Teacher-Resources/Area-and-Land-Mass.aspx |url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2012 |title=Area and Land Mass |website=Ordnance Survey of Ireland |access-date=18 November 2013}}</ref> of which the Republic of Ireland occupies 83 percent.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ireland Facts, Ireland Flag |url=https://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/countries/ireland-facts/ |website=[[National Geographic]] |access-date=28 June 2017 |archive-date=24 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624183321/http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/countries/ireland-facts/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ireland and Great Britain, together with many nearby smaller islands, are known collectively as the [[British Isles]].<ref name="ONS Geography Guide">{{cite web |url=https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/a-beginners-guide-to-uk-geography-2023/about |title=A Beginners Guide to UK Geography (2023) |author= |date=24 August 2023 |website=Open Geography Portal |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=9 December 2023 |quote=The British Isles are the islands of North-Western Europe comprising all of the UK, the Irish Republic, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209115545/https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/a-beginners-guide-to-uk-geography-2023/about |url-status=live }}</ref> As [[British Isles naming dispute|the term ''British Isles'' can be controversial]] in relation to Ireland, the alternate term ''Britain and Ireland'' is sometimes used as a neutral term for the islands.<ref name=GuardianMOS01>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/styleguide/b|title=Guardian Style Guide|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|quote=British Isles: A geographical term taken to mean Great Britain, Ireland and some or all of the adjacent islands such as Orkney, Shetland and the Isle of Man. The phrase is best avoided, given its (understandable) unpopularity in the Irish Republic. Alternatives adopted by some publications are British and Irish Isles or simply Britain and Ireland|location=London|access-date=2 June 2014|archive-date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121123752/http://www.theguardian.com/styleguide/b|url-status=live}}</ref>

A ring of coastal mountains surrounds low plains at the centre of the island. The highest of these is [[Carrauntoohil]] ({{langx|ga|Corrán Tuathail}}) in [[County Kerry]], which rises to {{convert|1039|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above sea level.<ref name="OSI faqs"/> The most arable land lies in the province of [[Leinster]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Victor |last=Meally |title=Encyclopaedia of Ireland |publisher=Allen Figgis & Co. |location=Dublin |date=1968 |page=240}}</ref> Western areas are mainly mountainous and rocky with green panoramic vistas. [[River Shannon]], the island's longest river at {{convert|360.5|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long, rises in [[County Cavan]] in the north-west and flows through [[Limerick]] in the midwest.<ref name="OSI faqs">{{cite web |title=FAQ: What is the longest river in Ireland? |publisher=[[Ordnance Survey Ireland]] |url=http://www.osi.ie/education/schools-and-third-level/secondary-schools/secondary-schools-teacher-resources/ |access-date=30 May 2014 |archive-date=29 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929065950/http://www.osi.ie/education/schools-and-third-level/secondary-schools/secondary-schools-teacher-resources/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Landscape of the River |publisher=Inland Waterways Association of Ireland |date=2014 |url= http://www.iwai.ie/maps/shannon/guide/17.php3 |access-date=30 May 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150319000141/http://www.iwai.ie/maps/shannon/guide/17.php3 |archive-date=19 March 2015}}</ref>

=== Geology ===
{{Main|Geology of Ireland}}

[[File:Topography Ireland.jpg|thumb|[[Topography]] of Ireland]]
The island consists of varied [[geologic province|geological provinces]]. In the west, around County Galway and [[County Donegal]], is a medium- to high-grade metamorphic and igneous complex of [[Caledonides|Caledonide]] affinity, similar to the [[Scottish Highlands]]. Across southeast Ulster and extending southwest to [[Longford]] and south to [[Navan]] is a province of [[Ordovician]] and [[Silurian]] rocks, with similarities to the [[Southern Uplands]] province of Scotland. Further south, along the [[County Wexford]] coastline, is an area of granite [[intrusion|intrusives]] into more Ordovician and Silurian rocks, like that found in Wales.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geology of Ireland |website=Geology for Everyone |publisher=Geological Survey of Ireland |url= http://www.gsi.ie/Education/Geology+for+Everyone/Geology+of+Ireland.htm |access-date=5 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080327113851/http://www.gsi.ie/Education/Geology%2Bfor%2BEveryone/Geology%2Bof%2BIreland.htm |archive-date=27 March 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bedrock Geology of Ireland |website=Geology for Everyone |publisher=Geological Survey of Ireland |url=http://www.gsi.ie/NR/rdonlyres/0302F251-C4ED-4938-BCF0-CF228A3E8F6A/0/GSI_GeolIreland_A4.pdf |access-date=5 November 2008 |archive-date=28 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028204341/http://www.gsi.ie/NR/rdonlyres/0302F251-C4ED-4938-BCF0-CF228A3E8F6A/0/GSI_GeolIreland_A4.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the southwest, around [[Bantry Bay]] and the mountains of [[MacGillycuddy's Reeks]], is an area of substantially deformed, lightly [[metamorphic rock|metamorphosed]] [[Devonian]]-aged rocks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geology of Kerry-Cork – Sheet 21 |website=Maps |publisher=Geological Survey of Ireland |date=2007 |url= http://www.gsi.ie/Publications+and+Data/Maps/Geology+of+Kerry-Cork+-+Sheet+21.htm |access-date=9 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071212143431/http://www.gsi.ie/Publications%2Band%2BData/Maps/Geology%2Bof%2BKerry-Cork%2B-%2BSheet%2B21.htm |archive-date=12 December 2007 }}</ref> This partial ring of "hard rock" geology is covered by a blanket of [[Carboniferous]] limestone over the centre of the country, giving rise to a comparatively fertile and lush landscape. The west-coast district of [[the Burren]] around [[Lisdoonvarna]] has well-developed [[karst]] features.<ref>{{cite web |author=Karst Working Group |title=The Burren |website=The Karst of Ireland: Limestone Landscapes, Caves and Groundwater Drainage System |publisher=Geological Survey of Ireland |date=2000 |url=http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/places/the_burren/burren_karst.htm |access-date=5 November 2008 |archive-date=18 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091018141227/http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/places/the_burren/burren_karst.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Significant stratiform lead-zinc mineralisation is found in the limestones around [[Silvermines]] and [[Tynagh]].

[[Hydrocarbon exploration]] is ongoing following the first major find at the [[Kinsale Head gas field]] off [[Cork (city)|Cork]] in the mid-1970s.<ref name="energyfiles">{{cite web |url=http://www.energyfiles.com/eurfsu/ireland.html |title=Ireland: North West Europe |website=EnergyFiles.com |access-date=30 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313230157/http://www.energyfiles.com/eurfsu/ireland.html |archive-date=13 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="sch">{{Cite book |last1=Shannon |first1=Pat |last2=Haughton |first2=P. D. W. |last3=Corcoran |first3=D. V. |title=The Petroleum Exploration of Ireland's Offshore Basins |publisher=Geological Society |date=2001 |location=London |page=2 |isbn=978-1-4237-1163-6}}</ref> In 1999, economically significant finds of natural gas were made in the [[Corrib Gas Field]] off the County Mayo coast. This has increased activity off the west coast in parallel with the "[[North Sea oil#West of Shetland|West of Shetland]]" step-out development from the [[North Sea oil|North Sea hydrocarbon province]]. In 2000, the [[Helvick]] oil field was discovered, which was estimated to contain over {{convert|28|Moilbbl|m3}} of oil.<ref>{{cite news |title=Providence sees Helvick oil field as key site in Celtic Sea |work=[[Irish Examiner]] |date=17 July 2000 |url= http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2000/07/17/current/bpage_2.htm |access-date=27 January 2008 |archive-date=19 January 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120119040533/http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2000/07/17/current/bpage_2.htm}}</ref>

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Ireland}}

The island's lush vegetation, a product of its mild climate and frequent rainfall, earns it the sobriquet ''the Emerald Isle''. Overall, Ireland has a mild but changeable [[oceanic climate]] with few extremes. The climate is typically insular and [[Temperate climate|temperate]], avoiding the extremes in temperature of many other areas in the world at similar latitudes.<ref name="MEclimate">{{cite web |title=Climate of Ireland |website=Climate |publisher={{lang|ga|Met Éireann}} |url=http://www.met.ie/climate/climate-of-ireland.asp |access-date=11 November 2008 |archive-date=9 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209072328/http://www.met.ie/climate/climate-of-ireland.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> This is a result of the moist winds which ordinarily prevail from the southwestern Atlantic.

Precipitation falls throughout the year but is light overall, particularly in the east. The west tends to be wetter on average and prone to Atlantic storms, especially in the late autumn and winter months. These occasionally bring destructive winds and higher total rainfall to these areas, as well as sometimes snow and hail. The regions of north County Galway and east County Mayo have the highest incidents of recorded lightning annually for the island, with lightning occurring approximately five to ten days per year in these areas.<ref name="MErainfall">{{cite web |title=Rainfall |website=Climate |publisher={{lang|ga|Met Éireann}} |url=http://www.met.ie/climate/rainfall.asp |access-date=5 November 2008 |archive-date=2 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070602061707/http://www.met.ie/climate/rainfall.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Munster]], in the south, records the least snow whereas [[Ulster]], in the north, records the most.

Inland areas are warmer in summer and colder in winter. Usually around 40 days of the year are below freezing {{nowrap|0 °C}} {{nowrap|(32 °F)}} at inland [[weather station]]s, compared to 10 days at coastal stations. Ireland is sometimes affected by heat waves, most recently in 1995, [[2003 European heat wave|2003]], [[2006 European heat wave#Ireland|2006]], 2013 and [[2018 British Isles heat wave|2018]]. In common with the rest of Europe, Ireland experienced unusually cold weather during [[Winter of 2010–11 in Great Britain and Ireland|the winter of 2010–11]]. Temperatures fell as low as −17.2 °C (1 °F) in County Mayo on 20 December<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/subzero-temperatures-make-2010-a-recordbreaking-year-26609480.html |title=Sub-zero temperatures make 2010 a record-breaking year |first=Kevin |last=Keane |work=[[Irish Independent]] |date=28 December 2010 |access-date=21 July 2011 |archive-date=9 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309083235/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/subzero-temperatures-make-2010-a-recordbreaking-year-26609480.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and up to a metre (3 ft) of snow fell in mountainous areas.

{{Weather box
|location = Ireland
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 18.5
|Feb record high C = 18.1
|Mar record high C = 23.6
|Apr record high C = 25.8
|May record high C = 28.4
|Jun record high C = 33.3
|Jul record high C = 33.0
|Aug record high C = 32.1
|Sep record high C = 29.1
|Oct record high C = 25.2
|Nov record high C = 20.1
|Dec record high C = 18.1
|year record high C =33.3
|Jan record low C = −19.1
|Feb record low C = −17.8
|Mar record low C = −17.2
|Apr record low C = −7.7
|May record low C = −5.6
|Jun record low C = -3.3
|Jul record low C = -0.3
|Aug record low C = -2.7
|Sep record low C = −3.0
|Oct record low C = −8.3
|Nov record low C = −11.5
|Dec record low C = −17.5
|year record low C = −19.1
|source 1 = {{lang|ga|Met Éireann}}<ref name=Metrecords>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216004316/http://www.met.ie/climate-ireland/weather-extremes.asp |archive-date=16 December 2016 |url=http://www.met.ie/climate-ireland/weather-extremes.asp |title=Irish Weather Extremes |publisher=Met Éireann |access-date=15 December 2016}}</ref>
|source 2 = The Irish Times (November record high)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/environment/balmy-start-to-november-sees-record-temperatures-1.2414099|title=Balmy start to November sees record temperatures|author-first1=Dan |author-last1=Griffin|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|date=2 November 2015|access-date=2 November 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081651/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/environment/balmy-start-to-november-sees-record-temperatures-1.2414099|url-status=live}}</ref>
|date=January 2011
}}

==Flora and fauna==
{{Main|Fauna of Ireland|Flora of Ireland|Trees of Britain and Ireland}}

[[File:Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) (4).jpg|alt=The red fox is common in Ireland.|thumb|Two [[red fox]]es (''Vulpes vulpes'') in Gubbeen, County Cork]]
Unlike Great Britain which had a land bridge with [[mainland Europe]], Ireland only had an ice bridge ending around 14,000 years ago at the end of the [[Last Glacial Period|last ice age]] and as a result, it has fewer land animal and plant species than Great Britain or mainland Europe.<ref name="Marine Geology"/><ref name="drowning"/> There are [[List of mammals of Ireland|55 mammal species]] in Ireland, and of them, only 26 land mammal species are considered native to Ireland.<ref name="Costello, M.J 93" >Costello, M.J. and Kelly, K.S., 1993 ''Biogeography of Ireland: past, present and future'' Irish Biogeographic Society Occasional Publications Number 2</ref> Some species, such as, the [[red fox]], [[European hedgehog|hedgehog]] and [[European badger|badger]], are very common, whereas others, like the [[Mountain hare|Irish hare]], [[red deer]] and [[pine marten]] are less so. Aquatic wildlife, such as species of sea turtle, shark, seal, whale, and dolphin, are common off the coast. About 400 species of birds have been recorded in Ireland. Many of these are migratory, including the [[barn swallow]].

[[File:Irl-female red deer Killarney.jpg|left|thumb|[[Red deer]] (''Cervus elaphus'') in [[Killarney National Park]]]]
Several different habitat types are found in Ireland, including farmland, open woodland, [[temperate broadleaf and mixed forests]], [[conifer]] plantations, [[peat]] bogs and a variety of coastal habitats. However, agriculture drives current land use patterns in Ireland, limiting natural habitat preserves,<ref name="www2000">{{cite web |title=Land cover and land use |website=Environmental Assessment |publisher=Environmental Protection Agency [Ireland] |location=Wexford |date=2011 |url=http://www.epa.ie/whatwedo/assessment/land/ |access-date=15 August 2011 |archive-date=16 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916125736/http://www.epa.ie/whatwedo/assessment/land/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> particularly for larger wild mammals with greater territorial needs. With no large [[apex predator]]s in Ireland other than humans and dogs, such populations of animals as semi-wild deer that cannot be controlled by smaller predators, such as the fox, are controlled by annual [[culling]].

There are no snakes in Ireland, and only one species of reptile (the [[Viviparous lizard|common lizard]]) is native to the island. Extinct species include the [[Irish elk]], the [[great auk]], [[brown bear]] and the [[Wolves in Ireland|wolf]]. Some previously extinct birds, such as the [[golden eagle]], have been reintroduced after decades of [[Local extinction|extirpation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.ie/pubs/reports/indicators/epa_indicators_2002.pdf |title=Environment in Focus 2002: Key Environmental Indicators for Ireland |editor1=M Lehane |editor2=O Le Bolloch |editor3=P Crawley |access-date=28 October 2016 |archive-date=29 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129071555/http://www.epa.ie/pubs/reports/indicators/epa_indicators_2002.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Ireland is now one of the least forested countries in Europe.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ireland now has the 'second-smallest' forest area in Europe |work=[[TheJournal.ie|The Journal]] |date=30 August 2012 |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/ireland-forest-area-577152-Aug2012/ |access-date=30 August 2015 |archive-date=10 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110201019/http://www.thejournal.ie/ireland-forest-area-577152-Aug2012/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Forestry in the EU and the world |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |date=2011 |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3217494/5733109/KS-31-11-137-EN.PDF/cbd2d7d5-0cfa-4960-b5d3-02eb065abba5 |isbn=978-92-79-19988-2 |access-date=30 August 2015 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904125739/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3217494/5733109/KS-31-11-137-EN.PDF/cbd2d7d5-0cfa-4960-b5d3-02eb065abba5 |url-status=live }}</ref> Until the end of the Middle Ages, Ireland was heavily forested. Native species include [[deciduous]] trees such as [[oak]], [[Fraxinus excelsior|ash]], [[Corylus avellana|hazel]], [[birch]], [[Alnus glutinosa|alder]], [[willow]], [[Populus tremula|aspen]], [[Sorbus aucuparia|rowan]] and [[Crataegus monogyna|hawthorn]], as well as [[evergreen]] trees such [[Scots pine]], [[Taxus baccata|yew]], [[Ilex aquifolium|holly]] and [[Arbutus unedo|strawberry trees]].<ref>[https://www.treecouncil.ie/native-irish-trees Native Species] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409023345/https://www.treecouncil.ie/native-irish-trees |date=9 April 2022 }}. [[Tree Council of Ireland]].</ref> Only about 10% of Ireland today is woodland;<ref name=forest/> most of this is non-native conifer [[plantation]]s, and only 2% is native woodland.<ref name=forest2/><ref name=forest3/> The average woodland cover of European countries is over 33%.<ref name=forest/> In the Republic, about {{convert|389356|ha|km2}} is owned by the state, mainly by the forestry service [[Coillte]].<ref name=forest/> Remnants of native forest can be found scattered around the island, in particular in the [[Killarney National Park]].

[[File:Gorse-Ulex europaeus.jpg|thumb|Furze (''[[Ulex europaeus]]'')]]
Much of the land is now covered with pasture and there are many species of wild-flower. Gorse (''[[Ulex europaeus]]''), a wild [[furze]], is commonly found growing in the uplands and ferns are plentiful in the more moist regions, especially in the western parts. It is home to hundreds of plant species, some of them unique to the island, and has been "invaded" by some grasses, such as ''[[Spartina anglica]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hackney |first=Paul |url=http://www.habitas.org.uk/invasive/species.asp?item=2680 |title=Spartina Anglica |website=Invasive Alien Species in Northern Ireland |access-date=1 January 2009 |publisher=National Museums Northern Ireland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519055358/http://www.habitas.org.uk/invasive/species.asp?item=2680 |archive-date=19 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The algal and seaweed flora is that of the cold-temperate variety. The total number of species is 574<ref name="Guiry and Nic Dhonncha 01">{{Cite journal|last1=Guiry|first1=M. D.|last2=Nic Dhonncha|first2=E. N.|date=2001|title=The Marine Macroalgae of Ireland: Biodiversity and Distribution in Marine Biodiversity in Ireland and Adjacent Waters|journal=Proceedings of a Conference 26–27 April 2001|issue=Publication No. 8}}</ref> The island has been invaded by some algae, some of which are now well established.<ref name="Minchin 01">{{Cite journal |last=Minchin |first=D. |title=Biodiversity and Marine Invaders |date=2001 |journal=Proceedings of a Conference 26–27 April 2001 |issue=Publication No. 8}}</ref>

Because of its mild climate, many species, including [[subtropics|sub-tropical]] species such as [[Arecaceae|palm trees]], are grown in Ireland. [[Phytogeography|Phytogeographically]], Ireland belongs to the Atlantic European province of the [[Circumboreal Region]] within the [[Boreal Kingdom]]. The island can be subdivided into two [[ecoregion]]s: the Celtic broadleaf forests and North Atlantic moist mixed forests.

===Impact of agriculture===
[[File:Silage Harvesting Cadamstown.jpg|thumb|[[Silage]] harvesting in Clonard, [[County Meath]]]]
The long history of agricultural production, coupled with modern intensive agricultural methods such as pesticide and fertiliser use and runoff from contaminants into streams, rivers and lakes, has placed pressure on biodiversity in Ireland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clarecoco.ie/water-waste-environment/biodiversity/ |title=Biodiversity |publisher=Clare County Council |access-date=26 March 2010 |archive-date=28 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628084425/http://www.clarecoco.ie/water-waste-environment/biodiversity/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.belfasthills.org/minisite/adult_version/draftottersapmar07-2.pdf |title=Otter Lutra Lutra |website=Northern Ireland Species Action Plan |publisher=Environment and Heritage Service |date=2007 |access-date=1 January 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110205005310/http://www.belfasthills.org/minisite/adult_version/draftottersapmar07-2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> A land of green fields for crop cultivation and cattle rearing limits the space available for the establishment of native wild species. Hedgerows, however, traditionally used for maintaining and demarcating land boundaries, act as a refuge for native wild flora. This ecosystem stretches across the countryside and acts as a network of connections to preserve remnants of the ecosystem that once covered the island. Subsidies under the [[Common Agricultural Policy]], which supported agricultural practices that preserved hedgerow environments, are undergoing reforms. The Common Agricultural Policy had in the past subsidised potentially destructive agricultural practices, for example by emphasising production without placing limits on indiscriminate use of fertilisers and pesticides; but reforms have gradually decoupled subsidies from production levels and introduced environmental and other requirements.<ref name="cap_reforms">{{cite web |title=CAP Reform – A Long-term Perspective for Sustainable Agriculture |website=Agriculture and Rural Development |publisher=European Commission |url=http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/cap-post-2013/index_en.htm |access-date=30 July 2007 |archive-date=22 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222051039/http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/cap-post-2013/index_en.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> 32% of Ireland's greenhouse gas emissions are correlated to agriculture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.ie/irelandsenvironment/climate/|title=Climate Change Causes|date=2014|publisher=[[Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland)]]|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215014449/http://www.epa.ie/irelandsenvironment/climate/|url-status=live}}</ref> Forested areas typically consist of monoculture plantations of non-native species, which may result in habitats that are not suitable for supporting native species of invertebrates. Natural areas require fencing to prevent over-grazing by [[Deer of Ireland|deer]] and sheep that roam over uncultivated areas. Grazing in this manner is one of the main factors preventing the natural regeneration of forests across many regions of the country.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Dick |last=Roche |author-link=Dick Roche |title=National Parks |publisher={{lang|ga|[[Seanad Éireann]]}} |url=http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/S/0185/S.0185.200611080008.html |volume=185 |date=8 November 2006 |access-date=30 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511091047/http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/S/0185/S.0185.200611080008.html |archive-date=11 May 2011 }} {{lang|ga|[[Seanad Éireann|Seanad]]}} Debate involving Former Minister for Environment Heritage and Local Government</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Main|Irish people|Demographics of the Republic of Ireland|Demographics of Northern Ireland}}

[[File:Catholicism in Ireland.png|thumb|upright=1|Proportion of respondents to the Ireland census 2011 or the Northern Ireland census 2011 who stated they were Catholic. Areas in which Catholics are in the majority are blue. Areas in which Catholics are in a minority are red.]]


The population of Ireland is just over 7 million, of which approximately 5.1 million reside in the Republic of Ireland and 1.9 million reside in Northern Ireland.<ref name="2022population"/>

People have lived in Ireland for over 9,000 years. Early historical and genealogical records note the existence of major groups such as the {{lang|ga|[[Cruthin]]}}, {{lang|ga|[[Corcu Loígde]]}}, {{lang|ga|[[Dál Riata]]}}, {{lang|ga|[[Dáirine]]}}, {{lang|ga|[[Deirgtine]]}}, {{lang|ga|[[Delbhna]]}}, {{lang|ga|[[Érainn]]}}, {{lang|ga|[[Laigin]]}}, {{lang|ga|[[Ulaid]]}}. Later major groups included the {{lang|ga|[[Connachta]]}}, {{lang|ga|[[Ciannachta]]}}, {{lang|ga|[[Eóganachta]]}}. Smaller groups included the {{lang|ga|aithechthúatha}} (see {{lang|ga|[[Attacotti]]}}), {{lang|ga|[[Cálraighe]]}}, {{lang|ga|[[Cíarraige]]}}, {{lang|ga|[[Conmaicne]]}}, {{lang|ga|[[Dartraighe]]}}, {{lang|ga|[[Déisi]]}}, {{lang|ga|[[Éile]]}}, {{lang|ga|[[Fir Bolg]]}}, {{lang|ga|[[Fortuatha]]}}, {{lang|ga|[[Gailenga]]}}, {{lang|ga|[[Gamanraige]]}}, {{lang|ga|[[Mairtine]]}}, {{lang|ga|[[Múscraige]]}}, {{lang|ga|[[Partraige]]}}, {{lang|ga|[[Soghain]]}}, {{lang|ga|[[Uaithni]]}}, {{lang|ga|[[Uí Maine]]}}, {{lang|ga|[[Uí Liatháin]]}}. Many survived into late medieval times, others vanished as they became politically unimportant. Over the past 1,200 years, [[Vikings]], [[Normans]], [[Welsh people|Welsh]], [[Flemings]], [[Scottish people|Scots]], English, [[African diaspora|Africans]] and Eastern Europeans have all added to the population and have had significant influences on Irish culture.

The population of Ireland rose rapidly from the 16th century until the mid-19th century, interrupted briefly by the [[Irish Famine (1740–41)|Famine of 1740–41]], which killed roughly two-fifths of the island's population. The population rebounded and multiplied over the next century, but the Great Famine of the 1840s caused one million deaths and forced over one million more to emigrate in its immediate wake. Over the following century, the population was reduced by over half, at a time when the general trend in European countries was for populations to rise by an average of three-fold.

Ireland's largest religious group is Christianity. The largest denomination is [[Roman Catholicism]], representing over 73% of the island (and about 87% of the Republic of Ireland). Most of the rest of the population adhere to one of the various [[Protestant]] denominations (about 48% of Northern Ireland).<ref name="niprotestants">{{Cite news |last=McKittrick |first=David |title=Census Reveals Northern Ireland's Protestant Population is at Record Low |work=[[The Independent]] |date=19 December 2002 |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/census-reveals-northern-irelands-protestant-population-is-at-record-low-611500.html |access-date=30 December 2009 |location=London |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110624101635/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/census-reveals-northern-irelands-protestant-population-is-at-record-low-611500.html |archive-date=24 June 2011}}</ref> The largest is the [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] [[Church of Ireland]]. The [[Islam in Ireland|Muslim community]] is growing in Ireland, mostly through increased immigration, with a 50% increase in the republic between the 2006 and 2011 census.<ref>{{cite web |last=Counihan |first=Patrick |title=Divorce rates soar in Ireland as population continues to expand |publisher=Irish Central |date=30 March 2012 |url=http://www.irishcentral.com/news/divorce-rates-soar-in-ireland-as-population-continues-to-expand-145121415-237438531 |access-date=7 June 2014 |archive-date=19 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919225802/http://www.irishcentral.com/news/divorce-rates-soar-in-ireland-as-population-continues-to-expand-145121415-237438531 |url-status=live }}</ref> The island has a small [[History of the Jews in Ireland|Jewish community]]. About 4% of the Republic's population and about 14% of the Northern Ireland population<ref name="niprotestants" /> describe themselves as of no religion. In a 2010 survey conducted on behalf of the [[Irish Times]], 32% of respondents said they went to a religious service more than once per week.

===Divisions and settlements===
{{Further|Provinces of Ireland|Counties of Ireland|City status in Ireland}}
{{Provinces of Ireland-200px wide}}
Traditionally, Ireland is subdivided into [[Provinces of Ireland|four provinces]]: [[Connacht]] (west), [[Leinster]] (east), [[Munster]] (south), and [[Ulster]] (north). In a system that developed between the 13th and 17th centuries,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crawford |first=John |title=Anglicizing the Government of Ireland: The Irish Privy Council and the Expansion of Tudor Rule 1556–1578 |publisher=Irish Academic Press |date=1993 |isbn=978-0-7165-2498-4}}</ref> Ireland has [[Counties of Ireland|32 traditional counties]]. Twenty-six of these counties are in the Republic of Ireland, and [[Counties of Northern Ireland|six are in Northern Ireland]]. The six counties that constitute Northern Ireland are all in the province of Ulster (which has nine counties in total). As such, ''Ulster'' is often used as a synonym for Northern Ireland, although the two are not coterminous. In the Republic of Ireland, counties form the basis of the system of local government. Counties [[County Dublin|Dublin]], [[County Cork|Cork]], [[County Limerick|Limerick]], [[County Galway|Galway]], [[County Waterford|Waterford]] and [[County Tipperary|Tipperary]] have been broken up into smaller administrative areas. However, they are still treated as counties for cultural and some official purposes, for example, postal addresses and by the [[Ordnance Survey Ireland]]. Counties in Northern Ireland are [[Local government in Northern Ireland|no longer used]] for local governmental purposes,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gazetteer.co.uk/section1.htm |title=The Gazetteer of British Place Names: Main features of the Gazetteer |website=Gazetteer of British Place Names |publisher=Association of British Counties |access-date=23 January 2010 |archive-date=11 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111105121/http://www.gazetteer.co.uk/section1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> but, as in the Republic, their traditional boundaries are still used for informal purposes such as sports leagues and in cultural or tourism contexts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.discovernorthernireland.com/destinationNI/ |title=NI by County |website=Discover Northern Ireland |publisher=Northern Ireland Tourist Board |access-date=15 October 2010 |archive-date=23 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023160757/http://www.discovernorthernireland.com/destinationNI/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

City status in Ireland is decided by [[legislation|legislative]] or [[royal charter]]. Dublin, with over one million residents in the [[Greater Dublin Area]], is the largest city on the island. Belfast, with 579,726 residents, is the largest city in Northern Ireland. City status does not directly equate with population size. For example, [[Armagh]], with 14,590 is the seat of the Church of Ireland and the [[Roman Catholic]] [[Primate of All Ireland]] and was re-granted [[City status in the United Kingdom#Northern Ireland|city status]] by Queen [[Elizabeth II]] in 1994 (having lost that status in [[Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840|local government reforms of 1840]]). In the Republic of Ireland, [[Kilkenny]], the seat of the [[Butler dynasty]], while no longer a city for administrative purposes (since the 2001 [[Local Government Act 2001|Local Government Act]]), is entitled by law to continue to use the description.

{| class="table" style="text-align:center; margin-right:10px; font-size:90%"
|-
! colspan=6 style="background:#f5f5f5; font-size:130%; padding:0.3em" |[[List of settlements on the island of Ireland by population|Cities and towns by population]]<ref name="CSO data">{{cite web |title=Population |url=https://data.cso.ie/ |website=Central Statistics Office |access-date=2 August 2023 |archive-date=25 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825074214/https://data.cso.ie/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="2021 populations">{{cite web |title=Settlement 2015 |url=https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/viewdata?d=PEOPLE&v=SETTLEMENT15&~SETTLEMENT15=N11000151+N11000243+N11000438+N11000447+N11000218+N11000564+N11000559+N11000099+N11000040+N11000537+N11000153 |website=NISRA |access-date=17 August 2023 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820072644/https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/viewdata?d=PEOPLE&v=SETTLEMENT15&~SETTLEMENT15=N11000151+N11000243+N11000438+N11000447+N11000218+N11000564+N11000559+N11000099+N11000040+N11000537+N11000153 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- style=vertical-align:top
! rowspan=21|[[File:Dublin liffey.JPG|frameless|upright=0.7]] [[Dublin]] [[File:Belfast City Hall 2.jpg|frameless|upright=0.7]] [[Belfast]] 
! style="background:#f5f5f5; text-align:center"| #
! style="background:#f5f5f5; text-align:left"| Settlement
! style="background:#f5f5f5; text-align:center"| City Population
! style="background:#f5f5f5; text-align:center"| Urban population
! style="background:#f5f5f5; text-align:center"| Metro population
! rowspan=21|[[File:Halla na Cathrach i gCorcaigh.jpg|frameless|upright=0.7]] [[Cork (city)|Cork]] [[File:Thomond Bridge and River Shannon, Limerick - geograph.org.uk - 5141684.jpg|frameless|upright=0.7]] [[Limerick, Ireland|Limerick]] 
|-
| 1 ||style=text-align:left |'''[[Dublin]]'''|| 592,713|| 1,263,219 || 1,458,154
|-
| 2 ||style=text-align:left |'''[[Belfast]]'''|| 293,298|| || 639,000
|-
| 3 ||style=text-align:left |'''[[Cork (city)|Cork]]'''|| 222,333|| || 305,222
|-
| 4 ||style=text-align:left |'''[[Limerick]]'''|| 102,287|| ||
|-
| 5 ||style=text-align:left |'''[[Galway]]'''|| 85,910 || ||
|-
| 6 ||style=text-align:left |'''[[Derry]]'''|| 85,279 || ||
|-
| 7 ||style=text-align:left |'''[[Craigavon, County Armagh|Greater Craigavon]]'''|| 72,301 || ||
|-
| 8 ||style=text-align:left |'''[[Newtownabbey]]'''{{efn|name=BelfastMetro|Part of [[Belfast metropolitan area]]}}|| 67,599
|| ||
|-
| 9 ||style=text-align:left |'''[[Bangor, County Down|Bangor]]'''{{efn|name=BelfastMetro}}|| 64,596|| ||
|-
| 10 ||style=text-align:left |'''[[Waterford]]'''|| 60,079|| ||
|-
|}

{{Further|List of metropolitan areas in Ireland}}

===Migration===
The population of Ireland collapsed dramatically during the second half of the 19th century. A population of over eight million in 1841 was reduced to slightly over four million by 1921. In part, the fall in population was caused by death from the Great Famine of 1845 to 1852, which took roughly one million lives. The remaining decline of around three million was due to the entrenched culture of emigration caused by the dire economic state of the country, lasting until the late 20th century.

Emigration from Ireland in the 19th century contributed to the populations of England, the United States, Canada and Australia, in all of which a large [[Irish diaspora]] lives. {{As of|2006}}, 4.3 million Canadians, or 14% of the population, were of Irish descent,<ref>"[http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories – 20% sample data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818195955/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |date=18 August 2016 }}". Statistics Canada.</ref> while around one-third of the Australian population had an element of Irish descent.<ref name="SMH Irish">{{cite news |last1=McDonald |first1=Ronan |title=Has Australia forgotten its Irish past? |url=https://www.smh.com.au/opinion/has-australia-forgotten-its-irish-past-20150316-1lzw3a.html |access-date=31 January 2019 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=16 March 2015 |archive-date=31 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131145440/https://www.smh.com.au/opinion/has-australia-forgotten-its-irish-past-20150316-1lzw3a.html |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2013}}, there were 40 million Irish-Americans<ref>"Rank of States for Selected Ancestry Groups with 100,000 or more persons: 1980" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 30 November 2012.</ref> and 33 million Americans who claimed Irish ancestry.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/03/17/the-irish-american-population-is-seven-times-larger-than-ireland/ |title=The Irish-American population is seven times larger than Ireland |last=Kliff |first=Sarah |date=17 March 2013 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=6 August 2014 |archive-date=13 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413104911/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/03/17/the-irish-american-population-is-seven-times-larger-than-ireland/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

With growing prosperity since the last decade of the 20th century, Ireland became a destination for immigrants. Since the European Union expanded to include Poland in 2004, [[Polish people]] have comprised the largest number of immigrants (over 150,000)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sullivan |first=Kevin |author-link=Kevin Sullivan (journalist) |title=Hustling to Find Classrooms For All in a Diverse Ireland |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=24 October 2007 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/23/AR2007102302162_pf.html |access-date=9 November 2008 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629055902/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/23/AR2007102302162_pf.html |url-status=live }}</ref> from Central Europe. There has also been significant immigration from Lithuania, Czech Republic and Latvia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tovey |first1=Hilary |last2=Share |first2=Perry |title=A Sociology of Ireland |publisher=Gill & Macmillan |date=2003 |location=Dublin |page=156 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EU4NqA7RIHUC&pg=PA156 |isbn=978-0-7171-3501-1 |access-date=9 September 2011 |archive-date=29 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929051512/http://books.google.com/books?id=EU4NqA7RIHUC&pg=PA156 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Demographics of the Republic of Ireland#Immigration|The Republic of Ireland in particular]] has seen large-scale immigration, with 420,000 foreign nationals as of 2006, about 10% of the population.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news |last=Seaver |first=Michael |title=Ireland Steps Up as Immigration Leader |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=5 September 2007 |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0905/p06s02-woeu.html |access-date=30 December 2009 |archive-date=8 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308112358/http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0905/p06s02-woeu.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Nearly a quarter of births (24 percent) in 2009 were to mothers born outside of Ireland.<ref>{{cite news |title=24% of boom births to 'new Irish' |work=[[Irish Examiner]] |date=28 June 2011 |url=http://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/24-of-boom-births-to-new-irish-510651.html |access-date=9 December 2012 |archive-date=23 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623040313/http://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/24-of-boom-births-to-new-irish-510651.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Up to 50,000 eastern and central European migrant workers left Ireland in response to the post-2008 Irish economic downturn.<ref name="affluenceends">{{cite news |last=Henry |first=McDonald |title=Ireland's Age of Affluence Comes to an End |work=The Guardian |date=5 April 2009 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/05/ireland-economy-vat-unemployment |access-date=30 December 2009 |location=London |archive-date=6 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906100249/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/05/ireland-economy-vat-unemployment |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Languages===
{{main|Languages of Ireland}}

[[File:Irish speakers in 2011.png|thumb|upright=1.15|Proportion of respondents who said they could speak Irish in the Ireland census in 2011 or the Northern Ireland census in 2011]]
The two official languages of the Republic of Ireland are Irish and English. Each language has produced noteworthy literature. Irish, though now only the language of a minority, was the vernacular of the Irish people for thousands of years and was possibly introduced during the [[Iron Age]]. It began to be written down after Christianisation in the 5th century and spread to Scotland and the Isle of Man, where it evolved into the [[Scottish Gaelic]] and [[Manx Language|Manx]] languages, respectively.

The Irish language has a vast treasury of written texts from many centuries and is divided by linguists into [[Old Irish]] from the 6th to 10th century, [[Middle Irish]] from the 10th to 13th century, Early Modern Irish until the 17th century, and the Modern Irish spoken today. It remained the dominant language of Ireland for most of those periods, having influences from [[Latin Language|Latin]], [[Old Norse]], [[Anglo-Norman language|French]] and English. It declined under British rule but remained the majority tongue until the early 19th century, and since then has been a minority language.

The [[Gaelic Revival]] of the late 19th and early 20th centuries had a long-term influence. Irish is taught in mainstream Irish schools as a compulsory subject, but teaching methods have been criticised for their ineffectiveness, with most students showing little evidence of fluency even after 14 years of instruction.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://universitytimes.ie/?p=1707 |title=Head-to-Head: The Irish Language Debate |work=UniversityTimes.ie |date=21 February 2011 |access-date=31 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150444/http://www.universitytimes.ie/?p=1707 |url-status=live }}</ref>

There is now a growing population of urban Irish speakers in both the Republic and Northern Ireland, especially in Dublin<ref name="schism">{{cite news|last=Ó Broin|first=Brian|date=16 January 2010|title=Schism fears for Gaeilgeoirí|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/schism-fears-for-gaeilgeoir%C3%AD-1.1269494|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|access-date=16 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216211616/https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/schism-fears-for-gaeilgeoir%C3%AD-1.1269494|archive-date=16 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>John Walsh; Bernadette OʼRourke; Hugh Rowland, ''[https://www.forasnagaeilge.ie/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/New-speakers-of-Irish-report.pdf Research Report on New Speakers of Irish]'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308094820/https://www.forasnagaeilge.ie/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/New-speakers-of-Irish-report.pdf |date=8 March 2021 }}</ref> and Belfast,<ref>{{cite news |last=McKinney |first=Seamus |title=Belfast Gaeltacht inspired Irish speakers all over North |work=Northern Ireland News |publisher=[[Irish News]] |date=16 May 2020 |url=https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2020/05/16/news/belfast-gaeltacht-inspired-irish-speakers-all-over-north-1940540/ |access-date=7 May 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621180615/https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2020/05/16/news/belfast-gaeltacht-inspired-irish-speakers-all-over-north-1940540/ |url-status=live }}</ref> with the children of such Irish speakers sometimes attending Irish-medium schools ({{lang|ga|[[Gaelscoil]] or Gaelscoileanna}}). It has been argued that they tend to be more highly educated than monolingual English speakers.<ref name="cso.ie">{{cite web |url=http://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/census/documents/census2011profile9/Profile,9,What,we,know,Press,Statement.pdf |title=Press Statement: Census 2011 Results |website=CSO.ie |publisher=Central Statistics Office |date=22 November 2012 |location=Dublin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328211550/http://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/census/documents/census2011profile9/Profile,9,What,we,know,Press,Statement.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=6 October 2017 }}</ref> Recent research suggests that urban Irish is developing in a direction of its own, both in pronunciation and grammar.<ref name="irishtimes.com">{{cite news |first=Brian |last=Ó Broin |title=Schism fears for Gaeilgeoirí |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2010/0116/1224262447899.html |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |access-date=31 March 2015 |archive-date=21 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021041737/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2010/0116/1224262447899.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Traditional rural Irish-speaking areas, known collectively as the {{lang|ga|[[Gaeltacht]]}}, are in linguistic decline. The main {{lang|ga|Gaeltacht}} areas are in the west, south-west and north-west, in Galway, Mayo, Donegal, western Cork and Kerry with smaller {{lang|ga|Gaeltacht}} areas near [[Dungarvan]] in Waterford and in Meath.<ref>{{cite web |title=Where are Ireland's Gaeltacht areas? |website=FAQ |publisher={{lang|ga|[[Údarás na Gaeltachta]]}} |date=2015 |url=http://www.udaras.ie/en/faoin-laithrean-seo/ceisteanna-coitianta |access-date=9 September 2015 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907174242/http://www.udaras.ie/en/faoin-laithrean-seo/ceisteanna-coitianta/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Hiberno-English|English in Ireland]] was first introduced during the Norman invasion. It was spoken by a few peasants and merchants brought over from England and was largely replaced by Irish before the Tudor conquest of Ireland. It was introduced as the official language during the Tudor and Cromwellian conquests. The Ulster plantations gave it a permanent foothold in Ulster, and it remained the official and upper-class language elsewhere, the Irish-speaking chieftains and nobility having been deposed. Language shift during the 19th century replaced Irish with English as the first language for a vast majority of the population.<ref>{{cite book |last=Spolsky |first=Bernard |title=Language policy |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2004 |page=191 |isbn=978-0-521-01175-4}}</ref>

Fewer than 2% of the population of the Republic of Ireland today speak Irish on a daily basis, and under 10% regularly, outside of the education system<ref>{{cite web |title=Table 15: Irish speakers aged 3 years and over in each Province, County and City, classified by frequency of speaking Irish, 2006 |website=Census 2006 |volume=9 – Irish Language |publisher=Central Statistics Office |url=http://beyond2020.cso.ie/Census/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=75639 |access-date=9 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227165829/http://beyond2020.cso.ie/Census/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=75639 |archive-date=27 February 2009 }}</ref> and 38% of those over 15 years are classified as "Irish speakers". In Northern Ireland, English is the de facto official language, but official recognition is afforded to Irish, including specific protective measures under Part III of the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]]. A lesser status (including recognition under Part II of the Charter) is given to [[Ulster Scots dialects]], which are spoken by roughly 2% of Northern Ireland residents, and also spoken by some in the Republic of Ireland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/1999/Community_Relations/USPKULST.html |title=Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey, 1999 |publisher=Access Research Knowledge Northern Ireland (Queen's University Belfast / Ulster University) |date=9 May 2003 |access-date=20 October 2013 |archive-date=8 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108123922/http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/1999/Community_Relations/USPKULST.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the 1960s with the increase in immigration, many more languages have been introduced, particularly deriving from Asia and Eastern Europe.

Also native to Ireland are [[Shelta language|Shelta]], the language of the nomadic [[Irish Travellers]],<ref name=McArthur>{{cite book|editor-last=McArthur |editor-first=Tom |title=The Oxford Companion to the English Language |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-19-214183-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00mcar }}</ref> [[Irish Sign Language]], and [[Northern Ireland Sign Language]].

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Ireland|Culture of Northern Ireland}}

[[File:Ardboe Cross.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Ardboe High Cross]], County Tyrone|alt=Tall stone cross, with intricate carved patterns, protected by metal railings surrounded by short cut grass. Trees are to either side, cows in open countryside are in the middle distance.]]
Ireland's culture comprises elements of the culture of ancient peoples, later immigrant and broadcast cultural influences (chiefly Gaelic culture, [[Anglicisation]], [[Americanisation]] and aspects of broader [[European culture]]). In broad terms, Ireland is regarded as one of the [[Celtic nations]] of Europe, alongside Scotland, Wales, Cornwall, [[Isle of Man]] and Brittany. This combination of cultural influences is visible in the intricate designs termed ''Irish [[Interlace (visual arts)|interlace]]'' or ''[[Celtic knot]]work.'' These can be seen in the ornamentation of medieval religious and secular works. The style is still popular today in jewellery and graphic art,<ref name="BBC 1">{{cite news |title=Tionchar na gCeilteach |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/irish/articles/view/720/english/ |access-date=23 January 2010 |date=23 May 2009 |publisher=BBC News |archive-date=16 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416183256/http://www.bbc.co.uk/irish/articles/view/720/english/ |url-status=live }}</ref> as is the distinctive style of [[traditional Irish music]] and dance, and has become indicative of modern "Celtic" culture in general.

[[Religion in Ireland|Religion]] has played a significant role in the cultural life of the island since ancient times (and since the 17th century plantations, has been the focus of political identity and divisions on the island). Ireland's pre-Christian heritage fused with the Celtic Church following the missions of Saint Patrick in the fifth century. The Hiberno-Scottish missions, begun by the Irish monk Saint Columba, spread the Irish vision of Christianity to [[pagan]] England and the Frankish Empire. These missions brought written language to an illiterate population of Europe during the Dark Ages that followed the [[fall of Rome]], earning Ireland the sobriquet, "the island of saints and scholars".

Since the 20th century [[Irish pub]]s worldwide have become outposts of Irish culture, especially those with a full range of cultural and gastronomic offerings.

===Arts===
[[File:KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg|thumb|upright|Illuminated page from [[Book of Kells]]]]

====Literature====
{{Main|Literature of Ireland}}

Ireland has made a substantial contribution to world literature in all its branches, both in Irish and English. Poetry in Irish is among the oldest [[vernacular literature|vernacular poetry]] in Europe, with the earliest examples dating from the 6th century.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}
Irish remained the dominant literary language down to the 19th century, despite the spread of English from the 17th century on. Prominent names from the medieval period and later include {{lang|ga|[[Gofraidh Fionn Ó Dálaigh]]|italic=no}} (14th century), {{lang|ga|[[Dáibhí Ó Bruadair]]|italic=no}} (17th century) and [[Aogán Ó Rathaille]] (18th century). {{lang|ga|[[Eibhlín Dubh Ní Chonaill]]|italic=no}} ({{Circa|1743|1800}}) was an outstanding poet in the oral tradition. The latter part of the 19th century saw a rapid replacement of Irish by English.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} By 1900, however, cultural nationalists had begun the [[Gaelic revival]], which saw the beginnings of modern literature in Irish. This was to produce a number of notable writers, including {{lang|ga|[[Máirtín Ó Cadhain]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|ga|[[Máire Mhac an tSaoi]]|italic=no}} and others. Irish-language publishers such as {{lang|ga|[[Coiscéim]]|italic=no}} and {{lang|ga|[[Cló Iar-Chonnacht]]|italic=no}} continue to produce scores of titles every year.

In English, [[Jonathan Swift]], often called the foremost satirist in the English language, gained fame for works such as ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]'' and ''[[A Modest Proposal]]''. Other notable 18th-century writers of Irish origin included [[Oliver Goldsmith]] and [[Richard Brinsley Sheridan]], though they spent most of their lives in England. The Anglo-Irish novel came to the fore in the 19th century, featuring such writers as [[Charles Kickham]], [[William Carleton]], and (in collaboration) [[Edith Somerville]] and [[Violet Florence Martin]]. The playwright and poet [[Oscar Wilde]], noted for his epigrams, was born in Ireland.

In the 20th century, Ireland produced four winners of the [[Nobel Prize for Literature]]: [[George Bernard Shaw]], [[William Butler Yeats]], [[Samuel Beckett]] and [[Seamus Heaney]]. Although not a Nobel Prize winner, [[James Joyce]] is widely considered to be one of the most significant writers of the 20th century. Joyce's 1922 novel ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'' is considered one of the most important works of [[Modernist literature]] and his life is celebrated annually on 16 June in Dublin as "[[Bloomsday]]".<ref>{{cite web |title=What is Bloomsday? |publisher=James Joyce Centre |url= http://jamesjoyce.ie/what-is-bloomsday/ |access-date=4 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140916080551/http://jamesjoyce.ie/what-is-bloomsday/ |archive-date=16 September 2014}}</ref> A comparable writer in Irish is [[Máirtín Ó Cadhain]], whose 1949 novel {{lang|ga|[[Cré na Cille]]}} is regarded as a modernist masterpiece and has been translated into several languages.

Modern Irish literature is often connected with its rural heritage<ref>{{Cite book |first=Andrew |last=Higgins Wyndham |title=Re-imagining Ireland |publisher=University of Virginia Press |location=Charlottesville |date=2006}}</ref> through English-language writers such as [[John McGahern]] and Seamus Heaney and Irish-language writers such as {{lang|ga|[[Máirtín Ó Direáin]]|italic=no}} and others from the {{lang|ga|Gaeltacht|italic=no}}.

[[File:Revolutionary Joyce.jpg|thumb|upright|[[James Joyce]], one of the most significant writers of the 20th century]]

====Music and dance====
{{Main|Music of Ireland|Irish dance}}

Music has been in evidence in Ireland since prehistoric times.<ref>O'Dwyer, Simon: ''Prehistoric Music in Ireland'' (Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus Publishing, 2004), {{ISBN|0-7524-3129-3}}.</ref> Although in the early Middle Ages the church was "quite unlike its counterpart in continental Europe",<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brannon |first1=Patrick V. |title=Medieval Ireland: Music in Cathedral, Church and Cloister |journal=Early Music |date=2000 |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1093/earlyj/XXVIII.2.193 |jstor=3519020 }}</ref> there was a considerable interchange between monastic settlements in Ireland and the rest of Europe that contributed to what is known as [[Gregorian chant]]. Outside religious establishments, musical genres in early Gaelic Ireland are referred to as a triad of weeping music (''goltraige''), laughing music (''geantraige'') and sleeping music (''suantraige'').<ref>Buckley, Ann: "Medieval Ireland, Music in", in: ''The Encyclopaedia of Music in Ireland'', ed. by [[Harry White (musicologist)|Harry White]] and Barra Boydell (Dublin: UCD Press, 2013), {{ISBN|978-1-906359-78-2}}, p. 659.</ref> Vocal and instrumental music (e.g. for the harp, pipes, and various [[string instrument]]s) was transmitted orally, but the [[Irish harp]], in particular, was of such significance that it became Ireland's national symbol. Classical music following European models first developed in urban areas, in establishments of Anglo-Irish rule such as [[Dublin Castle]], [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin|St Patrick's Cathedral]] and [[Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin|Christ Church]] as well as the country houses of the Anglo-Irish ascendancy, with the first performance of [[George Frideric Handel|Handel]]'s ''[[Messiah (Handel)|Messiah]]'' (1742) being among the highlights of the baroque era. In the 19th century, public concerts provided access to classical music to all classes of society. Yet, for political and financial reasons Ireland has been too small to provide a living to many musicians, so the names of the better-known [[List of Irish classical composers|Irish composers]] of this time belong to emigrants.

Irish [[folk music|traditional music]] and dance have seen a surge in popularity and global coverage since the 1960s. In the middle years of the 20th century, as Irish society was modernising, traditional music had fallen out of favour, especially in urban areas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Geraghty |first=Des |title=Luke Kelly: A Memoir |publisher=Basement Press |date=1994 |pages=26–30 |isbn=978-1-85594-090-1}}</ref> However during the 1960s, there was a revival of interest in Irish traditional music led by groups such as [[the Dubliners]], [[the Chieftains]], [[the Wolfe Tones]], the [[Clancy Brothers]], [[Sweeney's Men]] and individuals like {{lang|ga|[[Seán Ó Riada]]|italic=no}} and [[Christy Moore]]. Groups and musicians including [[Horslips]], [[Van Morrison]] and [[Thin Lizzy]] incorporated elements of Irish traditional music into contemporary rock music and, during the 1970s and 1980s, the distinction between traditional and rock musicians became blurred, with many individuals regularly crossing over between these styles of playing. This trend can be seen more recently in the work of artists like [[Enya]], [[the Saw Doctors]], [[the Corrs]], [[Sinéad O'Connor]], [[Clannad (musical group)|Clannad]], [[the Cranberries]] and [[the Pogues]] among others.

====Art====
{{Main|Art of Ireland|Architecture of Ireland}}

The earliest known Irish graphic art and sculpture are Neolithic carvings found at sites such as Newgrange<ref>{{Cite book |last1=O'Kelly |first1=Michael J. |last2=O'Kelly |first2=Claire |title=Newgrange: Archaeology Art and Legend |publisher=Thames and Hudson |date=1982 |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elyEQgAACAAJ |isbn=978-0-500-27371-5 |access-date=28 April 2023 |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207212956/https://books.google.com/books?id=elyEQgAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> and is traced through Bronze Age artefacts and the religious carvings and [[illuminated manuscripts]] of the medieval period. During the course of the 19th and 20th centuries, a strong tradition of painting emerged, including such figures as [[John Butler Yeats]], [[William Orpen]], [[Jack Yeats]] and [[Louis le Brocquy]]. Contemporary Irish visual artists of note include [[Sean Scully]], [[Kevin Abosch]], and [[Alice Maher]].

==== Drama and theatre ====
{{Main|Irish theatre}}

The Republic of Ireland's national theatre is the [[Abbey Theatre]], which was founded in 1904, and the national Irish-language theatre is {{lang|ga|[[An Taibhdhearc]]}}, which was established in 1928 in [[Galway]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Stair na Taibhdheirce |work=An Taibhdhearc |url=http://antaibhdhearc.com/theatre-info/fuinn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529085526/http://antaibhdhearc.com/theatre-info/fuinn/ |archive-date=29 May 2014 |access-date=28 May 2014 |publisher={{lang|ga|An Taibhdheirce}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=An Taibhdhearc |url=http://www.fodors.com/world/europe/ireland/county-clare-galway-and-the-aran-islands |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002060446/http://www.fodors.com/world/europe/ireland/county-clare-galway-and-the-aran-islands/ |archive-date=2 October 2014 |access-date=4 October 2014 |publisher=Fodor's}}</ref> Playwrights such as [[Seán O'Casey]], [[Brian Friel]], [[Sebastian Barry]], [[Conor McPherson]] and [[Billy Roche]] are internationally renowned.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Houston |first=Eugenie |url=https://archive.org/details/workinglivingini00euge/page/253 |title=Working and Living in Ireland |date=2001 |publisher=Working and Living Publications |isbn=978-0-9536896-8-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/workinglivingini00euge/page/253 253]}}</ref>

===Science===
[[File:The Shannon Portrait of the Hon Robert Boyle.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Robert Boyle]] formulated Boyle's Law.]]

The Irish philosopher and theologian [[Johannes Scotus Eriugena]] was considered one of the leading intellectuals of the early Middle Ages. Sir [[Ernest Henry Shackleton]], an Irish explorer, was one of the principal figures of Antarctic exploration. He, along with his expedition, made the first ascent of [[Mount Erebus]] and the discovery of the approximate location of the [[South Magnetic Pole]]. [[Robert Boyle]] was a 17th-century natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, inventor and early [[gentleman scientist]]. He is largely regarded as one of the founders of modern chemistry and is best known for the formulation of [[Boyle's law]].<ref name="ucc boyle boi">{{cite web |last=Reville |first=William |title=Ireland's Scientific Heritage |website=Understanding Science: Famous Irish Scientists |publisher=[[University College Cork]], Faculty of Science |date=14 December 2000 |url=http://undersci.ucc.ie/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2014/11/Robert_Boyle.pdf |access-date=30 August 2015 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904125738/http://undersci.ucc.ie/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2014/11/Robert_Boyle.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

19th-century physicist, [[John Tyndall]], discovered the [[Tyndall effect]]. [[Father Nicholas Joseph Callan]], professor of natural philosophy in [[Maynooth College]], is best known for his invention of the [[induction coil]], [[transformer]] and he discovered an early method of [[galvanisation]] in the 19th century.

Other notable Irish [[physicists]] include [[Ernest Walton]], winner of the 1951 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]. With [[Sir John Douglas Cockcroft]], he was the first to split the nucleus of the atom by artificial means and made contributions to the development of a new theory of [[wave equation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1951/press.html?print=1 |title=Nobel Prize in Physics 1951 – Presentation Speech |first=Professor I. |last=Waller |website=NobelPrize.org |publisher=Alfred Nobel Memorial Foundation |date=1951 |access-date=4 April 2012 |archive-date=11 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511020259/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1951/press.html?print=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> William Thomson, or [[Lord Kelvin]], is the person whom the absolute temperature unit, the [[kelvin]], is named after. Sir [[Joseph Larmor]], a physicist and mathematician, made innovations in the understanding of electricity, dynamics, thermodynamics and the electron theory of matter. His most influential work was Aether and Matter, a book on theoretical physics published in 1900.<ref name="physicsworld">{{Cite news |first=Mark |last=McCartney |title=William Thomson: king of Victorian physics |work=[[Physics World]] |url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/16484 |date=1 December 2002 |access-date=22 November 2008 |archive-date=15 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080715173557/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/16484 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[George Johnstone Stoney]] introduced the term ''[[electron]]'' in 1891. [[John Stewart Bell]] was the originator of [[Bell's Theorem]] and a paper concerning the discovery of the [[Chiral anomaly|Bell-Jackiw-Adler anomaly]] and was nominated for a Nobel prize.<ref>{{cite news |title=John Bell: Belfast street named after physicist who proved Einstein wrong |publisher=BBC News |date=19 February 2015 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-31536765 |access-date=30 August 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151551/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-31536765 |url-status=live }}</ref> The astronomer [[Jocelyn Bell Burnell]], from [[Lurgan]], County Armagh, discovered pulsars in 1967. Notable mathematicians include Sir [[William Rowan Hamilton]], famous for work in [[Hamiltonian mechanics|classical mechanics]] and the invention of [[quaternions]]. [[Francis Ysidro Edgeworth]]'s contribution, the [[Edgeworth Box]]. remains influential in neo-classical microeconomic theory to this day; while [[Richard Cantillon]] inspired [[Adam Smith]], among others. [[John B. Cosgrave]] was a specialist in [[number theory]] and discovered a 2000-digit [[prime number]] in 1999 and a record composite [[Fermat number]] in 2003. [[John Lighton Synge]] made progress in different fields of science, including mechanics and geometrical methods in general relativity. He had mathematician [[John Forbes Nash Jr.|John Nash]] as one of his students. [[Kathleen Lonsdale]], born in Ireland and most known for her work with [[X-ray crystallography|crystallography]], became the first female president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.science.ie/features/archived-feature-articles/five-irish-scientists.html |title=Five Irish Scientists Who Put Chemistry on the Map |work=Science.ie |publisher=Science Foundation Ireland |access-date=24 November 2016 |archive-date=29 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129072340/http://www.science.ie/features/archived-feature-articles/five-irish-scientists.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ireland has nine universities, seven in the Republic of Ireland and two in Northern Ireland, including [[Trinity College Dublin]] and the [[University College Dublin]], as well as numerous third-level colleges and institutes and a branch of the Open University, the [[Open University in Ireland]]. Ireland was ranked 18th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/ireland |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO |archive-date=11 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241011121552/https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/ireland |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17 |archive-date=12 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012035001/https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Sports===
{{Main|Sport in Ireland}}

{{See also|List of Irish people#Sport|l1=List of Irish sports people}}

[[Gaelic football]] is the most popular sport in Ireland in terms of match attendance and community involvement, with about 2,600 clubs on the island. In 2003 it represented 34% of total sports attendances at events in Ireland and abroad, followed by [[hurling]] at 23%, soccer at 16% and [[rugby football|rugby]] at 8%.<ref name="esri">{{cite web |url= http://www.esri.ie/pdf/BKMNINT180_Main%20Text_Social%20and%20Economic%20Value%20of%20Sport.pdf |publisher=Economic and Social Research Institute |title=The Social Significance of Sport |access-date=21 October 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150712134834/http://www.esri.ie/pdf/BKMNINT180_Main%20Text_Social%20and%20Economic%20Value%20of%20Sport.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2015}}</ref> The [[All-Ireland Football Final]] is the most watched event in the sporting calendar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.finfacts.com/irelandbusinessnews/publish/article_10004396.shtml |title=Initiative's latest ViewerTrack study shows that in Ireland GAA and soccer still dominate the sporting arena, while globally the Superbowl (sic) was the most watched sporting event of 2005 |website=FinFacts.com |publisher=Finfacts Multimedia |date=4 January 2006 |access-date=24 January 2010 |archive-date=2 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102104825/http://www.finfacts.com/irelandbusinessnews/publish/article_10004396.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Soccer is the most widely played team game on the island and the most popular in Northern Ireland.<ref name="esri"/><ref name="FootballSoccer">{{cite web |url=http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/article/709/soccer-in-northern-ireland |title=Soccer in Northern Ireland |website=Culture Northern Ireland |publisher=Nerve Centre |location=Derry/Londonderry |date=14 July 2008 |access-date=8 June 2011 |archive-date=16 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016113405/http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/article/709/soccer-in-northern-ireland |url-status=live |last1=Ireland |first1=Culture Northern }}</ref>

Other sporting activities with the highest levels of playing participation include swimming, golf, aerobics, cycling, and billiards/snooker.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.esri.ie/UserFiles/publications/20070223162340/BKMNINT178_Main%20Text%20Chapters%201-4.pdf |title=Sports Participation and Health Among Adults in Ireland |publisher=Economic and Social Research Institute |access-date=15 October 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150904125738/http://www.esri.ie/UserFiles/publications/20070223162340/BKMNINT178_Main%20Text%20Chapters%201-4.pdf |archive-date= 4 September 2015}}</ref> Many other sports are also played and followed, including [[boxing]], [[cricket]], fishing, [[greyhound racing]], [[Gaelic handball|handball]], [[field hockey|hockey]], horse racing, [[motor sport]], [[show jumping]] and tennis.

The island fields a single international team in most sports. One notable exception to this is association football, although both associations continued to field international teams under the name "Ireland" until the 1950s. The sport is also the most notable exception where the [[Republic of Ireland national football team|Republic of Ireland]] and [[Northern Ireland national football team|Northern Ireland]] field separate international teams. Northern Ireland has produced two World Snooker Champions.

Ireland is ranked 10th in the ICC Men's Test Team Rankings 2025 with a rating of 30.<ref>{{Cite web |last=icc |title=ICC Men's Test Team Rankings |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/team-rankings/mens/test |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=icc |language=en |archive-date=11 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211203103/https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/team-rankings/mens/test |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Field sports====
{{Main|Gaelic games|Rugby union in Ireland|Rugby league in Ireland|Association football in the Republic of Ireland|Association football in Northern Ireland}}

[[File:Tyrone Blanket Defence.jpg|thumb|[[Tyrone GAA|Tyrone]] v [[Kerry GAA|Kerry]] in the [[2005 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final]]]]
Gaelic football, hurling and Gaelic handball are the best-known Irish traditional sports, collectively known as Gaelic games. Gaelic games are governed by the [[Gaelic Athletic Association]] (GAA), with the exception of women's Gaelic football and camogie (women's variant of hurling), which are governed by separate organisations. The headquarters of the GAA (and the main stadium) is located at<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crokepark.ie/ |title=Croke Park. Not just a venue. A destination |publisher=Croke Park Stadium / Gaelic Athletic Association |access-date=3 October 2007 |archive-date=1 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001182803/http://www.crokepark.ie/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Croke Park]] in north Dublin and has a capacity of 82,500. Many major GAA games are played there, including the semi-finals and finals of the [[All-Ireland Senior Football Championship]] and [[All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship]]. During the redevelopment of the [[Lansdowne Road|Lansdowne Road stadium]] in 2007–2010, international rugby and soccer were played there.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/05/AR2007020501459.html |title=For First Time, Croke Park Is Ireland's Common Ground |date=6 February 2007 |access-date=14 August 2008 |newspaper=The Washington Post|first=Michael |last=Moynihan |archive-date=11 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111193225/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/05/AR2007020501459.html |url-status=live }}</ref> All GAA players, even at the highest level, are amateurs, receiving no wages, although they are permitted to receive a limited amount of sport-related income from commercial sponsorship.

The [[Irish Football Association]] (IFA) was originally the governing body for soccer across the island. The game has been played in an organised fashion in Ireland since the 1870s, with [[Cliftonville F.C.]] in Belfast being Ireland's oldest club. It was most popular, especially in its first decades, around Belfast and in Ulster. However, some clubs based outside Belfast thought that the IFA largely favoured Ulster-based clubs in such matters as selection for the national team. In 1921, following an incident in which, despite an earlier promise, the IFA moved an [[Irish Cup]] semi-final replay from Dublin to Belfast,<ref>{{cite web |title=FAI History: 1921–1930 |publisher=Football Association of Ireland |date=5 June 2009 |url=http://www.fai.ie/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=222&Itemid=226 |access-date=30 December 2009 |archive-date=2 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002021806/http://www.fai.ie/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=222&Itemid=226 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dublin-based clubs broke away to form the Football Association of the Irish Free State. Today the southern association is known as the [[Football Association of Ireland]] (FAI). Despite being initially blacklisted by the [[Home Nations]]' associations, the FAI was recognised by [[FIFA]] in 1923 and organised its first international fixture in 1926 (against [[Italy national football team|Italy]]). However, both the IFA and FAI continued to select their teams from the whole of Ireland, with some players earning international caps for matches with both teams. Both also referred to their respective teams as ''Ireland''.

[[File:Paul O'Connell Ireland Rugby.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Paul O'Connell]] reaching for the ball during a [[Line-out (rugby union)|line out]] against [[Argentina national rugby union team|Argentina]] in 2007]]
In 1950, FIFA directed the associations only to select players from within their respective territories and, in 1953, directed that the FAI's team be known only as "Republic of Ireland" and that the IFA's team be known as "Northern Ireland" (with certain exceptions). Northern Ireland qualified for the [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] finals in [[1958 FIFA World Cup|1958]] (reaching the quarter-finals), [[1982 FIFA World Cup|1982]] and [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]] and the [[UEFA European Championship|European Championship]] in [[UEFA Euro 2016|2016]]. The Republic qualified for the World Cup finals in [[1990 FIFA World Cup|1990]] (reaching the quarter-finals), [[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994]], [[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002]] and the European Championship in [[UEFA Euro 1988|1988]], [[UEFA Euro 2012|2012]] and 2016. Across Ireland, there is significant interest in the [[Premier League|English]] and, to a lesser extent, [[Scottish Premier League|Scottish]] soccer leagues.

Ireland fields a single [[Ireland national rugby union team|national rugby team]] and a single association, the [[Irish Rugby Football Union]], governs the sport across the island. The Irish rugby team have played in every [[Rugby World Cup]], making the quarter-finals in eight of them.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/oct/14/ireland-new-zealand-rugby-world-cup-quarter-final-match-report |title=New Zealand hold off Ireland in titanic battle to reach World Cup semi-finals |last=Aylwin |first=Michael|date=14 October 2023 |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=25 January 2024 |quote= let the record state: eight quarter-finals, eight defeats.}}</ref> Ireland also hosted games during the [[1991 Rugby World Cup|1991]] and the [[1999 Rugby World Cup]]s (including a quarter-final). There are four professional Irish teams; all four play in the [[Pro14]] and at least three compete for the [[Heineken Cup]]. Irish rugby has become increasingly competitive at both the international and provincial levels since the sport went professional in 1994. During that time, [[Ulster Rugby|Ulster]] ([[1998–99 Heineken Cup|1999]]),<ref name="heineken champions archive">{{cite web |url=http://archive.ercrugby.com/heinekencup/champions.php |title=Champions of Europe |publisher=European Club Rugby |website=ERCRugby.com |date=2014 |access-date=4 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006080223/http://archive.ercrugby.com/heinekencup/champions.php |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> [[Munster Rugby|Munster]] ([[2005–06 Heineken Cup|2006]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/european/4998452.stm |title=Munster 23–19 Biarritz |publisher=BBC News |date=20 May 2006 |access-date=13 October 2011 |archive-date=24 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024121442/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/european/4998452.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[2007–08 Heineken Cup|2008]])<ref name="heineken champions archive"/> and [[Leinster Rugby|Leinster]] ([[2008–09 Heineken Cup|2009]], [[2010–11 Heineken Cup|2011]] and [[2011–12 Heineken Cup|2012]])<ref name="heineken champions archive"/> have won the Heineken Cup. In addition to this, the Irish International side has had increased success in the [[Six Nations Championship]] against the other European elite sides. This success, including [[Triple Crown (rugby union)|Triple Crowns]] in 2004, 2006 and 2007, culminated with a clean sweep of victories, known as a [[Grand Slam (rugby union)|Grand Slam]], in 2009 and 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/17274833 |title=Six Nations roll of honour |publisher=BBC News |date=2014 |access-date=28 May 2014 |archive-date=8 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108101422/http://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/17274833 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Boxing====
{{Main|Boxing in Ireland}}

Amateur boxing on the island of Ireland is governed by the [[Irish Athletic Boxing Association]]. Ireland has won more medals in boxing than in any other Olympic sport. [[Michael Carruth]] won a gold medal and [[Wayne McCullough]] won a silver medal in the [[1992 Summer Olympics|Barcelona Olympic Games]]. In 2008 Kenneth Egan won a silver medal in the Beijing Games.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0824/107262-olympic/ |title=RTÉ News: Irish boxer loses out on Olympic gold |work=RTÉ News |publisher={{lang|ga|[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]]}} |date=28 August 2008 |access-date=28 February 2010 |archive-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220191848/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0824/107262-olympic/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Paddy Barnes]] secured bronze in those games and gold in the [[2010 European Amateur Boxing Championships]] (where Ireland came 2nd in the overall medal table) and [[2010 Commonwealth Games]]. [[Katie Taylor]] has won gold in every European and World championship since 2005. In August 2012 at the Olympic Games in London, Taylor created history by becoming the first Irish woman to win a gold medal in boxing in the 60 kg lightweight.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/boxing/2010/0918/270858-taylork_world/ |title=Katie Taylor wins World Boxing Championships |date=18 September 2010 |work=RTÉ Sport |publisher={{lang|ga|Raidió Teilifís Éireann}} |access-date=20 September 2010 |archive-date=23 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923060509/http://www.rte.ie/sport/boxing/2010/0918/270858-taylork_world/ |url-status=live }}</ref> More recently, Kellie Harrington won a gold medal at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 August 2021|title=Tokyo 2020: Kellie Harrington lands lightweight Olympic gold after dominant display|url=https://www.rte.ie/sport/olympics/2021/0808/1239649-tokyo-2020-harrington-wins-gold-with-boxing-exhibition/|url-status=live|website=RTÉ News|access-date=14 August 2021|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811033052/https://www.rte.ie/sport/olympics/2021/0808/1239649-tokyo-2020-harrington-wins-gold-with-boxing-exhibition/}}</ref>

====Other sports====
{{Main|Horse racing in Ireland|Athletics in Ireland|Golf in Ireland}}

[[File:Irl-Sligo horse racing.jpg|thumb|[[Horse racing]] in [[Sligo]]]]
Horse racing and greyhound racing are both popular in Ireland. There are frequent horse race meetings and greyhound stadiums are well-attended. The island is noted for the breeding and training of race horses and is also a large exporter of racing dogs.<ref>{{Cite report |author=FGS Consulting |title=Review of the Horse and Greyhound Racing Fund |publisher=Department of Arts, Sport and Tourism |date=May 2009 |page=11 |url= http://www.arts-sport-tourism.gov.ie/pdfs/DAST_%20Review_of_H%20_GFund%20_FGS_Final_May%2009.pdf |access-date=29 March 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110723073729/http://www.arts-sport-tourism.gov.ie/pdfs/DAST_%20Review_of_H%20_GFund%20_FGS_Final_May%2009.pdf |archive-date=23 July 2011}}</ref> The horse racing sector is largely concentrated in the County Kildare.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.curragh.ie/about-us/history-of-the-curragh/ |title=Kildare at the heart of the Irish bloodstock industry |publisher=The Curragh Racecourse |access-date=29 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620102429/http://www.curragh.ie/about-us/history-of-the-curragh/ |archive-date=20 June 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Irish athletics is an all-Ireland sport governed by [[Athletics Ireland]]. [[Sonia O'Sullivan]] won two medals at 5,000 metres on the track; gold at the 1995 [[IAAF World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] and silver at the [[2000 Summer Olympics|2000 Sydney Olympics]]. [[Gillian O'Sullivan]] won silver in the 20k walk at the 2003 World Championships, while sprint hurdler [[Derval O'Rourke]] won gold at the 2006 World Indoor Championship in Moscow. Olive Loughnane won a silver medal in the 20k walk at the World Athletics Championships in Berlin in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title=Loughnane claims silver medal in Berlin |url=https://www.rte.ie/sport/athletics/2009/0816/253347-loughnaneo/ |work=RTÉ |date=16 August 2009 |access-date=16 August 2021 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816162405/https://www.rte.ie/sport/athletics/2009/0816/253347-loughnaneo/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Golf is very popular, and golf tourism is a major industry attracting more than 240,000 golfing visitors annually.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ireland.com/what-is-available/golf/articles/golfing-ireland |title=Golfing in Ireland |website=Ireland.com |publisher=Tourism Ireland |access-date=28 May 2014 |archive-date=29 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529091743/http://www.ireland.com/what-is-available/golf/articles/golfing-ireland |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[2006 Ryder Cup]] was held at [[The Kildare Hotel and Golf Club|The K Club]] in County Kildare.<ref>{{cite web |title=2006 Ryder Cup Team Europe |publisher=PGA of America, Ryder Cup Limited, and Turner Sports Interactive |date=23 January 2006 |url=http://www.rydercup.com/2006/europe/news/20060123_home.html |access-date=8 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119220931/http://www.rydercup.com/2006/europe/news/20060123_home.html |archive-date=19 November 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Pádraig Harrington]] became the first Irishman since [[Fred Daly (golfer)|Fred Daly]] in 1947 to win the [[The Open Championship|British Open]] at [[Carnoustie]] in July 2007.<ref>{{cite web |last=Brennan |first=Séamus |author-link=Séamus Brennan |title=Séamus Brennan, Minister for Arts, Sport and Tourism comments on victory by Padraig Harrington in the 2007 British Open Golf Championship |date=22 July 2007 |website=arts-sport-tourism.gov.ie |publisher=Department of Arts, Sport and Tourism |location=Dublin |url= http://www.arts-sport-tourism.gov.ie/publications/release.asp?ID=2028 |access-date=8 November 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110723073843/http://www.arts-sport-tourism.gov.ie/publications/release.asp?ID=2028 |archive-date=23 July 2011}}</ref> He successfully defended his title in July 2008<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.randa.org/en/RandA/News/News/2008/October/Peter-Dawson-speaks-about-golf-s-Olympic-ambition.aspx |title=Peter Dawson speaks about golf's Olympic ambition |work=OpenGolf.com |publisher=R&A Championships Ltd |date=16 December 2009 |access-date=26 March 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150403122928/http://www.randa.org/en/RandA/News/News/2008/October/Peter-Dawson-speaks-about-golf-s-Olympic-ambition.aspx |archive-date=3 April 2015}}</ref> before going on to win the [[PGA Championship]] in August.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/golf/galleries/2008/0811/236140-harrington/ |title=In Pictures: Harrington wins US PGA |date=11 August 2008 |access-date=14 August 2008 |publisher=RTÉ News |archive-date=2 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102174419/http://www.rte.ie/sport/golf/galleries/2008/0811/236140-harrington/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Harrington became the first European to win the PGA Championship in 78 years and was the first winner from Ireland. Three golfers from Northern Ireland have been particularly successful. In 2010, [[Graeme McDowell]] became the first Irish golfer to win the [[U.S. Open (golf)|U.S. Open]], and the first European to win that tournament since 1970. [[Rory McIlroy]], at the age of 22, won the 2011 U.S. Open, while [[Darren Clarke]]'s latest victory was the [[2011 Open Championship]] at Royal St. George's. In August 2012, McIlroy won his 2nd major championship by winning the USPGA Championship by a record margin of 8 shots.

====Recreation====
The west coast of Ireland, [[Lahinch]] and [[Donegal Bay]] in particular, have popular surfing beaches, being fully exposed to the Atlantic Ocean. Donegal Bay is shaped like a funnel and catches west/south-west Atlantic winds, creating good surf, especially in winter. Since just before the year 2010, [[Bundoran]] has hosted European championship surfing. [[Scuba diving]] is increasingly popular in Ireland with clear waters and large populations of sea life, particularly along the western seaboard. There are also many shipwrecks along the coast of Ireland, with some of the best [[wreck dives]] being in [[Malin Head]] and off the County Cork coast.<ref>{{cite news |last=McDaid |first=Brendan |url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/imported/shipwrecks-ahoy-in-area-28256564.html |title=Shipwrecks ahoy in area |work=Belfast Telegraph |date=9 June 2004 |access-date=27 March 2010 |archive-date=21 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221032823/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/imported/shipwrecks-ahoy-in-area-28256564.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

With thousands of lakes, over {{convert|14000|km|mi|-2}} of fish-bearing rivers and over {{convert|7500|km|mi|-1}} of [[List of Irish counties by coastline|coastline]], Ireland is a popular [[angling]] destination. The temperate Irish climate is suited to sport angling. While [[salmon]] and [[trout]] fishing remain popular with anglers, salmon fishing, in particular, received a boost in 2006 with the closing of the salmon [[driftnet]] fishery. [[Coarse fishing]] continues to increase its profile. Sea angling is developed with many beaches mapped and signposted,<ref>{{cite web |title=Fishing in Ireland |publisher=Central and Regional Fisheries Boards |url=http://www.fishinginireland.info |access-date=26 March 2010 |archive-date=14 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314113627/http://www.fishinginireland.info/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the range of sea angling species is around 80.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sea Fishing in Ireland |publisher=Central and Regional Fisheries Boards |url=http://www.fishinginireland.info/sea |access-date=26 March 2010 |archive-date=23 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323041928/http://www.fishinginireland.info/sea/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Food and drink===
{{main|Irish cuisine}}

[[File:Cheese 61 bg 080106.jpg|thumb|[[Gubbeen cheese]], an example of the resurgence in Irish cheese making]]
Food and cuisine in Ireland take their influence from the crops grown and animals farmed in the island's temperate climate and from the social and political circumstances of Irish history. For example, whilst from the Middle Ages until the arrival of the potato in the 16th century the dominant feature of the Irish economy was the herding of cattle, the number of cattle a person owned was equated to their social standing.<ref name="food_companion" >{{cite book |first1=Alan |last1=Davidson |first2=Tom |last2=Jaine |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2006 |pages=407–408 |isbn=978-0-19-280681-9}}</ref> Thus herders would avoid slaughtering a milk-producing cow.<ref name="food_companion" />

For this reason, pork and [[white meat]] were more common than beef, and thick fatty strips of salted [[bacon]] (known as rashers) and the eating of salted butter (i.e. a dairy product rather than beef itself) have been a central feature of the diet in Ireland since the Middle Ages.<ref name="food_companion" /> The practice of bleeding cattle and mixing the blood with milk and butter (not unlike the practice of the [[Maasai people|Maasai]]) was common<ref>{{cite book |last1=Salaman |first1=Redcliffe N. |last2=Burton |first2=William Glynn |title=The History and Social Influence of the Potato |date=1985 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-31623-1 |pages=218–219 }}</ref> and [[black pudding]], made from blood, grain (usually barley) and seasoning, remains a breakfast staple in Ireland. All of these influences can be seen today in the phenomenon of the "[[breakfast roll]]".

The introduction of the potato in the second half of the 16th century heavily influenced cuisine thereafter. Great poverty encouraged a subsistence approach to food, and by the mid-19th century, the vast majority of the population sufficed with a diet of potatoes and milk.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Garrow |first=John |title=Feast and Famine: a History of Food and Nutrition in Ireland 1500–1920 |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=95 |issue=3 |pages=160–161 |date=March 2002 |pmc=1279494 |doi=10.1177/014107680209500320 }}</ref> A typical family, consisting of a man, a woman and four children, would eat {{convert|18|st|kg}} of potatoes per week.<ref name="food_companion" /> Consequently, dishes that are considered as national dishes represent a fundamental simplicity to cooking, such as the [[Irish stew]], [[bacon and cabbage]], [[boxty]], a type of potato pancake, or [[colcannon]], a dish of [[mashed potatoes]] and [[kale]] or [[cabbage]].<ref name="food_companion" />

Since the last quarter of the 20th century, with a re-emergence of wealth in Ireland, a "New Irish Cuisine" based on traditional ingredients incorporating international influences<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ireland for Dummies |first=Elizabeth |last=Albertson |publisher=Wiley Publishing |location=Hoboken |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-470-10572-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/irelandfordummie0000albe_o4j8/page/34 34] |url=https://archive.org/details/irelandfordummie0000albe_o4j8/page/34 }}</ref> has emerged.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ireland |first=Fionn |last=Davenport |publisher=Lonely Planet |location=London |date=2008 |isbn=978-1-74104-696-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ireland8th00dave/page/65 65] |url=https://archive.org/details/ireland8th00dave/page/65 }}</ref> This cuisine is based on fresh vegetables, fish (especially salmon, trout, [[oyster]]s, [[mussel]]s and other shellfish), as well as traditional soda breads and the wide range of hand-made [[List of Irish cheeses|cheeses]] that are now being produced across the country. An example of this new cuisine is "Dublin Lawyer": lobster cooked in whiskey and cream.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dublin |first1=Fionn |last1=Davenport |last2=Smith |first2=Jonathan |publisher=Lonely Planet |location=London |date=2006 |isbn=978-1-74104-710-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetdub000fion/page/15 15] |url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetdub000fion/page/15 }}</ref> The potato remains however a fundamental feature of this cuisine and the Irish remain the highest per capita<ref name="food_companion" /> consumers of potatoes in Europe. Traditional regional foods can be found throughout the country, for example [[coddle]] in Dublin or [[drisheen]] in Cork, both a type of sausage, or [[blaa]], a doughy white bread particular to Waterford.

[[File:Distillerie OldBushmills.jpg|thumb|The [[Old Bushmills Distillery]] in County Antrim]]

Ireland once dominated the world's market for whiskey, producing 90% of the world's whiskey at the start of the 20th century. However, as a consequence of bootleggers during the [[prohibition in the United States]] (who sold poor-quality whiskey bearing Irish-sounding names thus eroding the pre-prohibition popularity for Irish brands)<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Blackwell Companion to Modern Irish Culture |first1=W. J. |last1=McCormack |publisher=Blackwell |location=Oxford |date=2001 |isbn=978-0-631-16525-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/blackwellcompani00mccorich/page/170 170] |url=https://archive.org/details/blackwellcompani00mccorich/page/170 }}</ref> and tariffs on Irish whiskey across the British Empire during the [[Anglo-Irish Trade War]] of the 1930s,<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Brian |last1=Leavy |first2=David |last2=Wilson |title=Strategy and Leadership |publisher=Routledge |location=London |date=1994 |isbn=9780415070911 |page=63}}</ref> sales of Irish whiskey worldwide fell to a mere 2% by the mid-20th century.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Conor |last=O'Clery |title=Whiskey Resists the Downturn |work=GlobalPost |publisher=Public Radio International (PRI) |date=25 February 2009 |url= https://www.pri.org/stories/2009-02-26/whiskey-resists-downturn |access-date=5 April 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160103003228/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/ireland/090225/whiskey-resists-the-downturn |archive-date=3 January 2016}}</ref> In 1953, an Irish government survey, found that 50% of whiskey drinkers in the United States had never heard of [[Irish whiskey]].<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Jack |last1=Blocker |first2=David |last2=Fahey |first3=Ian|last3=Tyrrell |title=Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara |date=2003 |isbn=978-1-57607-833-4 |page=653}}</ref>

Irish whiskey, as researched in 2009 by the [[CNBC]] American broadcaster, remains popular domestically and has grown in international sales steadily over a few decades.<ref name="not_luck">{{Cite news |title=Irish Whiskey's Growth Not Just About Luck |date=19 March 2009 |first=Christina |last=Berk |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2009/03/19/irish-whiskeys-growth-not-just-about-luck.html |publisher=CNBC |access-date=4 April 2010 |archive-date=10 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010052101/http://www.cnbc.com/id/29636538 |url-status=live }}</ref> Typically CNBC states Irish whiskey is not as smoky as a [[Scotch whisky]], but not as sweet as [[American whiskey|American]] or [[Canadian whiskey|Canadian]] whiskies.<ref name="not_luck"/> Whiskey forms the basis of [[Irish Cream|cream liqueurs]], such as [[Baileys Irish Cream|Baileys]], and the "[[Irish coffee]]" (a [[cocktail]] of coffee and whiskey reputedly invented at [[Foynes|Foynes flying-boat station]]) is probably the best-known Irish cocktail.

[[Porter (beer)|Stout]], a kind of [[porter beer]], particularly [[Guinness]], is typically associated with Ireland, although historically it was more closely associated with London. Porter remains very popular, although it has lost sales since the mid-20th century to [[lager]]. [[Cider]], particularly ''[[Magners]]'' (marketed in the Republic of Ireland as ''Bulmers''), is also a popular drink. [[Red lemonade]], a soft-drink, is consumed on its own and as a mixer, particularly with whiskey.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davenport |first=Fionn |title=Discover Ireland |publisher=Lonely Planet |date=2010 |location=London |page=348 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhP4ieoRiuIC&pg=PA348 |isbn=978-1-74179-998-9 |access-date=27 June 2015 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904125738/https://books.google.com/books?id=hhP4ieoRiuIC&pg=PA348 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of the Republic of Ireland|Economy of Northern Ireland}}

{{See also|International Financial Services Centre, Dublin}}
The GDP of the Republic of Ireland {{as of|2021|lc=y}} was €423.5 billion (nominal),<ref name=IMFWEOIE>{{Cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=IMF |language=en |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205070729/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report |url-status=live }}</ref> and in Northern Ireland in 2021, it was £52 billion (GVA Balanced).<ref name="NI GDP">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/bulletins/regionaleconomicactivitybygrossdomesticproductuk/1998to2021|date=25 April 2023|title=Regional economic activity by gross domestic product, UK: 1998 to 2021|access-date=20 July 2023|archive-date=25 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425093334/https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/bulletins/regionaleconomicactivitybygrossdomesticproductuk/1998to2021|url-status=live}}</ref> The GDP per capita in the Republic of Ireland was €84,049.9 (nominal) {{as of|2021|lc=y}},<ref name=IMFWEOIE/> and in Northern Ireland 2021 was £27,154 (GVA Balanced).<ref name="NI GDP"/> The Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom measure these numbers differently.

Despite the two jurisdictions using two distinct currencies (the euro and [[pound sterling]]), a growing amount of commercial activity is carried out on an all-Ireland basis. This has been facilitated by the two jurisdictions' former shared membership of the European Union, and there have been calls from members of the business community and policymakers for the creation of an "all-Ireland economy" to take advantage of [[economies of scale]] and boost competitiveness.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081028204341/http://www.forfas.ie/ncc/reports/ncc_ndp_submission/ncc061114_ndp_submission_dept_finance_webopt.pdf |archive-date=28 October 2008 |url= http://www.forfas.ie/ncc/reports/ncc_ndp_submission/ncc061114_ndp_submission_dept_finance_webopt.pdf |date=2006 |title=National Competitiveness Council Submission on the National Development Plan 2007–2013 |publisher=National Competitiveness Council |url-status=dead |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref>

=== Regional economics ===
Below is a comparison of the regional GDP on the island of Ireland.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Republic of Ireland: [[Northern and Western Region|Northern and Western]]
| Republic of Ireland: [[Eastern and Midland Region|Eastern and Midland]]
| Republic of Ireland: [[Southern Region, Ireland|Southern]]
| United Kingdom: Northern Ireland
|-
| GDP ({{as of|2018|bare=yes}}): €22 bn<ref name="CSO Regional GDP">{{cite web|url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/er/cirgdp/countyincomesandregionalgdp2017/|title=County Incomes and Regional GDP 2018|date=27 February 2020 |publisher=Central Statistics Office|access-date=4 July 2021|archive-date=8 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208062316/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/er/cirgdp/countyincomesandregionalgdp2017/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| GDP ({{as of|2018|bare=yes}}): €175 bn<ref name="CSO Regional GDP"/>
| GDP ({{as of|2018|bare=yes}}): €127 bn<ref name="CSO Regional GDP"/>
| GDP ({{as of|2023|bare=yes}}): £63 bn<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Regional economic activity by gross domestic product, UK - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/bulletins/regionaleconomicactivitybygrossdomesticproductuk/1998to2023#gross-domestic-product-by-uk-country-and-region |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=www.ons.gov.uk |archive-date=12 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512041747/https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/bulletins/regionaleconomicactivitybygrossdomesticproductuk/1998to2023#gross-domestic-product-by-uk-country-and-region |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| €24,926 per person<ref name="europa.eu">{{cite web |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_STAT-14-29_en.htm |publisher=European Commission |title=Regional GDP GDP per capita in the EU in 2011: seven capital regions among the ten most prosperous |website=Europa.eu |access-date=10 May 2015 |archive-date=15 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815102242/http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_STAT-14-29_en.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
| €74,824 per person<ref name="europa.eu"/>
| €77,794 per person<ref name="europa.eu"/>
| £32,944 per person<ref name=":0" />
|}

=== Northern Ireland trade comparison ===

Below is a comparison of the goods being sold and purchased between Northern Ireland and the United Kingdom, compared with the goods being exported and imported between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland:

<div style=display:inline-table>
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|+ Northern Ireland Sales/Exports<ref name="nitrade">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/sites/nisra.gov.uk/files/publications/Overview-of-NI-Trade-April-2023.pdf|access-date=25 July 2023|title=Overview of Northern Ireland Trade
|archive-date=25 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725144232/https://www.nisra.gov.uk/sites/nisra.gov.uk/files/publications/Overview-of-NI-Trade-April-2023.pdf}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | United Kingdom
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Republic of Ireland

|-
! 2020
| £11.3 billion || £4.2 billion
|-
! 2021
| £12.8 billion
| £5.2 billion
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-table>
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center; margin-left:2em;"
|+ Northern Ireland Purchases/Imports<ref name="nitrade" />
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | United Kingdom
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Republic of Ireland

|-
! 2020
| £13.4 billion || £2.5 billion
|-
! 2021
| £14.4 billion
| £3.1 billion
|}
</div>

=== Cost of living comparison ===
Below is a comparison of the monthly cost of living and average wage after tax in Northern Ireland versus those in the Republic of Ireland in 2023:

<div style=display:inline-table>
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|+ Monthly Cost of Living Comparison<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://livingcost.org/cost/united-kingdom/nir|access-date=1 August 2023|publisher=livingcost.org|title=Cost of living in Northern Ireland|date=27 July 2020 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801193013/https://livingcost.org/cost/united-kingdom/nir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://livingcost.org/cost/ireland|access-date=1 August 2023|publisher=livingcost.org|title=Cost of living in the Republic of Ireland|date=27 July 2020 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801192205/https://livingcost.org/cost/ireland}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Northern Ireland
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Republic of Ireland

|-
! Cost of living (1 person)
| $1459 || $2198
|-
! Average wage after tax
| $2393
| $3010
|}
</div>

=== Economic history ===
{{Main|Economic history of Ireland}}

Prior to partition in 1921, Ireland had a long history as an economic colony – first, partially, of the Norse, via their cities (9th to 10th centuries CE), and later, to varying extents, of polities related to England. Though the climate and soil favoured certain forms of agriculture,<ref>{{cite book
| last1 = Kinealy
| first1 = Christine
| author-link1 = Christine Kinealy
| chapter = Peel, rotten potatoes, and providence: the repeal of the Corn Laws and the irish Famine
| editor1-last = Marrison
| editor1-first = Andrew
| title = Freedom and Trade: Free trade and its reception, 1815–1960
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EtKAmC4TcOUC
| series = Free trade and its reception 1815–1960 : freedom and trade
| volume = 1
| location = London
| publisher = Psychology Press
| date = 1998
| page = 52
| isbn = 978-0-415-15527-4
| access-date = 17 August 2019
| quote = All agricultural produce in Ireland [in the early-19th century], in fact, outperformed that of other European countries (it was twice that of France, for example).
| archive-date = 22 May 2020
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200522082157/https://books.google.com/books?id=EtKAmC4TcOUC
| url-status = live
}}</ref> [[trade barrier]]s frequently hobbled its development. Repeated invasions and plantations disrupted [[land tenure|land-ownership]], and [[Irish Rebellion (disambiguation)|multiple failed uprisings]] also contributed to repeated phases of [[penal transportation|deportation]] and of [[Irish emigrant|emigration]].

Salient events in the economic history of Ireland include:

* 16th and 17th centuries: confiscation and redistribution of land in the [[Plantations of Ireland]]
* 1845–1849: [[Great Famine (Ireland)|The Great Famine]] occasioned depopulation and mass emigration
* 1846: Westminster's repeal of the [[Corn Laws]] disrupted Irish agriculture<ref>{{cite book
| last1 = Battersby
| first1 = Thomas Stephenson Francis
| title = Sixty Points Against Home Rule: A "modern-eye"-opener
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0cmfAAAAMAAJ
| publisher = Unionist assoc. of Ireland
| date = 1912
| page = 7
| access-date = 17 August 2019
| quote = It was inevitable [...] that the depression of agriculture which followed the repeal should fall with greater severity on Ireland than on Great Britain.
| archive-date = 22 May 2020
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200522082152/https://books.google.com/books?id=0cmfAAAAMAAJ
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

===Major industries===
====Tourism====
{{Main|Tourist destinations in Ireland}}

There are two [[World Heritage Site]]s on the island: the {{lang|ga|[[Brú na Bóinne]]}} complex and the [[Giant's Causeway]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Heritage List |website=World Heritage |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/&order=region |access-date=30 August 2015 |archive-date=23 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823101718/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/%26order%3Dregion |url-status=live }}</ref> Several other places are on the tentative list, for example the Burren, the Ceide Fields<ref>{{cite web |title=Ireland: Tentative Lists |website=World Heritage |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ie/ |access-date=30 August 2015 |archive-date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901114030/http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/IE |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Mount Stewart]].<ref>"[https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/mount-stewart/features/mount-stewarts-world-class-gardens Mount Stewart's world-class gardens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210015713/https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/mount-stewart/features/mount-stewarts-world-class-gardens |date=10 December 2017 }}". [[National Trust]]. Retrieved 9 December 2017</ref>

Some of the most visited sites in Ireland include [[Bunratty Castle]], the [[Rock of Cashel]], the [[Cliffs of Moher]], [[Holy Cross Abbey]] and [[Blarney Castle]].<ref name="facts2006">{{cite web |url= http://www.failteireland.ie/getdoc/975fbac0-cf5d-4574-946e-26700b8a4efa/Tourism-Facts-2006.aspx |title=Tourism Facts 2006 |access-date=22 October 2008 |date=2006 |website=Fáilte Ireland |publisher=National Tourism Development Authority |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120112020708/http://www.failteireland.ie/getdoc/975fbac0-cf5d-4574-946e-26700b8a4efa/Tourism-Facts-2006.aspx |archive-date=12 January 2012}}</ref> Historically important monastic sites include [[Glendalough]] and [[Clonmacnoise]], which are maintained as [[National Monument (Ireland)|national monuments]] in the Republic of Ireland.<ref>{{cite web |title=Search by County |website=National Monuments |author=National Monuments Service |publisher=Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government |url= http://www.archaeology.ie/en/NationalMonuments/SearchByCounty/ |access-date=1 January 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100220110315/http://www.archaeology.ie/en/NationalMonuments/SearchByCounty/ |archive-date=20 February 2010}}</ref>

The Dublin region receives the most tourists<ref name="facts2006"/> and is home to several of the most popular attractions such as the [[Guinness Storehouse]] and Book of Kells.<ref name="facts2006"/> The west and south west, which includes the [[Lakes of Killarney]] and the [[Dingle peninsula]] in County Kerry and [[Connemara]] and the [[Aran Islands]] in County Galway, are also popular tourist destinations.<ref name="facts2006"/>

[[Stately home]]s, built during the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries in [[Palladian]], [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] and [[neo-Gothic]] styles, such as [[Castle Ward]], [[Castletown House]], [[Bantry House]], [[Strokestown Park]] and [[Glenveagh Castle]] are also of interest to tourists. Some have been converted into hotels, such as [[Ashford Castle]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Ashford Castle, Cong |work=Buildings of Ireland Survey Data |publisher=National Inventory of Architectural Heritage |date=17 September 2008 |url=https://www.buildingsofireland.ie/buildings-search/building/30402719/ashford-castle-deerfield-or-gortnavea-conga-cong-galway |access-date=7 May 2023 }}</ref> [[Castle Leslie]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Luxury hotels included in "significant buildings" list |work=[[Sunday Business Post]] |publisher=Archiseek.ie |date=10 May 2009 |url=https://www.archiseek.com/2009/luxury-hotels-included-in-significant-buildings-list/ |access-date=7 May 2023 |archive-date=7 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507112321/https://www.archiseek.com/2009/luxury-hotels-included-in-significant-buildings-list/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Dromoland Castle]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.coventrytelegraph.net/lifestyle/travel/dromoland-castle-hotel-spa-dreamland-3016531 |title=Dromoland Castle Hotel is a dreamland for golfers |date=5 November 2012 |newspaper=Coventry Telegraph |access-date=7 May 2023 |archive-date=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022013156/http://www.coventrytelegraph.net/lifestyle/travel/dromoland-castle-hotel-spa-dreamland-3016531 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Energy====
{{Main|Energy in Ireland}}

Although for most of their existence electricity networks in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland were entirely separate, the island has operated for some time as a single market for electricity.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sem-o.com/AboutSEMO/Pages/default.aspx |title= About SEMO: The Single Electricity Market |publisher= Single Electricity Market Operator (SEMO) |access-date= 13 January 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101130095246/http://www.sem-o.com/AboutSEMO/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date= 30 November 2010 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Both networks were designed and constructed independently post-partition but they are now connected with three interlinks<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.cer.ie/en/electricity-transmission-network-interconnection.aspx |title= Interconnection |publisher= Commission for Energy Regulation |date= 28 January 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110128172244/http://www.cer.ie/en/electricity-transmission-network-interconnection.aspx |archive-date= 28 January 2011 |access-date= 30 March 2010}}</ref> and are also connected through Great Britain to mainland Europe. The situation in Northern Ireland is complicated by the issue of private companies not supplying [[Northern Ireland Electricity]] with enough power. In the Republic of Ireland, the [[ESB Group|ESB]] has failed to modernise its power stations, and the availability of power plants has recently averaged only 66%, one of the worst such rates in Western Europe. [[EirGrid]] has started building a [[High-voltage direct current|HVDC]] transmission line between Ireland and Great Britain with a capacity of 500 MW,<ref>{{cite web |title= Interconnection: East-West Interconnector |publisher= [[EirGrid]] |url= http://www.eirgridgroup.com/customer-and-industry/interconnection/ |access-date= 19 September 2016 |archive-date= 22 February 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200222225018/http://www.eirgridgroup.com/customer-and-industry/interconnection/ |url-status= live }}</ref> about 10% of Ireland's peak demand.

As with electricity, the natural gas distribution network is also now all-island, with a pipeline linking [[Gormanston, County Meath]], and [[Ballyclare]], County Antrim.<ref>{{cite web |date= 1 November 2007 |title= Bord Gáis Marks Completion of South-North Pipeline |publisher= [[Bord Gáis]] |url= http://www.bordgais.ie/corporate/index.jsp?a=1427&n=179&p=180 |access-date= 27 May 2014 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140529052102/http://www.bordgais.ie/corporate/index.jsp?a=1427&n=179&p=180 |archive-date= 29 May 2014}}</ref> Most of Ireland's gas comes through interconnectors between [[Twynholm]] in Scotland and [[Ballylumford power station|Ballylumford]], County Antrim and [[Loughshinny]], County Dublin. Supplies come from the Corrib Gas Field, off the coast of County Mayo, with a supply previously also coming from the Kinsale gas field off the County Cork coast.<ref>{{cite web |title= Northern Ireland Energy Holdings – Frequently Asked Questions |publisher= Northern Ireland Energy Holdings |url= http://www.nienergyholdings.com/FAQs/Index.php |access-date= 8 May 2009 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110714182024/http://www.nienergyholdings.com/FAQs/Index.php |archive-date= 14 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title= Gas Capacity Statement 2007 |publisher= [[Commission for Energy Regulation]] | url= http://www.cer.ie/GetAttachment.aspx?id=d9f0b11e-3a13-42bb-86b7-f7470a9c68cc |access-date=8 May 2009 |archive-date=5 March 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120305041104/http://www.cer.ie/GetAttachment.aspx?id=d9f0b11e-3a13-42bb-86b7-f7470a9c68cc |pages= 22, 24, 26}}</ref> The County Mayo field faces some localised opposition over [[Corrib gas controversy|a controversial decision]] to refine the gas onshore.

[[File:Maam Cross turf-cutting geograph-3178833-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg|thumb|Turf-cutting near [[Maam Cross]] by the road to Leenane, County Galway]]
Ireland has an ancient industry based on [[peat]] (known locally as "turf") as a source of energy for home fires. A form of [[biomass]] energy, this source of heat is still widely used in rural areas. However, because of the ecological importance of peatlands in storing carbon and their rarity, the EU is attempting to protect this habitat by fining Ireland for digging up peat. In cities, heat is generally supplied by natural gas or [[heating oil]], although some urban suppliers distribute sods of turf as "smokeless fuel" for domestic use.

The Republic has a strong commitment to renewable energy and ranks as one of the top 10 markets for [[clean technology|clean-technology]] investment in the 2014 Global Green Economy Index.<ref name=ggei>{{cite web |title= 2014 Global Green Economy Index |url= http://dualcitizeninc.com/GGEI-Report2014.pdf |publisher= Dual Citizen LLC |access-date= 20 October 2014 |archive-date= 28 October 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141028201432/http://dualcitizeninc.com/GGEI-Report2014.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref> Research and development in [[renewable energy]] (such as [[wind power]]) has increased since 2004. Large [[List of wind farms in the Republic of Ireland|wind farms have been constructed]] in Cork, Donegal, Mayo and Antrim. The construction of wind farms has in some cases been delayed by opposition from local communities, some of whom regard the [[wind turbine]]s as unsightly. The Republic is hindered by an ageing network that was not designed to handle the varying availability of power that comes from wind farms. The ESB's [[Turlough Hill]] facility is the only power-storage facility in the state.<ref>{{cite web |title= Options For Future Renewable Energy Policy, Targets And Programmes issued by Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources |publisher= Hibernian Wind Power Ltd |date= 27 February 2004 | url= http://www.hibernianwindpower.ie/hiberwindresponse_dcmnr.pdf |access-date= 11 November 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120317020157/http://www.hibernianwindpower.ie/hiberwindresponse_dcmnr.pdf |archive-date= 17 March 2012}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Arnold |first=Bruce |title=Irish Art: A Concise History |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |date=1977 |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/irishartconciseh00arno/page/180 180] |isbn=978-0-500-20148-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/irishartconciseh00arno/page/180 }}
* Beckett, J.C. ''The making of Modern Ireland 1603-1923'' (1971).
* {{cite book |last1=Becker |first1=Annette |last2=Wang |first2=Wilfried |title=20th-century Architecture: Ireland |publisher=[[Prestel Publishing|Prestel]] |date=1997 |location=Munich |page=198 |isbn=978-3-7913-1719-9}}
* Bew, Paul. ''Ireland: The Politics of Enmity 1789-2006'' (2007).
* {{cite book |last1=Collins |first1=Neil |last2=Cradden |first2=Terry |title=Irish Politics Today |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |date=2001 |page=163 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=081Qopn2zbUC |isbn=978-0-7190-6174-5 |access-date=26 October 2020 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801170247/https://books.google.com/books?id=081Qopn2zbUC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Daly |first1=Mary E. |title=Sixties Ireland |date=2016 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781316536285 |isbn=978-1-107-14592-4 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Dennison |first1=Gabriel |last2=Ni Fhloinn |first2=Baibre |title=Traditional Architecture in Ireland |publisher=[[University College Dublin|Environmental Institute, University College Dublin]] |date=1994 |location=Dublin |page=94 |isbn=978-1-898473-09-1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dooney |first1=Sean |last2=O'Toole |first2=John |title=Irish Government Today |publisher=Gill and Macmillan |date=1992 |location=Dublin |page=[https://archive.org/details/irishgovernmentt00doon/page/247 247] |url=https://archive.org/details/irishgovernmentt00doon/page/247 |isbn=978-0-7171-1703-1 }}
* {{cite book |last=Ellis |first=Steven G. |title=The Story of the Irish Race: A Popular History of Ireland |orig-date=1921 |date=1983 |publisher=The Irish Publishing Co |location=Ireland |page=768 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YPgEAAAACAAJ |isbn=978-0-517-06408-5 |access-date=26 October 2020 |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205182746/https://books.google.com/books?id=YPgEAAAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* Ferriter, Diarmaid. "Women and political change in Ireland since 1960." ''Éire-Ireland'' 43.1 (2008): 179–204.
* {{cite book |last=Foster |first=Robert Fitzroy |author-link=R. F. Foster (historian) |title=Modern Ireland, 1600–1972 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |date=1988 |page=[https://archive.org/details/modernireland16000fost/page/688 688] |url=https://archive.org/details/modernireland16000fost |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-7139-9010-2 }}
* Foster, R. F. ''Luck and the Irish: A Brief History of Change 1970-2000'' (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/Luck-Irish-Brief-History-Change/dp/0195179528 excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130170954/https://www.amazon.com/Luck-Irish-Brief-History-Change/dp/0195179528 |date=30 November 2018 }}
* {{cite book |last=Herm |first=Gerhard |date=2002 |title=The Celts |location=Ireland |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |isbn=978-0-312-31343-2}}
* {{cite book |last=O'Croinin |first=Daibhi |author-link=Dáibhí Ó Cróinín |title=Prehistoric and Early Ireland |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2005 |page=1219 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJSDj1dDvNUC |isbn=978-0-19-821737-4 |access-date=26 October 2020 |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205180116/https://books.google.com/books?id=SJSDj1dDvNUC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last={{lang|ga|Ó Gráda}} |first=Cormac |title=A Rocky Road: The Irish Economy Since the 1920s |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=1997 |page=246 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zVHgO4-nkhkC |isbn=978-0-7190-4584-4 |access-date=26 October 2020 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416090306/https://books.google.com/books?id=zVHgO4-nkhkC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Oppenheimer |first=Stephen |title=Origins of the British: A Genetic Detective Story |publisher=[[Carroll & Graf]] |date=2006 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780786718900/page/534 534] |isbn=978-0-7867-1890-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780786718900/page/534 }}
* {{cite book |last=O'Rahilly |first=T. F.|author-link =T. F. O'Rahilly |date=1947 |title=Early Irish History and Mythology |publisher=[[Medieval Academy of America]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Woodcock |first1=N. H. |last2=Strachan |first2=Robin A. |title=Geological History of Britain and Ireland |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell|Blackwell Publishing]] |date=2000 |location=Hoboken, NJ |page=423 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dTkKn8Ufzd4C |isbn=978-0-632-03656-1 |access-date=26 October 2020 |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205191257/https://books.google.com/books?id=dTkKn8Ufzd4C |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Wallis |first1=Geoff |last2=Wilson |first2=Sue |title=The Rough Guide to Irish Music |publisher=[[Rough Guides]] |date=2001 |page=599 |isbn=978-1-85828-642-6}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Ireland|Republic of Ireland}}
{{Wikivoyage|Northern Ireland}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Ireland}}
* {{Wikiatlas|Ireland}}
* {{OSM relation|7681896}}
* [http://www.gov.ie/ Government of Ireland]
* [http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/ Northern Ireland Executive]

{{Ireland topics}}
{{Celts|state=autocollapse}}
{{British Isles|Great Britain, Ireland, and related islands}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ireland| ]]
[[Category:British Isles]]
[[Category:Celtic nations]]
[[Category:International islands]]

Retailing in India

2026-03-09T05:23:13Z

ErinChamberlin3: cleaned up citations after review

{{Short description|none}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
[[File:Rajasthan-Jodhpur-Sardar-Market-side-streets-Apr-2004-02.JPG|thumb|A textile retail store in India]]
[[File:Darjeeling West Bengal India (2).JPG|thumb|A fish retail store in West Bengal, India]]
[[File:A shop in Pushkar.jpg|thumb|A food staple retail shop in Pushkar, India]]
{{multiple image|perrow=3|total_width=360|caption_align=center
| header = Modern retailing in India
| image1 = Shopping Mall at Jalandhar.jpg| caption1 = [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
| image2 = Saharaganj Mall, Lucknow.jpg| caption2 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| image3 = SC Mall (4).JPG| caption3 = [[West Bengal]]
| image4 = In Orbit Mall.jpg| caption4 = [[Telangana]]
| image5 = World Trade Center, Orion Mall, Bangalore..jpg| caption5 = [[Karnataka]]
| image6 = EA inside 1.JPG| caption6 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| image7 = Malls in Indore.JPG| caption7 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| image8 = ISCON MEGA MALL,S.G. HIGHWAY,THALTEJ,AHMEDABAD.JPG| caption8 = [[Gujarat]]
| image9 = Phoenix Marketcity Kurla.jpg| caption9 = [[Maharashtra]]
| image10 = SelectCityWalkMall.jpg|caption10 = [[Delhi]]
| image11 = Oberon Mall Kochi.jpg|caption11 = [[Kerala]]
|image12 = Parsvnath Mall Faridabad.jpg|caption12 = [[Haryana]]
|image13 = Avinash Times Square mall, Naya Raipur.png|caption13 =[[Chhattisgarh]]
|image14 =|caption14 = [[Jharkhand]]
|image15 = World Trade Park Mall.gif|caption15 = [[Rajasthan]]
|image16 = Interiors of Pacific Mall, Dehradun 02.jpg|caption16 = [[Uttrakhand]]
|image17 = |caption17 = [[Odisha]]
|image18 = A mall in patna.jpg|caption18 = [[Bihar]]
}}
'''Retailing in India''' is a pillar of the national economy accounting for about 10 percent of GDP.<ref name=mckinsey2>{{cite web|title=The Bird of Gold - The Rise of India's Consumer Market|publisher=[[McKinsey & Company]]|date=May 2007|url=http://www.mckinsey.com/Insights/MGI/Research/Asia/The_bird_of_gold|access-date=18 February 2012|archive-date=7 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307011935/http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/mgi/research/asia/the_bird_of_gold|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Uneasy Compromise - Indian Retail|last=Dikshit|first=Anand|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=12 August 2011|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903461104576461540616622966}}</ref> The Indian [[retail market]] is estimated to be worth $1.3 trillion as of 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1021352/india-organized-retail-market-value/ | title=India: Retail market size 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Child. |first=India. United Nations. Committee on the Rights of the |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/41656336 |title=Consideration of reports submitted by states parties under article 44 of the Convention : initial reports of states parties due in 1995 : addendum : India. |date=1997 |publisher=United Nations |oclc=41656336}}</ref> India is one of the fastest growing retail markets in the world, with 1.4 billion people.<ref>{{cite web|title=Winning the Indian consumer|publisher=McKinsey & Company|year=2005|url=http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/Marketing/Sectors_Regions/Winning_the_Indian_consumer_1659?gp=1|access-date=29 November 2011|archive-date=26 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126161914/http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/Marketing/Sectors_Regions/Winning_the_Indian_consumer_1659?gp=1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-15885055| first=Sanjoy|last=Majumder|title= Changing the way Indians shop|work=[[BBC News]]|date = 25 November 2011}}</ref>

As of 2003, India's retailing industry was essentially owner staffed small shops. In 2010, larger format [[convenience store]]s and supermarkets accounted for about 4 percent of the industry, and these were present only in large urban centers. India's retail and logistics industry employs about 40 million Indians (3.3% of Indian population).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/fe-campus-mastermind-response-by-mahavir-accha-to-question-for-jan-713/1057932/|title=FE@CAMPUS MASTERMIND: Response by Mahavir Accha to question for Jan 7-13|work=Indian Express}}</ref> In November 2011, India's central government announced retail reforms for both multi-brand stores and single-brand stores. These market reforms paved the way for retail innovation and competition with multi-brand retailers such as [[Walmart]], [[Carrefour]] and [[Tesco]], as well single brand majors such as [[IKEA]], [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]].<ref name="chainstores"/> The announcement sparked intense activism, both in opposition and in support of the reforms. In December 2011, under pressure from the opposition, Indian government placed the retail reforms on hold till it reaches a consensus.<ref name=wsj71211/>

In January 2012, India approved reforms for single-brand stores welcoming anyone in the world to innovate in Indian retail market with 100% ownership, but imposed the requirement that the single brand retailer source 30 percent of its goods from India. Indian government continues the hold on retail reforms for multi-brand stores.<ref>{{cite news|title=India Lifts Some Limits on Foreign Retailers|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=11 January 2012|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204257504577152342214405180|first1=Amol|last1=Sharma|first2=Prasanta|last2=Sahu}}</ref> In June 2012, [[IKEA]] announced it had applied for permission to invest $1.9 billion in India and set up 25 retail stores.<ref>{{cite news|title=IKEA Knocks on India's Door|last=Sharma|first=Amol|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=24 June 2012|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304782404577486403385782034?mod=googlenews_wsj}}</ref> An analyst from [[Fitch Group]] stated that the 30 percent requirement was likely to significantly delay if not prevent most single brand majors from Europe, USA and Japan from opening stores and creating associated jobs in India.<ref name=ft22012012>{{cite web|title=Ikea shelves Indian retail market move|work=The Financial Times|date=22 January 2012|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/a8fb7d9c-4500-11e1-a719-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1kCPJuyha?ftcamp=crm/email/2012122/nbe/ExclusiveComment/product|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="ciol.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.ciol.com/ciol/news/122864/smes-welcome-fdi-retail |title=SMEs welcome FDI in retail |publisher=CIOL |date=6 December 2012 |access-date=28 February 2013 |archive-date=27 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227111657/http://www.ciol.com/ciol/news/122864/smes-welcome-fdi-retail |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 14 September 2012, the government of India announced the opening of FDI in multi-brand retail, subject to approvals by individual states.<ref>{{cite news|title=Times of India Newsreport|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Govt-allows-FDI-in-multi-brand-retail-aviation/articleshow/16397960.cms}}</ref> On 20 September 2012, the Government of India formally notified the FDI reforms for single and multi brand retail, thereby making it effective under Indian law.<ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion (FC-I Section), Press Note No.5 (2012 Series) - multi-brand retail|publisher=Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India|date=20 September 2012|url=http://dipp.nic.in/English/acts_rules/Press_Notes/pn5_2012.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222062405/http://dipp.nic.in/english/acts_rules/Press_Notes/pn5_2012.pdf|archive-date=22 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion, Press Note No.4 (2012 Series) - Single brand retail|publisher=Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India|date=20 September 2012|url=http://dipp.nic.in/English/acts_rules/Press_Notes/pn4_2012.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=FDI in multi-brand retail comes into effect; way clear for Walmart|work=The Economic Times|date=20 September 2012|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/fdi-in-multi-brand-retail-comes-into-effect-way-clear-for-walmart/articleshow/16478376.cms}}</ref>

==Local terms==

The National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector (NCEUS) defines Unorganized sector as

'Unorganized Sector is a Sector consisting of all unincorporated private enterprises owned by individuals or households engaged in the sale or production of goods and services operated on a proprietary or partnership basis and with less than ten total workers.'

Based on this definition, Organized sector in India is defined as

'Organized sector is a sector consisting of all incorporated enterprises which are engaged in the sales or production of goods and services operated as private limited or limited organizations governed by Companies act and having more than ten total workers.'<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gurjar|first1=Omkar|last2=Bhattacharya|first2=Kunal|date=June 2016|title=Organized Retail Sector in India|url=https://www.ijrra.net/Vol3issue2/IJRRA-03-02-11.pdf|journal=International Journal of Recent Research Aspects|volume=3|issue=2|pages=46–49|issn=2349-7688}}</ref>

With this definition, Organized Retail Sector will be characterized as:
* Company owned retail setups
* Part of the employees are on the direct payroll of the company (some may be on the contract also)
* Employees will be governed by minimum wages act
* These outlets can be "standalone company owned showroom" or "The retail space" in any of the super market or mall, etc.
* Practically there may be less than ten worker though

Organised retailing, in India, refers to trading activities undertaken by licensed retailers, that is, those who are registered for sales tax, income tax, etc. These include the publicly traded supermarkets, corporate-backed [[hypermarkets]] and retail chains, and also the privately owned traditional large retail businesses who constantly keep upgrading to the market dynamics and change like Saravana Stores, Pothys, The Chennai Silks who operate in a specific region or a part of the country. Dynamics of retail are quite different in India, owing to different climatic and cultural and language differences in the demographic profile.

Unorganised retailing, on the other hand, refers to the traditional formats of low-cost retailing, for example, the local [[Small business|corner shops]], owner staffed general stores, [[paan]]/beedi shops, convenience stores, hand cart and pavement vendors, etc.<ref name="IndianRealtyNews">"[http://www.indianrealtynews.com/retail-market/icrier-begins-survey-of-indian-retail-sector.html ICRIER Begins Survey of Indian Retail Sector]." 19 March 2007.</ref>

Organised retailing actively started with the entry of Shoppers Stop, Westside, Pantaloons, Pyramid - Crossroad, all being [[department store]] formats in the mid to late 1990s and was absent in most rural and small towns of India till 2010. [[Supermarket|Supermarkets]] and similar organised retail accounted for just 4% of the market.<ref name="chainstores">{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=11465586|title=Retailing in India Unshackling the chain stores|newspaper=The Economist|date=29 May 2008}}</ref>

Most Indian shopping happens in open markets or numerous small grocery and retail shops. Shoppers typically wait outside the shop, ask for what they want, and can not pick or examine a product from the shelf.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/fe-campus-mastermind-response-by-mahavir-accha-to-question-for-jan-713/1057932/|title=Indian Express, Indian Retail System}}</ref> Access to the shelf or product storage area is limited. Once the shopper requests the food staple or household product they are looking for, the shopkeeper goes to the container or shelf or to the back of the store, brings it out and offers it for sale to the shopper. Often the shopkeeper may substitute the product, claiming that it is similar or equivalent to the product the consumer is asking for. The product typically has no price label in these small retail shops; all packaged products must display the [[maximum retail price]] (MRP) above which the product cannot be sold. It is a criminal offence to sell a product beyond the MRP of a product. The shopkeeper can price the food staple and household products arbitrarily, and two consumers may pay different prices for the same product on the same day but never will those price be above the maximum retail price. Price is rarely negotiated between the shopper and shopkeeper. The shoppers usually do not have time to examine the product label, and do not have a choice to make an informed decision between competitive products.<ref>[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/3794/12/12_chapter%204.pdf RETAILING IN INDIA: A REVIEW OF PRESENT SCENARIO, Chapter 4 (2011)]</ref>

India's retail and logistics industry, organised and unorganized in combination, employs about 40 million Indians (3.3% of Indian population).<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Economy: China, India confront WalMarts|work=Asia Times|date=31 January 2004|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/FA31Dj03.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040202235857/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/FA31Dj03.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=2 February 2004}}</ref> The typical Indian retail shops are very small. Over 19 million(as of 2020)<ref>statista</ref> outlets operate in the country and only 4% of them being larger than {{Convert|500|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} in size. India has about 11 shop outlets for every 1000 people. Vast majority of the unorganized retail shops in India employ family members, do not have the scale to procure or transport products at high volume wholesale level, have limited to no quality control or fake-versus-authentic product screening technology and have no training on safe and hygienic storage, packaging or logistics. The unorganized retail shops source their products from a chain of middlemen who mark up the product as it moves from farmer or producer to the consumer. The unorganized retail shops typically offer no after-sales support or service. Finally, most transactions at unorganised retail shops are done with cash, with all sales being final.

Until the 1990s, regulations prevented innovation and entrepreneurship in Indian retailing. Some retails faced complying with over thirty regulations such as "signboard licenses" and "anti-hoarding measures" before they could open doors. There are taxes for moving goods to states, from states, and even within states in some cases. Farmers and producers had to go through middlemen monopolies. The logistics and infrastructure was very poor, with losses exceeding 30 percent.

Through the 1990s, India introduced widespread free market reforms, including some related to retail. Between 2000 and 2010, consumers in select Indian cities have gradually begun to experience the quality, choice, convenience and benefits of organised retail industry.

==Growth==
[[File:Bazaar at Sarkhej Gandhinagar Highway in Ahmedabad, India.jpg|thumb|An organised retail store in Ahmedabad (ca. 2009)]]
[[File:Big Bazaar - Kolkata 2011-07-31 00431.jpg|thumb|Customers inside a retail store in Kolkata (ca. 2011)]]

===Growth over 1997–2010===
India in 1997 allowed foreign direct investment (FDI) in cash and carry wholesale. Then, it required government approval. The approval requirement was relaxed, and automatic permission was granted in 2006. Between
2000 and 2010, Indian retail attracted about $1.8 billion in foreign direct investment, representing a very small 1.5% of total investment flow into India.<ref name=kpmg2010a/><ref>[http://www.researchfront.in/01%20JAN-MAR%202013/5%20Zodage%20ok%20ok.pdf GROWTH AND NECESSITIES OF FDI IN RETAILING IN INDIA]</ref>

Single brand retailing attracted 94 proposals between 2006 and 2010, of which 57 were approved and implemented.<ref>[http://indiabudget.nic.in/budget2011-2012/es2010-11/echap-10.pdf Services Sector, Government of India Budget Document, Chapter 10 (2012)]</ref> For a country of 1.2 billion people, this is a very small number. Some claim one of the primary restraint inhibiting better participation was that India required single brand retailers to limit their ownership in Indian outlets to 51%. China in contrast allows 100% ownership by foreign companies in both single brand and multi-brand retail presence.

Indian retail has experienced limited growth, and its spoilage of food harvest is amongst the highest in the world, because of very limited integrated [[cold chain]] and other infrastructure. India has only 5386 stand-alone cold storages, having a total capacity of 23.6 million metric tons. However, 80 percent of this storage is used only for potatoes. The remaining infrastructure capacity is less than 1% of the annual farm output of India, and grossly inadequate during peak harvest seasons. This leads to about 30% losses in certain perishable agricultural output in India, on average, every year.<ref name=kpmg2010a/><ref>[http://www.kpmg.com/IN/en/IssuesAndInsights/ThoughtLeadership/Investing_in_India_October_2010.pdf Investing in India, KPMG]</ref>

Indian laws already allow foreign direct investment in cold-chain infrastructure to the extent of 100 percent. There has been no interest in foreign direct investment in cold storage infrastructure build out. Experts claim that cold storage infrastructure will become economically viable only when there is strong and contractually binding demand from organised retail. The risk of cold storing perishable food, without an assured way to move and sell it, puts the economic viability of expensive cold storage in doubt. In the absence of organised retail competition and with a ban on foreign direct investment in multi-brand retailers, foreign direct investments are unlikely to begin in cold storage and farm logistics infrastructure.

Until 2010, intermediaries and middlemen in India have dominated the value chain. Due to a number of intermediaries involved in the traditional Indian retail chain, norms are flouted and pricing lacks transparency. Small Indian farmers realise only 1/3rd of the total price paid by the final Indian consumer, as against 2/3rd by farmers in nations with a higher share of organised retail.<ref name=kpmg2010a/> The 60%+ margins for middlemen and traditional retail shops have limited growth and prevented innovation in Indian retail industry.

India has had years of debate and discussions on the risks and prudence of allowing innovation and competition within its retail industry.<ref>{{cite book|title=FDI in Retail Sector: INDIA, A Report by ICRIER|first=Arpita|last=Mukherjee|year=2006|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-81-7188-480-3|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Numerous economists repeatedly recommended to the Government of India that legal restrictions on organised retail must be removed, and the retail industry in India must be opened to competition. For example, in an invited address to the Indian parliament in December 2010, [[Jagdish Bhagwati]], Professor of Economics and Law at the [[Columbia University]] analysed the relationship between growth and poverty reduction, then urged the Indian parliament to extend economic reforms by freeing up of the retail sector, further liberalisation of trade in all sectors, and introducing labour market reforms. Such reforms Professor Bhagwati argued will accelerate economic growth and make a sustainable difference in the life of India's poorest.,<ref>{{cite web|title=Growth and Poverty - the great debate|publisher=CUTS International|author=Mehta and Chatterjee|date=June 2011|url=http://cuts-international.org/pdf/Full_Version-Growth_and_Poverty-The_Great_Debate.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hiren Mukerjee Memorial Parliamentary Lecture: Parliament of India|last=Bhagwati|first=Jagdish|publisher=Columbia University, Parliament of India|date=14 December 2010|url=http://www.columbia.edu/~jb38/papers/pdf/Lok-Sabha-speech-FINAL-EXPANDED-Deceber-14.pdf}}</ref>

A 2007 report noted that an increasing number of people in India are turning to the services sector for employment due to the relative low compensation offered by the traditional agriculture and manufacturing sectors. The organised retail market is growing at 35 percent annually while growth of unorganised retail sector is pegged at 6 percent.<ref name="CIOL">"[http://www.ciol.com/content/2260797694.aspx India again tops global retail index] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225231831/http://www.ciol.com/content/2260797694.aspx |date=25 December 2007 }}." 22 /6/ 2007.</ref>

The Retail Business in India is currently at the point of inflection. As of 2008, rapid change with investments to the tune of US$25 billion were being planned by several Indian and [[multinational company|multinational companies]] in the next 5 years. It is a huge industry in terms of size and according to India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF), it is valued at about US$395.96 billion. Organised retail is expected to garner about 16-18 percent of the total retail market (US$65–75 billion) in the next 5 years.

India has topped the [[A.T. Kearney]]’s annual Global Retail Development Index (GRDI) for the third consecutive year, maintaining its position as the most attractive market for retail investment. The Indian economy has registered a growth of 8% for 2007. The predictions for 2008 is 7.9%.<ref name="Economist">"[http://www.economist.com/markets/indicators/ Economic and financial indicators]" 3 July 2008.</ref> The enormous growth of the retail industry has created a huge demand for real estate. Property developers are creating retail real estate at an aggressive pace and by 2010, 300 malls are estimated to be operational in the country.<ref>"[https://indiafmcg.blogspot.com/2007/08/indian-retail-story-from-myths-to-mall.html Indian Retail story from Myths to Mall]." 11 August 2007.</ref>

===Growth after 2011===
[[File:Dessert Works Bangalore.jpg|thumb|Dessert Works Hebbal bangalore]]
Before 2011, India had prevented innovation and organised competition in its consumer retail industry. Several studies claim that the lack of infrastructure and competitive retail industry is a key cause of India's persistently high inflation. Furthermore, because of unorganised retail, in a nation where malnutrition remains a serious problem, food wastage is rife. Well over 30% of food staples and perishable goods produced in India spoil because of poor infrastructure and small retail outlets prevent hygienic storage and movement of the goods from the farmer to the consumer.<ref name=WSJ1/><ref>{{cite web|title=Wal-Mart Waits With Carrefour as India Wins Instant Gain: Retail|publisher=Bloomberg BusinessWeek|date=30 November 2011|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-30/wal-mart-waits-with-carrefour-as-india-wins-instant-gain-retail.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721091532/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-30/wal-mart-waits-with-carrefour-as-india-wins-instant-gain-retail.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=Econ312>{{cite news|title=Indian retail: The supermarket's last frontier|newspaper=The Economist|date=3 December 2011|url=https://www.economist.com/business/2011/12/03/the-supermarkets-last-frontier}}</ref>

One report estimates the 2011 Indian retail market as generating sales of about $470 billion a year, of which a minuscule $27 billion comes from organised retail such as supermarkets, chain stores with centralised operations and shops in malls. The opening of retail industry to free market competition, some claim will enable rapid growth in retail sector of Indian economy. Others believe the growth of Indian retail industry will take time, with organised retail possibly needing a decade to grow to a 25% share.<ref name=Econ312/> A 25% market share, given the expected growth of Indian retail industry through 2021, is estimated to be over $250 billion a year: a revenue equal to the 2009 revenue share from Japan for the world's 250 largest retailers.,<ref>{{cite web|title=INDIAN RETAIL INDUSTRY: A Report|publisher=CARE Research|date=March 2011|url=http://www.careratings.com/content/ResourceCenter/reports/Web%20Content%20%20-%20Retail%20March%202011.pdf|access-date=1 December 2011|archive-date=27 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027061153/http://www.careratings.com/content/ResourceCenter/reports/Web%20Content%20%20-%20Retail%20March%202011.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Global Powers of Retailing 2011|year=2011|publisher=Deloitte|url=https://www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-Global/Local%20Assets/Documents/Consumer%20Business/GlobPowDELOITTE_14%20Jan.pdf|access-date=1 December 2011|archive-date=26 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126044631/https://www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-Global/Local%20Assets/Documents/Consumer%20Business/GlobPowDELOITTE_14%20Jan.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Economist forecasts that Indian retail will nearly double in economic value, expanding by about $850 billion by 2020.<ref name=TEnmr>{{cite news|title=India's retail reform: No massive rush|date=2 December 2011|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2011/12/indias-retail-reform}}</ref> The projected increase alone is equivalent to the current retail market size of France.

In 2011, food accounted for 70% of Indian retail, but was under-represented by organised retail. [[A.T. Kearney]] estimates India's organised retail had a 31% share in clothing and apparel, while the home supplies retail was growing between 20% and 30% per year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Retail Global Expansion: A Portfolio of Opportunities|publisher=AT Kearney | year=2011 | url=http://www.atkearney.com/images/global/pdf/Retail_Global_Expansion-GRDI_2011.pdf}}</ref> These data correspond to retail prospects prior to November announcement of the retail reform.

It might be true that India has the largest number of shops per inhabitant. However, there are detailed figures for Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxemburg. In Belgium, the number of outlets is approximately 8 per 1,000 and in the Netherlands it is 6. So the Indian number must be far higher.

==Indian retail market==
[[File:Spice market-India.jpg|thumb|A spice market]]
[[File:Hypercity mall malad.jpg|thumb|upright|Checkout lanes, organised retail in Malad, Mumbai]]
;Modern retail format
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|-
! Country !! Modern retail (in 2011, % of total)<ref>[http://www.strategyand.pwc.com/media/file/RAI_Strategyand_Successful-Innovations-in-Indian-Retail.pdf Successful Innovations in Indian Retail] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808025059/http://www.strategyand.pwc.com/media/file/RAI_Strategyand_Successful-Innovations-in-Indian-Retail.pdf |date=8 August 2014 }} Booz Allen & PwC (February 2013)</ref>
|-
| {{flag|India}} || 7%
|-
| {{flag|China}} || 20%
|-
| {{flag|Thailand}} || 40%
|-
| {{flag|United States}} || 85%
|-
|}

Indian market has high complexities in terms of a wide geographic spread and distinct consumer preferences varying by each region necessitating a need for localization even within the geographic zones.
India has highest number of outlets per person (7 per thousand)
Indian retail space per capita at {{Convert|2|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}/ person is lowest in the world
Indian retail density of 6 percent is highest in the world.<ref>"[http://www.ksa-technopak.com/pressroom/press.jsp?press_id=26&offset=10 Fashion meets tech as handsets get sleek expensive]"</ref> 1.8 million households in India have an annual income of over {{INRConvert|4.5|m|1}}.<ref>"[http://www.ksa-technopak.com/pressroom/press.jsp?press_id=33 LCD televisions, laptops are flying off the shelves.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217001002/http://www.ksa-technopak.com/pressroom/press.jsp?press_id=33 |date=17 December 2007 }}"</ref>

The organised retail market has a share of 8% as per 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.slideshare.net/iimjobs/indian-retail-sector-report-may-2014|title = Indian Retail Sector Report May 2014| date=9 May 2014 }}</ref> While India presents a large market opportunity given the number and increasing purchasing power of consumers, there are significant challenges as well given that over 90% of trade is conducted through independent local stores. Challenges include: Geographically dispersed population, small ticket sizes, complex distribution network, little use of IT systems, limitations of mass media and existence of counterfeit goods.<ref name="Selling and Distribution in India">"[http://www.bostonanalytics.com/webinar/Traditional%20Trade%20in%20India_Webinar%20Excerpts.pdf Traditional Retail Trade in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215030659/http://www.bostonanalytics.com/webinar/Traditional%20Trade%20in%20India_Webinar%20Excerpts.pdf |date=15 February 2010 }}." 28 June 2009.</ref>

A number of merger and acquisitions have begun in Indian retail market. PWC estimates the multi-brand retail market to grow to $220 billion by 2020.<ref name=pwc12tik>[http://www.pwc.in/en_IN/in/assets/pdfs/industries/retail-and-consumer/retail-report-300812.pdf The Indian Kaleidoscope - Emerging trends in retail] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228033058/http://www.pwc.in/en_IN/in/assets/pdfs/industries/retail-and-consumer/retail-report-300812.pdf |date=28 February 2013 }} PWC (2012)</ref>

==Challenges==
A McKinsey study claims retail productivity in India is very low compared to international peer measures. For example, the labour productivity in Indian retail was just 6% of the labour productivity in United States in 2010. India's labour productivity in food retailing is about 5% compared to Brazil's 14%; while India's labour productivity in non-food retailing is about 8% compared to Poland's 25%.<ref name=mckinsey1>{{cite web|title=Retail - India |publisher=McKinsey & Co. |url=http://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/reports/pdfs/india/Retail.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108083036/http://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/reports/pdfs/india/Retail.pdf |archive-date=8 January 2009 }}</ref>

Total retail employment in India, both organised and unorganised, account for about 6% of Indian labour work force currently - most of which is unorganised. This about a third of levels in United States and Europe; and about half of levels in other emerging economies. A complete expansion of retail sector to levels and productivity similar to other emerging economies and developed economies such as the United States would create over 50 million jobs in India. Training and development of labour and management for higher retail productivity is expected to be a challenge.

<ref>[http://www.ibef.org/attachdisplay.aspx?cat_id=375&art_id=4165 Retail Scenario in India]</ref>

In November 2011, the Indian government announced relaxation of some rules and the opening of retail market to competition.

==India retail reforms==

Until 2011, Indian central government denied foreign direct investment (FDI) in multi-brand Indian retail, forbidding foreign groups from any ownership in supermarkets, convenience stores or any retail outlets, to sell multiple products from different brands directly to Indian consumers..

The government of Manmohan Singh, prime minister, announced on 24 November 2011 the following:<ref name=WSJ1>{{cite news|title=India Unlocks Door for Global Retailers|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=25 November 2011|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204630904577058131832465876?mod=WSJINDIA_hpp_LEFTTopStories|first=Megha|last=Bahree}}</ref><ref name=fdiCM1>{{cite web|title=FDI POLICY IN MULTI BRAND RETAIL|publisher=Ministry of Commerce, Government of India|date=28 November 2011|url=http://commerce.nic.in/pressrelease/pressrelease_detail.asp}}</ref>
* India will allow foreign groups to own up to 51 per cent in "multi-brand retailers", as supermarkets are known in India, in the most radical pro-liberalisation reform passed by an Indian cabinet in years;
* single brand retailers, such as Apple and Ikea, can own 100 percent of their Indian stores, up from the previous cap of 51 percent;
* both multi-brand and single brand stores in India will have to source nearly a third of their goods from small and medium-sized Indian suppliers;
* all multi-brand and single brand stores in India must confine their operations to 53-odd cities with a population over one million, out of some 7935 towns and cities in India. It is expected that these stores will now have full access to over 200 million urban consumers in India;
* multi-brand retailers must have a minimum investment of US$100 million with at least half of the amount invested in back end infrastructure, including cold chains, refrigeration, transportation, packing, sorting and processing to considerably reduce the post harvest losses and bring remunerative prices to farmers;
* the opening of retail competition will be within India's federal structure of government. In other words, the policy is an enabling legal framework for India. The states of India have the prerogative to accept it and implement it, or they can decide to not implement it if they so choose. Actual implementation of policy will be within the parameters of state laws and regulations.

The opening of retail industry to global competition is expected to spur a retail rush to India. It has the potential to transform not only the retailing landscape but also the nation's ailing infrastructure.,<ref name=WSJ1/><ref name=WSJ2/>

A Wall Street Journal article claims that fresh investments in Indian organised retail will generate 10 million new jobs between 2012 and 2014, and about five to six million of them in logistics alone; even though the retail market is being opened to just 53 cities out of about 8000 towns and cities in India.<ref name=WSJ2>{{cite news|title=India Goes Wild Over Wal-Mart|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=29 November 2011|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203802204577066501218085104?mod=googlenews_wsj|first=Sadanand|last=Dhume}}</ref>

===Indian retail reforms on hold===
According to Bloomberg, on 3 December 2011, the Chief Minister of the Indian state of West Bengal, Mamata Banerjee, who is against the policy and whose Trinamool Congress brings 19 votes to the ruling Congress party-led coalition, claimed that India's government may put the FDI retail reforms on hold until it reaches consensus within the ruling coalition. Reuters reports that this risked a possible dilution of the policy rather than a change of heart.,<ref>{{cite news|title=India government puts foreign supermarkets "on pause"|date=4 December 2011|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-retail-idUSTRE7B304G20111204}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India to put foreign supermarket plan on hold|date=3 December 2011|work=The Financial Times|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/df31ab54-1dbc-11e1-9fd4-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1fPDXuO32}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=FDI in retail: Is it another nuclear deal moment?|work=The Economic Times|date=4 December 2011|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/et-debate/fdi-in-retail-is-it-another-nuclear-deal-moment/articleshow/10973796.cms}}</ref>

Several newspapers claimed on 6 December 2011 that India parliament is expected to shelve retail reforms while the ruling Congress party seeks consensus from the opposition and the Congress party's own coalition partners. Suspension of retail reforms on 7 December 2011 would be, the reports claimed, an embarrassing defeat for the Indian government, suggesting it is weak and ineffective in implementing its ideas.<ref>{{cite news|title=India Parliament Expected to Suspend Key Retail Proposal|date=6 December 2011|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204083204577082132742001526|first=Megha|last=Bahree}}</ref>

Anand Sharma, India's Commerce and Industry Minister, after a meeting of all political parties on 7 December 2011 said, "The decision to allow foreign direct investment in retail is suspended till consensus is reached with all stakeholders."<ref name=wsj71211>{{cite news|title=India puts retails reforms on hold|date=7 December 2011|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204903804577083343062468240|first1=Vibhuti|last1=Agarwal|first2=Megha|last2=Bahree}}</ref>

On 19 Feb 2013 Tamil Nadu became the first state in the country to stoutly resist MNC 'invasion' into the domestic retail sector. In Chennai, Tamil Nadu CMDA authorities placed a seal on the massive warehouse spreading across 7 acres that had reportedly been built for one of the world's leading multinational retail giants, Wal-mart.<ref name="deccanchronicle1">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130220/news-current-affairs/article/walmart-warehouse-sealed-chennai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220172152/http://deccanchronicle.com/130220/news-current-affairs/article/walmart-warehouse-sealed-chennai |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 February 2013 |title=Walmart warehouse sealed in Chennai |work=Deccan Chronicle|date=28 February 2013 |access-date=28 February 2013}}</ref>

In February 2014, [[Vasundhara Raje]] led newly elected [[Rajasthan Government]] reversed the earlier Government's decision of allowing FDI in retail in the state. It reasoned that the sources of domestic retail are primarily local whereas international retail affects domestic manufacturing activity and hence reduces employment opportunities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajasthan reverses the Decision to allow FDI in Multi-Brand Retail|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/rajasthan-reverses-the-decision-to-allow-fdi-in-multi-brand-retail/|work=IANS|publisher=Biharprabha News|access-date=1 February 2014}}</ref>

===Single-brand retail reforms approved===
On 11 January 2012, India approved increased competition and innovation in single-brand retail.<ref>{{cite web|title=Government of India, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion, Press Note No.1 (2012 Series)|date=11 January 2012|url=http://dipp.nic.in/English/acts_rules/Press_Notes/pn1_2012.pdf}}</ref>

The reform seeks to attract investments in operations and marketing, improve the availability of goods for the consumer, encourage increased sourcing of goods from India, and enhance competitiveness of Indian enterprises through access to global designs, technologies and management practices. In this announcement, India requires single-brand retailer, with greater than 51% foreign ownership, to source at least 30% of the value of products from Indian small industries, village and cottage industries, artisans and craftsmen.

Mikael Ohlsson, chief executive of IKEA, announced IKEA is postponing its plan to open stores in India. He claimed that IKEA's decision reflects India's requirements that single-brand retailers such as IKEA source 30 percent of their goods from local small and medium-sized companies. This was an obstacle to IKEA's investment in India, and that it will take IKEA some time to source goods and develop reliable supply chains inside India. Ikea announced that it plans to double what it sources from India already for its global product range, to over $1 billion a year, within three years. IKEA in the near term, plans to focus expansion instead in China and Russia, where such restrictions do not exist.<ref name=ft22012012/>

On 19 Feb 2013 Tamil Nadu became the first state in the country to stoutly resist MNC 'invasion' into the domestic retail sector. In Chennai, Tamil Nadu CMDA authorities placed a seal on the massive warehouse spreading across 7 acres that had reportedly been built for one of the world's leading multinational retail giants, Wal-mart.<ref name="deccanchronicle1"/>

Slowly and gradually the domestic retail players like Future Retail, Avenues Supermarket and Aditya Birla Fashion and Retail started flourishing and brought about a massive change in the retail environment in India. These local retailers have been challenging the MNCs trying to foray into the country like Walmart, Carrefour, etc. and making the invasion even more difficult for them.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 8 Retail Companies in India - Which one to Invest in? Comparative Quantitative Analysis|website=[[YouTube]] |date=18 December 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oTRDddESw6g| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/oTRDddESw6g| archive-date=2021-11-14 | url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

On 28 August 2019, Indian union cabinet approved proposals to ease local sourcing norms as applicable to SBRT.<ref>{{cite web|title=FDI norms in SBRT to be eased|date=2 September 2019|url=https://previewtech.net/fdi-single-brand-retail-trade-local-sourcing-2019-2728/amp|access-date=2 September 2019|archive-date=27 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427015803/https://previewtech.net/fdi-single-brand-retail-trade-local-sourcing-2019-2728/amp/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Social impact and controversy with retail reforms==

The November 2011 retail reforms in India have sparked intense activism, both in opposition and in support of the reforms.

=== Controversy over allowing Foreign retailers ===
[[File:KolkataFlowerMarket.JPG|thumb|A horticultural produce retail market in Kolkata, India; produce loss in these retail formats is very high for perishables.]]
Critics of deregulating retail in India are making one or more of the following claims:<ref>{{cite news|title=MIND THE GAP|date=1 December 2011|work=The Telegraph|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111201/jsp/opinion/story_14822569.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914084806/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111201/jsp/opinion/story_14822569.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 September 2012|location=Calcutta, India}}</ref><ref name=g1>{{cite news|title=India needs Supermarkets|work=The Guardian|date=29 December 2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/nov/29/india-needs-foreign-owned-supermarkets|location=London|first=Salil|last=Tripathi}}</ref>
* Independent stores will close, leading to massive job losses. Walmart employs very few people in the United States. If allowed to expand in India as much as Walmart has expanded in the United States, few thousand jobs may be created but millions will be lost.
* Walmart's efficiency at supply chain management leads to direct procurement of goods from the supplier. In addition to eliminating the "middle-man", due to its status as the leading retailer, suppliers of goods are pressured to drop prices in order to assure consistent cash flow.
* The small retailer and the middle man present in the retail industry play a large part in supporting the local economy, since they typically procure goods and services from the area they have their retail shops in. This leads to increased economic activity, and wealth redistribution. With large, efficient retailers, goods are acquired in other regions, hence reducing the local economy.
* Walmart may lower prices to dump goods, get competition out of the way, become a monopoly, then raise prices. It is argued this was the case of the soft drinks industry, where Pepsi and Coca-Cola came in and wiped out all the domestic brands.
* India doesn't need foreign retailers, since homegrown companies and traditional markets have been able to do the job.
* Work will be done by Indians, profits will go to foreigners.
* Like the East India Company, Walmart could enter India as a trader and then take over politically.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}
* There will be sterile homogeneity and Indian cities will look like cities anywhere else.
* The government hasn't built consensus.
* The government claims modern retail will create 4 million new jobs. This cannot be true because Walmart, with over 9000 stores worldwide, has only 2.1 million employees.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fdi-in-retail/story/fdi-in-retail-parliament-upa-bjp-live-blog-123234-2012-12-04|title=FDI in retail, India debate: Parliament of India, December 4, 2012|date=4 December 2012 }}</ref>
* By allowing modern retail there could be more stores in total than Walmart has over the world, it's not unfeasible for 20,000 stores in India which would indeed create more than 4 million jobs. Let's not forget that India has ~3 times the population of the United States.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}
* The Democratic staff of the U.S. House Committee on Education and the Workforce Report- Wal-Mart's low wages and their effect on taxpayers and economic growth.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://democrats.edworkforce.house.gov/sites/democrats.edworkforce.house.gov/files/documents/WalMartReport-May2013.pdf | title=The Low-Wage Drag on Our Economy: Wal-Mart’s low wages and their effect on taxpayers and economic growth | access-date=3 August 2014 | archive-date=19 September 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919104801/http://democrats.edworkforce.house.gov/sites/democrats.edworkforce.house.gov/files/documents/WalMartReport-May2013.pdf | url-status=dead}}</ref>

Supporters claim none of these objections has merit. They claim:<ref name=g1/>
* Organised retail will need workers. Walmart employs 1.4 million people in United States alone.<ref>{{cite web|title=Walmart Fact Sheets|date=November 2011|publisher=Walmart|url=http://walmartstores.com/pressroom/FactSheets/}}</ref> With United States population of about 300 million, and India's population of about 1200 million, if Walmart-like retail companies were to expand in India as much as their presence in the United States, and the staffing level in Indian stores kept at the same level as in the United States stores, Walmart alone would employ 5.6 million Indian citizens. Walmart has a 6.5% market share of the total United States retail. Adjusted for this market share, the expected jobs in future Indian organised retail would total over 85 million. In addition, millions of additional jobs will be created during the building of and the maintenance of retail stores, roads, cold storage centers, software industry, electronic cash registers and other retail supporting organisations. Instead of job losses, retail reforms are likely to be massive boost to Indian job availability.
* KPMG - one of the world's largest audit companies - finds that in China, the employment in both retail and wholesale trade increased from 4% in 1992 to about 7% in 2001, post China opening its retail to foreign and domestic innovation and competition. In absolute terms, China experienced the creation of 26 million new jobs within 9 years, post China announcing FDI retail reforms. Additionally, contrary to some concerns in China, post retail reforms, the number of traditional small retailers also grew by 30% over 5 years.<ref name=kpmg2010a>{{cite journal|title=FDI AND IMPACT ON INDIAN ECONOMY|year=2012|journal=International Journal of Research in IT, Management and Engineering|publisher=IJRIME|url=http://gjmr.org/IJRIME/vol2issue1/3.pdf}}</ref>
* India needs trillions of dollars to build its infrastructure, hospitals, housing and schools for its growing population. The Indian economy is small, with limited surplus capital. The government is already operating on budget deficits. It is simply not possible for Indian investors or the government to fund this expansion, job creation and growth at the rate India needs. Global investment capital through FDI is necessary. Beyond capital, the Indian retail industry needs knowledge and global integration. Global retail leaders, some of which are partly owned by people of Indian origin,<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian retail kings around the world|date=6 December 2011|publisher=Rediff |url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-indian-retail-kings-around-the-world/20111206.htm}}</ref> can bring this knowledge. Global integration can potentially open export markets for Indian farmers and producers. Walmart, for example, expects to source and export some $1 billion worth of goods from India every year, since it came into Indian wholesale retail market.<ref name=St1>{{cite news|title=Walmart Asia to make India an export hub|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=14 April 2010|publisher=Business Standard|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/walmart-asia-to-make-india-an-export-hub/391886/}}</ref>
* Walmart, Carrefour, Tesco, Target, Metro, Coop are some of over 350 global retail companies with annual sales over $1 billion. These retail companies have operated for over 30 years in numerous countries. They have not become monopolies. Competition between Walmart-like retailers has kept [[food prices]] in check. Canada credits their very low inflation rates to Walmart-effect.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Wal-Mart effect: food inflation tame in Canada|date=25 January 2011|work=The Globe and Mail|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/economy-lab/daily-mix/the-wal-mart-effect-food-inflation-tame-in-canada/article1882175/|location=Toronto|first=Tavia|last=Grant}}</ref> Anti-trust laws and state regulations, such as those in Indian legal code, have prevented food monopolies from forming anywhere in the world. Price inflation in these countries has been 5 to 10 times lower than price inflation in India. The current consumer price inflation in Europe and the United States is less than 2%, compared to India's double digit inflation.
* The Pepsi and Coca-Cola example is meaningless in the context of Indian beverage market. More competition is lacking because of limited demand. Indian consumer has limited interest in soft drinks. Soft drinks represent less than 5% of Indian beverage market.<ref>{{cite web|title=For India's Consumers, Pepsi Is the Real Thing|date=16 September 2010|publisher=Bloomberg BusinessWeek|url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/10_39/b4196026887723.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921055632/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/10_39/b4196026887723.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 September 2010}}</ref> Indian consumers prefer milk-based, tea and coffee and these account for 90% of Indian beverage market, with plenty of competing domestic brands and even European brands like Nestlé. The next most important market in India is bottled water, which outsells the combined soft drink sales of the Pepsi and Coca-Cola. Organised retail too will have numerous brands and strong competition.
* Comparing the 21st century to the 18th century is inappropriate. Conditions today are different. India wasn't a democracy then. Global awareness and news media have also changed. For example, China has over 57 million square feet of retail space owned by foreigners, employing millions of Chinese citizens. Yet, China hasn't become a vassal of imperialists, enjoying respect from all global powers. Other Asian countries like Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand and Indonesia see foreign retailers as catalysts of new technology and price reduction; and they have benefited by welcoming FDI in retail. India too will benefit by integrating with the world, rather than isolating itself.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aam bania is more powerful than the aam aadmi|date=4 December 2011|work=The Times of India|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/swaminomics/entry/aam-bania-is-more-powerful-than-the-aam-aadmi}}</ref>
* With 51% FDI limit in multi-brand retailers, nearly half of any profits will remain in India. Any profits will be subject to taxes, and such taxes will reduce Indian government budget deficit. Many years ago, China adopted the retail reform policy India has announced; allowing FDI in its retail sector. FDI-financed retailers in China took between 5 and 10 years to post profits, in large part because of huge investments initially made. Like China, it is unlikely foreign retailers will earn any profits in India for the first 5 to 10 years.<ref name=TEnmr/> Ultimately, retail companies must earn profits by creating value.
* States have a right to say no to retail FDI within their jurisdiction.<ref name=fdiCM1/> States have the right to add restrictions to the retail policy announced before they implement them. Thus, they can place limits on number, market share, style, diversity, homogeneity and other factors to suit their cultural preferences. Finally, in future, states can always introduce regulations and India can change the law to ensure the benefits of retail reforms reach the poorest and weakest segments of Indian society, free and fair retail competition does indeed lead to sharply lower inflation than current levels, small farmers get better prices, jobs created by organised retail pay well, and healthier food becomes available to more households.
* Inbuilt inefficiencies and wastage in distribution and storage account for why, according to some estimates, as much as 40% of food production doesn't reach consumers. Fifty million children in India are malnourished.<ref name=g1/> Food often rots in farms, in transit, or in antiquated state-run warehouses. Cost-conscious organised retail companies will avoid waste and loss, making food available to the weakest and poorest segment of Indian society, while increasing the income of small farmers. Walmart, for example, since its arrival in Indian wholesale retail market, has successfully introduced the "Direct Farm Project" at Haider Nagar near Malerkotla in Punjab, where 110 farmers have been connected with Bharti Walmart for sourcing fresh vegetables directly, thereby reducing waste and bringing fresher produce to Indian consumers.<ref name=St1/>
* Indian small shops employ workers without proper contracts, making them work long hours. Many unorganised small shops depend on child labour. A well-regulated retail sector will help curtail some of these abuses.<ref name=g1/>
* Organised retail has enabled a wide range of companies to start and flourish in other countries. For example, in the United States, retailer Whole Foods has rapidly grown to annual revenues of $9 billion by working closely with farmers, delighting customers and caring about the communities it has stores in.<ref>{{cite web|title=Whole Foods annual report, FY 2010|year=2011|publisher=Whole Foods|url=http://www.wholefoodsmarket.com/company/pdfs/ar10.pdf|access-date=4 December 2011|archive-date=11 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111171013/http://www.wholefoodsmarket.com/company/pdfs/ar10.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The claims that there is no consensus is without merit. About 10 years ago, when opposition formed the central government, they had proposed retail reforms and suggested India consider FDI in retail. Retail reforms discussions are not new. More recently, retail reforms announced evolved after a process of intense consultations and consensus building initiative. In 2010, the Indian government circulated a discussion paper on FDI retail reforms.<ref name=kpmg2010a/> On 6 July 2011, another version of the discussion paper was circulated by the central government of India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Commerce Minister Anand Sharma speaks to NDTV on FDI|date=2 December 2011|publisher=NDTV|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/full-transcript-commerce-minister-anand-sharma-speaks-to-ndtv-on-fdi-154829}}</ref> Comments from a wide cross-section of Indian society including farmers' associations, industry bodies, consumer forums, academics, traders' associations, investors, economists were analysed in depth before the matter was discussed by the Committee of Secretaries. By early August 2011, the consensus from various segments of Indian society was overwhelming in favour of retail reforms.<ref>{{cite web|title=Discussion Paper on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Multi-Brand Trading|date=2 August 2011|publisher=Indian Venture Capital and Private Equity Association|url=http://dipp.gov.in/English/Discuss_paper/FeedBack_IVCA_02August2010.pdf}}</ref> The reform outline was presented in India's Rajya Sabha in August 2011. The announced reforms are the result of this consensus process. The current opposition is not helping the consensus process, since consensus is not built by threats and disruption. Those who oppose current retail reforms should help build consensus with ideas and proposals. The opposition parties currently disrupting the Indian parliament on retail reforms have not offered even one idea or a single proposal on how India can eliminate food spoilage, reduce inflation, improve food security, feed the poor, improve the incomes of small farmers.
* A study by Global Insights research found that modern retailers such as Walmart create jobs directly, indirectly and by induced effects. In Dallas-Fort Worth area of the United States, with a population of about 2 million people, Global Insights found that Walmart alone had helped create about 6,300 new net jobs with an average salary of over $21,000 each.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Economic Impact of WalMart|author=Global Insights|url=http://ww2.siouxfalls.org/~/media/Documents/mayor/boards-commissions/planning-comm/11-03-05_walmart.pdf}}</ref> For India's urban population of over 400 million, an average salary of less than $2,100 per year, this scales to over 12 million new jobs. Other multi-brand retailers, such as [[Mitsukoshi]] of Japan, employ a much higher number of sales support employee per store, than Walmart, to suit local consumer culture. The Global Insights study also found that the modern retail such as Walmart were a key contributor in creating new net jobs and maintaining low consumer price inflation rates from 1985 to 2005.

===Opposition to retail reforms===

Within a week of retail reform announcement, Indian government has faced a political backlash against its decision to allow competition and 51% ownership of multi-brand organised retail in India.

Despite the fact that Salman Khurshid, India's law minister, claiming that many opposition parties, including the Bharatiya Janata Party, had privately encouraged the government to push through the retail reform, the intense criticism now targets Congress-led coalition government, and its decision to push through one of the biggest economic reforms in years for India. Opposition parties claim supermarket chains are ill-advised, unilateral and unwelcome.<ref name=ft2011a>{{cite web | title = Backlash grows over reform of Indian retail | publisher = The Financial Express | date=27 November 2011 | url = http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/a472da16-1915-11e1-92d8-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1f9REvyF2}}</ref>

The opposition claims the entry of organised retailers would lead to their dominance that would decimate local retailers and force millions of people out of work.

Mamata Banerjee, the chief minister of West Bengal and the leader of the Trinamool Congress, announced her opposition to retail reform, claiming "Some people might support it, but I do not support it. You see America is America … and India is India. One has to see what one’s capacity is".<ref>{{cite web | title = Revolt escalates against Indian retail reform | publisher = The Financial Express | date=27 November 2011 | url = http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/ece5bd6a-19cc-11e1-ba5d-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1f9REvyF2}}</ref>

Other states whose Chief Ministers have either personally announced opposition or announced reluctance to implement the retail reforms: Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh.

Chief Ministers of many states have not made a personal statement in opposition or support of India needing retail reforms. Gujarat, Kerala, Karnataka and Rajasthan are examples of these states. Both sides have made conflicting claims about the position of chief ministers from these states.

A Wall Street Journal article reports that in Uttar Pradesh, Uma Bharti, a senior leader of the opposition Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), threatened to "set fire to the first Wal-Mart store whenever it opens;" with her colleague Sushma Swaraj busy tweeting up a storm of misinformation about how Wal-Mart allegedly ruined the U.S. economy.<ref name=wsj2011a>{{cite news|title=India goes wild over Wal-Mart|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=29 November 2011|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203802204577066501218085104?mod=googlenews_wsj|first=Sadanand|last=Dhume}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/2013/08/24/walmart_still_scheming_to_force_its_shoddy_goods_on_the_underclass_partner/|title=Wal-Mart's newest scheme to ruin the middle class|date=24 August 2013 }}</ref>

On 1 December 2011, an India-wide "bandh" (close all business in protest) was called by political parties opposing the retail reform. While many organisations responded, the reach of the protest was mixed.<ref>{{cite web|title=FDI: Bandh call gets mixed response|date=2 December 2011|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/fdi-bandh-call-gets-mixed-response/883054/}}</ref> [[The Times of India]], a national newspaper of India, claimed people appeared divided over the bandh call and internal rivalry among trade associations led to a mixed response, leaving many stores open day-long and others opening for business as usual in the second half of the day. Even Purti Group, a network of stores owned and operated by Nitin Gadkari were open for business, ignoring the call for bandh. Gadkari is the president of BJP, the key party currently organising opposition to retail reform.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gadkari's own chain remains open for biz|date=2 December 2011|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Gadkaris-own-chain-remains-open-for-biz/articleshow/10951946.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721205634/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-02/nagpur/30466966_1_wholesale-markets-fdi-law-small-shops|url-status=live|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=21 July 2012}}</ref>

[[The Hindu]], another widely circulated newspaper in India, claimed the opposition's call for a nationwide shutdown on 1 December 2011, in protest of retail reform received a mixed response. Some states had strong support, while most did not. Even in states where opposition political parties are in power, many ignored the call for the shutdown. In Gujarat, Bihar, Delhi, Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab and Assam the call evoked a partial response. While a number of wholesale markets observed the shutdown, the newspaper claimed a majority of kirana stores and neighborhood small shops – for whom apparently the trade bandh had been called – remained open, ignoring the shutdown call. Conflicting claims were made by the organisers of the nationwide shutdown. Contrary to eyewitness reports, one Trader union's secretary general claimed traders across the country participated wholeheartedly in the strike.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wholesale markets remain closed, kirana stores ignore bandh call|date=1 December 2011|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2677114.ece|location=Chennai, India|first=Sujay|last=Mehdudia}}</ref>

The political parties opposing the retail reforms physically disrupted and forced India's parliament to adjourn again on Friday 2 December 2011. The Indian government refused to cave in, in its attempt to convince through dialogue that retail reforms are necessary to protect the farmers and consumers. Indian parliament has been dysfunctional for the entire week of 28 November 2011 over the opposition to retail reforms.<ref>{{cite news|title=India: A parliament in limbo|date=2 December 2011|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-15998053}}</ref>

===Support for retail reforms===

In a pan-Indian survey conducted over the weekend of 3 December 2011, overwhelming majority of consumers and farmers in and around ten major cities across the country support the retail reforms. Over 90 per cent of consumers said FDI in retail will bring down prices and offer a wider choice of goods. Nearly 78 per cent of farmers said they will get better prices for their produce from multi-format stores. Over 75 per cent of the traders claimed their marketing resources will continue to be needed to push sales through multiple channels, but they may have to accept lower margins for greater volumes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Farmers and consumers favour FDI in retail|date=4 December 2011|publisher=ASSOCHAM|url=http://www.assocham.org/prels/shownews.php?id=3205|access-date=4 December 2011|archive-date=4 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204040621/http://www.assocham.org/prels/shownews.php?id=3205|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A study in India on title 'Foreign Direct Investment In Indian Retail Sector: Drawing lessons from the international experience', concluded that the entry of FDI in multi brand retail in India can be growth enhancing only if proper safeguards are in place and the market environment is regulated. Firstly, the resources should be dedicated for a comprehensive study of retail and its related industries. Secondly, the number of big retail outlets in a particular city should be decided on the basis of population criterion and the employment level of local youth in the retail business. Thirdly, the format of these retail chains should also be regulated as is done in Malaysian case. They should not be in the form of neighborhood convenience store and there should be minimum and maximum limit of the size of these stores. Fourthly, it is important to ensure that no single retailer monopolizes the procurement operations in an area, district or state in order to protect the local suppliers. Lastly, the predatory pricing and the anti competitive practices of these
international retailers should be prohibited in order to create a playing field for local retailers [http://ijtemt.org/vol2issue5/Foreign_Direct_Investment.html SOURCE].<ref>Verma, N., 'Foreign Direct Investment In Indian Retail Sector: Drawing lessons from the international experience', International Journal of Trends in Economics Management & Technology (IJTEMT); {{ISSN|2321-5518}}; ICV: 6.14., Impact Factor: 1.41 pp 13-20</ref>

====Farmer groups====
[[File:2010 Vegetable Shop ChinnaDharapuram , India.JPG|thumb|A vegetable shop in rural India]]
Various farmer associations in India have announced their support for the retail reforms. For example:
* Shriram Gadhve of All India Vegetable Growers Association (AIVGA) claims his organisation supports retail reform. He claimed that currently, it is the middlemen commission agents who benefit at the cost of farmers. He urged that the retail reform must focus on rural areas and that farmers receive benefits. Gadhve claimed, "A better cold storage would help since this could help prevent the existing loss of 34% of fruits and vegetables due to inefficient systems in place." AIVGA operates in nine states including Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Punjab and Haryana with 2,200 farmer outfits as its members.<ref name=fe12a>{{cite web|title=Farmer Organisations back retail FDI|date=2 December 2011|publisher=The Financial Express|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/farmer-organisations-back-retail-fdi/883179/0}}</ref>
* Bharat Krishak Samaj, a farmer association with more than 75,000 members says it supports retail reform. Ajay Vir Jakhar, the chairman of Bharat Krishak Samaj, claimed a monopoly exists between the private guilds of middlemen, commission agents at the sabzi mandis (India's wholesale markets for vegetables and farm produce) and the small shopkeepers in the unorganised retail market. Given the perishable nature of food like fruit and vegetables, without the option of safe and reliable cold storage, the farmer is compelled to sell his crop at whatever price he can get. He cannot wait for a better price and is thus exploited by the current monopoly of middlemen. Jakhar asked that the government make it mandatory for organised retailers to buy 75% of their produce directly from farmers, bypassing the middlemen monopoly and India's sabzi mandi auction system.<ref name=fe12a/>
* Consortium of Indian Farmers Associations (CIFA) announced its support for retail reform. Chengal Reddy, secretary general of CIFA claimed retail reform could do lots for Indian farmers. Reddy commented, "India has 600 million farmers, 1,200 million consumers and 5 million traders. I fail to understand why political parties are taking an anti-farmer stand and worried about half a million brokers and small shopkeepers". CIFA mainly operates in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu; but has a growing members from rest of India, including Shetkari Sanghatana in Maharashtra, Rajasthan Kisan Union and Himachal Farmer Organisations.
* Prakash Thakur, the chairman of the People for Environment Horticulture & Livelihood of Himachal Pradesh, announcing his support for retail reforms claimed FDI is expected to roll out produce storage centers that will increase market access, reduce the number of middlemen and enhance returns to farmers.<ref name=TT212>{{cite news|title=Enter, farmer with an FDI in retail query|date=2 December 2011|work=The Telegraph|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111130/jsp/frontpage/story_14817722.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204045937/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111130/jsp/frontpage/story_14817722.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 February 2013|location=Calcutta, India|first=R.|last=Suryamurthy}}</ref> Highly perishable fruits like cherry, apricot, peaches and plums have a huge demand but are unable to tap the market fully because of lack of cold storage and transport infrastructure. Sales will boost with the opening up of retail. Even though India is the second-largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world, its storage infrastructure is grossly inadequate, claimed Thakur.
* Sharad Joshi, founder of Shetkari Sangathana (farmers association), has announced his support for retail reforms.<ref>{{cite news|title=FDI in retail is first major step towards reforms in agriculture, feels Sharad Joshi|date=2 December 2011|work=The Economic Times|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/interviews/fdi-in-retail-is-first-major-step-towards-reforms-in-agriculture-feels-sharad-joshi/articleshow/10951374.cms}}</ref> Joshi claims FDI will help the farm sector improve critical infrastructure and integrate farmer-consumer relationship. Today, the existing retail has not been able to supply fresh vegetables to the consumers because they have not invested in the backward integration. When the farmers' produce reaches the end consumer directly, the farmers will naturally be benefited. Joshi feels retail reform is just a first step of needed agricultural reforms in India, and that the government should pursue additional reforms.

Suryamurthy, in an article in [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]], claims farmer groups across India do not support status quo and seek retail reforms, because with the current retail system the farmer is being exploited. For example, the article claims:<ref name=TT212/>
* Indian farmers get only one third of the price consumers pay for food staples, the rest is taken as commissions and markups by middlemen and shopkeepers
* For perishable horticulture produce, average price farmers receive is barely 12 to 15% of the final price consumer pays
* Indian potato farmers sell their crop for Rs. 2 to 3 a kilogram, while the Indian consumer buys the same potato for Rs. 12 to 20 a kilogram.<ref>{{cite web|title=Major Benefits of FDI in Retail|date=30 November 2011|publisher=The Reformist India|url=http://reformistindia.in/2011/11/30/ten-benefits-of-fdi-in-retail-farmers-consumers-kirana/}}</ref>

====Economists and entrepreneurs====
Many business groups in India are welcoming the transformation of a long-protected sector that has left Indian shoppers bereft of the scale and variety of their counterparts in more developed markets.<ref name=ft2011a/>

B. Muthuraman, the president of the Confederation of Indian Industry, claimed the retail reform would open enormous opportunities and lead to much-needed investment in cold chain, warehousing and contract farming.

Organised retailers will reduce waste by improving logistics, creating cold storage to prevent food spoilage, improve hygiene and product safety, reduce counterfeit trade and tax evasion on expensive item purchases, and create dependable supply chains for secure supply of food staples, fruits and vegetables. They will increase choice and reduce India's rampant inflation by reducing waste, spoilage and cutting out middlemen. Fresh investment in organised retail, the supporters of retail reform claim will generate 10 million new jobs by 2014, about five to six million of them in logistics alone.<ref name=wsj2011a/>To address these infrastructure gaps, some Indian retailers have adopted vertical SaaS platforms for inventory optimization; for example, platforms like [[Increff]] provide automated merchandising and supply chain solutions aimed at reducing stockouts.<ref>{{cite news |date=2024-05-10 |title=How retail tech is solving India's inventory problem |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-how-retail-tech-is-solving-indias-inventory-problem-2465789/ |access-date=2026-03-05 |work=The Financial Express}}</ref>

Organised retail will offer the small Indian farmer more competing venues to sell his or her products, and increase income from less spoilage and waste. A Food and Agricultural Organisation report claims that currently, in India, the small farmer faces significant losses post-harvest at the farm and because of poor roads, inadequate storage technologies, inefficient supply chains and farmer's inability to bring the produce into retail markets dominated by small shopkeepers. These experts claim India's post-harvest losses to exceed 25%, on average, every year for each farmer.,<ref name=FAORice1>{{cite web|title=Sustainable rice production for food security|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|year=2003|url=http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/006/Y4751E/y4751e00.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Opportunities for Food Industry in India|publisher=Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|author=Shah and Venkatesh|year=2009|url=http://www.ircc.iitb.ac.in/~webadm/update/archives/Issue1_2004/focus.html|access-date=30 November 2011|archive-date=2 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202030117/http://www.ircc.iitb.ac.in/~webadm/update/archives/Issue1_2004/focus.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Unlike the current monopoly of middlemen buyer, retail reforms offer farmers access to more buyers from organised retail. More buyers will compete for farmers produce leading to better support for farmers and to better bids. With less spoilage of staples and agricultural produce, global retail companies can find and provide additional markets to Indian farmers. [[Walmart]], since its arrival in India's wholesale retail market, already sources and exports about $1 billion worth of Indian goods for its global customers.

Not only do these losses reduce food security in India, the study claims that poor farmers and others lose income because of the waste and inefficient retail. Over US$50 billion of additional income can become available to Indian farmers by preventing post-harvest farm losses, improving transport, proper storage and retail. Organised retail is also expected to initiate infrastructure development creating millions of rural and urban jobs for India's growing population. One study claims that if these post-harvest food staple losses could be eliminated with better infrastructure and retail network in India, enough food would be saved every year to feed 70 to 100 million people over the year.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Economic Analysis of Post-harvest Losses in Food Grains in India: A Case Study of Karnataka|author=H. Basavaraja|journal=Agricultural Economics Research Review|volume=20|pages=117–126|url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/47429/2/8.pdf|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

Supporters of retail reform, The Economist claims, say it will increase competition and quality while reducing prices helping to reduce India's rampant inflation that is close to the double digits. These supporters claim that unorganised small shopkeepers will continue to exist alongside large organised supermarkets, because for many Indians they will remain the most accessible and most convenient place to shop.<ref>{{cite news|title=India: Wholesale Reform|newspaper=The Economist|date=25 November 2011|url=https://www.economist.com/schumpeter/2011/11/25/wholesale-reform}}</ref>

The Indian retail sector is predominantly served by 12 million traditional stores often called [[Kirana stores]]. They can be further classified into mom & pop stores, convenience stores, speciality stores, small super market etc.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Technology influence in indian retail sector | url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/26398/8/08_chapter3.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516205812/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/26398/8/08_chapter3.pdf | archive-date=16 May 2018 | access-date=14 April 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> These traditionally managed stores are largely unorganised and fragmented in nature unable to be tracked efficiently. The technology adoption is largely limited. This is making them vulnerable to changing tech savvy consumer preferences.
Demonetisation has forced for good to embrace digital payment technology by them. New age payment companies like Gpay, phonepe, Bhim UPI have leveraged technology for the ease of small payments. Introduction of [[Goods & service tax GST]] in the year 01/07/2017 is pressing the need for technology enablement for these small businesses. The converge of affordable technology from [[POS industry]], cloud infrastructure, mobile platforms and low cost bandwidth is largely fuelling the adoption of technology by small retailers. Entrepreneurs are building highly affordable technology products which are likely to bridge the digital divide between [[online and offline retail]].

[[Amartya Sen]], the Indian-born Nobel Prize–winning economist, in a December 2011 interview claims foreign direct investment in multi brand retail can be good thing or bad thing, depending on the nature of the investment. Quite often, claims Professor Sen, FDI is a good thing for India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Full Transcript: Your call with Professor Amartya Sen and Professor Jean Dreze|date=18 December 2011|publisher=NDTV|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/full-transcript-i-your-call-i-with-professor-amartya-sen-and-professor-jean-dreze-158785}}</ref>

====Allowed in some states, banned in others====

The governments of some states, particularly Congress-ruled states, have said they will allow foreign supermarkets to open in their state. [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Delhi]],<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-government-cant-denotify-fdi-in-retail-says-centre/article5598559.ece|title=Delhi government can't de-notify FDI in retail, says Centre|last=Mehra|first=Puja|work=The Hindu|date=20 January 2014 }}</ref> [[Haryana]], [[Kashmir]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Manipur]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Daman & Diu]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]], will allow foreign retailers.<ref name="ciol.com"/>

Other states have said they will not allow foreign supermarkets to open in their state. These include [[West Bengal]],<ref name="blogs.hindustantimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/proto-indian/?p=116 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002001638/http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/proto-indian/?p=116 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 October 2012 |title=FDI in retail can do for the Congress what land reforms did for the Left in West Bengal : Proto Indian |publisher=Blogs.hindustantimes.com |date=30 September 2012 |access-date=28 February 2013}}</ref> [[Gujarat]],<ref name="blogs.hindustantimes.com"/> [[Bihar]], [[Kerala]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Tripura]], and [[Orissa, India|Orissa]],<ref name="ciol.com"/> and [[Rajasthan]].

Supporters of retail reform who have voiced the need to promote organised retail include Chief Ministers of several states of India, several belonging to political parties that have no affiliation with Congress-led central government of India. The list includes the Chief Ministers of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat. In a report submitted earlier in 2011, these Chief Ministers urged the Prime Minister to prioritize reforms to help promote organised retail, shorten the retail path from farm to consumer, allow organised retail to buy direct from farmers at remunerative produce prices, and reduce farm to retail costs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Modi-led panel of CMs had suggested organised retail in report to PM|date=1 December 2011|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Modi-led-panel-of-CMs-had-suggested-organized-retail-in-report-to-PM/articleshow/10937005.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716084511/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-01/india/30462521_1_contract-farming-farmers-and-consumers-direct-marketing|url-status=live|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> Similarly, the Chief Minister of [[Delhi]] has come out in support of the retail reform,<ref>{{cite web|title=Sheila Dikshit Backs FDI in Retail|publisher=Outlook India|date=30 November 2011|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=743036|access-date=1 December 2011|archive-date=14 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614062633/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=743036|url-status=dead}}</ref> as have the Chief Ministers of the two farming states of [[Haryana]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] in north India.,<ref>{{cite web|title=Haryana CM Hooda hails FDI in retail|publisher=Newstrack India|date=30 November 2011|url=http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/252488}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Government defends FDI in retail Industry, Shiromani Akali Dal hails reform|date=30 November 2011|work=The Tribune|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20111126/main1.htm}}</ref> The Chief Ministers of Haryana and Punjab claim that the announced retail reforms will never benefit farmers in their states.

The Chief Minister of the state of [[Maharashtra]] - the state with the biggest GDP in India and home to its financial capital Mumbai - has also welcomed the retail reform.,<ref>{{cite web|title=5 States are game for FDI in retail, says Sharma|date=26 November 2011|publisher=The Hindu Business Line|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/article2663061.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=After support from five states, govt's hopes high|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=27 November 2011|publisher=Business Standard|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/after-supportfive-states-govts-hopes-high/456775/}}</ref>

Tarun Gogoi, the Chief Minister of [[Assam]], an eastern state in India, announcing his support to the retail reform, claimed "this will go a long way in bringing about a change in [[rural economics|rural economy]]. The decision will boost agriculture and allied sectors, manufacturing, logistics, integrated cold chains, refrigerated transportation and food processing facilities in a big way." Criticising the BJP-organised opposition, Gogoi claimed that these parties who had just a few years ago dubbed opening up retail as good for India, are now singing a different tune.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gogoi supports Centre on FDI issue|date=1 December 2011|publisher=Zee News|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/gogoi-supports-centre-on-fdi-issue_744869.html}}</ref>

===== 2013 state Elections =====

In December 2013, elections were held in the state of Delhi and a new party came to power.<ref>[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]]</ref> The new [[chief minister]] of Delhi opposed foreign investment in retail and has written to the federal government to withdraw permission given by the previous chief minister to allow foreign retailers to open shops in the state.<ref name="thehindu.com"/> The federal Industry Ministry has responded by saying it does not want foreign investors to think of India as an "unpredictable banana republic" therefore the rules are such that once a state government allows foreign retailers in that state, they cannot dis-allow the foreign shops if a new party comes to power in that state.<ref name="thehindu.com"/>

====Current supermarkets====
Existing Indian retail firms such as Spencer's, Foodworld Supermarkets Ltd, Nilgiri's and ShopRite support retail reform and consider international competition as a blessing in disguise. They expect a flurry of joint ventures with global majors for expansion capital and opportunity to gain expertise in supply chain management. Spencer's Retail with 200 stores in India, and with retail of fresh vegetables and fruits accounting for 55 percent of its business claims retail reform to be a win-win situation, as they already procure the farm products directly from the growers the involvement of middlemen or traders. Spencer's claims that there is scope for it to expand its footprint in terms of store location as well as procuring farm products. Foodworld, which operates over 60 stores, plans to ramp up its presence to more than 200 locations. It has already tied up with Hong Kong-based Dairy Farm International. With the relaxation in international investments in Indian retail, India's Foodworld expects its global relationship will only get stronger. Competition and investment in retail will provide more benefits to consumers through lower prices, wider availability and significant improvement in supply chain logistics.<ref>{{cite web|title=Retailers upbeat on Centre's FDI move|publisher=India Today|date=30 November 2011|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/india/story/retailers-upbeat-on-the-fdi-move-of-the-centre-147306-2011-11-29}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col}}
* [[Roads in India]]
* [[Agriculture in India]]
* [[Expressways of India]]
* [[Fishing in India]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.economist.com/leaders/2011/12/03/let-walmart-in The Economist December 2011 issue - Reform in India: Let Walmart in]
* [http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/374a3070-1cd9-11e1-a134-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1fPDXuO32 The Financial Times: How to open up India’s economy (2 December 2011)]
* [http://www.in.kpmg.com/TL_Files/Pictures/Indian_Retail_Mar09.pdf Report on Indian Retail, KPMG 2009]
* [http://www.retailangle.com/documents/The_Great_Indian_Retail_Story.pdf The Great Indian Retail Story - An Ernst & Young Report, 2007]
* [http://www.ey.com/IN/en/Industries/India-sectors/Retail---Wholesale/Retail_Expected-impact-of-FDI-in-Retail 2011 Retail Reform Commentary: Expected impact of FDI in Retail – Ernst & Young India Viewpoint]
* [http://www.businessworld.in/businessworld/businessworld/content/Old-Kings-And-New.html The Old Kings... And The New: Indian retail industry is evolving. A report that lists some of the evolution over last 20 years.]
* {{Cite web | title=Business Strategy: India Retail Industry and IT Trends - AP9140604T | url=http://www.idc-ri.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=AP9140604T | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216132233/http://www.idc-ri.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=AP9140604T | access-date=2025-02-22 | archive-date=2012-02-16}}
* [http://www.dinodiacapital.com/pdfs/FDI%20in%20Multi%20Brand%20Retail%20Trade%20-%20The%20Journey,%20September%202012.pdf FDI in Multi Brand Retail Trade - The Journey, September 2012 - Dinodia Capital Advisors]
* [http://ijtemt.org/vol2issue5/Foreign_Direct_Investment.html Foreign Direct Investment In Indian Retail Sector: Drawing lessons from the international experience, October 2013 - IJTEMT]

{{Economy of India}}

[[Category:Retailing in India| ]]

Samrat Ashoka

2026-03-05T02:45:31Z

ErinChamberlin3: expanded article to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Samrat Ashoka
| image = Samrat Ashoka (1992 film).jpg
| caption = DVD Cover
| director = [[N. T. Rama Rao]]
| producer = N. T. Rama Rao
| writer = Netyam Ratan Babu {{small|(dialogues)}}
| screenplay = N. T. Rama Rao
| starring = N. T. Rama Rao [[Vani Viswanath]]
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| cinematography = Nandamuri Mohan Krishna
| editing = N. T. Rama Rao
| based_on = Life of ''[[Ashoka]]''
| studio = [[Ramakrishna Studios|Ramakrishna Horticultural Cine Studios]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0259549/ |title=Samrat Ashoka (Overview) |work=IMDb |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=10 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610211103/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0259549/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992|5|28}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://spicyonion.com/title/samrat-ashok-telugu-movie/ |title=Samrat Ashoka (Preview) |work=Spicy Onion |access-date=6 January 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107060931/https://spicyonion.com/title/samrat-ashok-telugu-movie/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
| runtime = 135 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Samrat Ashoka''''' is a 1992 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[historical drama]] film written, produced and directed by [[N. T. Rama Rao]] under his [[Ramakrishna Studios|Ramakrishna Horticultural Cine Studios]] banner.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://telugumoviepedia.com/movie/cast/1458/samrat-ashok-cast.html |title=Samrat Ashoka (Banner) |work=Chitr.com |access-date=6 January 2018 |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717220347/https://telugumoviepedia.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmiclub.com/movie/samrat-ashok-1992-telugu-movie |title=Samrat Ashoka (Director) |work=Filmiclub |access-date=6 January 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107061113/http://www.filmiclub.com/movie/samrat-ashok-1992-telugu-movie |url-status=live }}</ref> The film stars Rama Rao in the title role, alongside [[Vani Viswanath]], [[Mohan Babu]], [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]], [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]], and [[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/samrat-ashok-movie/18089 |title=Samrat Ashoka (Cast & Crew) |work=gomolo.com |access-date=6 January 2018 |archive-date=19 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019080932/http://www.gomolo.com/samrat-ashok-movie/18089 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.knowyourfilms.com/film/Samrat-Ashok/6042 |title=Samrat Ashoka (Music) |work=Know Your Films |access-date=6 January 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107062407/http://www.knowyourfilms.com/film/Samrat-Ashok/6042 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/7235?ed=Tolly |title=Samrat Ashoka (Review) |work=The Cine Bay |access-date=6 January 2018 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414105429/https://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/7235?ed=Tolly |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite its grandeur and historical subject, the film was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-27 |title=ఆఖరి రోజు ఏడిపించేసిన ఎన్టీఆర్ - 'మేజర్ చంద్రకాంత్' చిత్రయూనిట్ భావోద్వేగపు వీడ్కోలు |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/cinema/intresting-facts-about-senior-ntr-last-movie-major-chandrakanth-95103 |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=[[ABP Desam]] |language=te}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film is based on the life of the 3rd Mauryan Indian emperor [[Ashoka]]. It begins in Ujjain, ruled by King Rayani Rachamallu, who unwillingly performs his daughter Tishya Raksha's nuptial. Just before, Emperor Ashoka abducted the bride. Rachamallu could not abide it for association with the enslaved class. So, he ploys to assassinate Ashoka via Tishya. On the verge, Tishya detects him as the same stranger she crushed and spins back.

Once on his hunt, Emperor [[Bindusara]] spots & wedlocks Sage Kaushila's daughter Subhadrangi / Dharma and is blessed with Ashoka. However, she is hounded and classed as the underdog by her fellow wives. Plus, Ashoka's 100 siblings mock & torment him, which Dharma countenances and quits. Here, the aura of fear-defying scholar [[Chanakya]] guides her, stating Ashoka was born to succeed in his aim to unite the country under a reign. According to his mandate, Dharma raises Ashoka in a mystical cave, molding him as a gallant. Ashoka is powerless to resist the captivity and unbound like a roaring lion. Amid this, he secures Tishya from the tiger when they endear. Simultaneously, satrap Malavasimha Rudradeva binds Bindusara by the rebellion. At that point, Ashoka encounters and blames his father. Then, as remorseful, he discerns him as only one fit as Emperor and bestows him with the hierarchical sword ''Karthikeyam'' of [[Chandragupta Maurya]]. Ashoka beats Malavasimha in a duo war, who bows down and befits as his staunch. Tragically, Bindusara dies when imperialist Ashoka becomes bloodthirsty and callously decapitates all his kins. Listening to it, Tishya wholeheartedly accepts him.

Parallelly, an infuriated Rachamallu conspires with Raja Anantha Padmanabha, the Emperor of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], and fans the flames against Ashoka. Ergo, he imparts an ultimatum when an outraged Ashoka declares the war as a last step for his sovereignty. Besides, Chanakya's aura peacefully mingles in the universe. En route, Buddhist monks oppose Ashoka about his sanguinary, which he deaf ears and moves on by butchering them.

Meanwhile, Rachamallu plots to backstab him, but Tishya shields her husband by self-sacrifice. The battle erupts, which ends victoriously with the massacre. The same night, Ashoka walks into the theatre of war and takes a bloodbath, losing his men, including Malavasimha. Here, he views a blind old lady, Kartruni, who is searching for her son's corpse. Since he is a stranger to her, she seeks a favor to kill Ashoka. Here, guilt-ridden Ashoka accords his sword to Kartruni, revealing his identity when she self-sacrifices it as a curse to him. At last, Ashoka throws the sword after soul-searching and enlightens by embracing Buddhism with a proclamation that ''Non-Violence is the Supreme Piety.'' Finally, the movie ends Ashoka's Wheel of Piety, flying colors on our ''National Flag.''

==Cast==
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as [[Ashoka]] & [[Chanakya]] (Dual role)
*[[Vani Viswanath]] as Tishya Raksha
*[[Mohan Babu]] as Malavasimha Rudradeva
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Bouddha Parivrajaka
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Rayani Rachamallu
*[[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]] as [[Bindusara]]
*[[Ramakrishna (Telugu actor)|Ramakrishna]] as Raja Anantha Padmanabha
*[[Kantha Rao]]
* [[Dhulipala Seetarama Sastry|Dhulipala]] as Ujjayini Mahamantri
*Ratan Babu as Preggada
*Malladi as Sage Kaushila
*[[Bhanumathi Ramakrishna]] as Kartruni
*[[B. Saroja Devi]] as Karmani
*[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Subhadrangi / Dharma

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Samrat Ashoka
| type = film
| artist = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1992
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 14:15
| label = LEO Audio
| producer = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music for the film was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and the lyrics were written by [[C. Narayana Reddy]]. Audio soundtrack was released on LEO Audio label.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"O Ramo Rama"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
|4:26
|-
|2
|"Kinchith Kinchith"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
|5:24
|-
|3
|"Anuraginiga"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
|4:25
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Works about Ashoka]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films directed by N. T. Rama Rao]]
[[Category:1990s biographical drama films]]
[[Category:1990s historical drama films]]
[[Category:1992 Telugu-language films]]
{{1990s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Odeya (film)

2026-03-03T21:30:46Z

ErinChamberlin3: adding a details initial version

{{short description|2019 film directed by M. D. Sridhar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Odeya
| image = Odeya poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[M. D. Sridhar]]
| producer = N Sandesh
| screenplay = M. D. Sridhar
| story = [[Siva (director)|Siva]]
| based_on = ''[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]'' (Tamil)
| starring = {{ubl|[[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]]|Sanah Thimmayyah|[[Devaraj]]|[[P. Ravi Shankar]]}}
| narrator =
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cinematography = A. V. Krishna Kumar
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| studio = Sandesh Production
| distributor = Sandesh Distribution
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|12|12|[[India]]}}
| runtime = 164 minutes<ref>{{cite news |title=ODEYA MOVIE REVIEW|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/odeya/movie-review/72489999.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=12 December 2019}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Odeya''''' ({{translation|Owner}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action comedy film]] written and directed by [[M. D. Sridhar]], and produced by Sandesh Nagaraj through the production studio Sandesh Combines. The film stars [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]], debutante Sanah Thimmayyah,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-sanah-thimmayyah-debuting-with-a-big-production-house-and-an-experienced-cast-is-a-big-task/articleshow/71923118.cms|title=Exclusive! Sanah Thimmayyah: Debuting with a big production house and an experienced cast is a big task.|website=The Times of India|date=2019-11-05|access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref> [[Devaraj]] and [[P. Ravi Shankar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/challenging-star-darshan-odeya-movie-teaser-release-on-november-1-sesr-275451.html|title=odeya movie teaser.|website=News18|date=2019-10-27|access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref> The film's score is composed by [[V. Harikrishna]] with additional songs by [[Arjun Janya]]. It's a remake of the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]-language film ''[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/darshan-s-next-titled-odeya-87135|title=Darshan's next is titled 'Odeya'|website=The News Minute|date=2018-08-23|access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref>

==Plot==
Gajendra Narayana Varma is a brave person who lives with his four brothers Nagendra, Vijayendra, Surendra and Rajendra at a village in [[Karnataka]]. They are often caught in fights, where [[Advocate|Adv.]] Chari bails them out whenever legal issues arise because of their brawls. Gajendra hates the idea of marriage as he feels that his wife might create disharmony among brothers. Though the four younger brothers pretend they don't want to get married, they all have secret lovers.

The brothers learn through Gajendra's childhood friend [[District magistrate|DC]] Krishnamurthy that Gajendra, in his school days, was in love with a girl named Shakambari Devi (fondly called Sakku) and his brothers scheme to find her and reintroduce her to Gajendra in order to rekindle their relationship, but later finds that she is married now and has kids. The brothers conspire to find another woman named Shakambari Devi, because Gajendra was not in love with that girl so much as her name, and when he meets another girl with that name, he is sure to lose his heart to her, just because she bears that name. Though initially reluctant later, Gajendra himself falls in love with her.

Gajendra clashes with a goon called Bettappa to take care of market in the village. Bettappa tries to kill Gajendra's brothers while Gajendra kidnaps Bettappa's son. After clashing, Gajendra banishes Bettappa from the village. While travelling in train to Sakku's village, Sakku narrates her [[family tree|family background]] to Gajendra. Sakku's father Srinivas Odeyar was a respected man in the village who hated violence, while his son was exact opposite who killed people, but when he was killed Srinivas Odeyar refused to bury him and decided to make his village with peace and harmony. Later, few goons enter into the train, but Gajendra bashes all the goons, Sakku is shocked to see Gajendra whom she thought as a non-violent person, where she leaves for her village and tells Gajendra to never see her again.

Gajendra and his brothers arrive at Sakku's village with clean shaven look he reveals to Sakku that he has changed and he would never harbor violence again. Gajendra and his brothers are welcomed by her family, where he is touched and impressed by their love, affection and hospitality. Gajendra discovers that a goon named Narasimha wants to kill Srinivas Odeyar and his family, Gajendra confronts Narasimha at the prison for the reason, where he learns that Narasimha's father Durga Prasad was responsible for the blast of matchstick factory. Srinivas Odeyar complained against Durga Prasad, who got arrested and killed himself by jumping in front of a lorry from a police van. Narasimha witnessed his father's death and swore revenge against Srinivas Odeyar.

Gajendra challenges Narasimha that he will protect Srinivas Odeyar's family, where he finishes all the goons and solves all their problems without the knowledge of Srinivas Odeyar and family. When Srinivas Odeyar's granddaughter finds sickles under Gajendra's jeep, Srinivas Odeyar orders Gajendra to leave the town. Narasimha, who escapes from [[death penalty]] arrives to kill Srinivas Odeyar, but Gajendra keeps him and his family in a safe place. Narasimha informs Gajendra that he had kidnapped Surendra, Gajendda arrives at the nick of time and saves his brother, but instead gets attacked by Narasimha. Srinivas Odeyar and his family who arrives at the place realise the risk taken by Gajendra to save the family. Though brutally attacked, Gajendra rises steadily where he kills Narasimha and his henchmen. Srinivas Odeyar, who is impressed with Gajendra's valour gets Gajendra and Sakku married. Thus, Gajendra and his brothers get married with their lovers.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] as Gajendra Narayana Varma
* Sanah Thimmayyah as Shakambari "Sakku" Devi
* [[Devaraj]] as Srinivas Odeyar
* [[P. Ravi Shankar]] as Narasimha
* [[Sharath Lohitashwa]] as Bettappa (Local Gangster)
* Pankaj Narayan as Surendra
* [[Yashas Surya]] as Vijayendra
* [[Chikkanna]] as Lawyer Chari
* [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as Durga Prasad
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Parandhama Odeyar
* [[Ravishankar Gowda]] as District Commissioner Krishnamurthy
* [[Tabla Nani]]
* [[Bhojaraj Vamanjoor]]
* Babitha (Shruthi Raj)
* [[Vijay Chendoor]] as College security guard
}}

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Odeya
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Arjun Janya]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2019
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 11:41
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer = [[Arjun Janya]]
| prev_title = [[Bharaate]]
| prev_year = 2019
| next_title = [[Kotigobba 3]]
| next_year = 2019
}}

Music composed by [[Arjun Janya]], and released on Anand Audio Company.
{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 15:28
| title1 = Odeya Hey Odeya
| lyrics1 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra1 = Vyasaraj
| length1 = 03:42
| title2 = Shyaane Love Aagoythalle Nanji
| lyrics2 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| extra2 = [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth]], [[Indu Nagaraj]]
| length2 = 03:53
| title3 = Kaaneyagiruve Naanu
| lyrics3 = [[Jayanth Kaikini]]
| extra3 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| length3 = 04:06
| title4 = Malavalli Maavana Magane
| lyrics4 = Kaviraj
| extra4 = [[Kailash Kher]], [[Santhosh Venky]], Sony Komanduri
| length4 = 3:57
| title5 =
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 =
| length5 =
}}

== Release ==
The film was released on 12 December 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/darshan-starrer-odeya-to-release-on-december-12/articleshow/72143796.cms|title=Darshan starrer Odeya to release on December 12.|website=The Times of India|date=2019-11-20|access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/nov/20/odeya-release-fixed-for-december-12-2064242.html|title=Odeya release fixed for December 12.|website=The New Indian Express|date=2019-11-20|access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt11355040}}

[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2019 masala films]]
[[Category:2019 action drama films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. D. Sridhar]]

Mantra (2007 film)

2026-03-03T18:08:22Z

ErinChamberlin3: quick expand structure for accuracy also and added references

{{Short description|2007 film by Osho Tulasi Ram}}

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mantra
| image = Mantra (2007 film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = Osho Tulasi Ram
| writer = '''Story''' & '''Screenplay''': Ravi Prakash '''Dialogues''': Surendra Krishna
| producer = Kalyan Ram Ch. Ravi Prakash B.
| starring = [[Charmy Kaur|Charmy]] [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]]
| cinematography = Dasaradhi Sivendra
| editing = Upendra
| music = Anand
| studio = Gen Next Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2007|12|14}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| gross =
}}

'''''Mantra''''' is a 2007 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language mystery thriller film directed by debutant Osho Tulasi Ram and produced by Ravi Prakash. The film stars [[Charmy Kaur|Charmy]] in the title role alongside [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]], with a supporting cast including [[Kausha Rach]], Karuna Sri, [[Chitram Srinu]], and [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manthra (2007) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AVGI/info |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> The plot revolves around Mantra, a young woman who inherits a haunted property called Mantra Nilayam, and her efforts to uncover the house's dark secrets.

The film was released on 14 December 2007 to positive reviews, with critics praising its narrative and Charmy's performance. Produced on a modest budget, it became a commercial success.<ref name=":2" /> The film also won the [[Nandi Award for Best Audiographer]]. Following the film's success, the director and lead actress collaborated again on another thriller, ''Mangala'' (2011). ''[[Mantra 2]]'' (2015), which was promoted as a sequel, shares no connection with the original cast or crew.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-09 |title='Mantra 2' not a sequel, says Charmy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2013/Sep/09/mantra-2-not-a-sequel-says-charmy-515060.html |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Mantra loses her parents at a young age and lives with her friend Vinny. She inherits an ancestral property called Mantra Nilayam, located on the outskirts of [[Hyderabad]]. The property has gained notoriety as a [[haunted house]] following two mysterious deaths that occurred there years earlier. Unable to find a buyer due to its ominous reputation, Mantra struggles to sell the house.

A prospective buyer, a professor, agrees to purchase the property on the condition that someone lives there for three months. Mantra decides to stay in the house with her friend, but they are soon frightened by the presence of an evil spirit and vacate the premises.

Meanwhile, Hero, a small-time enforcer specializing in land settlements, approaches Mantra and agrees to stay in the house for the three-month duration, motivated by the promise of a commission once the sale is finalised. He moves in with three of his friends. However, one of them, Muniswamy, is mysteriously killed, prompting Hero to investigate the eerie legends surrounding Mantra Nilayam. The plot delves deeper into the house's secrets, its dark past, and Mantra's connection to the tragic events.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Charmy Kaur|Charmy]] as Mantra (voice dubbed by [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]])
* [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] as Hero
* [[Kausha Rach]]
* Karuna Sri as Vinny
* [[Chitram Srinu]] as Muniswamy
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]]
* [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]]
* [[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]]
* Karuna Bhushan
* [[Vijay Sai]]
* [[Noel Sean]] (special appearance in "Maha Maha")
}}

==Production==
The production of ''Mantra'' began with a launch ceremony at [[Annapurna Studios]] on 27 October 2006. During the event, [[Devi Sri Prasad]] sounded the [[clapboard]], [[Dil Raju]] and [[Sukumar]] switched on the camera, and [[Puri Jagannadh]] directed the first shot.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=27 October 2006 |title=Muhurat - Mantra |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-mantra.html |access-date=12 January 2025 |website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref>

Producer Ravi Prakash made his debut in filmmaking, transitioning from a software background. Director Tulasi Ram previously worked under director [[Siva Nageswara Rao]]. Surendra Krishna, who had previously written dialogues for ''[[A Film by Aravind]]'' (2005), wrote the dialogues for ''Mantra''.<ref name=":0" />

The songs were choreographed by [[Prem Rakshith]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |title=Telugu Movie review - Mantra |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-mantra.html |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
Music for ''Mantra'' was composed by Anand.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mantra - All Songs |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/mantra/8RZ,6KxItWE_ |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> The song "Maha Maha" is based on [[Black Eyed Peas]]' "[[My Humps]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chaibisket.com/blogs/blog/foreigners-copied-our-tunes-with-time-machine|title=12 Times Foreigners Copied Our Tunes With The Help Of A Time Machine!|first=Ramu|last=Kaka|work=Chai Bisket|date=3 May 2015 }}</ref>

The music of ''Mantra'' was launched at a function held at Prasad Labs in Hyderabad on the night of 4 November 2007. The event featured [[M. M. Keeravani]] and [[S. S. Rajamouli]] as chief guests. Vel Records acquired the music rights for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2007 |title=Audio launch - Mantra |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-mantra.html |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Maha Maha
| length1 = 3:53
| lyrics1 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| extra1 = [[Srimathumitha]], Swapna Madhuri, [[Noel Sean]]
| title2 = Oohallonaa
| length2 = 5:06
| lyrics2 = Anand
| extra2 = [[Suchitra]], Nani
| title3 = Mantra (Theme)
| length3 = 3:18
| lyrics3 = {{mdash}}
| extra3 = {{mdash}}
| title4 = Reena Reena
| length4 = 3:42
| lyrics4 = Anand, Noel Sean
| extra4 = Anand, [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| title5 = Dole Dil Dole
| length5 = 4:58
| lyrics5 = Noel Sean
| extra5 = [[Geetha Madhuri]]
| title6 = Remix Maha
| length6 = 3:33
| lyrics6 = Bhuvana Chandra
| extra6 = Harshika, DJ Shawn
| total_length = 24:30
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Mantra'' was released on 14 December 2007. Vijayanand Movies acquired the overseas theatrical rights, while Bhavani Media secured the DVD rights for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mantra in USA |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/us/schedu/mantra.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230103817/http://www.idlebrain.com/us/schedu/mantra.html |archive-date=30 December 2007 |access-date=8 January 2008 |website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film 3/5, praising its suspenseful storytelling and its ability to effectively scare the audience. He remarked, "If the motive of any horror film is to scare you, this film succeeds in that aspect."<ref name=":1" />

=== Box office ===
In a year-end box office report, ''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' noted that ''Mantra'', made on a modest budget, emerged as a profitable venture. The report highlighted Charmme's popularity among male youth as a significant factor in the film's success.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=19 December 2007 |title=Box-office report |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movietrade/decboxofficereport_dec1907.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208163947/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movietrade/decboxofficereport_dec1907.php |archive-date=8 February 2012 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |access-date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Nandi Award for Best Audiographer]] - Radha Krishna (2007)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mantra (Film)}}
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:2007 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2007 horror films]]
[[Category:2000s horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2000s mystery thriller films]]

Manikuyil

2026-03-03T04:53:06Z

ErinChamberlin3: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Manikuyil.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Rajavarman
| writer = Rajavarman A. Veerappan (dialogues)
| producer = R. Dhanabhalan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]]|[[Saradha Preetha]]}}
| cinematography = G. Rajendran
| editing = M. Ganesan
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Yaghava Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1993|02|26}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Manikuyil''''' is a 1993 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[romantic drama film]] directed by Rajavarman. The film stars [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] and [[Saradha Preetha]], with [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]], [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Charan Raj]], [[Shanmugasundaram]], Kokila, [[A. K. Veerasamy]] and [[C. R. Saraswathi]] playing supporting roles. It was released on 26 February 1993.

== Plot ==
Muthuvelu lives with his mother Deivanai and grandfather in a mountainous area. Despite being an educated man, he makes his living harvesting honey using traditional methods. The wicked forest officer Sundaram often gets into fights with Muthuvelu. One day, the city girl Kaveri spots Muthuvelu singing a song. She records it with her video camera and then sends the video to a TV channel. Muthuvelu's song is telecasted by the TV channel, and he becomes popular in no time; thus, he becomes a singer. Once again, Muthuvelu and Sundaram get into a fight. This time, Sundaram is suspended from his job by his superiors.

Thereafter, Muthuvelu and Kaveri fall in love with each other. At first, Kaveri's father Ramasamy accepts for their marriage. Sundaram enters their home pretending to be Muthuvelu's father. Deivanai claims that he is not her husband when Ramasamy asks about her husband's identity and she refuses to tell. Ramasamy puts his foot down when she refuses to reveal any pieces of information about Muthuvelu's father. Ramasamy is now grateful to Sundaram and appoints him to work in his factory.

Later that night, Deivanai reveals to Muthuvelu that she was an orphan and lived alone in the past. She had a secret affair with the wealthy man Ratnasabapathy, who promised to marry her. Thereafter, Deivanai received death threats from Ratnasabapathy's relatives and had no other choice but to leave the village. A kindhearted person, now Muthuvelu's grandfather, helped Deivanai and took care of her like his own daughter.

Muthuvelu goes in search of his father Ratnasabapathy and finds that he is now married and has three sons. What transpires later forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] as Muthuvelu
*[[Saradha Preetha]] as Kaveri
*[[Goundamani]]
*[[Senthil]] as Chinna Gounder
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Ratnasabapathy
*[[Charan Raj]] as Sundaram
*[[Shanmugasundaram]] as Ramasamy
*Kokila as Deivanai
*[[A. K. Veerasamy]] as Muthuvelu's grandfather
*[[C. R. Saraswathi]] as Ratnasabapathy's wife
*Sharmili
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]]
*Mottai Seetharaman
*Thayir Vadai Desikan
*Chokkalinga Bhagavathar
*[[Kullamani]]
*Kulla Appu
*Kulla Murugan
*Gundu Ganesan
*[[Bonda Mani]]
*[[R. K. (actor)|R. K.]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manikuyil (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/manikuyil-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1282582776 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208055657/https://music.apple.com/in/album/manikuyil-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1282582776 |archive-date=8 February 2023 |access-date=8 February 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aranmanai kizhi – Manikuyil Tamil Audio CD by Ilaiyaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/aranmanai-kizhi-manikuyil-tamil-audio-cd-by-ilaiyaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208055658/https://mossymart.com/product/aranmanai-kizhi-manikuyil-tamil-audio-cd-by-ilaiyaraja/ |archive-date=8 February 2023 |access-date=8 February 2023 |website=Mossymart |language=en-US}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "Oru Nadodi" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 4:56
|-
| "Thaneerilay Mugam" || Mano, [[Uma Ramanan]] || Ponnadiyan || 4:47
|-
| "Vetti Vetti Veru" || [[Arunmozhi]] || rowspan=3|Vaali || 4:39
|-
| "Adi Marrivantha" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]] || 4:39
|-
| "Kathal Nilavey" || Arunmozhi, Uma Ramanan || 5:02
|-
| "Kathal Ennum Vetham" || Malaysia Vasudevan || Ponnadiyan || 4:51
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Manikuyil'' was released on 26 February 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manikkuyil ( 1993 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1757 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041122111020/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1757 |archive-date=22 November 2004 |access-date=24 January 2017 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film a negative review, stating, "the story lacks freshness, the screenplay is insipid and direction lack-lustre".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=5 March 1993 |title=Sigh! |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930305&printsec=frontpage |access-date=24 January 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> R. P. R. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the cinematography as plus point but sarcastically concluded that since the story was too old, if it was considered wine, then the price would go up.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஆர்.பி.ஆர். |date=28 March 1993 |title=மணிக்குயில் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-03-28/page/20/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230208060604/https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-03-28/page/20/mode/2up |archive-date=8 February 2023 |access-date=8 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=21 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:1993 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:1993 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Onbadhule Guru

2026-03-03T03:28:43Z

ErinChamberlin3: adding a info nd citations

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by P. T. Selvakumar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Onbadhule Guru
| image = Onbadhule Guru.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[P. T. Selvakumar]]
| producer = S. Sivakumar R. Sivakumar
| writer = P. T. Selvakumar
| starring = [[Vinay Rai|Vinay]] [[Aravind Akash]] [[Premgi Amaren|Premji]] [[Sathyan Sivakumar|Sathyan]]
| music = [[K (Indian musician)|K]]
| cinematography = Chellathurai
| editing = [[P. Saisuresh]]
| studio = Cosmo & Boss
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|03|08}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Onbadhule Guru''''' ({{Translation|Jupiter in the 9th Position}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[adult comedy film]] written and directed by [[P. T. Selvakumar]]. The film stars [[Vinay Rai|Vinay]], [[Aravind Akash]], [[Premgi Amaren|Premgi]] and [[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]]. The film is about the adventurous trip that five guys take together, and what happens to them during their expedition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2012 |title=Shriya, Vinay to team up! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Shriya-Vinay-to-team-up/articleshow/16639217.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920200634/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Shriya-Vinay-to-team-up/articleshow/16639217.cms |archive-date=20 September 2018 |access-date=18 October 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film released on 8 March 2013 to negative reviews but declared as a decent hit. The title of the film refers to a prediction used in astrology.

==Plot==
The story begins with a wedding having the bride, but the groom Guru is missing. The bride then decides to call Guru's friend Billa, who does not know where Guru is. A flashback then begins.

Running away from their lives due to various problems involving them, Billa, Ranga, and Kochadaiyaan, who are good friends, decide to live a bachelor life. However, before they head off, they decide to invite their good friend Guru. Despite the fact that Guru's wedding is in a few days time, he decides to join in the gang. The four friends then take an oath to live a bachelor's life and not reveal the truth that they are married. When they reach the city of Bangalore, they approach Charles, a college mate of theirs who is now a multimillionaire. Charles, at first, was scared of them as they teased him in college. After a change of mind, he decides to help them live their bachelor's life and bring them to a party. At the party, they see a model named Sanjana, who danced with them. After the party, Charles brings them to a private condominium where they stay. At the condom, they see Sanjana. The four of them try their best ways to get her as their girlfriend.

After all the adventures they had together with Sanjana, Guru decides to have a bachelor party as he is about to get married. However, the next day, Guru is missing, and the four friends end up being drunk while wearing police uniforms. Billa, Ranga, and Kochadaiyaan get caught by DSP Balram Naidu and soon are advised by him to love their wives and not leave them. After their encounter with Balram, they decide to search for Guru but get kidnapped. The trio ends up in a warehouse, and surprisingly, Sanjana appears. To be even more shocking, she appears as a gangster. It is then revealed that she is the mastermind who kidnapped Guru, as the four of them kept following her to win her heart, which was caught on videotape. She then asks them to give her Rs. 2 crores of money to release Guru such that he can make it for his wedding, and also such that they can take the videotape with them to avoid it being shared to others. They then get the money, give it to Sanjana, and run out of Bangalore, vowing to never see her ever again and taking good care of their wives.

Back in Chennai, they arrive in the nick of time for Guru's wedding, but just before the wedding commences, Apple, Billa's wife, stops the wedding and threatens everyone by using a time bomb attached to her waist. Billa consults her and apologizes. This follows with the four of them and Charles running away from her and reuniting with their wives. Charles's new wife is his college teacher, whom he loved back in college. Yet again, they run away, and thereafter, the story continues.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Vinay Rai|Vinay]] as Billa
* [[Aravind Akash]] as Kochadaiyaan
* [[Premji Amaren|Premji]] as Charles
* [[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]] as Ranga
* [[Chaams]] as Guru
* [[Lakshmi Rai]] as Sanjana
* [[Mantra (actress)|Mantra]] as Neelambari
* [[Sona Heiden]] as Kumudhu Teacher
* [[Geetha Singh]] as Apple
* Hardika Shetty as Laddu
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Anniyan
* Roopashree as Maya
* [[K. S. Ravikumar]] as DSP Balram Naidu
* [[Shanmugasundaram]] as Chinna Gounder (Billa's father)
* Anjali Devi as Billa's mother
* Boys Rajan as Sivam (Kochadaiyaan's father)
* [[Manobala]] as Bun Rotti Babu
* [[Badava Gopi]] as Kamal
* [[Swaminathan]] as Velu Nayakkar
* [[T. P. Gajendran]] as Durai Singham
* [[Krishnamoorthy (actor)|Krishnamoorthy]]
* [[Chitra Lakshmanan]] as Gurukkal
* Yogi Devaraj as Priest
* [[Chaplin Balu]] as Kalla Saamiyar
* [[Powerstar Srinivasan]] as the narrator at the beginning and end of the film
* [[Perarasu]] in a special appearance
{{colend}}

==Production==
The film was first reported in January 2012, when it was announced that [[P. T. Selvakumar]], PRO of Vijay and producer of ''[[Banda Paramasivam]]'' had decided to make his directorial debut in a film which starred four lead actors with [[Premji Amaren|Premji]] as one of the lead actors.

In October 2012, the film re-emerged with a new cast featuring Vinay, Aravind Akash and Sathyan alongside Premji. Roopashree made her debut in Tamil.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Roopashree begins work on her next film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Roopashree-begins-work-on-her-next-film/articleshow/18128549.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920200629/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Roopashree-begins-work-on-her-next-film/articleshow/18128549.cms |archive-date=20 September 2018 |access-date=22 January 2013 |work=Times of India}}</ref>

In January, shooting was going in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=KS Ravikumar in Lakshmi Rai film |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-09/news-interviews/36237248_1_ks-ravikumar-lakshmi-rai-cameo-role |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411035844/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-09/news-interviews/36237248_1_ks-ravikumar-lakshmi-rai-cameo-role |archive-date=11 April 2013 |access-date=12 February 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A song sequence featuring Premji and Rai was shot in a club set with Vinay and Aravind Akash also in the scene.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Premgi - Lakshmi Rai do it again |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/news-interviews/35749190_1_lakshmi-rai-premgi-song-sequence |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511071747/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/news-interviews/35749190_1_lakshmi-rai-premgi-song-sequence |archive-date=11 May 2013 |access-date=12 February 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Srinivasan shot for an opening song in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V. |title=Lakshmi shoots with Power Star! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Lakshmi-shoots-with-Power-Star/articleshow/18459523.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212073017/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Lakshmi-shoots-with-Power-Star/articleshow/18459523.cms |archive-date=12 February 2013 |access-date=12 February 2013 |work=Times of India}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
Music of the film is composed by [[K (composer)|K]]. The album will have five songs and the audio launch was held on 12 February . Actor Vijay and Jiva attended the occasion to release the album. The lyrics were penned by [[Na. Muthukumar]], [[Madhan Karky]] and one more.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2012 |title='K' to compose music for 'Onbadhula Guru' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/k-to-compose-music-for-onbadhula-guru-news-national-mj3wNNbadcg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122114154/http://www.sify.com/movies/k-to-compose-music-for-onbadhula-guru-news-national-mj3wNNbadcg.html |archive-date=22 January 2015 |access-date=18 October 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Vaa Machi #3
| extra1 = M. L. R. Karthikeyan, [[Mukesh Mohamed]], [[Velmurugan]]
| lyrics1 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Vidhavidhamaga
| extra2 = [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| lyrics2 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Theera Theera #2
| extra3 = [[Anand Aravindakshan]], K, [[Sean Roldan]], [[Premji Amaren]]
| lyrics3 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Alayadhe Summa Summa #1
| extra4 = K
| lyrics4 = Gnanakaravel
| length4 =
| title5 = Maida Maidanam
| extra5 = [[Priya Himesh]]
| lyrics5 = Gnanakaravel
| length5 =
}}

==Critical reception==
The film fetched poor reviews upon release. [[Rediff]] gave 2 out of 5 stating "The entire film is like a collection of comic scenes put together to make the audience laugh without much thought to the storyline".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S |date=March 8, 2013 |title=Review: Onbadhula Guru is a collection of comic scenes |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-south-onbadhula-guru/20130308.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005003945/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-south-onbadhula-guru/20130308.htm |archive-date=5 October 2013 |access-date=3 October 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|3043922}}

[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2013 comedy films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K (composer)]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval

2026-02-28T15:37:05Z

ErinChamberlin3:

{{Short description|Temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval
| image = File:Tiruvanaikaval5.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = Tamil Nadu# India
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10|51|12|N|78|42|20|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| state = Tamil Nadu
| district =
| location = [[Trichy]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Jambukeshwara ([[Shiva]])
Akilandeswari ([[Parvati]])
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank =
| tower =
| festivals =
| architecture = [[Tamil Architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 2nd century AD {{citation needed|date=April 2022}}
| creator = [[Kochchenganan|Kochengat Cholan]]
| website =
}}

'''Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval''' (also '''Thiruvanaikal''', '''Jambukeswaram''') is a temple of [[Shiva]] in [[Tiruchirapalli district]], in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It is one of the five major [[Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu]] representing the [[Mahābhūta]] or five elements; this temple represents the [[Water (classical element)|element of water]], or ''neer'' in Tamil.<ref name="tourist">[[#Tourist|Tourist guide to Tamil Nadu 2007]], pp. 76-77.</ref> The sanctum of Jambukeswara has an underground stream.<ref name="Ayyar"/>In the temple, Shiva is worshipped as Jambukeshwarar and his consort Parvati as [[Akilandeswari]].

It is one of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]s and has inscriptions from the [[Chola]] period.

== Legend ==
Once Parvati mocked Shiva's penance for betterment of the world. Shiva wanted to condemn her act and directed her to go to the earth from [[Kailasa]] (Shiva's abode) to do penance. Parvathi in the form of Akilandeswari as per Shiva's wish found Jambu forest (Thiruvanaikoil) to conduct her penance. She made a ''[[lingam]]'' out of water of river [[Cauvery]] (also called as river Ponni) under the Venn Naaval tree (the Venn Naaval tree on top of the saint Jambu) and commenced her worship. The ''lingam'' is known as Appu Lingam (Water Lingam).<ref name="Hastings">[[#Hastings|Hastings 1916]], pp. 475-476</ref> Siva at last gave ''[[Darśana|darshan]]'' to Akilandeswari and taught her Siva Gnana. Akilandeswari took ''Upadesa'' (lessons) facing East from Shiva, who stood facing west.<ref name="Ayyar">[[#Ayyar|Ayyar 1991]], pp. 439-441</ref><ref name=Giri>{{cite book|title=108 Thennaga Shivasthalangal|language=ta|publisher=Giri Trading Agency Private Limited|isbn=978-81-7950-707-0|last=R.|first=Ponnammal|pages=15–23}}</ref>

[[File:Srirangam Jambukeshwara temple 5.jpg|The second precinct of the temple with pillars.|200px|left|thumb]]
There were two Shivaganas (Shiva's army who live in [[Kailash]]): 'Malyavan' and 'Pushpadanta'. Though they are Siva Ganas they always quarrel with each other and fight for one thing or other. In one fight 'Malyavan' cursed 'Pushpadanta' to become an elephant on earth and the latter cursed the former to become a spider on earth. The elephant and the spider came to [[Thiruvanaikaval]] and continued their Siva worship. The elephant collected water from river Cauvery and conducted ablution to the ''lingam'' under the Jambu tree ([[Eugenia jambolana]], the java plum tree) daily.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Srirangam (Tiruchirapalli district, Tamil Nadu)|journal=Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend, Thames & Hudson|year=2002|location=London, United Kingdom: Thames & Hudson|url=http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/thhll/srirangam_tiruchirapalli_district_tamil_nadu/0|via=Credo|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The spider constructed his web over the ''lingam'' to prevent dry leaves from dropping on it and prevent sunlight directly falling on it. When the elephant saw the web and thought it was dust on ''lingam''. The elephant tore them and cleaned the ''lingam'' by pouring water and the practice continued daily. The spider became angry one day and crawled into the trunk of the elephant and bit the elephant to death, killing itself. Siva, in the form of Jambukeswara, moved by the deep devotion of the two, relieved them from the curse. As an elephant worshipped Siva here, this place came to be known as Thiru Aanai Kaa (''thiru'' means holy, ''aanai'' is elephant, ''kaa'' (''kaadu'') means forest).<ref name="Ayyar"/> Later the name 'Thiruaanaikaa' become 'Thiruvanaikaval' and 'Thiruvanaikoil'.

As an outcome of having committed a sin by killing the elephant, in the next birth, the spider was born as the [[Kochchenganan|King Kochengot Chola]] (kotchengannan cholan meaning red-eyed king) and built 70 temples and this temple is the one among them.<ref name="Ayyar"/> The account of the Chola building seventy temples along with this temple is mentioned in [[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]].<ref name=Diwakar>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Macherla|last=Diwakar|location=Chennai|year=2011|edition=1st|page=150|isbn=978-93-83440-34-4|publisher=Techno Book House}}</ref> Remembering his enmity with the elephant in his previous birth, he built the Siva ''Sannathi'' (sanctorum) such that not even a small elephant can enter. The entrance on the sanctorum of Jambukeswara is only {{convert|4|ft|m|order=flip}} high and {{convert|2.5|ft|m|order=flip}} wide.<ref name="Ayyar"/>

== Architecture ==
[[File:Jambukeswarar 01.jpg|left|thumb|View of the temple Complex]]
[[File:Arulmigu Jambukeswarar Akhilandeswari Temple --252x300.jpg|thumb|View of the temple entrance]]
The massive outer wall covering the fifth precinct, known as the ''Vibudi Prakara'', stretches over {{convert|1|mi|km|order=flip}} and is {{convert|2|ft|m|order=flip}} thick and over {{convert|25|ft|m|order=flip}} high.<ref name="Hastings"/><ref name="hunter">[[#Hunter|Hunter 1908]], pp. 109-110</ref> Legend maintains that the wall was built by Shiva himself, disguised as a laborer and working with the human laborers.<ref name="Ayyar"/> The fourth precinct contains a hall with 796 pillars and measures {{convert|2436|ft|m|order=flip}} by {{convert|1493|ft|m|order=flip}}.<ref name="imperialgazetteer1908v28p29"/> It also has a small tank fed by perpetual springs.<ref name="hunter"/> The third enclosure is {{convert|745|ft|m|order=flip}} by {{convert|197|ft|m|order=flip}} surrounded a wall {{convert|30|ft|m|order=flip}} high. This area has two ''gopurams'' (gateway towers) {{convert|73|ft|m|order=flip}} and {{convert|100|ft|m|order=flip}} tall, a coconut ''thoppu'' and a small water tank.<ref name="imperialgazetteer1908v28p29"/> The second enclosure is {{convert|306|ft|m|order=flip}} by {{convert|197|ft|m|order=flip}}, a ''gopuram'' {{convert|65|ft|m|order=flip}} high and several small shrines.<ref name="imperialgazetteer1908v28p29"/> The inner most enclosure measuring {{convert|126|ft|m|order=flip}} by {{convert|123|ft|m|order=flip}} has the sanctum.<ref name="imperialgazetteer1908v28p29">[[#Imperial Gazetteer of India|Imperial Gazetteer of India]], pp. 28-29</ref>

{{multiple image
| caption_align = center
| header_align = center
| align = left
| total_width = 350
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Tiruvanaikaval4.jpg
| image3 = Tiruvanaikaval9.jpg
| footer = Images of various gateway towers in the temple
}}
The sanctum sanctorum is a square structure, found independently situated at the center of the innermost enclosure. There is a [[vimana (tower)|vimana]] on the roof of the sanctum. The structure is open on three sides, with a shallow moat separating it from the circumambulatory path of the innermost enclosure. The sthala-vriksham, or holy tree here is the White [[Jambuka]] (Tamil: வெண் நாவல் மரம்) ([[Syzygium cumini]]), found growing along the south-eastern wall of the sanctum sanctorum. The trunk of the tree is protected by a walled structure. The western side of the sanctum, from where the deity is viewed, is continuous with a large closed hall, the Mukha Mantapa, containing four-pillars and housing a bronze idol of [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]]. The Mukha Mantapa has a large, ornate western door gilded with silver that forms the principal entrance. There are two additional entrances to the Mukha Mantapa on the southern and North Eastern sides as well. A set of three steps descend to the level of the sanctum sanctorum from the Mukha Mantapa.
The deity is viewed through a stone window that forms an integral part of the western face of the sanctum sanctorum. The window has nine viewing apertures, believed to represent the [[Navagraha]]. There is a panel in bas-relief over the window depicting the sthala puranam: The jambuka tree growing out of the meditating sage Jambu's head on the extreme right; the linga of Jambukeswarar under the tree; a spider and an elephant worshiping the [[lingam|linga]] along with the Goddess [[Parvati]] who stands to the left of the linga. The sanctum sanctorum is divided into the Ardha Mantapam or Antaralam (whose western wall bears the window) and the [[Garbhagriha|Garbha Griha]] where the deity of Jambukeswarar is housed. Entrance into the Sanctum is through a small door on the southern wall, about {{convert|4|ft|m|order=flip}} in height. The Ardha Mantapa is about {{convert|4|ft|m|order=flip}} X {{convert|4|ft|m|order=flip}} and contains an idol of Goddess Parvati on the right side of the door to the Garbha Griha. Devotees are admitted in groups of six into the Ardha Mantapa during sevas like Abhishekam or on payment of a small fee. The Garbha Griha is a wider structure compared to the Ardha Mantapa. At the center, the Brahma Sthana, is the self-manifested linga of Jambukeswarar. The upper conical part of the linga is of the color of copper, whereas the yoni-bhaga or the pedestal is of black granite. A brass ring is seen at the point of attachment of the linga to the pedestal. The height of the linga is about {{convert|3|ft|m|order=flip}} from the floor of the sanctum. The Garbha Griha and the Ardha Mantapa are unadorned from the inside, the only source of illumination within the sanctum being ghee lamps.
A stream of water (a water spring from the Kaveri river) emerges from the linga, which is usually demonstrated as the soaking wet clothes in which it is draped. The water flow increases significantly during the Monsoon.
The main deity of the temple is [[Jambukeswara]], representing the element water. Jambukeswara is depicted sitting under a [[jambul|jambu]] tree, which grows over a small stream that engulfs the deity during the rainy season. The temple is also considered the abode of goddess [[Akilandeswari]], one of the forms of the goddess Parvati. The greatest of works related to this temple include Tiruvanaikaval and [[Kilvelur]] Akshyalingaswamy temple.

=== Goddess Akilandeshwari's shrine ===
{{see also|Akilandeswari}}
[[File:Siva Lingam at Jambukesvara temple in Srirangam.JPG|200x200px|left|thumb|A lingam inside the temple]]
The temples idols are installed opposite to each other - Such temples are known as ''Upadesa Sthalams''. As Akhilandeshwari (Parvati) was like a student and Jambukeswara (Shiva) like a [[Guru]] (teacher) in this temple, there is no ''Thiru Kalyanam'' (marriage) conducted in this temple for Shiva and Parvathi, unlike the other Shiva temples. The sanctum of the goddess Akilandeshwari and the sanctum of Prasanna [[Ganesha|Vinayaka]] are in the shape of the ''pranava manthra'' called "[[Om|Aum]]" in Tamil script. It is believed that the Amman in the temple was in deep anger hence during one of [[Adi Shankara]]'s visits he installed the Prasanna [[Ganapathy]] idol right opposite to her sanctum and installed a pair of [[Sri Chakra]] thaatankas (ear-rings) to reduce her anger.<ref name="Ayyar"/>

The sculpture of [[Ekapada|Ekapada Trimurti]], an aspect of Shiva with the deities [[Vishnu]] and [[Brahma]] emerging from it, is present in the temple, which can be seen only in [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvottiyur]].<ref name="tourist"/><ref name="Ayyar"/>

There are lot of inscriptions from various [[Chola dynasty|Chola kings]] from 11th - 12th century indicating grants to the temple.<ref name="Ayyar"/> The temple was widely expanded by [[Hoysala]] king, Someswara, the son of Vira Narasimha.<ref name="hoy"/> During 1236-37 CE, he built a lot of shrines namely Vallaliswara, Padumalisvara, Vira Narasingeswara and Somleswara evidently named after his grandfather Ballalla II, grandmother Padmaladevei, father Vira Narasimha and aunt Somala Devi.<ref name="hoy">[[#Yadava|Yadava 2006]], p. 103</ref> The 7-tiered ''[[gopuram|rajagopuram]]'' is also believed to have constructed by the Hoysala king.<ref name="hoy"/> There are separate shrines beyond the temple compound namely ''Aadhi'' having a typical structure as the main shrines. The temple and its pagodas were subject to frequent conquest between French and English forces between 1751 and 1755 CE.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=749}} The temple is being widely maintained by [[Vellalars]] and the [[Nattukottai Chettiar|Nattukottai Nagarathar]]s during the 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref>[[#ASI|Archaeological Survey of India 1902–03]], p. 20</ref>

==Religious significance==

[[Pancha Bhoota Stalam|Pancha Bhoota Sthalam]] ([[Sanskrit]]: पञ्चभूतस्थलानि ''Pañcabhūtasthalāni'') refers to the five Shiva temples,<ref name="Ramaswamy">[[#Ramaswamy|Ramaswamy 2007]], pp. 301-302</ref> each representing the manifestation of the five prime elements of nature - space, air, fire, water, earth.<ref>''A dictionary, Canarese and English''William Reeve, Daniel Sanderson</ref> ''Pancha'' indicates five, ''Bhoota'' means elements and ''Sthala'' means place. All these temples are located in [[South India]] with four of these temples at [[Tamil Nadu]] and one at [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The five elements are believed to be enshrined in the five ''[[lingams]]''<ref name="Ramaswamy" /> and each of the ''lingams'' representing Shiva in the temple have five different names based on the elements they represent. In the Thiruvaanaikaval temple, Shiva is said to have manifested himself in the form of water (Appu Lingam). The other four manifestations are Prithivi Lingam (representing land) at [[Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)|Ekambareswarar Temple]],<ref name="Knapp">[[#Knapp|Knapp 2005]], p. 121</ref> Akasa Lingam (representing sky)<ref name="Ramaswamy"/> at [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram]],<ref name="Knapp" /> Agni Lingam (representing fire)<ref name="M.K.V.">[[#M.K.V.|M.K.V 2007]], p. 37</ref> at [[Annamalaiyar Temple]]<ref name="Knapp" /> and Vayu Lingam (representing air) at [[Srikalahasti Temple]].<ref name="Knapp" /><ref>[[#Bajwa|Bajwa 2007]], p. 271</ref>

==Culture==
In the third enclosure, there is a coconut grove having a small tank where the processional idol of the neighbouring [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Sriranganathaswamy Temple]] was used to be brought one day a year. As the goddess [[Akilandeswari|Akhilandeshwari]] worshipped her husband Lord Shiva in this temple, even today at noon the 'Archakar' (chief priest) dresses like a female and does [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] to Jambukeswara and [[Cattle|Cow]].<ref name="tourist"/> The noon pooja is very famous and a host of pilgrims attend it every day. A special variety of black cow, called ''Karum Pasu'' is used for the occasion. ''Annabhishekam'' to ''lingam'' (ablution with cooked rice) is a daily ritual performed in the temple. The temple is one of the hosts for the annual [[Natyanjali]], a festival of [[classical Indian dance]]. The temple has also a school for training [[nadhaswaram]], a classical pipe instrument in Tamil Nadu.

There is a legend that [[Parvati]] as Akhilandeshwari worshipped Shiva here and installed the idol in the sanctum. Following the legend, a priest performs the [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] every day. It is believed that the saint [[Adi Shankara]] offered ear rings with a [[Sri Yantra]] carving on it to goddess Akhilandeshwari. There are a total of nine waterbodies associated with the temple.<ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|pages=22–23}}</ref>

[[Muthuswamy Dikshitar]], the 18th century composer of [[Carnatic music]], is said to have composed a song on the presiding deity of Jambukeshwar and three songs on the presiding deity of Akhilandeshwari in the Jambukeshwarar Temple here.
{| class="wikitable"
!''[[Kriti (music)|Kriti]]''!!''[[Raga]]''!!''[[Tala (music)|Tala]]''
|-
|''Jambupathe Mam Pahi''||''[[Yamunakalyani]]''||''Tisra Ekam''
|-
|''Akhilandeshwari Rakshamam''||''[[Jaijaivanti|Dwijavanti]]''||''[[Adi tala]]''
|-
|''Akhilandeshwaryai Namaste''||''[[Arabhi]]''||''[[Adi tala]]''
|-
|''Sri Mataha Shiva Vamanke''||''Begada''||''[[Adi tala]]''
|}

[[File:Thiruvanaikaval.jpg|thumb|The Thiruvanaikaval Ther (Car festival), carying the processional idol of Jambukeswarar.]]

==Administration==
The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tnhrce.org/hrce_act_1959.html |title=Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act, 1959 |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=6 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206095720/http://www.tnhrce.org/hrce_act_1959.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Srirangam Jambukeshwara temple 4.jpg|The second precinct of the temple
File:Srirangam Jambukeshwara temple 1.jpg|The second precinct of the temple
File:Srirangam Jambukeshwara Temple 2.jpg|The gateway of the temple
File:Srirangam Jambukeshwara temple 3.jpg|A sculpture inside the walls of the temple
Image:tiruvannaikkaval4.jpg|The Towering Rajagopuram with one of the Temple Cars
File:Indien Sriramgam Jambukeshwara Kirtimukha Halsbandsittich.JPG|Thiruvanaikaval Kirtimukha top of gopuram with a [[Rose-ringed parakeet|ring-necked parakeet]] sitting next to it
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |title=South Indian shrines: illustrated |year=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0151-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=tiruverumbur+temple&pg=PA248|ref=Ayyar}}
*{{cite book |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |title=Historical dictionary of the Tamils |year=2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press, INC.|location=United States|isbn=978-0-470-82958-5|ref=Ramaswamy}}
*{{cite book |last=Knapp |first=Stephen |title=The Heart of Hinduism: The Eastern Path to Freedom, Empowerment and Illumination |year=2005|publisher=iUniverse |location=NE |isbn= 978-0-595-35075-9|ref=Knapp}}
*{{cite book |last=M.K.V. |first=Narayan |title=Flipside of Hindu Symbolism: Sociological and Scientific Linkages in Hinduism |year=2007 |publisher=Fultus Corporation |location=California |isbn=978-1-59682-117-0|ref=M.K.V.}}
*{{cite book |last=Bajwa |first=Jagir Singh |author2=Ravinder Kaur |title=Tourism Management |year=2007|publisher=S.B. Nangia |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-313-0047-3|ref=Bajwa}}
*{{cite book |last=Tourist guide to Tamil Nadu |title=Tourist guide to Tamil Nadu|year=2007|publisher=T. Krishna Press |location=Chennai |isbn=978-81-7478-177-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGxbJqdEQrwC&q=thiruvanaikaval&pg=PA76|ref=Tourist}}
*{{cite book |last=Hunter|first=Sir William Wilson |title=Imperial gazetteer of India, Volume 23|year=1908|publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=635DAAAAYAAJ&q=jambukeswaram&pg=PA109|ref=Hunter}}
*{{cite book |last=Yadava|first=S.D.S. |title=Followers of Krishna: Yadavas of India|year=2006|publisher=Lancer Publishers and Distributors |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7062-216-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p69GMA226bgC&q=jambukeswaram&pg=PA103|ref=Yadava}}
*{{cite book |last=Archaeological Survey of India |author2=G. R. Thursby |title=Annual report of the Archaeological Department, Southern Circle, Madras|year=1903|publisher=Government Press |location=Madras |ref=ASI}}
*{{Cite EB1911|editor-last=Chisholm |editor-first=Hugh |date=1911 |wstitle= Srirangam |volume= 25 | page= 749; see penultimate line |quote= Not far distant is the smaller but more beautiful Jambukeswaram, a temple dedicated to Siva.}}
*{{cite book |title= Encyclopædia of religion and ethics, Volume 8|year=1916|first=James|last= Hastings|author2=John Alexander Selbie |author3=Louis Herbert Gray |isbn=9780567065087 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5D4TAAAAYAAJ&q=jambukeswaram&pg=PA475|ref=Hastings}}
*{{cite book |title= Imperial Gazetteer of India |volume=5|year=1881|first=W.W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=14kIAAAAQAAJ&q=jambukeswaram&pg=PA28|last=Hunter}}
{{refend}}

{{Commons category|Sri Jambukeshwara Temple}}

{{Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Shaivism}}
{{Shiva temples}}
{{Temples_around Tiruchirappalli}}

[[Category:Shakti temples]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Tiruchirappalli district]]
[[Category:Pancha Bhoota Stalam]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Maadakkoil]]
[[Category:Chola architecture]]
[[Category:Dravidian architecture]]

[[ca:Thiruvanaikaval]]
[[es:Thiruvanaikaval]]
[[hi:अकिलन्देश्वरी मन्दिर, तिरुवनैकवल]]

Ahmedabad–Bhuj Namo Bharat Rapid Rail

2026-02-28T06:28:49Z

ErinChamberlin3: New post

{{refimprove|date=February 2026}}
{{Short description|Namo Bharat Rapid Rail route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF7220
| name = Ahmedabad - Bhuj ''Namo Bharat Rapid Rail''
| image = Ahmedabad Bhuj Namo Bharat.jpg
| caption = Namo Bharat standing on Ahmedabad Junction
| type = [[Inter-city rail]],
[[Namo Bharat Rapid Rail]]
| status = Active
| locale = [[Gujarat]]
| first = {{start date and age|2024|09|16|df=yes}} (Inaugural)

{{start date and age|2024|09|17|df=yes}} (Commercial)
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway (WR)]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}} '''''(ADI)'''''
| end = {{stnlnk|Bhuj}} '''''(BHUJ)'''''
| stops = 13
| distance = {{convert|359|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 5h 45m
| frequency = Weekly
| trainnumber = 94801 / 94802
| class = Unreserved AC Chair Car '''''(CC)'''''
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| catering = No
| observation = Wide Windows
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|Onboard WiFi]]|[[Electric outlets]]}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = {{Hlist|[[Automatic door]]s|[[smoke alarm]]s|[[Future of rail transport in India#Bio-toilets in all trains|bio-vacuum toilets]]}}
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] overhead line
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum 
{{cvt|62|km|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| sharing = No
| map = {{Ahmedabad–Bhuj NB Rapid Rail Route}}
}}

The 94801/94802 '''Ahmedabad–Bhuj ''Namo Bharat Rapid Rail''''' is [[India]]'s 1st [[Higher-speed rail|Semi-High]] speed [[Inter-city rail|Intercity]] train which connects the [[Ahmedabad Junction railway station|Ahmedabad Junction]] and terminates in [[Bhuj]] of [[Gujarat]] in [[India]]. It categorized under the [[Namo Bharat Rapid Rail|Vande Metro/Namo Bharat Rapid Rail]] Network.<ref>{{Cite news |last='Chakraborty' |first='Shivam' |date=16 September 2024 |title=India's 1st Vande Metro renamed as Namo Bharat Rapid Rail. Know train timing, stops and more |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |pages=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last='Gupta' |first='Dev' |title=PM Modi to flag off Namo Bharat Rapid Rail, inaugurate major projects in Ahmedabad today |work=[[CNBC]] |pages=1}}</ref>

The train is inaugurated on 16 September 2024 by Honorable [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] in [[Ahmedabad]] of [[Gujarat]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last='Gaikward' |first='Dhruv' |date=16 September 2024 |title=PM Modi to flag off country's first Vande Metro service between Ahmedabad-Bhuj in Gujarat |work=[[The Economic Times]] |pages=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last='Pandey' |first='Deepak' |date=16 September 2024 |title=Namo Bharat Rapid Rail: कितना होगा किराया, क्या होगी रफ्तार? जानें फीचर्स से लेकर सबकुछ |work=[[News 24 (India)|News 24]] |pages=5}}</ref>

== Overview ==
The train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Ahmedabad Junction railway station|Ahmedabad Junction]] and [[Bhuj railway station|Bhuj]]. It is currently operated with 94801/94802 on weekly basis.<ref>{{Cite news |last='Shetty' |first='Hasna' |date=16 September 2024 |title=Namo Bharat Rapid Rail: देश को आज मिलेगी पहली नमो भारत रैपिड रेल, जानें- टाइमिंग, रूट और किराया |work=[[ABP Group|ABP]] |pages=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last='Mishra' |first='Kamal' |date=5 November 2024 |title=Mumbai-Ahmedabad Vande Metro Trial Reaches 130 km/h, Showcasing Namo Bharat Rapid Rail's Capabilities |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |pages=4}}</ref>

== Rakes ==
The '''Ahmedabad–Bhuj ''Namo Bharat Rapid Rail''''' operates with a modern 12–coach formation. The standard configuration is arranged as C1 to C12. All coaches are fully [[Air conditioning|air-conditioned]] and designed for [[rapid transit]] operations under [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]. The rake is maintained at the [[Ahmedabad Junction railway station|Ahmedabad]] coaching depot. Coaches include reserved seating and dedicated arrangements for women and senior citizens. The train set uses [[stainless steel]] [[LHB coach|LHB]] design for enhanced safety and comfort.<ref>{{Cite news |last='Tiwari' |first='Atul' |date=16 September 2024 |title=गुजरात में रैपिड रेल की शुरुआत! पीएम मोदी ने दिखाई हरी झंडी, जानें रूट और किराया |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |pages=2}}</ref> [[Maintenance]] and periodic overhauls are scheduled at [[Ahmedabad]]. The capacity of each coach allows for efficient [[passenger]] flow on this busy corridor. The formation is designed to provide both comfort and speed for [[Middle-distance running|medium-distance]] travel.

== Schedule ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Train Schedule: Ahmedabad ↔ Bhuj Namo Bharat Rapid Rail
|-
! Train No.
! Station Code
! Departure Station
! Departure Time
! Departure Day
! Arrival Station
! Arrival Time
! Arrival Hours
|-
| 94801
| ADI
| [[Ahmedabad Junction]]
| 5:25 PM
| Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday & Friday
| [[Bhuj]]
| 11:10 PM
| 5h 45m
|-
| 94802
| BHUJ
| [[Bhuj]]
| 5:15 AM
| Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday & Saturday
| [[Ahmedabad Junction]]
| 10:50 AM
| 5h 35m
|}

== Routes and halts ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Route and halts of Ahmedabad–Bhuj Namo Bharat Rapid Rail (Both Directions)
|-
! Station Name (Ahmedabad → Bhuj)

''94801'' ↓
! Station Name (Bhuj → Ahmedabad)

''94802'' ↓
|-
| [[Ahmedabad Junction]] || [[Bhuj]]
|-
| [[Sabarmati Junction]] || [[Anjar, Gujarat|Anjar]]
|-
| [[Chandlodiya]] || [[Gandhidham Junction railway station|Gandhidham Junction]]
|-
| [[Ambli Road railway station|Ambli Road]]|| [[Bhachau]]
|-
| [[Sanand]] || [[Samakhiali Junction railway station|Samakhiali Junction]]
|-
| [[Viramgam Junction railway station|Viramgam Junction]] || [[Halvad]]
|-
| [[Dhrangadhra Junction railway station|Dharangadhra Junction]] || [[Dhrangadhra Junction railway station|Dhrangadhra Junction]]
|-
| [[Halvad]] || [[Viramgam Junction railway station|Viramgam Junction]]
|-
| [[Samakhiali Junction railway station|Samakhiali Junction]] || [[Sanand]]
|-
| [[Bhachau]] || [[Ambli Road railway station|Ambli Road]]
|-
| [[Gandhidham Junction railway station|Gandhidham Junction]] || [[Chandlodiya]]
|-
| [[Anjar, Gujarat|Anjar]] || [[Sabarmati Junction]]
|-
| [[Bhuj]] || [[Ahmedabad Junction]]
|}

== Rake reversal ==
There is no rake reversal or rake reversal.

== See also ==
● [[Namo Bharat Rapid Rail]]

● [[Amrit Bharat Express]]

● [[Vande Bharat Express]]

● [[Ahmedabad Junction railway station|Ahmedabad Junction]]

● [[Bhuj railway station|Bhuj]]

== Notes ==
a. Runs 6 days in a week for both direction.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Namo Bharat Rapid Rail}}

[[Category:Namo Bharat Rapid Rail trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
{{Railway stations in Gujarat}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmedabad-Bhuj Namo Bharat Rapid Rail}}
[[Category:Indian Railways]]

History of Kaziranga National Park

2026-02-27T09:24:01Z

ErinChamberlin3: formatting fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
The '''history of [[Kaziranga National Park]]''' in the Golaghat and Nagaon districts of the state of [[Assam]], [[India]], can be traced back to the beginning of the twentieth century, in 1904. It now is a [[World Heritage Site]] and hosts two-thirds of the world's Great One-horned Rhinoceroses, tigers, and many other endangered animals.

==Reserve Forest==
[[File:Franz von Lenbach Portrait Lady Curzon.jpg|thumb|Baroness Curzon, [[Mary Victoria Leiter|Mary Victoria Leiter Curzon]] who requested the creation of the Kaziranga conservation area in 1904]]

In the early nineteenth century, the area around what is now Kaziranga National Park was not well settled. It was notorious for wild animals, [[malaria]], frequent floods, and unpredictable changes in the course of the [[Brahmaputra River]]. Historical records of the forest called Kaziranga date to the seventeenth century. Several local [[kaziranga100.com|legends]] relates to the origin of its name, but historians suggest that the name relate to ''Karbi'', a woman who ruled the region at one time. With the rise of the [[Assam Tea|tea industry]] in Assam, slowly, the forests in the area were cleared for settlements and tea plantations. The local villagers practiced some [[slash-and-burn]] cultivation, while the [[British Empire|British]] established small permanent colonies for tea cultivation.<ref name= "kazi100">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| title = Kaziranga National Park-History and Conservation
| publisher = Kaziranga National Park Authorities
| url = http://www.kaziranga100.com/Conservation%20Management.htm
| accessdate = 2007-02-23
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928033213/http://www.kaziranga100.com/Conservation%20Management.htm
| archive-date = 28 September 2007
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

During the Nineteenth Century, megafauna populations in Assam were systematically destroyed as a result of hunting by British soldiers. Major John Butler of Bengal Native Infantry wrote in 1855 that it was not uncommon for three soldiers "to shoot thirty [[Water buffalo|buffalos]], twenty [[deer]], a dozen [[Pig|hogs]], besides one or two [[tigers]] and [[rhinoceroses]]. Captain Pollock, a British military engineer wrote that one or two rihnos or buffalos were shot dead before every breakfast. "the vast eThe history of protection in Kaziranga dates back to the early twentieth century, when [[Mary Curzon, Baroness Curzon of Kedleston|Baroness Mary Victoria Leiter Curzon]], an American who was the wife of [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]], the [[Viceroy of India]], first visited the Kaziranga area in 1904.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Kaziranga National Park Cenetary Celebration Website
|publisher=Kaziranga National Park Authorities
|url=http://www.kaziranga100.com
|accessdate=2007-02-23
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214193300/http://www.kaziranga100.com/
|archivedate=2008-02-14
}}</ref>
Kaziranga had been renowned for its [[rhinoceros]] population, however, during her trips in the region, Baroness Curzon failed to see any rhinoceros, seeing only some [[hoof]] marks.

It is rumored that the noted Assamese animal tracker, [[Balaram Hazarika]], showed Baroness Curzon around Kaziranga and impressed upon her the urgent need for conservation of the wildlife.<ref name = "bbc">{{cite news
| last =Bhaumik
| first =Subir
| title = Kaziranga's centenary celebrations
| work =[[BBC News]]
| date =2005-02-18
| url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4274927.stm
| access-date = 2007-02-25 }}</ref> Concerned about the dwindling numbers of rhinoceros, she asked her husband to take the necessary action to save the rhinoceros, which he did on 4 November 1904 when he proposed the creation of a reserve in Kaziranga.

[[File:Image-Kazi-letter.gif|thumb|250px|Formal document regarding the 4 November 1904 proposal for the establishment of the Kaziranga Reserve Forest, dated September 1905]]
Thus the Kaziranga Proposed [[Reserved forests of India|Reserve Forest]] was created on {{convert|57,273.6|acre|km2|lk=in}} of land, on 1 June 1905 by notification of the Chief [[Commissioner#India|Commissioner]] of the area.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Talukdar
| first = Sushanta
| title = Waiting for Curzon's kin to celebrate Kaziranga
| work =
| pages =
| language =
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| date = 2005-01-05
| url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/01/05/stories/2005010503052000.htm
| accessdate = 2007-02-24
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091105102311/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/01/05/stories/2005010503052000.htm
| archive-date = 5 November 2009
| url-status = usurped
}}</ref>

A proposal soon was made to extend the Kaziranga Reserve Forest by including a piece of land to the east of the existing reserve toward the Bokakhat Dhansirimukh road. Local people objected to this as their rights regarding such things as grazing, fishing, collection of cane, thatch, and firewood would be in danger. The European community of tea planters also objected to the proposal, mainly on the grounds that the area available for big game hunts would be greatly reduced. Another objection was that during the rainy season there had been a good deal of boating down the [[Diphlu river]] and the [[River Mora Dhansiri|Mora Dhansiri River]] through which tea from the neighboring tea gardens was taken to the [[Brahmaputra River]]. At last with the interventions of the forest settlement officer and deputy commissioner, Sibsagar District Major A. Playfair, an area of {{convert|13,506|acre|km2}} was added to the Kaziranga reserve vide notification No.295 R dated 28 January 1913.<ref name= "kazi100"/>

In later years another proposal was made to add extra land toward the north of the reserve, to provide shelter for the wild animals during flooding, as the ground was comparatively higher, and also to protect the wild animals from the danger of possible epidemics spreading through the domestic livestock. The presence of a large number of domestic buffaloes belonging to Nepali grazers in the proposed area caused much delay in the final making of the Reserved Forest, however, the chief commissioner decided in favour of making the reserve, and finally, an area of {{convert|37,529|acre|km2}} of land extending the Kaziranga Reserve up to the Brahmaputra River was notified vide notification No.3560 R dated 26 July 1917.<ref name= "kazi100"/>

Additions to the protected area continued and an area of {{convert|151|acre|km2|1}} was added further to the Kaziranga reserve vide notification No.FOF/WL/512/66/17 on 7 April 1967<ref name= "kazi100"/> extending the reserve to the south of the National Highway No.37 to provide a corridor for the animals to cross over safely to the [[Karbi Anglong]] Hills during flooding.

==National Park==
The proposal to declare Kaziranga as a [[National Park]] was taken up by the then Chief Conservator of Forests, P. Baruah. To achieve this objective, "The Assam National Park Act of 1968" was passed by the [[Government of Assam]], as there was no provision to create a National Park under the existing Forest Regulations. Kaziranga National Park was established on 11 February 1974, with an area of 429.93 square kilometres vide notification No.FOR/WL/722/68.<ref name= "kazi100"/>

Later several new areas were added to the National Park. The first addition (area 43.79 km2 on 28 May 1977), the second addition (area 6.47 km2 vide preliminary notification on 10 July 1985), third addition (area 0.69 km2 on 31 May 1985), fourth addition (area 0.89 km2 on 3 August 1988), fifth addition (area 1.15 km2 on 13 June 1985), and the sixth additions (area 376.50 km2 on 7 August 1999) were made.<ref name= "kazi100"/>
Two reserve forests Panbari ({{convert|1894|acre|km2|0|disp=semicolon}}) and Kukurakata ({{convert|3936|acre|km2|0|disp=semicolon}}) also came under the administrative control of the Kaziranga National Park.<ref name= "kazi100"/>

The park formally became a [[Reserve Forest]] in 1908, a ''game sanctuary'' in 1916, and it was closed officially for shooting in 1926. Kaziranga was thrown open to visitors in 1938. After the [[independence of India]], Kaziranga was declared a [[wildlife sanctuaries of India|Wildlife Sanctuary]] in 1950. In 1954 the Assam Legislative Assembly gave the rhinoceros legal protection through the Assam (Rhinoceros) Bill that laid down heavy penalties for killing any of them.<ref name= "kazi100"/> In 1974 Kaziranga was designated a [[national parks of India|National Park]], the first national park in the state of Assam. [[UNESCO]] declared Kaziranga a [[World Heritage Site]] in 1985.<ref name = "un"/>
Additional lands have been incorporated into the park, and a proposal to add some 454.50 square kilometres has been put forward to include the adjoining section of the Brahmaputra River to the north and part of the Karbi Anglong to the south, to provide a protected refuge where animals may take shelter during floods.<ref name="un">{{cite web
|title = UN Kaziranga Factsheet
|publisher = [[UNESCO]]
|url = http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/kazirang.html
|accessdate = 2007-02-23
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081115023944/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/kazirang.html
|archivedate = 2008-11-15
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

Before 1950 the tourist facilities were limited and the accommodations consisted mainly of a [[Public Works Department]] inspection bungalow at Kaziranga and a Forest rest house at Baguri. These accommodations were found highly inadequate to meet the demands of increasing number of visitors to the park. Solutions implemented for this problem were one visitor's camp at Kaziranga and later on two tourist lodge, constructed by the department on a small hillock at [[Kohora]] as well as one Forest Rest House constructed at Arimora. The management of these two Tourist Lodges was handed over to the State Tourism Department in 1963 after the creation of this new department under the Government of Assam.<ref name="unescoreport">{{cite journal
|title=Section II: Periodic Report on the State of Conservation of Kaziranga National Park, India
|publisher=[[UNESCO]]
|year=2003
|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/periodicreporting/cycle01/section2/337.pdf
|accessdate=2007-02-28
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231192431/https://whc.unesco.org/archive/periodicreporting/cycle01/section2/337.pdf
|archivedate=2006-12-31
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

Unlike [[Manas National Park]] in Assam, the [[ULFA]] [[separatist]] movement in Assam did not affect the park's wildlife or tourism adversely, in fact, it has been reported that the ULFA "tried" and executed rhinoceros [[Poaching|poachers]] in the late 1980s.<ref name = "bbc"/>

Severe losses to the number of wildlife occurred during floods, events worth mention include the floods of 1973 in which several animals were killed.<ref name="unrevised"/> In 1988 a devastating flood ravaged the park in which 70% of the park was submerged under water killing 38 rhinoceros, including 23 calves, 1,050 deer, 69 wild boar, three baby elephants, two tigers, and numerous smaller species.<ref name="unrevised"/> In 1996 44 rhinoceros were killed by floods.<ref name="unrevised">[http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/kazirang.html Kaziranga Factsheet (Revised)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020223151613/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/kazirang.html |date=2002-02-23 }}, [[UNESCO]], Retrieved on 2007-02-27</ref> In 1998 due to exceptionally heavy rainfall the Brahmaputra River flooded and parts of the park were under 6 metres of water.<ref name="unsummary"/> More than a square kilometre area of the floodplain was washed away; an estimated 652 animals, including 42 rhinoceroses, were lost.<ref name="unsummary"/> During that time [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]]-India provided material assistance and the [[Indian army]] constructed ten islands on high ground for wildlife.<ref name="unsummary">{{cite web
| title = State of Conservation of the World Heritage Properties in the Asia-Pacific Region –Kaziranga National Park
| publisher =UNESCO
| date =
| url =https://whc.unesco.org/archive/periodicreporting/cycle01/section2/337-summary.pdf
| accessdate = 2007-02-28
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060524160242/https://whc.unesco.org/archive/periodicreporting/cycle01/section2/337-summary.pdf
| archivedate = 2006-05-24 }}</ref>

The park celebrated its centenary with much fanfare in 2005, inviting descendants of Baroness and Lord Curzon for the celebrations, and combining the celebrations with the annual Kaziranga Elephant Festival.<ref name = "bbc"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Kaziranga National Park]]

{{Kaziranga National Park}}

[[Category:History of Assam|Kaziranga]]
[[Category:Kaziranga National Park]]

Pupul Bhuyan

2026-02-23T11:36:42Z

ErinChamberlin3: adding some data v1

{{Short description|Indian actress, TV presenter, and model}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pupul Bhuyan
| native_name =
| image = Pupul Bhuyan after winning Opera Mrs India Global (cropped).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Sainkul, [[Keonjhar district]], [[Odisha]]
| birth_name =
| other_names = Payal Bhuyan<ref>{{cite news |title=ଛୋଟ ପରଦାରେ ଉପସ୍ଥାପିକା, ହେଲେ ବଡ଼ ପରଦାରେ ନାୟିକା |url=https://sambad.in/entertainment/anchor-heroinepupul-96471/ |access-date=15 November 2022 |work=Sambad |date=7 March 2018 |language=Odia}}</ref>
| occupation = ([[Ollywood|Odia]]) actress, TV presenter
| years_active = 2012 - present
| spouse = Deep Thadani
| children =
| parents = BataKrishna Bhuyan (father) Baijayantimala Bhuyan (mother)
| relatives =
| alma_mater = [[Buxi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar College]]
| awards = Rupanagara Mahanagara Award for Best Female Debut Opera Mrs India Global 2018<ref>{{cite web |title=Opera Miss/Mrs. India Global 2018 |url=http://operamrsindiaglobal.com/winners/ |website=Opera Miss/Mrs. India Global |access-date=15 November 2022}}</ref>
|website =
}}

'''Pupul Bhuyan''' ({{IPA|or|pupulɔ bʱujaː̃}}) is an Indian actress, television presenter, and model who has mostly appeared in Odia films, telefilms, daily shops, and reality shows. She started her film career in Ollywood in 2013 through the 1st Odia 3D film [[Kaunri Kanya]] along with [[Kavya Keeran]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kaunri Kanya 3D Oriya Horror Film |date=27 February 2013 |url=http://incredibleorissa.com/oriyafilms/kaunri-kanya-oriya-movie-songs-videos-wallpapers |publisher=Incredible Orissa}}</ref> In 2018, she was crowned as the winner at Opera Mrs. India Global pageant.<ref name="My City Links">{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Neha |title=Marriage No Barrier In Pursuing Dreams, Says Opera Mrs India Global 2018 |url=https://mycitylinks.in/marriage-no-barrier-in-pursuing-dreams-says-opera-mrs-india-global-2018/ |access-date=15 November 2022 |work=My City Links |date=29 August 2020 |language=English}}</ref>

== Early life ==
She was born at Sainkul village of Keonjhar district of Odisha to BataKrishna Bhuyan and Baijayantimala Bhuyan. She is a graduate from the [[Buxi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar College|Buxi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar College, Bhubaneswar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2018 |title=Odisha's Pupul Bhuyan Wins Opera Mrs India Global 2018 |url=https://odishabytes.com/odishas-pupul-bhuyan-wins-opera-mrs-india-global-2018/ |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=odishabytes |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2016, she married Deep Thadani.<ref name="My City Links" />

== Career ==
Bhuyan started her career as a stage presenter and then hosted some solo television shows like E-News, Apananka Pasand, etc. Later she started hosting reality shows like SaReGaMaPa little Champs, Swara Odishara, Mun bi Heroine Hebi, etc.

In 2013, she debuted in Odia film industry in a lead role through the first Odia 3D film, [[Kaunri Kanya]] directed by Somya Ranjan Sahu. Later she played some character roles in Odia movies like Blackmail, Bidyarana,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=KalingaTV |date=16 June 2020 |title=First look of Babusan's Odia upcoming film 'Bidyarana' released: Watch |url=https://kalingatv.com/entertainment/first-look-of-babusans-odia-upcoming-film-bidyarana-released-watch/ |access-date=15 November 2022 |publisher=KalingaTV |language=en-US}}</ref> etc. In 2023, she started in [[Niyati]] by S3 Movies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-22 |title=Odia movie Niyati released across the state |url=https://odiacelebrity.com/odia-movie-niyati-released-across-the-state/ |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=Odia Celebrity |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=29 January 2023 |title=ସୋନୁଙ୍କ ନିୟତି |language=or |page=8 |work=[[Sambad]] (Sunday) |url=https://sambadepaper.com/epaperimages/29012023/29012023-md-rv-8/0284829.jpg |url-status=live |access-date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211155627/https://sambadepaper.com/epaperimages/29012023/29012023-md-rv-8/0284829.jpg |archive-date=11 February 2023}}</ref>

Apart from anchoring and acting, she is active in modeling. In 2018, she had participated the Opera Mrs. India Global pageant and won that.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Cuttack girl wins Charming Face Odisha title |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/cuttack-girl-wins-charming-face-odisha-title.html |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2020 |title=These beauty pageant winners capture hearts during lockdown |url=https://www.orissapost.com/more-to-life-than-winning-crowns-beauty-pageant-winners/ |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST |language=en-US}}</ref> Apart from the crown, she had won the best ramp walk award in the semifinal.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 September 2018 |title=Pupul is Opera Mrs India Global |work=Orissa Post |url=http://odishapostepaper.com/edition/148/orissapost/page/2 |url-status=live |accessdate=29 September 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115140852/http://odishapostepaper.com/edition/148/orissapost/page/2 |archivedate=15 November 2022}}</ref> In 2022 she was featured on the cover photo an Odia magazine, Shubhapallaba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2022 |title=Shubhapallaba Released its 39th Edition on Raja Sankranti |url=https://orissadiary.com/shubhapallaba-released-its-39th-edition-on-raja-sankranti/ |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=Odisha Diary |language=en-US}}</ref> Before that, in 2016, she was featured on [[Kadambini]] magazine.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Language
!Role
!Note
|-
|2013
|''[[Kaunri Kanya]]''
|[[Odia language|Odia]]
|Anusaya
|Debuted in [[Ollywood]]
|-
|2015
|''[[Bhala Pae Tate 100 Ru 100]]''
|Odia
|
|
|-
|2018
|''Blackmail''
|Odia
|
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Bidyarana]]''
|Odia
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Actress Pupul Bhuyan waits for shooting for her film to resume post lockdown - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bhubaneswar/actress-pupul-bhuyan-waits-for-shooting-for-her-film-to-resume-post-lockdown/articleshow/77851873.cms |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=31 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Delivery Boy]]''
|
|
|
|-
|[[Niyati]]
|
|Sadhana
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |Filming
|Anubhav- a loverboy
|
|Barsha
|
|-
|Tu Mo Kamjori
|
|
|
|-
|Ajati
|
|
|
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Title
!Channel
!Note
|-
|Nannda Putuli
|Manjari TV
|Odia dailyshop
|-
|E-News
|[[Odisha TV|OTV]]
| rowspan="10" |Presenter
|-
|E-Gossip
|OTV
|-
|Tele Trvel
|OTV
|-
|The Review Show
|MBC TV
|-
|Ama Rosei Ghara
|[[Tarang TV]]
|-
|Jita Odisha Jiea
|Tarang TV
|-
|Apananka Pasand
|ETV Odia
|-
|Swara Odishara
|Sarthak TV
|-
|Mun bi Heroine Hebi
|Sarthak TV
|-
|SaReGaMaPa Little Champs
|Sarthak TV
|}

== Awards ==
{{BLP sources section|date=February 2023}}
* Rupanagara Mahanagara Award for Best Female Debut
* Show Time Award for Best Dubut Female
* Opera Mrs India Global 2018<ref name="My City Links" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|nm6846747}}
*{{Instagram|pupulbhuyan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhuyan, Pupul}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kendujhar district]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Odisha]]
[[Category:Actresses in Odia cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Odia television]]
[[Category:Female models from Odisha]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Electoral College (India)

2026-02-22T11:06:28Z

ErinChamberlin3:

{{Short description|Electorate for the president of India}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}

The [[President of India]] is [[indirect election|indirectly elected]] with [[Instant-runoff voting]]{{efn|The Constitution of 1950 use the term [[Single transferable vote]], which is now used for a system with multiple-member constituencies. When there is only one of the latter, the system is now called [[Instant-runoff voting]]}} by means of an [[electoral college]] consisting of the elected members of the [[Parliament of India]] and the [[State legislative assemblies of India|legislative assemblies]] of the [[States and union territories of India|states]] and [[Union territory|union territories]] of India. The number and value of votes are based on the population in 1971 rather than the current population, as a result of the [[Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India|42nd Amendment]], and extended by the 84th Amendment,<ref name="84th">[http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend84.htm 84th Amendment]</ref> with the intention to encourage [[Family planning in India|family planning]] programs in the states by ensuring that states are not penalised for lowering their population growth and development.

The [[Vice President of India|Vice-President]] is elected by a [[Vice-President of India#Election|different electoral college]], consisting of members (elected as well as nominated) of the [[Lok Sabha]] and [[Rajya Sabha]].

==Composition==
The presidential electoral college is made up of the following:
* elected members of the [[Rajya Sabha]] ([[upper house]] of the Parliament of India);
* elected members of the [[Lok Sabha]] ([[lower house]] of the Parliament of India);
* elected members of each state's [[State legislative assemblies of India|Legislative Assembly]] (lower house of the state legislature);
* elected members of legislative assembly of Union Territories of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Jammu-Kashmir]], [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi]] and [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry]]<ref>{{Cite news|title='J&K not included in electoral college for Presidential election' |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/05/19/jk-not-included-in-electoral-college-for-presidential-election.html |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='FAQ - Who elects the President of India?' |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/faq/1/5 |language=en}}</ref>

==Weighing of votes==
The value of votes cast by elected members of the state legislative assemblies and both houses of parliament are determined by the provisions of article 55(2) of the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/Constitution/S55.htm |title=Section 55 of the Constitution of India |access-date=5 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316043542/http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/Constitution/S55.htm |archive-date=16 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The details of number of voters and votes for the presidential election are given below.<ref name="electoralvotes">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/President_VP_Elec2012/election%20to%20the%20office%20of%20President%202012.pdf Election to the Office of President, 2012]</ref> As per the 84th Amendment, the 1971 census is used, and will continue to be used until 2026.<ref name="84th"/>

The formula for determining the number of votes held by an MLA is:

{| align="center"
|-
|<math> \mbox{Value of an MLA vote} = \cfrac {\mbox{Total population of the state or union territory}} {\mbox{Total number of elected members of the State Legislative Assembly} \times {1000}} </math> 
|}

That is, the average constituency size, determined by the 1971 census, in the state or union territory, divided by 1,000.

The number of votes for MLAs are as follows:

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!width="150"|Name of the State/Union Territory
!width="150"! data-sort-type=number |Number of State Legislative Assembly seats (elective)
!width="150"! data-sort-type=number|Population (1971 Census){{ref|cap|†}}<ref name="electoralvotes"/>
!width="150"! data-sort-type=number|Value of the vote of each MLA
!width="150"! data-sort-type=number|Total value of votes for the State/Union Territory
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|175]]
|align=right| 27,800,586
|align=right| 159
|align=right| 27,825
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|60]]
|align=right| 467,511
|align=right| 8
|align=right| 480
|-
| [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the Assam Legislative Assembly|126]]
|align=right| 14,625,152
|align=right| 116
|align=right| 14,616
|-
| [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|243]]
|align=right| 42,126,236
|align=right| 173
|align=right| 42,039
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Chhattisgarh]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|90]]
|align=right| 11,637,494
|align=right| 129
|align=right| 11,610
|-
| [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the Delhi Legislative Assembly|70]]
|align=right| 4,065,698
|align=right| 58
|align=right| 4,060
|-
| [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Goa]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the Goa Legislative Assembly|40]]
|align=right| 795,120
|align=right| 20
|align=right| 800
|-
| [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly|182]]
|align=right| 26,697,475
|align=right| 147
|align=right| 26,754
|-
| [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Haryana]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly|90]]
|align=right| 10,036,808
|align=right| 112
|align=right| 10,080
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Himachal Pradesh]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|68]]
|align=right| 3,460,434
|align=right| 51
|align=right| 3,468
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|90]]
|align=right| 45,11,341
|align=right| 50
|align=right| 4,500
|-
| [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Jharkhand]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|81]]
|align=right| 14,227,133
|align=right| 176
|align=right| 14,256
|-
| [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|224]]
|align=right| 29,299,014
|align=right| 131
|align=right| 29,344
|-
| [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly|140]]
|align=right| 21,347,375
|align=right| 152
|align=right| 21,280
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|230]]
|align=right| 30,016,625
|align=right| 131
|align=right| 30,130
|-
| [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|288]]
|align=right| 50,412,235
|align=right| 175
|align=right| 50,400
|-
| [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Manipur]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly|60]]
|align=right| 1,072,753
|align=right| 18
|align=right| 1,080
|-
| [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Meghalaya]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|60]]
|align=right| 1,011,699
|align=right| 17
|align=right| 1,020
|-
| [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Mizoram]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly|40]]
|align=right| 332,390
|align=right| 8
|align=right| 320
|-
| [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Nagaland]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly|60]]
|align=right| 516,499
|align=right| 9
|align=right| 540
|-
| [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|147]]
|align=right| 21,944,615
|align=right| 149
|align=right| 21,903
|-
| [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly|30]]
|align=right| 471,707
|align=right| 16
|align=right| 480
|-
| [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117]]
|align=right| 13,551,060
|align=right| 116
|align=right| 13,572
|-
| [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|200]]
|align=right| 25,765,806
|align=right| 129
|align=right| 25,800
|-
| [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly|Sikkim]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the Sikkim Legislative Assembly|32]]
|align=right| 209,843
|align=right| 7
|align=right| 224
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|234]]
|align=right| 41,199,168
|align=right| 176
|align=right| 41,184
|-
| [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Telangana]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the Telangana Legislative Assembly|119]]
|align=right| 15,702,122
|align=right| 132
|align=right| 15,708
|-
| [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly|60]]
|align=right| 1,556,342
|align=right| 26
|align=right| 1,560
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|403]]
|align=right| 83,849,905
|align=right| 208
|align=right| 83,824
|-
| [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Uttarakhand]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|70]]
|align=right| 4,491,239
|align=right| 64
|align=right| 4,480
|-
| [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]]
|align=right| [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|294]]
|align=right| 44,312,011
|align=right| 151
|align=right| 44,394
|- class=sortbottom
| '''Total'''
|align=right|'''4,123'''
|align=right| '''547,513,396'''
|
|align=right|'''547,731'''
|}

'''Note:-''' {{ref|note|†}}http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/HandBooks/President_Election_08062017.pdf.

The value of an MP's vote is calculated by dividing the total value of all MLAs' votes by the number of MPs. The formula for determining the number of votes held by an MP is:

{| align="center"
|-
|<math>\mbox{Value of an MP vote} = \cfrac {\mbox{The sum of vote value of elected members of all the State Legislative Assemblies}} {\mbox{The sum of elected members of both the houses of Parliament}} </math> 
|}

That is, the total Members of [[Parliament]] (Elected) = Lok Sabha (543) + Rajya Sabha (233) = 776
:
:Value of each MP vote = 547,731 / 776 = '''706''' (to the nearest integer)
:Total value of votes of MPs = 776 × 706 = '''547,856'''

The number of votes for MPs are as follows:

Total number of votes for presidential electors are as follows:

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!width="150"|Elector
!width="150"|Total number of electors
!width="150"|Total value of votes
|-
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members of Legislative Assemblies]] (elected)
|align=right|4,123
|align=right|'''547,731'''
|-
|[[Member of Parliament (India)|Members of Parliament]] (elected)
|align=right|776
|align=right|'''547,856'''
|- class="sortbottom"
| '''Total'''
|align=right| '''4899'''
|align=right|'''1,095,587'''
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Presidential elections in India]]
[[Category:Electoral colleges|India]]

Goluwala

2026-02-18T23:11:44Z

ErinChamberlin3: added content further and added references

{{More references|date=December 2023}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement 
| name = Goluwala
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt = thumbnail
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.63|N|74.06|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hanumangarh district|Hanumangarh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1910
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Gram Panchayat (Old), Municipality (2025)
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 4
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 177
| population_total = 16000 estm (9753{24JRK}+5207{22JRK}+1032{23JRK-B)
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 335802
| area_code = 911508
| area_code_type = 01508
| registration_plate = RJ-31
| website = https://www.mhers.in
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Bagri language|Bagri]] ([[Rajasthani Language]])
}}
'''Goluwala''' is a city in [[Hanumangarh district]] of Rajasthan, India. It belongs to [[Bikaner division]]. It is divided into two suburbs– '''Niwadan''' and '''Sihagan'''. It is an industrial town located some 31 km west of [[Hanumangarh]]. The total population
was about 16000 in the 2011 census.

==Demographics==
At the 2011 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2011-05-25|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Goluwala has a population of around 21383 in 2024. The first election of Goluwala as municipality is hold in 2025. The majority of the population is Hindu, Jain, and Sikh. males constituted around 51% of the population and females around 49%. Goluwala had an average literacy rate of around 78.32%, higher than the national average of 73.0%: male literacy is around 85.42%, and female literacy is around 70.42%. The main caste resides here are [[Hindu]], [[Sikh]], and [[Jain]].

== Languages ==
{{Unsourced section|date=February 2026}}
[[Bagri language|Bagri]] ([[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]]) is the major language in Hanumangarh. [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] is also used.

== Climate ==
The average maximum temperature in the summer is around {{Convert|41.2|C|F}} and the average minimum temperature in winter is around {{Convert|6|C|F}}. The average annual rainfall is {{Convert|200|mm|in}}.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Hanumangarh district}}

[[Category:Villages in Hanumangarh district]]

Selina Sharma

2026-02-11T00:27:49Z

ErinChamberlin3: basic rework citations to improve readability also

{{Short description|Italian-born Indian musicologist and vocalist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Selina Sharma
|image = File:Selina Sharma delivering lecture at M.G.M. College Udupi.jpg|caption = Selina Sharma delivering lecture at M.G.M. College Udupi, July 2011
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1970|1|6}}
|occupation = Musicologist and singer
|yearsactive = 1994–present
|spouse = Shashank Goswami (m.2006)
| alias = Selina Thielemann, Selina Goswami
}}
[[File:Selina sharma.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Selina Sharma in 2006]]
'''Selina Sharma (Thielemann)''' is an Italian-born Indian [[Musicology|musicologist]] and vocalist.<ref name=maanav>[https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206369107 "Maanav prem hi vishva Sanskriti"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315150500/https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206369107 |date=15 March 2023 }}, [http://www.livehindustan.com/ Hindustan], 18 February 2002. Retrieved 25 June 2016.</ref><ref name=bhakti>[https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206369113 "Bhakti ka aadhaar prem hai: Thielemann"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315150457/https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206369113 |date=15 March 2023 }}, [http://ajhindidaily.com/ Aaj], 20 March 2002. Retrieved 25 June 2016.</ref><ref name=manushya>[https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206369106 "Manushya ki puja hi bhagavan ki puja"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315150457/https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206369106 |date=15 March 2023 }}, [https://www.bhaskar.com/ Dainik Bhaskar], 19 March 2002. Retrieved 25 June 2016.</ref> Her theoretical work concentrates on [[South Asia]], in particular on the devotional music tradition of the [[Vraja]] region, the [[Baul]]s of [[Bengal]] as well as on the philosophical and spiritual aspects of music. Currently she is the Vice-Secretary and Academic Director of Vraja Kala Sanskriti Sansthana (Institute of Vraja Art and Culture) at [[Vrindaban]].<ref name=indische>[https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206380996 "Indische Kunst in Dohna"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315150457/https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206380996 |date=15 March 2023 }}, [http://www.sz-online.de/ Saechsische Zeitung], 9–10 June 2007. Retrieved 25 June 2016.</ref>

== Early life and career (1994-2006) ==

Born as Selina Thielemann into a family of musicians and scholars, Selina Sharma was introduced to Indian culture and philosophy as a young child, inspired especially by her violinist father Peter Thielemann and her mother Serena Mitzscherling, a renowned concert pianist.<ref name=selina>[https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206369116 "Selina Thielemann. London se vrindavan tak"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205021650/https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206369116 |date=5 February 2021 }}, [https://www.bhaskar.com/ Dainik Bhaskar], 14 July 2002. Retrieved 25 June 2016.</ref><ref name=berlin>Regunathan, Sudhamahi. [https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206369101 "From Berlin to Brindavan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204193016/https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206369101 |date=4 February 2021 }}, [http://www.thehindu.com The Hindu], 10 April 2000. Retrieved 28 June 2016.</ref> Selina received training in violin from her father.<ref name=selina/><ref name=berlin/> After completing her schooling and musical [[education in Germany]], she pursued her M.Mus. in [[ethnomusicology]] from the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]], [[University of London]], where she also studied mediaeval [[Hindi literature]], [[Sanskrit]] and South Asian politics.<ref name=selina/><ref name=vrindavan>Vats, Pritima. [https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206369115 "Vrindavan ke suron ne Italy lautne nahi diya"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315150518/https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206369115 |date=15 March 2023 }}, [http://www.livehindustan.com/ Hindustan], 29 December 2002. Retrieved 25 June 2016.</ref><ref name=bharat>Ranjan, Prabhat. [https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206369103 "Bharat apna desh lagta"]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, [http://www.jansatta.com/ Jansatta], 4 June 2000. Retrieved 25 June 2016.</ref> She completed her M.Phil. in musicology from the [[University of Cambridge]], and obtained her Ph.D. from [[Banaras Hindu University]].<ref name=selina/><ref name=pioneer>Varadapande, M.L. [https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206369028 "If music be the food of life, daal roti it has to be"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210050745/https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206369028 |date=10 February 2021 }}, [http://www.dailypioneer.com The Pioneer], 17 November 1996. Retrieved 25 June 2016.</ref><ref name=ishvar>[https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206369114 "Ishvar ka asli rup manav hriday me"]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, [https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100009552613545&sk=about Nayee Baat], 19 March 2002. Retrieved 25 June 2016.</ref> Her doctoral thesis on "Musical traditions of Vaishnava temples in Vraja" was supervised by renowned musicologist Professor [[Prem Lata Sharma]], who essentially shaped Selina's views.<ref name=pioneer/><ref>[https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206369104 "Saundaryashaastriya chetna ki aatyaantik abhivyakti thi premlata sharma"]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, [http://www.rashtriyasahara.com Rashtriya Sahara], 5 December 2000. Retrieved 25 June 201.</ref><ref name=bharatiya>[https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206369099 "Bharatiya sangit unhe Italy se kinch laya"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205195445/https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206369099 |date=5 February 2021 }}, [http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/ Navabharat Times], 29 May 2000. Retrieved 25 June 2016.</ref> The other personality to significantly influence Selina's academic outlook was the German scholar Professor Josef Kuckertz,<ref name=berlin/><ref name=pioneer/> whose writings she compiled after his death and published them under the title ''Essays in Indian music'' in 1999.<ref>[https://sriramv.wordpress.com/2011/03/page/2/ "Carnatic music and its German links]", Madras Heritage and Carnatic music, 7 March 2011. Retrieved on 10 May 2016.</ref>

In 1994, Selina came first to India to pursue fieldwork on the temple music traditions of the Vraja region as part of her M.Phil. thesis at the University of Cambridge.<ref name=pioneer/> Here, she started her training as a [[dhrupad]] vocalist with Pandit Vidur Mallik at [[Vrindaban]].<ref name=vrindavan/><ref name=pioneer/> Seeing the declining state of many forms of traditional music and art in the [[Vraja]] area, she returned to Vrindaban upon completion of her studies at Cambridge University in the summer of 1994, and from then onwards dedicated her work to the research and documentation of the musical traditions of Vraja and other areas in India. In the course of this work, her intent of establishing an academic institution for the research, documentation and dissemination of Vraja art took firm roots,<ref name=selina/><ref name=berlin/> a goal which materialized in 2004 when [http://www.vrajkalasanskriti.webs.com Vraja Kala Sanskriti Sansthana] was established by a group of dedicated artists and scholars including Selina Sharma and her husband Shashank Goswami.<ref name=indische/><ref name=indischetem>[https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206381000 "Indische Tempelmalerei in Dohna<nowiki>]</nowiki>"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315150509/https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206381000 |date=15 March 2023 }}, [http://www.dresdner-nachrichten.de Dresdner Nachrichten], 14 June 2007. Retrieved 25 June 2016.</ref>

Between 1996 and 2005, Selina Sharma produced the major body of her publications including eleven books on various subjects of Indian music and philosophy, as well as a large number of articles.<ref name=berlin/> Together with the famous folk singer [[Purna Das Baul]], she authored the first extensive written account on the philosophy of the [[Bauls]] to be published in English language.<ref name=vrindavan/><ref>[https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206369117 "Bharatiya baul gaane jarmani se yahan aayi lekhika Selina"]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, [http://www.rashtriyasahara.com Rashtriya Sahara], 21 November 2002. Retrieved 25 June 2016</ref><ref>[https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206369111 "Enjoy Baul geets today"]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Baroda-Times Baroda Times], 6 December 2002. Retrieved 25 June 2016.</ref>

== Dissemination of Vraja art and culture (2006-present) ==

Since 2006, Selina Sharma concentrated her activities on the dissemination of the rare and endangered forms of folk and traditional art of Vraja. Together with her husband, [[Sanjhi]] artist Shashank Goswami, she conducts regular workshops and lectures on Indian music and art, Indian stage plays on epic themes enacted by school children, as well as exhibitions of miniature paintings by young artists from [[Vraja]] in India and abroad.<ref name=indische/><ref name=indischetem/><ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/180709/artist-couple-up-bring-sanchi.html "Artist couple from UP bring Sanchi art to Udupi"], [http://www.deccanherald.com Deccan Herald], 1 August 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2016.</ref><ref name=einblicke>[https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206381026 "Einblicke in das Leben der Inder"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315150524/https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206381026 |date=15 March 2023 }}, [http://www.pirna-meine-region.de/pirnaer_zeitung-in-pirna.html Pirnaer Zeitung]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, 3–4 May 2008. Retrieved 25 June 2016.</ref><ref name=indischemyt>[https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206380998 "Indische Mythologie in Liedern und Erzaehlungen"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316160813/https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206380998 |date=16 March 2023 }}, [http://www.sz-online.de Saechsische Zeitung], 4 August 2007. Retrieved 25 June 2016.</ref><ref name=erstes>[https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206381028 "Erstes Deutsch-Indisches Festival startet in der Johannstadt"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315150521/https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206381028 |date=15 March 2023 }}, [http://www.sz-online.de Saechsische Zeitung], 31 May 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2016.</ref> She also performs as a dhrupad singer in India and abroad.<ref name=pioneer/><ref name=indischemyt/><ref>[https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206369121 "Kalakaron ne banaya mahakumbh"]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, [http://www.indiapress.org/gen/news.php/Amar_Ujala/400x60/0 Amar Ujala], 2 March 2003. Retrieved 25 June 2016.</ref><ref>[https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206381002 "Indische Klaenge in Dohna"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315150504/https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/photo?photoid=206381002 |date=15 March 2023 }}, [http://www.sz-online.de Saechsische Zeitung], 10 July 2007. Retrieved 25 June 2016.</ref>
In 2012, Selina Sharma was honored with the Kiran Achievement Award for her contributions in the field of musicology. <ref>[https://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org/apps/photos/album?albumid=16238703 Press release by Vraja Kala Sanskriti Sansthana]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, 25 November 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2021</ref>

== Personal life ==

Selina Sharma is married to hereditary priest and [[Sanjhi]] artist Shashank Goswami since 2006. They have two sons Shri Ram Goswami and Shri Lakshman Goswami.<ref name=einblicke/><ref name=erstes/> Selina Sharma speaks many languages, including Hindi, Sanskrit, Bengali, English, Italian and German.<ref name=vrindavan/>

== Bibliography==
* [http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/darbhanga-tradition-dhrupada-in-school-of-pandit-vidur-mallik-IDE547/ ''The Darbhanga tradition: dhrupada in the school of Pandit Vidur Mallik''] (Varanasi: Indica Books), 1997 {{ISBN|81-86569-01-4}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=_AX9mq1s9PQC&dq=Rasalila+Selina+Thielemann&pg=PA390 ''Rasalila. A musical study of religious drama in Vraja''] (New Delhi: APH Publishing Corporation), 1998 {{ISBN|81-7024-864-7}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=ApPQkACQdzQC ''Sounds of the Sacred. Religious Music in India''] (New Delhi: APH Publishing Corporation), 1998 {{ISBN|81-7024-990-2}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=jqgHAQAAMAAJ ''The music of South Asia''] (New Delhi: APH Publishing Corporation), 1999 {{ISBN|81-7648-057-6}}
* (Edited) ''Essays on Indian music by Professor Josef Kuckertz'' (Bombay and Baroda: Indian Musicological Society), 1999
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=XCVfa6bMf2oC ''Singing the praises divine: music in the Hindu tradition''] (New Delhi: APH Publishing Corporation), 2000 {{ISBN|81-7648-165-3}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=3BQJAQAAMAAJ ''Musical traditions of Vaishnava temples in Vraja. A comparative study of samaja and the dhrupada tradition of North Indian classical music''] (2 vols., New Delhi: Sagar Printers and Publishers), 2001 {{ISBN|81-7123-070-9}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=NmPXtTo5qMwC ''The spirituality of music''] (New Delhi: APH Publishing Corporation), 2001 {{ISBN|81-7648-249-8}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWFWeNqIms0C ''Divine service and the performing arts in India''] (New Delhi: APH Publishing Corporation), 2002 {{ISBN|81-7648-333-8}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=soG8XGr-d-cC ''Samgita-sadhana. The path of human oneness''] (New Delhi: APH Publishing Corporation), 2003 {{ISBN|81-7648-474-1}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=jqiHtgAACAAJ ''Armonie yoga. Un flusso universal di musica, poesia e filosofia che parla al cuore''] (Savona: Lakshmi Edizioni), 2012 {{ISBN|88-9664-211-6}}
* (with [[Purna Das|Baul Samrat Purna Das]]) [https://books.google.com/books?id=8RIf3s4J3UoC ''Baul Philosophy''] (New Delhi: APH Publishing Corporation), 2003 {{ISBN|81-7648-409-1}}
* (with Saurabh Goswami) [https://books.google.com/books?id=xEnT57bbZG8C ''Music and fine arts in the devotional traditions of India. Worship through beauty''] (New Delhi: APH Publishing Corporation), 2005 {{ISBN|81-7648-811-9}}

== Discography ==
* ''Dekho gopala ki avani'' (Devotional songs from the temples of Vraja), produced by Vraja Kala Sanskriti Sansthana, Vrindaban, 2004
* ''Sañjhi Utsava vol. 1'', produced by Vraja Kala Sanskriti Sansthana, Vrindaban, 2005

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.vrajkalasanskriti.org Vraja Kala Sanskriti Sansthana]
* [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n89-199601/ Works by or about Selina Sharma] in libraries ([[WorldCat]] catalog)

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Selina}}
[[Category:Indian women musicologists]]
[[Category:Indian musicologists]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]

Bagrakote railway station

2026-02-10T02:58:58Z

ErinChamberlin3:

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Bagrakote Railway Station
| type = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|25px]] [[Indian Railways]] Station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Bagrakote village in the Malbazar subdivision of the Jalpaiguri district 19.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = National Highway 17, near Tea Estate, Bagrakot, Pin - 734501, Dist - Jalpaiguri
State: West Bengal
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.8994|88.5846|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|172|m|ft}}
| line = [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]]
| other =
| structure = [[Intersection (road)#At grade railways|At grade]]
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2 (broad gauge)
| parking = Available
| bicycle =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BRQ
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| division = [[Alipurduar railway division|Alipurduar]]
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_dot_label = '''Bagrakote Railway Station'''
| map_size = 300
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_caption = Location in [[West Bengal]]##Location in India
}}

'''Bagrakote railway station''' is the railway station which serves the areas of [[Bagrakote]], [[Chuikhim]], [[Nimbong]] etc lying on [[Doars]] region in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Departures from Bagrakote Railway Station|url=http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/departures/7537|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-28|archive-date=2022-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402090018/http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/departures/7537|url-status=dead}}</ref> It lies in the [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway]] zone, [[Alipurduar railway division]].

==Trains==
Major trains running from Bagrakote Railway Station are as follows:

*[[Siliguri Bamanhat Intercity Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siliguri-Bamanhat Intercity Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-siliguri-bamanhat-express-15467/17335/445/7550|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
*[[Siliguri–Alipurduar Intercity Express]]<ref name="indiarailinfo7">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-siliguri-alipur-duar-intercity-express-15767/18647/445/449|title=15767/Siliguri - Alipur Duar Intercity Express (UnReserved) - Siliguri to Alipur Duar NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Jalpaiguri district]]
[[Category:Alipurduar railway division]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Northeast India inter-state border disputes

2026-02-07T23:22:17Z

ErinChamberlin3: adding first entry nd citations

{{Short description|List of border disputes}}
[[File:Northeast india.png|thumb|Boundaries are not authoritative]]
'''Border disputes of [[Northeast India]]''' mainly include inter-[[States and union territories of India|state]] conflict between [[Assam]]–[[Mizoram]], Assam–[[Arunachal Pradesh]], Assam–[[Nagaland]] and Assam–[[Meghalaya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parashar|first=Utpal|date=2020-10-20|title=North-east border disputes: All you need to know|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/north-east-border-disputes-all-you-need-to-know/story-SHxgevpJ08gAu8pS7SQ5mN.html|access-date=2021-07-28|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=2020-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124111759/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/north-east-border-disputes-all-you-need-to-know/story-SHxgevpJ08gAu8pS7SQ5mN.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=12 March 2012|title=12 Areas of Dispute on Meghalaya-Assam Border|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/12-areas-of-dispute-on-meghalaya-assam-border/755122|access-date=2021-07-29|website=Outlook India|archive-date=2021-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729093231/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/12-areas-of-dispute-on-meghalaya-assam-border/755122|url-status=live}}</ref> The disputes, including clashes between rival police forces, have resulted in the loss of life, livelihood and property.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kalita|first=Prabin|date=23 August 2014|title=Unhappy with boundaries, NE sisters nibbling away at our land, Gogoi says|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/unhappy-with-boundaries-ne-sisters-nibbling-away-at-our-land-gogoi-says/articleshow/40740652.cms|access-date=2021-07-28|website=The Times of India|archive-date=2021-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728115332/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/unhappy-with-boundaries-ne-sisters-nibbling-away-at-our-land-gogoi-says/articleshow/40740652.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The border disputes in some cases are part of the larger national (separatist), sub-regional and ethnic conflicts, as well as criminal enterprise fuelled.{{sfnp|Second Administrative Reforms Commission Seventh Report|2008|p=39}} This internal [[Land conflict in India|land conflict]] in the districts of the northeast are part of the 322 districts affected by ongoing land conflicts out of a total of 703 districts in India.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Worsdell|first1=T|last2=Shrivastava|first2=K|date=2020|title=Locating the Breach: Mapping the nature of land conflicts in India|url=https://global-uploads.webflow.com/5d70c9269b8d7bd25d8b1696/5ecd20dd626f166d67f67461_Locating_the_Breach_Feb_2020.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215124141/https://global-uploads.webflow.com/5d70c9269b8d7bd25d8b1696/5ecd20dd626f166d67f67461_Locating_the_Breach_Feb_2020.pdf|archive-date=15 February 2021|access-date=29 July 2021|website=Land Conflict Watch|publisher=Nut Graph LLP, Rights and Resources Initiative, and Oxfam India|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

== Assam–Mizoram ==
Conflict between the British and Lushai Hills (Mizo) tribes caused both sides to feel the need for a boundary.<ref name=":0" /> [[Cachar district|Cachar]] (Assam) Deputy Commissioner [[John Ware Edgar]] signed a treaty/boundary agreement with Lushai (Mizo) Chief Suakpuilala in 1871.<ref name=":0" /> Following this the boundary was marked with 46 boundary pillars.<ref name=":0" /> One of the first recorded instances of the enforcement of political borders between Assam and Lushai Hills (now Mizoram) was in 1926 when five men, returning from [[Shillong]] (then Assam), were arrested by the then Superintendent of Lushai Hills [[N.E. Parry]].{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2013|p=1}} In 1933, a notification defined an ''Inner Line'' or ''Boundary Line'' between then Assam and Lushai Hills district (Mizoram).{{Sfn|Das|2021|pp=1–2}}{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2013|pp=335–337}}{{Quote box
| title = Inner Line or Boundary Line of 1933
| quote = ''The 9th March, 1933. No 2106-A.P.''

[…] in exercise of the power conferred by section 2 of the Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation, 1873 (v of 1873), as extended to the Lushai Hills District, the Governor in Council with the previous sanction of the Governor General in Council, is pleased to prescribe the line described below as the 'Inner Line' of the Lushai Hills District.
| source = {{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2013|pp=335–337}}
| width = 350px
}}The [[North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971]] defines the boundary between Assam and Mizoram in independent India;{{Sfn|Das|2021|pp=1–2}} this is based on the 1933 notification.{{Sfn|Das|2021|pp=1–2}} However, the usage of the 1933 notification in the modern context is disputed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Hnamte|first=Thanchungnunga|date=2020-12-19|title=Historical and political perspectives|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/editorial/historical-and-political-perspectives-516992|access-date=2021-08-01|website=Sentinel Assam|archive-date=2021-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731053203/https://www.sentinelassam.com/editorial/historical-and-political-perspectives-516992|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1972 Mizoram was carved out of Assam as a [[union territory]], and following the [[Mizoram Peace Accord]], in 1987 it became a state.{{Sfn|Wahlang|2021|pp=4–5}}{{Sfn|Pachuau|2009|pp=17–18}} Initially Mizoram accepted the border with Assam but following encroachment, Mizoram started disputing the border.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Pushpita|date=12 June 2008|title=Interstate Border Disputes in the Northeast|url=https://idsa.in/idsastrategiccomments/InterstateBorderDisputesintheNortheast_PDas_120608|access-date=2021-08-01|website=Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses|archive-date=2021-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801123142/https://idsa.in/idsastrategiccomments/InterstateBorderDisputesintheNortheast_PDas_120608|url-status=live}}</ref>

1980s onwards, there have been skirmishes, small buildings have been set on fire, economic blockades have been attempted, and in 2021, 6 [[Assam Police]] personnel died in a firing incident by [[Mizoram Police]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Deb|first=Debraj|date=2021-07-28|title=Explained: How did the 150-year-old Assam-Mizoram dispute get so violent now?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/the-assam-mizoram-dispute-violence-policemen-dead-7425600/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=2022-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403085429/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/the-assam-mizoram-dispute-violence-policemen-dead-7425600/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hasnat|first=Karishma|date=2020-10-21|title=All about Assam-Mizoram border dispute, which dates back 50 yrs & still remains unresolved|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/all-about-assam-mizoram-border-dispute-which-dates-back-50-yrs-still-remains-unresolved/527367/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728113511/https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/all-about-assam-mizoram-border-dispute-which-dates-back-50-yrs-still-remains-unresolved/527367/|url-status=live}}</ref> Both sides blame each for this serious escalation of the conflict which resulted in 80 persons also getting injured.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-30|title=Assam-Mizoram clash: Why peace is fragile between two India states|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-57969157|access-date=2021-08-01|archive-date=2021-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801120841/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-57969157|url-status=live}}</ref> The central government stepped in to assist in de-escalating the immediate situation between the rival state police forces and attempt a future solution.{{Sfn|Das|2021|pp=1–2}}

== Assam–Nagaland ==
{{Sidebar timeline
| title = Assam-Nagaland borders timeline

| years1 =1826
| color1 =
| members1 =[[Treaty of Yandabo]] (Naga territory divided between Burma and India without Nagas knowing) {{sfn|Chasie|2005|p=253}}

| years2 =1866
| color2 =
| members2 =[[Naga Hills District, British India]] established

| years3 =1880
| color3 =
| members3 =Nagas resist British forces until fall of [[Khonoma|Khonoma Village]]{{sfn|Chasie|2005|p=253}}

| years4 =1925
| color4 =
| members4 =Notification 3102R (25 November), suppresses all previous definitions of Naga Hills District, provides amended definition for the whole boundary{{sfn|Sharma|2006|p=107}}

| years5 =1947
| color5 =
| members5 =14 August, Nagas declare Independence{{sfn|Chasie|2005|p=262}}

| years6 =1957
| color6 =
| members6 =Naga Hills-Tuensang Area Act, 1957

| years7 =1962
| color7 =
| members7 =State of Nagaland Act, 1962

| years8 =1972
| color8 =
| members8 = [[Kalyan Sundaram|Sundaram]] Commission with boundary mandate, initiated 4 interim agreements to maintain status quo{{sfn|Das|2021|pp=4–5}}

| years9 =1985
| color9 =
| members9 = Shastri Commission constituted with boundary mandate{{sfn|Das|2021|pp=4–5}}

| years10 =1997
| color10 =
| members10 = J.K. Pillai Commission with boundary mandate{{sfn|Das|2021|pp=4–5}}

| years11 =1998
| color11 =
| members11 = Assam government goes to Supreme Court with regard to the boundary with Nagaland{{sfn|Das|2021|pp=4–5}}

| years12 =2006
| color12 =
| members12 = Justice [[Sam Nariman Variava|Variava]] Commission, later Justice [[Tarun Chatterjee]], with boundary mandate<ref>{{cite news |title=Commission appointed to identify boundaries of Assam, Nagaland |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/commission-appointed-to-identify-boundaries-of-assam-nagaland/418380 |access-date=8 August 2021 |work=Outlook India |date=25 September 2006 |archive-date=8 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808111342/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/commission-appointed-to-identify-boundaries-of-assam-nagaland/418380 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Disputed land should be returned to Arunachal, says panel report |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/disputed-land-should-be-returned-to-arunachal-says-panel-report/ |access-date=8 August 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=1 February 2014 |archive-date=8 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808111343/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/disputed-land-should-be-returned-to-arunachal-says-panel-report/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

| below =
}}
As with the case of the Assam–Mizoram, the Assam–Nagaland dispute, has its roots in colonial history which was worsened by the creation of Nagaland as a separate state in 1963.{{Sfn|Wahlang|2021|pp=4–5}} In June 1968, a clash between government forces and militants resulted in the deaths of at least 150.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India/Nagas (1947–present) |url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/indianagas-1947-present/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807040145/https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/indianagas-1947-present/ |archive-date=2021-08-07 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=Dynamic Analysis of Dispute Management (DADM) Project {{!}} University of Central Arkansas |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Shimray|first=A. S. Atai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQSV50-O5-IC|title=Let Freedom Ring?: Story of Naga Nationalism|date=2005|publisher=Bibliophile South Asia|isbn=978-81-85002-61-3|page=313|language=en|access-date=2023-12-02|archive-date=2023-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124231404/https://books.google.com/books?id=kQSV50-O5-IC|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kalyan Sundaram]] was appointed on 7 August 1971<ref>[https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/724053/1/2183.pdf Title: Inter State Border dispute between Assam and Nagaland.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807040146/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/724053/1/2183.pdf |date=2021-08-07 }} [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]. ''Digital Library. Lok Sabha. Parliament of India.'' Retrieved 7 August 2021.</ref> to analyse the problem with the specific mandate of looking into the border. This resulted in four interim agreements, however in the long run this did not have much of an effect on the dispute.{{Sfn|Das|2021|pp=3–4}} Following this some major events in the conflict include: 54 killed and 23,500 forced into relief camps in 1979 (between [[Rengma Naga|Rengma]] and [[Karbi people|Karbi]] tribes); 41 killed including 28 police personnel in 1985 ([[1985 Merapani Incident|Merapani incident]]) and 17 killed and 10,000 forced into relief camps in 2014.{{Sfn|Wahlang|2021|pp=4–5}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhattacharya|first=Ashmita|date=31 March 2021|title=Nagas Target Assamese People as Assam-Nagaland Border Dispute Continues since 1960s|url=https://www.landconflictwatch.org/conflicts/assam-nagaland-border-dispute|access-date=2021-08-06|website=Land Conflict Watch|archive-date=2021-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806055207/https://www.landconflictwatch.org/conflicts/assam-nagaland-border-dispute|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Misra|first=Udayon|date=2014|title=Assam-Nagaland Border Violence|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24480698|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=49|issue=38|pages=15–18|jstor=24480698|issn=0012-9976|access-date=2021-08-06|archive-date=2021-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806055205/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24480698|url-status=live}}</ref>

Territorial claims of Nagaland in Assam include parts of [[Golaghat district]], [[Jorhat district]], and [[Sivasagar district|Sibsagar district]] in the Disputed Area Belt (DAB).{{Sfn|Das|2021|p=4}} Four interim-agreements signed in 1972 put the reserve forests of "Geleki, Abhoypur, Tiru Hills, Dessoi Valley and [[Doyang]]" off limits for activity like construction of roads.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Saikia|first1=Rupam|last2=Saikia|first2=Anjan|date=2014|title=Assam – Nagaland border dispute 'vis a vis' stability in regional politics (a micro-analysis from historical perspective)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158522|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=75|page=1304|jstor=44158522|issn=2249-1937|access-date=2021-08-08|archive-date=2021-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808034005/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158522|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|Shastri|1987|p=13}} The interim-agreements remained in place for longer than intended.{{Sfn|Suykens|2013|p=3}}
[[File:Assam-Nagaland, area covered in four interim agreements 1972.png|thumb|400x400px|"This deplorable situation was brought to an end by four Interim Agreements. Two of them were signed by the Chief Secretaries on 31-3-1972 (at) Shillong […] These four agreements between them covered the boundary between Assam and Nagaland from the Taukok river to the Doyang river." — '''Shastri report, 1985'''.{{Sfn|Shastri|1987|p=28}} (Represented by the light blue/cyan area). The red line denotes Guwahati-Dibrugarh rail route, the [[NSCN-IM|NSCN(IM)]] claim in the four districts.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kashyap|first=Samudra Gupta|date=2014-08-22|title=Assam vs Nagaland, a border dispute of five decades|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/assam-vs-nagaland-a-border-dispute-of-five-decades/1281413/|access-date=2021-08-08|website=The Financial Express|quote=The NSCN(IM), incidentally, wants the entire Assam tract south of the Guwahati-Dibrugarh railway track in these four districts in Greater Nagalim.|archive-date=2021-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808065335/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/assam-vs-nagaland-a-border-dispute-of-five-decades/1281413/|url-status=live}}</ref>|center]]

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| caption = Assam-Nagaland sensitive areas. [[File:Black_pog.svg|10px]] Major conflict events.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roychoudhury|first=Shibaji|date=27 August 2014|title=What you need to know about the five-decade border conflict between Assam and Nagaland|url=http://scroll.in/article/676175/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-five-decade-border-conflict-between-assam-and-nagaland|access-date=2021-08-06|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806055248/https://scroll.in/article/676175/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-five-decade-border-conflict-between-assam-and-nagaland|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Das|first1=Tanmoy|last2=Sarma|first2=Angshuman|date=9 September 2014|title=Nagaland-Assam Border Dispute: Past Perspective|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2014/09/09/nagaland-assam-border-dispute-past-perspective|access-date=2021-08-06|website=Newslaundry|archive-date=2021-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806075757/https://www.newslaundry.com/2014/09/09/nagaland-assam-border-dispute-past-perspective|url-status=live}}</ref>
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=== Disputed Area Belt ===
The DAB, officially, is forest land ([[Reserved forests and protected forests of India|Forest Reserves or reserved forests]]) and linked with the British Inner Line, "put up to protect the civilized state in the plains from raids and encroachment from the ungoverned Naga areas".{{Sfn|Suykens|2013|pp=3, 17}} Doyang RF designated in 1911 is now no longer a forest, though its official designation remains.{{Sfn|Suykens|2013|p=10}} DAB has been converted to an agricultural zone from the official protected forest it once was and on paper remains.{{Sfn|Suykens|2013|p=3}} These encroachments have helped the governments in both Assam and Nagaland,{{Sfn|Suykens|2013|p=3}} as well as the various factions of separatist [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland|NSCN]], lay claim to the territory, despite an official status quo is supposed to be in place.{{Sfn|Suykens|2013|pp=16–18}} And while the status quo is in place, no "regularisation" has taken place.{{Sfn|Suykens|2013|p=11}} No [[Patta (land deed)|patta rights]] or land rights exist, but encroachments are supported.{{Sfn|Suykens|2013|pp=13–14}} Once these encroached lands were on the edges, but now are at the center of the border dispute.{{Sfn|Suykens|2013|p=11}}

To further cement their claims both Assam and Nagaland abide by informal practices in the DAB. Supporting encroachment in the 1960s led to population growth in DAB areas, resulting in the need to build schools. Both government and private school have been set up since 1971.{{Sfn|Suykens|2013|p=12}} Overlapping administrative have been created such as Niuland and Kohobotu.{{Sfn|Suykens|2013|p=5}} In 1979 the CRPF was called into the DAB as a "neutral" force, following the 1985 Merapani incident DAB was put under the CRPF.{{Sfn|Suykens|2013|p=5}} State transport bus services are present in DAB.{{Sfn|Suykens|2013|p=12}} "Insurgent taxation" was a reality in the DAB.{{Sfn|Suykens|2013|p=16}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Divisions of the '''Disputed Area Belt''' (DAB)
!Sector
!Size
!Location
|-
!A
|{{Convert|131.12|mi2|km2|abbr=unit}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last1=Das|first1=Tanmoy|last2=Sarma|first2=Angshuman|date=9 September 2014|title=Nagaland-Assam Border Dispute: Past Perspective|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2014/09/09/nagaland-assam-border-dispute-past-perspective|access-date=2021-08-08|website=Newslaundry|archive-date=2021-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806075757/https://www.newslaundry.com/2014/09/09/nagaland-assam-border-dispute-past-perspective|url-status=live}}</ref>
|Diphu RF{{Sfn|Das|2021|p=4}}
|-
!B
|{{Convert|586|mi2|km2|abbr=unit}}<ref name=":1" />
|South Nambor RF{{Sfn|Das|2021|p=4}}
|-
!C
|{{Convert|2825.76|mi2|km2|abbr=unit}}<ref name=":1" />
|Rengma RF{{Sfn|Das|2021|p=4}}
|-
!D
|{{Convert|285.76|mi2|km2|abbr=unit}}<ref name=":1" />
|Doyang RF{{Sfn|Das|2021|p=4}}
|-
!E
|
|Jorhat<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Mazumdar|first=Prasanta|date=2014-08-21|title=Assam burns over border row|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-assam-burns-over-border-row-2012396|access-date=2021-08-08|website=DNA India|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808034006/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-assam-burns-over-border-row-2012396|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!F
|
|Sivasagar<ref name=":2" />
|-
!Total
|{{Convert|12,882|km2|mi2|abbr=unit}}<ref name=":2" />
|
|}

== Assam–Meghalaya ==
The Assam Meghalaya dispute was further exacerbated by disagreements related to the Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act of 1969.{{Sfn|Das|2021|p=7}}

== Dispute management and resolution ==

=== Peace accords, autonomous councils and states ===
[[File:NE Autonomous divisions of India.svg|thumb|420x420px|Autonomous councils in North East India]]
To address the larger conflict in the northeast which directly affects the situation of the internal borders, the Indian government has signed more than 13 peace accords between 1949 and 2005.{{Sfn|Raja|2008|p=ix}} Creation of [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|autonomous council]], and its upgradation to [[States and union territories of India|states]], is part of this process. However, after the creation of Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram in 1986, no new states have been created, only autonomous administrative divisions.{{Sfn|Raja|2008|p=43}}

=== Demarcation ===
The task of demarcating the boundaries would be assisted by the [[North-Eastern Space Applications Centre]] (set up by the [[North Eastern Council]] and [[Department of Space]]), thus integrating space technology and satellite imagery into the mapping process.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=1 August 2021|title=Centre to rely on satellite imaging to resolve border disputes between northeastern states; here's how|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ne-states-borders-to-be-demarcated-satellite-imaging-resolve-border-disputes-1835424-2021-08-01|access-date=2021-08-01|website=India Today|archive-date=2021-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801114740/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ne-states-borders-to-be-demarcated-satellite-imaging-resolve-border-disputes-1835424-2021-08-01|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jain|first=Bharti|date=1 August 2021|title=Assam-Mizoram row: Northeast borders to be demarcated through satellite imaging|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/border-issue-north-eastern-space-applications-centre-tasked-with-demarcating-borders/articleshow/84943139.cms|access-date=2021-08-01|website=The Times of India|archive-date=2021-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801093858/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/border-issue-north-eastern-space-applications-centre-tasked-with-demarcating-borders/articleshow/84943139.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Supreme Court ===
In 1989, Assam filed a case before the [[Supreme Court of India]] in relation to the border dispute with Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Border Dispute, Border Protection and Development, Government Of Assam, India|url=https://bpdd.assam.gov.in/portlets/border-dispute|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226090237/https://bpdd.assam.gov.in/portlets/border-dispute|archive-date=26 February 2021|access-date=2021-07-29|website=bpdd.assam.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Commissions and mediators ===
'''Assam-Nagaland'''
* Sundaram Commission (1971)<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=29 July 2021 |title=Explainer: How Assam's border disputes with north-eastern states bedevils relations |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/explainers/2021/jul/29/explainer-howassams-border-disputes-with-north-eastern-statesbedevils-relations-2337255.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808034006/https://www.newindianexpress.com/explainers/2021/jul/29/explainer-howassams-border-disputes-with-north-eastern-statesbedevils-relations-2337255.html |archive-date=2021-08-08 |access-date=2021-08-08 |website=The New Indian Express |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>
* [[iarchive:dli.csl.1216|Shastri Commission]] (1985)<ref name=":3" />
* Variava/Tarun Chatterjee Commission (2006)<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 August 2007|title=Assam sees no end to border disputes with neighbouring states|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/assam-sees-no-end-to-border-disputes-with-neighbouring-states/210214/|access-date=2021-08-08|website=archive.indianexpress.com|publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2010-09-15|title=SC-appointed panel submits report|url=https://assamtribune.com/sc-appointed-panel-submits-report|access-date=2021-08-08|website=The Assam Tribune|archive-date=2021-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808034007/https://assamtribune.com/sc-appointed-panel-submits-report|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Mediators Sriram Panchu and Niranjan Bhatt (2010)<ref name=":4" />

=== Border Peace Coordination Committee ===
Border Peace Coordination Committee provides for localised negotiation on the borderlands between Assam and Nagaland, such as when a localised land disputes arise.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 December 2014|title=Peace committee tours Assam-Nagaland border|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/peace-committee-tours-assam-nagaland-border/|access-date=2021-08-08|website=Eastern Mirror Nagaland|archive-date=2021-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808135724/https://easternmirrornagaland.com/peace-committee-tours-assam-nagaland-border/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|Suykens|2013|p=14}} As ownership is not attached to the state, informal direct negotiations take place, usually in CRPF camp.{{Sfn|Suykens|2013|p=14}}

== Background ==
<gallery widths="220" heights="220" caption="Evolution of states and borders">
File:Ahom-kingdom-c1826p.png|1826
File:Assam 1951.svg|1951
File:Assam 1970.svg|1970
File:SevenSisterStates.png|Today
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{Citation|last=Wahlang|first=Jason|title=Internal Border Conflicts of the North East Region: Special Focus on Assam and its Bordering States|date=April 2021|url=https://www.claws.in/static/IB-286_Internal-Border-Conflicts-of-the-North-East-Region-Special-Focus-on-Assam-and-its-Bordering-States.pdf|issue=286|publisher=Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS)}}
*{{Citation|last=Das|first=Pushpita|title=Inter-state Border Disputes in Northeast India|date=29 July 2021|url=https://www.idsa.in/issuebrief/disputes-in-northeast-india-pdas-290721|pages=11|publisher=Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses (MP-IDSA)}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Hluna|first1=J. V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SbMwBwAAQBAJ|title=The Mizo Uprising: Assam Assembly Debates on the Mizo Movement, 1966–1971|last2=Tochhawng|first2=Rini|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|year=2013|isbn=9781443845021}}
*{{Cite book|last=Pachuau|first=Rintluanga|title=Mizoram: A Study in Comprehensive Geography|publisher=Northern Book Centre|year=2009|isbn=9788172112646}}
*{{Cite book|last=Raja|first=Swarna|url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/90881/ps046.pdf|title=Peace Accords in Northeast India: Journey over Milestones|work=Policy Studies 46|publisher=East West Center|others=Carnegie Corporation, New York|year=2008|isbn=|eissn=1547-1330}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/capacity_building7.pdf|title=Capacity Building for Conflict Resolution|publisher=Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) Seventh Report. Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances.|date=February 2008|pages=143–179|chapter=12: Conflicts in the Northeast|ref={{sfnref|Second Administrative Reforms Commission Seventh Report|2008}}}}
'''Assam-Nagaland'''
*{{Cite journal|last=Chasie|first=Charles|date=2005|title=Nagaland in Transition|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23006032|journal=India International Centre Quarterly|volume=32|issue=2/3|pages=253–264|jstor=23006032|issn=0376-9771}}
*{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Suresh K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-YixIgJbSAC|title=Documents on North-East India: Nagaland|date=2006|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-095-6|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Suykens|first=Bert|title=Violence on the Margins: States, Conflict, and Borderlands|publisher=Springer|year=2013|isbn=9781137333995|editor-last=Korf|editor-first=Benedikt|chapter=State Making and the Suspension of Law in India’s Northeast: The Place of Exception in the Assam-Nagaland Border Dispute|editor-last2=Raeymaekers|editor-first2=Timothy|chapter-url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5a44f918f9a61e04cdd5d717/t/5e66beda7633b2769e239c04/1583791836994/Suykens.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808115845/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5a44f918f9a61e04cdd5d717/t/5e66beda7633b2769e239c04/1583791836994/Suykens.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2021}}
*{{Citation|last=Shastri|first=R K.|title=Report of the Commission of Inquiry on the Incidents Relating to the Assam-Nagaland Border Conflict April-June 1985|date=1987|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.1216|publisher=New Delhi, Ministry of Home Affairs}}

{{Northeast India|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Borders of India]]
[[Category:Internal territorial disputes of India]]
[[Category:Internal security issues of India]]

Visakhapatnam–Chennai Industrial Corridor

2026-02-04T18:28:01Z

ErinChamberlin3: new

{{Short description|Part of India's first coastal corridor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
'''Visakhapatnam–Chennai Industrial Corridor''' ('''VCIC'''), also '''Vizag–Chennai Industrial Corridor''', is a key part of the [[East Coast Economic Corridor]] (ECEC), India's first coastal corridor. VCIC is aligned with the [[Golden Quadrilateral]] and is poised to play a critical role in driving India’s [[Act East policy|Act East Policy]] and [[Make in India]] campaign. The nearly 800-kilometer corridor links India with the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) and [[East Asian Economies|East Asian economies]] that form the bedrock of global manufacturing economy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adb.org/news/adb-approves-funds-build-india-s-first-coastal-industrial-corridor|title=ADB Approves Funds to Build India's First Coastal Industrial Corridor|date=2016-09-19|publisher=Asian Development Bank|language=en|access-date=2016-09-30}}</ref> The corridor traverses nine districts of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. VCIC intends to complement the ongoing efforts of the Government of Andhra Pradesh (GoAP) to enhance industrial growth and create high quality jobs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adb.org/projects/48434-002/main|title=Visakhapatnam–Chennai Industrial Corridor Development Program|date=2016-09-19|publisher=Asian Development Bank|language=en|access-date=2016-09-30}}</ref>

VCIC supports Government of India (GOI)'s strategy to develop [[industrial corridor]]s of international standards for expanding its manufacturing and services sectors, and creating modern urban centers connected by state-of-the-art infrastructure. GOI has selected the [[Asian Development Bank]] (ADB) as the lead partner for developing the ECEC, which will run from [[Kolkata]] to [[Kanyakumari]], encompassing the four states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, and West Bengal. Due to its vast scope, ECEC is being implemented in a phased manner, with VCIC as the first phase. The conceptualization and development of VCIC has received major support from ADB, which carried out analytical work determining the kind of infrastructure and institutional investments necessary to drive manufacturing-led growth in consultation with the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, GOI.

== Background ==
While [[India]] has seen a rapid structural transformation and achieved strong economic growth for the past two decades, it must continue to create economic opportunities for its large labor force, which is increasing by about 12 million a year,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/briefly/2015/07/22/indias-labor-force/|title=India's Labor Force – The Numbers|access-date=2016-09-30}}</ref> to sustain economic growth and realize its demographic dividend. One pressing policy challenge is to create more productive and well-paying jobs in the manufacturing sector, which contributes about 16% to gross domestic product (GDP) and 12% to employment each year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=76843|title=National Manufacturing Policy|access-date=2016-09-30}}</ref> By comparison, the manufacturing sectors of the [[China|People’s Republic of China]], [[Malaysia]], [[Thailand]], and [[Vietnam|Viet Nam]] account for nearly 25% or more of GDP.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.adb.org/publications/asian-development-outlook-2014-fiscal-policy-inclusive-growth|title=Asian Development Outlook 2014: Fiscal Policy for Inclusive Growth|publisher=Asian Development Bank|year=2014|isbn=9789292544522|location=Mandaluyong. Philippines|language=en}}</ref>

== VCIC as a Critical Component of India’s Coastal Corridor Development ==

VCIC’s long coastline and strategically located ports allow development of multiple international gateways to connect India with [[global value chain]]s (GVCs) in [[Southeast Asia|Southeast]] and [[East Asia]]. VCIC aligns with the national objectives of expanding the domestic market and supports India’s port-led industrialization strategy ([[Sagar Mala project|Sagar Mala initiative]]). While India’s trade with East and Southeast Asia has increased at a rapid pace in the past decade, the bulk of this trade is done through the ports on the country’s west coast. This is largely due to lack of efficient transport networks linking the production clusters in northern and central India to ports on the east coast, and insufficient container capacities at the ports to handle the volume of trade flowing to East and Southeast Asia.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/183392/scaling-new-heights-ind.pdf|title=Scaling new heights: Vizag-Chennai Industrial Corridor, India's first coastal corridor|last1=Mitra|first1=Sabyasachi|last2=Hasan|first2=Rana|last3=Sharma|first3=Manoj|last4=Jeong|first4=Hoe Yun|last5=Sharma|first5=Manish|last6=Guha|first6=Arindam|publisher=Asian Development Bank|year=2016|isbn=9789292574017|location=Mandaluyong, Philippines}}</ref>

== VCIC Development Strategy ==
The strategy to develop VCIC is part of the plan to achieve accelerated development and regional industry agglomeration in the focus state. Regional industry agglomeration could be achieved by attracting companies in the value chain of other companies already based in the corridor, attracting particular industries that the corridor provides with geographical advantages, or building and maintaining advanced infrastructure to support industries.

== Industrial Transformation in VCIC ==
The objective of industrial transformation is to increase the manufacturing sectors, improve labor productivity, and enhance international competitiveness. To achieve these objectives, it is necessary to identify the right set of industries for promotion. A detailed analysis identified these industries: [[Pharmaceutical industry|pharmaceuticals]], [[Automotive industry|auto and auto components]], [[Textile industry|textiles]], metallurgy, chemicals and petrochemicals, [[Food processing industry|food processing]], and [[electronics]]. Besides identifying the right set of industries, connectivity infrastructure, logistics facilities, urban connectivity, and skilled manpower availability emerge as the key success factors from benchmarking globally successful industrial hubs. On the software side, regulations and their implementation mechanisms are critical for realizing the full economic potential of any industrial corridor.

== Industrial Nodes in VCIC ==
Industrial nodes are an integral component of [[economic corridor]] development. When equipped with comprehensive infrastructure support and a business-friendly environment, nodes can serve as hubs geared to cradle industries. Through a node selection process, four industrial nodes were identified:
# [[Visakhapatnam]] Node
# [[Kakinada]] Node
# [[Gannavaram]]-[[Kankipadu]] Node<ref>{{cite web |title=Land acquisition for VCIC at snail's pace |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/030618/land-acquisition-for-vcic-at-snails-pace.html |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603015325/https://deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/030618/land-acquisition-for-vcic-at-snails-pace.html |archive-date=June 3, 2018 |language=en |date=June 3, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
# [[Yerpedu]]-[[Srikalahasti]] Node

== Infrastructure Development in VCIC ==
The node-based industrialization strategy targets to achieve regional and [[Global Competitiveness Report|global competitiveness]]. Infrastructure development is one of the most important levers needed to attain this core objective. The focus has been on assessing the current state of infrastructure, both in terms of quantity and quality across categories, and identifying critical capacity gaps and other issues.

GoAP in November 2017 introduced a legislative bill pertaining to the development of industrial corridors across the state. The bill established a new Andhra Pradesh Industrial Corridor Development Authority (APICDA) as the nodal body headquartered at the new state capital of Amaravati to implement the industrial corridor projects. The chief minister heads the new authority and the minister for industries minister is its member-secretary.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/andhra-pradesh-to-set-up-industrial-corridor-development-authority/articleshow/61748743.cms|title=Andhra Pradesh to set up industrial corridor development Authority. The Times of India. 2017-11-22. Retrieved 2018-08-01}}</ref> An executive committee is to be constituted and a commissioner appointed as the nodal officer to manage the APICDA’s activities and oversee its functioning. The authority will look into development of nodes as part of the Visakhapatnam–Chennai Industrial Corridor (VCIC) and Chennai-Bengaluru Industrial Corridor (CBIC). Main functions of the board is to procure, acquire and have landholdings within the node. It will take up the planning, development, operation, maintenance, management and regulation of industrial corridors in the state. The authority will take up developing master plans in the nodes, facilitate investments. It may also raise funds from market, levy user charges directly or indirectly through any private sector participant. The authority will also have powers to float special purpose vehicles.

== Institutions and Regulations in VCIC ==
Beyond investments in physical infrastructure, the regulatory framework needs to be changed to improve the investment climate and provide ease of logistics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adb.org/projects/documents/ind-vcicdp-rrp|title=Visakhapatnam-Chennai Industrial Corridor Development Program: Report and Recommendation of the President|date=2016-08-30|publisher=Asian Development Bank|language=en|access-date=2016-09-30}}</ref> This can be done by implementing technology; providing single window clearance; reducing burden of inspections for starting, operating and closing business; as well as easing logistical burden of industries by providing integrated check posts and bringing in uniformity on entry taxes and documentation.

In July 2018, Andhra Pradesh, with a score of 98.42 per cent, topped the "ease of doing business" ranking among Indian states prepared by the World Bank and the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ease-of-doing-business-ranking-andhra-pradesh-tops-among-all-states-telangana-comes-2nd/articleshow/64933711.cms|title=Andhra Pradesh tops 'ease of doing business' ranking, Telangana comes 2nd. The Times of India. 2018-07-10. Retrieved 2018-08-01.}}</ref> In the prior year, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana had jointly topped the same rankings. Parameters for the rankings include construction permit, labor regulation, environmental registration, access to information, land availability, and single window system. DIPP collaborates with the World Bank in conducting an annual reform exercise for all states and union territories under the Business Reform Action Plan.

== Managing urbanization in VCIC ==
[[Industrialisation|Industrialization]] and [[urbanization]] have generally proceeded together in developing economies.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Urbanization and Growth|publisher=World Bank|year=2009|editor-last=Spence|editor-first=M.|location=Washington, D.C.|editor-last2=Annez|editor-first2=P.C.|editor-last3=Buckley|editor-first3=R.M.}}</ref> However, many new industrial locations in India failed to have planned urban developments including housing, and as a result, haphazard development has mushroomed around these locations. VCIC aims to synchronize industrialization and urbanization to prevent scattered industrialization and haphazard urban development by providing adequate physical and social infrastructure in urban centers to meet workers’ quality-of-life needs. Model developments such as [[Sricity|Sri City]] in Andhra Pradesh and the [[Dholera Special Investment Region]] in [[Gujarat]] offer a way forward in reconciling urbanization and industrial development.

== VCIC to Promote Regional Integration ==
Most Asian economies – particularly Southeast Asia and East Asia – have grown by trading with their neighbors. By contrast, South Asia still lags behind in trading with its neighbors. In fact, South Asia has remained one of the least economically integrated regions in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/south-asia-regional-integration|title=South Asia Regional Integration|language=en|access-date=2016-09-30}}</ref> In 2015, while intraregional trade of East Asia and ASEAN amounted to $2,837 billion and $564 billion, respectively, [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] (SAARC) countries traded a merely $49 billion worth among each other. SAARC’s trade with other regions has also remained limited. For instance, SAARC exported about $177 billion to East Asia, which amounts to only a sixth of ASEAN’s exports to the same region. It is expected that the various economic corridors being developed in the region – especially VCIC – will make trade easier by expanding land and maritime routes, and open a floodgate of economic activity. Ultimately, VCIC will be interconnected and evolve into a sub-regional corridor. The establishment of a regional corridor would lead to the reduction of barriers at national boundaries to enable the seamless movement of people and goods at least cost.

== Asian Development Bank (ADB) Support for VCIC ==
The ADB approved on 20 September 2016 (i) a $500 million multi-tranche financing facility (MFF), and (ii) a $125 million policy-based loan (PBL), both to India for the Visakhapatnam–Chennai Industrial Corridor Development Program (VCICDP).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2016/sep/21/adb-gives-631-million-boost-to-chennai-vizag-industrial-corridor-1521856.html | title=ADB gives $631 million boost to Chennai-Vizag industrial corridor|date=21 September 2016|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=5 June 2019}}</ref> The MFF will support priority infrastructure investments in the VCIC, and the PBL will support policy reforms and institutional development in the state. Master planning for the identified industrial nodes is currently being undertaken.

The master plan for two prioritized nodes was prepared with ADB support and completed in June 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.adb.org/news/adb-vp-affirms-support-develop-indias-east-coast-economic-corridor|title=ADB VP Affirms Support to Develop India's East Coast Economic Corridor. Asian Development Bank. 2018-07-20. Retrieved 2018-08-01.}}</ref> The master plan estimates an investment requirement of more than $2.8 billion over the next 5 years. ADB further provides support to the state government’s interactions with potential investors and in identifying anchor investors across key sectors in the two nodes.

== See also ==

* [[Industrial corridor#India|National Industrial Corridors of India]]
* [[South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation]]
* [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.adb.org Asian Development Bank]
* [https://www.apindustries.gov.in/apindus/Data/Vizag-Chennai%20Industrial%20Corridor_Full%20Report.pdf VCIC Conceptual Development Plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109040827/https://www.apindustries.gov.in/apindus/Data/Vizag-Chennai%20Industrial%20Corridor_Full%20Report.pdf |date=9 November 2016 }}
* [http://www.makeinindia.com/live-projects-industrial-corridor Make in India - Industrial Corridors]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Visakhapatnam-Chennai Industrial Corridor}}
[[Category:Economy of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Economy of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Industrial corridors in India]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Tamil Nadu]]

Mana dynasty

2026-02-02T10:09:21Z

ErinChamberlin3: New - done

{{Short description|Indian dynasty}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Manas of Wairagarh
| common_name = Mana Dynasty
| year_start = 650 AD
| year_end = 850 AD
| event_end = Rise of the [[Gondi people|Gond]] leader [[Kingdom of Chanda|Kol Bheel]] and deposition of Mana chiefs
| capital = [[Vairagad Fort|Wairagarh]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| p1 =
| p2 =
| s1 = Kingdom of Chanda
| s2 =
| s3 =
| religion =
| today = [[India]]
}}

The '''Mana dynasty''' was a dynasty who ruled the present-day area of the [[Chandrapur district]] for about 200 years before being overthrown by [[Kingdom of Chanda|Kol Bhil]], leader of the [[Gondi people|Gonds]].<ref name="gondwana">{{cite book |last1=Chatterton |first1=Eyre |title=The Story Of Gondwana |date=8 January 2021 |publisher=Read Books |isbn=978-1-5287-6963-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7UTEAAAQBAJ&dq=Kingdom+of+chanda&pg=PT65 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="vidarbha">{{cite book |last1=Deogaonkar |first1=Shashishekhar Gopal |title=The Gonds of Vidarbha |date=2007 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-474-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X39c2VODLT0C&dq=Kingdom+of+chandrapur&pg=PA39 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="report">{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Charles Bean Lucie |title=(Report on the land revenue of the Chanda district). |date=1870 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQ4IAAAAQAAJ&dq=Krishna+shah+of+Chanda&pg=RA2-PA67 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="cultural">{{cite web |title=The Gazetteers Department- Chandrapur |url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/CHANDRAPUR/his_gonds.html |website=Cultural Maharashtra Government}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Begbie |first1=L. F. |title=Gazetteer of Chanda District in Central Provinces |date=1986 |publisher=Gian Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A1EeAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> They ruled from the fort of ''[[Vairagad Fort|Wairagarh]]''.<ref name="chanda">{{cite web |title=Central Provinces District Gazetteer- Chanda |url=https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Chanda%20District/chanda_history/history.html#. |website=Gazetteers- Maharashtra Government}}</ref>

==History==

The Mana dynasty began somewhere about 650 CE, achieving supremacy over the petty chiefs

Major Lucie Smith mentions the local tradition of the line of Mana kings who ruled at [[Vairagad Fort|Wairagarh]], and were subdued by the Gonds. The Mana princes whose names he recorded were '''Kurumpruhoda''', the first of the line, who ruled in Wairagarh. He fortified Wairagarh along with Garbori and Rajoli. Surjat Badwaik was another ruler who fortified Surjagarh, and King Gahilu built the fortress of [[Manikgad|Manikgarh]], named after the patron goddess of his dynasty- Manikyadevi.<ref name="chanda"/><ref name="fof">{{cite web|url=http://www.fortsofsahyadri.friendsofforts.com/list_of_maharashtraforts.htm |title=Friends of Forts |access-date=2009-02-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090405125744/http://www.fortsofsahyadri.friendsofforts.com/list_of_maharashtraforts.htm |archive-date=2009-04-05 }}</ref>

==Decline==
Kol Bhill, a local leader of the [[Gondi people]], led the Gonds against the Mana chiefs of Wairagarh, who had dominated the region for about 200 years. After years of warfare the Manas fell to the Gonds, who replaced them.<ref name="report"/><ref name="gondwana"/><ref name="vidarbha"/><ref name="cultural"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:History of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 850s]]

Sir Gobardhan

2026-02-02T05:31:18Z

ErinChamberlin3: details

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Seer Gobardhan
| official_name = Sir Gobardhan
| settlement_type = Census town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh Varanasi#India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Sir Gobardhan
| pushpin_map_caption = Census town location on [[Varanasi district]] map
| etymology =
| nickname =
| coordinates = {{coord|25.254812|82.997126|display = inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District#India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Varanasi district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Varanasi tehsil]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 81.971
| population_total = 11,350 <ref name="Demography">{{cite news|title=Demography|publisher=[[2011 Census of India]] website|accessdate=10 Nov 2015|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/209744-sir-gobardhan-uttar-pradesh.html}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] & [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 221011
| area_code_type = [[List of country calling codes|Telephone code]]
| area_code = +91-542
| registration_plate = UP65 ''XXXX''
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank_name_sec1 = Census town code
| blank_info_sec1 = 209744
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<ref name="Delimitation 2008">{{cite news|title=Delimitation 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=10 Nov 2015 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituency]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Varanasi Cantt. (Assembly constituency)|Varanasi Cantt.]]<ref name="Delimitation 2008"/>
}}
'''Sir Gobardhan''' (or '''Seer Govardhan''') is a [[census town]] in [[Varanasi tehsil]] of [[Varanasi district]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Demography"/><ref name="Census town & village details">{{cite news|title=Census town & village details|publisher=Local Government directory|accessdate=10 Nov 2015|url=http://lgdirectory.gov.in/}}</ref> The census town & village falls under the Shir Goverdhanpur [[gram panchayat]].<ref name="Census town & village details"/> Sir Gobardhan Census town & village is about 13 kilometers South of [[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi railway station]], 323 kilometers South-East of [[Lucknow]] and 3.5 kilometers South-East of [[Banaras Hindu University]] main gate.<ref name="Distances">{{cite news|title=Distances|publisher=[[Google Maps]]|accessdate=10 Nov 2015|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps?source=tldso}}</ref><ref name="Census town & village coordinates">{{cite news|title=Census town & village coordinates|publisher=latlong.net|accessdate=10 Nov 2015 |url=http://www.latlong.net/}}</ref><ref name="Elevation">{{cite news |title=Elevation |publisher=daftlogic.com |accessdate=10 Nov 2015 |url=http://www.daftlogic.com/sandbox-google-maps-find-altitude.htm}}</ref><ref name="Kapoor 2015">{{cite web | last=Kapoor | first=Punkhuri | title=Aero-modelling club brings thrill of Para-sailing to city | website=The Times of India | date=8 May 2015 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Aero-modelling-club-brings-thrill-of-Para-sailing-to-city/articleshow/47199997.cms | accessdate=20 October 2015}}</ref> It is of historical significance as it is birthplace of [[Ravidas|Sant Sri Guru Ravidas]].<ref name="The Times of India 2014">{{cite web | title=Seer Gowardhanpur gears up for Ravidas Jayanti | website=The Times of India | date=14 February 2014 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Seer-Gowardhanpur-gears-up-for-Ravidas-Jayanti/articleshow/30367317.cms | accessdate=20 October 2015}}</ref> [[Shri Guru Ravidass Janam Asthan]] at Seer Goverdhanpur is main pilgrimage place for [[Ravidassia religion|Ravidasi]]s worldwide.<ref name="Singh 2010">{{cite web | last=Singh | first=IP | title=Punjab sect declares new religion | website=The Times of India | date=1 February 2010 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Punjab-sect-declares-new-religion/articleshow/5521656.cms | accessdate=20 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=On 31 January 2010, on the 633rd birth anniversary of Guru Ravidass, they announced the new religion Ravidasia, at his birth place Seer Gowardhanpur in Banaras.|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mention-ravidasia-as-religion-dera-sachkhand-to-followers/623842/}}</ref><ref name="outlookindia.com 2015">{{cite web | title=Mayawati fails to pay visit to Ravidas' birth place - Feb 21, 2008 | website=outlookindia.com | date=19 October 2015 | url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/mayawati-fails-to-pay-visit-to-ravidas-birth-place/547086 | accessdate=20 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia-economictimes 2011">{{cite web | title=Rahul Gandhi tours eastern-Uttar Pradesh | website=timesofindia-economictimes | date=2 November 2011 | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-02/news/30350331_1_village-head-rural-job-scheme-rahul-gandhi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502223515/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-02/news/30350331_1_village-head-rural-job-scheme-rahul-gandhi | url-status=dead | archive-date=2 May 2015 | accessdate=20 October 2015}}</ref>

==Demography==
Sir Gobardhan has families with a total population of 11,350. [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] of the census town is 875 and [[child sex ratio]] is 914. [[Uttar Pradesh]] state average for both ratios is 912 and 902 respectively.{{ref|Demography|[note]}}<ref name="Demography"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Details !! Male !! Female !! Total !! Comments
|-
| Number of houses || - || - || 1,708 || rowspan="5"|(census 2011)<ref name="Demography"/>
|-
| Adult || 6,053 || 5,297 || 9,719
|-
| Children || - || - || 1631
|-
| Total population || - || - || 11,350
|-
| Literacy || 88.8% || 68.6% || 79.4%
|-
|}

==Transportation==
Sir Gobardhan is connected by air ([[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport]]), by train ([[Varanasi City railway station]]) and by road transport. Nearest operational airports is [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport]] and nearest operational railway station is [[Varanasi City railway station]] (40 and 13 kilometers respectively from Sir Gobardhan).<ref name="Distances"/>

==See also==
* [[Varanasi Cantt. (Assembly constituency)|Varanasi Cantt.]]
* [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
{{Portal bar|India}}

==Notes==

* {{note|Demography|}} All demographic data is based on [[2011 Census of India]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Varanasi}}

{{Geographic location|Centre = '''Sir Gobardhan'''
|North = [[Bhelupur, Varanasi|Bhelupur]] (8 km)
|Northeast = [[Ramnagar Fort]] (9 km)
|East = [[Ganges]] (8 km)
|Southeast =
|South = [[Ganges]] (5 km)
|Southwest =
|West =
|Northwest = [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport]] (40 km)
}}

[[Category:Census towns in Varanasi district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Varanasi district]]

{{Varanasi-geo-stub}}

Mandi House metro station

2026-01-18T22:09:58Z

ErinChamberlin3: add section based on references and updated info

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Mandi House
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue|line2=Violet}}
| style = Delhi Metro
| image = Mandi House metro station - Station board.jpg
| address = [[Mandi House]], [[New Delhi]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
| other =
| structure = Underground
| platform = {{ubl|[[Side platform]] (Blue Line)|Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=main}} / {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=branch}}|Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|L}}|[[Island platform]] (Violet Line)|Platform-3 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Violet|R}}|Platform-4 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Violet|L}}}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 4
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = {{ubl|{{Start date and age|2006|November|11|df=yes}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}} |{{Start date and age|2014|June|26|df=yes}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}} }}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers = 8,265/day 256,225/ Month average
| pass_year = Jan 2015
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line1=Blue|left1=Barakhamba Road|right1=Supreme Court
|line2=Violet|left2=ITO|right2=Janpath}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Blue Line Route}}{{Delhi Metro Violet Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color =
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

The '''Mandi House''' metro station is an interchange station between the [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]] and [[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet Line]] of [[Delhi Metro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |title=Station Information |access-date=26 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=19 June 2010}}</ref> It services the cultural hub of Delhi, [[Mandi House]], that hosts the [[National School of Drama]], ''Ravindra Bhavan'' (home of [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] and [[Sahitya Akademi]]), [[Shri Ram Centre for Performing Arts]], and [[Triveni Kala Sangam]]. [[Bengali Market]] is located in the vicinity as well.

==History==
As part of [[Delhi Metro#Phase III|Phase III]] extension of Delhi Metro, Mandi House was converted to an interchange station in order to reduce pressure on [[Rajiv Chowk (Delhi Metro)|Rajiv Chowk station]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-Metro-flags-off-trial-run-on-Phase-III/articleshow/28137559.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Delhi Metro flags off trial run on Phase III – The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/railways/delhi-metro-third-phase-trial-run-begins-monday/articleshow/28108918.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Delhi Metro third phase trial run begins Monday – The Economic Times}}</ref> A new 6.8 km metro line connecting [[Central Secretariat metro station|Central Secretariat]] to [[Kashmere Gate metro station|Kashmere Gate]] was completed in phases. The section from Central Secretariat to Mandi House was opened on 26 June 2014, followed by the stretch from Mandi House to [[ITO metro station|ITO]] on 8 June 2015. The final segment, from ITO to Kashmere Gate, was inaugurated on 28 May 2017.

The new line runs on [[standard gauge]] and is integrated with the Badarpur corridor, which runs on standard gauge too.
==See also==
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]

{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information |work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC) |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=19 June 2010}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|violet line=yes|blue line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2006]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Railway stations in New Delhi district]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}
{{Delhi-railstation-stub}}

Kaptanganj, India

2026-01-18T07:31:36Z

ErinChamberlin3: minor cleanup

{{Other places3|Kaptanganj (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2019}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kaptanganj
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.93|N|83.72|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kushinagar district|Kushinagar]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 76
| population_total = 23526
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 274301
| area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]
| area_code = +91 5567
| registration_plate = UP57
| website = {{URL|kushinagar.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kaptanganj''' is a town, a tehsil, and a [[Nagar Panchayat]] located in the [[Kushinagar district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It is situated in the eastern part of the state, close to the Uttar Pradesh–Bihar border, and serves as an important local administrative, commercial, and transport centre for surrounding rural areas.

== Overview ==
* '''Country:''' India
* '''State:''' Uttar Pradesh
* '''District:''' Kushinagar
* '''Settlement type:''' Town / Nagar Panchayat
* '''Coordinates:''' 26.93°N 83.72°E
* '''Elevation:''' 76 m (249 ft)
* '''Population (2011):''' 23,526
* '''Sex ratio:''' 894 females per 1,000 males (2011)
* '''Literacy rate:''' 59.04% (2011)
* '''Official language:''' Hindi
* '''Regional language:''' Bhojpuri
* '''Time zone:''' UTC+5:30 (IST)
* '''PIN:''' 274301
* '''Telephone code:''' +91 5567
* '''Vehicle registration:''' UP57
* '''Governing body:''' Nagar Panchayat
* '''Railway station:''' Kaptanganj Junction
* '''Website:''' kushinagar.nic.in

== Geography ==
Kaptanganj is located in the alluvial plains of eastern Uttar Pradesh. The region is largely flat and fertile, supporting agriculture as the primary land use. The town lies along State Highway 64, which provides road connectivity to nearby towns and villages within Kushinagar district and adjoining areas.

The climate of Kaptanganj is subtropical, with hot summers, a monsoon season from June to September, and cool winters.

== Administration ==
Kaptanganj is administered as a Nagar Panchayat under the Kushinagar district administration. It also functions as a tehsil headquarters. The town is divided into municipal wards, represented by elected members.

Kaptanganj falls under the Kaptanganj Assembly constituency and the Kushinagar Lok Sabha constituency.

== Demographics ==
According to the 2001 Census of India, Kaptanganj had a population of 11,493. Hindi is the official language, while Bhojpuri is widely spoken as a regional language. The population consists of people from different religious and social communities.

== Economy ==
The economy of Kaptanganj is mainly based on agriculture and small-scale trade. Agricultural produce such as rice, wheat, sugarcane, pulses, and vegetables are traded in local markets. The town also supports retail businesses, transport services, and small commercial establishments serving nearby villages.

== Transport ==
Kaptanganj is connected by road and rail. The town is served by Kaptanganj Junction railway station, which connects it to major cities in eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Road transport includes state and private buses, auto-rickshaws, and other local transport services.

== Education ==
Educational facilities in Kaptanganj include government and private primary schools, secondary schools, and intermediate colleges. For higher education, students generally travel to nearby towns and cities such as Padrauna, Deoria, and Gorakhpur.

== Healthcare ==
The town has basic healthcare facilities, including government health centres and private clinics. For specialised medical treatment, residents depend on district and regional hospitals.

== Culture ==
Kaptanganj reflects the cultural traditions of eastern Uttar Pradesh. Festivals such as Diwali, Holi, Chhath, Eid, and Muharram are celebrated by the local population.

==Demographics==

As of the 2011 [[census]], Kaptanganj has a population of 23,526. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Kaptanganj has an average literacy rate of 59%, lower than the national average of 74%. In Kaptanganj, roughly 13% of the population is under the age of 6.

It was announced as a town area in 1911 by the [[British Raj]]. Major places are Arya Nagar (Mangal Bazar), Chandani Chowk, Subhash Chowk, Azad Chowk and Shiva Chowk.

== Transportation ==

The town is connected to many important cities with National Highway 28B<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nhai.org/ |title=NHAI::Welcome to NHAI |access-date=24 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611061444/http://www.nhai.org/ |archive-date=11 June 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and State Highway No. 64. The proposed [[Buddha Expressway]] between [[Kushinagar]] and [[Sarnath]] will provide connectivity with south eastern cities of the state like [[Varanasi]], [[Allahabad]], [[Azamgarh]] as well as [[Kolkata]] through National Highway 2 in Varanasi.

[[Kaptanganj Junction railway station|Kaptanganj Railway Station]] is on a broad gauge railway that connects to major cities of the country. Currently, trains running between [[Gorakhpur]] and Thawe originate here. It is expected to be a part of the proposed [[Kushinagar Airport|Kushinagar International Airport]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kushinagar district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kushinagar district]]

{{Kushinagar-geo-stub}}

Punjab Riyasti Praja Mandal

2025-12-31T07:42:24Z

ErinChamberlin3: adding a data more to come

{{Short description|Indian political party}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{no footnotes|date=November 2024}}
[[File:Group photograph of Sikh figures, published within 'Shahidi Yaatra Athva Saka Jaiton (Nabha) Akhin Ditah Haal'.jpg|thumb|Group photograph of figures of the Praja Mandal movement]]
The '''Punjab Riyasti Praja Mandal''' (meaning "The Punjab Kingdom's Peoples' Party/Society"<ref name=":5">Raza, A. (2020). Entangled Histories. In ''Revolutionary Pasts: Communist Internationalism in Colonial India'' (pp. 150–176). chapter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108693875.005</nowiki></ref>{{Rp|page=163}}) was an organization advocating for greater civil liberties and political rights in the [[Princely state|princely-states]] of the [[Punjab States Agency|Punjab]].{{Efn|Also referred to as the Riyasat Parjamandal, sometimes spelt as Riasti Praja Mandal.|group=note}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=235–246 |chapter=The Praja Mandal Movement}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> It was active from 17 July 1928 onwards during [[British Empire|British]] rule until its lapse on 15 July 1948 with the creation of [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union|PEPSU]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Arora |first=A. C. |title=PAÑJĀB RIYĀSTĪ PRAJĀ MAṆḌAL |url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/PANJAB%20RIYASTI%20PRAJA%20MANDAL%20.html |access-date=4 February 2025 |website=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (digital version available at eos.learnpunjabi.org)}}</ref> The organization was initially headed by its founder and president Sardar Sewa Singh Thikriwala.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Jagga |first=Raakhi |date=January 20, 2025 |title=Story of Punjab’s Sewa Singh Thikriwala, hero of movement against princely states |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/punjab-sikh-patiala-sewa-singh-thikriwala-praja-mandal-9788995/ |access-date=4 February 2025 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> The vice President of this Party was Sardar Ridha Singh Akali of village [[Ghagga]] in Patiala district<ref>{{cite news |title=Gurcharan kaur’s daughter of Sewa Singh Thikriwala dies at 98 |url=https://www.ptcnews.tv/gurcharan-kaurs-daughter-of-sewa-singh-thikriwala-dies-at-98 |publisher=PTC News |date=December 26, 2017}}</ref> Most of its leaders and workers were [[Shiromani Akali Dal|Akalis]] but also included [[Kirti|Kirtis]] (Punjabi Communists).<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=163}}

The Praja Mandal movement existed across India's over-six-hundred princely states, whilst its local manifestation in Punjab mostly covered the states of Patiala, Nabha, Jind, Malerkotla and Faridkot princely states initially but other areas later-on.<ref name=":32">{{Cite news |last=Jagga |first=Raakhi |date=January 20, 2025 |title=Story of Punjab’s Sewa Singh Thikriwala, hero of movement against princely states |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/punjab-sikh-patiala-sewa-singh-thikriwala-praja-mandal-9788995/ |access-date=4 February 2025 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> Punjabi princely-states at the time were widely criticized for being oppressive and poorly governed.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=163}} In 1928, the [[Riyasat Prajamandal|Punjab Riyasti Praja Mandal]] was established by S. Sewa Singh Thikriwala, who had been active in the ongoing [[Singh Sabha Movement|Singh Sabha movement]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arora |first=A. C. |title=PAÑJĀB RIYĀSTĪ PRAJĀ MAṆḌAL |url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/PANJAB%20RIYASTI%20PRAJA%20MANDAL%20.html |access-date=4 February 2025 |website=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (digital version available at eos.learnpunjabi.org)}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Sewa Singh Thikriwala |url=https://cmsadmin.amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?6126 |access-date=4 February 2025 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav}}</ref> The movement wanted self-rule for the people against the rulers of Punjab’s erstwhile princely-states.<ref name=":4" /> It also covered princely-states of Kashmir, the Punjab Hills, and the Shimla Hills.<ref name=":2" /> The Praja Mandal was tied-together with the rise of the Tenants movement in Punjab.<ref name=":1" />

== Etymology ==
The word ''riyāstī'' refers to the collective rule of the kingdom consisting of the princely states whilst ''prajā'' means subject or people, meanwhile ''maṇḍal'' means society or party.<ref name=":2" />

== Objectives ==
The main aims of the organization were:<ref name=":2" />

# Protection of the rights and liberties of the common people of the princely states<ref name=":2" />
# Establishing representative bodies in the princely states<ref name=":2" />
# Improvement of the well-being of the peasants of the princely states<ref name=":2" />

The focus of the Punjabi organization and the wider pan-India Praja Mandal mission was to safeguard the civil liberties of the public, agitate against oppressive taxes, advocate for reforms in the status of the peasantry, establish educational institutions, and have a responsible administration.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Jagga |first=Raakhi |date=January 20, 2025 |title=Story of Punjab’s Sewa Singh Thikriwala, hero of movement against princely states |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/punjab-sikh-patiala-sewa-singh-thikriwala-praja-mandal-9788995/ |access-date=4 February 2025 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> The organization also sought for the democratization of the princely-states and supported tenants against oppressive landlords.<ref name=":1" />

Some of the Praja Mandal leaders focused on administrative reform whilst others concentrated on agrarian reform.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=163}} Meanwhile, those with a Communist leaning tended to focus on agrarian conflicts, especially in Patiala, Malerkotla, Nabha, and [[Kalsia]] states.<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=163}}

== Administration ==
As per the body's constitution, membership was open to all adult inhabitants of the Punjabi princely states, regardless of their caste, class, or religion.<ref name=":2" /> Furthermore, a general council consisting of two hundred members was elected every two years by the members of the body, with the general council responsible for electing a fifteen member executive committee.<ref name=":2" /> The central organization managed the local outfits of the body and was affiliated to the All India States People's Conference.<ref name=":2" /> The body was active in the princely states of the Punjab Plains, Punjab Hills, Shimla Hills, and Kashmir regions.<ref name=":2" />

== History ==

=== Overview ===

==== Establishment ====
The Punjab at the time was going through a period of socio-political and religious movements and upheaval due to a combination of factors, such as the [[Rowlatt Act]], [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]], the [[Akali movement|Gurudwara Reform movement]], and the violent [[Babbar Akali movement|Babbar Akali]] development.<ref name=":2" /> Meanwhile, inhabitants of the Punjabi princely-states grew frustrated by what was perceived as lavish spending on personal luxuries by the rulers while the people lacked personal freedom or political representation.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=163}} Also, the rulers and officials of the princely states were harsh and intolerant toward any perceived criticisms of their governance and enjoyed full backing by the British colonial authorities.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" />{{Rp|page=163}} The [[All India States Peoples Conference|All India States Peoples' Conference]] had been founded on 17 September 1927 to advocate for the people living in the over six hundred princely states of British India.<ref name=":2" /> A year later on, the Punjab Riyasti Praja Mandal was established at [[Mansa, Punjab|Mansa]] through a public announcement on 17 July 1928 for the same cause in Punjabi princely states by Akali workers from the princely states.<ref name=":2" /> The Akalis were invigorated due to their recent success in the Gurudwara Reform movement in obtaining custodianship over Sikh shrines from the pro-British mahants.<ref name=":2" /> Patiala's Akali leader, S. Sewa Singh Thikriwala, who was in prison at the time, was elected the President of the body whilst Sardar Ridha Singh Akali of village Ghagga was elected the Vice President, and Bhagwan Singh Longowalia was elected as the General Secretary.<ref name=":2" /> In the beginning, the organization was only operational in the princely states of Patiala, Jind, Nabha, and Faridkot, but was particularly focused against the reigning Patiala ruler, Maharaja Bhupinder Singh.<ref name=":2" /> In 1929, the Mujara Commission was established, which protested for the rights of Punjabi tenants against repressive landlords, despite the leaders of the Praja Mandal being imprisoned at the time.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Photograph of Sewa Singh Thikriwala, leader of the Punjab Riyasti Praja Mandal.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Sewa Singh Thikriwala, leader of the Punjab Riyasti Praja Mandal]]
Between 1930–31, local branches of the organization operating in Jind, Nabha, Malerkotla, Kapurthala, and Faridkot states were organized.<ref name=":1" /> On 24 August 1933, Sardar Sewa Singh Thikriwala was arrested and sentenced to six years in prison, during which he died on 20 January 1935.<ref name=":1" /> Meanwhile, the General Secretary, Bhagwan Singh Longowalia was sentenced to twenty two years of imprisonment.<ref name=":1" /> Both of them had protested against their poor treatment in jail.<ref name=":1" />

==== Decline ====
After the death of its founder and charismatic leader, Sardar Sewa Singh Thikriwala in 1935, and also due to its loss of Akali patronage, the movement lost much of its momentum.<ref name=":2" /> The organization also became influenced by Marxism from that point on due to the increasingly Marxist-leanings of two of its leaders: Bhagwan Singh Longowalia and Jagir Singh Joga.<ref name=":2" /> The organization further declined due to factionalism and infighting between Communist-inclined rural folk and Congress-inclined urbanites from within its ranks.<ref name=":2" /> Also, the Akali Dal had stopped interfering with the internal matters of the princely states, and thus did not offer support to the organization like they previously did.<ref name=":2" /> In 1937, Kisan Committees were established throughout villages.<ref name=":1" /> During an incident between tenants and landlords that occurred at Hakima Wala village on 25 November 1937, police shot at the tenants, leading to two deaths and leaving nine injured.<ref name=":1" /> The sixth AISPC conference was held in Ludhiana in February 1939, with it being organized by the Punjab Riyasti Praja Mandal.<ref name=":1" /> During the conference, Nehru spoke about the importance of civil rights for the inhabitants of the princely states and iterated that it was a goal that the princely states be brought under responsible administrations.<ref name=":1" /> Also in 1939, most of the leaders of the Riyasti Praja Mandal were incarcerated but the work of the body continued through the Peasants and Tenants Committees that had been set up the same year.<ref name=":1" />

In 1945, communists were thrown out of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), thus the AISPC set in motion a regional council for the Punjabi princely states, which led to the fracturing of the Punjab Riyasti Praja Mandal into three factions:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

* Akali-faction: led by Master Tara Singh, Pritam Singh Gojran, and Jagir Singh Phaguwalia<ref name=":1" />
* Congress-faction: led by Brish Bhan<ref name=":1" />
* Communist-faction: led by Jagir Singh Joga, Master Hari Singh, Harnam Singh Chamak<ref name=":1" />

The Congress faction of the Praja Mandal had [[Brish Bhan]] becoming the chairman and Harbans Lal becoming the general secretary, which led to the leadership of the faction being given to urbanite Hindus, mostly businessmen and lawyers.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> Under this scheme, the fight for constitutional and administrative reforms in the princely states carried on.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

The organization lapsed after the creation of PEPSU out of the former princely states of Patiala, Nabha, Jind, Malerkotla, Faridkot, Kapurthala, Nalagarh, and Kalsia, and it was replaced by the PEPSU Pradesh Congress.<ref name=":2" /> The Punjab state government in India claims to have lost documentation and records relating to the Punjabi Praja Mandal movement.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamal |first=Neel |date=Apr 24, 2018 |title='Praja Mandal movement record now unavailable' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/praja-mandal-movement-record-now-unavailable/articleshow/63889078.cms |access-date=4 February 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Phases of Activism ===

* First phase (1928–1938): characterized as a rural movement associated with the Akalis and mainly focused on a mission against Maharaja [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala]] State.<ref name=":1" />
* Second phase (1938–1948): more influenced by Communism and focused on supporting the landless tenants against the landowning-class.<ref name=":1" /> An influx of urbanite Hindu members.<ref name=":1" />

=== Patiala State ===
Patiala State arrested S. Sewa Singh on flimsy charges of theft, which led to unrest within the state.<ref name=":02" /> In actuality, S. Sewa Singh was arrested due to his criticism of the ruling Patiala prince.<ref name=":4" /> [[Baba Kharak Singh]] attempted to get Sardar Sewa Singh Thikriwala released whilst touring the princely state and criticizing its government, and Sardar Sewa Singh went on a hunger strike.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":2" /> Many Akali workers were arrested by the state authorities, with [[Tara Singh (activist)|Master Tara Singh]] campaigning against the ruling Patiala monarch, with the Riyasti Praja Mandal intensifying its movement.<ref name=":2" /> Eventually due to this pressure on the Patiala officials, Sardar Sewa Singh and forty other Akalis were released from Patiala Central Jail on 24 August 1929, and during the first regular session of the Punjab Riyasati Praja Mandal that was convened at Lahore on 27 December 1929, Maharaja Bhupinder Singh was again heavily criticized by the body in its resolution.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> In the spring of 1929, a memorandum called the ''Indictment of Patiala'', signed by ten persons, was addressed to the Viceroy of India outlining the misrule of the ruling monarch of Patiala and his officials, which the AISPC (having been provided a copy of the report) conducted their own inquiry, known as the Patiala Inquiry Committee, and found the Patiala ruler guilty of most of the accusations in a February 1930 report.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> However, a separate, British inquiry led by J. A. O. Fitzpatrick found the Patiala maharaja not-guilty.<ref name=":1" /> Maharaja Bhupinder Singh, acting as the chancellor of the [[Chamber of Princes]], became the sole representative of the Indian princes at the first Round Table Conference in London.<ref name=":2" /> This prompted the Riyasti Praja Mandal to step-up their mission against him, with S. Sewa Singh Thikriwala personally reprimanding the Patiala ruler and demanding his removal from the throne at the organization's Ludhiana conference on 11 October 1930.<ref name=":2" /> In response to S. Sewa Singh's accusations, the Patiala officials arrested and jailed S. Sewa Singh Thikiriwala but he was released after a few months even though he had been sentenced to ten years in jail.<ref name=":2" />

Maharaja Bhupinder Singh of Patiala, realizing the increasing popularity of the movement, began to negotiate with the agitators starting in 1931.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":2" /> However, negotiations collapsed when S. Sewa Singh demanded an elected assembly for Patiala State.<ref name=":02" /> At the third Punjab Riyasti Praja Mandal conference that was supposed to have been held in Shimla in July 1931, S. Sewa Singh Thikriwala met with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] to discuss the issue regarding Patiala State during that time.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":2" /> Maharaja Bhupinder Singh was again strongly rebuked at the third conference.<ref name=":2" /> In 1931, the Patiala government issued a ''hidāyat'' (instruction) of 1988 Bk. (1931 C.E.) that prohibited any kind of political activism in the princely state as a crack-down measure on the Riyasti Praja Mandal.<ref name=":2" /> In 1932–33, a second memorandum was brought out by the organization against Maharaja Bhupinder Singh and it staged protests at Amritsar and Delhi against the ruler.<ref name=":2" /> In a meeting of the Riyasti Praja Mandal leaders in mid-1933, it was decided that jathas(groups) would be sent to the Lahore Political Agent's office.<ref name=":02" /> This move led to the banning of S. Sewa Singh Thikriwala from the districts of Lahore and Amritsar for two months.<ref name=":02" /> S. Sewa Singh was arrested on 25 August 1933 by the Patiala State police for violating the earlier 1931 ''hidāyat'' that had banned political activity within the state of Patiala.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":2" /> Sardar Sewa Singh Thikriwala refused to defend himself and the outcome of the subsequent Khudiala Akali Conference case resulted in him being sentenced to three (or six?) years of prison and a 500 rupee fine.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":2" />S. Sewa Singh went on another hunger strike to protest the poor treatment he was receiving while at Patiala Jail and died on 19 January 1935 in solitary-confinement at the jail.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":2" /> In 1936, the Patiala ruler signed a deal with the Akali leader Master Tara Singh, leading to the release of Akali members (including Bhagwan Singh and twenty-five other Praja Mandal workers<ref name=":1" />) held in Patiala jails but this also led to the decline of the Praja Mandal as they lost Akali support.<ref name=":2" /> However, prominent Praja Mandal figures, such as Harchand Singh Jeji, Bhagwan Singh Longowal, and Jagir Singh Joga did not agree with the deal that Tara Singh had signed with Bhupinder Singh.<ref name=":1" /> Therefore, those Praja Mandal leaders continued their anti-Bhupinder Singh activities until the Patiala ruler died in 1938.<ref name=":1" /> The successive ruler of Patiala, [[Yadavindra Singh|Maharaja Yadavindra Singh]], married the daughter of a Praja Mandal leader, Harchand Singh Jeji, thus relations between one faction of the Praja Mandal and Patiala State improved thereafter.<ref name=":1" />

=== Jind State ===
The organization launched a protest movement against the enhancement of land-revenue and against the practice of ''begār'' (forced free-labour).<ref name=":2" />

=== Faridkot State ===
Proponents of the independence movement were tortured by the police of Faridkot State.<ref name=":04">{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Sukhpreet |last2=Bhullar |first2=Sukhjeet Kaur |date=2019 |title=Contributions of Different Kings in the Faridkot State |url=https://rjhssonline.com/HTML_Papers/Research%20Journal%20of%20Humanities%20and%20Social%20Sciences__PID__2019-10-1-45.html |journal=Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=248–252 |doi=10.5958/2321-5828.2019.00045.7|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref> Also, the local farmers of Faridkot State were banned from selling their produce at other ''mandis''.<ref name=":04" /> The landlord class was heavily exploited by the state despite the state's rich treasury.<ref name=":04" /> Also, the cost for attending educational institutions within the state was high.<ref name=":04" /> Due to these factors, a Praja Mandal struggle took place in Faridkot State as well, with a severe agitation occurring in the state in 1946.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":04" /> The 1946 agitation was led by [[Zail Singh|Giani Zail Singh]] and the agitation was at its highest point when Nehru visited the area on 27 May 1946.<ref name=":2" />

=== Malerkotla State ===
The organization created a document called the ''Malerkotla Indictment'' which criticized the state's ruler and its administration.<ref name=":2" />

=== Kapurthala State ===
The organization ordered the ending of oppressive taxes and advocated for the appointment of a trustworthy government.<ref name=":2" />

=== Kalsia State ===
[[File:Chirak exclave of Kalsia State, Survey of India geographical block-map for 44 N NW Ferozepore (1921) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Chirak exclave of Kalsia State surrounded by Moga tehsil, Survey of India geographical block-map for 44 N NW Ferozepore (1921)]]
In September 1938, agrarian protestors in parts of present-day [[Moga district]] under Kalsia State back then were protesting against excessive land revenue, requesting a reduction in the same, when they were [[Baton charge|lathi-charged]] by the state police.<ref name=":29">{{Cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Basudev |title=Towards Freedom: Documents on the Movement for Independence in India, 1938, Part 3 |publisher=Indian Council of Historical Research |year=1999 |isbn=9780195644494 |pages=3545, 3548, 3552}}</ref> The cattle fairs at Chirak village (that was held between 11 September 1938 and 20 September 1938) and Mari village were boycotted by the farmers' leaders, leading to a loss of revenue for Kalsia State.<ref name=":29" /> This movement was known as the "Kalsia agitation" and around 125 were arrested and held at a jail in Chhachroli, in poor conditions.<ref name=":29" /> Moga was the centre of the agitation.<ref name=":29" />

== List of annual sessions or conferences ==

* First: Lahore on 27 December 1929<ref name=":2" /> - S. Sewa Singh and Bhagwan Singh both re-elected as president and general-secretary.<ref name=":1" /> An anti-Bhupinder Singh resolution of Patiala was adopted.<ref name=":1" />
* Second: Ludhiana on 11 October 1930<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> - Views critical of the Patiala ruler and his administration were shared, and Bhupinder Singh's removal from the throne of Patiala was a demand.<ref name=":1" />
* Third: Shimla in July 1931<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sewa Singh Thikriwala |url=https://cmsadmin.amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?6126 |access-date=4 February 2025 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> - The third annual session was also critical of the Patiala state officials and ruler, and again Bhupinder Singh's deposition was demanded.<ref name=":1" />
* Fourth: Delhi in April 1933<ref name=":0" />

== Literature ==
The organization published two periodicals in different languages: ''Riasti Dunia'' (in Urdu) and ''Desh Dardi'' (in Punjabi).<ref name=":1" />

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
<references />

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book | last=Thandi | first=S.S. | title=Agrarian Reform and Farmer Resistance in Punjab: Mobilization and Resilience | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2022 | isbn=978-1-000-81630-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dx6YEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT58 | access-date=17 November 2024}}
* {{cite book | last=Mukherjee | first=M. | title=Peasants in India's Non-Violent Revolution: Practice and Theory | publisher=SAGE Publications | series=SAGE Series in Modern Indian History | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-7619-9686-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y2AON_2SJI0C&pg=PA253 | access-date=17 November 2024}}
* {{cite book | last=Copland | first=I. | title=State, Community and Neighbourhood in Princely North India, c. 1900-1950 | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-230-00598-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=squHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA177 | access-date=17 November 2024}}
* {{cite book | last=Akins | first=H. | title=Conquering the maharajas: India's princely states and the end of empire, 1930–50 | publisher=Manchester University Press | series=Studies in Imperialism | year=2023 | isbn=978-1-5261-6784-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=asbDEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT219 | access-date=17 November 2024}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book |last=Walia |first=Ramesh |title=Praja Mandal Movement in East Punjab States |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University |year=1972}}
*{{Cite book |last=Gajrani |first=S. |title=Peasants and Princes: Agrarian Unrest in the East Punjab States, 1920–48 |publisher=Anmol Publications |year=1987}}
*{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Mohinder |title=Peasant Movement in PEPSU, Punjab |publisher=National Book Organization |year=1991}}
*{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Gurharpal |title=Communism in the Punjab: A Study of the Movement up to 1967 |publisher=South Asia Books |year=1994}}

[[Category:Defunct political parties in India]]
[[Category:Political parties with year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Political parties with year of disestablishment missing]]

BK-16

2025-12-19T07:30:06Z

ErinChamberlin3: New stub

{{Short description|16 Bhima Koregaon violence accused}}

'''BK-16''' refers to a group of sixteen [[human rights defenders]], activists, lawyers, scholars, and artists who were arrested and imprisoned by Indian authorities in connection with the [[2018 Bhima Koregaon violence]].<ref name="LSEReview24">{{Cite web |title=The Incarcerations: BK-16 and the Search for Democracy in India – review |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsereviewofbooks/2024/06/14/book-review-the-incarcerations-bk-16-and-the-search-for-democracy-in-india-alpa-shah/ |website=LSE Review of Books |date=2024-06-14 |access-date=2024-11-26}}</ref> The individuals were charged under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] (UAPA), an anti-terror law, for their alleged involvement in inciting violence at Bhima Koregaon in 2018 and for conspiring against the government.<ref name="GuardianShahReview">{{Cite news |title=The Incarcerations: BK-16 and the Search for Democracy in India by Alpa Shah – review |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/article/2024/jun/02/the-incarcerations-bk-16-and-the-search-for-democracy-in-india-by-alpa-shah-review |work=The Guardian |date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-11-26}}</ref>

==Background==
The arrests stem from events related to the 200th anniversary of the [[Battle of Koregaon|Battle of Bhima Koregaon]], commemorated on 1 January 2018. The site is a place of historical significance for [[Dalit]]s, celebrating a victory of a [[Mahar]] regiment over the [[Peshwa]] army.<ref name="Article14Incarcerations">{{Cite web |title=The Incarcerations: Bhima Koregaon And The Search For Democracy In India by Alpa Shah |url=https://article-14.com/post/the-incarcerations-bhima-koregaon-and-the-search-for-democracy-in-india-by-alpa-shah--6621fa885c7c2 |website=Article-14 |date=2024-04-19 |access-date=2024-11-26}}</ref> Police alleged that speeches and performances at the [[Shaniwarwada Elgar Parishad|Elgar Parishad]], a rally held in [[Pune]] on 31 December 2017, incited violence that erupted the following day near the war memorial.<ref name="HinduHacker24">{{Cite news |title=Hacker-for-hire gang with links to Pune police planted emails on the computers of Bhima Koregaon accused: new book |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hacker-for-hire-gang-with-links-to-pune-police-planted-emails-on-the-computers-of-bhima-koregaon-accused-new-book/article67946916.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2024-03-14 |access-date=2024-11-26}}</ref><ref name="AmnestyBK16">{{Cite web |title=Act now to demand the release of the BK16! |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2022/12/act-now-to-demand-the-release-of-the-bk16/ |website=Amnesty International |date=2022-12-12 |access-date=2024-11-26}}</ref>

Authorities claimed the accused were active members of the banned [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]] and were involved in a plot to assassinate the [[prime minister of India]], [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name="AmnestyBK16" /><ref name="GuardianShahReview" />

==The accused==
The sixteen individuals, collectively known as the "BK-16", come from diverse professional backgrounds including academia, law, journalism, and the arts.<ref name="LSEReview24" /> They are known for their work with marginalized communities, including [[Adivasi]]s, Dalits, and Muslims.<ref name="HimalMagBK16">{{Cite web |title=Bhima Koregaon, the BK-16 and cracks in Indian democracy |url=https://www.himalmag.com/politics/bhima-koregaon-case-history-battle-india |website=Himal Southasian |date=2024-11-07 |access-date=2024-11-26}}</ref> The individuals are:
* [[Sudhir Dhawale]]: An activist and publisher of the Marathi magazine ''Vidrohi'', which focused on caste, land, and labor issues.<ref name="AmnestyBK16" />
* [[Mahesh Raut]]: An activist focused on land and forest rights for indigenous communities.<ref name="CJPWhoAreBK16">{{Cite web |title=Who are the acclaimed 'BK-16'? |url=https://cjp.org.in/who-are-the-acclaimed-bk-16/ |website=Citizens for Justice and Peace |date=22 June 2023 |access-date=2024-11-26}}</ref>
* [[Shoma Sen]]: A professor of English literature at [[Nagpur University]] and an advocate for women's rights.<ref name="CJPWhoAreBK16" />
* [[Surendra Gadling]]: A human rights lawyer known for handling cases related to extrajudicial killings and police misconduct.<ref name="CJPWhoAreBK16" />
* [[Rona Wilson]]: A prisoners' rights activist.<ref name="LSEReview24" />
* [[Arun Ferreira]]: A lawyer and human rights activist.<ref name="LSEReview24" />
* [[Vernon Gonsalves]]: A trade unionist and writer who has written on the rights of prisoners and Adivasis.<ref name="AmnestyBK16" />
* [[Sudha Bharadwaj]]: A trade unionist and human rights lawyer who has worked in [[Chhattisgarh]] for three decades.<ref name="CJPWhoAreBK16" />
* [[Varavara Rao]]: A prominent poet and activist.<ref name="AmnestyBK16" />
* [[Gautam Navlakha]]: A journalist and civil rights activist associated with the People's Union for Democratic Rights.<ref name="CJPWhoAreBK16" />
* [[Anand Teltumbde]]: A scholar, management professor, and Dalit intellectual.<ref name="Article14Incarcerations" />
* [[Hany Babu]]: An associate professor of linguistics at [[Delhi University]].<ref name="AmnestyBK16" />
* [[Sagar Gorkhe]], [[Ramesh Gaichor]], and [[Jyoti Jagtap]]: Members of the [[Kabir Kala Manch]], a cultural troupe known for protest music and plays against casteism.<ref name="HimalMagBK16" />
* [[Stan Swamy]]: A [[Jesuit]] priest and tribal rights activist.<ref name="LSEReview24" />

==Digital evidence controversy==
The evidence used to incarcerate the BK-16 has been the subject of significant scrutiny. In her book ''The Incarcerations: BK-16 and the Search for Democracy in India'', anthropologist [[Alpa Shah]] highlights cyber-forensic findings suggesting that electronic evidence was planted on the devices of the accused.<ref name="LSEReview24" /> Reports by [[Arsenal Consulting]], a US-based digital forensics firm, indicated that the computers of Rona Wilson, Surendra Gadling, and Stan Swamy were compromised by malware. This malware was allegedly used to remotely plant incriminating documents, including letters that formed the basis of the prosecution's case.<ref name="GuardianShahReview" /><ref name="HinduHacker24" /> Shah cites research alleging the existence of a "hacker-for-hire" gang with infrastructure in India and links to police officials involved in the investigation.<ref name="HinduHacker24" />

==Status of the accused==
As of 2024, the status of the BK-16 varies, with some released on bail while others remain incarcerated without trial.
* Stan Swamy: The 84-year-old priest died in judicial custody on 5 July 2021. He suffered from Parkinson's disease and contracted COVID-19 while in prison.<ref name="GuardianShahReview" /><ref name="LSEReview24" />
* Varavara Rao: Was granted bail on medical grounds.<ref name="CJPWhoAreBK16" />
* Anand Teltumbde: Was granted bail on the merits of the case.<ref name="Article14Incarcerations" />
* Others: As of late 2022, Amnesty International reported that activists such as Sudha Bharadwaj had been granted bail, while others including Hany Babu, Sagar Gorkhe, and Sudhir Dhawale remained in jail.<ref name="AmnestyBK16" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in India]]
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]

Āśrama (stage)

2025-11-20T17:45:23Z

ErinChamberlin3:

{{Short description|Ancient Indian concept of human life stages}}
{{About|the ancient Indian concept of life stages|spiritual hermitage|Ashram}}

{{Italic title}}
{{Hinduism}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}

'''''Āśrama''''' ({{langx|sa|आश्रम}}) is a system of stages of life discussed in [[Hinduism|Hindu]] texts of the ancient and medieval eras.<ref name=patrick>Patrick Olivelle (1993), The Āśram System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution, Oxford University Press, {{oclc|466428084}}, pages 1–29, 84–111</ref> The four asramas are: ''[[Brahmacharya]]'' (student), ''[[Grihastha|Gṛhastha]]'' (householder), ''[[Vanaprastha]]'' (forest walker/forest dweller), and ''[[Sannyasa]]'' (renunciate).<ref name=rks/>

The ''Asrama'' system is one facet of the ''[[Dharma]]'' concept in [[Hinduism]].<ref name=aw2/> It is also a component of the ethical theories in Indian philosophy, where it is combined with four proper goals of human life (''[[Puruṣārtha|Purushartha]]''), for fulfilment, happiness and spiritual liberation.<ref name=aw0/> Moreover, since the four asramas can be seen as the framework of an influential life-span model, they are also part of an indigenous developmental psychology which from its ancient beginnings until today has shaped the orientations and goals of many people, especially in India.<ref name="Chakkarath, Pradeep (2005), p. 39" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chakkarath|first=Pradeep|title=Indian thoughts on psychological human development. In G. Misra (Ed.), Psychology and Psychoanalysis in India (pp. 167-190).|date=2013|publisher=New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.}}</ref>

==Asrama system==
The four asramas system aimed to integrate renunciation into the Brahmanical society around the fourth century BCE. Initially, it offered young adults four lifelong paths post-vedic initiation: ''Brahmacharya'' (student), ''Gṛhastha'' (householder), ''Vanaprastha'' (forest walker/forest dweller), and ''Sannyasa'' (renunciate). Documented in early Dharmasutras (2nd-3rd centuries BCE), it allowed free choice among these paths, which were viewed as permanent vocations. The term asrama was coined to describe these lifestyles, particularly those of exceptional Brahmins dedicated to austerities and rituals.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Blackwell companion to Hinduism |date=2003 |publisher=Blackwell Pub |isbn=978-0-631-21535-6 |editor-last=Flood |editor-first=Gavin D. |series=Blackwell companions to religion |location=Malden, MA |pages=277–279}}</ref>

Under the Asrama system, the human lifespan was divided into four periods.<ref name="Chakkarath, Pradeep (2005), p. 39">Chakkarath, Pradeep (2005), pp. 31-54.</ref><ref name="Rama, p. 467">Rama, p. 467.</ref> The goal of each period was the fulfilment and development of the individual. The classical system, in the ''Āśrama Upanishad'', the ''Vaikhanasa Dharmasutra'' and the later ''[[Dharmaśāstra|Dharmashastra]]'', presents these as sequential stages of human life and recommends ages for entry to each stage, while in the original system presented in the early ''[[Dharmasutras]]'' the Asramas were four alternative available ways of life, neither presented as sequential nor with age recommendations.<ref name="patrick" /><ref>Barbara Holdrege (2004), "Dharma", in ''The Hindu World'' (Editors: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby), Routledge, {{ISBN|0-415-21527-7}}, page 231</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Āśrama or stage
! Age (years)<ref name="Walters1998">{{Citation| author=J. Donald Walters | title=The Hindu Way of Awakening: Its Revelation, Its Symbols, an Essential View of Religion | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i7JqVy_Giz0C&pg=PA154 | access-date=12 July 2013 | year=1998 | publisher=Crystal Clarity Publishers | isbn=978-1-56589-745-8 | pages=154–}}</ref>
! Description
! Rituals of transition
|-
| ''[[Brahmacharya]]'' (Student's life)
| Birth–25
| ''Brahmacharya'' represented the bachelor student stage of life. This stage focuses on education and included the practice of [[celibacy]].<ref name=rks>RK Sharma (1999), Indian Society, Institutions and Change, {{ISBN|978-8171566655}}, page 28</ref> The student went to a [[Gurukul]] (family/clan of the guru) and typically would live with a [[Guru]] (mentor), acquiring knowledge of science, philosophy, scriptures and logic, practicing self-discipline, working to earn [[dakshina]] to be paid for the ''guru'', learning to live a life of [[Dharma]] (righteousness, morals, duties).|| [[Upanayana]] at entry.<ref>Vivekjivandas, Sadhu. ''Hinduism: An Introduction – Part 2''. (Swaminarayan Aksharpith: Ahmedabad, 2010) p. 113. {{ISBN|978-81-7526-434-2}}</ref><ref>Brian Smith (1986), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270127 Ritual, Knowledge, and Being: Initiation and Veda Study in Ancient India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214114626/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270127 |date=14 December 2018 }}, Numen, Vol. 33, Fasc. 1, pages 65–89</ref> [[Samavartana]] at exit.<ref>R Pandey (1969), Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-Religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments (2nd Ed.), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|81-208-0434-1}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Grihastha]]'' (household life)
| 25–50
| This stage referred to the individual's married life, with the duties of maintaining a household, raising a family, educating one's children, and leading a family-centred and a [[Dharma|dharmic]] social life.<ref name=rks/><ref name=sgn>{{cite book |title=Axiological approach to the Vedas|author=Sahebrao Genu Nigal|year=1986 |publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=81-85119-18-X|pages=110–114 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mMZzmB4duPoC&q=vanaprastha&pg=PA112 }}</ref><ref name=mb>{{cite book |title=Social and cultural history of ancient India|author=Manilal Bose|chapter=5. Grihastha Ashrama, Vanprastha and Sanyasa|year=1998|publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn= 81-7022-598-1|pages= 68–79}}</ref> ''Grihastha'' stage was considered as the most important of all stages in sociological context, as human beings in this stage not only pursued a virtuous life, they produced food and wealth that sustained people in other stages of life, as well as the offsprings that continued mankind.<ref name=rks/><ref name=aw0>Alban Widgery (1930), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2377977 The Principles of Hindu Ethics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003160324/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2377977 |date=3 October 2022 }}, International Journal of Ethics, 40(2): 232–245</ref> The stage also represented one where the most intense physical, sexual, emotional, occupational, social and material attachments exist in a human being's life.<ref>Mazumdar and Mazumdar (2005), Home in the Context of Religion, in Home and Identity in Late Life: International Perspectives (Editor: Graham D. Rowles et al.), Springer, {{ISBN|978-0826127150}}, pages 81–103</ref>||[[Hindu wedding]] at entry.
|-
| ''[[Vanaprastha]]'' (retired life)
| 50–75
| The retirement stage, where a person handed over household responsibilities to the next generation, took an advisory role, and gradually withdrew from the world.<ref name=alnu/><ref>Ralph Tench and William Sun (2014), Communicating Corporate Social Responsibility: Perspectives and Practice, {{ISBN|978-1783507955}}, page 346</ref> Vanaprastha stage was a transition phase from a householder's life with its greater emphasis on [[Artha]] and [[Kama]] (wealth, security, pleasure and desires) to one with greater emphasis on [[Moksha]] (spiritual liberation).<ref name=alnu>Albertina Nugteren (2005), Belief, Bounty, And Beauty: Rituals Around Sacred Trees in India, Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004146013}}, pages 13–21</ref><ref name=saraoup>Saraswathi et al (2010), Reconceptualizing Lifespan Development through a Hindu Perspective, in Bridging Cultural and Developmental Approaches to Psychology (Editor: Lene Arnett Jensen), Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195383430}}, page 280-286</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Sannyasa]]'' (renounced life)
| 75+ (or anytime)
| The stage was marked by renunciation of material desires and prejudices, represented by a state of disinterest and detachment from material life, generally without any meaningful property or home (ascetic), and focused on [[moksha]], peace and simple spiritual life.<ref>S. Radhakrishnan (1922), "The Hindu Dharma", ''International Journal of Ethics'', 33(1): 1–22</ref><ref>DP Bhawuk (2011), "The Paths of Bondage and Liberation", in ''Spirituality and Indian Psychology'', Springer, {{ISBN|978-1-4419-8109-7}}, pages 93–110</ref> Anyone could enter this stage after completing the ''Brahmacharya'' stage of life.<ref name=patrick/>
|
|-
|}

==Asrama and Purushartha==
The Asramas system is one facet of the complex [[Dharma]] concept in Hinduism.<ref name=aw2>Alban Widgery (1930), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2377977 The Principles of Hindu Ethics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003160324/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2377977 |date=3 October 2022 }}, ''International Journal of Ethics'', 40(2): 237–239. {{JSTOR|2377977}}.</ref> It is integrated with the concept of [[Puruṣārtha|Purushartha]], or four proper aims of life in Hindu philosophy, namely, [[Dharma]] (piety, morality, duties), [[Artha]] (wealth, health, means of life), [[Kama]] (love, relationships, emotions) and [[Moksha]] (liberation, freedom, self-realization).<ref name=aw2/> Each of the four Asramas of life are a form of personal and social environment, each stage with ethical guidelines, duties and responsibilities, for the individual and for the society. Each Asrama stage places different levels of emphasis on the four proper goals of life, with different stages viewed as steps to the attainment of the ideal in Hindu philosophy, namely Moksha.<ref>Alban Widgery (1930), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2377977 The Principles of Hindu Ethics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003160324/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2377977 |date=3 October 2022 }}, ''International Journal of Ethics'', 40(2): 239–240. {{JSTOR|2377977}}.</ref>

Neither ancient nor medieval texts of India state that any of the first three Asramas must devote itself solely to a specific goal of life (''Purushartha'').<ref name=paol>Patrick Olivelle (1993), The Āśram System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution, Oxford University Press, {{oclc|466428084}}, pages 216–219</ref> The fourth stage of ''Sannyasa'' is different, and the overwhelming consensus in ancient and medieval texts is that ''Sannyas'' stage of life must entirely be devoted to ''Moksha'' aided by ''Dharma''.<ref name=paol/>

''Dharma'' is held primary for all stages. ''Moksha'' is the ultimate noble goal, recommended for everyone, to be sought at any stage of life. On the other two, the texts are unclear.<ref name=paol/> With the exception of [[Kamasutra]], most texts make no recommendation on the relative preference on Artha or Kama, that an individual must emphasise in what stage of life. The Kamasutra states,<ref name=paol/>

{{Quote|The life span of a man is one hundred years. Dividing that time, he should attend to three aims of life in such a way that they support, rather than hinder each other. In his youth he should attend to profitable aims ([[artha]]) such as learning, in his prime to pleasure ([[kama]]), and in his old age to [[dharma]] and [[moksha]].|Kamasutr 1.2.1–1.2.4|Translated by Patrick Olivelle<ref name=paol/>}}

==See also==
{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Brahmacharya]]
* [[Grihastha]]
* [[Hinduism]]
* [[Niyamas]]
* [[Purushartha]]
* [[Sannyasa]]
* [[Vanaprastha]]
* [[Varna in Hinduism]]
* [[Yamas]]
{{Div col end}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== General and cited references ==
* Chakkarath, Pradeep (2005). "What Can Western Psychology Learn from Indigenous Psychologies? Lessons from Hindu Psychology". In W. Friedlmeier, P. Chakkarath, & B. Schwarz (Eds.), ''Culture and Human Development: The Importance of Cross-cultural Research to the Social Sciences'' (pp. 31–51). New York: Psychology Press.
* Chakkarath, Pradeep (2013). "Indian Thoughts on Psychological Human Development". In G. Misra (Ed.), ''Psychology and Psychoanalysis in India'' (pp. 167–190). New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.
* {{Cite book
| last =Kriyananda
| first =Swami
| year =1998
| title =The Hindu Way of Awakening
| publisher =Crystal Clarity Publishers
| isbn =1-56589-745-5
}}
* {{Cite book
| last =Rama
| first =Swami
| year =1985
| title =Perennial Psychology of the Bhagavad Gita
| publisher =Himalayan Institute Press
| isbn =0-89389-090-1
| url-access =registration
| url =https://archive.org/details/perennialpsychol00rama
}}

==Further reading==
* [[Alain Daniélou]] (1993), ''Virtue, Success, Pleasure, and Liberation'', {{ISBN|978-0892812189}}
* [[Patrick Olivelle]] (1993), ''The Āśrama System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution'', Oxford University Press, {{Isbn|9788121511353}}, {{oclc|466428084}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|ashrama|आश्रम}}
* [http://www.yogabasics.com/learn/the-four-ashramas-of-yoga.html "The Four Ashramas of Yoga"]—Timothy Burgin, July 11, 2007; Yoga Basics
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150125224425/http://www.hinduism.co.za/pravritt.htm Pravritti-Nivritti] Social action, inward contemplation and Asramas
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070701104831/http://hinduism.iskcon.com/practice/702.htm The Four Ashrams] – ISKCON

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ashramas| ]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Human life stages]]

Clutterbuckganj railway station

2025-11-06T11:18:22Z

ErinChamberlin3: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|Railway station in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Clutterbuckganj railway station
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|100px]]
| image_caption = Indian Railways logo
| address = [[C.B. Ganj]], [[Bareilly]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.396755|79.371593|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| line = [[Lucknow–Moradabad line]]
| other = Auto stand
| elevation = {{convert|172|m|ft}}<ref>{{cite web |title=CBJ / Clutterbuckganj |url=https://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/cbj/ |website=www.totaltraininfo.com |access-date=5 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 3
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks =
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = CBJ
| zone = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Moradabad}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| status =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
}}
'''Clutterbuckganj railway station''' (station code: '''CBJ''') is a railway station on the [[Lucknow–Moradabad line]] located in the [[C.B. Ganj]] neighbourhood of [[Bareilly]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It is under the administrative control of the [[Moradabad railway division|Moradabad Division]] of the [[Northern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Railway Map of Moradabad Division |url=https://nr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1472209779946-Divnl%20Map%202016%20A%203%20PCE-MB%20Divn%20Map.pdf |access-date=4 May 2021}}</ref>

The station consists of three platforms, and is located at a distance of {{convert|8|km|mi}} from [[Bareilly Junction railway station|Bareilly Junction]] and {{convert|10|km|mi}} from [[Bareilly City railway station|Bareilly city]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/bareilly-city-bc/2694| title=CBJ/ClutterbuckGanj (3 PFs) | website=India Rail Info}}</ref> Three trains (Two Passenger / One Express) stop at the station.<ref>{{cite web |title=Clutterbuckganj Railway Station (CBJ) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry |url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/clutterbuckganj-cbj-station |website=www.ndtv.com |access-date=5 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Clutter Buck Ganj Railway Station.png|Platform Board of Clutterbuckganj station.
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Moradabad railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Bareilly]]

{{UttarPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Dharasena

2025-10-29T08:55:08Z

ErinChamberlin3: redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Satkhandagama]]

Mahatma Gandhi Central University

2025-08-23T04:16:20Z

ErinChamberlin3: fixed page also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Central university in Motihari, Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Mahatma Gandhi Central University
| image = Mahatma Gandhi Central University logo.png
| image_size = 188
| motto = मयि श्रीः ‎श्रयतां ‌यशः (I be blessed with prosperity, name and fame)
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|2016}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| endowment =
| chairman =
| chancellor = Dr. Mahesh Sharma
| vice_chancellor = [[Sanjay Srivastava (academician)|Sanjay Srivastava]]
| head_label = [[Visitor]]
| head = [[President of India]]
| city = [[Motihari]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| country = India
| coor =
| publictransit =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| staff =
| campus = Urban
| former_names =
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| website = {{url|https://www.mgcub.ac.in}}
| footnotes =
| logo =
}}

'''Mahatma Gandhi Central University''' ('''MGCU'''), is a [[Central university (India)|central university]] located in [[Motihari, Bihar]], India. MGCU has 7 schools and 20 academic departments.

==History==
The Central Universities (Amendment) Act, 2014 which received presidential assent on 17 December 2014, provided for the establishment of Mahatma Gandhi Central University having its territorial jurisdiction extending to the territory in the North of the River Ganges in the State of Bihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Central University (Amendment) Act, 2014 |url=http://mgcub.ac.in/pdf/Central%20Universities%20Act%202014.pdf |publisher=[[Government of India]] |date=17 December 2014|work=[[The Gazette of India]]}}</ref>

This is the second Central University in Bihar after the [[Central University of South Bihar]] (CUSB).

==Organisation and administration==
===Governance===
The university is governed by the rules set by the ''Central Universities Act, 2009''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-03-20|title=Central Universities Act, 2009|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2080|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref>
The [[president of India]] is the [[visitor]] of the university. The [[Chancellor (education)|chancellor]] is the ceremonial head of the university while the executive powers rest with the [[vice-chancellor]]. The court, the executive council, the academic council, the board of studies and the finance committee are the administrative authorities of the university.{{fact|date=January 2025}}

===Schools and departments===
The university has 7 schools and 20 departments covering wide range of subjects such as [[commerce]], [[Management Studies|management]], [[computer science]], [[Education sciences|education]], [[humanities]], [[Linguistics|languages]], [[life sciences]], [[Physical Sciences|physical sciences]], and [[social sciences]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Programmes |url=http://mgcub.ac.in/programmes.php |website=mgcub.ac.in |publisher=Mahatma Gandhi Central University}}</ref>

==Academics==
===Admission===
The university admits students to various UG, PG, and PhD programmes through the Entrance exam conducted by the university itself. Entrance Exam held annually on various exam centres across India.<ref>mgcub.ac.in{{full citation needed|date=October 2020}}</ref>

===Library===
[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] Central Library (a learning resource centre) of Mahatma Gandhi Central University was established in the year 2016. The university library has more than 26000+ books, 13 magazines, 11 newspapers and 125+ donated book which providing access to scholarly information, research support and study facilities to the teaching and non-teaching staff, students and research scholars.<ref>{{cite web |title=Central Library |url=http://mgcub.ac.in/library.php |website=mgcub.ac.in |publisher=Mahatma Gandhi Central University}}</ref>

==Controversies==
In 2017, the university terminated two assistant professors without citing any prior notice, which caused heavy protest by the students of university.<ref>{{cite news |title=महात्मा गांधी केंद्रीय विश्वविद्यालय के कुलपति के खिलाफ नाराजगी, बिना वजह बताए दो अध्यापकों को हटाया |url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/bihar/mahatma-gandhi-university-vice-chancellor-dismisses-two-teachers-without-any-reason-1758911 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=5 October 2017}}</ref> In June 2018, students of the university launched heavy protest after the university increased fees.<ref name="Hindustan 14 Jun 2018">{{cite news |title=शुल्क में की गई वृद्धि को वापस लें कुलपति |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/motihari/story-take-back-the-increase-in-fees-chancellor-2012818.html |work=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]] |date=14 Jun 2018 |language=hi}}</ref> Later that month, faculty members sat on hunger strike after the university issued a show cause notice to a professor.<ref name="The Telegraph 16 June 2018">{{cite news |title=Varsity staff strike |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/varsity-staff-strike/cid/1443779 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=16 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2018, Sanjay Kumar, an assistant professor of the university, was attacked by BJP/RSS led goons for criticising Ex [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] in a [[Facebook]] post.<ref name="IBT 18 August 2018">{{cite news |last1=Natrajkumar |first1=Nandita |title=Bihar college professor attacked over post criticising former PM Atal Bihari Vajpapee |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bihar-college-professor-attacked-over-post-criticising-former-pm-atal-bihari-vajpapee-778154 |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=18 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref> This led to the closure of the university<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Abhay |title=FB post on Vajpayee: Varsity shut after prof thrashed |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/varsity-shut-after-prof-688401.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=20 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref> for a 15-day period.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahatma Gandhi Central University: Mahatma Gandhi Central University reopens after 15-day closure {{!}} Patna News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/mgcu-reopens-after-15-day-closure/articleshow/65675976.cms |access-date=20 April 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2018, the [[vice-chancellor]] of the university, Arvind Kumar Agrawal, was accused of some anomalies in his educational qualifications.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Neelam |title=Vice-chancellor of a central university accused of faking German PhD, HRD seeks answers |url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/vice-chancellor-of-a-central-university-accused-of-faking-german-phd-hrd-seeks-answers/141868/ |access-date=20 April 2020 |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=29 October 2018}}</ref> This led to his resignation a week later, and the appointment of the [[pro-chancellor]] Anil Kumar Rai for the position.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Roshan |title=Bihar university VC resignation confirmed |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/bihar-university-vc-resignation-confirmed/cid/1675362 |access-date=20 April 2020 |work=[[Telegraph India]] |date=16 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official|https://www.mgcub.ac.in}}

{{Central universities of India}}
{{Universities in Bihar}}
{{authority control}}
{{coord|26.6468|84.9060|type:edu_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Central universities in India]]
[[Category:Universities in Bihar]]
[[Category:East Champaran district]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2016]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Bihar]]

Latifur Rahman (politician)

2025-08-03T12:07:28Z

ErinChamberlin3:

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}

'''Latifur Rahman''' is a politician of the [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]].

==Career==
Ahmed was elected to parliament from Chapai Nawabganj-3 as a Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami candidate in 1986 and 1991.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of 3rd Parliament Members |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/3rd.pdf |website=[[Bangladesh Parliament]] |language=bn |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918080059/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/3rd.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="votemonitor">{{cite web |url=http://votemonitor.net:80/bangladesh/EADetails_1991_1996_2001.php?EA=45 |title=Parliament Election Result of 1991, 1996, 2001 Bangladesh Election Information and Statistics |author= |website=Vote Monitor Networks |access-date=11 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229002847/http://votemonitor.net/bangladesh/EADetails_1991_1996_2001.php?EA=45 |archive-date=29 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was defeated by participating in the national elections of the 12 June 1996, 2001 and 2008 Bangladeshi general election as a [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]] candidate.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://election.prothomalo.com/candidates/1745|script-title=bn:লতিফুর রহমান, আসন নং: ৪৫, চাঁপাইনবাবগঞ্জ-৩, দল: জামায়াতে ইসলামী|work=[[Prothom Alo]]|access-date=18 April 2020|language=bn}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahman, Latifur}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami politicians]]
[[Category:3rd Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:5th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Rajshahi-politician-stub}}

Harish Shakya

2025-05-21T13:05:10Z

ErinChamberlin3: Starting Basic Details W/ Refs.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Harish Chandra Shakya
| image = Harish Shakya.jpg
| office = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2022
| predecessor = [[Radha Krishan Sharma]]
| constituency = [[Bilsi Assembly constituency|Bilsi]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1977|06|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = Bilhat, [[Budaun district]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Rekha Shakya|2005}}
| children = 1 son, 2 daughters
| father = Netram Shakya
| source = https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18114/18
}}

'''Harish Chandra Shakya''' better known as '''Harish Shakya''' is an Indian politician and current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] representing [[Bilsi (Assembly constituency)]]. He won [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Bhartiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=UP assembly election results 2022: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election/up-election-result-2022-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-sp-akhilesh-yadav-bjp-yogi-adityanath-congress-rld-election-news-today-karhal-gorakhpur-101646878144820.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=10 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bilsi Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Harish Chandra of Bharatiya Janata Party wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/bilsi-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4850879.html |website=News18 |language=en |date=10 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bilsi, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/bilsi-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923143-2022-03-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He is the former BJP Backward Class Regional President from Braj Region.<ref name="Bhaskar">{{cite web |title=पूर्व जिलाध्यक्ष हरीश शाक्य बिल्सी सीट से रिकार्ड वोटों से जीते, सभी प्रत्याशियों से आगे रहे |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/badaun/news/former-district-president-harish-shakya-won-from-bilsi-seat-by-record-votes-ahead-of-all-the-candidates-129493008.html |website=Bhaskar.com}}</ref>

==Political career==
Harish Shakya started his career in 1998 from [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] as district head. He was the district president of [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]] from 2004 to 2007.<ref name="Bhaskar"/>

In 2008 Shakya was appointed BJP District General Secretary and in 2016 the party appointed him as BJP district chief from Budaun district. He served this position till 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Harish Shakya Becomes BJP District Chief |url=https://www.amarujala.com/tags/harish-shakya-become-bjp-district-cheif |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi |access-date=1 May 2022 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162909/https://www.amarujala.com/tags/harish-shakya-become-bjp-district-cheif |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2022, he was elected as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from [[Bilsi (Assembly constituency)]] and won [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] with 45.54% votes margin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bilsi Election Result 2022 LIVE: Bilsi MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/bilsi-assembly-elections-up-114/ |website=oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=bilsi Election 2022: bilsi Assembly Seat LIVE Results |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttar-pradesh/bilsi-election-result-s24a114// |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Electoral performance==
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bilsi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = BJP
|candidate = [[Harish Chandra Shakya]]
|votes = 93,500
|percentage = 45.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Chandra Prakash Maurya
|votes = 68,385
|percentage = 33.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Smt. Mamata Shakya
|votes = 31,694
|percentage = 15.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Azad Samaj Party
|candidate = Mir Hadi Ali Urf Babar Miyan
|votes = 2,790
|percentage = 1.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Veer Pal Singh
|party = [[Rashtriya Parivartan Dal|RPD]]
|votes = 2,033
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 205,319
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:293,359 }}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shakya, Harish Chandra}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Yogi ministry]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]

Tadepalli

2025-05-11T10:53:37Z

ErinChamberlin3: info

'''Tadepalli''' may refer to these places in India:

==Geography==
*[[Tadepalligudem]], a city in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh, India
**[[Tadepalligudem (Assembly constituency)]]
**[[Tadepalligudem Municipality]]
**[[Tadepalligudem bus station]]
**[[Tadepalligudem railway station]]
*[[Tadepalli, Guntur district]], a town in Andhra Pradesh, India
*[[Tadepalli, Krishna district]], a village in Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh, India
*[[Tadepalli, West Godavari district]], a village in West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh, India

=== Mandals ===
*[[Tadepalli mandal, Guntur district]], a mandal in Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India
*[[Tadepalligudem mandal]], a mandal in West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh, India

=== Urban local bodies ===
*[[Mangalagiri Tadepalli Municipal Corporation|Tadepalli Municipality]], a municipality in Andhra Pradesh, India
*[[Tadepalligudem Municipality]], a municipality in Andhra Pradesh, India

== Surname ==
*Tadepalli Lakshmi Kanta Rao or [[Kantha Rao]] (1923–2009), Indian actor
*[[Tadepalli Venkata Narayana]], Indian mathematician

{{disambig|surname}}
[[Category:Telugu-language surnames]]

Udaya Tara Nayar

2025-01-13T05:29:57Z

ErinChamberlin3: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2014}}
'''Udaya Tara Nayar''' is a film journalist in [[India]].

{{Infobox person
| name = Udaya Tara Nayar
| birth_name = Udaya Tara Nayar
| birth_date = 15 August 1947
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], [[india]]
| death_date =
| parents = Shri S Ayyappan Pillai (father)|
}}

==Early life==
Udaya Tara Nayar was born in [[Trivandrum]] on 15 August 1947 as the fifth child of Shri S Ayyappan Pillai, Commissioner of Trivandrum Corporation, and Jebalabai. She had her initial schooling at Holy Angels Convent, Kunnukuzhi, Trivandrum. Her father moved to [[Mumbai]] after he retired and Udaya Tara Nayar continued her schooling in [[Mumbai]] at St Anthony’s High School, Chembur. She graduated in English Literature and French from the [[University of Mumbai]] as a student of [[Ramnarain Ruia College]] in 1966.

==Career==

=== Early career ===
Udaya Tara Nayar began her journalism career in 1967 at ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]'', under the mentorship of editor Shri S S Pillai, her paternal uncle. Pillai fostered an ethic of writing "from her conscience, adhering to facts and truths, treating all as equal, not hurting anyone, taking a detached, objective approach." This helped Mrs Nayar earn a reputation for being unbiased and balanced in her writing.

In 1995, Mrs Nayar launched the ''[[Screen Awards]]'',{{dubious|date=September 2014}} the first awards of the Hindi cinema industry to be judged by a jury representing all sectors and crafts of the industry. Under her leadership, the ''Screen Awards'' became noted for their fairness and freedom from manipulation and bias.

In 1996, Mrs Nayar left ''Screen'' to pursue personal commitments. In her absence, the publication changed from a [[broadsheet]] format to a magazine format. Mrs Nayar returned in 1998 as editor, and restored the broadsheet format.

In 2000, Mrs Nayar once again left ''Screen'' to help raise her grandchildren. It was at this time that [[Dilip Kumar]] approached her to write his biography, ''The Substance and the Shadow'',<ref>
{{cite news
|title=Dilip Kumar's autobiography is a precious addition to Bollywood bookshelf
|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/nonfiction/dilip-kumar-s-autobiography-is-a-precious-addition-to-bollywood-bookshelf/article1-1249857.aspx
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809055416/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/nonfiction/dilip-kumar-s-autobiography-is-a-precious-addition-to-bollywood-bookshelf/article1-1249857.aspx
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=9 August 2014
|work=[[Hindustan Times]]
|date=9 August 2014
|first=Deepa|last=Gahlot
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bookworm/bookworm-s-trail/dilip-kumardilip-kumar-biographyuday-tara-nayardilip-kumar-new-biography_2388.htm
|title=Uday Tara Nayar: Dilip Kumar new biography
|work=ZeeNews
|date=28 June 2012
|author=IANS
|accessdate=5 October 2018
}}</ref> which made the [[Amazon.com|Amazon]] bestseller list within two weeks of its publication.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}}

==Awards and honours==
Mrs Nayar has won the following honours, recognitions and awards for her contribution to cinema journalism:
* Head of the National Jury for Books in the [[National Film Awards]] three times 1996, 1998 and 2004.
* Member of the Script Advisory Committee of [[Children's Film Society, India]] in 1998-1999.
* Member of the Advisory Council of [[Film and Television Institute of India]] in 1998-1999.
* Head of the Jury for the Aravindan Awards in Kerala.
* Honoured by the Chief Minister of Kerala, Shri [[A.K. Antony]] as a Global Malayalee in 2000, an award bestowed on distinguished Malayalees for their contribution to social betterment.
* The Best Junior Citizen award by the South Bombay Jaycees Committee in 1989 for creating a healthy trend in clean journalism.
* The ''Salaam Bombay'' Magazine award for the Best Cinema Journalist in 1989.
* The K.A. Abbas Memorial Award for Excellence in Film Journalism in 1989.
* The Priyanka Gandhi Award for Excellence in Film Journalism and championing of clean film journalism in 2004, given by the World of Priyanka Gandhi magazine.
* The [[50th National Film Awards]], presented by Directorate of Film Festivals, were announced by a committee headed by Prakash Jha, Rajiv Mehrotra and Udaya Tara Nayar for the feature films, non-feature films and books written on Indian cinema.

== Personal ==
Mrs Nayar is married to V V Nayar, a pharmaceutical executive. They have one daughter, Vasanthamalini, and two grandchildren. {{As of|2014|09}}, Mrs Nayar is writing a book of short stories set in the southern India of her youth, dedicated to her grandchildren.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.glamsham.com/movies/interviews/06-udaya-tara-nayar-interview-061406.asp Uday Tara Nayar interview]. Glamsham.com

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayar, Udaya}}
[[Category:Indian film critics]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women film critics]]
[[Category:Writers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Indian women journalists]]

Chhota Bheem Aur Ganesh in The Amazing Odyssey

2024-07-24T18:15:42Z

ErinChamberlin3: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Chhota Bheem]]