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Chitrachor

2026-05-17T04:15:19Z

ErikaMchenry4:

{{Short description|1951 Bengali detective novella by Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay}}
{{For|other novels, films, and series about Byomkesh Bakshi|Byomkesh Bakshi in other media}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{citation style|date=October 2024}}
{{original research|date=October 2024}}
{{one source|date=October 2024}}
{{overly detailed|date=October 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Chitrachor
| title_orig = চিত্রচোর
| translator =
| image =
| caption =
| author = [[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| series = [[Byomkesh Bakshi]]
| genre = [[Detective fiction|Detective]], [[Crime fiction|crime]], [[Mystery fiction|mystery]]
| published =
| publisher =
| release_date = [[1951 in literature|1951]]
| english_release_date =
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|hardback]] & [[paperback]])
| pages =
| isbn =
| preceded_by = [[Byomkesh o Boroda]]
| followed_by = [[Durgo Rahasya]]
}}

'''''Chitrachor''''' ({{langx|bn|চিত্রচোর}}), meaning "The Picture Thief", is a [[detective fiction|detective]] novella by Bengali author [[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]. First published in 1951, it is one of the stories featuring the sleuth [[Byomkesh Bakshi]], who is often referred to as Satyanweshi or the truth-seeker.

==Plot summary ==
Recovering from an illness, Byomkesh Bakshi travels to the [[Santhal Parganas]] in Bihar (now in [[Jharkhand]]) for a change of air, accompanied by his wife, Satyabati, and his friend and chronicler, Ajit Bandyopadhyay. They rent the upper floor of a house owned by Professor Adinath Shome. During their stay, they become acquainted with several locals, including the wealthy Mahidhar Chowdhury and his daughter Rajani.

A series of mysterious events begins when a group photograph taken during a recent picnic goes missing from Mahidhar's house. Similar incidents of missing photographs are reported by others who were part of the group. Concurrently, a talented but impoverished artist named Phalguni Pal starts approaching the same individuals with portraits he claims to have drawn from memory.

As Byomkesh delves deeper, he notices unusual behaviors among the locals. Relationships become strained, and hidden tensions surface. The disappearance of the photographs seems connected to secrets that someone wants to keep hidden. Byomkesh must untangle a web of deceit, uncovering motives rooted in personal desires and societal pressures.

Through keen observation and logical deduction, Byomkesh works to solve the mystery without revealing sensitive personal matters of those involved.

==Characters ==
* Byomkesh Bakshi: the protagonist, a sharp and intuitive detective known for his logical reasoning and observational skills
* Ajit Bandyopadhyay: Byomkesh's close friend and the narrator of the story
* Satyabati: Byomkesh's wife, who accompanies him on the trip
* Mahidhar Chowdhury: a wealthy local resident who hosts a tea party where the initial mystery unfolds
* Rajani: Mahidhar's daughter, whose personal life becomes central to the unfolding events
* Professor Adinath Shome: the landlord where Byomkesh, Satyabati, and Ajit are staying
* Malati Devi: Professor Shome's wife, whose interactions add complexity to the narrative
* Phalguni Pal: a gifted artist whose death becomes the catalyst for the investigation
* Dr. Ashwini Ghatak: a local doctor who becomes one of the suspects
* Purandar Pandey: the local Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP), who assists in the investigation
* Nakulesh Sarkar: a photographer who had taken the group photograph
* Ushanath Ghosh: a deputy and one of the individuals whose photograph goes missing
* Amaresh Raha - The antagonist,Bank manager

==Themes ==
The novella explores several themes:
* Human psychology: Delving into the motivations of individuals, the story explores themes of jealousy, greed, love, and betrayal.
* Identity and deception: It examines how appearances can be deceiving and the lengths to which people will go to hide the truth.
* Social critique: The story subtly critiques societal norms, such as attitudes toward widowhood, marriage, and social status.
* Art and perception: Through the character of Phalguni Pal, the story touches upon the struggles of artists and the value of art in society.

==Adaptations ==
''Chitrachor'' has been adapted into various formats:

* Television: It was featured in the popular Indian television series ''[[Byomkesh Bakshi (TV series)|Byomkesh Bakshi]]'' (1993–1997), directed by [[Basu Chatterjee]], with actor [[Rajit Kapur]] portraying Byomkesh. The episode titled "Tasveer Chor" is based on this story.
* Radio and theatre: The story has also been adapted into radio plays and stage performances, bringing it to a wider audience beyond Bengali readers.

==Reception ==
''Chitrachor'' is acclaimed for its well-crafted plot and the way it maintains suspense throughout the narrative. [[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]'s ability to weave complex characters into a gripping mystery has been praised by readers and critics alike. The story is considered a significant work in Bengali detective literature and contributes to the enduring popularity of the ''Byomkesh Bakshi'' series.

==Publication ==
The novella has been published in various editions and is included in compilations of Byomkesh Bakshi stories.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Sharadindu |title=Byomkesh Samagra |publisher=Ananda Publishers |language=bn}}</ref> It is available in both hardcover and paperback formats, and has been translated into multiple languages.

==See also ==
* [[Bengali literature]]
* [[Detective fiction]]

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1921388/ ''Byomkesh Bakshi'' episode "Tasveer Chor" on IMDb]
* [https://thrillingdetective.com/2024/07/29/byomkesh-bakshi/ Article on Byomkesh Bakshi at the Thrilling Detective website]

{{Byomkesh Bakshi}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1951 novels]]
[[Category:Indian detective novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in India]]
[[Category:Indian mystery novels]]
[[Category:Bengali-language literature]]
[[Category:Byomkesh Bakshi]]
[[Category:Novels by Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]]

Unique Land Parcel Identification Number

2026-05-08T09:05:09Z

ErikaMchenry4: Put Up New Data

Being described as the [[Aadhaar]] for land, '''Unique Land Parcel Identification Number''' (ULPIN) is a 14-digits alphanumeric unique ID for each and every land parcel in India.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} Ultimately ULPIN will be used as single source of truth for land records in near future as it is designed to uniquely identify every surveyed land parcel in india based on the Textual records of rights (RoR) along with its corresponding [[Geo-coordinates|geo coordinates]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=ULPIN is a Aadhaar for land|url=https://www.drishtiias.com/pdf/1633793115-unique-land-parcel-identification-number.pdf}}</ref> This ULPIN project concept was taken from [[Bhudhaar]] project in [[Andhra Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=ULPIN Concept Note|url=http://kashmirdivision.nic.in/WebPages/OrdersCirculars/pdf/order.05.11.2020.pdf}}</ref> and announced in October 2020<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Yogima Seth |title=Government to start issuing 14-digit unique land parcel identification number |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/govt-to-start-issuing-14-digit-unique-land-parcel-identification-number/articleshow/78637239.cms |access-date=26 November 2021 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> with a plan to assign ULPIN to all land parcels in India by March 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jebaraj |first1=Priscilla |title=Unique ID for all land parcels by March 2022: Centre |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/unique-id-for-all-land-parcels-by-march-2022-centre/article34184475.ece |access-date=26 November 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=28 March 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== History ==

In India, [[Revenue stamps of India|Stamps]] & Registration associated powers are vested with union [[government of India]] ([[Union List]]) where as land & land related records maintenance powers are vested with respective state governments ([[State List|state list]]). This powers distribution Results different types of land records maintenance process in different states. With years of management of land records resulted some states had better land records and some states had poor records and maintenance. Land [[records management]] and taxes collection are managed by many departments causing administrative overlap. I.e

- Land & properties related sales and transfers are registered by Registration Department as per the provisions of Registration Act 1908.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Projects : Centre of Excellence - BlockChain Technology|url=https://blockchain.gov.in/landrecords.html|access-date=2021-11-28|website=blockchain.gov.in}}</ref>

- Records of Rights & land registers are maintained by State revenue departments.

- Field maps, Cadastral Maps are prepared and managed by land survey and settlement departments.

- Forest land administered by Forest department.

- Urban property records and correspondening Tax collection records are managed by Municipalities and Municipal Corporations.

These all departments are creating same records as per their specifications and needs by which ultimately creating redundancy. To address the functional overlap with in different departments and different states, the [[National Informatics Centre|National Informatic Center]] is conceptualized and implementing the ULPIN project as part of [[Digital India|Digital india]] land records modernization program throughout india in phased manner.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unique Land Parcel Identification Number {{!}} National Informatics Centre|url=https://www.nic.in/newsletters/unique-land-parcel-identification-number/|access-date=2021-11-26|website=www.nic.in}}</ref>

== 12101055000170000 ==
For any given property, the [[Bhudhaar]] number will be assigned in two stages i.e Temporary and Permanent. Firstly Temporary Bhudhaar number will be assigned Based on Textual data in records of rights (RoR) and then it will be converted into permanent bhudhaar number only by adding the Geo Coordinates of the corresponding land boundaries.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Land tenure]]
[[Category:Government of India]]

HBO Asia

2026-05-08T01:35:07Z

ErikaMchenry4: New Info

{{short description|Southeast Asian pay television network}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = HBO Asia
| logo = [[File:HBO Asia logo.svg|frameless|class=skin-invert]]
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|1992|5|1|df=y}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/03/04/HBO-Asia-grows-by-almost-100-percent/3971825915600/|title=HBO Asia grows by almost 100 percent|date=4 March 1996|access-date=14 July 2022|work=[[United Press International]]}}</ref>
| closed_date = {{end date and age|2017|1|1|df=y}} (Truevisions) {{end date and age|2023|5|12|df=y}} ([[MNC Vision]]) {{end date and age|2025|12|1|df=y}} ([[Sky Cable]]) {{end date and age|2026|3|1|df=y}} ([[Astro Malaysia]])
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[High-definition television|HDTV]]
| language = {{hlist|English|Chinese (Mandarin/Cantonese)|Malay|Indonesian|Thai|Vietnamese}}
| network = [[HBO]]
| parent = [[Home Box Office, Inc.]]
| country = [[Singapore]]
| area = {{Plainlist|
* [[Southeast Asia]]
* [[Hong Kong]]
* [[Macau]]
* [[Nepal]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://reviews.com.np/article/for-the-first-time-in-nepal-hbo-channels-can-be-viewed-for-free-by-dishhome-users-in-the-mobile-app|title=For the first time in Nepal, HBO channels can be viewed for free by DishHome users in the mobile app|date=19 July 2020|access-date=15 July 2022|work=Reviews|archive-date=15 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715071014/https://reviews.com.np/article/for-the-first-time-in-nepal-hbo-channels-can-be-viewed-for-free-by-dishhome-users-in-the-mobile-app|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Sri Lanka<ref>{{cite news|last=Tsang|first=Susan|url=https://variety.com/1998/tv/news/hbo-asia-maps-out-sri-lanka-launch-1117480196/|title=HBO Asia maps out Sri Lanka launch|date=8 September 1998|access-date=15 July 2022|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123123448/https://variety.com/1998/tv/news/hbo-asia-maps-out-sri-lanka-launch-1117480196/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Taiwan
}}
| headquarters = 1 [[Fusionopolis]] Walk, #13-01 Solaris, Singapore 138628
| former_names = MovieVision (1992–1995)
| replaced = [[Red by HBO]] (Philippines, [[Cignal|SatLite]] only)
| sister_channels =
| terr_serv_1 = [[Cignal TV]] {{small|(Philippines)}}
| terr_chan_1 = Channel 53 (SD) Channel 210 (HD)
| terr_serv_2 = [[Transvision (Indonesia)|Transvision]] {{small|(Indonesia)}}
| terr_chan_2 = Channel 100 (HD)
| terr_serv_3 = [[Cignal TV#SatLite|SatLite]] {{small|(Philippines)}}
| terr_chan_3 = Channel 73
| terr_serv_4 = [[Singtel TV]] {{small|(Singapore)}}
| terr_chan_4 = Channel 420 (HD)
| terr_serv_5 = [[StarHub TV]] {{small|(Singapore)}}
| terr_chan_5 = Channel 601 (HD)
| website =
}}

'''HBO Asia''' is the Asian division of [[HBO]], headquartered in Singapore. Originally launched on 1 May 1992 as MovieVision, it was rebranded on 1 June 1995 to its current name upon [[Home Box Office, Inc.]] purchase. The Singaporean-based broadcast network offers advertisement-free channels and services – including HBO, HBO Signature, HBO Family, HBO Hits and Cinemax – as well as HBO Go and HBO on Demand. They also became the exclusive distributor of [[BabyFirst]] in Asia.<ref>{{cite news |title=HBO Asia strikes agreement to represent BabyFirst, WarnerTV across Asia |publisher=Television Asia |date=1 December 2009}}</ref>

==History==
HBO was the first American television network to set up its bases in Singapore in 1992, with its {{convert|20000|sqft}} production facility based at New Tech Park in [[Lorong Chuan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Three US TV networks eyeing S'pore satellite-link licence |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19941202-1.2.69.4 |access-date=10 February 2024 |work=The Straits Times |date=2 December 1994}}</ref>

HBO signed an agreement with [[Singtel|Singapore Telecom]] in June 1992 in order to deliver its output to [[StarHub TV|Singapore CableVision]]'s MovieVision channel, as well as other broadcasters in the region.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 June 1992 |title=US pay-TV operator seals deal with Telecom |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19920618-1.2.57.10?qt=%22singapore%20cable%20vision%22&q=%22Singapore%20Cable%20Vision%22 |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=The Straits Times (retrieved from NLB)}}</ref>

HBO Asia began 24-hour broadcasts on 1 March 1994 to cater to travellers visiting hotels. It also increased the number of programmes to 70 a month.<ref>{{cite news |title=Can't sleep at 3 am? Call the radio deeiay |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19940514-1.2.72.6.7 |access-date=27 January 2024 |work=The Straits Times |date=14 May 1994}}</ref>

HBO Asia was originally a joint venture between [[Paramount Pictures]], [[Sony Pictures Entertainment]], [[Warner Bros.]], and [[Universal Pictures]]. On 16 January 2008, Sony and NBC sold their stakes to [[WarnerMedia]] (now [[Warner Bros. Discovery]]).<ref>{{Cite web |author=Janine Stein |agency=Associated Press |date=2008-01-17 |title=Sony, NBC exit HBO Asia alliance |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/sony-nbc-exit-hbo-asia-102801/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref>

On 5 June 2015, HBO Asia became the exclusive distributor of [[tvN (Asian TV channel)|Channel M]] in Asia. On 1 December 2016, the channel also became the exclusive distributor of [[tvN (Asian TV channel)|tvN Movies]] in Asia, launched on 11 January 2017.

==Programming==
HBO Asia has licensing deals with the "Big Five" of Hollywood conglomerate [[major film studios|film studios]]:
* [[Warner Bros. Discovery]] ([[Warner Bros. Pictures]], [[New Line Cinema]], [[HBO Films]], [[Castle Rock Entertainment]])
* [[Paramount Skydance]] ([[Paramount Pictures]], [[Miramax]])
* [[NBCUniversal]] ([[Universal Pictures]], [[Focus Features]])
* Independent Film Productions such as [[Regency Enterprises]], [[STX Entertainment]], [[Millennium Media]], Highland Film Group, [[AGC Studios]] and [[A24]], among many others.

New seasons of HBO's Original Series or Original Productions air on Sunday nights/Monday mornings.

===Original programming===
HBO also aired their Original Series or Original Films from Asian creators, which aired on Sunday nights. Some other Asian original titles may also be simultaneously released on other platforms, like [[Catchplay]], which has co-produced some of HBO's Asian titles.

====TV series====
=====Drama=====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Language(s)
! Status
|-
| ''Grace''<ref>{{cite news|author=Tay Yek Keak|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/tv-review-hbo-asias-locally-produced-horror-series-grace-is-predictable|title=TV review: HBO Asia's locally produced horror series Grace is predictable, unconvincing|date=23 October 2014|access-date=15 July 2022|work=[[The Straits Times]]|archive-date=15 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715065005/https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/tv-review-hbo-asias-locally-produced-horror-series-grace-is-predictable|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Horror drama]]
| {{dts|17 October 2014}}
| {{sort|4|4 episodes}}
| {{ubl|English|Mandarin}}
| Miniseries
|-
| ''[[Halfworlds]]''
| [[Dark fantasy]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]]
| {{dts|29 November 2015}}
| {{sort|216|2 seasons, 16 episodes}}
| {{ubl|English|Indonesian (season 1)|Thai (season 2)}}
| Ended
|-
| ''[[Folklore (TV series)|Folklore]]''
| [[Horror drama|Horror]] [[Anthology series|anthology]]
| {{dts|7 October 2018}}
| {{sort|212|2 seasons, 12 episodes}}
| various languages
| Ended
|-
| ''[[Grisse]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://medium.com/warnermediaent/hbo-asias-original-period-drama-series-grisse-premieres-today-b586313eba6b|title=HBO Asia's Original Period Drama Series GRISSE Premieres Today|date=7 March 2019|access-date=15 July 2022|work=[[Medium (website)|Medium]]|archive-date=15 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715070507/https://medium.com/warnermediaent/hbo-asias-original-period-drama-series-grisse-premieres-today-b586313eba6b|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Epic Western]]
| {{dts|6 March 2019}}
| {{sort|8|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{ubl|English|Indonesian}}
| Ended
|-
| ''Food Lore''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://decider.com/2020/03/02/food-lore-on-hbo-stream-it-or-skip-it/|title=Stream It Or Skip It: 'Food Lore' on HBO, an Asian Anthology Series Winding Food Into the Fabric of Drama|date=2 March 2020|access-date=15 July 2022|work=[[Decider (website)|Decider]]|archive-date=15 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715065004/https://decider.com/2020/03/02/food-lore-on-hbo-stream-it-or-skip-it/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Slice of life]] [[Anthology series|anthology]]
| {{dts|3 November 2019}}
| {{sort|8|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| Various languages
| Ended
|-
| ''Invisible Stories''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://pressroom.warnermedia.com/us/media-release/hbo-asias-original-anthology-drama-series-invisible-stories-premiere-us-august-3?language_content_entity=en|title=HBO Asia's original anthology drama series INVISIBLE STORIES to premiere in the U.S. on August 3|date=30 July 2020|access-date=15 July 2022|work=WarnerMedia|archive-date=15 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715065005/https://pressroom.warnermedia.com/us/media-release/hbo-asias-original-anthology-drama-series-invisible-stories-premiere-us-august-3?language_content_entity=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Psychological drama]]/[[Anthology series|Anthology]]
| {{dts|5 January 2020}}
| {{sort|6|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| {{ubl|English|Mandarin|Thai}}
| Ended
|-
| ''Dream Raider''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/asia/hbo-asia-sci-fi-debut-dream-raider-1234716984/|title=HBO Asia Makes Sci-Fi Debut With 'Dream Raider'|date=27 July 2020|access-date=15 July 2022|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123123449/https://variety.com/2020/tv/asia/hbo-asia-sci-fi-debut-dream-raider-1234716984/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Science fiction on television|Science fiction]] [[Mystery fiction|mystery drama]]
| {{dts|16 August 2020}}
| {{sort|8|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| {{ubl|Mandarin|Japanese}}
| Ended
|-
| ''[[Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries#International adaptions|Miss S]]''{{efn|Acquired by HBO Asia from [[Tencent Video]].}}
| [[Period drama|Period]] [[action drama]]
| {{dts|5 October 2020}}
| {{sort|30|30 episodes}}
| Mandarin
| Miniseries
|-
| ''[[On the Job (miniseries)|On the Job]]''
| [[Action thriller]]
| {{dts|13 September 2021}}
| {{sort|6|6 episodes}}
| Filipino
| Miniseries
|-
| ''Who's by Your Side''<ref>{{cite news|last=Frater|first=Patrick|title=Taiwan Drama Series 'Who's by Your Side' Set as HBO Asia Original|date=23 August 2020|url=https://variety.com/2021/streaming/asia/taiwan-series-who-by-your-side-hbo-asia-1235047516/|work=Variety|access-date=15 July 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123123449/https://variety.com/2021/streaming/asia/taiwan-series-who-by-your-side-hbo-asia-1235047516/}}</ref>
| [[Family drama|Family]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]]
| {{dts|3 October 2021}}
| {{sort|10|10 episodes}}
| {{ubl|Mandarin|Hokkien}}
| Ended
|-
| ''[[:zh:传家|Legacy]]''{{efn|Acquired by HBO Asia from [[Youku]].|name="HBO China"}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Frater|first=Patrick|title=WarnerMedia Readies Chinese-Language Original Series 'Legacy' and 'Trinity of Shadows'|date=20 April 2021|url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/asia/warnermedia-chinese-original-series-legacy-trinity-of-shadows-1234955541/|work=Variety|access-date=21 June 2021|url-status=live|archive-date=5 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605032715/https://variety.com/2021/tv/asia/warnermedia-chinese-original-series-legacy-trinity-of-shadows-1234955541/}}</ref>
| [[Period drama|Period]] [[family drama]]
| {{dts|20 June 2022}}
| {{sort|40|40 episodes}}
| Mandarin
| Miniseries
|-
| ''[[:zh:为有暗香来|Scent of Time]]''{{efn|name="HBO China"}}<ref>{{cite web|date=12 October 2023|title=周也新戏《为有暗香来》 10月13日于HBO GO独家首播|url=https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/entertainment/2023/10/12/603004|website=[[Oriental Daily News (Malaysia)]]|language=zh-MY|access-date=3 November 2023|url-status=live|archive-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103174959/https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/entertainment/2023/10/12/603004}}</ref>
| [[Period drama|Period]] [[romantic fantasy]]
| {{dts|13 October 2023}}
| {{sort|30|30 episodes}}
| Mandarin
| Miniseries
|-
| ''Song of the Samurai''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2026/tv/news/hbo-max-japanese-period-action-drama-song-of-the-samurai-1236672233/|title=HBO Max Acquires Japanese Period Action Drama ‘Song of the Samurai’ From Studio the Seven, Sets May Premiere|date=25 February 2026|website=Variety}}</ref>
| [[Period drama|Period]] [[Action fiction|action]]
| {{dts|9 May 2026}}
| {{sort|8|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| Japanese
| Pending
|}

=====Comedy=====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Language(s)
! Status
|-
| ''Sent''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2017/08/hbo-asia-sent-comedy-haresh-tilani-singapore-1202143731/|title=HBO Asia's First Comedy Series 'Sent' Set To Make Its Debut|date=6 August 2017|access-date=15 July 2022|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|archive-date=15 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715065004/https://deadline.com/2017/08/hbo-asia-sent-comedy-haresh-tilani-singapore-1202143731/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Comedy drama]]
| {{dts|17 September 2017}}
| {{sort|8|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| [[Malaysian English|English]]
| Ended
|-
| ''Adventure of the Ring''<ref>{{cite news|last=Frater|first=Patrick|url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/asia/hbo-asia-taiwan-romance-series-adventure-of-the-ring-1234829906/|title=HBO Asia Falls For Taiwan Romance Series 'Adventure of the Ring'|date=11 November 2020|access-date=15 July 2022|work=Variety|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123123449/https://variety.com/2020/tv/asia/hbo-asia-taiwan-romance-series-adventure-of-the-ring-1234829906/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Romantic comedy|Romantic]] [[comedy-drama]]
| {{dts|13 December 2020}}
| {{sort|8|8 episodes}}
| Mandarin
| Miniseries
|-
| ''[[The Accidental Influencer]]''<ref>{{cite press release |title=HBO Asia Original Series 'The Accidental Influencer' Premieres Exclusively on HBO GO February 10 |url=https://www.clickthecity.com/tv/article/158085/hbo-asia-original-series-the-accidental-influencer-premieres-exclusively-on-hbo-go-february-10/ |publisher=[[Warner Bros. Discovery Asia-Pacific]] |via=ClickTheCity |date=16 January 2024 |access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref>
| [[Workplace comedy|Workplace]] [[romantic comedy]]
| {{dts|10 February 2024}}
| {{sort|113|1 season, 13 episodes}}
| Mandarin
| Pending
|}

=====Unscripted=====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Language(s)
! Status
|-
| ''Traffickers: Inside the Golden Triangle''<ref>{{cite news|last=Frater|first=Patrick|date=6 July 2021|url=https://variety.com/2021/streaming/asia/traffickers-golden-triangle-hbo-go-1235012269/|title='Traffickers: Inside the Golden Triangle' to Premiere on HBO GO|access-date=15 July 2022|work=Variety|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123123449/https://variety.com/2021/streaming/asia/traffickers-golden-triangle-hbo-go-1235012269/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[True crime]] [[docuseries]]
| {{dts|23 July 2021}}
| {{sort|3|3 episodes}}
| English
| Ended
|-
| ''[[Drag Race Philippines]]''
| [[Reality television#Reality competition or game shows|Reality competition]]
| {{dts|17 August 2022}}
| {{sort|330|3 seasons, 30 episodes}}
| {{ubl|Filipino|English}}
| Pending
|-
| ''MarkKim + Chef''<ref name="HBO Thai Originals">{{cite web|last=Shackleton|first=Liz|date=10 June 2023|title=Warner Bros Discovery Launches Trio Of Thai HBO Originals; 'Khun Pan 3' & Two Unscripted Shows|url=https://deadline.com/2023/06/warner-bros-discovery-thai-originals-khun-pan-kongkiat-komesiri-1235419916/#!|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=13 June 2024}}</ref>
| [[Cooking show]]
| {{dts|18 August 2023}}
| {{sort|010|10 episodes}}
| Thai
| Miniseries
|-
| ''Deane's Dynasty''<ref name="HBO Thai Originals"/>
| [[Reality television|Reality show]]
| {{dts|6 October 2023}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| Thai
| Pending
|-
| ''[[The Bachelor (franchise)#The Bachelor|The Bachelor Indonesia]]''<ref>{{cite web|last=Abanes|first=Mariel|date=17 January 2023|title=Indonesian adaptation of 'The Bachelor' to premiere next month|url=https://www.nme.com/news/tv/indonesia-the-bachelor-hbo-go-3382023|website=[[NME]]|access-date=29 November 2024}}</ref>
| [[Dating show]]
| {{dts|10 February 2023}}
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| {{ubl|Indonesian|English}}
| Pending
|}

=====Co-productions=====
These shows have been commissioned by HBO Asia with a partner network.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Partner/Country
! Premiere
! Seasons
! Language
! Status
|-
| ''[[Serangoon Road]]''
| [[Period drama]]
| [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]]/Australia
| {{dts|22 September 2013}}
| {{sort|10|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| English
| Ended
|-
| ''[[The Teenage Psychic]]''
| [[Supernatural fiction|Supernatural]] [[Coming-of-age story|coming-of-age drama]]
| [[Public Television Service|PTS]]/[[Taiwan]]
| {{dts|2 April 2017}}
| {{sort|214|2 seasons, 14 episodes}}
| {{ubl|Mandarin|[[Taiwanese Hokkien|Hokkien]]}}
| Ended
|-
| ''[[2008 Noida double murder case#In popular culture|The Talwars: Behind Closed Doors]]''
| [[True crime]] [[docuseries]]
| [[Star World (Indian TV channel)|Star World]]/India
| {{dts|26 November 2017}}
| {{sort|4|4 episodes}}
| English
| Miniseries
|-
| ''[[Miss Sherlock]]''
| [[Crime drama]]
| [[Hulu Japan]]/Japan
| {{dts|27 April 2018}}
| {{sort|108|1 season, 8 episodes}}
| Japanese
| Ended
|-
| ''[[The Bridge (2018 TV series)|The Bridge]]''
| [[Crime drama]]
| [[Viu (streaming media)|Viu]]/[[Malaysia]]
| {{dts|26 November 2018}}
| {{sort|220|2 seasons, 20 episodes}}
| {{ubl|English|Malay|Indonesian}}
| Ended
|-
| ''[[The World Between Us (Taiwanese TV series)|The World Between Us]]''
| [[Psychological drama]]
| [[Public Television Service|PTS]] and [[Catchplay]]/Taiwan
| {{dts|24 March 2019}}
| {{sort|110|1 season, 10 episodes}}
| Mandarin
| Season 2 moved to [[Amazon Prime Video]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Merican|first=Sara|title=Taiwanese Drama 'The World Between Us: After the Flames' Sets Premiere Date On Prime Video|url=https://deadline.com/2025/04/taiwan-drama-the-world-between-us-after-the-flames-vic-chou-sets-premiere-date-prime-video-1236381014/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=April 30, 2025|access-date=May 5, 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''Workers''<ref>{{cite news |last=Brzeski |first=Patrick |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/hbo-asia-produce-taiwanese-original-series-workers-1290166/ |title=HBO Asia to Produce Taiwanese Original Series 'Workers' |date=14 April 2020 |access-date=15 July 2022 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |archive-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715072653/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/hbo-asia-produce-taiwanese-original-series-workers-1290166/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Dark comedy|Dark]] [[comedy-drama]]
| [[Taiwan Mobile|myVideo]]/Taiwan
| {{dts|10 May 2020}}
| {{sort|6|6 episodes}}
| {{ubl|Hokkien|Mandarin}}
| Miniseries
|-
| ''[[The Head (2020 TV series)|The Head]]''
| [[Mystery fiction|Mystery]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]]
| {{ubl|[[Mediapro]]/Spain|Hulu Japan/Japan}}
| {{dts|12 June 2020}}
| {{sort|6|1 season, 6 episodes}}
| {{ubl|English|Danish|Swedish|Spanish}}
| Pending
|-
| ''Trinity of Shadows''<ref>{{cite news |last=McCarty |first=Stephen |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/short-reads/article/3138817/murder-corruption-and-nagging-cold-case-hbos |title=Murder, corruption and a nagging cold case in HBO's Trinity of Shadows, Taiwan-set police drama with a realistic tone |date=27 June 2021 |access-date=15 July 2022 |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |archive-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715072652/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/short-reads/article/3138817/murder-corruption-and-nagging-cold-case-hbos |url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Crime drama]]
| {{ubl|[[HK Television Entertainment|ViuTV]]/Hong Kong|[[Catchplay]]/Taiwan}}
| {{dts|13 June 2021}}
| {{sort|15|15 episodes}}
| Mandarin
| Ended
|-
| ''Twisted Strings''<ref>{{cite news |last=Iglesias |first=Iza |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/03/27/the-sunday-times/arts-awake/new-hbo-asia-original-series-twisted-strings-preems-tonight/1837730 |title=New HBO Asia Original series 'Twisted Strings' preems tonight |date=27 March 2022 |access-date=15 July 2022 |work=[[The Manila Times]] |archive-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603034340/https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/03/27/the-sunday-times/arts-awake/new-hbo-asia-original-series-twisted-strings-preems-tonight/1837730 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Comedy thriller]]/[[Anthology series|Anthology]]
| {{ubl|[[Catchplay]]/Taiwan|[[Mediacorp]]/Singapore}}
| {{dts|27 March 2022}}
| {{sort|7|7 episodes}}
| Mandarin
| Miniseries

|}

====Films====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Release date
! Runtime
! Language(s)
|-
| ''[[Dead Mine]]''
| [[Action horror]]
| {{dts|27 September 2012}}
| {{sort|087|1 hour, 27 min.}}
| English
|-
| ''Master of the Drunken Fist: Beggar So''
| rowspan="4"| [[Action drama]]
| {{dts|25 December 2016}}
| {{sort|093|1 hour, 33 min.}}
| rowspan="4"| Mandarin
|-
| ''Master of the Shadowless Kick: Wong Kei-Ying''
| {{dts|26 December 2016}}
| {{sort|100|1 hour, 40 min.}}
|-
| ''Master of the White Crane Fist: Wong Yam-Lam''
| {{dts|20 February 2019}}
| {{sort|090|1 hour, 30 min}}
|-
|''Master of the Nine Dragon Fist: Wong Ching-Ho''
| {{dts|3 April 2019}}
| {{sort|097|1 hour, 37 min}}
|-
| ''[[The Garden of Evening Mists (film)|The Garden of Evening Mists]]''
| [[Romantic drama|Romantic]] [[period drama]]
| {{dts|13 September 2020}}
| {{sort|120|2 hour}}
| English
|-
| ''[[Gensan Punch]]''
| [[Sports film|Sports]] biographical film
| {{dts|27 September 2021}}
| {{sort|100|1 hour, 40 min.}}
| {{ubl|English|Filipino|Japanese}}
|}

===Censorship===
HBO Asia was heavily censored in some Asian countries, with many series such as ''[[Sex and the City]]''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3900241.stm |title=Singapore lifts Sex and City ban |date=16 July 2004 |access-date=2 July 2016 |work=BBC News |archive-date=17 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617184219/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3900241.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[Game of Thrones]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.herebegeeks.com/tv/game-of-thrones-on-hbo-asia-tonight/ |title=Winter is Coming: Game of Thrones on HBO Asia |date=28 August 2011 |access-date=2 July 2016 |archive-date=11 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711225316/http://www.herebegeeks.com/tv/game-of-thrones-on-hbo-asia-tonight/ |url-status=live}}</ref> aired in edited versions; with certain programmes are not shown in some territories.

Typically, movies showcasing gestures like the [[Finger (gesture)|middle finger]], [[Nudity in film|nudity]], intense [[Human sexual activity|intimacy]], and profanity are edited out. Scenes revealing attire or exposed skin near private areas are commonly censored, especially in predominantly Muslim regions of Southeast Asia (excluding Vietnam). Additionally, [[Islamic dietary laws|depictions of alcohol or pork]] are often blurred, as they are considered [[haram]] in Islam.

The HBO-made series ''[[Entourage (American TV series)|Entourage]]'' was taken off-air for three weeks by one cable operator in the Philippines, pending clearance by the [[Movie and Television Review and Classification Board|MTRCB]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} The entire series continued to air without disruption on all other Philippine cable operators.

Vietnam receives HBO Asia programming delayed by an hour; any program broadcast on HBO Asia undergo censorship overseen by state broadcaster [[Vietnam Television]]. Any film that is judged to contradict or misrepresent the Vietnam War (such as depicting the US as heroes, which contradicts the state's official stance) or critical of the ruling [[Communist Party of Vietnam]], or to contain explicit sexual or gruesome content deemed inconsistent with Vietnamese societal norms, will not be aired. Instead, it will be replaced with another feature.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 November 2019|title=HBO Film on Vietnamese Cuisine Pulled From Schedule Over Racy Sex Scenes|url=https://www.saigoneer.com/film-tv/17782-hbo-film-on-vietnamese-cuisine-pulled-from-schedule-over-racy-sex-scenes|website=Saigoneer|language=en-US}}</ref> Additionally, scenes depicting nudity, violence, or mild profanity are typically toned down.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Clayfield|first=Matthew|date=3 July 2015|title=How exactly do you sanitise Game of Thrones? Find out in Vietnam|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-07-03/clayfield-game-of-thrones/6593656|website=ABC News|language=en-AU}}</ref>

In China, due to Western product restrictions and the [[China-United States trade war]], HBO was blocked and restricted, and the replacements are currently [[Tencent Video]] and [[iQIYI]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chow|first=Vivienne|date=2018-06-27|title=HBO's Website Remains Blocked in China, but Its Shows Aren't|url=https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/john-oliver-hbo-china-game-of-thrones-website-1202859077/|access-date=2021-10-15|website=Variety|language=en-US|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028164339/https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/john-oliver-hbo-china-game-of-thrones-website-1202859077/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-25|title=China blocks HBO after John Oliver parody of Xi Jinping|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/25/china-blocks-hbo-after-john-oliver-parody-of-xi-jinping|access-date=2021-10-15|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023232243/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/25/china-blocks-hbo-after-john-oliver-parody-of-xi-jinping|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Channels==
{|class="wikitable"
!Network
!Description
!{{refh}}{{efn|All links were archived at the [[Wayback Machine]].}}
|-
|HBO
|Hollywood films and HBO original series
|<ref group=archive>{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/hboasia.com|title=HBO's Official site|nolink=y}}</ref>
|-
|[[HBO Hits (Asia)|HBO Hits]]
|Hits and blockbuster films
|<ref group=archive>{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://hboasia.com/Hits/|title=HBO Hits' Official site|nolink=y}}</ref>
|-
|[[HBO Family (Asian TV channel)|HBO Family]]
|Family oriented films and series
|<ref group=archive>{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://hboasia.com/Family/|title=HBO Family's Official site|nolink=y}}</ref>
|-
|[[HBO Signature (Asian TV channel)|HBO Signature]]
|Critically acclaimed and original productions
|<ref group=archive>{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://hboasia.com/Signature/|title=HBO Signature's Official site|nolink=y}}</ref>
|-
|[[Cinemax (Asian TV channel)|Cinemax]]
|Action and suspense movies
|<ref group=archive>{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://cinemaxasia.com/|title=Cinemax's Official site|nolink=y}}</ref>
|-
|[[tvN (Asian TV channel)|tvN Movies]]
|Home of Korean Blockbusters
|
|}

The live channels remain available on selected pay TV providers, as HBO GO no longer provides the live channels in-app and online starting 25 May 2023.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=HBOAsia |number=1661946374001430528 |title=From 25 May 2023, Live channels will no longer be accessible on the HBO website and applications. However, the channels are still available on a number of partner-owned and operated platforms. Please connect with your local operators to find out more. |date=26 May 2023 |access-date=28 May 2023}}</ref>

;Source
{{Reflist|group=archive}}

==HBO South Asia==
{{Infobox television channel
| name = HBO South Asia
| logo = [[File:HBO logo.svg|frameless|class=skin-invert]]
| launch_date = 22 March 2000
| closed_date = 15 December 2020
| owner = [[List of assets owned by WarnerMedia#WarnerMedia International|WarnerMedia International]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/pogo-cartoon-network-go-local-with-india-originals-103113.html|title=Pogo & Cartoon Network go local with India Originals|publisher=Exchange4media|first=Tasmayee Laha|last=Roy|date=5 March 2020|access-date=24 September 2020|archive-date=5 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205083157/https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/pogo-cartoon-network-go-local-with-india-originals-103113.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (As of 2019) [[Turner International India]] (earlier)
| picture_format = [[1080i]] ([[High-definition television|HDTV]])
| country = [[India]]
| area = {{Plainlist|
* India
* Bangladesh
* Maldives
* Pakistan (timeshifted feed)
}}
| language = English
| sister_channels = {{Plainlist|
* [[CNN International South Asia]]
* [[WB Channel|WB (India)]]
* [[Pogo (TV channel)|Pogo]]
* [[Cartoon Network (India)]]
* [[Imagine TV]]
* [[Cartoon Network (Pakistan)]]
* [[WB Channel Pakistan|WB (Pakistan)]]
}}
| website = ''see [[#External links|external links]]''
}}

HBO formerly provided a separate feed with commercial breaks for audiences in South Asia, namely India, Bangladesh and the Maldives. All movie promos in this beam were according to [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]. A time-shifted feed for Pakistan was launched in the mid-2000s in partnership with [[ARY Digital Network]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://arynews.tv/ary-network-17-anniversary/ |title=ARY Digital Network celebrates 17 years of remarkable journey |date=15 September 2017 |access-date=25 December 2024 |work=[[ARY News]] |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731163402/https://arynews.tv/ary-network-17-anniversary/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The schedule was the same as the Indian feed, with the difference being the commercial breaks and timings in PST.

Before the launch of HBO South Asia, HBO tried replicating the premium model in India. However, HBO then decided it was not commercially viable, so the South Asia channel was launched in India and also in Bangladesh, Pakistan and Maldives.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.multichannel.com/news/hbo-asia-may-expand-ad-supported-approach-156487|title=HBO Asia May Expand Ad-Supported Approach|last=OSBORNE|first=MAGZ|website=Multichannel|date=21 August 2000|language=en-us|access-date=2019-12-22|archive-date=22 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222095549/https://www.multichannel.com/news/hbo-asia-may-expand-ad-supported-approach-156487|url-status=live}}</ref>

HBO Asia and [[Eros International]] launched '''HBO Defined''' and '''HBO Hits''' across India on 21 February 2013 on [[Dish TV]] and [[Airtel Digital TV]]. These channels were commercial-free. The content of both channels included movies as well as most of [[HBO Original Programming]]. When the channels launched, the main HBO channel stopped airing original series.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.exchange4media.com/IndustryBriefing/HBO-Defined-and-HBO-Hits-go-on-air_49965.html|title=HBO Defined and HBO Hits go on-air|work=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|access-date=2018-01-23|language=en-US|archive-date=24 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124070802/http://www.exchange4media.com/IndustryBriefing/HBO-Defined-and-HBO-Hits-go-on-air_49965.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015, HBO decided to exit the Indian market and license the channel to [[Turner International India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/is-hbo-giving-up-on-its-india-market-114121900008_1.html|title=Is HBO giving up on its India market?|last=Kohli-Khandekar|first=Vanita|date=2014-12-19|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-12-22|archive-date=22 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222095544/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/is-hbo-giving-up-on-its-india-market-114121900008_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The channel was revamped in February 2016 after a survey conducted by the channel team to better suit the masses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/47116_hbo-india-gets-branding-packaging-revamp|title=HBO India gets branding, packaging revamp|website=afaqs!|date=12 February 2016 |access-date=2019-12-22|archive-date=22 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222095547/https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/47116_hbo-india-gets-branding-packaging-revamp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Malvania|first=Urvi|date=2016-02-24|title=HBO moves from niche to mass|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/hbo-moves-from-niche-to-mass-116022401099_1.html|access-date=2020-12-17|archive-date=4 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704063654/https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/hbo-moves-from-niche-to-mass-116022401099_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> HBO Defined and HBO Hits would be handled by [[Star India]]; however, HBO Defined and HBO Hits SD were shut down on 31 December 2015, while HBO Hits HD was replaced by HBO HD on 4 September 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.turner.com/pressroom/experience-magic-hbo-hd|title=#Experience The Magic with HBO HD!|date=2016-09-06|work=Turner|access-date=2018-01-23|language=en|archive-date=24 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124070717/http://www.turner.com/pressroom/experience-magic-hbo-hd|url-status=live}}</ref> It only airs Hollywood movies, as [[Star India]] has the rights to HBO Original Programming, which is available on [[Star World (Indian TV channel)|Star World]] and [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/foxs-star-india-hbo-content-845061|title=Fox's Star India Strikes Exclusive Deal for HBO Originals|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=2 December 2015|language=en|access-date=2019-12-22|archive-date=7 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407175501/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/foxs-star-india-hbo-content-845061|url-status=live}}</ref>

WarnerMedia International announced on 15 October 2020 that HBO South Asia and [[WB Channel]] would close down on 15 December 2020. The HBO channel would no longer be available in India and Pakistan, while [[WB Channel]] ceased to exist in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and the Maldives.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=AnimationXpress|date=2020-10-15|title=WarnerMedia to cease HBO and WB TV channels in South Asia by 2020 end; to invest more on kids channels|url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/warnermedia-to-cease-hbo-and-wb-tv-channels-in-south-asia-by-2020-end-to-invest-more-on-kids-channels/|access-date=2020-10-15|website=AnimationXpress|language=en-US|archive-date=18 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018183358/https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/warnermedia-to-cease-hbo-and-wb-tv-channels-in-south-asia-by-2020-end-to-invest-more-on-kids-channels/|url-status=live}}</ref>

HBO India had closed down at midnight with the last movie on the SD channel being ''[[Mad Max: Fury Road]]'' (completed 1 hour before the shutdown) and the last movie on the HD channel being ''[[Memoirs of a Geisha (film)|Memoirs of a Geisha]].'' HBO Pakistan was also closed down at midnight.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.facebook.com/HBOPakistanofficial/videos/1012277725937094/ |title=20 years summed up in a minute. It's not enough, never will be enough. But tell you what, your love for us has always been.|date=2020-12-14 |access-date=2024-12-17 |via=Facebook}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[HBO]]
* [[Cinemax]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/hboasia.com|title=Official website|nolink=y}}
* {{web archive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://hbosouthasia.com/|title=HBO South Asia's Official website|nolink=y}}

{{portal bar|Singapore|Television}}
{{Warner Bros. Discovery Asia-Pacific}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:HBO Asia}}
[[Category:HBO]]
[[Category:Home Box Office, Inc.|HBO Asia]]
[[Category:Movie channels]]
[[Category:Cable television in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:English-language television stations in Singapore]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1992]]
[[Category:Defunct television channels in India]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. Discovery Asia-Pacific]]
[[Category:Movie channels in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Movie channels in Singapore]]
[[Category:Movie channels in Taiwan]]
[[Category:Movie channels in Thailand]]
[[Category:Movie channels in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Movie channels in Vietnam]]
[[Category:Movie channels in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Mass media in Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Singapore]]

[[th:เอชบีโอ]]

Arambagh Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-07T00:46:25Z

ErikaMchenry4: put up new details.

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Arambagh {{Small|WB-29}}
| constituency_no =
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Arambagh.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Arambagh Lok Sabha Constituency
| established = 1967
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image =
| mp = [[Mitali Bag]]
| party = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Hooghly]] & [[Paschim Medinipur]]
| assembly_cons = [[Haripal Assembly constituency|Haripal]] [[Tarakeswar Assembly constituency|Tarakeswar]] [[Pursurah Assembly constituency|Pursurah]] [[Arambagh Assembly constituency|Arambagh]] [[Goghat Assembly constituency|Goghat]] [[Khanakul Assembly constituency|Khanakul]] [[Chandrakona Assembly constituency|Chandrakona]]
| electors = 1,600,293<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |title=Parliamentary Constituency Wise Turnout for General Elections 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |archive-date=2 July 2014 }}</ref>
}}

'''Arambagh Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 543 constituencies of the [[Lok Sabha|lower house of parliament]] in [[India]]. The constituency centres on the city of [[Arambagh]] in [[West Bengal]]. While six assembly segments of Arambagh Lok Sabha constituency are in [[Hooghly district]], one segment is in [[Paschim Medinipur district]]. It was an open seat before 2009, but now it is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]]. It was once known as the ' Red Fort ' (্লাল গড় ) of CPI(M) for the party's long standing dominance over it for decades.

{{Pie chart|value1=66.66|value2=20|value3=6.66|value4=6.66|label1=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''Communist
Party of India''' (10times)]]|label2=[[All India Trinamool Congress|'''All India Trinamool Congress''' (3 times)]]|label3=[[All India Forward Bloc|'''All India Forward Bloc''' (1 time)]]|color1={{party color|Communist Party of India}}|color2={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}|color3={{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}|color4={{party color|Janata Party}}|caption=Most Successful parties from Arambagh Sabha|label4=[[Janata Party|"'Janata Party"' (1 time)]]}}

==Overview==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|350 px|right|1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. Darjeeling, 5. Raiganj, 6. Balurghat, 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. Ranaghat, 14. Bangaon, 15. Barrackpore, 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. Basirhat, 19. Jaynagar, 20. Mathurapur, 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. Jadavpur, 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. Kolkata Uttar, 25. Howrah, 26. Uluberia, 27. Serampore, 28. Hooghly, 29. '''Arambagh''', 30. Tamluk, 31, Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. Bardhaman Durgapur, 40. Asansol, 41. Bolpur, 42. Birbhum]]

In the 2004 Lok Sabha polls [[Anil Basu]] of CPI(M) won the Arambagh seat by a margin of 592,502 votes, which remained for a long time the highest ever victory margin in Lok Sabha polls in the country.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Lok-Sabha-polls-CPMs-Anil-Basu-holds-record-for-highest-victory-margin/articleshow/33150711.cms |title = Lok Sabha polls: CPM's Anil Basu holds record for highest victory margin| publisher =The Times of India, 3 April 2014 |access-date = 6 June 2014 }}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] issued in 2006 in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, parliamentary constituency No. 29 Arambag, reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled castes (SC)]], is composed of the following [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] segments:<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2009-05-27 |work=Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Government of West Bengal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619064327/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026 Winner]]
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|196
|[[Haripal Assembly constituency|Haripal]]
|rowspan="6" |[[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
|Madhumita Ghosh
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 198
|[[Tarakeswar Assembly constituency|Tarakeswar]]
|Santu Pan
|-
|199
|[[Pursurah Assembly constituency|Pursurah]]
|[[Biman Ghosh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|200
|[[Arambagh Assembly constituency|Arambagh]] (SC)
|Hemanta Bag
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|201
|[[Goghat Assembly constituency|Goghat]] (SC)
|Prashanta Digar
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|202
|[[Khanakul Assembly constituency|Khanakul]]
|[[Susanta Ghosh (politician)|Susanta Ghosh]]
|-
|232
|[[Chandrakona Assembly constituency|Chandrakona]] (SC)
|[[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
|Sukanta Dolui
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|}

Prior to delimitation, Arambagh Lok Sabha constituency was composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 2010-10-01 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101006140327/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf| archive-date= 6 October 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> [[Tarakeswar Assembly constituency|Tarakeswar]] (assembly constituency no. 185), [[Pursurah Assembly constituency|Pursurah]] (assembly constituency no. 192), [[Khanakul Assembly constituency|Khanakul (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 193), [[Arambag Assembly constituency|Arambagh]] (assembly constituency no. 194), [[Goghat Assembly constituency|Goghat (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 195), [[Chandrakona Assembly constituency|Chandrakona]] (assembly constituency no. 196), [[Ghatal Assembly constituency|Ghatal (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 197)

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="5" align=center|Arambagh
|-
! Lok Sabha!!Duration!!Name of M.P.!!colspan=2|Party Affiliation
|-
|[[4th Lok Sabha|Fourth]]||1967-71||[[Amiya Nath Bose|Amiyanath Bose]]||{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}<ref name=loksabha1967>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |title=General Elections, India, 1967 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185108/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[5th Lok Sabha|Fifth]] ||1971-77||[[Manoranjan Hazra]]||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}<ref name=loksabha1971>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |title=General Elections, India, 1971 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[6th Lok Sabha|Sixth]]||1977-80||[[Prafulla Chandra Sen]]||{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<ref name=loksabha1977>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title=General Elections, 1977 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[7th Lok Sabha|Seventh]]||1980-84||[[Bijoy Krishna Modak]]|| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=9}}<ref name=loksabha1980>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title=General Elections, 1980 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[8th Lok Sabha|Eighth]]||1984-89||rowspan=7|[[Anil Basu]]<ref name=loksabha1984>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title=General Elections, 1984 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1989>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |title=General Elections, 1989 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1991>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |title=General Elections, 1991 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183558/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |title = General Elections, 1996 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1998>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=General Elections, 1998 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1999>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=General Elections, 1999 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha2004>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[9th Lok Sabha|Ninth]]||1989-91
|-
| [[10th Lok Sabha|Tenth]]||1991-96
|-
| [[11th Lok Sabha|Eleventh]]||1996-98
|-
| [[12th Lok Sabha|Twelfth]]||1998-99
|-
| [[13th Lok Sabha|Thirteenth]]||1999-04
|-
|[[14th Lok Sabha|Fourteenth]]||2004-09
|-
|[[15th Lok Sabha|Fifteenth]]||2009-14||[[Sakti Mohan Malik]]<ref name=loksabha2009>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title = General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[16th Lok Sabha|Sixteenth]]||2014-19||rowspan=2|[[Aparupa Poddar (politician)|Aparupa Poddar (Afrin Ali)]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}<ref name=loksabha2014>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 19 June 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|[[17th Lok Sabha|Seventeenth]]
|2019-24
|-
|Eighteenth
|2024-''Incumbent''
|[[Mitali Bag]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=4 June 2024 |title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 – Parliamentary Constituency 29 - Arambagh (West Bengal) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS2529.htm |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|}

==Election results==
===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Arambagh<ref>{{cite web |title=Arambagh constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/arambagh-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arambagh Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Arambagh Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/arambagh |access-date=20 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720132530/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/arambagh |archive-date=20 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Arambagh">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Arambagh |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2529.htm |access-date=20 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720132444/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2529.htm |archive-date=20 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mitali Bag]]|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=7,12,587|percentage=45.71|change={{increase}}1.57}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Arup Kanti Digar|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=706,188|percentage=45.30|change={{increase}}1.24}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Biplab Kumar Moitra|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=92,502|percentage=5.93|change={{decrease}}0.9}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=18,031|percentage=1.16|change={{decrease}}0.23}}
{{Election box majority||votes=6,399|percentage=0.41|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,559,079|percentage=82.62|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner =All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Arambagh]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Aparupa Poddar (politician)|Aparupa Poddar]]
|votes = 649,929
|percentage = 44.14
|change = -10.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Tapan Kumar Roy
|votes = 648,787
|percentage = 44.06
|change = +32.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Sakti Mohan Malik]]
|votes = 100,520
|percentage = 6.83
|change = -22.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jyoti Kumari Das
|votes = 25,128
|percentage = 1.71
|change = -0.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 20,495
|percentage = 1.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,142
|percentage = 0.07
|change = -25.39
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,471,981
|percentage = 83.44
|change = -1.67
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,764,726
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = -21.62
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Arambagh]]<ref name=loksabha2014/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Aparupa Poddar (politician)|Aparupa Poddar (Afrin Ali)]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = 7,48,764
|percentage = 54.94
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sakti Mohan Malik]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 4,01,919
|percentage = 29.51
|change = -25.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Madhusudan Bag]]
|votes = 1,58,480
|percentage = 11.63
|change = +6.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sambhu Nath Malik
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 27,872
|percentage = 2.04
|change = -34.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ganesh Bag
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|votes = 7,062
|percentage = 0.51
|change = -1.35
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 3,46,845
|percentage = 25.46
|change = +8.14
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 13,61,934
|percentage = 85.11
|change = +0.53
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = +42.64
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Arambagh]]<ref name=loksabha2009/>
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Sakti Mohan Malik]]
|votes = 6,30,454
|percentage = 54.63
|change = -22.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sambhu Nath Malik
|votes = 4,28,696
|percentage = 36.85
|change = +29.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Murari Bera
|votes = 57,903
|percentage = 4.97
|change = -10.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Parimal Biswas
|votes = 24,762
|percentage = 2.12
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|candidate = Subir Kumar Majhi
|votes = 21,722
|percentage = 1.86
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,01,558
|percentage = 17.78
|change = -44.09
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 11,63,337
|percentage = 84.58
|change = +3.34
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = -22.99
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1967-2009===
Most of the contests were multi-cornered. However, only winners and runners-up are mentioned below:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Winner
|
!Runner-up
|-
|
!Candidate
!Party
!Candidate
!Party
|-
|1967
|Amiyanath Bose
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|Sachin Choudhury
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1967/>
|-
|1971
|Manoranjan Hazra
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|Santi Mohan Ray
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1971/>
|-
|1977
|[[Prafulla Chandra Sen]]
|[[Bharatiya Lok Dal]]
|Santi Mohan Roy
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1977/>
|-
|1980
|Bijoy Krishna Modak
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Prafulla Chandra Sen
|[[Janata Party]]<ref name =loksabha1980/>
|-
|1984
|[[Anil Basu]]
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Gopal Das Nag
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1984/>
|-
|1989
|Anil Basu
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Sheikh Hasan Imam
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1989/>
|-
|1991
|Anil Basu
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Sheikh Hasan Imam
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1991/>
|-
|1996
|Anil Basu
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Monoranjan Hazra
|Indian National Congress<ref name=loksabha1996/>
|-
|1998
|Anil Basu
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Chunilal Chakraborty
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref name=loksabha1998/>
|-
|1999
|Anil Basu
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Chunilal Chakraborty
|Bharatiya Janata Party<ref name=loksabha1999/>
|-
|2004
|Anil Basu
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|Swapan Kumar Nandi
|Bharatiya Janata Party<ref name=loksabha2004/>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/west_bengal/arambagh/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Arambagh lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{Hooghly topics}}

{{coord|22.9|87.8|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arambagh Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Hooghly district]]

Velimanam

2026-05-01T17:35:36Z

ErikaMchenry4: Put Up New Entry

{{Short description|Village in Kerala, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
'''Velimanam''' (originally ''Keezhpparambum Chola'') is a small village 12 km from [[Iritty]], a migrant hub in [[Kannur district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]].

The village includes St. Sebastian’S Church, St. Sebastians HSS, St.Sebastian’s High School and LP, UP schools.St. Gregorios Orthodox Church affiliated with the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mar Gregorios Orthodox Church - Velimanam |url=https://directory.mosc.in/parishes/mar-gregorios-orthodox-church-32/ |website=directory.mosc.in |publisher=MOSC Publications |access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref>

==History==
Remnants of [[Neolithic]] civilization exist in and around the village. The [[indigenous peoples|indigenous people]] of the area- [[Paniya people|Paniyas]], Malayalars, and [[Kurichya]]s- have lived there since ancient times. [[Keezhppally]], Meppally, and other places exhibit the [[Buddhist]] past of the area, which is within the [[Coorg]] region of [[Karnataka]]. The history of modern-day Velimanam started with the migration of [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christians]] from [[Travencore]] from the late 1940s until the 1970s.

==Schools==
The establishment of Sree Ramananda Vilasam School in 1950 by the late M. Kunhiraman was the first attempt at [[modernization]] of the community. Fr. Joseph Kanjirakkattukunnel, Fr. Francis Valayil, and Rev. Mullanmada also established schools and other [[religious institutions]] in the village. In 1954, St. Sebastian [[Church (building)|Church]] was founded, and the village was renamed Velimanam by the late Devasia Koothanadiyil and Mathew Adakkamundayil.

The village now hosts St. Sebastian Higher [[Secondary School]], a [[high school]], two banks, a post office, [[Krishi Bhavan]], and a village extension office.
<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.facebook.com/st.shssvlm/ | title=St. Sebastian's Higher Secondary School Velimanam| website=[[Facebook]]}}</ref>

==Transport==
The national highway passes through [[Kannur]] town. [[Mangalore]] and [[Mumbai]] can be accessed on the northern side and [[Cochin]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] can be accessed on the southern side. The road to the east of [[Iritty]] connects to [[Mysore]] and [[Bangalore]]. The nearest railway station is [[Kannur railway station|Kannur]] on Mangalore-[[Palakkad]] line. The nearest airport is 26 km away, Kannur International Airport, Mattannur.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://wikimapia.org/#lang=en&lat=11.914572&lon=75.544244&z=15&m=w&search=mattannur | title=Wikimapia - Let's describe the whole world!}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Kannur district}}
{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Villages near Iritty]]

Meera Mitun

2026-04-28T15:39:53Z

ErikaMchenry4: Starting New Pg

{{Short description|Indian actress and model}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Meera Mitun
| image = Meera_Mitun.jpg
| birth_name = Tamizhselvi
| native_name_lang =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| spouse =
| other_names =
| caption = Meera in 2019
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Model (person)|Model]], [[actress]]
| years_active = 2013{{dash}}2022
| birth_date =
}}

'''Meera Mitun''' (born '''Tamizhselvi''') is an Indian former model and actress, who has appeared in [[Tamil language]] movies.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/south-actress-meera-mitun-is-another-social-media-sensation-who-has-kept-netizens-hooked-to-her-pics-check-out-2287295.html|title=South actress Meera Mitun is another social media sensation who has kept netizens hooked to her pics – Check out|work=Zee News|first=Shruti|last=Shiksha|date=1 June 2020|accessdate=24 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/exclusive-bigg-boss-tamil-3-fame-meera-mitun-to-get-married-soon-details-inside/articleshow/76130917.cms|title=Exclusive - Actress Meera Mitun to get married soon; details inside|work=Times of India}}</ref> Meera is known for her extensive controversies and allegations. She has also been in jail multiple times due to various allegations recorded against her.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/meera-mitun-arrested-in-another-case-gets-bail/article36129805.ece|title=Meera Mitun arrested in another case, gets bail|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Meera Mitun was born as Tamizh Selvi in 1984.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-10|title=Meera Mithun releases her dad's photos that go viral - Tamil News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/meera-mithun-dad-t-mani-body-builder-mr-madras-mr-tamil-nadu-tamil-news-249238|access-date=2020-07-16|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> She is from Chetpet and is the daughter of D. Mani, a civil engineer, and Shyamala, a homemaker. Her brother Thamizhamuthan is an engineer.<ref name="rediff"/> She did her bachelor's degree in microbiology from [[Ethiraj College for Women]] and her master's degree from [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology|SRM University]] Chennai.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sathish |first1=Anusha |title=Police Officers Thronged Bigg Boss Tamil House to Enquire Meera Mithun |url=https://www.newsbricks.com/entertainment/police-officers-thronged-meera-mithun/61649 |access-date=27 August 2019 |work=News Bricks |date=26 July 2019 |language=en-us}}</ref> She then briefly worked as a researcher at Dr Cherian's Foundation.<ref name="rediff"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.magzter.com/articles/7/214535/58e64140408f8|title=Stepping Into The Big League|website=Magzter.com}}</ref>

Mitun is divorced following a brief marriage which lasted for very few days.<ref>[https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/meera-mitun-exclusive-interview-about-bigg-boss.html Meera Mitun exclusive interview about Bigg Boss]. Behindwoods.com (30 July 2019). Retrieved on 19 August 2019.</ref>

==Career==
===As a model===
In mid-2013, Mitun was spotted by choreographer Ganesh Guru, who convinced her to try out as a model. After a few auditions, she took part in her first fashion show for Co-Optex, a wedding saree brand. She moved on to work with brands such as Kingfisher and competed in the Miss Face of Chennai beauty pageant.<ref name="rediff">{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/glamour-how-a-nerdy-biotech-grad-became-miss-south-india/20160120.htm|title=How a nerdy biotech grad became Miss South India 2016|date=2016-01-20|website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Mitun took part in the Miss Madras 2015 pageant, finishing as a runner-up behind Deepika Murali.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/downtown/queens-of-mandaveli-and-alwarpet/article6842948.ece|title=Queens of Mandaveli and Alwarpet|first=K.|last=Sarumathi|date=31 January 2015|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> By 2015, she was a regular participator on the Chennai modelling and social scene, notably featuring on the Cinema Spice Chennai Fashion Calendar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yashmith.com/cinema-spice-chennai-fashion-calendar-2015-preview-and-party/|title=Cinema Spice Chennai Fashion Calendar 2015 Preview and Party|website=Yashmith.com|date=12 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/chennai/Sanchita-Shetty-turned-on-the-charm-at-the-launch-party-of-Steam-and-Whistles-pub-at-GRT-Grand-in-Chennai/articleshow/52504640.cms|date=31 May 2016|title=Sanchita Shetty turned on the charm at the launch party of Steam and Whistles pub at GRT Grand in Chennai | Chennai News |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

She took part in [[Star Vijay]]'s ''[[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|Jodi Number One]]'' show in early 2015, as a part of its eighth season and was thrown out after the judges were unhappy with her attitude.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/watch-bigg-boss-3-fame-meera-mitun-thrown-out-of-vijay-tvs-jodi-no-1-show.html|title=Watch Bigg Boss 3 fame Meera Mitun thrown out of Vijay TV's Jodi No 1 show|date=16 July 2019|website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref>

In 2016, she was crowned Miss South India 2016 at the zonal rounds of the Miss Queen of India 2016 pageant. She competed with eighteen candidates from five southern states to win the title.<ref name="rediff" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesnew.co/meera-mitun-crowned-as-parfum-monde-dubai-confident-group-miss-south-india-2016-778-html/|title=Meera Mitun Crowned as Parfum Monde Dubai Confident Group Miss South India 2016|work=Times New |date=10 January 2016 |author1=Admin }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/nov/06/women-of-grit--beauty-on-a-walk-to-success-1535674.html|title=Women of grit & beauty on a walk to success|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=2016-11-06}}</ref> Later, she was dethroned following misconduct and fraudulent activities.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-08|title=Indian Beauty Pageant Winner Meera Mithun dethroned.|url=https://europetimes.co/europe-news-indian-beauty-pageant-winner-dethroned-due-to-misconduct/|access-date=2020-07-31|website=EuropeTimes|language=en-US}}</ref>

Following her victory, Mitun worked on a deal with sponsors Natural to mentor and handle the audition process for the competition for girls from Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/041116/a-new-role-for-meera-mithun.html|title=A new role for Meera Mithun|first=Kirubhakar|last=Purushothaman|date=4 November 2016|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

In 2017, she helped set up the fourth Miss Tamil Nadu beauty pageant, under her newly designated role as Regional Director of Tamil Nadu Miss South India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/Lifestyle/LifeStyleTopNews/2017/11/01194820/1050742/Shreesha-crowned-Miss-Tamil-Nadu-2018.vpf?TId=112136|title=Shreesha crowned Miss Tamil Nadu 2018|date=1 November 2017|website=Dtnext.in}}{{dead link|date=November 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesnew.co/pegasus-organises-fourth-miss-tamil-nadu-beauty-contest/|title=Pegasus organises fourth 'Miss Tamil Nadu' beauty contest|website=Timesnew.co|date=30 October 2017}}</ref>

Mitun garnered criticism from audiences for posting a topless picture to mark [[Tamil New Year]] in 2018.{{cn|date=January 2024}}

She soon fell out with the organisers of the Miss Tamil Nadu beauty pageant and chose to create her own competition titled Miss Tamil Nadu Diva for 2019. She later alleged that Ajith Ravi, an organiser of the Miss Tamil Nadu beauty pageant, had sent her death threats to stop her from going ahead with the event.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/miss-tamil-nadu-winner-meera-mitun-received-death-threats-for-conducting-miss-tamil-nadu-diva-beauty-pageant-and-files-police-complaint.html|title=Miss Tamil Nadu winner Meera Mitun received death threats for conducting Miss Tamil Nadu Diva beauty pageant and files police complaint|date=31 May 2019|website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> Ravi denied her allegations and labelled that Mitun had engaged in fraudulent behaviour, taken money from other designers and cheated potential contestants.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/meera-mitun-says-joe-threatened-to-kill-her-he-says-shes-a-fraud/articleshow/69663210.cms|date=6 June 2019|author=Menon, Thinkal |title=Meera Mitun says Joe threatened to kill her; he says she's a fraud |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Soon after, the organisers of Miss South India decided to revoke her 2016 title, owing to her fraudulent activities. The title was later given to [[Sanam Shetty]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/news/miss-south-india-title-taken-back-from-meera-mitun-sanam-shetty-replaces-her/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608033031/https://silverscreen.in/news/miss-south-india-title-taken-back-from-meera-mitun-sanam-shetty-replaces-her/|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 June 2019|title=Miss South India Title Stripped From Meera Mitun; Given To Sanam Shetty|website=Silverscreen.in|date=4 June 2019}}</ref> She was subsequently quizzed and then given anticipatory bail in relation to criminal charges.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-3-high-court-grants-bail-to-contestant-meera-mithun-in-cheating-case/articleshow/70287094.cms|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 3: High court grants bail to contestant Meera Mithun in cheating cases |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 July 2019}}</ref>

===As an actress===
Mitun's first acting assignment was in [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]'s ''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]'' (2015) as a friend of the character played by [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]. She shot for the film in late 2014 and appeared in scenes alongside Trisha and [[Ajith Kumar]], but her character did not make the theatrical cut.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} During 2016, she shot for a small role in Elan's unreleased fantasy film ''[[Graghanam]]'', and for a supporting role in ''[[8 Thottakkal]]'' (2017), which became her first film release.<ref name="rediff" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/oct/18/ramp-walk-your-way-to-miss-south-india-2017-1529324.html|title=Ramp walk your way to Miss South India 2017|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=2016-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/it-was-little-uneasy-for-me-to-see-myself-dirty-onscreen/articleshow/58576564.cms|title=It was little uneasy for me to see myself dirty onscreen|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2017-05-09|author=Balachandran, Logesh }}</ref> Her next appearance was in [[Vignesh Shivan]]'s heist comedy ''[[Thaanaa Serndha Koottam]]'' (2018), where she portrayed a supporting role. The makers had approached her after seeing her first film and cast her opposite [[Kalaiyarasan]] as an angry wife.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/8-thottakkal-fame-meera-mitun-to-act-in-thaanaa-serndha-koottam.html|title=8 Thottakkal fame Meera Mitun to act in Thaanaa Serndha Koottam|date=15 November 2017|website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/meera-mitun-is-acting-in-suriyas-film/articleshow/61644000.cms|author=Menon, Thinkal |date=15 November 2017|title=Meera Mitun is acting in Suriya's film |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In 2018, Mitun revealed that she had auditioned to play Trisha's character in [[Karthik Subbaraj]]'s ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]'' (2019) alongside [[Rajinikanth]], and that she was also meant to feature alongside [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] in [[Kamal Haasan]]'s production ''[[Kadaram Kondan]]'' (2019). Ultimately, she did not feature in either film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/oviya-arav-live-in-relationship-raja-bheema-kanchana-3-90-ml-marketraja-mbbs-tamil-news-226983|title=The model who was replaced by Trisha! – Tamil News|date=5 January 2019|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-to-wrap-up-both-his-films-on-floors-soon-news-tamil-shjpjkdbbedij.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715073555/http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-to-wrap-up-both-his-films-on-floors-soon-news-tamil-shjpjkdbbedij.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 July 2018|title=Vikram to wrap up both his films on floors soon!|website=[[Sify]]|date=9 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/050119/meera-mitun-upset-over-missing-chance-to-work-with-rajinikanth.html|title=Meera Mitun upset over missing chance to work with Rajinikanth|first=Anupama|last=Subramanian|date=5 January 2019|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Her next release was ''[[Bodhai Yeri Budhi Maari]]'' (2019), an action drama film starring debutant actors.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/feb/03/chennai-based-model-pradaini-surva-to-debut-with-bodhai-yeri-budhi-maari-9927.html|title=Chennai-based model Pradaini Surva to debut with Bodhai Yeri Budhi Maari|newspaper=[[Cinema Express]]|date=2019-02-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/070419/not-averse-to-glam-roles-meera-mitun.html|title=Not averse to glam roles: Meera Mitun|first=Anupama|last=Subramanian|date=7 April 2019|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/meera-mitun-tells-us-why-she-is-so-choosy-about-the-roles-she-picks/articleshow/68739436.cms|title=Meera Mitun tells us why she is so choosy about the roles she picks|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|author=Sharanya CR|date=6 April 2019}}</ref>

In June 2019, she took part in [[Star Vijay]]'s ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil]]'' season-3 programme.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jul/03/police-summons-bigg-boss-3-fame-meera-mithun-for-enquiry-12725.html|title=Police summons Bigg Boss 3 fame Meera Mithun for inquiry|newspaper=[[Cinema Express]]|date=2019-07-03}}</ref> Upon her exit, Mitun received offers to feature in [[Pandiraj]]'s ''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]'' (2019) and ''[[Agni Siragugal]]'' (2020). However, in the following months, she complained after her role was largely removed from the former film, and she was completely dropped from the latter film. She subsequently accused production studio [[Sun Pictures]] and actor [[Kamal Haasan]] for being involved in making the changes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/aug/15/meera-mithun-to-be-a-part-of-agni-siragugal-co-starring-arun-vijay-and-vijay-antony-13668.html|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 3 fame Meera Mithun signs yet another biggie|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=15 August 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/bigg-boss-3-tamil-fame-meera-mitun-on-facing-backlash-from-the-tamil-cinema-industry/|title=Bigg Boss' Meera Mitun Opens Up About Her Kollywood Woes|date=11 October 2019}}</ref>

== Politics ==
Politically, she is a supporter of [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Reporter|first=Splco|date=2020-08-13|title=Meera Mithun Supports Modi but attacks Vijay ., Surya, Jyothika|url=https://splco.me/eng/meera-supports-modi-but-attacks-vijay-surya-jyothika-and-kamal/|access-date=2020-08-25|website=Splco Shines Accuracy|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-30|title=Meera Mitun to meet Prime minister Narendra Modi? - Tamil News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/meera-mitun-prime-minister-narendra-modi-meeting-soon-tamil-news-266325|access-date=2020-08-25|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-14|title=Meera Mitun threatens legal action against Rajinikanth, Thalapathy Vijay; asks PM Modi to 'destroy' Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-meera-mitun-threatens-legal-action-against-rajinikanth-thalapathy-vijay-asks-pm-modi-to-destroy-tamil-nadu-2832331|access-date=2020-08-26|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> She asked Modi to dismiss the Police officials who behaved rudely with her.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-16|title="எனக்கு டார்ச்சர் தொடர்கிறது"-பிரதமர் மோடியின் உதவியை நாடும் பிக்பாஸ் மீராமிதுன்...|url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/meera-mitun-complaints-about-chennai-police-narendra-modi|access-date=2020-08-26|website=nakkheeran|language=en}}</ref> She accused the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janata Party]] workers in India as worthless and asked him to replace them with youngsters and also asked for a personal meeting with Modi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-30 |title=Meera Mitun to meet Prime minister Narendra Modi? - Tamil News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/meera-mitun-prime-minister-narendra-modi-meeting-soon-tamil-news-266325 |access-date=2020-08-26|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> She also asked Modi to dismiss the ruling [[AIADMK]] government in Tamil Nadu for failing to control the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} In a tweet, she asked Modi to destroy Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thandoratimes.com |title=தமிழகத்தை அழித்து விடுங்கள் என பிரதமருக்கு ட்வீட் செய்த மீரா மிதுன் Thandoratimes.com |url=https://www.tamil.thandoratimes.com/news-id-meera-mithun-tweeted-to-the-prime-minister-to-destroy-tamil-nadu7469.htm|access-date=2020-08-26 |website=Thandoratimes.com|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":1" />

Mitun supported the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019]] and praised Narendra Modi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=குடியுரிமை திருத்த சட்டம் குறித்து பிக்பாஸ் நடிகை.! ஆதரவா..? எதிர்ப்பா.?!|url=https://www.seithipunal.com/politics/meera-mitun-speech-about-caa|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Seithipunal|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-25|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 3 contestant Meera Mitun reacts to CAA protests; Releases a video|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/bigg-boss-tamil-3-fame-meera-mitun-reacts-caa-protests-releases-video-494940|access-date=2021-09-05|website=PINKVILLA|language=en}}</ref>

Mithun claimed that she was going to join a political party on 6 December 2020, the day of her birthday.<ref>{{Cite web|title=பாஜகவில் இணைகிறாரா மீரா மிதுன்?|url=https://www.asiaville.in/article/article-about-actress-meera-mitun-join-party-63899|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Asiaville|language=ta}}</ref> On 8 December 2020, she claimed that she had joined a National party<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thandoratimes.com|title=Meera Mithun joins BJP? Thandoratimes.com|url=https://www.thandoratimes.com/news-id-meera-mithun-joins-bjp9407.htm|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Thandoratimes.com|language=en}}</ref> and is considering to join Rajinikanth's party if he officially starts it.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Winters|first=Bryce J.|date=2020-12-08|title=Meera Mithun joins a national political party, here are the details|url=https://thenewscrunch.com/meera-mithun-joins-a-national-political-party-here-are-the-details/28617/|access-date=2021-09-05|website=TheNewsCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Activism ==
Mitun announced on her Instagram page that she had been appointed as the state director of the [[anti-corruption]] commission in Tamil Nadu by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=பிக் பாஸ் மீரா மிதுனுக்கு மத்திய அரசு வேலையா? மீரா மிதுன் வெளியிட்ட செய்தி!|url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/24-by-7-news/thamizhagam/big-boss-meera-mithun-will-get-central-government-job|access-date=2020-06-28|website=nakkheeran|date=16 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=G|first=Ezekiel Majello|date=2019-11-19|title=Fashion model wields the whip|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/181119/fashion-model-wields-the-whip.html|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref>
She was subsequently removed from the posting for non-compliance in submitting a police clearance certificate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=51251|title=Live Chennai: Meera Mithun removed from the post of TN state Director Anti corruption Commission,Meera Mithun, Tamilnadu State Director for Anti-Corruption Commission, Doctor and Entrepreneur Dr A Mohamed Hakkim as new Director|website=www.livechennai.com}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
=== Controversial statements against other actors ===

==== Legal action against Vijay and Rajinikanth ====
Mitun created a controversy in July 2020 when said that actor [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and [[Rajinikanth]] have defamed her and said that she will take legal action against them. She also said she is now in Hollywood because Kollywood has neglected her. She also asked prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] to destroy [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-13|title=Meera Mitun to take legal action on Rajnikanth and Vijay! - Tamil News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/rajnikanth-vijay-facing-legal-action-from-meera-mitun-tamil-news-265088|access-date=2020-08-25|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-14|title=Meera Mitun threatens legal action against Rajinikanth, Thalapathy Vijay; asks PM Modi to 'destroy' Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-meera-mitun-threatens-legal-action-against-rajinikanth-thalapathy-vijay-asks-pm-modi-to-destroy-tamil-nadu-2832331|access-date=2020-08-25|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

==== Criticism of Vijay, Surya, Jyothika and Trisha ====
Mithun made several derogatory remarks against actors including [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]], [[Jyothika]] and [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] and Sangeetha, the wife of actor Vijay in August 2020. Director [[Bharathiraja]] condemned her statements. Representatives of the Vijay Makkal Iyakkam from Pattukottai filed a police complaint against her.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dir Bharathiraja condemns Meera Mitun's remarks against Vijay and Suriya|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dir-bharathiraja-condemns-meera-mitun-s-remarks-against-vijay-and-suriya-130454|access-date=2020-08-25|website=www.thenewsminute.com|date=10 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bharathiraja condemns Meera Mithun for her remarks against Vijay and Suriya|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bharathiraja-condemns-meera-mithun-for-her-remarks-against-vijay-and-suriya/articleshow/77461125.cms|access-date=2020-08-25|website=The Times of India|date=10 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-07|title=Police complaint lodged against Meera Mitun from Vijay's side - Tamil News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/thalapathy-vijay-fans-police-complaint-against-meera-mitun-tamil-news-266990|access-date=2020-08-25|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

=== Arrest===
Mithun was booked by the [[Tamil Nadu Police|Tamil Nadu police]]'s Cyber Cell on 10 August 2021 under seven provisions of [[Indian Penal Code]] (IPC) and [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Prevention of Atrocities Act]] for making casteist statements towards [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] (SC) community in a video after complaints from [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]], [[Dravidar Viduthalai Kazhagam]] and the [[Tamil Nadu Untouchability Eradication Front]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-07|title=VCK files police complaint against actor Meera Mithun on her casteist video|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vck-files-police-complaint-against-actor-meera-mithun-her-casteist-video-153604|access-date=2021-08-15|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> She released a video challenging the police to arrest her.<ref>{{Cite web|title=முடிந்தால் கைது செய்யுங்கள், அதெல்லாம் உங்கள் கனவில் தான் நடக்கும்: சவால் விடும் மீரா மிதுன்!|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/meera-mitun-says-you-cant-arresting-me/articleshow/85263440.cms|access-date=2021-08-15|website=Samayam Tamil|language=ta}}</ref> She was arrested on 14 August in [[Alappuzha|Alapuzha]], [[Kerala]] after failing to appear for a police inquiry two days earlier and was sent to judicial remand until 27 August.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-14|title=Actor Meera Mithun arrested for casteist remarks in Kerala|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-meera-mithun-arrested-casteist-remarks-kerala-153918|access-date=2021-08-15|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><ref name="PTarrest">{{Cite web|title=சைதாப்பேட்டை நீதிமன்றத்தில் ஆஜர் - ஆக.27ஆம் தேதி வரை மீரா மிதுனுக்கு நீதிமன்ற காவல்|url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/112965/Court-remands-Actress-Meera-Mithun-till-August-27|access-date=2021-08-15|website=Puthiyathalaimurai|language=ta}}</ref> During her arrest, Mithun released a video claiming that she was being harassed by the police.<ref name="PTarrest" /> On 26 August, she was granted bail and was subsequently arrested for another case and taken to prison.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-27|title=Meera Mitun arrested in another case, gets bail|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/meera-mitun-arrested-in-another-case-gets-bail/article36129805.ece|access-date=2021-09-05|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Filmography==
;Films
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Romeo Juliet (2015 film)|Romeo Juliet]]'' || ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[8 Thottakkal]]'' || Maha ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Thaanaa Serndha Koottam]]'' || Iniyan's friend's wife ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Bodhai Yeri Budhi Maari]]'' || Roshan's girlfriend ||
|-
| 2020 || ''Dreamy Nights'' || || Web series
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Yennanga Sir Unga Sattam]]'' || Varsha ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Peya Kaanom]]'' || ||
|-
|}

;Television
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
! Year !! Programme !! Role !! Channel !! Notes
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|Jodi Number One – Season 8]]'' || Contestant || [[Star Vijay]] || Ejected
|-
||2019 || ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil 3]]'' || Contestant || Star Vijay || Evicted Day 35
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|8904194}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mitun, Meera}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Female models from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Aslam Khan (brigadier)

2026-04-24T14:17:47Z

ErikaMchenry4: put up new data.

{{short description|Pakistani military officer (1918-94)}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{POV|date=December 2024|talk=Serious problems with the expansion}}
{{cite check|date=December 2024}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=December 2024}}
}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Brigadier]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Hilal-i-Jur'at|HJ]]&ensp;[[Military Cross|MC]]
| native_name = {{nq|اسلم خان}}
| name = Aslam Khan
| image = File:Aslam Khan (Pakistani brigadier).jpg
| image_size = 150px
| nickname = ''Colonel Pasha''
| office1 = Chief of War Plans [[CENTO|CENTO Headquarters (Ankara)]]
| term_start1 = 8 August 1959
| term_end1 = 19 August 1962
| predecessor1 = Brigadier Gulzar Ahmed {{small|([[Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire|MBE]])}}
| office2 = Commander [[Gilgit Scouts]]
| term_start2 = 14 January 1948
| term_end2 = July 1948
| predecessor2 = [[William Brown (British Army officer)|Major William Brown]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1918|8|27}}
| birth_place = [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1994|10|12|1918|8|27}}
| death_place = [[Skardu]], [[Gilgit Baltistan]], [[Pakistan]]
| death_cause = [[Cirrhosis]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Nawabzadi Fareeda Begum|1944|1989|reason=d.}}
| children = 5
| education = [[Indian Military Academy]] [[Staff College, Quetta]] [[US Army Command and General Staff College]]
| rank = [[File:OF-6 Pakistan Army.svg|20px]] [[File:US-O7 insignia.svg|20px]] [[Brigadier]]
| branch = [[File:Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg|20px]] [[Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]] (1939–1945) {{army|British Raj}} (1945–1947) {{army|PAK}} (1947–1962)
| service_years = 1939–1962
| commands = 13th Baluch ([[Jessore]] Garrison) [[Gilgit Scouts]]
| battles = {{Tree list}}
*[[Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)]]
*[[World War II]]
**[[Burma Campaign 1944]]
*[[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948]]
**[[Siege of Skardu]]
{{Tree list/end}}
| mawards = '''[[#Awards and decorations|See list]]'''
}}

'''Muhammad Aslam Khan'''{{efn|[[Urdu]]: {{nq|محمد اسلم خان}}}} (27 August 1918 – 12 October 1994) better known as ''Colonel Pasha'', ''The Legend of Baltistan'', and ''Laji'', was a former [[one-star rank]] [[Pakistan Army]] officer, businessman, and founder of the [[Shangrila Resort]]. Notably, as the leader of 'D' Company, he led his troops during [[World War II]] in capturing [[Kennedy Peak (Myanmar)]], which the Americans had failed to conquer. For this achievement, he was awarded the [[Military Cross]] by [[Field Marshal Auchinleck]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwMfAQAAMAAJ&q=Brigadier%20M.%20Aslam|title=Globe|volume=12|year=1999|author=Afzal Mahmood|publisher=Ikram Sehgal}}</ref><ref name="Nation">{{cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/21-Aug-2015/the-legend-of-baltistan-brigadier-muhammad-aslam-khan|title=The Legend of Baltistan: Brigadier Muhammad Aslam Khan|date=21 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Nation (Pakistan)]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://shangrilaresorts.com.pk/about-us/|title=About Us|website=Shangrila Resorts|access-date=24 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=psTeAAAAMAAJ&q=%22aslam%22|title=History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820-1956: The State Force Background|year=1990|first= K. Brahma|last=Singh|publisher=Lancer International |isbn=978-81-7062-091-4|page=191}}</ref>

Aslam was assigned a pivotal mission in 1947 by Gilgit's provisional government to defend and expand newly acquired territories. Stripped of his rank in the [[Pakistan Army]] with a promise of reinstatement upon success, Aslam joined the Pashtun tribal invasion led by [[Khurshid Anwar (Major)|Khurshid Anwar]], becoming second-in-command. Following the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India, Indian troops arrived on 27 October to counter the invasion. The 1st Sikh Regiment, commanded by Lt. Col. [[Dewan Ranjit Rai]], was disrupted by Aslam Khan’s effective use of captured mortars, resulting in Col. Rai’s death. The regiment withdrew, and Indian forces eventually repelled the invaders by 7 November, securing the Kashmir Valley.<ref name="North">{{cite book|title=History of Northern Areas of Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOltAAAAMAAJ|first=Ahmad Hasan|last=Dani|year=2001|pages=353, 358, 359, 361, 364, 384|publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-1231-1 }}</ref>

In the Gilgit Agency, the [[Gilgit Scouts]], led by Major [[William Brown (British Army officer)|William Brown]], rebelled on 1 November, detaining the governor and aligning with the Bunji garrison, leading to Pakistan's effective control of Gilgit by 16 November. Adopting the alias ''"Colonel Pasha",'' he arrived in [[Gilgit]] on 30 November with his brother, Major Anwar Khan, and Captain Azmat Ali. His immediate goals were to mobilize local personnel and establish a military base. Despite initial challenges, Pasha secured Major Ehsan Ali’s support and returned to [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|GHQ]] on 3 December to request additional resources, receiving only four thousand rupees.<ref name="North"/>

Pasha utilized the funds to procure essential supplies and equipped his 2,000-man force with captured weapons and dummy rifles. He formed the Tiger Force and Ibex Force to execute key operations, including ambushes and securing critical positions. His forces, including the Eskimo Force, effectively adapted to harsh conditions and achieved significant tactical successes.<ref name="North"/>

Pasha took over as the Commandant of [[Gilgit Scouts]] on 14 January 1948, succeeding [[William Brown (British Army officer)|William Brown]]. Pasha's strategy to advance towards Kargil, Dras, and Zojila was pivotal in countering enemy reinforcements and maintaining offensive actions in Ladakh. With the Zojila Pass cut off, India's link with [[Leh]] was severed and the entire Ladakh Wazarat fell into the hands of Aslam and his men. These results were substantially achieved by 19 May 1948. India was able to save [[Leh]] only by raising a local militia, [[Ladakh Scouts]], and constructing an emergency airstrip for receiving armaments.<ref name="North"/>

By June 1948, Pasha's forces had made significant advances into Indian territory. He sent a telegram to the [[GHQ (Pakistan)]] that he was "attacking Himachal Pradesh." However, [[General Gracey]], the [[C-in-C of the Pakistan Army]], was bewildered by the extent of Pasha's incursions into Indian territory. Consequently, he decided to halt further territorial expansion, and ordered Pasha to return to Pakistan in July 1948.<ref name="North"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elAeAAAAMAAJ&q=m%20aslam|quote=Six hundred Azad troops under Major (now Brigadier) M. Aslam Khan moved so rapidly that they completely surprised the Indian garrison at Kargil. By June, they captured, Dras and isolated Leh. Their successes roused the Indians to force a speedy decision.|page=64|year=1964|first=Aslam|last=Siddiqi|title=A Path for Pakistan|publisher=Pakistan Publishing House }}</ref>

In the 1970s, Aslam Khan, now a timber businessman, was arrested in [[Muzaffarabad]], falsely accused of theft and later imprisoned in a remote place in [[Gilgit Agency]]. The ordeal was orchestrated by [[Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]], who thought Aslam was financing [[Asghar Khan]]'s politics. Aslam's timber had been seized, essentially making him go out of business. Aslam was one of several siblings and family members of [[Asghar Khan]] who were harassed by Bhutto throughout his reign.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_0LAAAAIAAJ&q=lock%20lahore|title=Generals in Politics: Pakistan 1958-1982|year=1983|page=94|publisher=Vikas |isbn=978-0-7069-2411-4|author=[[Asghar Khan]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kTxuAAAAMAAJ&q=gilgit|title=We've Learnt Nothing from History Pakistan: Politics and Military Power|year=2005|page=107|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-597883-4|author=[[Asghar Khan]]}}</ref>

==Early life==
Aslam Khan was born in [[Jammu]] on 27 August 1918 into an [[Afridi Pashtun]] family to Brigadier Rehmatullah Khan and his third wife Gulam Fatima. Aslam's father, Brigadier Rehmatullah of the [[Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]], was instrumental in bringing [[Gilgit]], [[Hunza (princely state)|Hunza]] and [[Skardu]] under the control of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)]].<ref name="remembers">{{cite web|url=http://kashmirlife.net/pathan-remembers-issue-30-vol-09-154431/|title=Pathan Remembers|date=28 October 2017|first=Masood|last=Hussain|website=Kashmir Life}}</ref><ref name="North"/>

Aslam Khan was the second son of Brigadier Rehmatullah Khan and first son of Gulam Fatima. Aslam had 12 siblings.<ref name="remembers"/><ref name="North"/>

==Personal life==
In 1944, Aslam married Nawabzadi Fareeda Begum, the daughter of the Nawab of Serat and Bela. They have five children, two sons and three daughters. Arif Aslam Khan, the eldest, serves as the Chairman of Shangrila Resort in Skardu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://shangrilaresorts.com.pk/chairman-message/|title=Chairman's Message|website=Shangrila Resorts|access-date=24 December 2024}}</ref>

Fareeda Begum died on 6 September 1989 and Aslam Khan is buried near her at the resort.

==Military career==
===Jammu Kashmir State Forces===
[[File:BURMA - AFTER KENNEDY PEAK - KALEMYO (1945).webm|thumb|right|250px|Troops of the [[5th Infantry Division (India)]] advancing during the march on Kalemyo. Aslam Khan seen at 0:18—0:22, holds a microphone and sits on the ground with his [[Signaller]] (1945)]]
Aslam Khan was commissioned into the [[Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]] in 1939 after passing out from the [[Indian Military Academy]].<ref name="app">{{cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lieut.-Colonel_Aslam_Khan_appointed.jpg|title=Pakistan Army C-in-C's Private Secretary: Lieut.-Colonel Aslam Khan appointed|date=16 September 1949|publisher=[[Civil and Military Gazette]]}}</ref> He was part of the 4th Jammu and Kashmir ''Fateh Shibji'' infantry battalion and was deployed to [[Rattu]] for two years.

During [[World War II]], Major Aslam captured the Kennedy Peak in October 1944, which the Americans had failed to capture.<ref name="Bhattacharya2013">{{citation |last=Bhattacharya |first=Brigadier Samir |title=Nothing But!: Book Two: the Long Road to Freedom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xj-VAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA455 |year=2013b|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-4828-1474-3 |pages=455}}</ref> The victory celebrations were held jointly with the First Punjabis of the British Indian Army and Aslam Khan danced with Major Daler Singh Bajwa of the State Forces and Major Gul Rehman of First Punjabis.<ref name="Bhattacharya2013"/>

====Military Cross====
[[Narain Singh Sambyal]] recommended that Aslam Khan be awarded the [[Military Cross]].

===British Indian Army===
After [[World War II]], Aslam opted for the [[British Indian Army]]. Here, he was the General Staff Officer II in [[Ranchi]].<ref name="North"/> In 1945, he graduated from the [[Staff College, Quetta]].<ref name="app"/>

===Pakistan Army===
Following the [[Partition of British India]] in 1947, Aslam Khan transferred his service to the [[Pakistan Army]].<ref name="North"/>

===Indo-Pak war of 1947–1948===
[[File:Colonel Pasha and his troops.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Colonel Pasha travels through the [[Deosai Mountains]] with his troops (1947)]]
When [[Gilgit Baltistan]]’s provisional government sought to join Pakistan in 1947, Aslam was selected for a critical mission: to defend and expand the newly acquired territories. At the time, he was serving in the Uri sector. He was stripped of his rank in the Pakistan Army with the promise that it would be restored if he succeeded and came back alive. Aslam Khan reportedly went on leave around 21 October 1947. On his way to Srinagar, at Lohar Gali, he encountered the Pashtun tribal invasion led by [[Khurshid Anwar (Major)|Khurshid Anwar]] and chose to join the invasion force, becoming the second-in-command. The two then encountered Captain Mohammad Azam Khan, the C Company commander tasked with attacking [[Baramulla]] on 26 October 1947, and he joined them.<ref name="North"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/sept/hero_kashmir.htm|title=A Hero of the Kashmir War of Liberation: Col (Retd) Muhammad Azam Khan SJ, (Fakhr-e-Kashmir)|date=1 September 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715013050/http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/sept/hero_kashmir.htm |archive-date=2017-07-15|publisher=Defence Journal}}</ref>

Following the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India, Indian troops were airlifted on 27 October to repel the invasion. The 1st Sikh regiment of the Indian Army, commanded by Lt. Col. Dewan Ranjit Rai, moved to Baramulla immediately upon landing. Aslam Khan's skillful use of captured mortars disrupted their initial defense, leading to the death of Col. Ranjit Rai at the hands of Aslam Khan's men. The 1st Sikhs subsequently withdrew to Patan, where they established a defensive position. The troops later killed [[Rajinder Singh (brigadier)]]. As more Indian troops were flown in daily, they eventually counterattacked and pushed the tribal forces back beyond Uri by 7 November, securing the Kashmir Valley.<ref name="North"/>

Meanwhile, in the Gilgit Agency, located in the northern part of Jammu and Kashmir, the [[Gilgit Scouts]] under Major [[William Brown (British Army officer)|Major William Brown]]'s command rebelled on 1 November 1947, detaining the State's governor Brigadier Ghansara Singh who surrendered to Babar Khan of the [[Gilgit Scouts]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1587950|title=History: The Gilgit-Baltistan Conundrum|date=1 November 2020|first=Sajjad|last=Ahmad|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref> The Muslim troops from the Bunji garrison, led by [[Mirza Hassan Khan]], joined the rebellion, resulting in the elimination of non-Muslim personnel. On 16 November, Pakistan dispatched a Political Agent, Khan Mohammad Alam Khan, to assume control, bringing Gilgit under Pakistan's effective administration.<ref name="North"/>

Aslam Khan told journalist Smith, who reported in the London [[Daily Express]] on 10 November, "you can describe me as a deserter from the Pakistan Army."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kluAAAAMAAJ&q=deserter|title=The Origins of a Dispute: Kashmir 1947|page=27|year=2003|first=Prem Shankar|last=Jha|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-566486-7 }}</ref>

Adopting the [[nom-de-guerre]] ''Colonel Pasha'', he arrived in Gilgit on 30 November 1947, accompanied by his younger brother, Major Anwar Khan, who was appointed Brigade Major for administering logistics, and Captain Azmat Ali, assigned as Deputy Quartermaster for general administration. Pasha’s initial objective was to raise an Azad force from local personnel, including members of the Gilgit Scouts. Despite challenges, such as the reluctance of Lieutenant Colonel Abdul Majeed Khan to cooperate, Major Ehsan Ali quickly aligned with Pasha’s objectives.<ref name="North"/>

Pasha’s mission also involved assessing the local situation and establishing a military base to enforce the authority of the Political Agent, Khan Mohammad Alam Khan. To this end, he met with the key officers of the Scouts, including Colonel Hasan Khan, Major Ehsan Ali, and Lieutenant Colonel Abdul Majeed Khan. Although Majeed was hesitant to cooperate for various reasons, Major Ehsan promptly offered his full support. Pasha was determined to mobilize all available personnel in Gilgit, discuss strategic plans, and push forward with his offensive operations. One of his proposals was to send Major Ehsan to Ladakh, and he also suggested advancing towards Gurez for raids on Bandipur. Before any of these actions could be initiated, Pasha needed to prepare. With these ideas in mind, Pasha returned to [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|GHQ Rawalpindi]] on 3 December 1947, to request material support. However, he was only provided with a sum of four thousand rupees by Major General Sher Khan.<ref name="North"/>

Despite the limited resources, Pasha managed them efficiently. Half of the rupees he received were used to purchase blankets and old clothes from Raja Bazar in Rawalpindi, which were then airdropped to Bunji. Pasha’s forces, numbering around 2,000 men, were equipped with captured weapons from the [[Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]], and others were trained using dummy wooden rifles.<ref name="North"/>

Under his command, two key forces were formed: the Tiger Force, led by Colonel Hasan Khan, aimed at striking the Bandipur area to deter Indian advances, and the Ibex Force, under Major Ehsan Ali, tasked with securing Skardu and advancing toward Kargil and Ladakh. Despite severe winter conditions, including snow up to fifteen feet thick, Pasha’s forces, particularly the Eskimo Force composed of soldiers from Hunza and Yasin, were trained to operate in these extreme conditions by wrapping their legs with rugs. These soldiers, led by Lieutenant Shah Khan, slept on the 12,000 feet high snowy [[Deosai Mountains]] and launched surprise attacks on enemy Indian positions and captured vital supplies such as food, clothing, and weapons.<ref name="North"/>

Pasha’s operational approach was characterized by adaptability to the evolving battlefield. For instance, when the Ibex Force was stalled at Skardu, Pasha moved his headquarters to Chilam and continued training his troops in the surrounding snowfields. His detailed knowledge of the terrain enabled him to execute well-coordinated ambushes, such as the one led by Subedar Mohammad Ali at Thurgo Pari, where his small platoon of 60 men successfully ambushed an Indian battalion under Colonel Kirpal Singh by positioning sections of soldiers behind boulders on opposing hills. The coordinated volley of fire from both sides overwhelmed the enemy, resulting in their retreat.<ref name="North"/>

Following Colonel [[Mirza Hassan Khan]]'s successful control of the Gurez-Astor route and positioning at Tragbal Pass, the next critical objective was to advance towards Kargil, Dras, and Zojila. This was necessary to counter the enemy's efforts to reinforce their troops in Skardu. To this end, Colonel Pasha instructed Major Ehsan Ali to swiftly capture Skardu and push forward along the Indus Valley route towards Parkuta, Kharmong, and Ladakh. When Major Ehsan encountered difficulties in Skardu, Colonel Pasha dispatched the Eskimo Force to Kargil and Zojila to continue the mission.<ref name="North"/>

Pasha mobilized all available troops across various sectors, including sending platoons from Skardu to expedite the operation. The battles fought in this region were significant, and Colonel Pasha's strategy effectively closed the Zojila Pass which cut off India's link with [[Leh]] and Pasha's troops maintained offensive actions throughout Ladakh. These results were substantially achieved by 19 May 1948. India was able to save [[Leh]] only by raising a local militia, [[Ladakh Scouts]], and constructing an emergency airstrip for receiving armaments.
Although the main headquarters could not be occupied due to Indian air superiority, Pasha's forces surrounded the capital and advanced southward to Padam, approaching Jammu.<ref name="North"/>

Pasha’s efforts secured the Northern Areas and extended the frontiers to the gates of Kashmir. By June 1948, he had advanced so far that he was on the verge of entering Indian territory in Himachal Pradesh, a move he communicated to General Headquarters in Rawalpindi with the message: "Attacking Himachal Pradesh." However, General [[Douglas Gracey]], the [[C-in-C of the Pakistan Army]], was "bewildered" and decided against further territorial gains, leading to Pasha’s recall in July 1948.<ref name="North"/>

====Hilal-e-Jurat====
On 29 May 1949, Brigadier M. Sher Khan {{small|[[Military Cross|MC]]}} recommended that Aslam Khan should be awarded the [[Hilal-e-Jurat]].

===Post-war career===
[[File:Students of the US Command and General Staff College (1950-51).jpg|thumb|right|Lt Col M. Aslam Khan at the [[CGSC]] (1950-51)]]
[[File:CENTO Ankara (1962).jpg|thumb|left|[[Pakistan Army]] officers concluded their tour of duty with the Combined Military Planning Staff of [[CENTO]] in [[Ankara]]. From left: Brigadier Aslam, [[USAF]] Chief of Staff Major General Elvin S. Ligon Jr., C.M.P.S. Col. A. A. Malik, and Wing Commander S. I. R. Bokhari (1962)]]
His father, Brigadier Rehmatullah Khan, was imprisoned in Kashmir under suspicion of being an "enemy agent."<ref name=remembers/> He was repatriated to Pakistan on 2 December 1948 as part of a prisoner exchange for an Indian Air Force pilot. Major Daler Singh Bajwa, Aslam Khan's dancing partner from the 1945 victory celebrations, bid them farewell.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2013c|p=136}} Rehmatullah Khan's property, including his vehicles, was seized by the State. The family's two cars were later used by [[Sheikh Abdullah]] and [[D. P. Dhar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kashmirlife.net/did-sheikh-abdullah-go-to-office-in-a-car-seized-from-air-marshall-asgar-khans-father-161318/|title=Did Sheikh Abdullah go to office in a car seized from Air Marshal Asghar Khan's father?|first=Masood|last=Hussain|publisher=Kashmir Life|date=7 January 2018}}</ref>

On 15 September 1949, Lt Col Aslam Khan succeeded [[James Wilson (British Army officer)|James Wilson]] as Private Secretary to [[General Gracey]], the [[C-in-C of the Pakistan Army|Commander-in-Chief]] of the [[Pakistan Army]].<ref name="app"/> From 1950 to 1951, Khan attended the [[US Army Command and General Staff College]]. He was promoted to [[Brigadier]] in 1954 at age 36.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zh7JDwAAQBAJ&dq=Aslam+Khan&pg=PT181|title=Unusual Undertakings Military Memoirs|first=James|last=Wilson|year=2003|publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-78337-946-0|page=181}}</ref>

In the book, ''Pakistan: Jinnah to the Present Day'', [[R. C. Majumdar]] recalled that in the fall of 1957, the Pakistan army was deployed in '''Operation Close Door''' to combat smuggling, with civil magistrates trying the offenders. He had an argument with Brigadier Aslam Khan, who commanded 13th Baluch Jessore Garrison, when Aslam justified the operation's success by the quantity of materials seized by his soldiers.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39U-AQAAIAAJ&q=%22Brigadier%20Aslam%22|title=Pakistan: Jinnah to the Present Day|volume=1|year=1998|first=R.|last=Majumdar|publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7488-864-8|page=267}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elAeAAAAMAAJ&q=%22m.+aslam%22|title=The Recovery of Freedom|first=Borhanuddin|last=Ahmad|year=2001|publisher=Hakkani Publishers|page=113}}</ref>

On 7 August 1959, Brigadier Aslam Khan was appointed Chief of War Plans at [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) Headquarters in [[Ankara]], succeeding Brigadier Gulzar Ahmed. Khan retired in 1962.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gELAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Aslam%20Khan%22|title=Cahiers de l'Orient contemporain|volume=16|year=1959|publisher=G.P. Maisonneuve|page=174}}</ref>

==Later life and death==
{{main|Shangrila Resort}}[[File:Shangrila Resort - The Founder (4947570421).jpg|thumb|250x250px|right|Aslam Khan's grave at the [[Shangrila Resort]]]]
After retirement, Aslam Khan eschewed "politics", and worked for the development of tourism in [[Gilgit Baltistan]]. He founded the [[Shangrila Resort]] in Skardu, taking inspiration from [[James Hilton (novelist)|James Hilton]]'s novel ''[[Lost Horizon]]''. It is now among the top tourist destinations in Pakistan and has been managed by his son Arif Aslam Khan since his death.<ref name=Nation/>

Aslam died on 12 October 1994 at 11:10PM, at the age of 76, from [[Cirrhosis]].<ref name="MPS">{{cite book|title=My Political Struggle|year=2008|author=[[Asghar Khan]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|pages=3, 4, 5, 6, 34, 501, 502}}</ref>

==Awards and decorations==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="4" | {{ribbon devices|ribbon=Military cross BAR.svg|width=100}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Fakhr-i-Kashmir ribbon award.jpg|width=100}} {{ribbon devices|ribbon=Hilal-e-Jurat.png|width=100}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=India General Service Medal (1936).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Burma Star BAR.svg|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=1939–1945 Star.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Defence Medal BAR.svg|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon - War Medal.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon India Service Medal.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Command and Staff College Quetta Centenary Medal 2007.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award‐star|ribbon=Pakistan Independence Medal 1947.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Diffa.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hilal-e-Kashmir.gif|width=120}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=QE II Coronation Medal 1953.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Republic Medal 1956 (Pakistan).png|width=130}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|'''[[Military Cross]]''' '''(MC)''' (awarded for '''GALLANTRY''') '''[[Burma campaign|1944]]'''<ref name="NA">{{cite web|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7366149|title=Recommendation for Award for Mohammad Aslam Khan Rank: Captain, Acting Major|date=22 March 1945|publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)]]}}</ref>
| colspan="2" |'''Fakhr-e-Kashmir'''

''(Honour of Kashmir)''

'''1948'''
|'''[[Hilal-e-Jurat]]'''

''(Crescent of Courage)''

'''1949'''
|-
|'''[[India General Service Medal (1936)|India General Service Medal]]'''

'''([[Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)|North West Frontier 1937–39]] Clasp)'''
|'''[[Burma Star]]'''
'''1939-1945'''
|'''[[1939–1945 Star]]'''
|'''[[Defence Medal (United Kingdom)|Defence Medal 1939-1945]]'''
|-
|'''[[War Medal 1939-1945]]'''
|'''[[India Service Medal]]'''
'''1939–1945'''
|'''[[Staff College, Quetta]]'''
'''Student's Medal'''

'''1945'''
|'''[[Pakistan Medal]]'''
''(Pakistan Tamgha)''

'''1947'''
|-
|'''[[Tamgha-e-Diffa]]'''
''(Defence Medal)''

'''[[First Kashmir War]] Clasp'''
|'''Kashmir Commemoration Medal'''
'''1947-1949'''
|'''[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]]'''
'''1953'''
|'''[[Tamgha-e-Qayam-e-Jamhuria]]'''
(''Republic Commemoration Medal'')

'''1956'''
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Muhammad Aslam}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Pashtun military personnel]]
[[Category:Pakistan Command and Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistan Army brigadiers]]
[[Category:Indian Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:People of the India–Pakistan war of 1947–1948]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]]
[[Category:Non-U.S. alumni of the Command and General Staff College]]

Nagai Asokan

2026-04-20T05:27:30Z

ErikaMchenry4: Starting New Pg

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A.Asokan
| image = A. Asokan.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Asokan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|1|07|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nagapattinam]], [[Madras State]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse = Sinduja Asokan
| children = {{ubl| • Anjugam NaveenKumar| • Aravindhan Asokan}}
| alma_mater =
| signature =
| website =
| occupation = Social Worker
}}
'''A. Asokan''', also called '''Nagai Asokan''', is an Indian politician and was a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) candidate from [[Tiruvarur (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruvarur constituency]] in the [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1996]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=9 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1996 for the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu |accessdate=2017-05-06 |archive-date=7 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2001 elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |title=2001 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-date=6 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was appointed as [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] [[Youth wing]] Deputy Secretary and Member of [[Executive committee]] [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) in 2000.

In April 2006, Asokan left the DMK to join the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK).<ref>{{cite news |work=The Hindu |title= Tiruvarur MLA quits DMK, joins AIADMK |date=2 April 2006 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/tiruvarur-mla-quits-dmk-joins-aiadmk/article3141601.ece |accessdate=2017-05-13}}</ref> The DMK had denied him the opportunity to stand as their candidate in the [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2006 elections]].<ref>{{cite news |work=Rediff |url=http://m.rediff.com/news/report/tn/20060402.htm |title=ADMK, DMK facing rebellion |date=2 April 2006 |accessdate=2017-05-13}}</ref> In 2011<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2011/06/17/former-mla-asokan-appointed-as-delhi-spl-representative-aid0091.html|title=திமுகவிலிருந்து தாவிய அசோகனுக்கு டெல்லி சிறப்பு பிரநிதி பதவி|date=17 June 2011}}</ref> he was appointed as Special Representative Of Tamil Nadu Government at New Delhi by [[J.Jayalalithaa]] party leader of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK). Later, In March 2019, Asokan quits [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) and met [[M. K. Stalin]] to join the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/24-by-7-news/thamizhagam/nagai-ashokan-joined-dmk/|title = திமுகவில் இணைந்தார் நாகை அசோகன்|date = 24 March 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asokan, A.}}
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:People from Nagapattinam district]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}

Raghunatha Temple, Alangiri

2026-04-19T16:36:31Z

ErikaMchenry4: put up a location.

{{Short description|Hindu Temple at Alangiri, West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Raghunatha Temple
|image = Nava Ratna Raghunatha Temple at Alangiri under Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal 15.jpg
|caption = View of the temple
|map_type = India West Bengal
|map_caption =
|coordinates = {{coord|21|50|47.73|N|87|28|9.32|E|type:landmark_region:IN-WB|display=inline,title}}
|country = {{flag|India}}
|state = [[West Bengal]]
|district = [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
|location = Alangiri
|deity = Raghunath
|festivals =
|architecture = [[Bengal architecture]]
|temple_quantity = 1 main temple of Raghunath
|monument_quantity=
|year_completed = {{start date and age|1810|df=y}}
|founded_by = Das family
|creator =
|website =
|architecture_style= [[Ratna Style|Naba-ratna]]
|Official Name=
|Native Name=}}

{{Hinduism}}
'''Raghunath Temple''' is located at the village of Alangiri near the town of [[Egra]]. This temple was established in 1810 by the Das family. Situated on a high plinth within the walled courtyard of the family residence, this massive [[Ratna Style|''Naba-ratna'' temple]] has triple-arched verandahs on three sides and is nearly 40 feet high, making it one of the largest temples in Midnapore.<ref name="Guha">{{cite web |last1=Guha |first1=Amit |title=The Raghunathji Temple at Alangiri |url=https://chitrolekha.com/the-raghunathji-temple-at-alangiri/ |website=The Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design |access-date=23 February 2025 |date=1 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="Gupta">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Amitabha |title=Experience a touch of Odisha near Contai |url=https://www-telegraphindia-com.translate.goog/my-kolkata/places/experience-a-touch-of-odisha-near-contai/cid/1839495?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=bn&_x_tr_hl=bn&_x_tr_pto=tc |access-date=23 February 2025 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |publisher=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Nava Ratna Raghunatha Temple at Alangiri under Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal 04.jpg|
File:Nava Ratna Raghunatha Temple at Alangiri under Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal 08.jpg|
File:Nava Ratna Raghunatha Temple at Alangiri under Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal 05.jpg|
File:Alangiri Nabaratna Temple.jpg|
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Commons category|Raghunath temple, Alangiri}}

{{Hindu temples in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in West Bengal]]

Budh Ram

2026-04-19T01:06:48Z

ErikaMchenry4: created new info!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Budhalada Assembly constituency|Budhalada]]
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| order2 = 
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 

| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|1|1|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members |url=http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/151 |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=www.punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Budhlada]], Punjab
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession = [[Politician]]
| father = Late S. Bhag Singh
| mother = Late Nand Kaur
| spouse = Tej Kaur
| children = 3 sons
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website =
| nickname =
}}
'''Budh Ram Singh''' is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Budhalada Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] and re elected in [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He was appointed acting president of the party in Punjab on 12 June 2023.<ref>https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/aap-announces-office-bearers-for-punjab-budh-ram-appointed-as-new-state-working-president20230612115004/</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
He represents the [[Budhalada Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;[[Punjab Legislative Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Chairman (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Public Undertakings|Committee on Public Undertakings]]<ref name="Committee on Public Undertakings">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=36&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Budhalada Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Budhalada Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Members |url=http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/151 |website=www.punjabassembly.nic.in |access-date=13 March 2022}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Budhalada
| before= -
| after=
| years= [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ram, Budh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:1957 births]]

{{PunjabIN-AAP-politician-stub}}

J. N. Wazir

2026-04-17T18:01:58Z

ErikaMchenry4:

{{Short description|Indian jurist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Janki Nath Wazir
| native_name =
| image = 
| caption =
| office1 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh High Court|7th Chief Justice]] of [[Jammu & Kashmir High Court]]
| term_start1 = 3 March 1948
| term_end1 = 2 December 1967
| predecessor1 = [[Sarat Kumar Ghosh]]
| successor1 = [[Syed Murtaza Fazl Ali]]
| appointer1 = [[Hari Singh]]
| office2 = Judge of [[Jammu & Kashmir High Court]]
| term_start2 = 1937
| term_end2 = 2 March 1948
| appointer2 = [[Hari Singh]]
| office3 = 2nd [[List of vice chancellors of the University of Kashmir|Vice Chancellor of the University of Kashmir]]
| term_start3 = 1949
| term_end3 = 1957
| predecessor3 = [[Qazi Masood Hassan]]
| successor3 = [[Asaf Ali Asghar Fyzee]]
| birth_date = 1905
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]]
| death_date = not known
| death_place = 
| profession =
}}

'''Janki Nath Wazir''' (born 1905<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wazir Janki Nath Memorial Hr. Sec. School |url=https://sites.google.com/view/wazirmemorial/ |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=sites.google.com |language=en-US}}</ref>), commonly known as '''J. N. Wazir''', was an Indian jurist who served as the 2nd [[List of vice chancellors of the University of Kashmir|vice chancellor]] of the [[University of Kashmir]] from 1949 to 1957,<ref name="b646">{{cite web | last=Banday | first=Asim | title=University of Kashmir | website=University of Kashmir | url=https://kashmiruniversity.net/formerVCs.aspx | access-date=7 December 2024}}</ref> the [[chief justice]] of the [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]] from 1948 to 1967, and the acting [[List of governors of Jammu and Kashmir|governor of Jammu and Kashmir]] from March 1967 to May 1967.<ref name="z126">{{cite web | title=Raj Bhavan, Government of Jammu & Kashmir | website=Raj Bhavan, Government of Jammu & Kashmir | date=15 May 1967 | url=https://jkrajbhawan.nic.in/previous-governors.html#:~:text=J.%20N.%20Wazir%20remained%20the%20Governor,to%2002%2D12%2D1967. | access-date=7 December 2024}}</ref> He also served as the first chairperson of Appellate Tribunal for Forfeited Property (ATFP) from 3 January 1977 to 2 January 1978.<ref name="o225">{{cite web | title=Appellate Tribunal | website=Appellate Tribunal | url=https://atfp.gov.in/former-chairman.html | access-date=7 December 2024}}</ref>
== Biography ==
Wazir was born in [[Srinagar]], Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="p311">{{cite web | last=Ahmad | first=Khalid Bashir | title=Gupkar, The Name Behind a Declaration | website=Kashmir Observer | date=1 September 2020 | url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2020/09/01/gupkar-the-name-behind-a-declaration/ | access-date=7 December 2024}}</ref> He was appointed as puisne judge in [[Jammu & Kashmir High Court]] in 1937<ref>{{Cite web |date=1953-02-15 |title=Jankinath Wazir |url=https://nehruarchive.in/people/jankinath-wazir |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=The Nehru Archive |language=en-IN}}</ref> and was elevated as chief justice in 1948.

Wazir was appointed as chief justice after the [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir princely state]] was [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|accessed to India]] in 1947.<ref name="o232">{{cite web | title=Justice Magrey to be new Chief Justice of J&K, Ladakh | website=Greater Kashmir | date=30 September 2022 | url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/front-page-2/son-of-the-soil-gets-top-judicial-post-justice-magrey-to-be-new-chief-justice-of-jk-ladakh/ | access-date=7 December 2024}}</ref>

On 17 November 1952, [[Karan Singh]] was sworn in as the first [[Sadr-i-Riyasat|sadr-i-riyasat]] (president) of [[princely state]] Jammu and Kashmir. The oath-taking, administered by Wazir as chief justice, formerly ended the Dogra rule in the region, which had begun with the [[Treaty of Amritsar (1846)|Treaty of Amritsar]] in 1846.<ref name="r435">{{cite web | last=Rasgotra | first=Sahil | title=1952. Dogra scion Karan Singh swears-in as Sadar-i-Riyasat of Jammu and Kashmir | website=The Dispatch | date=22 December 2022 | url=https://www.thedispatch.in/1952-dogra-scion-karan-singh-swears-in-as-sadar-i-riyasat-of-jammu-and-kashmir/ | access-date=7 December 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wazir, J. N.}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:People from Srinagar]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Jammu and Kashmir High Court]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of the University of Kashmir]]
[[Category:Governors of Jammu and Kashmir]]
{{Authority control}}

Chevella Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:25:08Z

ErikaMchenry4: created a details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chevella
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (53-Chevella highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Chevella Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[Kale Yadaiah]]
| party = {{party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| established = 1951
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency|Chevella]]
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image = Kale Yadayya.jpg
| electors = 2,73,219. (Oct 2024)
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 53
}}
'''Chevella Assembly constituency''' is a SC reserved constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], India. It is one of seven constituencies in [[Ranga Reddy district]] and is a part of [[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> It is also one of the 27 constituencies of [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]. [[Kale Yadaiah]] is currently representing the constituency.

== Mandals ==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal !!Districts
|-
| [[Chevella]]
| rowspan=4|[[Rangareddy District|Rangareddy]]
|-
| [[Shankarpalli]]
|-
| [[Shabad, Telangana|Shabad]]
|-
| [[Moinabad (mandal)|Moinabad]]
|-
| [[Nawabpet, Ranga Reddy|Nawabpet]]
| [[Vikarabad district|Vikarabad]]
|}

=== Delimitation History ===
The following circles or mandals were included in Chevella constituency after each delimitation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/146-archive-delimitation-orders/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 February 2020 |archive-date=29 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529102849/https://eci.gov.in/files/category/146-archive-delimitation-orders/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Circles/Mandals Included
|-
| 1952
| Shabad (C), Chevella (C), Kandawada(Moinabad) (C), Shankarpalli (C), Katedan(Rajendranagar) (C), Narsingi, Shamshabad.
|-
| 1957
| Shabad (C), Chevella (C), Kandawada(Moinabad)(C), Shankarpalli (C), Katedan(Rajendranagar)(C), Narsingi (C), Shamshabad (C).
|-
| 1962
| Chevella (C), Shankarpalli (C), Moinabad (C), Shamshabad (C), Narsingi (C), Rajendranagar (C).
|-
| 1967
| Chevella (C), Shankarpalli (C), Moinabad (C), Shamshabad (C), Narsingi (C), Rajendranagar (C).
|-
| 1977
| Chevella(M), Shankarpalli (M), Moinabad (M), Shamshabad (M),Rajendranagar (M) (including Narsingi Circle).
|-
| 2009
| Chevella (M), Shabad (M), Moinabad (M), Shankarpalli (M), Nawabpet (M).
|-
|}

*C - Circle
*M - Mandal

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Name
! colspan=2| Party
|-
| 1962
| V. Ramarao<ref name=election1962>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4044-andhra-pradesh-1962/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1962 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 7 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1967
| S. Didge<ref name=election1967>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4045-andhra-pradesh-1967/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1967 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 7 February 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| 1972
| Kishan Rao<ref name=election1972>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4046-andhra-pradesh-1972/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1972 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 February 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1978
| Chirag Pratap Lingam<ref name=election1978>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4047-andhra-pradesh-1978/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1978 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 February 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| 1983
| [[Konda Lakshma Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1985<ref name=election1985>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4049-andhra-pradesh-1985/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1985 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan=4| [[P. Indra Reddy|Patlolla Indra Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 1989
|-
| 1994
|-
| 1999<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4052-andhra-pradesh-1999/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1999 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2000
|rowspan=2| [[Sabitha Indra Reddy]]
|-
| 2004<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
| Korani Sayanna Ratnam<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 2014<ref name=election2014/>
|rowspan=3| [[Kale Yadaiah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2018<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
|2023<ref name="Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Chevella"/>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|}

===Shahabad Constituency===
*1962 The Constituency head-quarters was shifted from Shahabad to Chevella and renamed as Chevella assembly Constituency.
*1957 (Seat-1): V.Ramarao
*1957 (Seat-2): [[K.V. Ranga Reddy|Konda Venkata Rangareddy]]

===Hyderabad State===
Shahabad Constituency
*1951 [[K.V. Ranga Reddy|Konda Venkata Rangareddy]].

== Election results ==

=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Chevella<ref name="2023 Telangana assembly polls result: 5 biggest and 5 narrowest wins">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=2023 Telangana assembly polls result: 5 biggest and 5 narrowest wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/news/2023-telangana-assembly-polls-result-5-biggest-and-5-narrowest-wins/articleshow/105706950.cms |access-date=28 June 2024 |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628141519/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/news/2023-telangana-assembly-polls-result-5-biggest-and-5-narrowest-wins/articleshow/105706950.cms |archive-date=28 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Chevella">{{cite news |title=Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Chevella |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2953.htm |access-date=10 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310164857/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2953.htm |archive-date=10 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chevella Constituency Election Results 2023">{{cite news |title=Chevella Constituency Election Results 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/chevella |access-date=10 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310164926/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/chevella |archive-date=10 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Kale Yadaiah]]
| votes =76,218
| percentage =38.73
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Pamena Beem Bharat|votes=75,950|percentage=38.59|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Korani Sayanna Ratnam|votes=38,455|percentage=19.54|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Raja Mahendra Varma|votes=1,720|percentage=0.87|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,423|percentage=0.72|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=268|percentage=0.14|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,96,802|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Chevella<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9691-telangana-general-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Telangana General Legislative Election 2018 - Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 20 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317132307/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9691-telangana-general-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |archive-date=17 March 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = Kale Yadaiah
| votes =99,168
| percentage =55.96%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate =Korani Sayanna Ratnam
| votes =65,616
| percentage =37.03%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate =Kanjarla Prakash
| votes =5,474
| percentage =3.09%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate =Karre Suneel Kumar
| votes =1,706
| percentage =0.96%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate =None of the Above
| votes =1,469
| percentage =0.83%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 33,552
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,77,197
| percentage = 79.02%
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner =Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Chevella<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Kale Yadaiah
| votes = 64,182
| percentage = 39.8%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate =Korani Sayanna Ratnam
| votes =63,401
| percentage =39.3%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate =Mekala Venkatesh
| votes =15,117
| percentage =9.4%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 781
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,62,571
| percentage = 79.1%
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner =Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Chevella]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|17.31|78.14|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Ranga Reddy district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Chandan Kumar Sarkar

2026-04-13T13:17:52Z

ErikaMchenry4:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chandan Kumar Sarkar
| native_name = চন্দন কুমাৰ সৰকাৰ
| image = Chandan Sarkar ALA portrait.jpg
| image_size = 190
| office = [[Government of Assam|Cabinet Minister, Assam]]
| term_start = 26 January 2015
| term_end = 24 May 2016
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| 2blankname = Departments
| 2namedata = {{bulleted list|Irrigation|Soil Conservation}}
| predecessor = [[Nilamani Sen Deka]]
| successor = {{ubl|[[Ranjit Dutta]] {{small|(Irrigation)}}|[[Pramila Rani Brahma]] {{small|(Soil Conservation)}}}}

| office1 = [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member, Assam Legislative Assembly]] for [[Abhayapuri South Assembly constituency|Abhayapuri South]]
| term_start1 = 1991
| term_end1 = 1996
| predecessor1 = Ratneswar Sarkar
| successor1 = [[Rabin Banikya]]
| term_start2 = 2001
| term_end2 = 2006
| predecessor2 = Rabin Banikya
| successor2 = Rabin Banikya
| term_start3 = 2011
| term_end3 = 2016
| predecessor3 = Rabin Banikya
| successor3 = [[Ananta Kumar Malo]]

| children = 3, including [[Pradip Sarkar (politician)|Pradip]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| death_place = Lower Assam Hospital, [[Bongaigaon]]
| death_date = 19 November 2018 (aged 65)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-11-19 |title=Former Assam minister Chandan Kumar Sarkar passes away |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/assam/former-assam-minister-chandan-kumar-sarkar-passes-away-5454133/ |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
| occupation = Politician and Businessman
| spouse = Swapna Rani Sarkar
}}

'''Chandan Kumar Sarkar''' (died 19 November 2018)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-11-19 |title=Former Assam minister Chandan Kumar Sarkar passes away |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/assam/former-assam-minister-chandan-kumar-sarkar-passes-away-5454133/ |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> was an Indian politician from the state of [[Assam]]. He served as the Minister of Irrigation and Soil Conservation in the [[Third Tarun Gogoi Ministry]] from 2015 to 2016.<ref name="myneta.info">{{Cite web |title=Pradip Sarkar(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- ABHAYAPURI SOUTH (SC)(NORTH SALMARA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Assam2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=931 |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Abhayapuri South Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/abhayapurisouth-assam-assembly-constituency#1985 |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-26 |title=Gogoi allocates portfolios to new Assam ministers |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/gogoi-allocates-portfolios-to-new-assam-ministers-2065151.html |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-23 |title=Tarun Gogoi reshuffles Assam ministry, 11 cabinet ministers join |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/tarun-gogoi-reshuffles-assam-ministry-11-cabinet-ministers-join-2061027.html |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Abhayapuri South Assembly constituency|Abhayapuri South constituency]] from 1991 to 1996, 2001 to 2006 and again from 2011 to 2016. His son [[Pradip Sarkar (politician)|Pradip Sarkar]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]] from [[Abhayapuri South Assembly constituency]].

== Early life and education ==
Sarkar was the son of late Bijoy Chandra Sarkar. He studied at Chakla Higher Secondary School, completing his H.S.L.C. in 1974.

== Political career ==
Sarkar was the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate for [[Abhayapuri South Assembly constituency|Abhayapuri South]] in the [[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991 state election]]. He received 22311 votes, 32.58% of the total vote.<ref name=":1" />

In the 1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election, Sarkar received 16977 votes, 22.24% of the total vote. He lost to [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]] candidate [[Rabin Banikya]] by 26572 votes.<ref name=":1" />

In the 2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election, he received 45318 votes, 50.02% of the total vote and again became MLA of Abhayapuri South. He defeated Banikya by 3633 votes.<ref name=":1" />

In the [[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], he received 26638 votes and again lost to Banikya by 4034 votes.<ref name=":1" />

In the [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] he was the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate again for [[Abhayapuri South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Abhayapuri South]], he defeated his nearest opponent by 15899 votes.<ref name=":1" /> On 23 January, in a cabinet reshuffle, Sarkar was made minister for Irrigation and Soil Conservation in the [[Third Tarun Gogoi Ministry|Tarun Gogoi cabinet]].

In the [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], he lost to [[Ananta Kumar Malo]] by 191 votes. He was one of 10 cabinet ministers who lost in the election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Gogoi cabinet ministers bite the dust |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/10-gogoi-cabinet-ministers-bite-the-dust/cid/1411566 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== Personal life and death ==
Sarkar and his wife had 2 sons and 1 daughter. His son Pradip, also became an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for [[Abhayapuri South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Abhayapuri South]], in [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]].<ref name="myneta.info"/>

On 19 November 2018, Sarkar suffered a [[cardiac arrest]] in [[Bongaigaon]]. He was rushed to a hospital where he later died.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Former Assam minister Chandan Kumar Sarkar passes away |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/former-assam-minister-chandan-kumar-sarkar-passes-away-685698 |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

Several politicians paid tribute to Sarkar such as [[Ripun Bora]], [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] and [[List of chief ministers of Assam|Chief Minister]] [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]. Sonowal said “As a minister of the previous Congress government, Sarkar had rendered valuable services, which would always be remembered by the people and his death is an irreparable loss to society.”<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Chandan Kumar}}
[[Category:1950s births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:People from Bongaigaon district]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Assam]]

Writing with Fire

2026-03-29T15:16:21Z

ErikaMchenry4: Put Up New Info...

{{Short description|Indian 2021 documentary film about journalists}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Writing With Fire
| image = Writing With Fire.jpeg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = {{ubl|[[Sushmit Ghosh]]|[[Rintu Thomas]]}}
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = {{ubl|Sushmit Ghosh|Rintu Thomas}}
| starring =
| narrator =
| cinematography = {{ubl|Sushmit Ghosh|[[Karan Thapliyal]]}}
| editing = {{ubl|Sushmit Ghosh|Rintu Thomas|[[Anne Fabini]] (supervising editor)}}
| music = {{ubl|[[Tajdar Junaid]]|[[Ishaan Chhabra]]}}
| production_companies = Black Ticket Films
| distributor = [[Music Box Films]] (United States)
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|01|30|[[2021 Sundance Film Festival|Sundance]]|ref1=}}
| runtime = 94 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = ₹ 16.58 lakh ($29,731)<ref name="BOM">{{Cite Box Office Mojo |id=13630174 |title=Writing with Fire (2021) |access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref><ref name=NUM>{{cite The Numbers|id=Writing-With-Fire-(2021-India)|title=Writing with Fire (2021)|access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref>
}}

'''''Writing with Fire''''' is a 2021 Indian [[documentary film]] directed by filmmakers [[Sushmit Ghosh]] and [[Rintu Thomas]] about the journalists running the Dalit women led newspaper ''[[Khabar Lahariya]],'' as they shift from 14-years of print to digital journalism using smartphones. It is the first Indian feature documentary to be nominated for an [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature]].<ref name="OscarFirst">{{cite web |last=Ghosh|first=Tanushree|access-date=8 February 2022 |title=Oscar nominations 2022: Indian documentary ''Writing with Fire'' nominated in Best Documentary Feature category |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/oscar-nominations-2022-indian-documentary-writing-with-fire-nominated-in-best-documentary-feature-category-7763071/ |work=The Indian Express|date=8 February 2022}}</ref>

Produced under Ghosh and Thomas' Black Ticket Films banner, the film had its world premiere at the [[2021 Sundance Film Festival]], where it won two awards, the Audience Award and a Special Jury Award in the World Cinema Documentary category.<ref name="SundanceAwards2021">{{cite web |title=2021 Sundance Film Festival Awards Announced |url=https://www.sundance.org/blogs/news/2021-sundance-film-festival-awards-announced |publisher=[[Sundance Institute]] |access-date=16 February 2022 |date=2 February 2021}}</ref> It received unanimous acclaim from film festivals and critics, winning several international awards and critical acclaim from the press. It was named a "Critics Pick" by ''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Girish |first=Devika |title=''Writing With Fire'' Review: Speaking Truth to Power |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/25/movies/writing-with-fire-review.html |url-status= |work=The New York Times|date=25 November 2021|access-date=February 16, 2022}}</ref> and [[Jason Rezaian]] at ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called it "the most inspiring journalism movie — maybe ever".<ref>{{cite web |last=Rezaian|first=Jason|author-link=Jason Rezaian|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/02/01/india-writing-with-fire-khabar-lahariya-journalism/ |title=Opinion: The most inspiring journalism movie — maybe ever |work=The Washington Post |date=1 February 2021|access-date=9 February 2022}}</ref> In 2023, ''Writing With Fire'' won a [[Peabody Awards|Peabody Award]] for Best Documentary Film,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Independent Lens: Writing with Fire |url=https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/independent-lens-writing-with-fire/ |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=The Peabody Awards |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ITVS Brings Home Two Peabody Awards For Documentaries “Writing With Fire” And “Missing In Brooks County” {{!}} ITVS |url=https://itvs.org/about/pressroom/press-release/itvs-brings-home-two-peabody-awards-for-documentaries-writing-with-fire-and-missing-in-brooks-county/ |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=itvs.org |language=en}}</ref> making Rintu and Sushmit the first Indian filmmakers in the award's 83-year history to win this recognition.

==Synopsis==
''Writing with Fire'' tells the story of ''[[Khabar Lahariya]]'', the only news agency in India run by [[Dalit]] (oppressed-caste) women. Armed with smartphones, these women journalists report from some of the most difficult regions of the country, risking everything to speak truth to power. Led by Chief Reporter Meera and her feisty understudy, crime reporter Suneeta, the film bears witness to the wit, intelligence and compassion of these journalists in confronting the most urgent stories of our times.

Set in the backdrop of an increasingly polarized world, ''Writing with Fire'' journeys with Meera and her band of sisters for five years - as they break traditions on the frontlines of India's biggest issues and within the confines of their homes, redefining what it truly means to be powerful.

== Release ==
''Writing With Fire'' had its theatrical opening in November 2021 in New York ([[Film Forum]]), Los Angeles ([https://www.laemmle.com/theater/royal Laemmle Royal]), Chicago ([[Gene Siskel Film Center]]) and Austin ([[Austin Film Society]])- making it the first Indian documentary film to have a US theatrical release. With the overwhelmingly positive critics reviews and audience response to the film’s opening week, screenings expanded to more cities across the US.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saito |first=Stephen |date=2021-11-26 |title=Rintu Thomas & Sushmit Ghosh on Fierce Reportage in "Writing with Fire" |url=https://moveablefest.com/rintu-thomas-and-sushmit-ghosh-on-delivering-the-news-against-all-odds-in-writing-with-fire/ |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=The Moveable Fest |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Writing With Fire |url=https://www.musicboxfilms.com/film/writing-with-fire/ |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=International Films - Independent Films {{!}} Music Box Films |language=en-US}}</ref> Also in the United States, ''Writing With Fire'' was also released on 28 March 2022, part of the ''[[Independent Lens]]'' series on [[PBS]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brewer |first=Mark |date=2022-03-22 |title=India’s only all-female news outlet is "Writing with Fire" on INDEPENDENT LENS; March 28 at 10 pm |url=https://woub.org/2022/03/22/indias-only-all-female-news-outlet-is-writing-with-fire-on-independent-lens-march-28-at-10-pm/ |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=WOUB Public Media |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
The film has garnered a [[List of films with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes|100% score]] on [[Rotten Tomatoes]] from critics based on 51 reviews, with an average rating of 8.40/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "''Writing with Fire'' pays stirring tribute to the power of journalism -- and presents a chilling glimpse of the forces aligned against it."<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id=writing_with_fire |type=movie |title=Writing with Fire |access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1=Naman |last1=Ramachandran |title=Sundance Winner ''Writing With Fire'' Scores Raft of Global Sales, Reveals Trailer (Exclusive) |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/sundance-winner-writing-with-fire-global-sales-1235029178/ |work=Variety|date=28 July 2021|access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref> {{MC film |1=83 |2=11}}<ref>{{cite Metacritic |id=writing-with-fire |type=movie |title=Writing with Fire |access-date=11 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Jessica Kiang from ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' reviewed the film as a "rousing, inspirational tribute to the pride of grassroots Indian journalism".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiang |first=Jessica |title=''Writing With Fire'' Review: Rousing, Inspirational Tribute to the Pride of Grassroots Indian Journalism |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/reviews/writing-with-fire-review-1234900179/ |url-status= |work=Variety|date=5 February 2021|access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref> Inkoo Kang at ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' called the film "insightful and inspirational".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kang |first=Inkoo |title=''Writing With Fire'': Film Review {{!}} Sundance 2021 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/writing-with-fire-film-review-sundance-2021-4123315/|date=31 January 2021|access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref> while Kate Erbland at [[IndieWire]] reviewed it "profound".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Erbland |first=Kate |title=''Writing with Fire'' Review: Sundance World Cinema Doc Winner Is a Fearless Fight for Real News |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2021/02/writing-with-fire-review-sundance-documentary-1234614357/ |url-status= |work=IndieWire|date=3 February 2021|access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref> The ''Los Angeles Times'' called the film "a vital, stimulating dispatch from the frontlines of consequential citizen journalism"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Abele |first=Robert |title=Resourceful and unafraid, these women journalists in India are ''Writing With Fire''|work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2021-11-26/writing-with-fire-documentary-journalists-women-india|date=26 November 2021|access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref> while the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', giving the film a 5-star review, said "even Woodward and Bernstein would be inspired by the women reporters of India's ''Writing with Fire''".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Johnson |first=G. Allen |title=Even Woodward and Bernstein would be inspired by the women reporters of India's ''Writing With Fire'' |work=San Francisco Chronicle
|url=https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/movies-tv/review-even-woodward-and-bernstein-would-be-inspired-by-the-women-reporters-of-indias-writing-with-fire|date=1 December 2021|access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref>

===Reception by ''Khabar Lahariya'' journalists===
The film and its impact was received positively by Kavita Devi, the co-founder of Khabar Lahariya, and various team members who appeared with the film at film festivals and conferences with the filmmakers over 14 months since its world premiere at Sundance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-24 |title=Courage Under Fire Award: 'Writing With Fire' Team on Finding Hope in the Unlikeliest Place |url=https://www.documentary.org/online-feature/courage-under-fire-award-writing-fire-team-finding-hope-unlikeliest-place |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=International Documentary Association |language=en}}</ref> Meera Devi, the main protagonist of Writing With Fire and Managing Editor of the news outlet, described the impact of the film as "From a global perspective, we have become a lot more popular since the film came out [in Sundance]. Both personally and professionally, it has really amplified the newspaper and its work. We have witnessed a completely different kind of popularity – and that is really good."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Macnab |first=Geoffrey |date=2021-11-23 |title=IDFA Best of Fests interview: Meera Devi, main protagonist of Writing With Fire |url=https://businessdoceurope.com/idfa-best-of-fests-interview-meera-devi-main-protagonist-of-writing-with-fire/ |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=Business Doc Europe |language=en-US}}</ref> Describing the unique relevance of the film, filmmaker Shabani Hassanwalia, a board member of Khabar Lahariya wrote, "May this documentary, which follows three KL journalists through a critical phase of Khabar Lahariya’s evolution, be watched far and wide, and may it continue to do what great documentaries are made to do: bear witness to truths that help us see, for the first time."<ref>{{Cite web |last=AC |first=Annie |date=2022-02-15 |title=The origin story of Khabar Lahariya and with it the Oscar nominated ‘Writing with Fire’ |url=https://nwmindia.org/at-work/independent-journalism/the-origin-story-of-khabar-lahariya-and-with-it-the-oscar-nominated-writing-with-fire/ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=NWM India |language=en-US}}</ref> Over a year later, once the film was nominated for an Academy Award, the organisation issued a statement criticising the film for presenting a simplified, incomplete profile of their work and "consuming focus of reporting on one party", which [[NPR]] identified as the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), India's national ruling party. Srishti Mehra, outreach manager at Chambal Media, claimed that this "misrepresentation" could negatively affect the security and reputation of ''Khabar Lahariya'' and its journalists.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Sushmita|last1=Pathak|access-date=2022-03-26|title='Writing With Fire' is up for an Oscar. But its subjects say they're misrepresented|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/03/26/1088862907/writing-with-fire-is-up-for-an-oscar-but-its-subjects-say-theyre-misrepresented|newspaper=NPR|date=26 March 2022|via=NPR}}</ref>

==Accolades==
Following its release, ''Writing with Fire'' was showcased at numerous film festivals and won several awards, including the World Cinema Documentary Special Jury Award: Impact for Change and the World Cinema Documentary Competition Audience Award at the [[2021 Sundance Film Festival]].<ref name="SundanceAwards2021" /> In December 2021, it was announced that the film had entered the shortlist of candidates for the [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature]] in the [[94th Academy Awards]] in 2022,<ref>{{cite web |last=Ghosh|first=Tanushree|access-date=26 December 2021 |title=Indian documentary ''Writing with Fire'' enters Oscars 2022 shortlist |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/indian-documentary-writing-with-fire-enters-oscars-2022-shortlist-7684864/ |work=The Indian Express|date=23 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |access-date=26 December 2021 |title=''Pebbles'' out of Oscars 2022 race, ''Writing With Fire'' advances to next level |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pebbles-out-of-oscars-2022-race-writing-with-fire-advances-to-next-level/article38010118.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 December 2021 |issn=0971-751X }}</ref> and the next February it was announced that it had been nominated in this category.<ref name="OscarFirst" />

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Date of ceremony
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient(s)
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Academy Awards]]
| [[94th Academy Awards|27 March 2022]]
| [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature|Best Documentary Feature]]
| Rintu Thomas and [[Sushmit Ghosh]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nordyke |first1=Kimberly |last2=Strause |first2=Jackie |last3=Lewis |first3=Hilary |title=Oscars: Full List of Nominations |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/oscar-nominations-2022-nominees-list-1235088770/ |access-date=16 February 2022 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=8 February 2022 |archive-date=8 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208153404/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/oscar-nominations-2022-nominees-list-1235088770/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]]
| [[14th Asia Pacific Screen Awards|11 November 2021]]
| [[Asia Pacific Screen Award for Best Documentary Feature Film|Best Documentary Feature Film]]
| Rintu Thomas and Sushmit Ghosh
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Complex |first1=Valerie |title=Asia Pacific Screen Academy Announces Nominees For 14th Annual Awards Ceremony |url=https://deadline.com/2021/10/asia-pacific-screen-academy-announces-nominees-14th-awards-1234855082/ |website=Deadline |access-date=16 February 2022 |date=12 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[Belfast Film Festival]]
| 13 November 2021
| Maysles Brothers Award for Feature Documentary
| Rintu Thomas and Sushmit Ghosh
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
! scope="row"| [[Bergen International Film Festival]]
| 28 October 2021
| Checkpoints Award for Best Human Rights Documentary
| Rintu Thomas and Sushmit Ghosh
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Årets prisvinnere! |url=https://www.biff.no/article/arets-prisvinnere-2021 |website=[[Bergen International Film Festival]] |access-date=16 February 2022 |language=Norwegian}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[BlackStar Film Festival]]
| rowspan="2"| 9 August 2021
| Best Documentary Feature
| ''Writing with Fire''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jeffrey |first1=Andrew |title=''Writing With Fire'' leads non-fiction winners at BlackStar Film Festival |url=https://realscreen.com/2021/08/11/writing-with-fire-leads-non-fiction-winners-at-blackstar-film-festival/ |website=Realscreen |access-date=16 February 2022 |date=11 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Audience Award – Best Documentary Feature
| ''Writing with Fire''
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[Cinema Eye Honors]]
| rowspan="2"|[[15th Cinema Eye Honors|1 March 2022]]
| Audience Choice Prize
| Rintu Thomas and Sushmit Ghosh
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/11/2022-cinema-eye-honors-complete-nominations-list-flee-summer-of-soul-1234871458/|title=''Flee'' & ''Summer Of Soul'' Lead Cinema Eye Honors Nominations|website=Deadline|first=Matt|last=Grobar|date=10 November 2021|access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
| The Unforgettables
| Meera Devi
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row"|[[Cinema for Peace Awards]]
|
| Women's Empowerment
| ''Writing with Fire''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Cinema for Peace Awards 2022 |url=https://www.cinemaforpeace-foundation.org/awards-2022 |publisher=[[Cinema for Peace Foundation]] |access-date=January 2, 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[Dokufest]]
| 14 August 2021
| Truth Dox
| Rintu Thomas and Sushmit Ghosh
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Petković |first1=Vladan |title=''We'' and ''Reconciliation'' triumph at DokuFest in Prizren |url=https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/408980/ |website=Cineuropa |access-date=16 February 2022 |date=17 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of Dokufest XX |url=https://dokufest.com/en/dokustories/article/winners-of-dokufest-xx |website=[[Dokufest]]|access-date=16 February 2022 |date=15 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[Films from the South|Films from the South Festival]]
| 18 November 2021
| Doc:South Award
| Rintu Thomas and Sushmit Ghosh
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=And the Winners are... |url=https://www.filmfrasor.no/en/news/%C3%A5rets-prisvinnere-2 |website=[[Films from the South|Films from the South Festival]] |access-date=16 February 2022 |date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[International Documentary Association#IDA Documentary Awards|IDA Documentary Awards]]
| 4 March 2022
| Best Feature
| Rintu Thomas and Sushmit Ghosh
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominees Revealed for the 37th Annual IDA Documentary Awards |url=https://www.documentary.org/press-release/nominees-revealed-37th-annual-ida-documentary-awards |publisher=International Documentary Association |access-date=29 January 2022 |date=15 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hipes |first1=Patrick |title=IDA Awards Shifts 2022 Ceremony To March As Virtual-Only Event |url=https://deadline.com/2022/01/ida-awards-2022-ceremony-changes-date-virtual-only-1234905231/ |website=Deadline |access-date=29 January 2022 |date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam]]
| 26 November 2021
| NPO IDFA Audience Award
| Rintu Thomas and Sushmit Ghosh
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Writing with Fire wins the NPO IDFA Audience Award |url=https://www.idfa.nl/en/article/166943/writing-with-fire-wins-the-npo-idfa-audience-award |website=[[International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam]] |access-date=16 February 2022 |date=26 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[Kraków Film Festival]]
| 5 June 2021
| Silver Horn for Best Film on Social Issues
| Rintu Thomas and Sushmit Ghosh
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=61st Krakow Film Festival Winners Announced |url=https://www.krakowfilmfestival.pl/en/61st-krakow-film-festival-winners-announced/ |website=[[Kraków Film Festival]] |access-date=16 February 2022 |date=5 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[Kyiv International Film Festival "Molodist"]]
| 5 June 2021
| Best Documentary
| Rintu Thomas and Sushmit Ghosh
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=The Awards Ceremony |url=https://molodist.com/en/article/projsla-urocista-ceremonia-nagorodzenna-peremozciv-50-go-uvilejnogo-kinofestivalu-molodist |website=KIFF Molodist |access-date=16 February 2022 |date=5 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[Mountainfilm]]
| 31 May 2021
| Special Jury Prize – Best Documentary Feature
| Rintu Thomas and Sushmit Ghosh
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
! scope="row"|[[Peabody Awards]]
| [[List of Peabody Award winners (2020–2029)#2022|11 June 2023]]
| Documentary
| ''Writing with Fire''
| {{won}}
| align="center"|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Coates |first1=Tyler |title=Peabody Awards: ''Abbott Elementary'', ''Andor'', ''Severance'' and ''We're Here'' Among Winners |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/2023-peabody-awards-winnners-1235482343/ |access-date=4 June 2023 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=9 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|[[Producers Guild of America Award]]s
| [[33rd Producers Guild of America Awards|19 March 2022]]
| [[Producers Guild of America Award for Best Documentary Motion Picture|Outstanding Producer of Documentary Motion Pictures]]
| Rintu Thomas and Sushmit Ghosh
| {{nom}}
| align="center"|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pedersen |first1=Erik |title=PGA Awards Nominations: ''Licorice Pizza'', ''Don't Look Up'', ''Dune'', ''King Richard'' & ''CODA'' Among Pics Vying For Marquee Prize |url=https://deadline.com/2022/01/pga-awards-nominations-2022-producers-guild-1234920746/ |website=Deadline |access-date=16 February 2022 |date=27 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[San Francisco International Film Festival]]
| 17 April 2021
| McBaine Documentary Feature Award
| Rintu Thomas and Sushmit Ghosh
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=SFFILM Announces Golden Gate Awards and Audience Awards Winner at 2021 San Francisco International Film Festival|url=https://sffilm.org/sffilm-announces-golden-gate-award-and-audience-award-winners-at-2021-san-francisco-international-film-festival/ |website=[[San Francisco International Film Festival]] |access-date=16 February 2022 |date=17 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[Seattle International Film Festival]]
| 18 April 2021
| Special Jury Prize – Documentary Competition
| ''Writing with Fire''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=SIFF 2021 Award Winners |url=https://www.siff.net/news/siff-2021-award-winners |website=[[Seattle International Film Festival]] |access-date=16 February 2022 |date=18 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |[[Social Impact Media Awards]]
| rowspan="3"|10 February 2022
| Best Documentary
| ''Writing with Fire''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=#SIMA2022 Winners Announced |url=https://simaawards.org/sima-2022-winners-press-release/ |website=[[Social Impact Media Awards]] |access-date=16 February 2022 |date=10 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2022 Winners |url=https://simaawards.org/2022-winners/ |website=[[Social Impact Media Awards]] |access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2022 Finalists |url=https://simaawards.org/2022-finalists/ |website=[[Social Impact Media Awards]] |access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director
| Rintu Thomas and Sushmit Ghosh
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Cinematography
| Sushmit Ghosh and Karan Thapliyal
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[Sundance Film Festival]]
| rowspan="2"|[[2021 Sundance Film Festival|2 February 2021]]
| Audience Award: World Cinema Documentary
| Rintu Thomas and Sushmit Ghosh
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="SundanceAwards2021" />
|-
| World Cinema Documentary Special Jury Award: Impact for Change
| Rintu Thomas and Sushmit Ghosh
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[Valladolid International Film Festival]]
| rowspan="2"|30 October 2021
| Time of History Award
| ''Writing with Fire''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Foreman |first1=Liza |title=Pan Nalin's ''Last Film Show'' Tops Valladolid |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/festivals/valladolid-film-festival-2021-winners-1235101739/ |access-date=16 February 2022 |work=Variety |date=1 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Fundos Award
| ''Writing with Fire''
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Wisconsin Film Festival]]
| 20 May 2021
| Audience Favorite Documentary Feature
| ''Writing with Fire''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Wisconsin Film Festival Awards |url=https://wifilmfest.org/awards/ |website=[[Wisconsin Film Festival]]|access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2021 Wisconsin Film Festival Film Guide |url=https://wifilmfest.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/1554/2021/04/WFF2021Guide_final_SinglePageSSS.pdf |publisher=[[Wisconsin Film Festival]] |access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[Yamagata International Documentary Film Festival]]
| 14 October 2021
| Citizens' Prize
| ''Writing with Fire''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cho |first1=Suzie |title=Yamagata International Documentary Film Festival 2021 Announces Award Winners |url=https://asianmoviepulse.com/2021/10/yamagata-international-documentary-film-festival-2021-announces-award-winners/ |website=Asian Movie Pulse |access-date=16 February 2022 |date=15 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.writingwithfire.in/}}
* {{IMDb title|tt13630174}}
{{Sundance Audience Award World Cinema Documentary}}
[[Category:Indian documentary films]]
[[Category:Documentary films about women in India]]
[[Category:Documentary films about journalists]]
[[Category:Documentary films about technology]]
[[Category:Dalit culture]]
[[Category:Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:Women in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Documentary films about women writers]]
[[Category:Sundance Film Festival award–winning films]]

Rajiv Shah

2026-03-23T16:17:21Z

ErikaMchenry4: fix details additionally and cleaned formatting

{{short description|American government official}}
{{about|the Obama administration official and president of the Rockefeller Foundation|the Trump administration official|Raj Shah}}
{{COI|date=July 2020}}{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Raj Shah
| image = Rajiv Shah in 2024.jpg
| office = 13th President of the [[Rockefeller Foundation]]
| term_start = March 1, 2017
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Judith Rodin]]
| successor =
| office1 = 16th [[Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development]]
| president1 = [[Barack Obama]]
| term_start1 = January 7, 2010
| term_end1 = February 19, 2015
| predecessor1 = [[Henrietta H. Fore]]
| successor1 = [[Gayle Smith]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|3|9}}
| birth_place = [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]]
| spouse = Shivam Mallick
| education = [[University of Michigan|University of Michigan, Ann Arbor]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]]) [[University of Pennsylvania]] ([[Master of Science|MS]], [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]])
| caption = Shah in 2024
}}
'''Rajiv J. "Raj" Shah''' (born March 9, 1973) is an American physician, economist and executive. He is the president of the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] and a former government official and health economist who served as the sixteenth administrator of the [[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID) from 2010 to 2015. Shah is the author of the book ''Big Bets: How Large-Scale Change Really Occurs'', which was released by Simon Element on October 10, 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-09 |title=Rajiv J. Shah on 'Big Bets: How Large-Scale Change Really Happens' |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/washington-post-live/2023/10/09/rajiv-j-shah-big-bets-how-large-scale-change-really-happen/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

{{TOC limit}}

== Early life and career ==
Shah was born to [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] immigrant parents who settled in Ann Arbor, Michigan in the late 1960s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rajiv-shah-meet-the-gujarati-who-may-replace-nancy-powell-as-us-ambassador-to-india/articleshow/33059371.cms|title=Rajiv Shah: Meet the Gujarati who may replace Nancy Powell as US Ambassador to India|date=April 1, 2014|location=[[New Delhi]]|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=May 13, 2018|archive-date=May 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514152046/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rajiv-shah-meet-the-gujarati-who-may-replace-nancy-powell-as-us-ambassador-to-india/articleshow/33059371.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/column/showcasing-gujarat-abroad/20090427.htm|title=Showcasing Gujarat, abroad|date=April 27, 2009|first=Sunanda K|last=Datta-Ray|publisher=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]|access-date=May 16, 2018|archive-date=May 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517005329/http://www.rediff.com/money/column/showcasing-gujarat-abroad/20090427.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/ABH-gujarati-rajiv-shah-may-replace-nancy-powell-4568491-NOR.html|title=Mul Gujarati Rajiv Shah Americi Rajdoot Banshe?|script-title=gu:મૂળ ગુજરાતી રાજીવ શાહ અમેરિકી રાજદૂત બનશે?|trans-title=Will Gujarati-origin Rajiv Shah become American ambassador?|publisher=[[Divya Bhaskar]]|first=Sanjay|last=Vora|date=April 3, 2014|access-date=May 16, 2018|archive-date=July 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704010144/https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/ABH-gujarati-rajiv-shah-may-replace-nancy-powell-4568491-NOR.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2014/04/01/usaid-chief-rajiv-shah-touted-become-next-us-ambassador-india/|title=USAID chief Rajiv Shah touted to become the next US ambassador to India|date=April 1, 2014|publisher=The American Bazaar|first=Deepak|last=Chitnis|access-date=May 16, 2018|archive-date=May 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517005317/https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2014/04/01/usaid-chief-rajiv-shah-touted-become-next-us-ambassador-india/|url-status=live}}</ref> Shah is an adherent of the Hindu faith.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/video/religion-ethics-newsweekly-rajiv-shah-extended-interviewz|title=Religion and Ethics News Weekly Rajiv Shah Extended Interview Season15 6:43|date=Feb 17, 2012|access-date=August 13, 2021|publisher=[[PBS]]}}{{dead link|date=June 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}/</ref> He grew up in the Detroit area and attended Wylie E. Groves High School. He graduated from the [[University of Michigan]] with a Bachelor of Science in Economics. He went on to earn a Master of Science in Health Economics from the [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania|University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School of Business]] and a [[Doctor of Medicine]] from the [[Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania|University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine]]. Shah also spent time at the [[London School of Economics]] where he earned a general course certificate in economics.<ref>https://www.alumni.lse.ac.uk/show_module_fw2.aspx?sid=1623&gid=1&ecid=5587&control_id=644&nologo=1&cvprint=1&page_id=252&crid=0&scontid=-1&viewas=user {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307200843/http://www.alumni.lse.ac.uk/show_module_fw2.aspx?sid=1623&gid=1&ecid=5587&control_id=644&nologo=1&cvprint=1&page_id=252&crid=0&scontid=-1&viewas=user |date=March 7, 2017 }}></ref> During the [[Al Gore presidential campaign, 2000|2000 Gore-Lieberman Presidential Campaign]], Shah was a health policy advisor and research associate. He also served as a member of Governor [[Ed Rendell]]'s (D-PA) transition committee on health.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2010/US/01/14/mip.thursday/index.html |title=Intriguing people for January 14, 2010 - CNN.com |website=[[CNN]] |access-date=November 25, 2020 |archive-date=September 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930162611/http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/01/14/mip.thursday/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== The Gates Foundation ==
Shah joined the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]] in 2001, serving in a range of leadership roles including Director of Agricultural Development, Director of Strategic Opportunities, Deputy Director of Policy and Finance and Chief Economist.

Shah was also responsible for developing the [[International Finance Facility|International Finance Facility for Immunization]], which raised more than $5 billion for the [[GAVI Alliance|Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI).]] IFFI has been recognized as an example of the power of innovative financing for global development.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB111446977721316453|title=Malaria Trial Could Set a Model For Financing of Costly Vaccines|author=Marilyn Chase|date=April 26, 2005|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=October 17, 2016|archive-date=October 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018205224/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB111446977721316453|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Obama administration ==

=== United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) ===
Shah was nominated by President Obama to serve as Chief Scientist and [[Under Secretary of Agriculture for Research, Education, and Economics|Undersecretary of Agriculture for Research, Education and Economics]] on April 17, 2009. He was confirmed unanimously by the United States Senate on May 12, 2009.

=== United States Agency for International Development (USAID) ===
[[File:Hillary Clinton swearing in Rajiv Shah 2010.jpg|thumb|Shah takes the oath of office as [[Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development|Administrator of USAID]], 2010]]Shah was nominated to serve as the sixteenth administrator of USAID on November 10, 2009 and confirmed by the [[United States Senate]] unanimously on Christmas Eve, December 24, 2009.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/laurarozen/1109/Breaking_Rajiv_Shah_for_USAID_administrator_.html |title=Breaking: Rajiv Shah for USAID administrator |last=Rozen |first=Laura |publisher=Politico |access-date=October 17, 2016 |archive-date=November 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130102647/http://www.politico.com/blogs/laurarozen/1109/Breaking_Rajiv_Shah_for_USAID_administrator_.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was sworn into office by [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Hillary Clinton|Hillary Rodham Clinton]] on January 7, 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.one.org/us/2010/01/07/rajiv-shah-sworn-in-as-usaid-administrator/ |title=Rajiv Shah Sworn in as USAID Administrator |date=January 7, 2010 |publisher=ONE |access-date=October 17, 2016 |archive-date=October 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019022922/https://www.one.org/us/2010/01/07/rajiv-shah-sworn-in-as-usaid-administrator/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/speeches/remarks-swearing-ceremony-dr-rajiv-shah-usaid-administrator|title=Remarks at a Swearing-In Ceremony for Dr. Rajiv Shah as USAID Administrator|publisher=USAID|access-date=October 17, 2016|archive-date=October 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018204523/https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/speeches/remarks-swearing-ceremony-dr-rajiv-shah-usaid-administrator|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2010/01/134877.htm|title=Remarks at Swearing-In Ceremony of Dr. Rajiv Shah, Administrator of U.S. Agency for International Development|publisher=U.S. Department of State|access-date=October 17, 2016|archive-date=February 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210180239/https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2010/01/134877.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Emergency management ====
On his fifth day as administrator, a [[2010 Haiti earthquake|7.0 magnitude earthquake struck]] [[Port-au-Prince]], Haiti, that destroyed the capital and killed more than 200,000 citizens. Shah was tasked by President Obama to lead the United States response to the disaster, launching one of the largest humanitarian efforts in history.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/14/AR2010011402961.html|title=Officials hail USAID chief's crisis management skills|last=Rucker|first=Philip|date=2010-01-15|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=October 17, 2016|archive-date=October 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018205809/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/14/AR2010011402961.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
==== Reforming USAID ====
Shah worked to reform how USAID conducted business. He promoted a new model of [[International development|development]] based on engagement with the private sector.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/23/world/23shah.html|title=Dr. Rajiv Shah Seeks to Cure the Ills of Usaid|last=Landler|first=Mark|date=October 22, 2010|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=October 17, 2016|archive-date=October 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010055053/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/23/world/23shah.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He earned bipartisan support for his efforts, which included increasing his Agency's budget growth during a time of sequestration.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rollcall.com/news/usaids_shah_forges_unlikely_relationships_with_conservative_republican-220971-1.html|title=USAID's Shah Forges Unlikely Relationships With Conservative Republican Members|date=January 21, 2013|newspaper=Roll Call|access-date=October 17, 2016|archive-date=October 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018215620/http://www.rollcall.com/news/usaids_shah_forges_unlikely_relationships_with_conservative_republican-220971-1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
==== Food security reform ====
Shah led efforts to reform [[food security]] in an effort to fight against hunger around the world.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/20/world/americas/us-initiative-to-reduce-hunger-and-poverty-effective-report-shows.html|title=U.S. Initiative on Hunger Aids Millions, Report Finds|last=Nixon|first=Ron|date=2014-05-19|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=October 17, 2016|archive-date=May 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518150232/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/20/world/americas/us-initiative-to-reduce-hunger-and-poverty-effective-report-shows.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Shah used the [[Camp David]] [[38th G8 summit|G8 Summit in 2012]] to attract private investment commitments to the effort.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.feedthefuture.gov/author-name/rajiv-shah|title=Rajiv Shah|publisher=Feed the Future|access-date=October 17, 2016|archive-date=October 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018220033/https://www.feedthefuture.gov/author-name/rajiv-shah|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Maternal and child health ====
As administrator of USAID, Shah restructured $2.9 billion of global health investments to focus on cost-effective ways to save lives of children under the age of five in priority countries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/with-help-of-private-industry-usaid-review-finds-29-billion-for-maternal-child-health/2014/06/24/4dec87e4-fae7-11e3-8176-f2c941cf35f1_story.html|title=With help of private industry, USAID review finds $2.9 billion for maternal, child health|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=October 17, 2016|archive-date=October 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018230347/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/with-help-of-private-industry-usaid-review-finds-29-billion-for-maternal-child-health/2014/06/24/4dec87e4-fae7-11e3-8176-f2c941cf35f1_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He created a partnership co-led by [[Ethiopia]], [[India]] and [[UNICEF]], "A Promise Renewed", to have more than one hundred partner countries restructure health priorities and invest in measurement to deliver better outcomes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.apromiserenewed.org|title=Ending Preventable Maternal and Child Deaths: A Promise Renewed|access-date=October 17, 2016|archive-date=October 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016172058/http://www.apromiserenewed.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result of these and other efforts, the global level of child deaths is coming down faster than previously expected.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/a-startling-and-welcome-drop-in-child-mortality/2012/05/30/gJQAlaRi2U_story.html|title=A startling and welcome drop in child mortality |author=Editorial Board|date=2012-05-30|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=October 17, 2016|archive-date=November 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112021615/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/a-startling-and-welcome-drop-in-child-mortality/2012/05/30/gJQAlaRi2U_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:U.S. visitors en route to the refugee camps in Kenya (6030201120).jpg|thumb|Shah briefs Dr. Jill Biden, Dr. Bill Frist, and others en route to Dagahaley refugee camp, 2011]]

==== U.S. Global Development Lab ====
Shah continued building on his new model of development in 2014 when he announced the establishment of the United States Global Development Lab.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaid.gov/GlobalDevLab/|title=Global Development Lab|publisher=USAID|access-date=October 17, 2016|archive-date=October 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018205617/https://www.usaid.gov/GlobalDevLab/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gewen|first=Virginia|title=US agency shifts approach to global poverty|url=http://www.nature.com/news/us-agency-shifts-approach-to-global-poverty-1.14983|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/nature.2014.14983|year=2014|s2cid=155817664|access-date=October 17, 2016|archive-date=April 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402232356/http://www.nature.com/news/us-agency-shifts-approach-to-global-poverty-1.14983|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref>
==== Power Africa ====
In 2013, President Obama launched Power Africa, bringing together technical and legal experts, the private sector, and governments from around the world to work in partnership to increase the number of people with access to power.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica|title=Power Africa|publisher=USAID|access-date=October 17, 2016|archive-date=2013-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726192143/http://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/06/30/fact-sheet-power-africa|title=FACT SHEET: Power Africa|date=2013-06-30|access-date=2016-10-17|archive-date=2017-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123200413/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/06/30/fact-sheet-power-africa|via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|url-status=live}}</ref> As administrator, Shah led the administration's efforts to secure billions of dollars of private investments for African power development to bring more than 26,000 MW of power online.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-africa-summit-deals-idUSKBN0G30BX20140803|title=Billions of dollars in deals and funding to be announced at Africa summit|date=2016-08-03|publisher=Reuters|access-date=October 17, 2016|archive-date=October 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018213904/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-africa-summit-deals-idUSKBN0G30BX20140803|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Later career ==
After Shah resigned from USAID on January 30, 2015,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/17/us/politics/chief-of-agency-for-international-development-to-step-down.html|title=Chief of Agency for International Development to Step Down|last=Nixon|first=Ron|date=2014-12-17|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=October 17, 2016|archive-date=2017-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106090141/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/17/us/politics/chief-of-agency-for-international-development-to-step-down.html|url-status=live}}</ref> he was appointed Distinguished Fellow in Residence at [[Georgetown University]], [[Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service]], developing and teaching a graduate seminar on Rethinking [[International development|Global Development]] and [[National security|National Security]] policy with an emphasis on fragile states, data and innovation.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.georgetown.edu/news/rajiv-shah-joins-georgetown-faculty.html |title=Georgetown Appoints USAID Administrator As SFS Distinguished Fellow |newspaper=Georgetown University |access-date=October 17, 2016 |date=2015-02-18 |archive-date=October 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018215342/https://www.georgetown.edu/news/rajiv-shah-joins-georgetown-faculty.html |url-status=live |last1=Pongsajapan |first1=Robert }}</ref> He also founded and serves as Managing Partner for Latitude Capital, a global [[emerging markets]] power and infrastructure private equity firm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.latitudecapital.com|title=Latitude Capital|publisher=Latitude Capital|access-date=October 17, 2016|archive-date=October 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019001059/http://www.latitudecapital.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== United Nations High-Level Panel on the Global Response to Health Crises ===
In 2015, Shah was one of six global leaders appointed by [[United Nations]] [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]] to review the world's capacity to prepare for and respond to global [[pandemic]] threats. The panel presented their findings and recommendations to the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary General]], [[United Nations General Assembly|UN General Assembly]], and the [[Group of Eight|G8]] and [[G20]] groups of leaders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2015/sga1558.doc.htm|title=Secretary-General Appoints High-Level Panel on Global Response to Health Crises|publisher=United Nations|access-date=October 17, 2016|archive-date=November 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110140357/http://www.un.org/press/en/2015/sga1558.doc.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== ''Moneyball for Government'' ===
Shah co-authored a bipartisan chapter in the second edition of the book ''Moneyball for Government'' with [[Michael Gerson]], former assistant to the president for policy and strategic planning under [[George W. Bush|President George W. Bush]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ghd.georgetown.edu/Moneyball_For_Government|title=Can Moneyball for Government Maximize Impact on the Ground?|publisher=Georgetown University|access-date=October 17, 2016|archive-date=2016-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328171209/https://ghd.georgetown.edu/Moneyball_For_Government|url-status=live}}</ref> The chapter, titled "[[Aid|Foreign Assistance]] and the Revolution of Rigor," calls for data and evidence to drive [[United States foreign aid|U.S. foreign aid]] and provides a roadmap for improving and sustaining foreign assistance programs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://moneyballforgov.com/with-help-of-private-industry-usaid-review-finds-2-9-billion-for-maternal-child-health/|title=With Help of Private Industry, USAID Review Finds $2.9 Billion for Maternal, Child Health|date=2014-06-25|publisher=Moneyball for Government|access-date=October 17, 2016|archive-date=October 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019002953/http://moneyballforgov.com/with-help-of-private-industry-usaid-review-finds-2-9-billion-for-maternal-child-health/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== The Rockefeller Foundation ==
On January 5, 2017, the board of trustees announced the unanimous selection of Shah to serve as the thirteenth president of the [[Rockefeller Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/about-us/news-media/rockefeller-foundation-names-dr-rajiv-shah-next-president |title=The Rockefeller Foundation Names Dr. Rajiv J. Shah, Former USAID Administrator, as Next President |access-date=2017-01-06 |archive-date=2017-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107170518/https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/about-us/news-media/rockefeller-foundation-names-dr-rajiv-shah-next-president/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He assumed office on March 1, 2017, succeeding [[Judith Rodin|Dr. Judith Rodin]], who had served as president for nearly twelve years. Shah is the first-ever Indian-American to serve as president of the foundation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/04/business/rockefeller-foundation-rajiv-shah.html|title=Rockefeller Foundation Picks Rajiv J. Shah, a Trustee, as President|last=Gelles|first=David|date=2017-01-04|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=2017-01-06|archive-date=2017-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105231001/http://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/04/business/rockefeller-foundation-rajiv-shah.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/about-us/news-media/rockefeller-foundation-names-dr-rajiv-shah-next-president/|title=The Rockefeller Foundation Names Dr. Rajiv J. Shah, Former USAID Administrator, as Next President - The Rockefeller Foundation|publisher=The Rockefeller Foundation|access-date=2017-01-06|archive-date=2017-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107170518/https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/about-us/news-media/rockefeller-foundation-names-dr-rajiv-shah-next-president/|url-status=live}}</ref> The mission of the Foundation is to improve the lives of humanity around the world.<ref name="thecable.ng">{{Cite news|last=Awojulugbe|first=Oluseyi|date=November 22, 2019|title=Ndidi Nwuneli appointed board member of The Rockefeller Foundation|url=https://www.thecable.ng/ndidi-nwuneli-appointed-board-member-the-rockefeller-foundation|access-date=December 9, 2020|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|archive-date=January 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111165945/https://www.thecable.ng/ndidi-nwuneli-appointed-board-member-the-rockefeller-foundation|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Book ==
Shah authored the book ''Big Bets: How Large-Scale Change Really Occurs'', which was released by Simon Element on October 10, 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-09 |title=Rajiv J. Shah on 'Big Bets: How Large-Scale Change Really Happens' |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/washington-post-live/2023/10/09/rajiv-j-shah-big-bets-how-large-scale-change-really-happen/ |access-date=October 20, 2023 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> The book focuses on his career and his perspective on effective organizational change.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lenkowsky |first=Leslie |title='Big Bets' Review: Trying to Reach Audacious Goals |url=https://www.wsj.com/arts-culture/books/big-bets-review-trying-to-reach-audacious-goals-23ed5b05 |access-date=June 5, 2024|work=WSJ |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
Shah has been the recipient of numerous awards including the [[Secretary's Distinguished Service Award|Secretary of State's Distinguished Service Award]] (2013); the [[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman|Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award]], the highest official honor for non-resident Indian, awarded by the [[President of India]] (2011);<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.rediff.com/news/report/usaid-administrator-rajiv-shah-receives-pravasi-bharatiya-samman-award/20110708.htm|title=USAID administrator wins Pravasi Bharatiya Samman - Rediff.com India News|publisher=Rediff|access-date=October 17, 2016|archive-date=October 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018215955/http://m.rediff.com/news/report/usaid-administrator-rajiv-shah-receives-pravasi-bharatiya-samman-award/20110708.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[U.S. Global Leadership Coalition|U.S. Global Leadership Council]] Tribute Award (2014); and the Gene White Lifetime Achievement Award for Child Nutrition (2014).

Shah has been awarded numerous honorary degrees including [[American University]], Doctor of International Affairs (2012), [[Tuskegee University]], Doctor of Science (2012), and [[Colby College]], Doctor of Laws (2011).{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}

* 2020 [[Thomas Jefferson Foundation]] Medalist in Citizen Leadership<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monticello.org/thomas-jefferson-foundation/thomas-jefferson-foundation-medals/citizen-leadership-medal-recipients/2020-citizen-leadership-medalist/|title=Dr. Rajiv J. Shah, 2020 Thomas Jefferson Foundation Medalist in Citizen Leadership}}</ref>
* 2023 Time Climate 100 List <ref>{{Cite magazine |date=November 16, 2023 |title=TIME100 Climate 2023: Rajiv J. Shah |url=https://time.com/collection/time100-climate/6333109/rajiv-j-shah/ |access-date= |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref>

== Board and affiliations ==
Shah currently sits on numerous boards including Trustee of the [[Rockefeller Foundation]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/people/rajiv-shah/|title=Rajiv Shah - The Rockefeller Foundation|publisher=The Rockefeller Foundation|access-date=October 17, 2016|archive-date=October 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023181707/https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/people/rajiv-shah/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[International Rescue Committee]], [[Chicago Council on Global Affairs]], Results for America, [[Trilateral Commission]], the [[Atlantic Council]] and The [[National Geographic Society]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2020/08/11/national-geographic-society-names-three-new-trustees-ellen-stofan-joseph-m-desimone-and-rajiv-shah/ |title=National Geographic Society Names Three New Trustees: Ellen Stofan, Joseph M. DeSimone and Rajiv Shah |date=11 August 2020 |access-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-date=2020-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213101930/https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2020/08/11/national-geographic-society-names-three-new-trustees-ellen-stofan-joseph-m-desimone-and-rajiv-shah/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He is also a member on the [[Council on Foreign Relations|Council of Foreign Relations]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cfr.org/membership/roster |title=Membership Roster | Council on Foreign Relations |access-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-date=2019-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208024844/https://www.cfr.org/membership-roster-g-k |url-status=live }}</ref> On January 4, 2017 he was elected President of the Rockefeller Foundation, the first Indian-American to hold that post.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/04/business/rockefeller-foundation-rajiv-shah.html|title=Rockefeller Foundation Picks Rajiv J. Shah, a Trustee, as President|work=The New York Times |date=5 January 2017 |access-date=2017-01-06|archive-date=2017-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105231001/http://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/04/business/rockefeller-foundation-rajiv-shah.html|url-status=live|last1=Gelles |first1=David }}</ref> Shah is a member of the [[Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Defense Policy Board |url=https://policy.defense.gov/OUSDP-Offices/Defense-Policy-Board/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531040957/https://policy.defense.gov/OUSDP-Offices/Defense-Policy-Board/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 31, 2019 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=United States Department of Defense}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Shah is married to [[Shivam Mallick Shah]]. They have three children and currently reside in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonian.com/2011/06/16/dcs-power-couples/|title=DC's Power Couples | Washingtonian (DC)|date=June 16, 2011|access-date=November 9, 2020|archive-date=March 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325163647/https://www.washingtonian.com/2011/06/16/dcs-power-couples/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}
*[https://covid19commission.org/commissioners Commissioners] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031194849/https://covid19commission.org/commissioners |date=October 31, 2021 }} at Lancet Commission on COVID-19
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120611080103/http://www.usaid.gov/who-we-are/organization/rajiv-shah USAID Bio]
*{{C-SPAN|111646}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Alonzo Fulgham]] Acting}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development]]|years=2010–2015}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Alfonso E. Lenhardt]] Acting}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Rajiv}}
[[Category:Atlantic Council]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:American politicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Obama administration personnel]]
[[Category:Politicians from Ann Arbor, Michigan]]
[[Category:United States Department of Agriculture officials]]
[[Category:University of Michigan alumni]]
[[Category:Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni]]
[[Category:Wharton School alumni]]
[[Category:American diplomats]]
[[Category:Administrators of the United States Agency for International Development]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Rockefeller Foundation]]
[[Category:American people of Gujarati descent]]

Target (1995 film)

2026-03-23T15:51:13Z

ErikaMchenry4: expanded content

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Target
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[Sandip Ray]]
| producer = [[Jason Lovas]] [[Zachary Lovas]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Manushar Juddha'' 1005 novel|[[Prafulla Roy]]}}
| writer = [[Sandip Ray]] [[Satyajit Ray]] [[Prafulla Roy]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Mohan Agashe]] Barun Chakraborty [[Champa (actress)|Champa]]
| music =
| cinematography = [[Barun Raha]]
| editing = [[Dulal Dutta]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1995}}
| runtime = 100 min (UK)/122 min (USA)
| country = India
| language = Hindi/Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Target''''' is a 1995 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama]] film directed by [[Sandip Ray]] based on the novel ''Manushar Juddha'', written by [[Prafulla Roy]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Target |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/film/target.html |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=archive.nytimes.com}}</ref>. The film is centred on the relationship between Singh, a cruel, [[Psychological manipulation|manipulative]] landowner and his workers that belong to the caste of pariahs.<ref name="rev2">Vice, Jeff (20 March 1998). [https://web.archive.org/web/20141025074648/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/619560/Tower-Theatre-to-show-films-by-India-director.html?pg=all Tower Theatre to show films by India director], ''Deseret News''</ref><ref name="ref3">Ryan, Desmond (14 Nov 1996). [https://web.archive.org/web/20141026180533/http://articles.philly.com/1996-11-14/entertainment/25647893_1_broken-journey-sandip-ray-target `Target' Is Son's Homage To Satyajit Ray], ''[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]''</ref><ref name="ref4">Wilmington, Michael (5 July 1996). [https://www.chicagotribune.com/1996/07/05/bold-humane-target-an-impressive-shot-by-satyajit-rays-son/ Bold, Humane `Target' An Impressive Shot By Satyajit Ray's Son], ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''</ref><ref name="ref5">[[Kevin Thomas (film critic)|Thomas, Kevin]] (2 October 1995). [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-10-02-ca-52338-story.html Indian Filmmaker Perfects a Delicate Balancing Act : Movies: Sandip Ray, son of India's foremost director, Satyajit Ray, oversees his late father's legacy while moving ahead in his own film career], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''</ref>

==Plot summary==
An affluent [[landowner]] named Singh, known for his prowess in hunting, has succumbed to the influence of alcohol. Consequently, Singh enlists the services of a professional, Bharosa, to assist him. Bharosa resides among the untouchables, the marginalized members of society. It is within this community that he encounters Bijri, a young woman of striking beauty, and becomes acquainted with her story.{{Expand section|date=May 2023}}

==Cast==
* [[Mohan Agashe]] - Vindhyachal Singh
* Barun Chakraborty - Chaupatial
* [[Champa (actress)|Champa]] - Bijari<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/cover-story/dhallywood-diva-champa-graceful-chapter-1686358|title=LIKE A GRACEFUL CHAPTER|date=2019-01-12|website=The Daily Star|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref>
* Gyanesh Mukherjee - Rampear
* [[Om Puri]] - Rambharosa
* Anjaan Srivastav - Choubey

== Reception ==
[[Stephen Holden]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote that "The performances are strong enough to lift ''Target'' from the realm of the too-obvious and lend its fairy-tale ending a sense of epic inevitability".<ref>Holden, Stephen (28 February 1996). [http://partners.nytimes.com/library/film/target.html Target (film review)], ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref>

Reviewing the film at the Indian Panorama section of the [[International Film Festival of India]], S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Sandip Ray's directorial ability is proved in this film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960113/03/1226a.html|title=The cream of Indian cinema|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 January 1996|page=73|first=S. R. Ashok|last=Kumar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961221151607/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960113/03/1226a.html|archive-date=21 December 1996}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0114618}}

{{Sandip Ray}}
{{Satyajit Ray}}

[[Category:1995 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sandip Ray]]
[[Category:1995 drama films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Satyajit Ray]]
[[Category:1995 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:1996 drama films]]

{{1990s-Bengali-film-stub}}
{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Paisley (design)

2026-03-18T01:04:34Z

ErikaMchenry4: edit

{{Short description|Textile design with a teardrop motif}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:Shawl LACMA M.84.244.1.jpg|thumb|Shawl made in [[Paisley, Renfrewshire|Paisley]], Scotland, in imitation of [[Kashmir shawl]]s, {{circa| 1830}}]]

'''Paisley''' or '''paisley pattern''' is an ornamental textile design using the ''[[Buta (ornament)|boteh]]'' ({{langx|fa|بته}}) or ''buta'', a teardrop-shaped motif with a curved upper end. Of [[Culture of Iran|Iranian/Persian]] origin, paisley designs became popular in the West in the 18th and 19th centuries, following imports of post-[[Mughal Empire]] versions of the design from India, especially in the form of [[Kashmir shawl]]s, and were then replicated locally.<ref>Dusenbury and Bier, 48–50</ref>

The English name for the patterns comes from the town of [[Paisley, Renfrewshire|Paisley]], in the west of Scotland, a centre for textiles where paisley designs were reproduced using [[Jacquard machine|jacquard looms]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paisley: The story of a classic bohemian print |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20151021-paisley-behind-rocks-favourite-fashion |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=www.bbc.com|date=6 November 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-09-26 |title=A brief history of paisley |url=http://www.theguardian.com/fashion/gallery/2011/sep/26/paisley-london-fashion-week |access-date=2024-02-23 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

[[Image:Persian Silk Brocade - Paisley - Persian Paisley - Seyyed Hossein Mozhgani - 1963.jpg|thumb|Persian silk brocade with gold and silver thread (''golabetoon''), woven in 1963.]]

The pattern is still commonly seen in Britain, the United States, and other English-speaking countries on neckties, waistcoats, skirts, blouses and scarves, and remains popular in other items of clothing and textiles in [[Iran]] and [[South Asia|South]] and [[Central Asia]]n countries.

==Origins==
[[File:Shawl Fragment (India), 19th century (CH 18615341).jpg|thumb|Shawl fragment, India, 19th century]]
Some design scholars believe the ''buta'' is the convergence of a stylized floral spray and a [[Cupressus sempervirens|cypress]] tree: a [[Zoroastrian]] symbol of life and eternity.<ref name=ZT>{{Citation |url=http://www.zanzibartrading.com/indian_shawls.htm |title=Indian Hand Woven Jacquard Jamavar Shawls |publisher=Zanzibar Trading |access-date=2012-02-07 |archive-date=2012-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118083542/http://www.zanzibartrading.com/indian_shawls.htm |url-status=live }}.</ref> The "bent" cedar is also a sign of strength and resistance but modesty. The floral motif originated in the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian era]] (224–651), was used later in the [[Safavid Iran|Safavid era]] (1501–1736), and was a major textile pattern in Iran during the [[Qajar Iran|Qajar]] and [[Pahlavi Iran|Pahlavi]] eras. In these periods, the pattern was used to decorate royal regalia, crowns, and court garments, as well as textiles used by the general population.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} [[Persian art|Persian]] and Central Asian designs usually range the motifs in orderly rows, with a plain background.

=== Ancient Indo-Iranian origins ===
[[File:Perspolis.jpg|thumb|alt=Persian column|[[Persian column|Persian columns]] of [[Apadana]] in Iran have similar pattern on sides of the snout.{{cn|date=July 2025}}]]
There is significant speculation as to the origins and symbolism of ''boteh jegheh'', or "ancient motif", known in English as paisley.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.sid.ir/en/seminar/ViewPaper.aspx?id=8597 |title=A Glance at the Figure of Boteh Jegheh (Ancient Motif) |website=SID.ir |date=January 2016 |issue=1 |access-date=2019-12-05|archive-date=2020-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910063336/https://www.sid.ir/en/seminar/ViewPaper.aspx?id=8597|url-status=live|last1=Masoumeh |first1=Bagheri Hasankiadeh }}</ref> With experts contesting different time periods for its emergence, to understand the proliferation in the popularity of boteh jegheh design and eventually Paisley, it is important to understand [[South Asian history]]. The early [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]] people flourished in South Asia, where they eventually exchanged linguistic, cultural, and even religious similarities.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXzycd3dT9kC&q=indo+iranian+peoples&pg=PA357|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia|last1=Dani|first1=Ahmad Hasan|last2=Masson|first2=Vadim Mikhaĭlovich|date=1999|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-1407-3 |access-date=2019-12-24|archive-date=2020-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910063334/https://books.google.com/books?id=GXzycd3dT9kC&pg=PA357&dq=indo+iranian+peoples&hl=en#v=onepage&q=indo%20iranian%20peoples&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> The ancient Indo-Iranian people shared a religion called [[Zoroastrianism]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7oyiAgAAQBAJ&q=zoroastrian+religion+cypress+tree&pg=PP1|title=Pious Citizens: Reforming Zoroastrianism in India and Iran|last=Ringer|first=Monica|date=2011-12-13|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-5060-7 |access-date=2019-12-24|archive-date=2020-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910063335/https://books.google.com/books?id=7oyiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1&dq=zoroastrian+religion+cypress+tree&hl=en#v=onepage&q=zoroastrian%20religion%20cypress%20tree&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Zoroastrianism, some experts{{Who|date=December 2020}} argue, served as one of the earliest influences for boteh jegheh's design with the shape representing the cypress tree, an ancient Zoroastrian religious symbol.<ref name=":1" /> Others{{Who|date=December 2020}} contest that the earliest representation of the pattern's shape comes from the later [[Sasanian Empire]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.paisley.org.uk/2013/01/roots-of-the-paisley-pattern/|title=Roots of the Paisley Pattern|last=McGuire|first=Brian|date=2013-01-24|website=Paisley Scotland|access-date=2019-12-04|archive-date=2019-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205043614/https://www.paisley.org.uk/2013/01/roots-of-the-paisley-pattern/|url-status=live}}</ref> The design was representative of a tear drop.<ref name=":2" /> Some{{Who|date=December 2020}} will argue that ''boteh jegheh's'' origins stem from old religious beliefs and its meaning could symbolise the sun, a phoenix, or even an ancient Iranian religious sign for an eagle.<ref name=":0" /> Around the same time, a pattern called [[Buta (ornament)|''Boteh'']] was gaining popularity in Iran; the pattern was a floral design, and was used to represent elite status, mostly serving to decorate royal objects.<ref name=":2" /> The pattern was traditionally woven onto silk clothing using silver and gold material.<ref name=":2" />

== Spread of the pattern in South Asia ==
One of the earliest evidence of the pattern as it relates to Islamic culture has been found at Noh Gumba mosque, in the city of [[Balkh]] in Afghanistan, where it is believed that the pattern was included in the design as early as the 800s when the mosque was built. In early Iranian culture, the design was woven onto Termeh, one of the most valuable materials in early Iran where the design served to make clothing for the nobility. At this time, the Iranian nobility wore distinct uniforms called [[khalat]]; historically, the design was commonly found on the khalat uniforms.<ref name=":42" /> It is stated that at some point in the 1400s, Boteh was transported from Persia to Kashmir.<ref name=":32" />

In the same century, in the 1400s, some of the earliest recorded [[Kashmir shawl|Kashmir shawls]] were produced in India, records from the 1500s, during Emperor [[Akbar]]'s reign over the Mughal people in this area indicate that shawl making was already fashionable in India prior to Mughal conquest which took place in the early 1400s.<ref name=":52" /> It has been stated that during Emperor Akbars reign over the Mughal empire, boteh jegheh shawls were extremely popular and fashionable. While one shawl was traditionally worn previously, it was during the rule of Emperor Akbar that the emperor decided to wear two shawls at a time to serve as a status symbol. Along with wearing the shawls frequently, Emperor Akbar also used the shawls as gifts to other rulers and high officials.<ref name=":52" /> It is believed that by the 1700s, Kashmir shawls were produced in the image that someone today would associate with modern paisley.<ref name=":32" />

== Introduction of boteh jegheh to Western culture ==
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] introduced Kashmir shawls from India to England and Scotland, where they were extremely fashionable and soon duplicated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20151021-paisley-behind-rocks-favourite-fashion|title=Paisley: The story of a classic bohemian print|last=Baker|first=Lindsay|website=www.bbc.com|date=6 November 2017 |access-date=2019-12-05|archive-date=2019-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203200905/http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20151021-paisley-behind-rocks-favourite-fashion|url-status=live}}</ref> The first place in the Western world to imitate the design was the town of [[Paisley, Renfrewshire|Paisley]] in Scotland, Europe's top producer of textiles at this time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.macmillandictionaryblog.com/paisley|title=What is paisley? {{!}} Macmillan Dictionary Blog|date=3 May 2018|access-date=2019-12-05|archive-date=2019-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205043616/http://www.macmillandictionaryblog.com/paisley|url-status=live}}</ref> Before being produced in Paisley, thus gaining its name in English-speaking culture, the paisley motif was originally referred to by Westerners simply as "pine and cone."<ref name=":32">{{Cite web|url=https://pdfslide.net/documents/buta-to-paisley-an-ongoing-journey-laureate-legal-terms-andpaisley-a-motif-.html|title=Buta to Paisley An ongoing Journey - Laureate Legal Terms and...Paisley A motif- * Intensively used in ... palm tree leaf Pearl Academy, ... In Kashmir the name used to describe this motif is buta or buti|website=pdfslide.net|access-date=2019-12-05|archive-date=2019-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205043614/https://pdfslide.net/documents/buta-to-paisley-an-ongoing-journey-laureate-legal-terms-andpaisley-a-motif-.html|url-status=usurped}}</ref> European technological innovation in textile manufacturing made Western imitations of Kashmir shawls competitive with shawls from Kashmir.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Maskiell|first=Michelle|title=Consuming Kashmir: Shawls and Empires, 1500-2000|journal=Journal of World History|volume=13|pages=27–65|doi=10.1353/jwh.2002.0019|year=2002|s2cid=144868279}}</ref>

The shawls from India could be quite expensive at the time, but, with the industrial revolution taking place in Europe, paisley shawls were manufactured on a large scale, so lowering their price that they became commonplace among the middle class and boosting the design's popularity even more.<ref name=":32" /> While the Western world appropriated much of Eastern culture and design, the Boteh design was by far the most popular.<ref name=":6" /> Records indicate that [[William Moorcroft (explorer)|William Moorcroft]], an English businessman and explorer, visited the [[Himalayas|Himalayan mountains]] in the mid-1800s; upon his arrival, he was enthralled by Boteh-adorned Kashmir shawls and tried to arrange for entire families of Indian textile workers to move to the United Kingdom.<ref name=":52">{{Cite journal|last=Karpinski|first=Caroline|date=November 1963|title=Kashmir to Paisley|journal=The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin|volume=22|issue=3|pages=116–123|doi=10.2307/3258212|jstor=3258212}}</ref> The earliest paisley shawls made in the United Kingdom, in Paisley, Scotland, were of fleece, a material with a soft, fluffy texture on one side.

In Asia, the paisley shawls were primarily worn by males, often in formal or ceremonial contexts, but in Europe they were primarily worn instead by women.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=radikls.com |title=A Passion for Paisley - The Story Behind this Iconic Motif |url=https://mistantiques.co.uk/a-passion-for-paisley-the-story-of-this-iconic-motif/ |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=Mist Antiques |language=en-GB}}</ref> While still closely resembling its original form, the paisley design would change once it began to be produced in Western culture, with different towns in the United Kingdom applying their own spin to the design.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web|url=http://guity-novin.blogspot.com/2018/07/chapter-92-history-of-paisley-or-boteh.html|title=A History of Graphic Design: Chapter 92 - A History of Paisley or Boteh Jegheh Design|last=Novin|first=Guity|website=A History of Graphic Design|access-date=2019-12-19|archive-date=2020-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227170953/http://guity-novin.blogspot.com/2018/07/chapter-92-history-of-paisley-or-boteh.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 1800s, European production of paisley increased, particularly in the Scottish town from which the pattern takes its modern name. Soldiers returning from the [[British Empire|colonies]] brought home [[cashmere wool]] shawls from India, and the [[British East India Company|East India Company]] imported more. The design was copied from the costly silk and wool Kashmir shawls and adapted first for use on handlooms, and, after 1820,<ref name="VICTORIANA">{{Citation |url=http://www.victoriana.com/library/paisley/shawl.html |title=Beyond the Fringe: Shawls of Paisley Design |first=Meg |last=Andrews |publisher=Victoriana |access-date=February 3, 2008 |archive-date=February 16, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216001719/http://www.victoriana.com/library/paisley/shawl.html |url-status=live }}. Heavily illustrated history of paisley fashions.</ref> on [[Jacquard loom]]s. The paisley pattern also appeared on European-made bandanas from the early 1800s, the patterns imitating Kashmir shawls.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last1=Magazine |first1=Smithsonian |last2=Hilgers |first2=Laura |title=The Global History of the Bandana |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/global-history-bandana-180976040/ |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=Smithsonian Magazine }}</ref>

From roughly 1800 to 1850, the weavers of the town of [[Paisley, Renfrewshire|Paisley]] in [[Renfrewshire]], [[Scotland]], became the foremost producers of [[Paisley shawls]]. Unique additions to their hand-looms and Jacquard looms allowed them to work in five colours when most weavers were producing paisley using only two.<ref name="VICTORIANA" /> The design became known as the ''Paisley pattern''. By 1860, Paisley could produce shawls with 15 colours, which was still only a quarter of the number used in the multicolour paisleys then still being imported from Kashmir.<ref name="VICTORIANA" /> In addition to the loom-woven fabric, the town of Paisley became a major site for the manufacture of printed [[cotton]] and [[wool]] in the 1800s, according to the [[Paisley Museum and Art Galleries]].<ref name="MUSUEM">{{Citation |contribution-url=http://www.aboutbritain.com/PaisleyMuseumAndArtGallery.htm |contribution=Paisley Museum and Art Gallery |title=About Britain |access-date=2008-02-03 |archive-date=2008-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305142201/http://www.aboutbritain.com/PaisleyMuseumAndArtGallery.htm |url-status=live }}.</ref> In this process, the paisley pattern was printed, rather than woven, onto other textiles, including cotton squares which were the precursors of the modern [[bandanna]]. Printed paisley was cheaper than the costly woven paisley, and this added to its popularity. The key places of printing paisley were Scotland and the [[Alsace]] region of France.<ref>{{Citation |contribution-url=http://www.musee-impression.com/gb/collection/xix.html |contribution=Printed ‘Paisley’ in the 19th Century |title=Le Musée de l'Impression sur Etoffes |trans-title=The Museum of Printed Textiles |access-date=February 3, 2008 |archive-date=March 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305023039/http://www.musee-impression.com/gb/collection/xix.html |url-status=live }}.</ref> The peak period of paisley as a fashionable design ended in the 1870s,<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Welters|first1=Linda|last2=Beasley|first2=Elizabeth|last3=Dee-Collins|first3=Nicole|last4=Gilcrease|first4=Sallie|last5=Lukens|first5=Catherine|date=2017-01-01|title=Second Chances for Paisley Shawls|url=https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/itaa_proceedings/2017/posters/102|journal=International Textile and Apparel Association (ITAA) Annual Conference Proceedings|access-date=2019-12-19|archive-date=2019-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205043613/https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/itaa_proceedings/2017/posters/102/|url-status=live}}</ref> perhaps as so many cheap printed versions were on the market.

==Modern use==
[[File:Paisley patterned clothes.png|thumb|328x328px|Paisley patterned clothing set]]

The 1960s proved to be a time of great revival for the paisley design in Western culture. Popular culture in the United States developed a strong interest in eastern cultures, including many traditionally Indian styles. Paisley was one of them, being worn by recording artists such as [[The Beatles]], [[Queen (band)|Queen]], and [[David Bowie]].

Today, the design remains common, appearing on jewellery, suit ties, pocket books, cake decorations, tattoos, mouse pads for computers, scarves, and dresses. Paisley bandanas, long used by cowboys,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/global-history-bandana-180976040/ |title=The Global History of the Bandana |last=Hilgers |first=Laura |date=November 2020 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref> came in the latter twentieth century to be worn by many blue-collar laborers as protection from dust, and were sported by entertainers popular with such workers, such as the country musician [[Willie Nelson]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeout.com/chicago/music/nine-things-you-didnt-know-about-willie-nelson |title=Nine-Things-You-Didnt-Know-About-Willie-Nelson |work=Time Out Chicago |date=6 June 2012 |access-date=2021-01-19 }}</ref>

The motif also influences furniture design internationally, with many countries applying paisley decoration to wallpaper, pillows, curtains, bed spreads, and like furnishings.<ref name=":32" />

[[File:Tie (AM 1996.180.4-4).jpg|thumb|Modern paisley tie (before 1996)|319x319px]]

=== Music ===
[[File:Rolls Royce Phantom VI (23064272132).jpg|thumb|John Lennon's 1965 Rolls Royce Phantom V with a paisley design]]

In the mid- to late 1960s, paisley became identified with [[psychedelia|psychedelic]] style and enjoyed mainstream popularity, partly due to The Beatles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paisley: The story of a classic bohemian print |date=6 November 2017 |url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20151021-paisley-behind-rocks-favourite-fashion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527212927/http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20151021-paisley-behind-rocks-favourite-fashion |archive-date=2018-05-27 |access-date=2018-05-31}}</ref> The style was particularly popular during the [[Summer of Love]] in 1967.

The [[Fender Musical Instruments Corporation]] made a pink paisley version of their [[Telecaster]] guitar by putting paisley wallpaper onto the guitar bodies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Paisley Teles |url=http://www.tdpri.com/wp-tdpri/resources/paisley-teles/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141914/http://www.tdpri.com/wp-tdpri/resources/paisley-teles/ |archive-date=12 June 2018 |publisher=Telecaster Discussion Page}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2011 |title=1968 Fender Paisley Telecaster and Telecaster Bass |url=https://www.premierguitar.com/articles/1968_Fender_Paisley_Telecaster_and_Telecaster_Bass |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027134518/https://www.premierguitar.com/articles/1968_Fender_Paisley_Telecaster_and_Telecaster_Bass |archive-date=2019-10-27 |access-date=2018-06-10}}</ref>

[[Prince (musician)|Prince]] paid tribute to the [[rock and roll]] history of paisley when he created the [[Paisley Park Records]] recording label and established [[Paisley Park|Paisley Park Studios]], both named after his 1985 song "[[Paisley Park (song)|Paisley Park]]". The [[Paisley Underground]] was a music scene active around the same time.

=== Architecture ===
Paisley was a favorite design element of British-Indian architect [[Laurie Baker]]. He has made numerous drawings and collages of what he called "mango designs".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indulekha.com/colours/2008/03/mango-mania-by-laurie-baker-1.html |title=INDULEKHA» GREEN | colours: MANGO MANIA by Laurie Baker » 1 |access-date=2016-01-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002033712/http://www.indulekha.com/colours/2008/03/mango-mania-by-laurie-baker-1.html |archive-date=2008-10-02 }}</ref> He used to include the shape in the buildings he designed also.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/djP08vKPt2lHkjsInYkItN/The-mango-house.html| title=The mango house| work=mint| date=2008-07-24| access-date=2016-01-09| archive-date=2016-02-07| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207045604/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/djP08vKPt2lHkjsInYkItN/The-mango-house.html| url-status=live| last1=Burte| first1=Himanshu}}</ref>

=== Sports ===
It was part of the emblem for the [[2020 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup]], held in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIFA Unveils Official Emblem For FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup In India |url=https://www.modernghana.com/sports/965550/fifa-unveils-official-emblem-for-fifa-u-17-womens.html}}</ref> The motif was chosen due to its common use in [[Pashmina (material)|Kasmiri Pashmina]] carpets.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vibrant official Emblem revealed as journey to FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup India 2020 begins |url=https://www.fifa.com/u17womensworldcup/news/vibrant-official-emblem-revealed-as-journey-to-fifa-u-17-women-s-world-cup-india |accessdate=3 November 2019 |work=FIFA |date=2 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103015641/https://www.fifa.com/u17womensworldcup/news/vibrant-official-emblem-revealed-as-journey-to-fifa-u-17-women-s-world-cup-india |archive-date=3 November 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Other languages==
In Persian, Boteh can be translated to shrub or bush, while in [[Kashmir]] it carried the same meaning but was referred to as Buta, or Bu.<ref name=":32" />

The modern [[French (language)|French]] words for paisley are ''{{lang|fr|boteh}}'' (meaning bush, cluster of leaves or a flower bud) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/trade/paisley.htm|title=Boteh (Botteh, Paisley). Aryan Silk & Trade|website=www.heritageinstitute.com|access-date=2019-06-04|archive-date=2019-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524113000/http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/trade/paisley.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> in Persian as well as ''{{lang|fr|cachemire}}'' ({{Interlanguage link|Cachemire (tissu)|fr}}) and ''{{lang|fr|palme}}'' ("[[Arecaceae|palm]]", which – along with the [[pine]] and the [[cypress]] – is one of the traditional botanical motifs thought to have influenced the shape of the paisley element as it is now known).<ref name= ZT />

In various languages of Bangladesh, India and Pakistan, the design's name is related to the word for [[mango]]:
* In [[Bengali language|Bengali]]: ''kalka''<ref>{{cite book| author= Zaman Niaz| title= The Art of KANTHA Embroidery| edition= Second Revised| year= 1993| page=82| publisher= The University Press Limited| location =Dhaka, Bangladesh| isbn= 978-984-05-1228-7}}</ref>
* In [[Kannada]]: ''Maavinakai, unripe mango''
* In [[Telugu language|Telugu]]: ''mamidi pinde'', young mango pattern
* In [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: ''mankolam'', mango pattern
* In [[Marathi language|Marathi]]: ''koyari'', mango seed
* In [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]: ''aami or ambri,'' small mango.
* In [[Hindi]]/[[Urdu]]: ''kairi'', means unripe mango<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pathak |first=Anamika |title=Mango-Kairi-Kalka-Paisley: Design in Indian art from architecture to textiles |url=https://www.globalinch.org/article/mango-kairi-kalka-paisley-design-inindian-art-from-architecture-to-textiles/ |journal=Asia InCH |volume=43 |issue=1 |year=2024 |quote='Kairi' (unripe mango) was adopted as design ... first seen as the decorative design in architecture ... later on, it was extensively used in textiles ... Kashmiri shawls.}}</ref>
* In [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ''ambi'', from ''amb'', mango.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/singh_query.py?qs=ambi&matchtype=default |title=The Punjab Dictionary |date=22 January 1895 |access-date=2024-01-21}}</ref>

In [[Chinese language|Chinese]], paisley is known as the "ham hock pattern" ({{lang-zh|s=火腿纹|p=huǒtuǐwén}}) in mainland [[China]], or "[[amoeba]] pattern" in [[Taiwan]] ({{lang-zh|s=|p=biànxíngchóng|t=變形蟲}}).{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} In [[Russia]], this ornament is known as "cucumbers" ({{lang|ru|огурцы}}).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vogelsang |first1=Willem |title=2. But what is paisley? |url=https://trc-leiden.nl/trc-digital-exhibition/index.php/from-buteh-to-paisley/item/264-2-but-what-is-paisley |website=trc-leiden.nl |language=en-gb}}</ref>

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist }}

'''Bibliography'''
* Dusenbury, Mary M.; Bier, Carol, ''Flowers, Dragons & Pine Trees: Asian Textiles in the Spencer Museum of Art'', 2004, Hudson Hills, {{ISBN|1555952380|9781555952389}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=566AlluiHT0C&pg=PA48 p. 48]

'''Further reading'''
* {{cite book |last=Irwin |first=John |title=The Kashmir Shawl |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-11-290164-8}}.
* {{cite book |last=Levi-Strauss |first=Monique |title=The French Shawls |publisher=Dryad |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-85219-759-2}}.
* {{cite book |last=Reilly |first=Valerie |title=The Paisley Pattern: The Official Illustrated History |publisher=Richard Drew |place=Glasgow |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-87905-317-8}}.

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline|Paisley pattern}}

{{fabric}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paisley (Design)}}
[[Category:17th-century fashion]]
[[Category:18th-century fashion]]
[[Category:19th-century fashion]]
[[Category:20th-century fashion]]
[[Category:21st-century fashion]]
[[Category:Hippie movement]]
[[Category:Renfrewshire]]
[[Category:Persian culture]]
[[Category:Tamil culture]]
[[Category:Scottish design]]
[[Category:Scottish clothing]]
[[Category:Textile patterns]]
[[Category:Visual motifs]]
[[Category:Paisley, Renfrewshire]]
[[Category:Textile arts of Iran]]
[[Category:Textile arts of Scotland]]

Administrative units of Pakistan

2026-03-16T18:59:28Z

ErikaMchenry4: formatting fix

{{short description|none}}

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}

{{Infobox subdivision type
| name = Administrative Units: Islamic Republic of Pakistan
| map = File:Pakistan location map.svg
| category = [[Federated state]]
| start_date = [[Legal Framework Order, 1970|1 July 1970]]
| current_number = {{plainlist|
* 4 [[province]]s
* 2 [[Kashmir conflict|administrative territories]]
* 1 [[federal territory]]
}}
| number_date =
| population_range = {{Collapsible list
| title = ''{{nobold|Least, most:}}''
| 1,249,000 ([[Gilgit–Baltistan]])
| 110,012,442 ([[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]])
}}
| area_range = {{Collapsible list
| title = ''{{nobold|Smallest, largest:}}''
| {{Convert|349.81|sqmi|order=flip|abbr=on}}, [[Islamabad Capital Territory]]
| {{Convert|134050|sqmi|order=flip|abbr=on}}, [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]
}}
| government = {{Collapsible list
| title = ''{{nobold|Descending order:}}''
| 1. [[Government of Pakistan|National government]]
| 2. [[List of provincial governments of Pakistan|Provincial governments]]
| 3. [[Districts of Pakistan#Administration|District governments]]
| 4. [[Tehsil Municipal Administration]]
| 5. [[Local government in Pakistan|Local governments]]
}}
| subdivision = {{Collapsible list
| title = ''{{nobold|Descending order:}}''
| 1. [[Divisions of Pakistan|Divisions]]
| 2. [[Districts of Pakistan|Districts]]
| 3. [[List of tehsils in Pakistan|Tehsils]]
| 4. [[Union council (Pakistan)|Union councils]]
}}
| territory = {{flag|Pakistan}}
}}

{{Politics of Pakistan}}

[[Pakistan]] is administratively divided into four [[province]]s, one [[federal territory]], and two [[territorial dispute|disputed territories]]: the provinces of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Sindh]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], and [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]; the [[Islamabad Capital Territory]]; and the administrative territories{{#tag:ref|Proclaimed as autonomous by the [[Government of Pakistan]].|group="Note"}} of [[Azad Kashmir|Azad Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Gilgit-Baltistan|Gilgit–Baltistan]].{{#tag:ref|In November 2020, erstwhile Pakistani prime minister [[Imran Khan]] announced that Gilgit–Baltistan would attain "provisional provincial status" after the [[2020 Gilgit-Baltistan Assembly election|2020 assembly election]].<ref name="ProvisionalProvincialStatus1">{{cite web |title=Fifth province |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2270797/fifth-province |website=Fifth province {{pipe}} The Express Tribune |publisher=The Express Tribune |access-date=14 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109185546/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2270797/fifth-province |archive-date=9 November 2020 |date=2 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ProvisionalProvincialStatus2">{{cite web |title=Pakistani PM says he will upgrade status of part of Kashmir, angering India |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/pakistan-politics-kashmir/pakistani-pm-says-he-will-upgrade-status-of-part-of-kashmir-angering-india-idINKBN27H1FP |publisher=Reuters |access-date=14 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102040803/https://www.reuters.com/article/pakistan-politics-kashmir/pakistani-pm-says-he-will-upgrade-status-of-part-of-kashmir-angering-india-idINKBN27H1FP |archive-date=2 November 2020 |date=1 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ProvisionalProvincialStatus3">{{cite web |title=Gilgit-Baltistan to get provisional provincial status post-election: PM Imran |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/737641-gilgit-baltistan-to-get-provisional-provincial-status-post-election-pm-imran |website=[[The News International]] |location=Karachi |access-date=14 November 2020 |date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=14 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114231112/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/737641-gilgit-baltistan-to-get-provisional-provincial-status-post-election-pm-imran |url-status=live }}</ref>|group="Note"}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=1998-07-20 |editor-last=Tikkanen |editor-first=Amy |editor2-last=Gorlinski |editor2-first=Virginia |editor3-last=Javed |editor3-first=Murtaza |editor4-last=Tesch |editor4-first=Noah |title=Azad Kashmir {{!}} quasi-state, Kashmir region, India-Pakistan |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Azad-Kashmir |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012065802/https://www.britannica.com/place/Azad-Kashmir |archive-date=2020-10-12 |access-date=2020-11-05 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's Gilgit-Baltistan: Between the Kashmir conflict and China |url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/pakistan-s-gilgit-baltistan-between-the-kashmir-conflict-and-china-40053 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104211548/https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/pakistan-s-gilgit-baltistan-between-the-kashmir-conflict-and-china-40053 |archive-date=4 November 2020 |access-date=2020-11-05 |website=Pakistan's Gilgit-Baltistan: Between the Kashmir conflict and China |language=en}}</ref> As part of the [[Kashmir conflict]] with neighbouring [[India]], Pakistan has also claimed sovereignty over the Indian-controlled territories of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]] since the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948|First Kashmir War]] of 1947–1948. It also has a territorial dispute with India over [[Junagadh State|Junagadh]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Iwanek |first=Krzysztof |date=10 August 2020 |title= Why Did Pakistan Lay Claim to the Indian Territory of Junagadh? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/08/why-did-pakistan-lay-claim-to-the-indian-territory-of-junagadh/ |work=The Diplomat |access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.nottingham.ac.uk/mapcollection/2019/10/03/pakistan-india-and-mapping-the-contested-accession-of-south-asias-princely-states/ |title= Pakistan, India and mapping the contested accession of South Asia's princely states |last=Jagessar |first=Philip |date= 3 October 2019 |website= |publisher= University of Nottingham |access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/world/pakistan-unveils-new-political-map-claiming-jammu-india-retorts/ |title=After Nepal, Pakistan unveils new political map; Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh claimed, India retorts |work=The Himalayan Times |date=4 August 2020 |access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Noronha |first=Rahul |date=7 August 2020 |title=Why Pakistan has claimed Junagadh in its new political map |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-pakistan-has-claimed-junagadh-in-its-new-political-map-1708515-2020-08-06 |access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref> but has never exercised administrative authority over either regions. All of Pakistan's provinces and territories are subdivided into [[divisions of Pakistan|divisions]], which are further subdivided into [[districts of Pakistan|districts]], and then [[list of tehsils in Pakistan|tehsils]], which are again further subdivided into [[union council (Pakistan)|union councils]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20DISTRICTS%20%26%20TEHSILS.pdf|title=List of Districts, Tehsils/Talukas|date=July 2014|website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|access-date=15 October 2016|archive-date=9 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009115713/http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20DISTRICTS%20%26%20TEHSILS.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|Former administrative units of Pakistan}}

===Post-independence===
{{Disputed map|section=y|date=November 2024}}[[File:Princely states of Pakistan map.gif|thumb|right|[[West Pakistan]] (pale yellow) as it was at the time of independence, with the independent princely states of 1947 in purple]]
[[Pakistan]] inherited the territory comprising its current provinces from [[British Raj|India]] following the [[Partition of India]] on [[Independence Day (Pakistan)|14 August 1947]]. Two days after independence, the [[Muslims|Muslim]]-majority [[Murshidabad district]] in [[Bengal]] was moved out of the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] and put within the [[Dominion of India]] due to a boundary adjustment by the [[Radcliffe Line|Radcliffe Commission]] which was aimed at keeping the [[Hooghly River]] entirely within India.<ref name="Murshidabad Govt Website">{{Cite web |url=http://murshidabad.gov.in/ |title=Murshidabad Govt Website |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716073018/http://murshidabad.gov.in/ |archive-date=16 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatterji|first1=Joya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjQ0iWSq2R0C&pg=PA59|title=The Spoils of Partition: Bengal and India, 1947–1967|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139468305|page=59|language=en|access-date=21 June 2019|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203647/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjQ0iWSq2R0C&pg=PA59|url-status=live}}</ref> At its inception, Pakistan consisted of two wings, which were separated from each other by around {{Convert|1600|km|mi}} of Indian territory. The western wing consisted of a merger of the [[North-West Frontier Province]], [[West Punjab]], [[Sind Province (1936–55)|Sind Province]], and [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Baluchistan CCP]]. The eastern wing consisted of [[East Bengal]]. What later became the [[Princely states of Pakistan]] chose at first to remain independent.

In 1948, [[Karachi]] was separated from Sind Province to form the [[Federal Capital Territory (Pakistan)|Federal Capital Territory]]. In 1950, the North-West Frontier Province absorbed the princely states of [[Amb (princely state)|Amb]] and [[Phulra]] while West Punjab (designated 'West' to distinguish it from India's [[East Punjab|Punjab in the east]]) was renamed to simply [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]. In 1952, the four princely states in the southwest formed the [[Baluchistan States Union]].

In 1955, the ''[[One Unit]]'' policy was launched by then-[[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Mohammad Ali Bogra|Muhammad Ali Bogra]], whereby all the provinces and princely states of the western wing were merged to form the provincial wing of [[West Pakistan]], with [[Lahore]] serving as its provincial capital. Simultaneously, East Bengal was redesignated as [[East Pakistan]], with [[Dhaka|Dacca]] serving as its provincial capital. The One Unit policy aimed to reduce expenditure and to eliminate provincial prejudices, but the [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|military coup of 1958]] brought difficulties when the [[Military coups in Pakistan|first military President]], [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]], abolished the office of the [[West Pakistan#Governor and chief minister|Chief Minister of West Pakistan in favour of Governor rule]].

On 7 September 1958, after four years of negotiations (including six months of intense negotiations), Pakistan purchased the [[Enclave and exclave|enclave]] of [[Gwadar]] from [[Muscat and Oman|Oman]] for {{Nowrap|[[Pakistani rupee|₨.]]5.5 billion ([[United States dollar|US$]]3 million; approximately $22,410,311.42 in 2017)}}.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Harris|first=Matt|date=2019-02-11|title=Who Purchased Gwadar?|url=https://www.cpicglobal.com/who-purchased-gwadar/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-11|website=CPIC Global|language=en-GB|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126015550/https://www.cpicglobal.com/who-purchased-gwadar/}}</ref> Gwadar formally became a part of Pakistan on 8 December 1958, ending 174 years of Omani rule. In 1960, the federal capital was moved from Karachi to [[Rawalpindi]] and in 1961, the Federal Capital Territory was also merged into West Pakistan. In 1966, the capital was again moved to the newly constructed city of [[Islamabad]]. In 1962, Dacca was made the legislative capital of the country due to East Pakistan's high population.<ref>{{cite book|title=Pakistan Affairs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hFIdAQAAMAAJ|year=1968|publisher=Information Division, Embassy of Pakistan.|page=19|access-date=3 November 2019|archive-date=23 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223091257/https://books.google.com/books?id=hFIdAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the [[Sino-Pakistan Agreement|1963 Sino–Pakistan Agreement]], a part of the [[Gilgit Agency]] (controlled by Pakistan since the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948|First Kashmir War]]) was formally relinquished by Pakistan to the [[China|People's Republic of China]] (the [[Trans-Karakoram Tract|Trans-Karakoram Tract/Shaksgam Valley]] in northeastern [[Kashmir]]) with the provision that the settlement was subject to the final solution of the [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmir dispute]] between [[India]] and Pakistan.

===Since 1970===
In 1970, the second military [[President of Pakistan|President]], [[Yahya Khan]], abolished the political structure of West Pakistan and established four new provinces: [[Sindh]], Punjab, [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] and the North-West Frontier Province. In 1971, the [[Bengalis|Bengali]]-majority wing of East Pakistan [[Secession|seceded]] from the Pakistani union following the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], consequently forming the independent [[Bangladesh|People's Republic of Bangladesh]]. In 1974, the remaining princely states of [[Hunza (princely state)|Hunza]] and [[Nagar (princely state)|Nagar]] were abolished and their territories merged into the [[Gilgit Agency]], following which the [[Gilgit-Baltistan|Northern Areas]] were formed. In 1975, portions of the districts of [[Peshawar District|Peshawar]] and [[Dera Ismail Khan District|Dera Ismail Khan]] were separated to form the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]]. In 1981, the region surrounding Islamabad was separated from Punjab province, and renamed to the [[Islamabad Capital Territory]].

In August 2000, [[Divisions of Pakistan|divisions]] were abolished as part of a plan to restructure [[Local government in Pakistan|local governments]], followed by elections in 2001. Many of the functions previously handled at a provincial level had been transferred to individual [[Districts of Pakistan|districts]] and [[tehsil]]s. In 2008, the government restored the former divisions and appointed commissioners.

In 2009, the Northern Areas were renamed to Gilgit-Baltistan, and retained its formal status as an [[Autonomous administrative division|autonomous territory]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Northern Areas renamed Gilgit-Baltistan Poll for assembly, CM in Nov Regional groups unhappy: Autonomy package for NAs approved|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/851176|work=DAWN|date=August 30, 2009|access-date=8 May 2018|archive-date=8 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508185655/https://www.dawn.com/news/851176|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Disputed Northern Areas renamed as Gilgit-Baltistan|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/disputed-northern-areas-renamed-as-gilgit-baltistan/story-qickZAJF82JoXg1CnzZJsJ.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=Aug 30, 2009|access-date=3 November 2019|archive-date=3 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103103232/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/disputed-northern-areas-renamed-as-gilgit-baltistan/story-qickZAJF82JoXg1CnzZJsJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, the North-West Frontier Province was formally renamed to [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]].<ref>{{cite news|title=From NWFP to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/854215|work=DAWN|date=April 1, 2010|access-date=8 May 2018|archive-date=8 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508185415/https://www.dawn.com/news/854215|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] and [[Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Provincial Assembly]] passed the historic ''FATA Merger Bill'' with the [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|Twenty-Fifth Constitutional Amendment]]. On 31 May 2018, the final step in the merger of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was completed, as then-President [[Mamnoon Hussain]] signed the 25th Constitutional Amendment Bill into law. The amendment's signing abolished the Federally Administered Tribal Areas as a separate political entity and merged them into the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1720162/1-jui-f-stages-protest-outside-k-p-assembly-ahead-vote-31st-amendment-bill/|title=New dawn for FATA as K-P approves merger - The Express Tribune|date=27 May 2018|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527091009/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1720162/1-jui-f-stages-protest-outside-k-p-assembly-ahead-vote-31st-amendment-bill/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1410351|title=KP Assembly approves landmark bill merging Fata with province|first=Arif|last=Hayat|date=27 May 2018|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527130911/https://www.dawn.com/news/1410351|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1411156/president-signs-kp-fata-merger-bill-into-law|title=President signs KP-Fata merger bill into law|first=Amir|last=Wasim|date=31 May 2018|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-date=31 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531112516/https://www.dawn.com/news/1411156/president-signs-kp-fata-merger-bill-into-law|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Tiers of governance==
{{main|Local government in Pakistan}}

The diagram below outlines the six tiers of government:

{{Tree chart/start}}
{{Tree chart|}}
{{Tree chart| | | FED | FED='''[[Pakistan|Islamic Republic of Pakistan]]'''}}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | PRO | PRO='''Province''' (e.g. [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]])}}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | DIV | DIV=[[Divisions of Pakistan|'''Division''']] (e.g. [[Rawalpindi Division]])}}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | DIS | DIS=[[Districts of Pakistan|'''District''']] (e.g. [[Jhelum District]])}}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | TEH | TEH='''[[Tehsil]]''' (e.g. [[Sohawa Tehsil]])}}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | UNC | UNC=[[Union councils of Pakistan|'''Union Council''']] (e.g. [[Domeli|Domeli U.C.]])}}
{{Tree chart|}}
{{Tree chart/end}}

=== Division ===
{{Main|Divisions of Pakistan}}{{unref section|date=February 2026}}
The Provinces and administrative territories of Pakistan are subdivided into administrative "divisions", Divisional Commissioner is the administrative head of a division. Divisional Commissioner is appointed by the government of Pakistan from [[Pakistan Administrative Service]]

=== District ===
{{Main|Districts of Pakistan}}
The District Coordination Officer is the administrative head of the District Administration. They have wide-ranging responsibility for overseeing, improving and directing the approved plans of the District Government.<ref>[http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/district_government_05.htm DCO job description] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430030015/http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/district_government_05.htm |date=2013-04-30 }}</ref>

The Zila Nazim used to be the executive head of the District Administration until 2010 when the government gave their powers to the District Coordination Officers also. Their role is similar to district [[governor]] or [[prefect]], with responsibility for implementing government strategy and developing initiatives arising out of it.<ref>[http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/district_government_01.htm Zila Nazim job description] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704031120/http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/district_government_01.htm |date=2007-07-04 }}</ref>

In order to decentralize administrative and financial authority to be accountable to Local Governments, for good governance, effective delivery of services, and transparent decision making through institutionalized participation of the people at grassroots level, elections to the local government institutions are held after every four years on none party basis by the Chief Election Commissioner of Pakistan.

=== Tehsil ===
{{Main|Tehsils of Pakistan}}
Among the three tiers of local government, tehsil government is the second tier. It is where the functions, responsibilities, and authorities of districts government are divided into smaller units, these units are known as "tehsils". The tehsils are used all over Pakistan except Sindh province where the word "taluka" is used instead, although the functions and authorities are the same. The head of the Tehsil government is "Tehsil Nazim" who is assisted by the tehsil Naib-Nazim. Every tehsil has a [[Tehsil Municipal Administration]], consisting of a tehsil council, Tehsil Nazim, tehsil/taluka municipal officer (TMO), chief officer and other officials of the local council.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Administrative-Structure-of-the-Tehsil-Municipal-Administration_fig3_253292593|title=Administrative Structure of the Tehsil Municipal Administration|website=ResearchGate|last1=Ebel|first1=Robert E.|date=January 2006|accessdate=September 6, 2020|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711184759/https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Administrative-Structure-of-the-Tehsil-Municipal-Administration_fig3_253292593|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Union council ===
{{Main|Union councils of Pakistan}}{{unref section|date=February 2026}}
Members of the union council including Union Administrator and Vice Union Administrator are elected through direct elections based on adult franchise and on the basis of joint electorate. However, for the election to the reserved seats for women in Zila Council proportionately divided among tehsils or towns shall be all members of the union councils in a tehsil or town. It is the responsibility of the Chief Election Commissioner to organize and conduct these elections.

==Current administrative units==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
|-
!
! Name (English)
! Abbr.
! Capital and largest city
! class="unsortable" | Emblem
! class="unsortable" | Flag
! class="unsortable" | Map
! Map Key
|-
|
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Azad Kashmir|Azad Jammu and Kashmir]]{{efn|name=disputed|Disputed with India.}}
| style="text-align:center;" | AJK
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Muzaffarabad]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:State Seal of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (Pakistan).png|60px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Flag of Azad Kashmir.svg|border|50px]]
| [[File:Azad Kashmir in Pakistan (claims hatched).svg|120px]]
| 6
|-
|
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]
| style="text-align:center;" | BA
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Quetta]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Coat of arms of Balochistan.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Flag of Balochistan.svg|border|51x51px]]
| [[File:Balochistan in Pakistan (claims hatched).svg|120px]]
| 1
|-
|
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]{{efn|name=disputed|Disputed with India.}}
| style="text-align:center;" | GB
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Gilgit]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Coat of Arms of Gilgit-Baltistan.png|67x67px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |
| [[File:Gilgit-Baltistan in Pakistan (de-facto + wo Glacier) (claims hatched).svg|120px]]
| 7
|-
|
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Islamabad Capital Territory]]
| style="text-align:center;" | IS / ICT
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Islamabad]]
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Islamabad City Flag.png|border|51x51px]]
| [[File:Islamabad Capital Territory in Pakistan (special marker) (claims hatched).svg|120px]]
| 5
|-
|
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
| style="text-align:center;" | KP / KPK
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Peshawar]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Coat of arms of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Flag of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.svg|border|50px]]
| [[File:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan (claims hatched).svg|120px]]
| 2
|-
|
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]
| style="text-align:center;" | PB
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Lahore]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Coat of arms of Punjab.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Flag of Punjab.svg|border|50px]]
| [[File:Punjab in Pakistan (claims hatched).svg|120px]]
| 3
|-
|
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Sindh]]
| style="text-align:center;" | SD
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Karachi]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Coat of arms of Sindh Province.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Flag of Sindh.svg|border|50px]]
| [[File:Sindh in Pakistan (claims hatched).svg|120px]]
| 4
|- class="sortbottom"
!
! style="text-align:left;" | [[Pakistan]]
! style="text-align:center;" | PAK
! style="text-align:left;" | Islamabad
! style="text-align:center;" | [[File:State emblem of Pakistan.svg|60px]]
! style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Flag of Pakistan.svg|border|50px]]
! [[File:Pakistan adm location map.svg|120px]]
!
|}

Note: (a) 2023 Population total excludes Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan

==Uncontrolled administrative units==
{{see also|Kashmir conflict|Annexation of Junagadh}}
{{static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
|-
!
! Name (English)
! Capital and largest city
! class="unsortable" | Emblem
! class="unsortable" | Flag
! class="unsortable" | Map
|-
|
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]{{efn|name=disputed|Disputed with India.}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Srinagar]]
| style="text-align:center;" | N/A
| style="text-align:center;" | N/A
| [[File:Indian administered Kashmir in Pakistan (claims hatched).svg|120px]]
|-
|
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Junagadh State|Junagadh]]{{efn|name=disputed|Disputed with India.}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Junagadh]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Junaghad State Emblem 1947.png|60px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:State Flag of Junaghad.jpg|border|50px]]
| [[File:Junaghad state.jpg|120px]]
|}

==At independence==
===(i) Provinces of Pakistan===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Name
! Capital
! class="unsortable" | Emblem
! class="unsortable" | Flag
! class="unsortable" | Map
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[East Bengal]] {{nastaliq|مشرقی بنگال}} পূর্ব বাংলা
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Dacca]] {{nastaliq|ڈھاکہ}} ঢাকা
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Emblem of East Bengal (1947-1956).svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''None''
| [[File:East Bengal Map.png|60px]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[West Punjab]] {{nastaliq|مغربی پنجاب}} পশ্চিম পাঞ্জাব
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Lahore]] {{nastaliq|لاہور}} লাহোর
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Coat of arms of Punjab.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Flag of Punjab.svg|50px]]
| [[File:West Punjab map.gif|60px]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Sind Province (1936–1955)|Sind]] {{nastaliq|سندھ}} সিন্ধু
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] {{Nastaliq|حیدر آباد}} হায়দ্রাবাদ
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Coat of arms of Sindh Province.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Flag of Sindh.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Sind (1936-1955) map.gif|60px]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[North-West Frontier Province|North-West Frontier]] {{nastaliq|شمال مغربی سرحدی}} উত্তর-পশ্চিম সীমান্ত
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Peshawar]] {{nastaliq|پشاور}} পেশাওয়ার
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Coat of arms of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Flag of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.svg|50px]]
| [[File:NWFP (1901-1955) map.gif|60px]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Baluchistan]] {{nastaliq|بلوچستان}} বেলুচিস্তান
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Quetta]] {{nastaliq|کوئٹہ}} কোয়েটা
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Coat of arms of Balochistan.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Flag of Balochistan.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Baluchistan CCP map.png|60px]]
|}

===(ii) Federal Capital Territory of Pakistan===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Name
! Capital
! class="unsortable" | Emblem
! class="unsortable" | Flag
! class="unsortable" | Map
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Federal Capital Territory (Pakistan)|Federal Capital Territory]] {{nastaliq|وفاقی دارالحکومت}} বেফাকী রাজধানী এলাকা
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Karachi]] {{nastaliq|کراچی}} করাচী
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Emblem of Pakistan (1954-1972).svg|60px|Emblem of Federal Capital Territory]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Flag of Pakistan.svg|75px|Flag of Federal Capital Territory]]
| [[File:FCT Pakistan map.gif|60px|Federal Capital Territory]]
|}

===(iii) Princely States of Pakistan===
{{Main|Princely states of Pakistan}}
Between August 1947 and March 1948, the rulers of the following [[princely states]] (which had existed alongside but outside [[British India]]) [[Instrument of Accession|acceded]] their states to Pakistan, giving up control of their external affairs, while all retaining internal self-government, at least to begin with. This was lost by stages, until by 1974 all of the states had been fully integrated into Pakistan.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Name
! Capital
! class="unsortable" | Coat of arms
! class="unsortable" | Flag
! class="unsortable" | Map
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur]] {{nastaliq|بہاولپور}} বাহাওয়ালপুর
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Bahawalpur]] {{nastaliq|بہاولپور}} বাহাওয়ালপুর
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Coat of arms of State of Bahawalpur.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Flag of State of Bahawalpur.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Bahawalpur map.png|60px]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Khairpur (princely state)|Khairpur]] {{nastaliq|خیرپور}} খয়েরপুর
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Khairpur]] {{nastaliq|خیرپور}} খয়েরপুর
| style="text-align:center;" | ''None''
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Khairpurflag.png|50px]]
| [[File:Khairpur map.gif|60px]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Khanate of Kalat|Kalat]] {{nastaliq|قلات}} কালাত
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Kalat, Balochistan|Kalat]] {{nastaliq|قلات}} কালাত
| style="text-align:center;" | ''None''
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:FlagofKalat.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Kalat Pakistan.jpg|60px]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Las Bela (princely state)|Las Bela]] {{nastaliq|لاس بیلا۔}} লাস বেলা
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Bela, Pakistan|Bela]] {{nastaliq|بݔلہ}} বেলা
| style="text-align:center;" | ''None''
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Flag of the State of Las Bela.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Las Bela Map.gif|60px]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Kharan (princely state)|Kharan]] {{nastaliq|خاران}} খারান
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Kharan, Pakistan|Kharan]] {{nastaliq|خاران}} খারান
| style="text-align:center;" | ''None''
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Flag of the State of Kharan.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Kharan Map.gif|60px]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Makran (princely state)|Makran]] {{nastaliq|مکران}} মাকরন
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Turbat|Kech]] {{nastaliq|کیچ}} কেচ
| style="text-align:center;" | ''None''
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Flag of Makran (Princely State).svg|50px]]
| [[File:Makran Map.gif|60px]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Phulra]] {{nastaliq|پھلرا}} ফুলরা
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Amb, Pakistan|Amb]] {{nastaliq|امب}} আমবা
| style="text-align:center;" | ''None''
| style="text-align:center;" | ''None''
| [[File:Phulra map.gif|60px]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Amb (princely state)|Amb]] {{nastaliq|امب}} আমবা
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Shergarh, Mansehra|Shergard]] {{nastaliq|شیر گڑھ}} শেরগড়
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Amb state 123.JPG|60px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Flag of the State of Amb.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Amb map.png|60px]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Swat (princely state)|Swat]] {{nastaliq|سوات}} সোয়াত
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Saidu Sharif]] {{nastaliq|سیدو شریف}} সাইদু শরীফ
| style="text-align:center;" | ''None''
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Flag of Swat.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Swat map.gif|60px]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Dir (princely state)|Dir]] {{nastaliq|دیر}} দির
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Dir (city)|Dir]] {{nastaliq|دیر}} দির
| style="text-align:center;" | ''None''
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Flag of the State of Dir 2.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Dir map.png|60px]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]] {{nastaliq|چترال}} চিত্রল
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Buni]] {{nastaliq|بنی}} বুনি
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Coat of arms of State of Chitral.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Flag of State of Chitral.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Chitral map.png|60px]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Hunza (princely state)|Hunza]] {{nastaliq|ہنزہ}} হুনজা
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Karimabad, Gilgit-Baltistan|Baltit]] {{nastaliq|بلتیت}} বাল্টিট
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Coat of arms of Hunza.svg|60px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Flag of Hunza.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Locator map of GBA-6 (Hunza).png|60px]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Nagar (princely state)|Nagar]] {{nastaliq|نگر}} নগর
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Nagarkhas]] {{nastaliq|نگرخاس}} নগরখাস
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Nagar state logo.png|60px]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Nagar State Flag.png|50px]]
| [[File:Nagar Map.gif|60px]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Gilgit Agency|Gilgit]] {{nastaliq|گلگت ایجنسی}} গিলগিট রাষ্ট্রসংস্থা
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Gilgit]] {{nastaliq|گلگت}} গিলগিট
| style="text-align:center;" | ''None''
| style="text-align:center;" | ''None''
| [[File:Gilgit Agency map.gif|60px]]
|}

==Proposed provinces==
* [[Bahawalpur Province]]
* [[Saraikistan|South Punjab Province]]
* [[South Balochistan Province|South Balochistan]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=A new province in south Balochistan?|url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/a-new-province-in-south-balochistan/%3famp=1|access-date=2021-09-12|website=www.thefridaytimes.com|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
* [[Karachi|Karachi Province]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1079781|title=Karachi as a province|first=S. Akbar|last=Zaidi|date=11 January 2014|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-date=13 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513171145/https://www.dawn.com/news/1079781|url-status=live}}</ref> / [[Jinnahpur|Jinnahpur Province]]
* [[Hazara province movement|Hazara Province]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1409134|title=TSH to shut Hazara after Eid|first=|last=|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=22 May 2018|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-date=22 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522065819/https://www.dawn.com/news/1409134|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brecorder.com/2018/05/08/416588/treasury-benches-demand-appreciation-opposition-criticize-govt-for-ignoring-development/|title=Treasury benches demand appreciation, opposition criticize govt for ignoring development -|date=8 May 2018|access-date=31 May 2018|archive-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620153549/https://www.brecorder.com/2018/05/08/416588/treasury-benches-demand-appreciation-opposition-criticize-govt-for-ignoring-development/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Gilgit-Baltistan|Gilgit-Baltistan Province]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/gilgitbaltistan-a-question-of-autonomy/519428/2|title=Gilgit-Baltistan: A question of autonomy|last=Singh|first=Pallavi|date=29 April 2010|work=The Indian Express|quote=But it falls short of the main demand of the people of Gilgit- Baltistan for a constitutional status to the region as a fifth province and for Pakistani citizenship to its people.|access-date=27 December 2016|archive-date=20 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320001447/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/gilgitbaltistan-a-question-of-autonomy/519428/2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-election-idUSTRE5AB1ZE20091112|title=Pakistan's disputed Northern Areas go to polls|last=Shigri|first=Manzar|date=12 November 2009|work=Reuters|quote=Many of the 1.5 million people of Gilgit-Baltistan oppose integration into Kashmir and want their area to be merged into Pakistan and declared a separate province.|access-date=27 December 2016|archive-date=27 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227130945/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-election-idUSTRE5AB1ZE20091112|url-status=live}}</ref> / [[Balawaristan|Balawaristan Province]] / [[Karakoram Province]]
* [[Divisions of Pakistan|Review of the Divisions of Pakistan for New Provinces]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Babakhel|first=Mohammad Ali|date=2019-01-16|title=New provinces?|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1457865|access-date=2020-11-06|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=16 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616055726/https://www.dawn.com/news/1457865|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1905813/6-new-provincial-map-pakistan|title=A new provincial map of Pakistan?|work=The Express Tribune|date=7 February 2019 |access-date=5 January 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624215854/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1905813/6-new-provincial-map-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Pakistan}}
* [[Cantonment (Pakistan)]], permanent military stations, which may include significant civilian populations
* [[Former administrative units of Pakistan]]
* [[Princely states of Pakistan|Former princely states of Pakistan]]
* [[ISO 3166-2:PK]]
* [[List of administrative units of Pakistan by Human Development Index]]
* [[List of capitals in Pakistan]]
* [[List of cities in Pakistan by population]]
* [[List of Pakistani administrative units by gross state product]]
* [[List of Pakistani administrative divisions by highest elevation]]
* [[Local government in Pakistan]]
** [[Divisions of Pakistan]]
** [[Districts of Pakistan]]
** [[List of tehsils in Pakistan|Tehsils of Pakistan]]
** [[Union council (Pakistan)|Union councils of Pakistan]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="Note"}}
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ajk.gov.pk/ Government of Azad Jammu & Kashmir]
* [http://www.balochistan.gov.pk/ Government of Balochistan]
* [http://gilgitbaltistan.gov.pk/ Government of Gilgit-Baltistan]
* [http://www.islamabad.gov.pk/ Government of Islamabad Capital Territory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122033707/http://www.islamabad.gov.pk/ |date=22 November 2008 }}
* [http://www.khyberpakhtunkhwa.gov.pk/ Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]
* [http://www.punjab.gov.pk/ Government of Punjab] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510003636/http://www.punjab.gov.pk/ |date=10 May 2015 }}
* [http://www.sindh.gov.pk/ Government of Sindh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531075317/http://www.sindh.gov.pk/ |date=31 May 2013 }}

{{Administrative units of Pakistan}}
{{Articles on first-level administrative divisions of Asian countries}}
{{Geography of Pakistan}}
{{Pakistan topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Administrative units of Pakistan}}
[[Category:Subdivisions of Pakistan|*]]

Sahadeva

2026-03-16T14:32:34Z

ErikaMchenry4: Article enhanced with better details

{{short description|Character from Indian epic Mahabharata; 5th Pandava}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox character
| info-hdr = Personal Information
| image = One of the Pandava twins, probably Sahadeva.jpg
| caption = A print on Sahadeva by [[Raja Ravi Varma]] Press
| weapon = [[Sword]]
| affiliation = [[Pandavas]]
| spouse = {{bulleted list|[[Draupadi]]|[[Vijaya (Mahabharat)|Vijaya]]|Unnamed daughter of [[Jarasandha]]<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Brodbeck |first=Simon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_8lXf1c3VMoC&q=introduces+two+wives+unmentioned+elsewhere&pg=PA3 |title=The Mahābhārata Patriline: Gender, Culture, and the Royal Hereditary |date=2009 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-0-7546-6787-2 |language=en}}</ref>{{efn|Though not attested in the ''Mahabharata'', the text ''[[Harivamsa]]'' adds [[Bhanumati (Yadava princess)|Bhanumati]]—a princess from the [[Yadava]] clan—as one of the wives of Sahadeva}}}}
| family = {{bulleted list|[[Ashvins]] (father)|[[Madri]] (mother)|[[Kunti]] (adoptive mother)|[[Pandu]] (adoptive father)|[[Nakula]] (twin brother)|{{hlist|[[Karna]]|[[Yudhishthira]]|[[Bhima]]|[[Arjuna]]}} (half brothers)}}
| children = {{bulleted list|[[Upapandavas#Shrutasena|Shrutasena]] by Draupadi|[[Characters in the Mahabharata#Suhotra|Suhotra]] by Vijaya|}}
| relatives = {{bulleted list|[[Dhritarashtra]] and [[Vidura]] (paternal uncles)|[[Kauravas]] (paternal cousins)|[[Shalya]] (maternal uncle)
}}
}}

'''Sahadeva''' ({{langx|sa|सहदेव|Sahadeva|one with the gods}}) was the youngest of the five [[Pandava]] brothers in the ancient Indian epic, the ''[[Mahabharata]]''. He and his twin brother [[Nakula]] were the sons of [[Madri]], one of the wives of the Pandava patriarch [[Pandu]], and [[Ashvins|Ashvini Kumaras]], the divine twin physicians of the gods, whom she invoked to beget her sons due to Pandu's inability to progenate. Sahadeva is renowned for his wisdom, knowledge of astrology, and skill in swordsmanship.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm|title = The Mahabharata}}</ref>

Sahadeva was married to [[Draupadi]], as were his four brothers. He was also married to Vijaya of [[Madra kingdom]]. He had two sons, [[Shrutasena]] and Suhotra, from his two wives respectively. Sahadeva played a crucial role during the [[Rajasuya]] of [[Yudhishthira]], where he conquered the kings of the South. After Yudhishthira lost all of his possessions to [[Duryodhana]] in the game of dice, Sahadeva vowed to slay [[Shakuni]], Duryodhana's maternal uncle, who had used loaded dice to unfairly win the game. Afterwards, the Pandavas and Draupadi were exiled for thirteen years, with the last year being a period of hiding called as [[Agyaata Vaasa]]. During the hiding, Sahadeva disguised himself as a [[Vaishya]] named '''Tantripala''' and worked as a cowherd in the kingdom of [[Virata]]. Sahadeva was a skilled warrior who fought in the [[Kurukshetra War]] between the Pandavas and their cousins, the [[Kauravas]]. On the 18th day of the war, he slew [[Shakuni]]. At the end of the epic, during the Pandavas' journey in the [[Himalayas]] to enter [[Svarga]], Sahadeva was the second to fall, following [[Draupadi]], due to his excessive pride in his wisdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m17/m17002.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 17: Mahaprasthanika Parva: Section II}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The word ''sahadeva'' is derived from two Sanskrit words ''saha'' (सह) and ''[[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]]'' (देव). ''Saha'' means ‘''with''’ and deva is a [[Hindu]] term used for ‘''deity''’.<ref name = Mon>{{Cite book |last=Monier-Williams |first=Sir Monier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FzRDAQAAMAAJ&q=Sahadeva&pg=PA83 |title=A Sanskṛit-English Dictionary Etymologically and Philologically Arranged: With Special Reference to Greek, Latin, Gothic, German, Anglo-Saxon, and Other Cognate Indo-European Languages |date=1872 |publisher=Clarendon Press |language=en}}</ref> So literally, Sahadeva means ‘''with the gods''’ or ‘''protected by the gods''’.<ref name = "Gandhi" >{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Maneka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZ94y_-jChMC&q=Sahadeva |title=The Penguin Book of Hindu Names for Boys |date=2004 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-303168-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref name = Mon /> In southern India, he is regarded as a very accomplished astrologer, a face reader, and a master of all other forms of intuitive perception. He was known for his secretive nature; although he accurately understood a situation, he never revealed anything about it. Hence, presently, people who have a similar nature are called a Sahadeva.<ref>{{cite book|last= Pattanaik|first=Devadutt|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mY9WkvuZvcMC&q=their+mother+Kunti+were+escorted+from+their+forest+dwelling+by+Bhishma+to+Hastinapur%5D+to+live+with+their+uncle+King+Dhritarashtra |title=Jaya- An Illustrated Retelling of the Mahabharta| year=2010|page=Not printed|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=9788184751697 }}</ref>

In the epic, various epithets for Sahadeva has been used. Prominent ones are the patronymics—''Āśvineya, Aśvinīsuta''—and matronymics—''Mādrīputra, Mādreya''. Other important other names are ''Bharataśārdūla, Bharatasattama, Kauravya, Kurunandana, Nakulānuja, Pāṇḍava and Pāṇḍunandana''.<ref name = "VM" />
==Literary background==
The story of Sahadeva is told in the ''Mahabharata'', one of the [[Sanskrit]] epics from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Sahadeva also appears in later Hindu scriptures like the ''[[Harivamsa]]''—which is regarded as ''khila'' (supplement or appendix) of the ''Mahabharata''—and ''[[Puranas]]'' like the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''.<ref name="VM" />

==Biography==
===Birth and early years===
Sahadeva was one of the five brothers born to [[Pandu]], a member of the illustrious [[Lunar dynasty]] lineage and the heir of the throne of [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru]]. The collective name “[[Pandavas]]” originates from their father. However, Pandu was afflicted by a curse that would lead to his demise if he engaged in sexual relations with a woman. Consequently, Sahadeva and his brothers were born through a sacred mantra bestowed upon Pandu's first wife [[Kunti]] by the revered sage [[Durvasa]] during her maidenhood. Both of Pandu’s wives—[[Madri]] and Kunti—invoked different deities and were blessed with children.<ref name = "VM">{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=http://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft |title=Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature |date=1975 |publisher=Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0 |page=[https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241902.html 663]}}</ref>
[[File:The Festival of Cakes.jpg|thumb|'The Festival of Cakes' by Nandalal Bose, possibly depicting the widowed Kunti feeding her five children—the Pandavas]]
According to the ''[[Adi Parva]]'' ('First Book') of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', upon Pandu's behest, Kunti had used her boon three times to invoke celestial gods and gave birth to her three children—[[Yudhishthira]], [[Bhima]] and [[Arjuna]]. Upon hearing about Madri's desire to give birth to a son, Pandu requested Kunti to share her boon with her. Madri, upon seeking divine assistance, invoked the twin celestial deities of health, the [[Asvins]], and bore two sons—Nakula and Sahadeva—who were extolled to be unparalleled in earthly beauty. An ethereal voice proclaimed that these twins would surpass even the Asvins themselves in energy and allure. Despite invoking the gods only once, Madri obtained two remarkable sons. However, her co-wife, Kunti, fearing that Madri might surpass her in offspring, beseeched the king not to command her further, accepting this as her granted boon.<ref name= Offspring/><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CXXIV |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01125.htm |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref> Sahadeva, along with his brothers, spent his childhood in the company of sages at Shatashriga mountain. However he was orphaned after Pandu, who had a curse inflicted upon him by [[Kindama]], attempted to engage in love making with Madri, resulting in his demise. Following this, Madri entrusted her children to Kunti, and followed him to his death by performing the ancient practice of [[Sati (practice)|sati]], immolating herself on her husband’s funeral pyre. Kunti raised the twins alongside her own sons in [[Hastinapura]], the capital of Kuru which was being ruled under Pandu's elder brother [[Dhritarashtra]].{{efn|Despite being the younger brother of [[Dhritarashtra]], it was Pandu who succeeded their father as king of [[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Bharata]]. This was because Dhritarashtra was blind, a disability that caused him to forfeit his right to the royal succession. Dhritarashtra fathered 100 sons, known as the [[Kaurava]] brothers, and ascended the throne on the death of Pandu.{{fact|date=May 2024}} }} Despite Sahadeva not being her biological offspring, Kunti held a special affection for him, making him her favorite among the Pandavas.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fang|first=Liaw Yock|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIv3AwAAQBAJ&q=madri+suicide&pg=PA76|title=A History of Classical Malay Literature|date=2013|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian|isbn=978-981-4459-88-4|language=en}}</ref><ref name="VM" /> The Pandava brothers were brought up with their paternal cousins, the [[Kauravas]], and the education of all these boys was supervised by [[Bhishma]].<ref>{{cite Q|Q55879169|last=Johnson|first=W. J. |article=Bisma }}</ref>

Sahadeva and Nakula, along with the other princes, were instructed in the [[gurukula]] for by [[Kripa]] and [[Drona]] in warfare and use of weapons such as bow and arrows and martial art.<ref name= "VM" /> He also mastered his skills in fencing and axe fighting. After completing their training, the Pandavas defeated [[Drupada]], King of [[Panchala]], as a [[gurudakshina]] for Drona. Notably, Sahadeva along with Nakula protected the wheels of Arjuna's chariot during this endeavor. Later, [[Duryodhana]]—the eldest son of Dhritarashtra and leader of hundred [[Kaurava]] brothers—plotted to burn the Pandavas alive by constructing [[Lakshagriha]], a lac palace, in Varanavata. Fortunately, with the aid of their wise uncle [[Vidura]], the Pandavas escaped through a secret tunnel.<ref name= "VM" />

===Marriages and children===
In the ''Adi Parva'', two wives of Sahadeva are mentioned—[[Draupadi]], the princess of Panchala who was also married to his four brothers as well, and [[Vijayā (Mahabharata)|Vijaya]], the princess of Madra. It also narrates how he married them:<ref name= Offspring>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01096.htm|title= SECTION XCV (Sambhava Parva continued)|publisher =Sacred-Texts.com|access-date=11 January 2023}}</ref><ref name = "VM" />
[[File:Pandavas with Draupadi OR ayudhapurushas facing Madhu Kaitabha.jpg|thumb|Stone relief from Deogarh depicting the Pandavas with Draupadi]]
Following the events at Lakshagriha, Sahadeva, accompanied by his mother and brothers, made the decision to conceal themselves from Hastinapura. During this period, [[Arjuna]] received information that [[Drupada]], the ruler of Panchala, was organizing an archery tournament to determine the suitor for his daughter's hand in marriage and disguised as a Brahmin, emerged victorious in the tournament. Returning home, Arjuna jokingly referred to Draupadi as their "alms," prompting Kunti to inadvertently instruct her sons to share her. Yudhishthira, recalling sage [[Vyasa]]'s prophecy that Draupadi was destined to marry five men, observed his brothers' mutual affection for her and agreed. Drupada, though initially hesitant, accepted the marriage as dharmic, and Draupadi wed all five Pandavas. To prevent discord, the brothers agreed that anyone intruding upon Draupadi in private would face a year of exile. Sahadeva was the fourth in line as Arjuna had broken the treaty, resulting in latter's exile. [[Upapandavas#Shrutasen|Shrutasena]] was born to Sahadeva and Draupadi.<ref name = "VM" /> Sahadeva later also married [[Vijaya (Mahabharat)|Vijaya]], the daughter of his maternal uncle Dyutimata of [[Madra]], in a self-choice ceremony organised in Madra. She who bore him one son, [[Suhotra]].<ref name="VM" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01096.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100116130453/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01096.htm|archive-date = 16 January 2010|title = The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section XCV}}</ref>

Later in the ''[[Ashramavasika Parva|Ashramvasika Parva]]'', the character [[Sanjaya]] mentions another wife of Sahadeva, described as the daughter of king [[Jarasandha]] of [[Magadha]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxx4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |title=After the War: The Last Books of the Mahabharata |date=2022 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-755339-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Brodbeck |first=Simon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_8lXf1c3VMoC&q=introduces+two+wives+unmentioned+elsewhere&pg=PA3 |title=The Mahābhārata Patriline: Gender, Culture, and the Royal Hereditary |date=2009 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-0-7546-6787-2 |language=en}}</ref> Simon Brodbeck theorizes that this marriage might have taken place after the [[Kurukshetra War]], as this unnamed wife is not mentioned elsewhere.<ref name=":7" />

The ''[[Harivamsa]]'', the appendix of the ''Mahabharata'', adds [[Bhanumati (Yadava princess)|Bhanumati]] as another wife of Sahadeva. According to the story narrated in the ''Vishnu Parva'' of the text, she was the daughter of the [[Yadava]] leader Bhanu. The Yadavas held a festival when Krishna traveled to the sacred palace known as Pindaraka with his entourage of Yadavas. Bhanumati was taken away by a demon known as Nikumbha at the event. This resulted from a curse placed on Bhanumati by [[Durvasa]], whom Bhanumati had formerly disregarded during their meeting in Raivata's garden. After the curse, Durvasa had comforted her by telling her that she will be rescued. It is true that Bhanumati was rescued by the combined effort of Krishna, Arjuna and [[Pradyumna]] and wed Sahadeva on the suggestion of the divine-sage [[Narada]].{{sfn|Mani|1975|p= 116}}

===Conquest and Rajasuya Yajna===
[[Image:PathRajasuyaSahadevaDigvijaya.jpg|right|thumb|Sahadeva's military expedition to the southern kingdoms, as per epic [[Mahabharata]]]]
[[File:King Yudhisthira Performs the Rajasuya Sacrifice.png|thumb|220px|King [[Yudhishthira]] performs the rajasuya sacrifice in which Sahadeva performs unique services before and during the yajna.]]

Sahadeva played an active role in the establishment of his eldest brother—[[Yudhishthira]]—as a sovereign emperor. The ''[[Adi Parva]]'' narrates that after the ''[[Svayamvara]]'' ceremony of Draupadi, news of the Pandavas' survival and alliance with Drupada of Panchala reached Hastinapura. It led to mixed reactions among the Kuru elders and princes. King [[Dhritarashtra]], influenced by the wise counsel of [[Vidura]], [[Bhishma]], and [[Drona]], acknowledged the Pandavas’ right to the throne and decided to share the kingdom to avoid conflict. The Pandavas, Kunti and Draupadi were invited back to Hastinapura and were warmly received by the citizens. However, to prevent further discord, Dhritarashtra suggested that the Pandavas establish their domain in [[Khandavaprastha]], a barren land. The Pandavas accepted the proposal and transformed Khandavaprastha into the magnificent city of [[Indraprastha]], which became a thriving center of culture and commerce.{{Sfn|Mani|1975}}

''[[Sabha Parva]]'' ('Book of the Assembly Hall), the second book of the Mahabharata, describes the Pandavas' life at the Indraprastha court and Yudhishthira’s [[Rajasuya]] Yajna, which leads to the expansion of the Pandava brothers’ empire. Rajasuya was a grand [[Vedic ritual]] performed by ancient Indian kings to assert their sovereignty and demonstrate their supremacy. The epic states that Yudhishthira desired to perform the Rajasuya sacrifice not for personal power but to establish [[dharma]] (morals, virtues and righteousness) and defend it across the world. The brothers including Sahadeva went for out in four directions for subjugating other kingdoms and rulers and collected huge bounties which enriched the treasury of Indraprastha kingdom immensely. Sahadeva was sent to south direction, specifically chosen for the southern campaign because of his expertise with the sword, and because Bhishma opined that Southerners are skilled with sword-fighting in general.<ref name=Ages>{{Cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JDEQAAAAYAAJ&dq=Sahadeva%27s+stories+of+invasion&pg=PR34|last= Wheeler |first= J. Talboys |title=The History of India from the Earliest Ages: The Vedic period and the Mahábharata, Volume 1 |year=1937|publisher = John Childs and Son, London}}</ref>

The ''Mahabharata'' mentions several kingdoms to the south of Indraprastha which were conquered by Sahadeva. Some of them are as under:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02030.htm|title=Mahabharata Text Section XXX|publisher=Sacred Text.com}}</ref>
*[[Surasena kingdom|Surasenas]]
*[[Pandyan dynasty]]
*[[Matsya kingdom|Matsya]], the king [[Dantavakra]], kings Sukumara, Sumitra, other Matsyas and Patacharas.
*Kings of Lanka who claimed to be descendants of [[Vibhishana]], the king of [[Lanka]] and brother of [[Ravana]]. He offered him diverse kinds of jewels and gems, sandalwood, celestial ornaments, costly apparel and valuable pearls. Sahadeva deputed his nephew, [[Ghatotkacha]] (son of [[Bhima]]) to collect these taxes considering the latter's Rakshasa lineage.
*At [[Kishkindha]], the monkey-kings Mainda and Dvivida were defeated in a 7-day war.
*City of [[Mahishmati]], which was ruled by King Nila. Since the kingdom had the blessings of [[Agni]], a huge fire obstructed the army when Sahadeva tried to invade; later prayer to Agni enabled Sahadeva to complete the conquest.
* King [[Rukmi]] of [[Vidarbha]] and territories of [[Bhojakata]]
*[[Nishadas]], the hill of Gosringa and King Sreenimath.
* Navarashtra, under King [[Kunti-Bhoja]]
* King Jamvaka, on the banks of the river [[Charmanvati]].
* Territories lying on the banks of the Venwa.
* Kingdoms that lay on the banks of the [[Narmada]].
* [[Avanti kingdom (Mahabharata)|Avanti]], kings called Vinda and Anuvinda, a town of [[Bhojakata]]
* King of [[Kosala]]
* King of [[Tripura]]
* King of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]
* [[Surparaka kingdom]], Talakatas and [[Dandaka]]s
* [[Mlechchha]] tribe living on the sea coast, Nishadas, the cannibals, Karnapravarnas, and the Kalamukhas (a cross between human beings and Rakshasas) and the whole area of the Cole mountains.
* Surabhipatna and the island called the Copper island, and a mountain called Ramaka.
* The town of Timingila and a wild tribe is known by the name of the Kerakas who were men with one leg.
* The town of Sanjayanti, countries of the Pashandas, Karahatakas, Paundrayas, Dravidas, Udrakeralas, Andhras, Talavanas, Kalingas and Ushtrakarnikas, Sekas and Yavanas
* [[Pauravas|Paurava kingdom]]
* A verse in the scriptures also mention that Sahadeva before his invasion south of Indraprastha, had forced tribute from [[Antioch]], Rome and the City of the [[Greeks]]. His twin brother Nakula is said to have conquered the [[Huns]] along with Chinese to give tribute at the Rajasuya Yajna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hitebeitel |first=Alf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8q7k3c_R5AC&dq=Sahadeva%27s+stories+of+invasion&pg=PA31 |title=Rethinking the Mahabharata |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |year=2001 |page=31 |isbn=9780226340548 |access-date=11 January 2023}}</ref>

The ''Sabha Parva'' further narrates that after the brothers successfully returned from their campaign, the venue and other aspects related to the conduct of the Rajasuya was elaborately done under the stewardship of Bhishma. Sahadeva served as Yudhishthira's minister in the ceremony, and helped in conducting various rituals.<ref name = "VM" /> When Bhishma ordained that [[Krishna]] deserved the honour of the first sacred [[arghya]] of the Yajna due to his divine attributes and contributions in establishing dharma, King [[Shishupala]] of [[Chedi kingdom|Chedi]] opposed this. Sahadeva boldly declared his support for Krishna’s worship and challenged anyone who disagrees to respond. His action was met with silence from the other kings, signifying their acceptance or reluctance to oppose him.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02038.htm | title=The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Rajasuyika Parva: Section XXXVIII }}</ref><ref name=Ages/> Later, after the completion of the Yajna, Sahadeva escorted [[Drona]] and his son [[Ashwatthama]] back to their palaces.<ref name = "VM" />

===Exile===
Following Yudhishthira's loss in the game of dice meant that all Pandavas including [[Draupadi]] had to live in exile for 13 years with last year in Agnatavas (incognito).<ref name=Krishna>{{Cite book|last= Dharma|first=Krishna|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NbAeEAAAQBAJ&dq=Sahadeva%27s+role+before+the+Kurukshetra+war&pg=PA165 |title=Krishnadharma's Mahbaharat|year=2020|page=810|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=9781683839200 }}</ref>

As the Pandavas departed Hastinapura, the entire populace of the city had lined along the streets in grief. Sahadeva had then smeared his face with mud thinking "none should recognise me in this hour of calamity". [[Nakula]] covered himself with ashes. [[Arjuna]] scattered sands to symbolize the countless arrows he would let loose in battle, [[Bhima]] walked with his hands outstretched to indicate to people that no one could equal him, and [[Yudhishthira]] had covered his face. Kunti had appealed to Draupadi to take care of her son Sahadeva as he holds a special place in her heart; Draupadi had left Hastinapura along with the Pandavas wearing a single safron cloth with her hair disheveled.<ref name=Krishna/>

During their exile, travelling on pilgrimage from place to place, Sahadeva and his brothers were living at [[Badrinath]]. A rakshasa named [[Jatasura]] was also living amidst them in disguise of a learned Brahmin, and enjoying their hospitality. Suddenly, when Bhima was away from the camp on a hunting trip, Jatasura assumed the form of a demonic [[rakshasa]] and forcibly abducted Yudhishthira, Nakula, Sahadeva, and Draupadi, with the objective of seizing their weapons. Sahadeva somehow extricated himself from the clutches of Jatasura and attacked him with his sword, and at the same time calling out to Bhima for help. Jatasura also counter attacked Sahadeva. A long fight ensued between them, and Sahadeva initially felled Jatasura to the ground. Sahadeva had then thrown his axe at him but Jatasura rose up and struck Sahadeva and threw him to the ground; Yudhisthira, Nakula and Draupadi were distressed and told Jatasura that his death was near. Sahadeva and Jatasura continued the fight by uprooting trees and throwing them at each other, and at one stage, Sahadeva by throwing his axe had cut off the Jata or hair tuft by which the rakshasa was known as Jatasura, which infuriated him further. The rakshasa then, with magical powers, as a mayavi, had assumed immense proportions and relentlessley attacked and injured Sahadeva. But then Bhima appeared on the scene eventually, and challenged Jatasura, asking his brothers to keep away. In a very fierce fight, Bhima hit Jatasura's head with his mace and slew him. Sahadeva and his brother Nakula with their brothers Bhima and Yudhishthira then trekked to a nearby lake, which was surrounded by a herbal forest, where they nursed their wounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03156.htm|title=Mahabharata Text|publisher=Sacred Text.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Rashmi|title=Tibetans in exile : struggle for human rights|year=2010|publisher=Anamika Publishers & Distributors|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788179752487|page=625}}</ref>

In the 13th year, Pandavas collectively decided that the [[Virata kingdom]] of king [[Virata]] would be an ideal place for them to hide in disguise. The day after Draupadi's entrance into Virata's palace as Sairandhri, 'an expert maid', in the name of Malini, employed by Queen [[Sudeshna]], Sahadeva made his way into the city dressed as a cowherd. He arrived at one cow posture in the region of Virata's palace. The king happened to be visiting his herd and was present when he saw a handsome well built man clad in a cowherd's dress, and speaking the dialects of the cowherds. Beholding him the king was struck with amazement. He asked Sahadeva, "To whom dost though belong" and whence though come; What work dost though seek: I have never seen thee before." Sahadeva replied saying that he was a [[Vaisya]], [[Arishtanemi|Arishtinemi]] by name, and was earlier in the employment of Kuru King Yudhishthira, the eldest of the five sons of Pandu and had tended to eight hundred thousand cattle and that people used to call him 'Tatripala' (Pandavas however called him ''Jayadbala''), and that he knew the present, the past and the future of all kine (cows) living within ten yojanas ({{Convert|12-15|km}}). He also told the king the means by which kine population could be multiplied in a short time, and that he liked the work of taming, milking and breeding cattle. Impressed with the resume narrated by Sahadeva, King Virata employed him in his palace as the chief cowherd who supervised the maintenance and upkeep of all cows in his kingdom, while his elder brothers assumed different roles in disguise to work in Virata's court. [[Yudhishthira]] assumed the identity of game entertainer to the king and called himself Kanka, [[Bhima]] was the cook Ballava, [[Arjuna]] taught dance and music as eunuch Brihannala and dressed as a woman, and [[Nakula]] tended horses as Granthika. In Virata's kingdom, the Pandavas in disguise had a entertaining time but a war erupted when [[Duryodhana]] was trying to locate them so that he could send them back to exile again, which ultimately revealed their identity at the end of the Agnyatavasa period of one year.<ref name= Bibek>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D4LcyREW2KEC&q=Trigata+Prince+Niramitra+on+the+14th+day|last=Debroy|first =Bibek|title=Mahabharata Volume 4 (Section 44 to 59)|year=2015|page=812 (149)|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9788184755343 }}</ref>

When the brother-in-law of King Virata, [[Kichaka]] perished at the hands of [[Bhima]] due to his lascivious behaviour towards [[Draupadi]], Virata was weakened. Sensing that the Pandavas were hiding in the Virata's court, [[Susharma]], King of [[Trigartas|Trigatas]] and the [[Kauravas]] invaded Matsya kingdom successively. They not only captured Virata but also robbed him of his immense cattle wealth. Virata, with the help of the four Pandavas in his employment, Yudhisthira, Bhima, Nakula and Sahadeva defeated Susharma and freed King Virata. Meanwhile, the Kurus working with Susharma, robbed Virata's kingdom of sixty thousand cattle. However, they were defeated by Arjuna, with [[Uttara (Mahabharata)|Prince Uttara]], son of Virata as a charioteer. The Kurus were humiliated and returned the cattle to Virata and went back to Hastinapura. It was also the last day of the one year agnyatavasa of the Pandavas, and when they revealed their true identity to King Virata and Kauravas.<ref name= Bibek/>

===Kurukshetra War===
In the great [[Kurukshetra War]], Sahadeva played an important role from the Pandava alliance against their cousins [[Kauravas]]. The chariot flag of Sahadeva displayed a silver swan. He sounded his conch, named Manipushpaka, to signal the war's commencement, and wielded a bow called Ashwina throughout the battle. During the preparation of the war, Sahadeva suggested King Virata to be appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Pandava army, though Yudhishthira and Arjuna later opted [[Dhrishtadyumna]] for the post.<ref name = "VM" />

In the narrative of the battle, Sahadeva's actions recorded in the ''[[Bhishma Parva]], [[Drona Parva]], [[Karna Parva]]'' and ''[[Shalya Parva]]'' are as follows:<ref name = "VM" />{{efn|The following is based on the Southern Recension of the Mahabharata}}
* He initiated a duel with Durmukha (Bhishma Parva, Chapter 45, Verse 25).
* He emerged victorious over [[Vikarna]], [[Shalya]], and other warriors (Bhishma Parva, Chapter 71, Verse 83).
* He led to the destruction of the Kauravas' cavalry (Bhishma Parva, Chapter 89, Verse 32).
* He made a strategic withdrawal from the battlefield (Bhishma Parva, Chapter 105, Verse 16).
* He engaged in a duel with [[Kripacharya]] (Bhishma Parva, Chapter 110, Verse 12).
* He fought against [[Shakuni]] (Drona Parva, Chapter 14, Verse 22).
* He clashed once more with Durmukha (Drona Parva, Chapter 106, Verse 13).
* He was responsible for the death of Nirmitra, the Trigarta prince (Drona Parva, Chapter 107, Verse 25).
* He was defeated in combat by [[Karna]] (Drona Parva, Chapter 167, Verse 15).
* He achieved victory over [[Dushasana]] (Drona Parva, Chapter 188, Verse 2).
* He intervened in the altercation between [[Satyaki]] and [[Dhrishtadyumna]] (Drona Parva, Chapter 198, Verse 53).
* He killed Paundraja (Karna Parva, Chapter 22, Verse 14).
* He once again defeated Dushasana (Karna Parva, Chapter 23).
* He sustained injuries during a skirmish with Duryodhana (Karṇa Parva, Chapter 56, Verse 7).
* He was victorious over Uluka (Karna Parva, Chapter 61, Verse 43).
* He killed Shalya’s son (Shalya Parva, Chapter 11, Verse 43).
* He slew Uluka, son of Shakuni (Shalya Parva, Chapter 28, Verse 32).
* He ultimately killed Shakuni, fulfilling his vow made after the dice game.(Shalya Parva, Chapter 28, Verse 46).

=== Later life and death ===
[[File:Death of Draupadi - Illustrations from the Barddhaman edition of Mahabharata.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Pandavas]], accompanied by a dog, made their final journey of to the [[Himalayas]] to go to heaven and Sahadeva looks back.]]

Upon the onset of the [[Kali Yuga]] and the departure of Krishna, the Pandavas retired. Giving up all their belongings and ties, the Pandavas, accompanied by a dog, made their final journey of pilgrimage to the [[Himalayas]] seeking heaven. Except for Yudhishthira, all of the Pandavas grew weak and died before reaching heaven. Sahadeva was the second one to fall after Draupadi. When Bhima asked Yudhishthira why Sahadeva fell, Yudhishthira replied that Sahadeva took much pride in his wisdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m17/m17002.htm|title=Mahaprasthanika-parva Section 2|publisher=Sacred Texts.com}}</ref>

==Associated temples==
[[File:Thrickodithanam 7.JPG|right|thumb|[[Thrikodithanam Mahavishnu]] Temple reported to have been built by Sahadeva]]

[[Thrikodithanam Mahavishnu Temple]] is one of the five ancient shrines in the [[Kottayam]]-[[Alappuzha]]-[[Pathanamthitta]] area of [[Kerala]], connected with the legend of Mahabharata, where the five Pandavas are believed to have built one temple each. This temple has in it the Vishnu image consecrated by Sahadeva. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'' temples dedicated to Krishna, an avatar of [[Vishnu]], who is worshipped as Mahavishnu.<ref name=culture>[[#Culture|Cultural Heritage of Kerala 2008]], pp. 44–45</ref>{{Broken footnote|date=January 2023}}<ref name=RoaA>[[#Rao|Rao 2012]], pp. 17–20</ref>{{Broken footnote|date=January 2023}}

==In the media==
*In [[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|''Mahabharat'' (1988 TV series)]], Sanjeev Chitre acted as Sahadeva{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}
* In [[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|2013 version of the Mahabharata]], Sahadeva was portrayed by [[Lavanya Bhardwaj]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}
*In the TV show [[Suryaputra Karn]], Suchit Vikram Singh acted as Sahadeva{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}
*In [[RadhaKrishn|''Radhakrishn'']] (2018–) tv show, Sahadeva was portrayed by Vikas Singh{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}
{{Clear}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Pandavas]]
[[Category:Divine twins]]
[[Category:Heroes in Hindu mythology]]

Suhungmung

2026-03-16T06:43:59Z

ErikaMchenry4: updated page

{{morefootnotes|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
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| name = Suhungmung
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{{Ahom Dynasty}}
'''Suhungmung''' ({{reign|1497|1539}}), or '''Dihingia Roja''' was one of the most prominent [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] Kings who ruled at the cusp of Assam's medieval history. His reign broke from the early Ahom rule and established a multi-ethnic polity in his kingdom. Under him the [[Ahom Kingdom]] expanded greatly for the first time since [[Sukaphaa]], at the cost of the [[Chutia Kingdom|Chutia]] and the [[Dimasa kingdom]]s. He also successfully defended his kingdom against Muslim invasions, first by a general called Bar Ujjir and another by Turbak Khan. During his time, the [[Khen dynasty]] collapsed and the [[Koch dynasty]] ascended in the [[Kamata kingdom]]. His general, Ton-kham, pursued the Muslims up to the [[Karatoya]] river,<ref>"The Ahom army led by Ton-Kham (Chan Kham), the son of general Phra-Sen-Mong, and Prince Suklenmung pursued the invaders across the Muslim dominion of Kamrup and Kamata. The victorious army advanced and quickly reached the Karatoya which formed the western boundary of the kingdom of Kamata." {{harvcol|Phukan|1992|p=59}}</ref> the western boundary of the erstwhile [[Kamarupa Kingdom]], the farthest west an Ahom military force had ventured in its entire six hundred years of rule.

The Brahmin Hindu community gave the title ''Swarganarayana'' to King Suhungmung to honor him. Suhungmung accepted this title mainly for political reasons, as it helped strengthen administration and made the native people feel that the Ahom rulers were part of their own cultural . Brahmins also lived within the Ahom administration and provided guidance about broader Indian political affairs. Many Brahmins came from the Kamata Kingdom to Ahom territory seeking safety from the Bengal Sultanate Invasion, and the Ahom kingdom allowed them to settle under its protection. and Ahom kings came to be known as the ''Swargadeo'' (literal meaning: ''Lord of the Heavens'') which is the [[Assamese language|Assamese]] translation of [[Ahom language|Ahom]] word ''Chao-Pha''. He is also called the Dihingia Raja, because he made [[Bakata]] on the [[Dihing River]] his capital.{{sfn|Baruah|1986|p=227}} Suhungmung was the last progenitor Ahom king (all subsequent kings were his descendants).

==Expansion==
Under Suhungmung the Ahom Kingdom acquired a vision of an extended polity and consolidated rule. He began by suppressing the revolt of the Aitonia [[Naga people|Naga]]s in 1504 and making them accept Ahom overlordship.<ref name=assamgait83>{{cite book|last=Gait|first=Edward Albert|title=A history of Assam|year=1906|publisher=Thacker, Spink & co.|isbn=1-145-65935-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ahistoryassam01gaitgoog/page/n76 83]–84|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryassam01gaitgoog}}</ref>{{bcn|date=May 2020}} As he embarked on military expeditions he organized the first recorded survey of the adult population in 1510 to consolidate and reorganize the militia.<ref>"Yet another important event of his reign was the carrying out of a state-wise census (''piyal'') of the adult male population in 1510. A survey of clans and crafts was also made to specify the nature of their respective militia duties. His involvement in frequent warfare and the need, accordingly, for a maximum mobilisation of the paiks warranted this reform. The above census was the first one ever to be mentioned and dated in any chronicle." {{harvcol|Guha|1983|p=21}}</ref> He annexed [[Habung]], a [[Chutia kingdom|Chutia]] dependency in 1512 and later in 1523-24, the rest of the [[Chutia Kingdom]].<ref>"He first annexed Habung in 1512 and later also the rest of the Hinduised Chutia kingdom" {{harvcol|Guha|1983|p=19}}</ref>

===Against Chutia Kingdom===
As Suhungmung had annexed Panbari of Habung<ref>Goswami, Hemchandra, Purani Assam Buranji, p.40</ref><ref>Bhuyan, SK, "Deodhai Assam Buranji", Chapter 30</ref> (previously a Chutia principality)<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517005?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3A6f87fb68b5cbb9c5a988b6772e9607d3&seq=4#page_scan_tab_contents Guha, Amalendu,''Pre-Ahom Roots and the Medieval State in Assam: A Reply'',p. 73, ''Before its annexation by Ahoms, Habung was a Chutia dependency'']</ref><ref>A Chutia chief named ''Vrihat-patra'' referred to as Habung-adhipati is mentioned in the copper plate of Durlabhnarayan dated to 1428 A.D. Another plate of Dhirnarayan dated 1522 AD was found in the region which indicates that Habung was reclaimed by Chutias in 1520 A.D. during the war of Dihinhmukh</ref> in 1512, the Chutia king Dhirnarayan attacked the Ahoms at Dikhoumukh the next year, but was unsuccessful. The [[Chutia people|Chutias]] again attacked the Ahoms in 1520 and occupied the areas up to Namdang and Mungkhrang. In 1522, the Ahoms fought back, re-occupied their lost territories and invaded the [[Chutia kingdom]] by errecting a fort at the mouth of Dibru/Tiphao ([[Dibrugarh]]). Although, Nitipal tried to attack the fort the following year, he was unsuccessful. Suhungmung then extended the [[Ahom Kingdom]] to the mouth of the Tiphao River and further marched towards [[Sadiya]]. The Chutias fortified Sadiya, but they were soon defeated. They were pursued further to the hill forts of Chandangiri and Doithang in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and their king and prince were killed in battle. Upon annexing the Chutia territories, the Ahoms came in contact with hill tribes like [[Mising people|Miris]], [[Adi people|Abors]], [[Mishmi people|Mishmis]] and [[Nyishi people|Daflas]]. Suhungmung established the office of the Sadiyakhowa Gohain and gave charge to Phrasengmung Borgohain to look after the newly acquired [[Sadiya]] region. The rest of the newly acquired territories were divided among the Buragohain and Borgohain, while new offices were created to administer the country more efficiently. These included ''Thao-mung Mung-teu'' (Bhatialia Gohain)<ref>{{harvcol|Barua|1939|pp=58–59}}</ref> was made the first with headquarters at [[Habung]] ([[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]), ''Thao-mung Ban-lung'' (Banlungia Gohain) at Banlung ([[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]]), ''Thao-mung Mung-klang'' (Dihingia gohain) at [[Dihing river|Dihing]] ([[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]] and northern [[Sibsagar district|Sibsagar]]) and ''Chaolung Shulung'' at Tiphao (northern [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]]).<ref>{{harvcol|Gait|1906|p=86}}</ref><ref>{{harvcol|Barua|1939|pp=59–61}}</ref> In 1527, a new ministerial position named [[Borpatrogohain]] was created and Kangsheng (who was previously Bhatialia Gohain) was given charge. Though this was not the end of the conflict it brought to an end the first major expansion of the [[Ahom Kingdom]].

===Against Baro-Bhuyans===

After annexing the [[Chutia kingdom]], the Ahoms under Suhungmung crossed the Bharali river, subjugated the [[Baro-Bhuyan|Baro-Bhuyans]], who were petty chiefs ruling in the Central Assam regions of Rowta-Temoni (today's Darrang and Nagaon), and relocated them to the north bank of Upper Assam. <ref>According to ''Assam Buranji'' by ''Harakanta Barua'', p. 64, king Suhungmung is said to have subdued the Bara Bhuyans in the year 1527 A.D. and appointed them to very petty offices as ''Tamulis'' and ''Pacanis''.</ref><ref>As per the ''Assam Buranji(SM)'' p.29, after the defeat of Chutiyas, the relocated Baro-Bhuyans put on a challenging attitude and were eventually suppressed. Two Bhuyans of the Bor Baro-bhuyan stock(Rowta), Utai and Tamai, scoffed at Ahom power saying that the Ahoms were puffed up with the pride of their victory over the Chutiyas, but that all the same the country belonged to the Bhuyans. This was reported to king Suhungmung, who sent three of his minor chiefs to put down the Bhuyans. They camped at the mouth of the Kadha (in Lakhimpur) when Vasudeva Tapasi Laskar, the Bhuya of Karekuchi, sent one Malabaiya Laskar to offer submission along with five horses and silver, recalling that they were prisoners of Ahoms. The Bhuyans, named Laloya, Utavara, Kahika (Kausika), Comdar, Uzir, Capa, Sonavara, Bhedai and others with their relatives, were appointed as khataniyars (petty servants of state); and Utai and Tamai were put to the executioner’s sword.</ref><ref>According to ''Purani Assam Buranji'', p.27. the twelve Bara Bhuyas of Rowta-Temani (mid-Assam, on either banks of the Brahmaputra) namely Utai, Tamai, Rai, Sakai, Kausika, Uzir, Laskar, Comdar, Sanatana, Keho, Rambhat and Bhakat with four sub-Bhuyans each, were transported and settled in various places of Uttara-kula (Biswanath, Lakhimpur districts). The Lacam Kalita Bhuyan family was placed at Bahbari(Lakhimpur), while one of them was settled on the river Sonari(Dhakuakhana), and another on the hills.</ref><ref>As per ''Satsari Buranji'', p.16, Suhungmung suppressed the Baro-Bhuyans in Rowta. The people of the region were placed under the leadership of the Baro-Bhuyans and re-settled at different places of the kingdom.</ref>

===Against Kachari Kingdom===
In 1526, Suhungmung marched against the [[Kachari Kingdom]]. In 1531 Khunkhara, the Kachari king, sent forces under his brother Detcha to drive the Ahoms away from Marangi but the Kachari army was defeated and their commander killed. The Kacharis were pursued up to the capital [[Dimapur]] and Khunkhara had to flee. Suhungmung established a Kachari prince, Detsung, as the Kachari king. But Detsung rose in revolt in a few years, and the Ahoms pursued him till Jangmarang where he was killed. The Kachari Kingdom abandoned Dimapur permanently and established their new capital at [[Maibang|Maibong]]. Unlike the Chutia Kingdom, Suhungming did not take direct possession of the Kachari Kingdom.

===Ahom-Bengal Sultanate war===
The first Muslim invasion of the Ahom Kingdom occurred in 1527, but it was defeated and pushed back to the Burai River. A few years later, there was another attempt when a commander advanced up the Brahmaputra in fifty vessels. This too was defeated.<ref name="Acharyya">{{cite journal |last1= Acharyya|first1= Nagendra Nath |date= June 1, 1957 | title= The History of Mediaeval Assam, 1228-1603| url= https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29178/1/10731273.pdf |publisher= The School of Oriental and African Studies, London |page= 91| access-date= 22 September 2022}}</ref> In yet another expedition, the Borpatragohain slain the commander, Bit Malik, and captured cannons and guns. The most successful among these initial raids on the Ahom Kingdom was the one led by [[Turbak's invasion of Assam|Turbak]].

Turbak, a [[Gaur Brahmins|Gaur]] commander, advanced against the Ahom Kingdom in April 1532 with a large force. He first faced Suklen, Suhungmung's son, at Singri. In this battle Suklen was defeated and wounded and the Ahoms retreated to Sala. The Ahoms again faced reverses at Sala and some other expeditions thereafter, but won the first significant victory in March 1533 when a naval force was defeated with heavy losses to Turbak's forces. This led to a period of stalemate with the two armies encamped on opposite banks of the Dikrai River.

The Ahoms finally attacked the invaders and defeated them in a number of battles. [[Nang Mula]] was also martyred in this battle. In the final battle fought near the [[Bharali River]], Turbak and another Muslim general Hussain Khan who had come to reinforce him were killed and his army was pursued till the Karatoya river in present-day [[North Bengal]].<ref name="Acharyya"/> The captured soldiers subsequently became the first significant Muslim population of the Ahom Kingdom. They were called ''Garia'' since they were from [[Gaur, West Bengal|Gaur]], and the appellation was later extended to all Muslims. This population finally became well known as expert brass craftsmen.{{cn|date=May 2020}}

The [[Buranji]]s mention the first use of firearms by the Ahoms in these battles.

==Death==
Suhunmung met his death in 1539 as a result of a conspiracy hatched by his eldest son [[Suklenmung]] who was highly dissatisfied with his father's disgraceful act of marrying the daughter of a Sonari (goldsmith) and making her the Borkonwari (Seniormost Queen). Suhungmung was assassinated by his servant, Ratiman as he was asleep. It is suspected that Suhungmung's son [[Suklenmung]] along with Suhungmung's [[Kachari Kingdom|Kachari]] princess, who became the next king, was responsible for the death.

==Descendants==
Suhungmung had four sons. The eldest, Suklen, who succeeded him, was established as the ''Tipam Raja''. His second son, Suleng (also spelled Sureng and sometimes called Deoraja), was established as the ''Charing Raja''. Though Suleng himself did not become a king, some of his descendants enjoyed kingship for some time. The third son, Suteng, was established as the ''Namrupiya Raja'', and his descendants established the [[Tungkhungia Ahom kings|Tungkhungia]] line. The fourth son, Sukhring, also called ''Dop Raja'', remained without any estate.<ref>{{harv|Gogoi|1968|p=283}}</ref>

{{Tree list}}
* Suhungmong
** [[Suklenmung]] (Tipam Raja)
*** [[Sukhaamphaa]] (Khora Raja)
**** [[Susenghphaa]] (Pratap Singha)
***** Namrupiya raja Tailai
****** [[Sujinphaa]] (Sur Singha/ Arjun konwar)
***** [[Suramphaa]] (Bhoga Raja)
***** [[Sutingphaa]] (Noriya Raja)
****** [[Sutamla]] (Jayadhwaj Singha)
** Suleng (Deoraja) (Charing)
*** ??
**** [[Supangmung]], Chakradwaj Singha
**** [[Sunyatphaa]], Udayaditya Singha
**** [[Suklamphaa]], Ramdhwaj Singha
** Suteng (Namrup)
*** Saranga Gohain
**** [[Gobar Roja]]
***** [[Gadadhar Singha]]
******[[Rudra Singha]]
*******[[Siva Singha]]
*******[[Pramatta Singha]]
*******[[Mohanmala Maladev Gohain]]
*******[[Rajeswar Singha]]
********Ratneswar
*********Bijoy Bormura
**********Brajanath
***********[[Purandar Singha]]
*******[[ Lakshmi Singha]]
********[[Gaurinath Singha]]
*****Lechai
******Ayusut
*******Kadamdighala
********[[Suklingphaa]] (Kamaleshwar Singha)
********[[Chandrakanta Singha]]
****Jambor Gohain Charing Raja
*****Sriram
******Langal
*******Pirika
********Baga Konwar Tipam Raja
*********[[Jogeswar Singha]]
*** ??
**** [[Sudoiphaa]] (Tej Singha)
**Sukhring (none)
{{Tree list/end}}

==New offices==
Suhungmung established new Ahom positions.

* '''[[Borpatrogohain]]''' is the third of the great Gohains (the others being [[Burhagohain]] and [[Borgohain]], instituted by [[Sukaphaa]]). The first Barpatra Gohain was an Ahom prince brought up by a [[Naga people|Naga]] chief.
* '''Sadiakhowa Gohain''' looked after the Sadia region taken from the Chutias in 1524.
* '''Marangikhowa Gohain''' looked after the lower [[Dhansiri river]] valley taken from the Kacharis.

==See also==
* [[Ahom dynasty]]
* [[Ahom kingdom]]
* [[Assam]]
* [[Singarigharutha ceremony]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |first = S L |last = Baruah |title = A Comprehensive History of Assam |year = 1986 |publisher = Munshiram Manoharlal}}
* {{Citation| last = Guha| first = Amalendu| title = The Ahom Political System: An Enquiry into the State Formation Process in Medieval Assam (1228-1714)| journal = Social Scientist| volume = 11 |pages = 3–34| date = December 1983| issue = 12| doi = 10.2307/3516963| jstor = 3516963 | url = http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/3259| url-access = subscription}}
*{{Cite book|last=Gait|first=Sir Edward Albert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IpAAAAAMAAJ|title=A History of Assam|date=1963|publisher=Thacker, Spink|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Barua|first=G.C.|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.450867/mode/1up|title=Ahom Buranji|date=1939|language=en}}
* {{Citation| surname=Gogoi | given=Padmeshwar | title=The Tai and the Tai kingdoms | publisher=Gauhati University, Guwahati | year=1968}}
* {{Citation |last=Phukan |first=J. N. |contribution=Tai-Ahom Power in Assam |editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H. K. |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam |volume=II |pages=49–60 |publisher=Assam Publication Board |place=Guwahati |year=1992}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suhungmung}}

[[Category:15th-century births]]

[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1539 deaths]]

[[Category:Ahom kings]]

Dharmadam Island

2026-03-15T14:40:15Z

ErikaMchenry4: added references

{{Short description|Island of India}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dharmadam Island
| other_name = Green Island
| settlement_type = Island
| image_skyline = ധർമടം തുരുത്ത്.jpg
| image_caption = Dharmadam Island
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = Kannur
| coordinates = {{coord|11.7698|N|75.4505|E|display=inline}}
| area_total_km2 = 0.02
}}

'''Dharmadam Island''' ('''Green Island''') is a small 2-[[hectare]] [[private island]] in [[Thalassery]], [[Kannur District]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title=ഒരു കിലോമീറ്റര്‍ കടലിലൂടെ നടക്കാം; ചെന്നെത്തുന്നത് കണ്ണൂരിന്റെ ഈ മരതകദ്വീപില്‍ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/special-pages/national-tourism-day/dharmadam-island-kannur-travel-national-tourism-day-44af4e92 |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> It lies about 100 metres from the mainland at [[Dharmadam]].<ref>https://www.keralatourism.org/video-gallery/dharmadam-island-360/1195/</ref> The island attracts migratory birds.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2026-02-25 |title=CM inaugurates KTDC’s five-star resort at Muzhappilangad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cm-inaugurates-ktdcs-five-star-resort-at-muzhappilangad/article70676053.ece |access-date=2026-03-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In February 2026, the Kerala government has sanctioned ₹238-crore integrated project to strengthen tourism infrastructure at Muzhappilangad beach, Dharmadam beach, and Dharmadam Island. A nature hub with an underwater sculpture garden and an elevated nature walk are being developed in Dharmadam island.<ref name=":0" />

In 2013, an incomplete projects, including Dharamadam Island Tourist Centre, opened during the LDF regime and were later neglected for over a decade.<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Sucheth P. |date=2013-06-07 |title=Malabar region turns a graveyard for tourism projects |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2013/Jun/07/malabar-region-turns-a-graveyard-for-tourism-projects-484432.html |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Islands}}
* [[Muzhappilangad]]
* [[Muzhappilangad beach]]

==References==
{{commonscat}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Tourism in Kerala}}
[[Category:Islands of Kerala]]
[[Category:Thalassery]]
[[Category:Private islands of India]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Uninhabited islands of India]]

{{Kannur-geo-stub}}

{{coord|11.7698|N|75.4505|E|display=title}}

Family tree of Muhammad

2026-03-13T15:43:24Z

ErikaMchenry4: updated page

{{Short description|none}}
{{cleanup reorganize|date=October 2016}}
This family tree is about the relatives of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]] as a family member of the [[Banu Hashim|family of Hashim]] and the [[Quraysh]] tribe which is [[Adnanites|‘Adnani]].<ref name="ruqaiyyah3">{{cite web |last=Maqsood |first=Ruqaiyyah Waris |url=http://www.ruqaiyyah.karoo.net/articles/prophfamily3.htm |title=The Prophet's Line Family No 3 – Qusayy, Hubbah, and Banu Nadr to Quraysh |publisher=Ruqaiyyah Waris Maqsood Dawah |access-date=2013-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530213139/http://www.ruqaiyyah.karoo.net/articles/prophfamily3.htm |archive-date=2008-05-30 |url-status=dead }}{{unreliable source?|date=August 2017}}</ref><ref name="IbnHisham">{{cite book |author=Ibn Hisham |title=The Life of the Prophet Muhammad |volume=1 |page=181 }}</ref><ref name="Parolin2009">{{cite book |title=Citizenship in the Arab World: Kin, Religion and Nation-State |url=https://archive.org/details/citizenshiparabw00paro |url-access=limited |last=Parolin |first=Gianluca P.|year=2009 |isbn=978-9089640451 |page=[https://archive.org/details/citizenshiparabw00paro/page/n30 30]|publisher=Amsterdam University Press }} "The ‘arabicised or arabicising Arabs’, on the contrary, are believed to be the descendants of Ishmael through Adnan, but in this case the genealogy does not match the Biblical line exactly. The label ‘arabicised’ is due to the belief that Ishmael spoke Hebrew until he got to Mecca, where he married a Yemeni woman and learnt Arabic. Both genealogical lines go back to Sem, son of Noah, but only Adnanites can claim Abraham as their ascendant, and the lineage of Mohammed, the Seal of Prophets (khatim al-anbiya'), can therefore be traced back to Abraham. Contemporary historiography unveiled the lack of inner coherence of this genealogical system and demonstrated that it finds insufficient matching evidence; the distinction between Qahtanites and Adnanites is even believed to be a product of the Umayyad Age, when the war of factions (al-niza al-hizbi) was raging in the young Islamic Empire."</ref><ref name="Patrick1885">{{cite book |last=Hughes|first=Thomas Patrick|title=A Dictionary of Islam: Being a Cyclopaedia of the Doctrines, Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs, Together With the Technical and Theological Terms, of the Muhammadan Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JherW50tVyAC&pg=PA19|access-date=July 24, 2010|year=1995|orig-year=First published 1885|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-206-0672-2|page=19}}</ref> According to Islamic tradition, Muhammad descends from the Islamic prophet [[Ishmael]] through the Hashem tribe.{{efn|Wathilah ibn al-Asqa narrated that Muhammad said "Indeed Allah chose [[Ishmael#Islamic view|Isma'il]] from the progeny of [[Islamic view of Abraham|Ibrahim]], chose the [[Banu Kinanah]] over other tribes from the [[Ishmael#Descendants|children of Isma'il]]; He chose the [[Quraysh (tribe)|Banu Quraish]] over other tribes of Kinanah; He chose [[Banu Hashim]] over the other families of the Quraish; and He chose me from Banu Hashim."<ref>{{citation|author=Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj|author-link=Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj|title=[[Sahih Muslim]]}}</ref><ref>{{citation|author=al-Tirmidhī|author-link=Al-Tirmidhi|title=[[Sunan al-Tirmidhi]]}}</ref>}}

 
{{tree chart/start|style=font-size:95%;line-height:100%;|align=center}}
{{tree chart| KiM |y| FbS | | | | | KiM='''[[Kilab ibn Murrah]]'''|FbS='''[[Fatimah bint Sa'd]]'''}}
{{tree chart| |,|-|^|-|.}}
{{tree chart| ZiK | | QiK |y| HbH | ZiK='''[[Zuhrah ibn Kilab]]''' (progenitor of [[Banu Zuhrah]]) maternal great-great-grandfather|QiK='''[[Qusai ibn Kilab]]''' paternal great-great-great-grandfather|HbH='''[[Hubba bint Hulail]]''' paternal great-great-great-grandmother}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | | | |!| }}
{{tree chart| AMZ | | | | AMQ |y| AbM | AMZ='''`[[Abd Manaf ibn Zuhrah]]''' maternal great-grandfather|AMQ='''`[[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai]]''' paternal great-great grandfather
|AbM='''[[Atikah bint Murrah]]''' paternal great-great-grandmother}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | | | | | |!| }}
{{tree chart| WiA | | | | | | HiA |y| SbA | WiA='''[[Wahb ibn Abd Manaf|Wahb ibn `Abd Manaf]]''' maternal grandfather|HiA='''[[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf]]''' (progenitor of [[Banu Hashim]]) paternal great-grandfather|SbA='''[[Salma bint Amr|Salma bint `Amr]]''' paternal great-grandmother}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{tree chart| |!| | | FbA |y|~|~| AuM |~|~|~|~|y| HbW | FbA='''[[Fatimah bint Amr|Fatimah bint `Amr]]''' paternal grandmother|AuM='''`[[Abdul-Muttalib]]''' paternal grandfather|HbW=[[Halah bint Wuhayb]] paternal step-grandmother}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | |,|-|+|-|.| |)|-|.| | | |!| }}
{{tree chart| Ami |y| AiA |!| AZi |!| Har | | Ham | | Ami='''[[Amina bint Wahb|Amina]]''' mother|AiA='''[[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib|`Abdullah]]''' father|AZi=[[Az-Zubayr ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib|Az-Zubayr]] paternal uncle|Har=[[Harith ibn Abdul-Muṭṭalib|Harith]] paternal half-uncle|Ham=[[Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib|Hamza]] paternal half-uncle}}
{{tree chart| | | |!| | | |`|-|.| |`|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.}}
{{tree chart| Thu |!| Hal | | ATi | | AAi | | ALa | | oth | Thu=[[Thuwaybah]] first nurse|Hal=[[Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb|Halimah]] second nurse|ATi=[[Abu Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib|Abu Talib]] paternal uncle|AAi=[[Al-‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib|`Abbas]] paternal half-uncle|ALa=[[Abū Lahab|Abu Lahab]] paternal half-uncle|oth=''6 other sons and 6 daughters''}}
{{tree chart| | | |!| | | | | |!| | | |!}}
{{tree chart|F|~| Muh |y| KbK |!| | | AAA | Muh='''[[Muhammad]]'''|KbK=[[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]] first wife|AAA=[[Abd Allah ibn Abbas|`Abd Allah ibn `Abbas]] paternal cousin}}
{{tree chart|:| | | | |)|.| | |!| | | |,|-|-|v|-|-|-|.}}
{{tree chart|:|,|-| Fat |t|~| Ali | | |!| | QiM | | AiM | Fat='''[[Fatima]]''' daughter|Ali=[[Ali]] paternal cousin and son-in-law [[Family tree of Ali|family tree]], [[Descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib|descendants]]|QiM='''[[Qasim ibn Muhammad|Qasim]]''' son|AiM='''[[Abd Allah ibn Muhammad|`Abd Allah]]''' son}}
{{tree chart|:|!| | | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.}}
{{tree chart|:|!| | | | ZbM | | RbM |y| UbA |~| UKM | | ZiH | ZbM='''[[Zainab bint Muhammad|Zainab]]''' daughter|RbM='''[[Ruqayya bint Muhammad|Ruqayya]]''' daughter|UbA=[[Uthman]] second cousin and son-in-law [[Family tree of Uthman|family tree]]|UKM='''[[Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad|Umm Kulthum]]''' daughter|ZiH=[[Zayd ibn Harithah|Zayd]] adopted son}}
{{tree chart|:|!| | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{tree chart|:|!| | AiZ | | UbZ | | AAU | | | | RbZ |7| UiZ | AiZ='''[[Ali ibn Zainab]]''' grandson|UbZ='''[[Umamah bint Zainab]]''' granddaughter|AAU='''`[[Abd Allah ibn Uthman]]''' grandson|RbZ=[[Rayhana bint Zayd]] wife (disputed)|UiZ=[[Usama ibn Zayd]] adoptive grandson}}
{{tree chart|:|`|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| |:| |}}
{{tree chart|:| MiA | | Has | | Hus | | UKA | | ZbA |D| SbH | MiA='''[[Muhsin ibn Ali]]''' grandson|Has='''[[Hasan ibn Ali]]''' grandson|Hus='''[[Husayn ibn Ali]]''' grandson [[Family tree of Husayn ibn Ali|family tree]]|UKA='''[[Umm Kulthum bint Ali]]''' granddaughter|ZbA='''[[Zaynab bint Ali]]''' granddaughter|SbH=[[Safiyya bint Huyayy|Safiyya]] tenth wife}}
{{tree chart|D|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|C| |}}
{{tree chart|:| AbB |D| SbZ |:| Uma |D| USa |D| JbH |D| MbH | AbB=[[Abu Bakr]] father-in-law [[Family tree of Abu Bakr|family tree]]|SbZ=[[Sawda bint Zamʿa|Sawda]] second wife| Uma=[[Umar]] father-in-law [[Family tree of Umar|family tree]]|USa=[[Umm Salama]] sixth wife|JbH=[[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith|Juwayriya]] eighth wife|MbH=[[Maymuna bint al-Harith|Maymuna]] eleventh wife}}
{{tree chart|:| |!| |:| | | |:| |!| |:| | | |:| | | |:| |}}
{{tree chart|L| Ais |L| ZbK |L| HbU |L| ZbJ |L| RbA |L| MaQ |Ais=[[Aisha]] third wife [[Family tree of Abu Bakr|Family tree]]|HbU=[[Hafsa bint Umar|Hafsa]] fourth wife|ZbK=[[Zaynab bint Khuzayma]] fifth wife |ZbJ=[[Zaynab bint Jahsh]] seventh wife|RbA=[[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan|Umm Habiba]] ninth wife|MaQ=[[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] twelfth wife-Disputed}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!|}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | IiM |IiM='''[[Ibrahim ibn Muhammad|Ibrahim]]''' son}}
{{tree chart/end}}
* * indicates that the marriage order is disputed
* Note that direct lineage is marked in '''bold'''.

==Genealogy==

===Muhammad to Adnan===
According to [[Hadith|Islamic prophetic tradition]], Muhammad descended from [[Adnan]].<ref>{{cite book|quote=The genealogists do not differ concerning the descent of our Prophet Muhammad as far as Ma’add b. ‘Adnan.|author=Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|author-link=Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|title=The History of al-Tabari |volume=6 |page=37}}</ref> Tradition records the genealogy from Adnan to Muhammad comprises 21 generations. The following is the list of chiefs who are said to have ruled the [[Hejaz]] and to have been the patrilineal ancestors of Muhammad.<ref name="Patrick1885"/> His Ancestors were generally referred to by their [[laqab]]s or titles, names will be mentioned alongside each title.
[[File:Muhammad familytree2.png|500px|right|Muhammad's ancestors to Murrah]]
* AD 570 – [[Muhammad]]
* AD 545 – [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib|Abdullah]]
* AD 497 – [[Abdul-Muttalib|Abd al-Muttalib]] (Shaybah)
* AD 464 – [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hashim]] (Amr)
* AD 439 – [[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai|Abd Manaf]] (Al-Mugheerah)
* AD 406 – [[Qusai ibn Kilab|Qusayy]] (Zayd)
* AD 373 – [[Kilab ibn Murrah|Kilab]] (Hakeem)
* AD 340 – [[Murrah ibn Ka'b|Murrah]]
* AD 307 – [[Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy|Ka'b]]
* AD 274 – [[Lu'ay ibn Ghalib|Lu'ayy]]
* AD 241 – [[Ghalib ibn Fihr|Ghalib]]
* AD 208 – [[Fihr ibn Malik|Fihr]]
* AD 175 – [[Malik ibn al-Nadr|Malik]]
* AD 142 – [[An-Nadr ibn Kinanah|An-Nadr]] (Quraysh)<ref name="Koenig2014">{{cite book|last=Koenig|first=Harold G.|date=2014-01-01|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]|title=Health and Well-Being in Islamic Societies|chapter=Differences and Similarities|page=97|quote=The Quraysh was Nadhr, the 12th tribal generation down from Kedar, the son of Ishmael mentioned in the Bible.}}</ref>
* AD 109 – [[Kinana]]h (Kinana Tribe)
*   AD 76 – [[Khuzaymah (son of Mudrikah)|Khuzaymah]]
*   AD 43 – [[Mudrikah ibn Ilyas|Mudrikah]] ('Amer)
*   AD 10 – [[Ilyas ibn Mudar|Ilyas]]
*   23 BC – [[Mudar ibn Nizar|Mudar]]
*   56 BC – [[Nizar ibn Ma'ad|Nizar]]
*   89 BC – [[Ma'ad ibn Adnan|Ma'add]]
* 122 BC – [[Adnan]]

===Adnan to Isma'il===
Islamic tradition and Arabic oral genetic tradition agree that the lineage from Adnan to Isma'il is lost. Nevertheless, there are records that survived, although they are deemed mere speculations by most scholars.<ref name=":0" />

'Adnan was the ancestor of the 'Adnani Arabs of northern, central and western Arabia and a direct descendant of [[Ishmael#Islamic view|Isma'il]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mackintosh-Smith |first=Tim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qw-LDwAAQBAJ&dq=Adnan+a+direct+descendant+of+Isma'il&pg=PA234 |title=Arabs |date=2019-04-30 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-18028-2 |language=en}}</ref> It is not confirmed how many generations are between them; however, Adnan was fairly close to him. According to the [[Hebrew Bible]], Isma'il had [[Ishmael#Descendants|twelve sons]] who are said to have become twelve tribal chiefs throughout the regions from [[Havilah]] to [[Shur (Bible)|Shur]] (from [[Assyria]] to the border of [[Egypt]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaltner |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OM1PDwAAQBAJ |title=Ishmael Instructs Isaac: An Introduction to the Qur'an for Bible Readers |date=2017-06-15 |publisher=Liturgical Press |isbn=978-0-8146-8363-7 |language=en}}</ref>

Genealogists differ from which son of Isma'il the main line of descent came, either his eldest son [[Nebaioth|Nabeet]] or Al-Nabt (Nebaioth), or his second son Qidar ([[Qedarites|Kedar]]) was the father of the [[Ancient North Arabian|North Arabian]] people that controlled the region between the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Sinai Peninsula]].

===Ibrahim to Adam===
Scholars, both Islamic and Secular, agree that the narrations considering Ibrahim's lineage to Adam are [[mythology]].<ref name=":1">'Uyoon Al-Ma'aarif; Al-Qudaa'i</ref>{{Page needed|date=January 2025}} Most of the lineage is borrowed from Hebrew tradition or ''[[Israʼiliyyat|Isra'iliyyat]].''

It is unclear how many generations are between Ibrahim and Nuh. [[Sons of Noah|Nuh's son]] Sam (''[[Shem]]'') is considered the [[Sons of Noah#Shem.27s descendants|ancestor]] of the [[Semitic race]].{{efn|This list of names is based on the work of a 16th-century Syrian scholar. Alternate transliterations of the Arabic appear in parentheses. For those names that have articles, which use the most common English name, the article has been linked, but the name appears as transliterated from the Arabic.}}
{{Six Islamic Prophets}}
* [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]] (''[[Abraham]]'')
* [[Terah#Islamic tradition|Azar]] (''[[Terah]]'')
* [[Nahor, son of Serug|Nahur]]
* [[Serug|Sharugh]]
* [[Reu|Ra'u]]
* [[Peleg|Shalikh]]
* [[Eber|'Aabir]] (''[[Eber]]'') ([[Hud (prophet)|Hud]])
* [[Arpachshad|Arfakhshadh]]
* [[Shem|Sam]] (''[[Shem]]'')
* [[Noah in Islam|Nuh]] ([[Noah]] )<ref>Ibn Hisham, Rahmat-ul-lil'alameen, 2/14-17.</ref>
* [[Lamech (father of Noah)|Lamik]]
* [[Methuselah|Mutu Shalakh]]
* [[Idris (prophet)|Idris]] (''[[Enoch]]'')
* [[Jared (biblical figure)|Yarid]]
* [[Mahalalel|Mahla'il]]
* [[Kenan|Qinan]]
* [[Enos (biblical figure)|Anush]]
* [[Seth#Islam|Sheeth]] (''[[Seth]]'')
* [[Adam in Islam|Adam]]<ref>Firestone et al., 2001, pp. 11–12.</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Hakim al-Nishaburi |editor-link=Hakim al-Nishaburi |title=[[Al-Mustadrak alaa al-Sahihain]] |quote=[['Abd Allah ibn 'Abbas]] narrated Muhammad said: "Between Nuh and Adam were ten generations, all of them were upon Sharia of the truth, then they differed. So Allah sent prophets as bringers of good news and as warners."}}</ref>

==Family tree linking Prophets to Shi'ite Imams==
{{chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Family tree linking prophets to Imams}}
{{tree chart/start|style=font-size:93%;line-height:100%;|align=center}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | İBR | | | |İBR='''[[İbrahim]]'''}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | İSM | | | |İSM='''[[İsmail]]'''}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | KED | | |KED='''[[Qedarites]]'''}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | |:| | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | |:| | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | ADN | | | | |ADN=[[Adnan|'''Adnān''']]}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | |:| | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | |:| | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | MLK | | | | |MLK=Mālik}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | KRŞ | | | | | | | |KRŞ='''[[Quraysh tribe|Quraysh]]''' [[Fihr]]}}
{{tree chart| | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | HRS | | MHR | | GLB | | | | | | |GLB=Gālib|MHR=Muhārib|HRS=Harith}}
{{tree chart| | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | SEL | | | | | | LEY | | | | | | | | | |LEY=[[Lu'ay]]|SEL=Salabah}}
{{tree chart| | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | SUR | | | | | | KAB | | SYL | | | | | |KAB=Kâ'b|SYL=Sayl|SUR=Sûrayr}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | MRH | | SAD | | | | | |ADI=[[Banu Adi|Adiy]]|MRH=[[Murrah ibn Ka'b|Mûrrah]]|SAD=Sa'd}}
{{tree chart| | HND |~|~|y|~|~|~|J| | | |!| | | | | | |ESM =Asmā|HND=Hind|ADİ=[[Banu Adi|Adiy]] }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | |`|-|-| KLB |y| FTM | | | | | | | |KLB='''[[Kilab ibn Murrah]]'''|FTM=[[Fatimah bint Sa'd]]}}
{{tree chart| | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | |TYM=[[Banu Taym]]|YKZ=Yakazah}}
{{tree chart| | KSI |~|~|y|~|~| HBH | | ZHR | | | | | |KSI='''[[Qusai ibn Kilab]]'''|ZHR='''[[Zuhrah ibn Kilab]]'''|HBH=[[Hubba bint Hulail]]}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | |`|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | | | | |SAD=Sa'd}}
{{tree chart| | VAK |~|~|y|~|~| MNH | | ABM |y| ĀTİ | |ABD=[[Abd-al-Dar ibn Qusai]]|VAK=Waqida bint Amr|ABZ=[[Abd-al-Uzza ibn Qusai]]|MNH='''[[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai]]'''|ABM='''[[Abd Manaf ibn Zuhrah|ʿAbd Manāf ibn Zuhrah]]'''|ĀTİ=ʿĀtika}}
{{tree chart| | |,|-|-|-|'| | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{tree chart| | NVF | | ATK |~|y|J| | | |,|-|'| | | | |BAD=[[Banu Abd-al-dar]]|NVF=[[Nawfal ibn Abd Manaf]]|ATK=[[Atikah bint Murrah]]|KAB=Ka'b}}
{{tree chart| | |!| |,|-|-|-|v|^|-|-|v|~|t|~|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | |!| SMS | | HAL | | BAR |!| MTL | | HSM |~|~|~| HŞO | | | | | | |ABM=ʿAbd Manāf ibn ʿAbd ad-Dār|ESD=[[Asad ibn Abd-al-Uzza]]|SMS=[[Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf|ʿAbd Shams ibnʿAbdManaf]]|HAL=Hala|BAR=Barra|MTL=[[Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf]]|HSM='''[[Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf]]'''|HŞO=''[[Hashemites]]''|AMR=Amr}}
{{tree chart| | |!| |L|~|7| | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | |}}
{{tree chart| | BNF | | UMY | | BRR |y| VHB | | ESF | | ABM |F| EBH | | NAZ | |KLD=Kalde|NEF=[[Nawfal (name)|Nawfal]] ibn [[Asad ibn Abd-al-Uzza|Asad]]|HVY=[[Khuwaylid ibn Asad]]|BNF=[[Banu Nawfal]]|UMY=[[Umayya ibn Abd Shams]]|BRR=Barra|VHB='''[[Wahb ibn 'Abd Manaf]]'''|ABM=[[Abdul-Muttalib|‘Abd al-Muttalib]]|EBH=[[Asad ibn Hashim]]|ESF=Abusayfah|NAZ=Nazle|AMİ=Amir|SAK=Sakhar|NUF=Nufayl}}
{{tree chart| | |,|-|-|-|^|-|.| | | |`|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|*|-|v|-|-|-|.| |}}
{{tree chart| | HRB | | | | ALA | | | | AMN |y| ALH | | TLB |:| HMZ | | ABS | |HTB=[[Khattab ibn Nufayl]]|KHF=[[Uthman Abu Quhafa]]|ALK=Alkame|VRK=[[Waraka ibn Nawfal]]|SÜH=[[Salma Umm-ul-Khair]]|HRB=Harb|ALA=[[Abu al-'As ibn Umayyah]]|AMN=[[Aminah bint Wahb]]|ALH=[[‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib]]|TLB=[[Abu Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib]]|HMZ=[[Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib]]|ABS=[[‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib]]}}
{{tree chart| | |!| | | |,|-|+|-|.| | | |,|-|'| | | | | |!|F|J| | | | | |!| | |}}
{{tree chart| | ESF | | HKM |!| AFN | |MHM |y| HTC |F| ALI |y| HBC | | ABA | |ABA=[[Abdullah bin Abbas|ʿAbd Allâh bin `Abbâs]]|OMR=[[Umar ibn al-Khattab]]|EBK=[[Abu Bakr As-Siddiq|Abu Bakr]] ''([[Family tree of Abu Bakr|Family]])''|SAF=[[Safiyyah bint ‘Abd al-Muttalib]]|HRS=Harith|ESF=[[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb]]|HKM=[[Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As]]|AFN=[[Affan ibn Abi al-'As]]|MHM='''[[Muhammed]]''' ''(Family tree)''|AVM=[[Awwam ibn Khuwaylid]]|HTC=[[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid|'''Khadijah''']] ''([[Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters|Daughters]])''|KHA=[[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid]]|ALI='''[[Ali]]''' ''([[Family tree of Ali|Family tree]])''|HBC=[[Khawlah bint Ja'far]]|boxstyle_MHM=background-color:#dfd;}}
{{tree chart| | |!| |F|7|!| |!| |!| | | |,|-|^|-|.| |:| |,|-|'| | | | | |!| | |}}
{{tree chart| | MVY |:| MRV |!| OSM |~| RKY | | FTM |K| MHM |~| KEY | | AAB | | |HFS=[[Hafsa bint Umar]]|AYS=[[Aisha bint Abu Bakr|Aisha]] ''([[Family tree of Aisha|Family tree]])''|ESM=[[Asmā' bint Abu Bakr]]|NDR=Nadr|ZBY=[[Zubayr ibn al-Awam]]|MVY=[[Muawiyah I]]|MRV=[[Marwan ibn al-Hakam]]|OSM=[[Uthman ibn Affan]]|RKY=[[Ruqayyah bint Muhammad]]|FTM=[[Fatimah Zahra]]|ALI=[[Ali el-Mûrtezâ]]|HBC=[[Havlet bint Câ'fer]]|KEY=[[Mukhtar al-Thaqafi|Al-Mukhtar]] [[Banu Thaqif|al-Thaqafi]] ''([[Kaysanites Shia|Kaysān’îyyah]])''|AAB=[[Ali ibn Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas|ʿAli ibn ʿAbd Allāh]]|MHM=[[Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah]]}}
{{tree chart| | |!| |:| |,|-|'| |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|'| |`|-|-|.|:| |F|7|!| |}}
{{tree chart| | EMV |:| UEA |,| HSN |y| HWF | | HSY |y| SHR | | HSM |J| MEİ | | |ADL=[[Abdullah ibn Abi Bakr|ʿAbd Allâh ibn Abi Bakr]]|ÜMG=[[Umm Khultum bint Abu Bakr|Umm Khultum]]|ABZ=[[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr]]|MNZ=Al-Munzir bin Zubayr|ASM=Asim bin Zubayr|MHC=Al-Muhacir bin Zubayr|MEİ=[[Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah|Muhammad '''"al-Imām"''']]|EMV='''[[Umayyad Caliphate|Ummayads]]'''|UEA=[[Uthman ibn Abu-al-Aas]]|HSN=[[Hasan al-mujtaba]]|HSY=[[Hussein ibn Ali]] ''([[Family tree of Husayn ibn Ali|Family]])''|HSM=[[Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah|Abu Hāshim]] [[Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah|al-Hānafiyyah]] ''([[Kaysanites Shia|Kaysān’īyyah]])''|SHR=[[Shahrbanu]]|HWF=[[Umm Ishaq bint Talha ibn Ubayd Allah|Umm Ishaq]] bint [[Talha ibn Ubayd Allah|Talha]]}}
{{tree chart| | |!| |:| |,|-|^|-|.| |`|-|.| | | |,|-|'| | | | | |,|-|-|-|(|}}
{{tree chart| | YEZ |:| ZBH | | HSN | | FBH |y| ZYN |y| CSD | | SEF |7| İEİ | |ARH=[[Abdu'l-Rahman ibn Abu Bakr|ʿAbd al-Rāhman]]|MHD=[[Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr]]|ZBH=Zayd ibn al-Hasan|HSN=[[Hasan ibn Hasan|Hasan al-Mu'thannā]]|FBH=[[Fatimah bint Hasan]]|ZYN=[[Ali al-Sajjad|Ali Zayn al-‘Āb’i-Dīn]]|HAT=Khadijah bint Zubayr|UMH=Ümmü Hasan|AYŞ=Aisha bint Zubayr|URV=[[Urwah ibn al-Zubayr]]|YEZ=[[Yazid I]]|İEİ=[[Ibrahim al-Imam|Ibrāheem '''"al-Imām"''']]|SEF=[[As-Saffah]]|CSD=Jayda al-Sindhi}}
{{tree chart| | |!| |:| |!| | | |!| | | | | |`|-|.| |`|-|.| | | |!| |L|~|J| |}}
{{tree chart| | MUA |:| HBZ | | ABD | | ÜFV |y| MBK | | ZYD | | ABS | | CAT | |KBM=[[Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr|Qasim ibn Muhammad]]|HİŞ=[[Hisham ibn Urwah]]|HBZ=[[Hasan ibn Zayd ibn Hasan]]|ABD=ʿ[[Abd Allah al-Mahd|Abd Allāh al-Kāmīl]]|MBK=[[Muhammad al-Baqir]] ''([[Imāmah]])''|ZYD=[[Zayd ash-Shaheed ibn Ali|Zayd ash-Shaheed]] ''([[Zaidiyyah]])''|MUA=[[Muawiyah II]]|SEF=[[As-Saffah]]|ÜFV=[[Farwah bint al-Qasim]]|ABS='''[[Abbasids]]'''|CAT=[[Ja'far ibn Abi Talib|Jāʿfar ibn Abī Tālīb]]}}
{{tree chart| | |L|~|J| |!| |,|-|(| | | | | |`|-|.| | | |`|-|-|-|v|-|.| |!| |}}
{{tree chart| ZYN | | | İBZ |!| MHM | | HBK |y| CFR |y| FHA | | HRZ |!| ABC | | |ZYN=[[Ali al-Sajjad|Ali Zayn al-‘Āb’i-Dīn]]|ÜFV=[[Farwah bint al-Qasim]]|İBZ=Ismā‘il ibn Hassan|MHM=[[Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya|Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya]]|FHA=Fatima bint al-Hussain'l-Athram ibn [[Hasan bin Ali|Ḥasan]] b. [[Ali]]|CFR=[[Ja'far al-Sadiq|Jāʿfar al-Sādiq]] ''([[Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)|Imamāh‘Shi'ā]])''|HRZ=[[Zaydi Revolt#The uprising of .22Hasan ibn Zayd.E2.80.99.C5.ABl-Alav.C4.AB.22|Hasan ibn Zayd]]’ûl-[[Alids|Alavī]] ''([[Tabaristan]])''|ABS='''[[Abbasids]]'''|HBK=[[Hamidah Khatun|Hamīdah al-Barbariyyah Khātūn]]|ABC=[[Abdullah ibn Ja'far|ʿAbd Allāh ibn Jāʿfar]]}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | | |!| |)|-|.| | | | | |`|-|.| |`|-|v|-|.| |,|-|(| |!| |}}
{{tree chart| UAA | | | MBİ |!| IDR | | UBN |y| MSK | | ISM |!| YBZ |!| İSM | | |UAA=‘Umar al-Ashraf|MBİ=Muhammed ibn Ismā‘il|ISM=[[Isma'il ibn Jafar|Ismā‘il]] ''([[Ismailiyya|Ismā‘il’īyyah]])''|IDR=[[Idris I|Idris ibn ʿAbd Allāh]]|UBN=Ummul Banīn Najmah|MSK=[[Musa al-Kadhim]] ''([[Athnā‘ashariyyah]])''|YBZ=[[Yahya ibn Zayd|Yāhyā ibn Zayd]]’ûl-[[Alids|Alavī]]|İSM=Ismā‘il ibn ʿAbd Allāh}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | | |!| |!| |!| | | | | |`|-|.| | | |!| |!| |,|-|'| |!| |}}
{{tree chart| ALİ | | | ZBM |!| IDR | | SKR |y| ALR | | MHM |!| HBZ | | ABD | | |ALİ=‘Alī|ZBM=Zayyed|IDR='''[[Idrisids]]'''|SKR=Sabīkah Khayzurān|MHM=[[Muhammad ibn Ismail|Muhammed]]|ALR=[[Ali al-Ridha]]|HBZ=[[Zayd ibn Ali|Hussein]]|ABD=ʿAbd Allāh}}
{{tree chart| |!| | |,|^|.| |)|-|.| | | | | |`|-|.| | | |!| |!| |!| | | |!|}}
{{tree chart| HSY | |!| DKH |!| IBR | | SUM |y| CVD | | VAF |!| YHY | | HSY | |HAS=al-Ḥasan|DKH=[[Hasan ibn Zayd|Dā‘ī al-Kabīr]]|IBR=Ibrāhim|VAF=[[Ahmad al-Wafi|Al-Wafi]]|SUM=Sumānah|CVD=[[Muhammad al-Jawad|M. al-Jawād]]|YHY=Yāhyā|HSY=al-Hussayn}}
{{tree chart| |!| | |!|F|J|!|`|-|.| | | | | |`|-|.| | | |!| |!| |!| | | |!| |}}
{{tree chart| ALİ | | DSM |!| | YAH | | HSS |y| ANK | | TKY |!| UMR |y| FTM | |ALİ=‘Alī|TKY=[[Taqi Muhammad|At-Tāqī]]|HSS=Hadīthah/Sūsan/Savīl|ANK=[[Ali al-Hadi|‘Alī al-Hādī]]|YAH=Yāhyā|DSM=[[Muhammad ibn Zayd|Al-ṣāghīr]]|UMR=‘Umar|FTM=Fatımā}}
{{tree chart| |!|F|~|J|!| |!| | | | | | | | |`|-|.| | | |!| |!| | | |!| | |}}
{{tree chart| HUT | |,|'| |!| | | | | | NAR |y| ASK | | RAZ |!| | | YBU | | |HUT=[[Hasan ibn Ali al-Utrush|al-Nāṣīr]]|RAZ=[[Radi Abdullah|Ar-Rāḍī]]|NAR=[[Narjis]]|ASK=[[Hasan al-Askari]]|YBU=[[Yahya ibn Umar|Yāhyā Kufī]]}}
{{tree chart| | |`|.|!|,|-|'| | | | | | | | |`|-|.| | | |!| |!| | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | ZAH | | | | | | | | | | | | MHD | | FTM |`|-|.| | | | | |ZAH='''[[Alavids]]'''|FTM=[[Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah|Mahdi Billāh]]|MHD=[[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Muhammad Mahdi]]}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MHD | | FTM | | AFT | | | | |FTM='''[[Fatimids]]''' ''([[Seven pillars of Ismailism|Ismailism]])''|AFT=[[Abdullah al-Aftah ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq|'''Al-Aftāh''']] ''([[Fathiyya|Aftāhīyyah]])''|MHD='''[[Twelve Imams]]''' [[Imamah (Shia Twelver doctrine)|''(Twelvers)'']]}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FTM | | MAT | | | | |FTM=[[Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)|Al-Qā'im]]|MAT=[[Muhammad ibn Abdullah al-Aftah|Muhammad]]}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FTM | | | | | | | | |FTM=[[Al-Mansur Billah|Al-Mansur]]}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FTM | | | | | | | | |FTM=[[Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah|Al-Mu'izz]]}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FTM | | | | | | | | |FTM=[[Al-Aziz Billah|Al-Aziz]]}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FTM | | | | | | | | |FTM=[[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah|Al-Hakim]]}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FTM | | | | | | | | |FTM=[[Ali az-Zahir|Az-Zahir]]}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FTM | | | | | | | | |FTM=[[Al-Mustansir Billah|'''Al-Mustansir''']]}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |F|~|~|J|:|`|-|-|.| | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NIZ | | MUH | | MUS | | | | | | | | | |NIZ='''[[Nizar (Fatimid Imam)|Nizār al-Muṣṭafá]]''' ''([[Nizārī Ismā'īlī|Nizārīyyah]])''|MUS='''[[Al-Musta'li|Al-Mustā‘lī]]''' ''([[Mustaali|Mustā‘līyyah]])''|MUH=Muhammed}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | |:| | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | |:| |,| MAA | | | | |MAA=[[Mansur al-Amir Bi-Ahkamillah|Al-Āmīr]]}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | |:| |!| |:| | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HAS | | HAF |'| TAY | | | | |TAY=[[At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim|Aṭ-Ṭāyyīb]] ''([[Tayyibi|Ṭāyyībīyyah]])''|HAF=[[Al-Hafiz|'''Al-Hāfeez''']] ''([[Hafizi|Ḥāfīzīyyah]])''|HAS='''[[Alamut]] [[Alamut Castle|Castle]]''' ''([[Hassasin]]s)''}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| |,|'| |L|7| |:| | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| MAA | | YUS |:| | | | | |MAA=[[Al-Zafir|'''Al-Zāfīr''']]|YUS=Yūssuf}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| |`|-|.| |:| |:| | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NİZ |,| MAA |:| DAI | | | | |MAA=[[Al-Faiz|'''Al-Fā'īz''']]|NİZ=[[Imamah (Nizari Ismaili doctrine)|'''Nizārī Imāmah''']]|DAI='''[[Al-Hurra Al-Malika|Taiyabi]] [[Da'i|Dā'ĩs]]'''}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| |!| |F|~|J| |:| | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| |`| MAA | | |:| | | | | |MAA='''[[Al-Adid|Al-'Āḍīd]]'''}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | |:| | | |:| | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NİZ | | |:| | | DAI | | | | |NİZ=[[History of Nizari Ismailism|'''Nizārī Ismāilism''']]|DAI='''[[Dawoodi Bohra|Dawoodi]] [[List of Dai of Dawoodi Bohra|Dā'ĩs]]'''}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EYY | | | | |EYY='''[[Ayyubids]]'''}}
{{tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|title = Ancestors of Muhammad
|width = 50%
|align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1=1.'''Muhammad'''
|2=2. [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib|Abdullah]]
|3=3. [[Aminah]]
|4=4. [[Abdul-Muttalib|Shaybah]]
|5=5. [[Fatimah bint Amr|Fatimah]]
|6=6. [[Wahb ibn Abd Manaf|Wahb]]
|7=7. [[Barrah bint Abdul Uzza|Barrah]]
|8=8. [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|'Amr al-ʻUlā]]
|9=9. [[Salma bint Amr|Salma]]
|10=10. Amri
|11=11. Sakhrah
|12=12. Abd Manaf
|13=13. Hind
|14=14. Abdul Uzza
|15=15. Umm Habib
|16=16. [[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai|Mughira]]
|17=17. [[Atikah bint Murrah|Atikah]]
|18=18. Amr
|19=19. Umairah
|20=20. A'idh
|21=21. Fatimah
|22=22. Abd
|23=23. Takhmur
|24=24. [[Zuhrah ibn Kilab|Zuhrah]]
|25=25. Jumul
|26=26. Wajz
|27=27. Salma
|28=28. Uthman
|29=29. Hudhaibah
|30=30. Asad
|31=31. Barrah
}}

==See also==
* ''[[Sayyid]],'' an honorific title denoting people accepted as descendants of Muhammad
* [[Abraham's family tree]]
* [[Adnan#Descent from Adnan to Muhammad|Descent from Adnan to Muhammad]]
* [[Ahl al-Bayt]]
* [[Family tree of Ali]]
** [[Hashemites]]
** [[Idrisid dynasty]]
** [[Alaouite dynasty]]
* [[Umdat al-Talib]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Adam to Muhammad}}
{{Religious family trees}}

[[Category:Family of Muhammad| ]]
[[Category:Hashemite people]]
[[Category:Muslim family trees|Muhammad]]

List of governors of Kerala

2026-03-09T14:28:08Z

ErikaMchenry4:

{{Short description|List of Kerala governors}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox official post
| image = Rajendra Arlekar, Governor of Kerala.jpg
| imagesize =
| post = Governor of Kerala
| insignia = Government of Kerala Logo.svg
| insigniasize = 120px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Kerala]]
| incumbent = [[Rajendra Arlekar|Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar]]
| incumbentsince = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|1|2}}
| style = [[The Honourable]], [[His Excellency]]
| residence = [[Raj Bhavan (Kerala)|Lok Bhavan, Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram]]
| termlength = [[At His Majesty's pleasure#Derivatives|At the pleasure of the president]]
| formation = {{start date and years ago|df=yes|1956|11|1}}
| appointer = [[President of India]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.rajbhavan.kerala.gov.in/}}
| body =
}}
The '''governor of Kerala''' is the constitutional head of state of the southern Indian state of [[Kerala]]. The governor is appointed by the [[president of India]], and holds office at the president's pleasure. The governor is ''[[de jure]]'' head of the [[government of Kerala]]; all its executive actions are taken in the governor's name. The elected council of ministers is headed by the [[chief minister of Kerala]], who thus holds ''[[de facto]]'' executive authority in the state. The [[Constitution of India]] also empowers the governor to act upon their own discretion, such as the ability to appoint or dismiss a [[ministry (collective executive)|ministry]], recommend [[President's rule]], or reserve bills for the president's assent.<ref>[[Durga Das Basu]]. ''Introduction to the Constitution of India''. 1960. 20th edition, 2011 reprint. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. {{ISBN|978-81-8038-559-9}}. p. 237, 241–44. Note: although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies for the specific case of Kerala as well.</ref>

Since 2 January 2025, [[Rajendra Arlekar|Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar]], is the 23rd governor of Kerala.

==List==

;Legend
*{{note label|†|†|†}} Died in office
*{{note label|§|§|§}} Transferred
*{{note label|‡|‡|‡}} Resigned/removed

;Color key
*{{legend2|wheat}} indicates acting/additional charge

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; border:1px #aaf solid;"
! rowspan="2"| {{abbr|#|Number}}
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:14em" | Name (born{{spaced ndash}}died)
! rowspan="2" style="width:7em" | Home state
! colspan="3"| Tenure in office
! rowspan="2" style="width:7em" | Appointer (President)
|-
! style="width:7em"| From
! style="width:7em"| To
! style="width:5em"| Time in office
|-
! {{ndash}}
| bgcolor="wheat"|[[File:P. S. Rao (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="wheat"|'''P. S. Rao''' (Acting)
| bgcolor="wheat"|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
| bgcolor="wheat"|{{small|1 November}} 1956
| bgcolor="wheat"|{{small|21 November}} 1956
| bgcolor="wheat"|'''{{ayd|1 Nov 1956|21 Nov 1956}}'''
| rowspan="3"| [[Rajendra Prasad]]
|-
! 1
| [[File:Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, 1952 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]]''' {{small|(1899{{ndash}}1967)}}
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| {{small|22 November}} 1956
| {{small|1 July}} 1960{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Uttar Pradesh]]}}
| '''{{ayd|22 Nov 1956|1 Jul 1960}}'''
|-
! 2
| [[File:President V. V. Giri.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[V. V. Giri]]''' {{small|(1894{{ndash}}1980)}}
| [[Madras Presidency]]
| {{small|1 July}} 1960
| {{small|2 April}} 1965{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Tamil Nadu|Governor of Mysore State]]}}
| '''{{ayd|1 Jul 1960|2 Apr 1965}}'''
|-
! 3
| [[File:Ajit Prasad Jain Lok Sabha portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Ajit Prasad Jain]]''' {{small|(1902{{ndash}}1977)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|2 April}} 1965
| {{small|6 February}} 1966{{ref label|‡|‡|‡}}
| '''{{ayd|2 Apr 1965|6 Feb 1966}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
|-
! 4
| [[File:Bhagwan Sahay.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Bhagwan Sahay]]''' {{small|[[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] (Retd) (1905{{ndash}}1986)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|6 February}} 1966
| {{small|15 May}} 1967{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]]}}
| '''{{ayd|6 Feb 1966|15 May 1967}}'''
|-
! 5
| [[File:V. Viswanathan.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[V. Viswanathan]]''' {{small|[[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] (Retd) (1909{{ndash}}1987)}}
| [[Kerala]]
| {{small|15 May}} 1967
| {{small|1 April}} 1973
| '''{{ayd|15 May 1967|1 Apr 1973}}'''
| [[Zakir Husain]]
|-
! 6
| [[File:N. N. Wanchoo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[N. N. Wanchoo]]''' {{small|[[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] (Retd) (1910{{ndash}}1982)}}
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| {{small|1 April}} 1973
| {{small|10 October}} 1977{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Madhya Pradesh]]}}
| '''{{ayd|1 Apr 1973|10 Oct 1977}}'''
| [[V. V. Giri]]
|-
! 7
| [[File:Jothi Venkatachalam.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Jothi Venkatachalam]]''' {{small|(1917{{ndash}}1992)}}
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| {{small|14 October}} 1977
| {{small|27 October}} 1982
| '''{{ayd|14 Oct 1977|27 Oct 1982}}'''
| [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
|-
! 8
| [[File:P. Ramachandran.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[P. Ramachandran]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}2001)}}
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| {{small|27 October}} 1982
| {{small|23 February}} 1988
| '''{{ayd|27 Oct 1982|23 Feb 1988}}'''
| [[Zail Singh]]
|-
! 9
| [[File:Ram Dulari Sinha official portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Ram Dulari Sinha]]''' {{small|(1922{{ndash}}1994)}}
| [[Bihar]]
| {{small|23 February}} 1988
| {{small|12 February}} 1990{{ref label|‡|‡|‡}}
| '''{{ayd|23 Feb 1988|12 Feb 1990}}'''
| rowspan="3"| [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
|-
! 10
| [[File:Sarup Singh Rajya Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Sarup Singh]]''' {{small|(1917{{ndash}}2003)}}
| [[Haryana]]
| {{small|12 February}} 1990
| {{small|20 December}} 1990{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Gujarat]]}}
| '''{{ayd|12 Feb 1990|20 Dec 1990}}'''
|-
! 11
| [[File:B. Rachaiah Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[B. Rachaiah]]''' {{small|(1922{{ndash}}2000)}}
| [[Karnataka]]
| {{small|20 December}} 1990
| {{small|15 April}} 1995
| '''{{ayd|20 Dec 1990|15 Apr 1995}}'''
|-
! -
| bgcolor="wheat"| [[File:Gopala Ramanujam.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="wheat"| '''[[Gopala Ramanujam]]''' {{small|(1915{{ndash}}2001) Governor of Orissa}} (Acting)
| bgcolor="wheat"| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| bgcolor="wheat"| {{small|15 April}} 1995
| bgcolor="wheat"| {{small|30 April}} 1995
| bgcolor="wheat"| '''{{ayd|15 Apr 1995|30 Apr 1995}}'''
| rowspan="5"| [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
|-
! 12
| [[File:B. Rachaiah Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[B. Rachaiah]]''' {{small|(1922{{ndash}}2000)}}
| [[Karnataka]]
| {{small|1 May}} 1995
| {{small|11 November}} 1995
| '''{{ayd|1 May 1995|11 Nov 1995}}'''
|-
! 13
| [[File:P. Shiv Shankar (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[P. Shiv Shankar]]''' {{small|(1929{{ndash}}2017)}}
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| {{small|12 November}} 1995
| {{small|4 May}} 1996{{ref label|‡|‡|‡}}
| '''{{ayd|12 Nov 1995|1 May 1996}}'''
|- bgcolor="wheat"
! -
| [[File:Khurshed Alam Khan (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Khurshed Alam Khan]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}2013) Governor of Karnataka}} (Additional Charge)
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|5 May}} 1996
| {{small|25 January}} 1997
| '''{{ayd|5 May 1996|25 Jan 1997}}'''
|-
! 14
| [[File:Justice Sukhdev Singh Kang.jpg|70px]]
| {{small|Justice (Retd)}} '''[[Sukhdev Singh Kang]]''' {{small|(1931{{ndash}}2012)}}
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| {{small|25 January}} 1997
| {{small|29 February}} 2000
| '''{{ayd|25 Jan 1997|29 Feb 2000}}'''
|-
! -
| bgcolor="wheat"| [[File:The Chairman, Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister, Dr. C. Rangarajan addressing a press conference on ‘Economic Review 2012-13’, in New Delhi on April 23, 2013 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="wheat"| '''[[C. Rangarajan]]''' {{small|(born 1932) Governor of Andhra Pradesh}} (Acting)
| bgcolor="wheat"| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| bgcolor="wheat"| {{small|29 February}} 2000
| bgcolor="wheat"| {{small|23 April}} 2000
| bgcolor="wheat"| '''{{ayd|29 Feb 2000|23 Apr 2000}}'''
| rowspan="9"| [[K. R. Narayanan]]
|-
! (14)
| [[File:Justice Sukhdev Singh Kang.jpg|70px]]
| {{small|Justice (Retd)}} '''[[Sukhdev Singh Kang]]''' {{small|(1931{{ndash}}2012)}}
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| {{small|23 April}} 2000
| {{small|19 October}} 2000
| '''{{ayd|23 Apr 2000|19 Oct 2000}}'''
|- bgcolor="wheat"
! -
| [[File:The Chairman, Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister, Dr. C. Rangarajan addressing a press conference on ‘Economic Review 2012-13’, in New Delhi on April 23, 2013 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[C. Rangarajan]]''' {{small|(born 1932) Governor of Andhra Pradesh}} (Acting)
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| {{small|19 October}} 2000
| {{small|7 November}} 2000
| '''{{ayd|19 Oct 2000|7 Nov 2000}}'''
|-
! (14)
| [[File:Justice Sukhdev Singh Kang.jpg|70px]]
| {{small|Justice (Retd)}} '''[[Sukhdev Singh Kang]]''' {{small|(1931{{ndash}}2012)}}
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| {{small|7 November}} 2000
| {{small|14 September}} 2001
| '''{{ayd|7 Nov 2000|14 Sep 2001}}'''
|- bgcolor="wheat"
! -
| [[File:Mohammad Fazal (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Mohammed Fazal]]''' {{small|(1922{{ndash}}2014) Governor of Goa}} (Acting)
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|14 September}} 2001
| {{small|28 September}} 2001
| '''{{ayd|14 Sep 2001|28 Sep 2001}}'''
|-
! (14)
| [[File:Justice Sukhdev Singh Kang.jpg|70px]]
| {{small|Justice (Retd)}} '''[[Sukhdev Singh Kang]]''' {{small|(1931{{ndash}}2012)}}
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| {{small|28 September}} 2001
| {{small|16 February}} 2002
| '''{{ayd|28 Sep 2001|16 Feb 2002}}'''
|- bgcolor="wheat"
! -
| [[File:The Chairman, Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister, Dr. C. Rangarajan addressing a press conference on ‘Economic Review 2012-13’, in New Delhi on April 23, 2013 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[C. Rangarajan]]''' {{small|(born 1932) Governor of Andhra Pradesh}} (Acting)
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| {{small|16 February}} 2002
| {{small|28 February}} 2002
| '''{{ayd|16 Feb 2002|28 Feb 2002}}'''
|-
! (14)
| [[File:Justice Sukhdev Singh Kang.jpg|70px]]
| {{small|Justice (Retd)}} '''[[Sukhdev Singh Kang]]''' {{small|(1931{{ndash}}2012)}}
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| {{small|28 February}} 2002
| {{small|18 April}} 2002
| '''{{ayd|28 Feb 2002|18 Apr 2002}}'''
|-
! 15
| [[File:Sikander Bakht Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Sikander Bakht]]''' {{small|(1918{{ndash}}2004)}}
| [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]]
| {{small|18 April}} 2002
| {{small|23 February}} 2004{{ref label|†|†|†}}
| '''{{ayd|18 Apr 2002|23 Feb 2004}}'''
|-
! -
| bgcolor="wheat"| [[File:T. N. Chaturvedi.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="wheat"| '''[[T. N. Chaturvedi]]''' {{small|[[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] (Retd) (1928{{ndash}}2020) Governor of Karnataka}} (Additional Charge)
| bgcolor="wheat"| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| bgcolor="wheat"| {{small|25 February}} 2004
| bgcolor="wheat"| {{small|23 June}} 2004
| bgcolor="wheat"| '''{{ayd|25 Feb 2004|23 Jun 2004}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
|-
! 16
| [[File:R. L. Bhatia.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[R. L. Bhatia]]''' {{small|(1920{{ndash}}2021)}}
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| {{small|23 June}} 2004
| {{small|10 July}} 2008{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|name=BR|Transferred as the [[Governor of Bihar]]}}
| '''{{ayd|23 Jun 2004|10 Jul 2008}}'''
|-
! 17
| [[File:R. S. Gavai.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[R. S. Gavai]]''' {{small|(1929{{ndash}}2015)}}
| [[Maharashtra]]
| {{small|11 July}} 2008
| {{small|7 September}} 2011
| '''{{ayd|11 Jul 2008|7 Sep 2011}}'''
| rowspan="3"| [[Pratibha Patil]]
|-
! 18
| [[File:M. O. H. Farook.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[M. O. H. Farook]]''' {{small|(1937{{ndash}}2012)}}
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| {{small|8 September}} 2011
| {{small|26 January}} 2012{{ref label|†|†|†}}
| '''{{ayd|8 Sep 2011|26 Jan 2012}}'''
|- bgcolor="wheat"
! -
| [[File:Hans Raj Bhardwaj.png|70px]]
| '''[[H. R. Bhardwaj]]''' {{small|(1939{{ndash}}2020) Governor of Karnataka}} (Additional Charge)
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| {{small|26 January}} 2012
| {{small|22 March}} 2013
| '''{{ayd|26 Jan 2012|22 Mar 2013}}'''
|-
! 19
| [[File:Nikhil Kumar Nagaland Governor (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Nikhil Kumar (governor)|Nikhil Kumar]]''' {{small|[[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (Retd) (born 1941)}}
| [[Bihar]]
| {{small|23 March}} 2013
| {{small|5 March}} 2014{{ref label|‡|‡|‡}}{{efn-lg|Resigned to contest in the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]]}}
| '''{{ayd|23 Mar 2013|5 Mar 2014}}'''
| rowspan="3"| [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|-
! 20
| [[File:Sheila Dikshit Ji.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Sheila Dikshit]]''' {{small|(1938{{ndash}}2019)}}
| [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]]
| {{small|5 March}} 2014
| {{small|5 September}} 2014{{ref label|‡|‡|‡}}
| '''{{ayd|5 Mar 2014|5 Sep 2014}}'''
|-
! 21
| [[File:Justice P. Sathasivam.jpg|70px]]
| {{small|Justice (Retd)}} '''[[P. Sathasivam]]''' {{small|(born 1949)}}
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| {{small|5 September}} 2014
| {{small|5 September}} 2019
| '''{{ayd|5 Sep 2014|5 Sep 2019}}'''
|-
! 22
| [[File:Arif Mohammad Khan (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Arif Mohammad Khan]]''' {{small|(born 1951)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| {{small|6 September}} 2019
| {{small|1 January}} 2025{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|name=BR}}
| '''{{ayd|6 Sep 2019|1 Jan 2025}}'''
| [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|-
! 23
| [[File:Rajendra Arlekar, Governor of Kerala.jpg|87x87px]]
| '''[[Rajendra Arlekar]]''' {{small|(born 1954)}}
| [[Goa]]
| {{small|2 January}} 2025
| Incumbent
| '''{{ayd|2 Jan 2025}}'''
| [[Droupadi Murmu]]
|-
|}

{{reflist|group=lower-greek}}

==See also==
* [[Kerala]]
* [[Governors of India]]
* [[Chief Minister of Kerala]]

==External links==
* [http://niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_4.htm Governors of Kerala]

== Oath ==
“I, A. B., do swear in the name of God/solemly affirm that I will faithfully
execute the office of Governor (or discharge the functions
of the Governor) of .............(name of the State) and will to
the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the
Constitution and the law and that I will devote myself to
the service and well-being of the people of ..………(name
of the State).”

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Governors_and_Lt_Governors_of_Indian_States}}
{{Kerala topics}}

[[Category:Governors of Kerala]]
[[Category:Lists of governors of Indian states|Kerala]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Kerala|Governors]]
[[Category:Kerala politics-related lists|Governors]]

N. P. Hafiz Mohamad

2026-03-05T07:04:37Z

ErikaMchenry4:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
[[File:N. P. Hafiz Mohammed.jpg|thumb|375x375px|NP Hafiz Mohammed in 2026]]
'''N. P. Hafiz Mohamad''' is an Indian [[author]],<ref name="Who's Who of Indian Writers">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&dq=sahitya+academy+n+p+hafiz+mohamed&pg=PA441 Who's Who of Indian Writers]'', Official Publication of Sahitya Academy, Govt. of India 1999</ref> [[sociologist]], [[social activist]],<ref name="bc.edu">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bc.edu/centers/boisi/coursesandseminars/state_department_seminars/fulbright_sept02/participants_sept_02.html |title=Boston College, US, Fulbright Seminar September 2002 |access-date=16 April 2011 |archive-date=13 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213083803/http://www.bc.edu/centers/boisi/coursesandseminars/state_department_seminars/fulbright_sept02/participants_sept_02.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[political commentator]],<ref>[http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/IslamPolitics-Appendix_2.pdf List of Experts on Islam and Politics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308154131/http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/IslamPolitics-Appendix_2.pdf |date=8 March 2012 }} The Henry L Stimson Centre, Washington</ref><ref>[http://expressbuzz.com/states/kerala/kerala-league-wins-back-the-trust-of-muslims/262754.html ''The New Indian Express'']{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 9 April 2011</ref> living in [[Kerala]].

Born in [[Calicut]] (16 July 1956<ref name="Who's Who of Indian Writers"/>) to celebrated [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] writer [[N. P. Mohammed]],<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/br/2004/12/21/stories/2004122100171403.htm Fictional Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109045703/http://www.hindu.com/br/2004/12/21/stories/2004122100171403.htm |date=9 November 2012 }}, ''The Hindu'' 21 December 2004</ref><ref>''[http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=4&section=0&article=21674&d=4&m=1&y=2003 Arab News]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'', 4 January 2003,</ref> he had his early education in Calicut. He was trained early in the social problems of his society under his illustrious grandfather N. P. Abu Sahib, a famous [[freedom fighter]] in [[Malabar District|Malabar]]<ref>''[http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=4&section=0&article=21674&d=4&m=1&y=2003 Arab News]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'', 4 January 2003</ref> and a vociferous [[prohibition]] activist.

Hafiz Mohamad completed his post-graduation in sociology from [[Kerala University]] with 2nd rank and did his MPhil from [[Bangalore University]]. His doctoral thesis is on the [[Matrilineality|matrilineal system]] among the Muslims of Malabar. He headed the Department Sociology at [[Farook College, Calicut|Farook College]] for three decades<ref>[http://farookcollege.ac.in/main/Sociology/Faculty.asp The official website of Farook College]</ref> till his retirement in March 2011. He holds a Post Graduate Diploma in Mass Communication and Journalism from Mysore University and a Post Graduate Diploma in Counselling and Guidance from University of Kerala. He has done International Graduation in TCI([[Theme-centered interaction|Theme Centered Interaction]]) from The [[:de:Ruth-Cohn-Institut|Ruth Cohn Institute for TCI]] - Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Instructors - RCI International|url=https://www.ruth-cohn-institute.org/instructors.html|access-date=2020-08-12|website=ruth-cohn-institute.org}}</ref> He was a participant in the Fulbright September 2002 held at the [[Boisi Center for Religion and American Public Life|BOISI Center]] at [[Boston College]] in the United States.<ref name="bc.edu"/> He is the first recipient of MM Ghani Award for the Best Teacher in [[Calicut University]].

He began his career in writing with the publication of ''Poovum Puzhayum'' (1988), a collection of short stories.<ref>[http://www.maebag.com/details.php?ItemCode=13489&ItemName=Poovum%20Puzhayum MEABAG website]{{dead link|date=December 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> He received an Edasseri Award for this work in the same year.<ref>[http://www.edasseri.org/english/memorial_awards.htm Edassei Memorial Trust]</ref>
Since then he has published a number of works<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&dq=poovum+puzhayum&pg=PA441 Sahitya Academi], 1999</ref> and received many prestigious awards including [[List of Malayalam literary awards#Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature (Bal Sahitya Puraskar)|Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2016 by Sahitya Academy|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/aboutus/pdf/AR-2016-17(3).pdf}}</ref> the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi|Kerala Sahitya Academy Award]]<ref name="KSA">{{cite web |title=Kerala Sahitya Academy awards |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/Award%20Pages.pdf |accessdate=7 April 2020}}</ref> and Kerala Balasahitya Institute Award{{Circular reference|date=October 2020}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Express 5th August 2013|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2013/aug/05/bala-sahitya-award-ceremony-503966.html}}</ref> He was editor of the [[Dubai]] based ''TAKE:1'' magazine in 2016.

Short Story ''Big Fish'' by Hafiz Mohamed was included in the Literature and Contemporary issues textbook for BA/BSc by Calicut University in 2019.<ref>{{Cite book |title=LITERATURE AND CONTEMPORARY ISSUES FOURTH SEMESTER BA B.Sc. |publisher=University of Calicut |year=2019 |pages=10-13}}</ref>

On 24 July 2018, his first novel ''Espathinayiram''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Espathinayiram |url=http://ebooks.dcbooks.com/espathinayiram |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724183611/http://ebooks.dcbooks.com/espathinayiram |archive-date=24 July 2018 |access-date=2018-07-24 |website=ebooks.dcbooks.com |language=en}}</ref> was launched by the prominent Malayalam writer [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]] in a program at K. P. Keshavamenon Hall, Calicut.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Espathinayiram to be launched by MT Vasudevan Nair |url=http://english.dcbooks.com/espathinayiram-to-be-launched-by-mt-vasudevan-nair.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724183543/http://english.dcbooks.com/espathinayiram-to-be-launched-by-mt-vasudevan-nair.html |archive-date=24 July 2018 |access-date=2018-07-24 |work=English News Portal |language=en-US}}</ref> This novel is about the myths and life in and around the coastal Kozhikode.

Writer [[Subhash Chandran]] released his novel 'Harmonium', a biographical fiction based on the life of music director [[M. S. Baburaj|M.S. Baburaj]], in Kozhikode on December 16, 2023. It was published by mathrubhumi Books<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 December 2023 |title=Harmonium, novel based on life of M.S. Baburaj, released |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/harmonium-novel-based-on-life-of-ms-baburaj-released/article67645236.ece |access-date=16 February 2026 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>.

His other works include ''Poovum Puzhayum, Koottaksharam, Pranayadancharatthil, Cheriya Cheriya Meenukalum Valiya Malsyavum'' (Stories); ''Pravaasikalude Pusthakam, Manassinte Arogyam, Samoohathinte Arogyam, Paikkanum Pareeksha Ezhuthanum Padikkaam, Makkalude Padanam, Ramsan: Prasakthiyum Pradhanyavum, Keralatthile Muslim Sthreekalude Varthamana Kalam'' (Non Fiction); ''Thallakkurangum Pullippuliyum, Bahumaanyanaya Padusha, Kanakamalayile Nidhivetta, Arabinaatile Nadodikkathakal, Akashatthu Oru Adbudhayathra, Vellinilavinte Katha'' (Children's literature).

Along with his position at Farook College, he was an honorary director of the Suraksha De-Addiction and Counselling Centre<ref name="bc.edu"/> where he helped hundreds of [[Alcoholism|alcohol addicts]] and their families to escape their trauma and lead productive lives.

An expert on the problems of Indian [[expatriate]]s in the [[Persian Gulf]], he has conducted numerous workshops for them.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.thepeninsulaqatar.com/component/content/article/349-qatar-newsarchive/62692.html |title=The Peninsula Qatar |access-date=16 April 2011 |archive-date=27 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727115944/http://archive.thepeninsulaqatar.com/component/content/article/349-qatar-newsarchive/62692.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101029043440/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/09/stories/2006030904610200.htm Focussing on `Gulf syndrome'] Maleeha Raghaviah, ''The Hindu'', 9 March 2006</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/IslamPolitics-Appendix_2.pdf |title=Islam and Politics |access-date=16 April 2011 |archive-date=8 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308154131/http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/IslamPolitics-Appendix_2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is also a well known trainer and counsellor.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sites.google.com/site/tciworkshopsindia/Home/rci-for-tci-india |title=RCI for TCI |access-date=16 April 2011 |archive-date=27 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227102544/https://sites.google.com/site/tciworkshopsindia/Home/rci-for-tci-india |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.eppler-baden.ch/Texte_HE_E/Workshops_E.html Eppler Baden]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohamad, N. P. Hafiz}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:University of Kerala alumni]]
[[Category:Bangalore University alumni]]

Mogra Phulaalaa

2026-03-04T09:41:20Z

ErikaMchenry4: corrected page after review and corrected details

{{short description|2019 Indian Marathi-language drama film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mogra Phulaalaa
| image = Mogra_Phulaalaa.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Shrabani Deodhar]]
| producer = Arjun Singgh Baran Kartk D Nishandar
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Sachin Mote]]
| based_on =
| starring = [[Sai Deodhar]] [[Swwapnil Joshi]] [[Neena Kulkarni]] [[Chandrakant Kulkarni]]
| music = Kaushik Deshpande
| cinematography = Amol Gole
| editing = Jafar Sultan
| studio = GSEAMS
| distributor = [[Panorama Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|6|14|}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| gross = 3.80 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Marathi film Mogra Phulaalaa starring Swapnil Joshi wins over the audience; collects Rs 1.45 crore in 3 days|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/box-office/article/box-office-marathi-film-mogra-phulaalaa-starring-swapnil-joshi-wins-over-the-audience-collects-rs-1-45-crore-in-3-days/438490|website=Times Now|date=17 June 2019}}</ref>
| language = Marathi
| country = India
}}

'''''Mogra Phulaalaa''''' ({{Translation|[[Jasminum sambac|Mogra]] bloomed}}) is an [[Indian film|Indian]] [[Marathi language]] family-[[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film, directed by [[Shrabani Deodhar]],<ref>{{Citation|title=Mogra Phulaalaa|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/mogra-phulaalaa/movieshow/68076222.cms|website=Times of India|date=2019-06-13}}</ref> and produced by Arjun Singgh Baran and Kartik Nishandar.
The film starring [[Swwapnil Joshi]], [[Sai Deodhar]], [[Neena Kulkarni]] and [[Chandrakant Kulkarni]] follows a story of possessive mother and her devoted son, and how the things change when he meets woman of his dreams. The film was released on 14 June 2019.<ref name=":m1">{{cite web |title=Mogra Phulaalaa movie review: Swwapnil Joshi, Sai Deodhar's family drama is worth a watch|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/reviews/movies/article/mogra-phulaalaa-movie-review-swwapnil-joshi-sai-deodhars-family-drama-is-worth-a-watch/436982 |website=Times Now|date=14 June 2019}}</ref>

==Cast==

{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Swwapnil Joshi]] as Sunil Kulkarni
* [[Sai Deodhar]]
* [[Neena Kulkarni]] as mother of Sunil
* [[Chandrakant Kulkarni]]
* [[Sandeep Pathak (actor)|Sandeep Pathak]]
* [[Samidha Guru]] as Sister-in-law
* Sonamm Nishandarm
* Anand Inghale
* Vighnesh Joshi
* Sanyogitha Bhave
* Dipti Bhagwat
* Saanvi Ratnalikar
* Prasad Limaye as younger brother
* Ashish Ghokale
* Aditya Deshmukh as Pankaj
* Amod Jande as Pagare Banker
* Prachi Joshi
* Harsha Gupte
* Anuradha Rajadhyaksha
* Umesh Dhamle
* Madhuri Bharti
* Siddhirupa Karmarkar
* Suhita Thatte

{{div col end}}

==Release==
The official trailer of the film was launched on 3 June 2019 by [[Zee Music Company]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=RRWi0iz__oE|title=Mogra Phulaalaa - Official Trailer - Swwapnil Joshi, Sai Deodhar, Neena Kulkarni, Chandrakant K|publisher=Zee Music Marathi|website=YouTube|date=3 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mogra Phulaalaa (2019) – Marathi Movie|url=https://marathistars.com/movies/mogra-phulaalaa-2019-marathi-movie/ |website=Marathi Stars|date=19 June 2019}}</ref>

The film was released on 14 June 2019.

===Critical response===
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film three stars out of five, and praised the performances of [[Swwapnil Joshi]], [[Sai Deodhar]], [[Neena Kulkarni]] and felt that, the way the characters of the film gave life to the narrative was appreciable. Concluding, they wrote "''Mogra Phulaalaa'' makes for a decent watch because it sensibly portrays the family equations in families today. Watch it for the same.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/mogra-phulaalaa/movie-review/69792582.cms|title=Mogra Phulaalaa Movie Review |work=The Times of India|date=14 June 2019|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref>
Chitrali Chogle of the ''[[Times Now]]''
gave the film two and half stars out of five, and concurred with TOI in praising the performances of entire cast. Summing up Chogle noted, "''Mogra Phulaalaa'' is a good film with all the masala, drama and story, but has some missing points and some loopholes. Nevertheless, the film is entertaining enough to be seen and enjoyed with family."<ref name=":m1"/>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mogra Phulaalaa
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Rohit Shyam Raut
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 6 May 2019
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| studio = Amplitude Recording
Studio
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 15:43
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| chronology =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|tOOREd6Q6wk|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

The soundtrack is composed by [[Rohit Raut|Rohit Shyam Raut]] and lyrics are by Abhishek Khankar.

{{track_listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 15:43
| title1 = Mogra Phulaalaa
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length1 = 3:41
| title2 = Maarva (Male Version)
| extra2 = Jasraj Joshi
| length2 = 3:48
| title3 = Maarva (Female Version)
| extra3 = [[Bela Shende]]
| length3 = 4:44
| title4 = Manmohini
| extra4 = Rohit Shyam Raut
| length4 = 3:30
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{imdbtitle|tt10209164}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mogra Phulaalaa}}
[[Category:2019 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]

Shock (2010 film)

2026-03-04T04:41:40Z

ErikaMchenry4: Put Up Data...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shock
| image = Shock Kannada 2010.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = H. S. Rajasekar
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Amarchand Jain Vijay Surana
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Ramesh Aravind]]
*Suma Guha
*Neenasam Ashwath
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Niranjan Babu
| editing = Sanjeeva Reddy
| music = M S Maruthi
| studio = Sri Sankeshwara Films
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|2010|11|5}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Shock''''' is a 2010 Indian Kannada-language psychological thriller film<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/96733/simple-things-matter-most.html|title='Simple things matter most'|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=15 September 2010|last=NCG|access-date=25 March 2023|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325031632/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/96733/simple-things-matter-most.html|url-status=live}}</ref> directed by H. S. Rajasekar. A remake of ''[[Kaun?]]'' (1999), the film stars [[Ramesh Aravind]], Suma Guha and Neenasam Ashwath. The film was a box office failure.

== Cast ==
*[[Ramesh Aravind]]
*Suma Guha
*Neenasam Ashwath

== Soundtrack ==
The film features no songs and a background score by M S Maruthi.

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "''`Shock'' keeps everyone on the edge of their seats with an excellent script and brilliant narration from beginning to end".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/shock/movie-review/6883852.cms|title=SHOCK MOVIE REVIEW|date=4 November 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 March 2023|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325030126/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/shock/movie-review/6883852.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote that "''Shock'' doesn’t shock but entertains serious film buffs".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/110484/shock-kannada-a.html|title=Shock Kannada (A)|first=B. S.|last=Srivani|date=4 November 2010|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=25 March 2023|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325034635/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/110484/shock-kannada-a.html|url-status=live}}</ref> V. S. Rajapur of ''Nowrunning'' wrote that "This remake of ''Kaun'' drags and a tedious watch".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/8001/kannada/shock/2802/review.htm|title=Shock Review|date=7 November 2010|first=V. S.|last=Rajapur|work=Nowrunning|access-date=25 March 2023|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325030129/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/8001/kannada/shock/2802/review.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

*{{IMDb title|id=tt13690256}}

[[Category:2010 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Hindi films]]

Upendra Matte Baa

2026-03-03T21:36:18Z

ErikaMchenry4: improved section and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Upendra Matte Baa
| image = Upendra_Matte_Baa.jpeg
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = N. Arun Lokanath
| producer = M. S. Sreekanth M. S. Shashikanth K. L. Ravindranath
| writer = [[Upendra (actor) | Upendra]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = N. Arun lokanath
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Soggade Chinni Nayana]]''|[[Kalyan Krishna Kurasala]]}}
| starring = [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] [[Sruthi Hariharan]] [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]]
| music = [[V. Sridhar]]
| cinematography = Swamy J. Gowda
| editing = Joni Harsha
| studio = Hayagreeva Enterprises
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|11|17|}}
| runtime = 150 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/upendra-matte-baa/movie-review/61687256.cms|title=Movie Review|publisher=Times of India|date=17 November 2017|access-date=17 January 2020|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205162825/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/upendra-matte-baa/movie-review/61687256.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Upendra Matte Baa''''' ({{translation|Come again Upendra}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Supernatural fiction|supernatural]] [[Drama (genre)|drama]] film directed by N. Arun Lokanath (Loki). The film stars [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] in dual roles along with [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]] and [[Sruthi Hariharan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/jan/10/uppi-and-prema-return-in-panche-1557913.html|title=Uppi and prema return, in panche|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=10 January 2017|access-date=21 September 2017|archive-date=21 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921144340/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/jan/10/uppi-and-prema-return-in-panche-1557913.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film, a remake of [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film ''[[Soggade Chinni Nayana]]'' (2016),<ref>{{cite web|last=Karthik|first=Janani|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Upendras-next-is-a-Telugu-movie-remake/articleshow/52398168.cms|title=Upendra's next is a Telugu movie remake|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 January 2017|access-date=21 September 2017|archive-date=12 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112162708/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Upendras-next-is-a-Telugu-movie-remake/articleshow/52398168.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> was produced by M. S. Sreekanth, M. S. Shashikanth and K. L. Ravindranath under the banner Hayagreeva Enterprises. The film's cinematography was handled by Swamy J. Gowda. The soundtrack and film score were composed by [[V. Sridhar]].

The project marks the reunion of Upendra with director Loki after their previous film ''[[H2O (2002 film)|H2O]]'' in 2002. It also marks the comeback of actress Prema to films after a long hiatus which she took after ''[[Shishira (film)|Shishira]]'' (2009).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsable.asianetnews.com/south/sandalwood-upendra-prema-matthe-hutti-ba-inthi-prema|title=Upendra-Prema back on-screen together after 17 years|work=Asianet News|date=25 May 2016|access-date=21 September 2017|archive-date=21 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921192544/http://newsable.asianetnews.com/south/sandalwood-upendra-prema-matthe-hutti-ba-inthi-prema|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
Ram "Ramu" Mohan is a socially-inept cardiologist practicing in the United States. His wife, Seetha, feels lonely since Ramu pays very little attention to her because of his work. They decide to divorce and leave for Sivapuram, Rajahmundry, where Ramu's mother Satyabhama lives. Satyabhama, shocked to learn that Ramu and Seetha are divorcing, shouts at a portrait of her deceased husband Upendra Raju (a benevolent, flirtatious zamindar who died nearly 30 years ago in an accident).

Upendra Raju's soul is in Naraka, where he continues to flirt. Yama, at Shiva's command, sends him back to earth because there is a mission only he can fulfil. Upendra Raju, who can be seen and heard only by Satyabhama, tries to solve his family's problems. After several unsuccessful attempts, Upendra Raju possesses Ramu's body on his birthday. He meets Ramu's young female cousins, and invites them to his home. On his way back Ramu meets Suri, a frightened drunk who runs away as Ramu and Upendra Raju look identical. To free himself from guilt, Suri later admits that he murdered Upendra Raju with a lorry after he was bribed. Before he can disclose more details, Suri dies in an accident and Upendra Raju learns that his family is in danger. Ramu spends quality time with his cousins, making Seetha jealous.

Upendra Raju is confronted by Satyabhama, who is unaware of recent events. He suggests that she help Seetha impress Ramu. At Satyabhama's suggestion, Ramu and Seetha go to a theatre to watch a film. When she is taunted, Ramu (possessed by Upendra Raju) overpowers her tormenters. Seetha is pleasantly surprised, since Ramu failed to confront the same group earlier in a similar situation. The couple slowly grow closer, and Seetha realises that Ramu does love her. Upendra Raju learns from Athmanandam, a godman who can communicate with souls, that his uncle Rudraraju masterminded his murder. Rudraraju and his cousin, Veerababu, wanted to steal jewellery from a 1,000-year old temple to Shiva. They murdered Upendra Raju, bribing Suri to silence him.

After Rudraraju's son dies when he is bitten by a divine snake, a tantrik warns that only Upendra Raju's descendants can open the lock; others would be killed by the snake. The tantrik captures Upendra Raju's soul and gives a few threads to Sampath, Rudraraju's grandson, telling him to tie them to the hands of every member of Upendra Raju's family to keep his soul from communicating with them. After Sampath and the others leave, the snake kills the tantrik and saves Upendra Raju's soul.

Upendra Raju reaches the temple, where Satyabhama can neither see nor hear him and he cannot possess Ramu. Rudraraju and Sampath attack Ramu and Seetha after the jewellery is removed from the treasury. Rudraraju tells his henchmen to put the couple in a car with the jewellery, which will make the villagers think that they are the thieves. The thread to Ramu's hand comes loose, and Upendra Raju possesses him. Upendra Raju fights them and retrieves the jewellery before leaving Ramu, who operates on an injured Seetha in a nearby hospital. Satyabhama removes the thread and can see Upendra Raju. Ramu and Seetha reconcile, and Yama orders Upendra Raju to come back in accordance with Shiva's instructions. When Satyabhama begs Upendra Raju to stay, Yama gives him a chance to wipe away her tears. He asks her to keep smiling and live happily for his sake, and returns to Naraka.

==Cast==
* [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] in a dual role as
**Upendra Raju
**Ramu
* [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]] as Sathyabhama, Upendra Raju's Wife
* [[Sruthi Hariharan]] as Seetha
* [[Harshika Poonacha]]
* [[Saikumar (actor, born 1960)|Sai Kumar]] as [[Yamadharmaraju]]
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Rudraraju
* [[Vasishta N. Simha]] as Vashishta
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Atmananda
* [[Shobaraj]] as Truck Driver
* Chamaraj Mulakeri

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Upendra Matte Baa
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[V. Sridhar]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = {{Start date|2017|9|16|df=yes}}
| recorded = 2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer = V. Sridhar
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

[[V. Sridhar]] scored the soundtrack and score for this, his 25th film. A total of four songs were composed by him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/13889-mukunda-murari-audio-release-on-sunday.html|title=Mukunda Murari Audio Release On Sunday|publisher=Chitraloka|date=15 October 2016|access-date=21 September 2017|archive-date=21 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921144422/http://www.chitraloka.com/news/13889-mukunda-murari-audio-release-on-sunday.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The audio was released in September 2017 and Anand Audio bagged the audio rights of the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmykannada.com/news-upendra-matte-hutti-baa-inti-prema-audio-soon--439824.htm|title=Upendra Matte Hutti Baa - Inti Prema audio soon !!|publisher=Filmykannada|access-date=21 September 2017|date=18 July 2017|archive-date=21 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921145202/http://www.filmykannada.com/news-upendra-matte-hutti-baa-inti-prema-audio-soon--439824.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Madikke Henda
| lyrics1 = V. Sridhar
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]], Kushala, Chintan Vikas
| length1 =
| title2 = Ondu Nimisha
| lyrics2 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| extra2 = [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Premave
| lyrics3 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| extra3 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Sakkare Hange
| lyrics4 = V. Sridhar
| extra4 = [[Hemanth Kumar]], [[Shamita Malnad]], Shilpa
| length4 =
|note1=|writer1=|note2=|writer2=|note3=|writer3=|note4=|writer4=}}

==See also==
* ''[[Soggade Chinni Nayana]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Upendra Matte Baa}}
[[Category:2017 horror films]]
[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sridhar V. Sambhram]]
[[Category:Indian horror film remakes]]
[[Category:Indian horror drama films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:2010s horror drama films]]
[[Category:2017 drama films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]

[[kn:ಉಪೇಂದ್ರ ಮತ್ತೆ ಬಾ]]

Popcorn Monkey Tiger

2026-03-03T12:14:30Z

ErikaMchenry4: put up a post

{{short description|2020 Kannada film directed by Duniya Soori}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Popcorn Monkey Tiger
| image = Popcorn Monkey Tiger poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Duniya Soori]]
| producer = Sudhir K. M.
| story = Duniya Soori Surendranath
| writer = Duniya Soori Amritha K Bhargav<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/feb/13/behind-the-scenes-of-suris-popcorn-monkey-tiger-2102559.html|title=Behind the scenes of Suri's Popcorn Monkey Tiger|date=2020-02-13|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=21 February 2020|archive-date=21 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221192204/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/feb/13/behind-the-scenes-of-suris-popcorn-monkey-tiger-2102559.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| starring = [[Dhananjay (actor)|Dhananjay]] [[Nivedhitha]] [[Sapthami Gowda]] [[Amrutha Iyengar]]
| music = [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
| cinematography = Shekar S.
| editing = Deepu S. Kumar
| studio = Studio 18
| distributor = [[Pushkar Films]] Mohan Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2020|02|22}}
| runtime = 133 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}}6.03 crore<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/box-office-round-up-of-kannada-movies-in-february-2020-popcorn-monkey-tiger-tastes-success-while-gentleman-fails-to-sustain-at-theatres/etphotostory/74514462.cms |title=Box office round up of Kannada movies in February 2020: 'Popcorn Monkey Tiger' tastes success while 'Gentleman' fails to sustain at theatres | the Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=4 April 2023 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424055830/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/box-office-round-up-of-kannada-movies-in-february-2020-popcorn-monkey-tiger-tastes-success-while-gentleman-fails-to-sustain-at-theatres/etphotostory/74514462.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''''Popcorn Monkey Tiger''''' is a 2020 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action crime film]] directed by [[Duniya Soori]] and produced by K. M. Sudhir. It serves as a sequel to the 2015 film ''[[Kendasampige]]''.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2020/feb/18/director-i-didnt-learn-filmmaking-by-watching-movies-on-mobiles-17107.html|title=Director Suri: I didn't learn filmmaking by watching movies on mobiles|date=2020-02-18|work=Cinema Express|access-date=21 February 2020|archive-date=21 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221192821/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2020/feb/18/director-i-didnt-learn-filmmaking-by-watching-movies-on-mobiles-17107.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/top-five-reasons-why-you-must-watch-popcorn-monkey-tiger/photostory/74193840.cms|title=Top Five Reasons Why You Must Watch 'Popcorn Monkey Tiger'|date=2020-02-18|work=Times Of India|access-date=21 February 2020|archive-date=31 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831021822/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/top-five-reasons-why-you-must-watch-popcorn-monkey-tiger/photostory/74193840.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film features [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]], [[Amrutha Iyengar]], [[Nivedhitha]], [[Sapthami Gowda]], [[Sparsha Rekha]], and [[Prashanth Siddi]].<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/feb/20/actor-dhananjay-is-inked-in-red-in-popcorn-monkey-tiger-2105759.html|title=Actor Dhananjay is 'inked in red' in 'Popcorn Monkey Tiger'|date=2020-02-20|work=New Indian Express|access-date=21 February 2020|archive-date=21 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221191743/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/feb/20/actor-dhananjay-is-inked-in-red-in-popcorn-monkey-tiger-2105759.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The soundtrack and background score were composed by [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]] while the cinematography and editing were handled by Shekhar S. and Deepu. S. Kumar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/feb/13/behind-the-scenes-of-suris-popcorn-monkey-tiger-2102559.html|title=Behind the scenes of Suri's Popcorn Monkey Tiger|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2020-02-29|archive-date=21 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221192204/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/feb/13/behind-the-scenes-of-suris-popcorn-monkey-tiger-2102559.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

A sequel titled ''Kaage Bangara'' and the third film in the trilogy was supposed to enter production in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/feb/24/suri-to-bring-in-a-hilarious-twist-with-kaage-bangara-2107484.html|title=Suri to bring in a hilarious twist with 'Kaage Bangara'|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=18 September 2023|archive-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118211619/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/feb/24/suri-to-bring-in-a-hilarious-twist-with-kaage-bangara-2107484.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Popcorn Monkey Tiger'' was released on 22 February 2020 to positive reviews from critics, but [[Box-office bomb|underperformed at the box office]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

==Plot==
The plot unfolds in a [[reverse chronological|reverse-chronological]] fashion. It focuses on the life of the protagonist, Seena, and the evolution of his character due to external forces that sway him in different directions. Women/lovers involved in Seena's life contribute to these forces that trigger the [[Metamorphosis]] of his character. He goes from being a garage mechanic to a prominent leader in the underworld mafia.

"Popcorn" Devi, one of the lovers, has a profound impact on Seena's life. The back story on how "Popcorn" Devi got involved with the underworld unfolds parallelly alongside Seena's story.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Dhananjay (actor)|Dhananjay]] as Tiger Seena aka "Monkey" Seena
* [[Nivedhitha]] as Devika aka "Popcorn" Devi
* [[Sparsha Rekha]] as Padma
* [[Amrutha Iyengar]] as Sumithra
* [[Sapthami Gowda]] as Girija
*Prabhu Srinivas as Razor Gopi
*Sinchana Gowda as Sinchu
* Monisha Nadgir as Sujaata
* [[Poornachandra Mysore]] as Bablu
* [[Prashanth Siddi]] as Haav Rani
* Goutam as Rakesh aka "Mooga"
* Nanda Kishore as Khalai
* Sudhi as Kothmeri
* Niranjan as Bhadravathi Kushka
* Nikhil as Micheal
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Popcorn Monkey Tiger
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2020
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = PRK Audio
| producer =
| prev_title = [[ASN (soundtrack)|Avane Srimannarayana]]
| prev_year = 2019
| next_title = [[Salaga (film)|Salaga]]
| next_year = 2020
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|XkfzCgQKmbY|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}
}}

[[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]] scored the background music and soundtrack for the film. The audio rights were bought by PRK Audio in December 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Puneeth Rajkumar's PRK bags audio rights of Suri Popcorn Monkey Tiger |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/dec/25/puneeth-rajkumars-prk-bags-audio-rights-of-suri-popcorn-monkey-tiger-2080686.html |access-date=23 February 2020 |work=The New Indian Express |date=25 December 2019 |archive-date=23 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223065501/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/dec/25/puneeth-rajkumars-prk-bags-audio-rights-of-suri-popcorn-monkey-tiger-2080686.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 6.14
| title1 = Maadeva
| lyrics1 = Rithwik Kaikini, Hanumankind
| extra1 = [[Sanjith Hegde]], [[Hanumankind]]
| length1 = 3:37
| title2 = Psychedelic Maaye
| lyrics2 = Nagarjuna Sharma {{small|(Rap: Rahul Dit-O)}}
| extra2 = [[Sanjith Hegde]], Rahul Dit-o
| length2 = 3:07
}}

==Reception==
''Popcorn Monkey Tiger'' received positive reviews from critics.
=== Critical response ===
Sunayna Suresh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5/5 and wrote "While fans of crime and gore will enjoy this, ''Popcorn Monkey Tiger'' is a film that unintentionally glorifies the underworld in more ways than one."<ref>{{citation|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/popcorn-monkey-tiger/movie-review/74242350.cms|title=Popcorn Monkey Tiger Movie Review: A film for lovers of gore and the underworld|date=2020-02-21|work=Times of India|access-date=21 February 2020|archive-date=15 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315124513/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/popcorn-monkey-tiger/movie-review/74242350.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Popcorn Monkey Tiger is original and has Suri's signature all over it. This is a film for all the lovers of the director's work, as well as for the fans of Dhananjay, and for those who adore the mafia-based films."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2020/feb/22/popcorn-monkey-tiger-movie-review-dhananjays-new-outing-is-a-trademark-suri-film-2106701.html|title=Popcorn Monkey Tiger movie review: Dhananjay's new outing is a trademark Suri film|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=16 November 2023|archive-date=16 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116130814/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2020/feb/22/popcorn-monkey-tiger-movie-review-dhananjays-new-outing-is-a-trademark-suri-film-2106701.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Y. Maheshwara Reddy of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "It is worth watching if you want to see Dhananjaya in a different avatar and also ready to cope with sound pollution caused by indecent dialogues."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/popcorn-monkey-tiger-movie-review-no-popcorn-for-this-monkey-business/articleshow/74250291.cms|title=POPCORN MONKEY TIGER MOVIE REVIEW: NO POPCORN FOR THIS MONKEY BUSINESS|website=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=16 November 2023|archive-date=16 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116130816/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/popcorn-monkey-tiger-movie-review-no-popcorn-for-this-monkey-business/articleshow/74250291.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Aravind Shwetha of ''[[The News Minute]]'' praised the film's reverse chronological screenwriting and wrote "Popcorn Monkey Tiger is raw, rugged and realistic, and a must-watch for mass movie lovers."<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/popcorn-monkey-tiger-review-soori-film-roller-coaster-ride-love-lust-and-gore-118677|title='Popcorn Monkey Tiger' review: Soori film is a roller-coaster ride of love, lust and gore|date=2020-02-21|work=The News Minute|access-date=21 February 2020|archive-date=21 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221193636/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/popcorn-monkey-tiger-review-soori-film-roller-coaster-ride-love-lust-and-gore-118677|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|11143196}}

{{Duniya Soori}}
{{Pushkar Films}}

[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:2020 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Duniya Soori]]
[[Category:2020 crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]

Gentleman (1993 film)

2026-03-03T04:53:07Z

ErikaMchenry4: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|1993 film directed by Shankar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Gentleman 1993 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]
| screenplay = Shankar
| story = Shankar
{{Infobox
| decat = yes
| child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{ubl | [[Balakumaran]]}}
}}
| producer = [[K. T. Kunjumon]]
| starring = [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] [[Madhoo|Madhubala]] [[Subhashri]]
| cinematography = [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]]
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| studio = A. R. S. Film International
| distributor = A. R. S. Film International
| released = {{Film date|1993|07|30|df=y}}
| runtime = 160 minutes{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=153}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Gentleman''''' is a 1993 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[heist film|heist]] [[action film]] written and directed by [[S. Shankar|Shankar]], in his directorial debut, and produced by [[K. T. Kunjumon]]. The film stars [[Arjun Sarja]], [[Madhoo|Madhubala]] and [[Subhashri]], while [[M. N. Nambiar]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]], [[Charan Raj]], [[Vineeth]], and [[Rajan P. Dev]] play supporting roles. In the film, a respected [[Chennai|Madras]]-based businessman moonlights as a thief to steal from the rich and give to the poor for their education.

''Gentleman'' was released on 30 July 1993 and the film became a major commercial success, running for over 175 days in theatres. It won three [[Filmfare Awards South|South Filmfare Awards]] (including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]), four [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] (including [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] and [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]) and five [[Cinema Express Awards]]. The film was a breakthrough for Arjun and Shankar and established them as among the top actors and directors, respectively, in [[Tamil cinema]]. It was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[The Gentleman (film)|The Gentleman]]'' (1994).

== Plot ==
In [[Ooty]], Krishnamoorthy "Kicha" and his sidekick Mani perform a [[Swashbuckler|swashbuckling]] heist of several [[crore]]s, while being in disguise diverting the attention of police, and escape in [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]], much to the frustration of Inspector Ratnam. Kicha is a respected citizen running a legitimate [[papadam]] business with Mani in [[Chennai|Madras]]. Susheela, one of Kicha's many female employees, has a crush on him and is constantly demanding his attention. Another thing adding to Susheela's woes is the arrival of her jovial cousin Sugandhi, who makes the place lively and playful with silly fights between Mani and Babloo.

Sugandhi later develops a crush on Kicha after being saved by him from the goons who tried to molest her. Kicha tells Sugandhi that he has no such feelings for her and wants her to find a suitable husband. Before leaving Madras, Sugandhi steals Kicha's ring as a souvenir. After several unsuccessful attempts at nabbing the thief, the disgraced police officer Azhagar Nambi shaves his head and is left with a ring mark on his face, after a scuffle with the thief. Nambi investigates the design of the mark, believing it was formed by a ceremonial ring worn by [[Brahmin]] priests, but to his vain, finds that such a design is uncommon to Brahmin priests, but rather resembles a [[mangala sutra]].

Meanwhile, Nambi's parents force him to marry Sugandhi, from whom he gets the particular ring and learns that it belongs to Kicha. In an attempt to trap and arrest Kicha, Nambi plots an attempt at Kicha's house, where they were invited for a wedding dinner, hosted by Kicha. Nambi shoots Kicha, who narrowly escapes with a bullet injury in his hand. Kicha and Mani arrive at their hideout, where Susheela follows them and accuses Kicha of his deed. After Susheela threatens to commit suicide, Kicha reveals his past.

As a student, Kicha is a district-level topper, along with his best friend Ramesh, but they are denied their desired medical college seats despite scoring high marks due to [[reservation in India|reservation]] and bribery, which leads Kicha's mother and Ramesh to commit suicide. Due to this, Kicha becomes a thief to build a college, with the desire to make education available to the deserved, regardless of income, caste, or religion.

In the present, to fund the final stages of the construction of the college and being aware of the police trap, Kicha makes one last attempt to steal money from the [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] (CM) and succeeds, but Nambi manages to arrest him. In the courtroom, Kicha demands that the CM (who was previously the education minister who demanded the bribe from Kicha) should arrive at the courtroom. Though exposed to the public, the CM is let off, where an infuriated youth, who was triggered by Kicha's testimony, kills the CM in a suicide bombing. Six years later, Kicha and Mani complete their prison sentence and inaugurate the college.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] as Krishnamoorthy (Kicha){{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=153}}
* [[Madhoo|Madhubala]] as Susheela<ref name="IE review" />
* [[Subhashri]] as Sugandhi<ref name="IE review" />
* [[M. N. Nambiar]] as Ramesh's father<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=27 September 2010 |title=Shankar's landmark films before Endhiran/Robot |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/sep/27/slide-show-1-south-looking-at-shankars-best-films.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714040500/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/sep/27/slide-show-1-south-looking-at-shankars-best-films.htm |archive-date=14 July 2020 |access-date=11 August 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Kicha's mother<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yamunan |first=Sruthisagar |date=12 October 2015 |title=When the camera rolled, she lived the character' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-the-camera-rolled-she-lived-the-character/article7751052.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331064426/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-the-camera-rolled-she-lived-the-character/article7751052.ece |archive-date=31 March 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[Goundamani]] as Mani<ref name="filmcompanion" />
* [[Senthil]] as Babloo<ref name="filmcompanion" />
* [[Charan Raj]] as [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]] Azhagar Nambi<ref name="IE review" />
* [[Gautami]] (special appearance in the song "Chikku Bukku Rayile")<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=3 April 2020 |title=Prabhudheva's best dance sequences: From 'Chikku Bukku' to 'Guleba' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/prabhudhevas-best-dance-sequences-from-chikku-bukku-to-guleba/article31246248.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409191759/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/prabhudhevas-best-dance-sequences-from-chikku-bukku-to-guleba/article31246248.ece |archive-date=9 April 2020 |access-date=11 August 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[Prabhu Deva]] (special appearance in "Chikku Bukku Rayile")<ref name="PrabhuDevaRaju" />
* [[Raju Sundaram|Raju]] (special appearance in "Chikku Bukku Rayile")<ref name="PrabhuDevaRaju" />
* [[Vineeth]] as Ramesh<ref name="IE review" />
* [[Rajan P. Dev]] as the chief minister<ref name="IE review" />
* [[Ajay Rathnam]] as Inspector Ratnam<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gentleman Cast and Crew |url=https://www.moviefone.com/movie/gentleman/LOC70qZiO9j1GEt7qUgf35/credits/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509063044/https://www.moviefone.com/movie/gentleman/LOC70qZiO9j1GEt7qUgf35/credits/ |archive-date=9 May 2021 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=[[Moviefone]]}}</ref>


;Uncredited
* Adithya Madhavan as a little boy in "Chikku Bukku Rayile"<ref name="chikku" />
* [[Raghava Lawrence]] as a dancer in "Chikku Bukku Rayile"<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2018 |title=Haven't you watched Raghava Lawrence's amazing dances yet? |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/10/30/raghava-lawrence-amazing-dance-videos.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200811073329/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/10/30/raghava-lawrence-amazing-dance-videos.html |archive-date=11 August 2020 |access-date=11 August 2020 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref>
* [[Rajendran]] as a henchman<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudha |date=29 December 2020 |title=ஜென்டில்மேன் திரைப்படத்தில் மொட்டை ராஜேந்திரன் நடித்துள்ளார் தெரியுமா தெரியுமா.? அதுவும் இந்தக் காட்சியில்தான் எப்படி இருக்கிறார் பார்த்தீர்களா.! |url=https://www.tamil360newz.com/gentleman-movie-act-mottai-rajendran-latest-old-photos/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331062553/https://www.tamil360newz.com/gentleman-movie-act-mottai-rajendran-latest-old-photos/ |archive-date=31 March 2021 |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=Tamil 360 Newz |language=ta}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
After scoring back-to-back successes like ''[[Vasanthakala Paravai]]'' (1991) and ''[[Surieyan]]'' (1992), producer [[K. T. Kunjumon]] of A. R. S. Film International wanted to collaborate again with director [[Pavithran (Tamil film director)|Pavithran]] and actor [[R. Sarathkumar]]; however since they went on to do other projects, the collaboration did not happen. Photographer Stills Ravi and editor [[V. T. Vijayan]] suggested the name of [[S. Shankar]] who worked as an assistant in these two films. Shankar had prepared a story, but it was rejected by many producers. After listening to the story, an impressed Kunjumon decided to produce the film which would later be titled ''Gentleman'', but on the condition that Shankar accept any changes he suggest, to which Shankar agreed,<ref name="hi" /> making his directorial debut.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Films |url=http://gentlemanfilmktk.in/tamil-films/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502095820/http://gentlemanfilmktk.in/tamil-films/ |archive-date=2 May 2022 |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=Gentleman Film KTK}}</ref> While Shankar also wrote the screenplay, Kunjumon selected [[Balakumaran]] to write the dialogues.<ref name="hi" /> Cinematography was handled by [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]], editing by Vijayan and [[B. Lenin]], and art direction by Maghi,{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=153}} while [[Vikram Dharma]] was the action choreographer.<ref name="IE review" />

=== Casting and filming ===
The initial story revolved the militancy of a [[Brahmin]] youth. Shankar wanted [[Kamal Haasan]] to play the lead at this stage, but he refused because he felt the story was too similar to ''[[Guru (1980 film)|Guru]]'' (1980) in which he acted and did not like Shankar's take on the concept.<ref>{{Cite web |last=நவநீதகிருஷ்ணன் |first=பா ஸ்டாலின் |date=2 September 2021 |title=Flashback: நடிக்க மறுத்த கமல்... டிஸ்கஷனில் வாக்குவாதம்... ட்ரெண்ட் உருவாக்கிய 'ஜென்டில்மேன்' |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/flashback-know-interesting-things-facts-happened-when-gentleman-movie-made-ready-15412 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902103947/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/flashback-know-interesting-things-facts-happened-when-gentleman-movie-made-ready-15412 |archive-date=2 September 2021 |access-date=18 October 2023 |website=[[ABP Nadu]] |language=ta|trans-title=Flashback: Kamal refused to act... an argument during discussions... the trendsetting ''Gentleman''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnLpzD7cVvs |title=இந்தியன் படத்திலே எனக்கு ஏற்பட்ட கருத்து வேறுபாடு {{!}} Kamal Haasan Interview {{!}} பொக்கிஷம் 25 |date=18 June 2019 |language=ta |publisher=Touring Talkies |trans-title=The disagreement I had during the making of the film ''Indian'' {{!}} Kamal Haasan Interview {{!}} Treasure 25 |time=1:50 |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018095001/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnLpzD7cVvs |archive-date=18 October 2023 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> When [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] was approached, he was reluctant. According to him, no directors wanted to make a film with him until the success of ''[[Sevagan]]'' (1992) which was directed by Arjun himself. Therefore, when Shankar approached him with the script of ''Gentleman'', he decided to decline without listening to the script just as he did to a few other directors. But he listened to the script after much persuasion and, impressed by the story, decided to do it.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. Shiva |date=20 January 2012 |title=Silver screen's valiant hero |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/silver-screens-valiant-hero/article13372451.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114054709/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/silver-screens-valiant-hero/article2815490.ece |archive-date=14 January 2016 |access-date=30 December 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=22 June 2017 |title=I've completed 150 films; let me experiment at least now |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ive-completed-150-films-let-me-experiment-at-least-now/articleshow/59252540.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831191741/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ive-completed-150-films-let-me-experiment-at-least-now/articleshow/59252540.cms |archive-date=31 August 2019 |access-date=4 March 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The song "Chikku Bukku Rayile" was mostly shot at [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Egmore railway station]].<ref name="chikku">{{Cite web |last=Raman |first=Sruthi Ganapathy |date=2 August 2023 |title='Chikku Bukku Rayile': An Oral History of Shankar & AR Rahman's Megahit Song |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/chikku-bukku-rayile-an-oral-history-of-shankar-ar-rahman-megahit-song-tamil-movie-music-gv-prakash-gautami-prabhu-deva-amazon-prime-video |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018100553/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/chikku-bukku-rayile-an-oral-history-of-shankar-ar-rahman-megahit-song-tamil-movie-music-gv-prakash-gautami-prabhu-deva-amazon-prime-video |archive-date=18 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Srikanth |first=R. |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Madras Day 2025: When Tamil cinema and railways cross tracks in Chennai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/when-tamil-cinema-and-railways-cross-tracks-in-chennai/article69928044.ece/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250902054724/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/when-tamil-cinema-and-railways-cross-tracks-in-chennai/article69928044.ece/amp |archive-date=2025-09-02 |access-date=2025-09-07 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> The climax scene where a student kills the antagonist in a suicide bombing was inspired from the assassination of the then [[President of Sri Lanka]], [[Ranasinghe Premadasa]].<ref name="hi" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2020 |title=Tuesday Trivia: Assassination of Sri Lanka President inspired the climax of Shankar's Gentleman |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/tuesday-trivia-assassination-of-sri-lanka-president-inspired-the-climax-of-shankar-s-gentleman-1677164-2020-05-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525093852/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/tuesday-trivia-assassination-of-sri-lanka-president-inspired-the-climax-of-shankar-s-gentleman-1677164-2020-05-12 |archive-date=25 May 2020 |access-date=15 June 2020 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Kunjumon insisted that Shankar rewrite the climax by adding this element, much to the dissatisfaction of Arjun, who felt that his heroism would be diluted. However, Kunjumon remained adamant and it was shot as per his wish.<ref name="hi" /> The filming took seven months to be completed.<ref name="kalki">{{Cite magazine |date=4 December 1994 |title=Take it easy? Not for Me! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1994-12-04/page/n59/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230225093538/https://archive.org/details/kalki1994-12-04/page/n59/mode/2up |archive-date=25 February 2023 |access-date=11 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=58–59 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Themes ==
Critics have noted the film's resemblance to ''[[Ore Oru Gramathiley]]'' (1987) due to [[reservation in India|caste-based reservation]] being a mutual theme in both and the protagonist being a Brahmin who rebels against this,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thirumurthy |first=Priyanka |date=2 September 2019 |title='Orey Oru Gramathiley' to 'Pariyerum Perumal': Caste-based reservation in Tamil films |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/orey-oru-gramathiley-pariyerum-perumal-caste-based-reservation-tamil-films-108220 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200811053112/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mamangam-star-and-basketball-player-prachi-tehlan-s-wedding-pictures-go-viral-130455 |archive-date=11 August 2020 |access-date=11 August 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> and ''[[Karuppu Panam]]'' (1964).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chellappa |date=16 December 2022 |title=Kamal still comes out all guns blazing |url=https://inmathi.com/2022/12/16/kamal-still-comes-out-all-guns-blazing/72577/?amp=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/11wui |archive-date=29 October 2024 |access-date=29 October 2024 |website=Inmathi |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Gentleman
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| released = 1993
| recorded = [[Panchathan Record Inn]]
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 23:42
| label = Pyramid [[Aditya Music]] [[Lahari Music]] [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[A.R. Rahman]]
| prev_title = [[Pudhiya Mugam]]
| prev_year = 1993
| next_title = [[Kizhakku Cheemayile]]
| next_year = 1993
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|ZkiolythncQ|Audio Jukebox {{small|(Tamil)}}}}
| audio2 = {{YouTube|JexbxHwlHTE|Audio Jukebox {{small|(Telugu)}}}}
}}
}}

The score and soundtrack were composed by [[A. R. Rahman]]. Initially Shankar wanted [[Ilaiyaraaja]] to compose for the film later he was sceptical about the choice.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-06 |title=This is why 2.0 director Shankar did not work with Ilaiyaraaja |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/this-is-why-2-0-director-shankar-did-not-work-with-ilaiyaraaja-1449604-2019-02-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224142145/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/this-is-why-2-0-director-shankar-did-not-work-with-ilaiyaraaja-1449604-2019-02-06 |archive-date=24 February 2025 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2016 |title=Gentleman |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/gentleman/jj8wsYPNoKI_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823084757/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/gentleman/jj8wsYPNoKI_ |archive-date=23 August 2019 |access-date=23 August 2019 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> [[Vairamuthu]] wrote the lyrics for all songs except "Chikku Bukku Rayile", which was written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref name="hi" /> The songs were recorded at [[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios|Panchathan Record Inn]], and the soundtrack was released under the Pyramid label.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gentleman Tamil Audio Cassettes By A.R Rahman |url=https://banumass.com/shop/gentleman-tamil-audio-cassettes-by-a-r-rahman/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512153251/https://banumass.com/shop/gentleman-tamil-audio-cassettes-by-a-r-rahman/ |archive-date=12 May 2021 |access-date=12 May 2021 |website=Banumass}}</ref> The film and soundtrack were dubbed and released in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] with the same name. The lyrics were penned by [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]] for this version.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 1993 |title=Gentleman |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/gentleman/wNLT2rx6OI0_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823084546/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/gentleman/wNLT2rx6OI0_ |archive-date=23 August 2019 |access-date=23 August 2019 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> The original Tamil soundtrack sold over 300,000 cassettes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 November 1993 |title=Audio tape producers ride crest of Bollywood's music boom, composers become stars |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19931130-audio-tape-producers-ride-crest-of-bollywoods-music-boom-composers-become-stars-811853-1993-11-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109094623/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19931130-audio-tape-producers-ride-crest-of-bollywoods-music-boom-composers-become-stars-811853-1993-11-30 |archive-date=9 November 2021 |access-date=9 November 2021 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

The opening of the song "Ottagathai Kattiko" is often thought to have been inspired from the 1991 Telugu song, "Eddem Ante Teddam Antav", composed by [[Raj–Koti]] and sung by [[Malgudi Subha]] from the album ''Chik Pak Chik Bam''; in reality, Rahman, who was an arranger in Raj–Koti's team, helped them in composing the original song.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=S. |date=3 August 2009 |title=Medley Messiah |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/medley-messiah/260071 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823084951/http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/medley-messiah/260071 |archive-date=23 August 2019 |access-date=23 August 2019 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> Once when Rahman went to visit a friend whose house was near a railway station, the sound of trains frequently disturbed their conversation; nonetheless, the train sounds inspired Rahman to compose "Chikku Bukku Rayile".{{sfn|Mathai|2009|p=62}} "Ottagathai Kattiko" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Dharmavati]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=9 November 2012 |title=Twice as nice |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/twice-as-nice/article4081104.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504040102/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/twice-as-nice/article4081104.ece |archive-date=4 May 2021 |access-date=12 May 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=151}} "En Veetu Thotathil" has shades of Chenchurutti and Neelambari,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=23 November 2012 |title=Folksy flavours |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Folksy-flavours/article12373946.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827061314/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Folksy-flavours/article12373946.ece |archive-date=27 August 2020 |access-date=12 May 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> "Parkathey" is set in [[Mohanam]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=16 September 2011 |title=A Raga's Journey – Magical Mohanam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-magical-mohanam/article2459174.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823084232/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-magical-mohanam/article2459174.ece |archive-date=23 August 2019 |access-date=23 August 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=151}} "Usalampatti Penkutti" is also set in Dharmavati.{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=164}}

The songs from ''Gentleman'' were reused in the [[Hindi]] remake ''[[The Gentleman (film)|The Gentleman]]'' (1994), though only [[Anu Malik]] was credited for the music.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2020 |title=Indian Idol judge Neha Kakkar's brother scores big with Kevin Pietersen days after Oscar-winner AR Rahman found himself in awe of former England cricketer |url=https://www.jantakareporter.com/entertainment/indian-idol-judge-neha-kakkars-brother-scores-big-with-kevin-pietersen-days-after-oscar-winner-ar-rahman-found-himself-in-awe-of-former-england-cricketer/290816/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116032338/http://www.jantakareporter.com/entertainment/indian-idol-judge-neha-kakkars-brother-scores-big-with-kevin-pietersen-days-after-oscar-winner-ar-rahman-found-himself-in-awe-of-former-england-cricketer/290816/ |archive-date=16 January 2021 |access-date=9 May 2021 |website=Janta Ka Reporter}}</ref>{{sfn|Mathai|2009|p=124}} "Ottagathai Kattiko" was later remixed by the French rap group [[La Caution]] as "Pilotes Automatique".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Urvasi Urvasi ripped off by Will.i.am & Cody Wise! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/urvasi-urvasi-ripped-off-by-william--cody-wise-imagegallery-kollywood-ohcsS0hhdbbjg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426074108/https://www.sify.com/movies/urvasi-urvasi-ripped-off-by-william--cody-wise-imagegallery-kollywood-ohcsS0hhdbbjg.html |archive-date=26 April 2021 |access-date=12 May 2021 |website=[[Sify]] |page=8}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Tamil
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = En Veetu Thotathil
| lyrics1 = [[Vairamuthu | Vairamuthu]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length1 = 3:56
| title2 = Usalampatti Penkutti
| lyrics2 = Vairamuthu
| extra2 = [[Shahul Hameed]], [[Swarnalatha]]
| length2 = 4:41
| title3 = Chikku Bukku Rayile
| lyrics3 = Vaali
| extra3 = [[Suresh Peters]], [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| length3 = 5:24
| title4 = Parkathey
| lyrics4 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra4 = [[Minmini]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], Noel James
| length4 = 4:29
| title5 = Ottagathai Kattiko
| lyrics5 = Vairamuthu
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]], [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[Minmini]]
| length5 = 5:15
| extra_width = 35%
| lyrics_width = 25%
| total_length = 23:45 
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Telugu
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kontegaadni Kattuko
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length1 = 5:15
| title2 = Chikubuku Raile
| extra2 = [[Suresh Peters]], G. V. Prakash Kumar
| length2 = 5:24
| title3 = Naa Inti Mundunna
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length3 = 3:51
| title4 = Maavele Maavele
| extra4 = [[Minmini]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], Noel James
| length4 = 4:29
| title5 = Mudinepalli
| extra5 = [[Shahul Hameed]], [[Malgudi Subha]], [[Swarnalatha]]
| length5 = 4:40
| total_length = 23:39 
}}

== Release ==
''Gentleman'' was released on 30 July 1993.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 July 1993 |title=Gentleman |url=https://news.google.co.in/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930730&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=13 April 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kunjumon promoted the film by playing trailers on television sets situated on suburban railway stations.<ref>{{cite web |last=Vijaya Kumar |first=K C |date=27 August 2024 |title=A movie that pulled out all stops for promotion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/a-movie-that-pulled-out-all-stops-for-promotion/article68571666.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828090258/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/a-movie-that-pulled-out-all-stops-for-promotion/article68571666.ece |archive-date=28 August 2024 |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He had to distribute the film on his own since no distributors were willing to buy this film as they felt it "looked like a dubbed film".<ref name="hi" /> Despite this, it became a major success, running for over 175 days in theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Selvaraj |first=N. |date=20 March 2017 |title=வெள்ளி விழா கண்ட தமிழ் திரைப்படங்கள் |trans-title=Tamil films that completed silver jubilees |url=http://puthu.thinnai.com/?p=34587 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170329085911/http://puthu.thinnai.com/?p=34587 |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=11 August 2020 |website=Thinnai |language=ta}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
Writing for ''[[The Indian Express]]'' on 6 August 1993, Malini Mannath said, "Shankar makes a promising debut infusing his script with action, sentiment, comedy and even some titillating scenes for added measure and tries to give something different within the parameters of commercial cinema. Jeeva's camera is effective in capturing the well choreographed stunt scenes (Vikram Dharma)."<ref name="IE review" /> K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote on 14 August 1993, "Sankar .. has provided thought-provoking story [..] build up the story well, making us eager to find out why the hero is committing all those robberies."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=14 August 1993 |title=Catchy songs pep up Gentleman's story |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7DpOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9RMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7060,1415989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501105341/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7DpOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9RMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7060,1415989 |archive-date=1 May 2022 |access-date=5 June 2016 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=25 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> On 22 August 1993, ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 50 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 1993 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: ஜென்டில்மேன் |trans-title=Movie Review: Gentleman |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/36680--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200811054449/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/36680--2 |archive-date=11 August 2020 |access-date=11 August 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Event
!Category
!Recipient
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[41st Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
|[[K. T. Kunjumon]]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=November 1994 |title=The Prized People |url=https://archive.org/details/41stFilmfareTamilBestDirectorMusicFilm |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
|[[S. Shankar|Shankar]]
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director – Tamil]]
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |1993 [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]]
| rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;"|{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|pp=154–155}}
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|Shankar
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|A. R. Rahman
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]] (for "En Veetu Thotathil")
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[14th Cinema Express Awards]]
| Best Picture (Special Award)
| K. T. Kunjumon
| rowspan="5" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 1994 |title=''Kizhakku Cheemayile'' adjudged best film |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v2FlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=G5QNAAAAIBAJ&pg=339%2C511626 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408054633/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v2FlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=G5QNAAAAIBAJ&pg=339,511626 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=9 May 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]] |agency=Express News Service}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actor (Special Award)
| Arjun
|-
| Best New Face Director
| Shankar
|-
| Best Music Director
| A. R. Rahman
|-
|Best Stunt Master
|[[Vikram Dharma]]
|}

== Legacy ==
In the 2019 Tamil film ''[[Hero (2019 Tamil film)|Hero]]'', Arjun portrays Sathyamoorthy (whose name is similar to Krishnamoorthy), a man who steals money from the rich to build a school that is free for everyone.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=20 December 2019 |title=Hero Movie Review : Fairly good vigilante film, middling superhero movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/hero/movie-review/72895272.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200811065208/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/hero/movie-review/72895272.cms |archive-date=11 August 2020 |access-date=11 August 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The 2021 film ''[[Dikkiloona]]'' was titled after the word used by Goundamani and Senthil in ''Gentleman''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 September 2019 |title=Santhanam's triple action film titled Dikkilona |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhanams-triple-action-film-titled-dikkilona/articleshow/71024436.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912113709/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhanams-triple-action-film-titled-dikkilona/articleshow/71024436.cms |archive-date=12 September 2019 |access-date=31 March 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In June 2022, a sequel was announced with Kunjumon returning as the producer, and Gokul Krishna directing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2022 |title=Gokul Krishna to direct KT Kunjumon's Gentleman 2 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jun/06/gokul-krishna-to-direct-kt-kunjumons-gentleman-2-31980.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607025359/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jun/06/gokul-krishna-to-direct-kt-kunjumons-gentleman-2-31980.html |archive-date=7 June 2022 |access-date=7 June 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="filmcompanion">{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Ashutosh |date=24 March 2020 |title=Top 10 Tamil Films Where Senthil Got The Better Of Goundamani |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/top-10-tamil-films-where-senthil-got-the-better-of-goundamani/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410190143/https://www.filmcompanion.in/top-10-tamil-films-where-senthil-got-the-better-of-goundamani/ |archive-date=10 April 2020 |access-date=11 April 2020 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>
<ref name="hi">{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=21 July 2018 |title=KT Kunjumon and 25 years of 'Gentleman' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kt-kunjumon-and-25-years-of-gentleman/article24482821.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823082049/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kt-kunjumon-and-25-years-of-gentleman/article24482821.ece |archive-date=23 August 2019 |access-date=23 August 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="PrabhuDevaRaju">{{Cite news |date=8 December 2017 |title=Raju Sundaram talks about Chal Maar on Kings of Dance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/raju-sundaram-talks-about-chal-maar-on-kings-of-dance/articleshow/61981557.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200811062503/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/raju-sundaram-talks-about-chal-maar-on-kings-of-dance/articleshow/61981557.cms |archive-date=11 August 2020 |access-date=11 August 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
<ref name="IE review">{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=6 August 1993 |title=Daring and caring |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930806&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=4 May 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-921043-0-0 |author-link=G. Dhananjayan}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mathai |first=Kamini |title=A. R. Rahman: The Musical Storm |title-link=A. R. Rahman: The Musical Storm |publisher=[[Viking Press|Viking]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-670-08371-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{S. Shankar}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil}}

[[Category:1990s heist films]]
[[Category:1993 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1990s vigilante films]]
[[Category:1993 action films]]
[[Category:1993 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films about the education system in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. Shankar]]
[[Category:Films produced by K. T. Kunjumon]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Theeradha Vilaiyattu Pillai

2026-03-03T02:59:57Z

ErikaMchenry4: Put Up New Post...

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = TVP poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Thiru (director)|Thiru]]
| producer = [[Vikram Krishna]]
| writer = Thiru
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]]
*[[Sarah-Jane Dias]]
*[[Tanushree Dutta]]
*[[Neetu Chandra]]
}}
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cinematography = [[Arvind Krishna (cinematographer)|Arvind Krishna]]
| editing = [[T. S. Suresh]]
| studio = [[Vikram Krishna|G K Film Corporation]]
| distributor = [[Sun Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2010|2|12}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Theeradha Vilaiyattu Pillai''''' ({{translation|The Insatiable Playboy}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[action comedy film]] written and directed by [[Thiru (director)|Thiru]]. The film was produced by [[Vikram Krishna]]. Starring [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] in the lead role along with [[Sarah-Jane Dias]] who makes her acting debut. while, [[Tanushree Dutta]] and [[Neetu Chandra]] making her debut in [[Tamil cinema]] [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Sathyan Sivakumar|Sathyan]], [[Mayilsamy]], and [[T. S. B. K. Mouli]] play supporting roles, while [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] and [[Mallika Kapoor]] make special appearances and [[Prakash Raj]] in a guest role. The film was later dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Khiladi'' in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/khiladi/movie-review/12313797.cms|title=Khiladi Movie Review|work=The Times of India |via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

The film follows the story of Karthik (Vishal), a happy-go-lucky youth and only child, who is also rich and spoilt. Karthik believes in trying out and choosing the best of everything in his life. When he decides to adopt the same practice in choosing his wife and selects three potential candidates of totally different shades and social stratifications, who he simultaneously woos, problems emerge and he gets into trouble. How he manages to overcome all problems and who he finally chooses to marry forms the crux of the story.

The film, featuring music scored by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], cinematography by [[Arvind Krishna (cinematographer)|Arvind Krishna]] and editing by T. S. Suresh, was distributed by [[Sun Pictures]] on 12 February 2010.<ref name="TVP steals the thunder!">{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14929752|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205185257/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14929752|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-02-05|title=TVP steals the thunder!|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=2010-02-02}}</ref>

The film was an inspiration for the 2019 [[Odia film]] ''Mr. Majnu'' starring [[Babushan]]. The background music was adapted from [[Rajinikanth]]'s ''[[Netrikkann]]''.

== Plot ==
Karthik is a lazy, jobless, upper middle-class guy and the only son of his father, who is a bank manager. Karthik is always hanging around with his friends: an autorickshaw driver Kumar, a tea shop owner Shekar, and a traffic constable Vishnu. Over-ambitious in his life, he always wants the best of everything in his life, from pens and clothes to every other accessories, and has made it a rule to try out everything before zeroing in on one. Now wanting to choose his best life partner, he applies the same method and decides to select three girls, whom he would romance at the same time and make to fall in love with him, then reject two of them and finally marry the third one.

Karthik comes across Jyothi, an athlete living in the poorer area of Chennai, who has reservations against men and slaps a guy for touching her inappropriately and is Karthik's first choice. Karthik later attends a marriage, where he meets Priya, a girl who strongly believes in traditional and cultural values and has the policy of loving and marrying only one boy in her life, and she is Karthik's second candidate. The third one whom Karthik selects is Tejaswini, a rich and arrogant girl and the heir to {{INRConvert|1500|c}}, who once had a failed love attempt in her life. Karthik enters their lives, woos them with lies, and finally wins their hearts. The girls do not know the fact that Karthik is romancing three girls simultaneously and entirely trust him.

One day, thanks to her caring and understanding father Ranganathan, who does not want his daughter to sustain one more love failure, Tejaswini gets to know about Karthik's plans and intentions and confronts him. Karthik dumps her and continues to romance Jyothi and Priya, while Tejaswini vows to take revenge on him. Without revealing her own and Karthik's true identity and intentions, she befriends the other two girls and gives advice to each, how to quicken the progress to get married soon, trying to put Karthik under pressure and blow his cover. Soon Jyothi gets to know the truth, wherefore he also rejects Jyothi and settles down with Priya as his future wife, who was responsible for Karthik's change of mind as he has now learnt the value of true love and realizes his mistakes.

However, as Jyothi's rowdy brother Anbalazhagan confronts Karthik that he has betrayed Jyothi, Karthik reveals the truth about himself, his intentions, and the other girls to Priya, who was with him. Downheartedly, she leaves Karthik, who is being beaten up by Anbalazhagan and his gang. Karthik then causes a traffic accident, getting himself tangled and injured in the accident, and gets admitted in a hospital, where Dr. Ramya comes for his treatment. He pretends to have lost his memory due to the accident in order to arouse compassion in Priya and also with the intention to change his behavior to be more loyal to Priya, eventually indeed succeeding in his plan as Priya returns and reunites with him.

The film ends with Karthik [[breaks the fourth wall]] the audience about he plans to "live as a new man and love Priya only". The film ends with him asking, "You believe me, right?" to the audience, after which his future is left for the audience to predict.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] as Karthik
**[[Sree Ram]] as young Karthik
* [[Sarah-Jane Dias]] as Priya (Voice dubbed by [[Savitha Reddy]])
* [[Tanushree Dutta]] as Jyothi (Voice dubbed by Renuka Kathir)
* [[Neetu Chandra]] as Tejaswini Ranganathan (Voice dubbed by [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]])
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Kumar, Karthik's friend
* [[Sathyan Sivakumar|Sathyan]] as Vishnu, Karthik's friend
* [[Mayilsamy]] as Shekar, Karthik's friend
* [[T. S. B. K. Mouli]] as Karthik's father
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Karthik's mother
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Ranganathan
* [[Ajay Rathnam]] as a moneylender
* [[Scissor Manohar]] as an ambulance driver
* [[Crane Manohar]] as an ambulance driver
* [[Visweswara Rao]] as a money borrower
* [[Nellai Siva]] as a roadside shop owner
* [[Siva Narayana Murthy]] as an ambulance driver
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Anbalazhagan ([[cameo appearance]])
* [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] as Dr. Ramya (cameo appearance)
* [[Mallika Kapoor]] as an [[Interviewer]] (cameo appearance)
{{colend}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In February 2009, it was reported, that [[Thiru (director)|Thiru]], who assisted director A. Rajasekhar in the 2008 police story ''[[Sathyam (2008 film)|Sathyam]]'', that also starred [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] would direct Vishal after the actor had completed his ''[[Thoranai]]''.<ref name="Ayngaran1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php%3Fnewsid%3D499|title=Thiru directs Vishal|publisher=[[Ayngaran]]|date=2009-02-18|access-date=2017-01-30|archive-date=14 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814174043/http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php%3Fnewsid%3D499|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was to be produced by Singanamala Ramesh Babu, who earlier produced [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay's]] blockbuster film ''[[Pokkiri]]''.<ref name="Ayngaran1" /> However, as the producer later walked out of the project, Vishal's brother Vikram Krishna along with his wife [[Sriya Reddy]] eventually took up the project and decided to produce it under their home banner G K Film Corporation.<ref name="Sony Music gets Theeratha Vilayattu Pillai's audio">{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/2009/vishal-sony-music-161109.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218001233/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/2009/vishal-sony-music-161109.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 February 2013|title=Sony Music gets Theeratha Vilayattu Pillai's audio|work=[[Oneindia]]|date=2009-11-16|access-date=2017-01-30}}</ref> The film was titled ''Theeratha Vilaiyattu Pillai'', after a poem by [[Subramania Bharathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-music-review-theeradha-vilayattu-pillai/20100208.htm|title=Yuvan is monotonous in Theeradha Vilayattu Pillai|access-date=23 December 2017|archive-date=23 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102720/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-music-review-theeradha-vilayattu-pillai/20100208.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film, during pre-production was billed up to be a remake of the 2007 [[Bollywood|Hindi film]] ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]'', which also starred three actresses in lead roles, but the claim proved to be false. Vishal also denied this, stating that the script is original.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/is-vishals-tvp-remake-of-bachna-ae-haseeno_100282966.html |title=Is Vishal's 'TVP' remake of 'Bachna Ae Haseeno'? - Thaindian News |work=Thaindian News |publisher=Thaindian.com |date=2009-12-02 |access-date=2012-11-08 |archive-date=7 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007034404/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/is-vishals-tvp-remake-of-bachna-ae-haseeno_100282966.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/preview/10941.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091121130101/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/preview/10941.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 November 2009|title=Theeradha Vilaiyattu Pillai – Playboy's game|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=2009-12-10}}</ref> In January 2010, the film's distribution rights were acquired by [[Sun Pictures]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/53213.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117204048/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/53213.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 January 2010|title=Sun buys 'TVP'|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=2010-01-31}}</ref> which started its promotion campaign on 2 February 2010, ten days prior to the film's theatrical release.<ref name="TVP steals the thunder!" />

=== Casting ===
After Vishal was confirmed as the lead actor in the film, Thiru and Vishal were looking for three actresses to play the lead female roles. Several actresses including [[Bipasha Basu]],<ref name="Ayngaran2">{{cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php%3Fnewsid%3D644|title=Bipasha revisits Kollywood|publisher=[[Ayngaran]]|date=2009-03-14|access-date=2017-01-30|archive-date=14 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814174113/http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php%3Fnewsid%3D644|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php%3Fnewsid%3D679|title=Bipasha refuses to enter south Indian Cine Industry|publisher=[[Ayngaran]]|date=2009-03-18|access-date=2017-01-30|archive-date=14 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814174118/http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php%3Fnewsid%3D679|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Reemma Sen]],<ref name="Ayngaran2" /> [[Priyamani]],<ref name="Ayngaran3">{{cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php%3Fnewsid%3D900|title=Vishal's next in Heroine confusion|publisher=[[Ayngaran]]|date=2009-04-25|access-date=2017-01-30|archive-date=14 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814115218/http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php%3Fnewsid%3D900|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/2009/tamanna-refuse-vishal-film-220409.html|title=Tamanna declines Vishal's offer|work=[[Oneindia]]|date=2009-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020161456/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/news/2009/tamanna-refuse-vishal-film-220409.html|archive-date=2012-10-20|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-01-30}}</ref> and [[Shriya Saran]]<ref name="Ayngaran3" /> were approached or even confirmed, before ultimately opting out again. Finally, [[Bollywood]] actress [[Neetu Chandra]], who starred in the [[horror film]] ''[[Yavarum Nalam]]'' opposite [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] and another Bollywood actress [[Tanushree Dutta]], a former [[Femina Miss India|Miss India Universe]], making her debut in the [[Tamil film industry]], were confirmed for the roles.<ref name="Ayngaran3"/> For the lead female role, [[Sarah-Jane Dias]], a former [[Femina Miss India|Miss India World]], was signed.<ref name="Sifyannounce">{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14902450|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803161723/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14902450|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-08-03|title=Vishal's TVP to start rolling on August 3!|website=[[Sify]]|date=2009-07-31|access-date=2009-07-31}}</ref> Additionally, reports claimed that the film would also have two lead actresses appearing in guest roles as well.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Vishals-new-flick-has-many-suprises/articleshow/5288849.cms|title=Vishal's new flick has many surprises [sic]|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=2009-12-02|access-date=2017-01-31|first1=Manigandan|last1=Kr|archive-date=7 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207022140/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Vishals-new-flick-has-many-suprises/articleshow/5288849.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2009, [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] was roped in to appear in one of the two cameo roles,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/52530.html|title= Sneha in Vishal's "TVP"|website=IndiaGlitz|date=2009-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808170051/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/52530.html|archive-date=2016-08-08|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-01-30}}</ref> whilst the other actress' identity was not revealed until the film's release.

=== Filming ===
The shooting started on 3 August and was held in several locations as [[Chennai]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], the [[Maldives]] and [[Kochi, India|Kochi]].<ref name="Sifyannounce" /> The title song of the film was shot in [[Mumbai]] at sets and choreographed by [[Bosco-Caesar]], a popular choreographer duo that has worked for over 300 films in [[Bollywood]], made their debut in Tamil with this film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/52255.html|title=What's hot in the title song of TVP?|website=IndiaGlitz.com|date=2009-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018021908/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/52255.html|archive-date=2012-10-18|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-01-30}}</ref> For the same song, which was picturized in Vishal and the three leading actresses, Neetu Chandra is said to have soaked in a bathtub full of red chillies, which is considered one of the highlights of the entire film.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Neetu-Chandra-in-a-tub-of-red-chillies/articleshow/5149131.cms|title=Neetu Chandra in a tub of red chillies!|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=2009-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514114357/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ENTERTAINMENT/Regional/News-Interviews/Neetu-Chandra-in-a-tub-of-red-chillies/articleshow/5149131.cms|archive-date=2010-05-14|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-01-30}}</ref> Other songs were filmed in [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]].<ref name="Sony Music gets Theeratha Vilayattu Pillai's audio" /> Furthermore, other songs were shot across Australia, in both urban and natural backgrounds.

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Theeradha Vilaiyattu Pillai
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 16 December 2009
| recorded = 2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:12
| label = [[Sony Music]]
| producer = Kailash Kalyan
| prev_title = [[Yogi (soundtrack)|Yogi]]
| prev_year = 2009
| next_title = [[Goa (soundtrack)|Goa]]
| next_year = 2010
}}

Film score and soundtrack are composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/52203.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091204123405/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/52203.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 December 2009|title=Talk less, work more: Vishal|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=2009-12-10}}</ref> The album was released on 16 December 2009 at Devi Theatres which Sify called the "grandest affair of the season".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14923786|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091219033900/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14923786|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-12-19|title=Theeratha Vilayatu Pillai audio launched|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=2009-12-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.top10cinema.com/news/2061/tvp-audio-launch-a-star-studded-fete-of-season|title='TVP' Audio Launch – A Star Studded Fete Of Season|publisher=top10cinema.com|access-date=2009-12-16|archive-date=18 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091218055737/http://www.top10cinema.com/news/2061/tvp-audio-launch-a-star-studded-fete-of-season|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Initially actors [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Rajinikanth]] were said to the chief guests of the function,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/52523.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213100642/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/52523.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 December 2009|title=Kamal launches Vishal's 'TVP' audio|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=2009-12-10}}</ref> which, however, turned out to be untrue.

The album features five songs plus one introduction track by composer Yuvan Shankar Raja,<ref name="Theerathu Vilayatu Pillai for Pongal!">{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14921714|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091205181319/http://sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14921714|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-12-05|title=Theerathu Vilayatu Pillai for Pongal!|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=2009-11-30}}</ref> while an additional song, not included in the soundtrack release, featured in the film as part of the film score. Lyrics were penned by [[Pa. Vijay]] and [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:12
| title1 = Introduction
| lyrics1 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| extra1 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| length1 = 1:14
| title2 = Poo Mudhal Pen Varai
| lyrics2 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| extra2 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| length2 = 4:35
| title3 = En Jannal Vandha
| lyrics3 = Pa. Vijay
| extra3 = [[Priya Himesh]] (Melody), Divya Vijay (Pop), [[Roshini (singer)|Roshini]] (Folk), Pan Bundy (Rap)
| length3 = 4:44
| title4 = Theeradha Vilaiyattu Pillai
| lyrics4 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra4 = [[Andrea Jeremiah]], [[Tanvi Shah]], Vinaitha, [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| length4 = 4:55
| title5 = En Aasai Ethiraliye
| lyrics5 = Pa. Vijay
| extra5 = [[Vijay Yesudas]], Vinaitha
| length5 = 5:04
| title6 = Oru Punnagai Thane
| lyrics6 = Pa. Vijay
| extra6 = Ranjith
| length6 = 4:40
|all_writing=|title7=|length7=|title8=|length8=|title9=|length9=|title10=|length10=|title11=|length11=|title12=|length12=|title13=|length13=|title14=|length14=|title15=|length15=|title16=|length16=|title17=|length17=|title18=|length18=|title19=|length19=|title20=|length20=}}

'''Not in the soundtrack'''

Other music featured in the film includes:

# Theriyamale, composed and performed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]

== Reception ==
''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film 2/5 stars and wrote, "Watch this one for the comedians' antics, Neetu Chandra and the behind-the-scenes fun. This chauvinistic Casanova inspires no melting romance for Valentine's Day".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Srinivasan|first=Pavithra|date=2010-02-12|title=Theeradha Vilayattu Pillai is no Valentine fare|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-theeradha-vilayattu-pillai/20100212.htm|website=Rediff|language=en|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=7 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707220719/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/12/review-theeradha-vilayattu-pillai.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' Movies gave the movie a more lenient review.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100215082237/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14931319&ctid=5&cid=2429 Review]. [[Sify.com]].</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1503178}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Thiru (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in the Maldives]]
[[Category:Films shot in Australia]]
[[Category:Films shot in New Zealand]]
[[Category:2010 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

M. S. Sunil

2026-02-27T15:40:11Z

ErikaMchenry4: Starting A Details

{{Short description|Indian academic, humanist and philanthropist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dr. M.S. Sunil
| image = Dr M.S. Sunil of Kerala.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = c. {{birth year and age|1960}}
| birth_place = [[Kerala]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| other_names =
| known_for = Philanthropist, Humanist, Environmentalist
| education =
| employer =
| occupation = Retired Professor of Zoology
| spouse =
| partner = P. Thomas
| children = Prince Sunil Thomas
| parents =
| relatives =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dr. M.S. Sunil''' (born c.1960) is an Indian Academic, Humanist and Philanthropist known for housing the homeless. She founded Dr. M.S. Sunil Foundation in December, 2016 in Pathanamthitta, with five trust members and six volunteers. Her works focuses to uplift the living conditions of impoverished families/ communities, her philanthropist and non- profit programmes aim to provide safe houses and healthy food to build a compassionate environment with enlightened mind on renewable energy and conservation of natural habitat by including every communities including Tribal and socially underprivileged with less or no inequality. She was acknowledged by the Government of India and was the recipient of many honours, including the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]]- 2017 which is considered as the Government of India's highest civilian honour for women.

==Life==
Her philanthropy began when she was still at school giving food to begging children.<ref name=citation>{{Cite web|date=8 March 2018|title=Nari Shatki Puraskar citation|url=https://twitter.com/PIB_India/status/971343718648233984/photo/2|access-date=19 January 2021|website=Ministry of WCD on Twitter}}</ref>

Sunil is a retired professor of zoology, of [[Catholicate College Pathanamthitta]], [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]], and she retired as the head of the Department of Zoology in 2016.<ref name="theweekendleader">{{Cite web|title=This Professor Did Not Stop with Teaching, but Went on To Build Houses for Poor People|url=https://www.theweekendleader.com/Heroism/2678/the-home-maker.html|access-date=2021-01-19|website=www.theweekendleader.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=getsherdue>{{Cite news|last=Kuttoor|first=Radhakrishnan|date=2018-03-07|title=Charity 'home maker' gets her due on women's day|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/charity-home-maker-gets-her-due-on-womens-day/article22971013.ece|access-date=2021-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410021125/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/charity-home-maker-gets-her-due-on-womens-day/article22971013.ece|archive-date=2024-04-10|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2005 she was moved to action when she realised that one of her students taking a master's degree did not have a proper house.<ref name="theweekendleader" /> She did not turn to an organisation but to herself. By gathering money and materials from friends and by herself, she organised a plan to construct a house.<ref name=deccan>{{Cite web|date=2011-11-12|title=This professor wears many hats to help others|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/204376/this-professor-wears-many-hats.html|access-date=2021-01-19|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:MS Sunil and award.jpg|left|thumb|M.S. Sunil and her 2018 award]] After analysing the background and poverty level, to improve the living condition of the society she dealt with several projects and helped numerable families (from 2005) before registering the Dr. M.S. Sunil Foundation in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-23|title=83 Homes and Counting: Retired Teacher Gifts the Homeless What They Need Most|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/125546/retired-teacher-homes-homeless/|access-date=2021-07-11|website=The Better India|language=en-US}}</ref>

'Home for Homeless' is a dream project of Dr. M.S. Sunil Foundation which aims at constructing and Providing homes for the neediest people, especially widows with children, and Patients. Homes for the 'Poorest of the Poor' touched the figure of 200 by March 2021, and about 810 individuals were benefitted from it.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-02|title=This Retired Kerala Teacher Has Built 200 Homes for the Underprivileged Since 2005|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/this-retired-kerala-teacher-has-built-200-homes-for-the-underprivileged-since-2005-3700418.html|access-date=2021-07-11|website=News18|language=en}}</ref>

She was chosen to be one of three award winners from Kerala of the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]]. The others were scientist [[Lizymol Philipose Pamadykandathil|Lizymol Philipose]] and temple artist [[Syamala Kumari]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-03-08|title=Scientist, social worker and mural artist: Meet Nari Shakti winners from Kerala|language=en|work=The News Minute|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/scientist-social-worker-and-mural-artist-meet-nari-shakti-winners-kerala-77643|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> The awards were made on [[International Women's Day]] in 2018 on behalf of the Ministry of Women and Child Development<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nari Shakti Puraskar - Gallery|url=http://narishaktipuraskar.wcd.gov.in/gallery|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114170431/http://narishaktipuraskar.wcd.gov.in/gallery|archive-date=2021-01-14|access-date=2021-01-16|website=narishaktipuraskar.wcd.gov.in}}</ref> by the President of India. The award is the highest award for women in India.<ref name=getsherdue/> Dr. M.S. Sunil buys all the materials for the construction by herself and she also supervises the construction of each new house. The houses are made with minimum resources and are of affordable cost. The initiators consciously avoided pollutants and focused on ecological conservation while constructing houses. Including a kitchen and a toilet within the area of 650 sq ft, the houses consist of 7 ventilations for air circulation. The houses are built in 35 days and topped with a roof made from galvanised steel. By the time of her award she had built over eighty houses.<ref name=citation/>

In 2020 she went to meet [[Karthyayani Amma]] who was a 98 year old who had been also nominated for the Nari Shakti Puraskar. Amma had never flown before but she was reassured by Dr. M.S. Sunil days before she flew to Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=At 98, Karthyayani Amma prepares for 1st flight; to receive Nari Shakti Puraskar on Women's Day|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/good-news/at-98-karthyayani-amma-prepares-for-1st-flight-to-receive-nari-shakti-puraskar-on-women-s-day-1.4588736|access-date=2021-01-19|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and achievements==
M. S. Sunil was NSS District Coordinator for two years, programme officer of Red Ribbon Club (2006–2016) and was the officer in charge of Boomithra Sena Club.{{clarify|date=April 2021}} She was the recipient of Best Blood Donor Motivator Award 2008, 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015 and received Human Right Defender Award, 2016.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

* Nari Shakthi Puraskar(2018) from the Hon. President of India
* Holy Innocence award (2020)
* Niswardha Puraskar by Radio Macfast (2020)
• Lifetime achievement award (KCS) Chicago
• Work of mercy award 2018- SYMS Beharin
• Women achiever award 2018- The Hindu
• Air India- Manorama best teacher award
• Mahila rethnam award of human rights foundation
• Seva keerthi purskaram – Janam TV
• Mother Teresa award- Kalayapuram ashraya
• Jeevakarunya purskaram- justice V.R. Krishnaiyyar foundation
• Sthree Shakthi award 2018- News18
• Eastern Bhoomika Award 2018
• Dr. Kamala bhaskar Award
• Human rights defender Award, 2016
• Best blood donor motivator Award, 2015
• Best blood donor motivator Award, 2014
• Best bhoomithra sena club State Award
• Sath seva Puraskar of Lions club
• Malayalappuzha gopalakrishnan pradhama Puraskar
• Good Samaritan special Puraskar
• Ambedkar fellowship 2010
• Paristhithi award 2010
• Jenaseva puraskar
• [[Gandhibhavan International Trust|Gandhibhavan]] award for best social worker
• Vanitha samaj seva Puraskar
• Desamithra special puraskaram 2009
• Best blood donor motivator Award, 2008–10
• Kera keralam project merit certificate.
• Best N.S.S. programme officer award of M.G. University 2006–2008
• Best N.S.S. programme officer award of the State 2007-2008
• Mar Theodocious Award (2023)- Dubai
• Seva Puraskar (2024)- Kerala Vision- Channel
• Parabrahma Chaithanya Puraskar (2025)
• P.P. Mukundan Sevana Puraskaram (2025)
• Outstanding Social Worker Empowerment Award (2025)
• Easwaramma VarenyaPuraskar of Sathyasai baba trust

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunil, M.S.}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kerala]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Catholicate College Pathanamthitta]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]

Irengba

2026-02-26T17:30:16Z

ErikaMchenry4: New New Page

{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox royalty|name=Irengba|title=Meitei Ningthou|succession=[[List of Meitei kings|King of Ningthouja dynasty]]|reign=983 CE - 1073 CE|reign-type=[[Monarchy]]|coronation=983 CE|predecessor=[[Yanglou Keiphaba]]|successor=[[Loiyumba]]|death_date=1073 CE|issue=Loiyumba|full name=Meidingu Kainou Irengba|house=[[Ningthouja dynasty]]|father=Yanglou Keiphaba|occupation=Monarch of the Ningthouja dynasty|religion=[[Sanamahism]]}}

'''Meidingu Kainou Irengba''' was a Meitei king of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]) who ruled from 983 CE to 1073 CE.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Tensuba |first1=Keerti Chand |title=Genesis of Indian Tribes: An Approach to the History of Meiteis and Thais |date=1993 |publisher=Inter-India Publications |isbn=8121003083 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GmZuAAAAMAAJ&q=1073}}</ref> He fought the Moirangs at ''Ithai'' and was victorious.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=R.K Jhalajit |title=A Short History of Manipur |publisher=Digital Library of India |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466438/page/64/mode/2up?q=Irengba}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/cheitharol-kumbaba|title=Cheitharol Kumbaba: The Court Chronicles Of the Kings of Manipur Vol.1|last=Saroj Nalini Arambam Parratt|publisher=Routledge|language=English}}</ref> He succeeded his father [[Yanglou Keiphaba]],<ref name=":1" /> and was succeeded by his son [[Loiyumba]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1huAAAAMAAJ&q=Irengba+Loyumba|title=The Lost Kingdom: Royal Chronicle of Manipur|last=Singh|first=L. Joychandra|date=1995|publisher=Prajatantra Publishing House|language=en}}</ref>

The [[Heikru Hidongba]] festival was first celebrated during the reign of Irengba.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoEtAAAAMAAJ&q=Irengba|title=Jewelleries of Manipur|last=Bahadur|first=Mutua|date=1988|publisher=Mutua Museum|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Heikru Hidongba Cultural History of Manipur By Ch Jamini|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Heikru_Hidongba_Cultural_History_of_Manipur_By_Ch_Jamini|access-date=2025-08-27|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Ningthouja kings]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]]

Bhairava Ugna Mahadev Mandir

2026-02-23T18:25:12Z

ErikaMchenry4: put up new page

{{Related|[[Bisfi]]|[[Ugna Mahadev]]}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Ugna Mahadev Mandir, Bhairava|native_name=उगना महादेव मंदिर, भैरवा|native_name_lang=mai|deity=Lord Shiva|tradition=[[Hinduism]]|festival=Sambari Savan, Mahashivratri|location=Bhairava Dham, [[Bisfi]] block, [[Madhubani district]]|district=[[Madhubani district]]|state=Bihar|country=India|footnotes=Lord Shiva temple dedicated to Ugna incarnation}}
'''Bhairava Ugna Mahadev Mandir''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: भैरवा उगना महादेव मंदिर) is a Hindu temple of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] at Bhairava village in [[Madhubani district]] of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] in [[Bihar]]. This temple is devoted to the [[Ugna Mahadev|Ugna]] incarnation of Lord Shiva.<ref>{{Cite news |title=20-thousand-devotees-in-bheirwa-of-bisphi-raise-water-on-ugna-mahadev |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-20-thousand-devotees-in-bheirwa-of-bisphi-raise-water-on-ugna-mahadev-2645102.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref>

== Description ==
The location of the temple is known as ''Bhairava Dham''. During [[Shravana (month)|Savan Sombari]], huge devotees of Lord Shiva come here to worship and ''[[Jalabhisheka]]'' on the [[Lingam|Shivlinga]] of the ''Ugna Mahadev Mandir''. The devotees carry holy water from the nearby [[Dhouns River]] of Balha Ghat and do Jalabhisheka on the Shivlinga of Bhairava Dham and pray to [[Ugna Mahadev]] there. Apart from the festival of Savan Sombari, the temple is popular for organising the festivals of [[Maha Shivaratri|Mahashivratri]] and ''Naraka Niwaran Chaturdashi''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=story-jalabhishek-done-in-ugna-mahadev-of-bhairba |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-jalabhishek-done-in-ugna-mahadev-of-bhairba-8420269.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=उगना महादेव के जलाभिषेक को लेकर सभी तैयारियां पूरी |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/madhubani/bisfi/news/all-preparations-completed-for-the-jalabhishek-of-ugna-mahadev-131502066.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-21 |title=भैरवा मंदिर में पेयजल व चलंत शौचालय की व्यवस्था |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/madhubani/drinking-water-arrangement-in-bhairava-temple |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Madhubani district]]
[[Category:Shaiva sects]]

Locomotives of India

2026-02-18T11:27:38Z

ErikaMchenry4: Content refined and expanded

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2024}}

'''[[Indian Railways]]''' operates [[India]]'s railway system and comes under the purview of the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] of [[Government of India]]. {{As of|2025}}, it maintains over {{cvt|108,706|km|abbr=on}} of tracks and operates over 15,000 passenger and 10,000 freight trains daily with a fleet of more than 18,000 [[locomotives]]. The railways primarily operates a fleet of [[Electric locomotive|electric]] and [[diesel locomotive]]s along with a few [[compressed natural gas]] (CNG) locomotives. [[Steam locomotive]]s are operated on [[Mountain railways of India|mountain railways]] and on [[restored train|heritage trains]]. As of February 2026, Indian Railways had 13,569 electric and 4,169 diesel locomotives.<ref name="E1">{{citation|url=https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/holding_02_26.pdf|title=Electric loco holding for Feb 2026|work=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=3 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="D1">{{citation|url=https://st.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya24/0/2/7/9/7075279/0/diesel3102624.pdf|title=BG Diesel loco holding for Feb 2026
|work=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=3 February 2026}}</ref>

== History ==
The history of the Indian Railway began in 1832 with the proposal to construct the first railway line in India at [[Madras]]. In 1837, the first train ran on Red Hill railway [[railway track|line]] between [[Red Hills, Chennai|Red Hills]] and [[Chintadripet]] in Madras and was hauled by a [[Rotary engine|rotary steam engine]] imported from [[England]].<ref name="Hist">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/Heritage/2021/PDF/3%20Presentation%20Shradha%20Arora%20IRICEN%202019.pdf|title=Understanding Indian Railway Heritage|work=[[Indian Railways]]|page=6|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/apr/16/chennai-the-track-record-1801999.html|title=Chennai: The track record|date=16 April 2018|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref> In 1852, a [[steam locomotive]] imported from England was tried at [[Byculla]].<ref name="Locoh">{{cite report|url=https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1597914101378-The%20first%20%20running%20of%20%20railway%20locomotive%20%20in%20India.pdf|title=First running of a railway locomotive in India|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|page=6|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In 1853, the first passenger train ran between [[Bombay]] and [[Thane]] which had 14-carriages hauled by three steam locomotives: the Sahib, Sindh and Sultan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/indias-1st-train-when-sahib-sindh-sultan-blew-steam/articleshow/19717248.cms?from=mdr|title=When India's first train blew steam|date=25 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In 1877, an [[Ajmer]] built F-1/734 Steam Locomotive became the first indigenously built locomotive in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/oldest-locomotive-built-in-ajmer-pride-of-delhi/articleshow/59888386.cms|title=Oldest locomotive: Built in Ajmer, pride of Delhi|date=3 August 2017|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In 1925, the first [[Electric locomotive|electric train]] ran between Bombay and [[Kurla]], hauled by a [[Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works]] (SLM) {{cvt|2400|HP|abbr=on}} electric locomotive on [[1500 V DC]] traction.<ref name="Hist"/><ref name="EL">{{cite report|url=https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1596785062728-Locomotive_comp.pdf|title=Evolution of Electric Locomotives|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The first [[diesel locomotive]] used in India was fabricated by [[North British Locomotive Company]] in 1954.<ref name="Gandhi">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/downloads/DLS/WR/Gandhidham.pdf|title=Gandhidham shed details|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

[[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]], commissioned in 1950, was the first locomotive manufacturing unit in India.<ref>{{cite report|url=
https://clw.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294|title=Chittaranjan Locomotive works|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> [[Banaras Locomotive Works]], commissioned in 1961, is the second locomotive manufacturing unit operated by Indian Railways.<ref name="Banaras">{{cite report|url=https://blw.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,702|title=Banaras Locomotive works|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In the 1960s, [[Integral Coach Factory|Integral Coach Factory-Chennai]] (ICF) started developing self-propelled [[electric multiple unit]]s for short-haul and local routes.<ref>{{cite report|date=15 October 1999|title=Electrical Multiple Units|url=https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya1/0/8/0/2/4684802/1/multipleunits1091923.pdf|website=Indian Rail Info|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Historical Background of Railway Electrification|url=https://core.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,302,530#:~:text=The%20first%20electric%20train%20ran,electrified%20on%201500%20Volt%20DC.|access-date=19 May 2023|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]}}</ref> [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]] and [[Patiala Locomotive Works]], established in 1981, also manufacture locomotives in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,552,694|title=Indian railway facilities|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 April 2023}}</ref> In 2015, the first [[compressed natural gas]] (CNG) powered trains were rolled out by ICF.<ref name="CNG">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infrastructure/indias-first-cng-train-for-the-rewari-rohtak-section/indias-first-cng-train/slideshow/45895170.cms|title=India's first CNG train for the Rewari-Rohtak section|date=15 January 2015|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In 2018, a semi-high speed self-propelled [[Vande Bharat (trainset)|train-set]] capable of reaching speeds of over {{cvt|160|kph}} was rolled out from ICF.<ref>{{cite news|date=20 February 2017|title=Indian Railways to roll out 'Make in India' 160 kmph self-propelled 'world-class' train sets at half the cost of import!|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/indian-railways-to-roll-out-make-in-india-160-kmph-self-propelled-world-class-train-sets-at-half-the-cost-of-imports/558791/|access-date=20 May 2023|newspaper=The Financial Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=29 October 2018|title=Train 18: Country's first engine-less train rolled out; Train 20 next|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/train-18-countrys-first-engine-less-train-rolled-out-train-20-next/articleshow/66419774.cms|access-date=20 May 2023|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> {{As of|2025}}, Indian Railways maintains over {{cvt|108,706|km|abbr=on}} of tracks and operates over 15,000 passenger and 10,000 freight trains daily with a fleet of over 17,000 locomotives.<ref name="IR">{{cite web|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|title=About Indian Railways|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,537,2960|title=Trains at a glance|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref> As of October 2025, Indian Railways had 13,035 electric and 4,165 diesel locomotives amongst others.<ref name="E1"/><ref name="D1"/>

== Classification ==
Locomotives are classified by [[track gauge]], [[Propulsion|motive power]], function, [[Power (physics)|power rating]] and model in a four- or five-letter code.<ref name="Class"/> The locomotives may be [[Long hood|Longer Hood Front]] (LHF), where the driver cabin is behind the hood of the engine or [[Short hood|Short Hood Front]] (SHF), where the cabin is located towards the front.<ref name="Class"/>

[[File:Closeup view of WDM3A Indian Locomotive.jpg|thumb|Locomotive classification and number displayed on a [[locomotive]]; WDM3A indicates a [[Broad gauge]] (L1), [[Diesel locomotive|Diesel]] (L2), Mixed use (L3), 3100 [[Horsepower|HP]] (L4/L5) locomotive]]
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="text-align:left;"style="font-size: 95%"
|+Locomotive classification<ref name="Class">{{cite report|url=https://digitalscr.in/bzadiv/circulars/misc_circulars/uploads/Classification%20of%20Locomotives.pdf|title=Locomotive classification|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref>
!Letter position
!Denotes
!Classification
|-
|1
|[[Track gauge]]
|
*W {{ndash}} [[Broad gauge]] {{Track gauge|1676mm}}
*Y {{ndash}} [[Metre gauge]] {{Track gauge|1000mm}}
*Z {{ndash}} [[Narrow gauge railway|Narrow gauge]] {{Track gauge|762mm}}
*N {{ndash}} [[Narrow gauge railway|Narrower gauge]] {{Track gauge|610mm}}
|-
|2
|[[Propulsion|Motive power]]
|
*D {{ndash}} [[Diesel locomotive|Diesel]]
*C {{ndash}} [[Direct current|DC]] [[Electric locomotive|Electric]]
*A {{ndash}} [[Alternating current|AC]] [[Electric locomotive|Electric]]
*DA {{ndash}} [[Diesel locomotive|Diesel]] + [[Electric locomotive|Electric]] Dual Mode (Only WDAP5)
*CA {{ndash}} [[Direct current|DC]] + [[Alternating current|AC]] Dual [[Electric locomotive|Electric]]
*B {{ndash}} [[Electric battery|Battery]]
|-
|3
|Use/ Load/ [[Railway electric traction|Traction]]
|
*G {{ndash}} [[Rail freight transport|Goods]]
*P {{ndash}} [[passenger train|Passenger]]
*M {{ndash}} Mixed ([[Rail freight transport|Goods]] and [[passenger train|Passenger]])
*S {{ndash}} [[shunting (rail)|Shunter]]
*U {{ndash}} [[Multiple unit]]
*R {{ndash}} [[Railcar]]
|-
|4
|Model/ [[Horsepower]]
|
*Version Number
*Model Number
*Number X 1000 [[Horsepower|HP]]
|-
|5
|Sub-class/ Sub-type/ [[Power (physics)|Power rating]]
|Increments of 100 [[Horsepower|HP]] (For [[Diesel locomotive|Diesel]])
*A {{ndash}} 100 [[Horsepower|HP]]
*B {{ndash}} 200 [[Horsepower|HP]]
*C {{ndash}} 300 [[Horsepower|HP]]
and so on
|}

== Electric ==
In 1925, the first electric train ran between Bombay and Kurla, hauled by a imported SLM locomotive on a DC traction.<ref name="EL1">{{cite report|url=https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Analysis/Elect_Tr_history.htm|title=Electrification history|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609072045/http://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Analysis/Elect_Tr_history.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1927, the first electric locomotive hauled passenger train was pulled by an imported WCP-1.<ref name="EL"/> In 1957, Indian Railways adopted 25 kV 50 Hz AC traction with the first runs beginning in December 1959 with the WAM-1 locomotives.<ref name="EL1"/>

===Broad-gauge===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
|+Broad-gauge Electric Locomotives<ref name="EL1"/><ref name="EL"/><ref name="E1"/>
|-
![[Railway electric traction|Traction]]
!Usage
!Name
!Image
!Manufacturer
![[Wheel arrangement|Axles]]
!Number built
!Production
![[Power (physics)|Power]] ([[Horsepower|HP]])
!Status
|-
!colspan="10"|WCP series
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Direct Current|DC]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Passenger train|Passenger]]
|[[Indian locomotive class WCP-1|WCP-1]]
|[[File:Electric loco 4006.jpg|100px]]
|[[Swiss Locomotive & Machine Works|SLM]]
|[[Bo-Bo|2-Bo-A1]]
|22
|1928-30
|2160
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WCP-2|WCP-2]]
|[[File:Bahn-Transport GIPR EA2.jpg|100px]]
|[[Swiss Locomotive & Machine Works|SLM]]
|[[Bo-Bo|2-Bo-A1]]
|1
|1938
|2160
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WCP-3|WCP-3]]
|
|[[Hawthorn Leslie & Company|Hawthorn Leslie]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive#2Co-Co2|2-Co-2]]
|1
|1928
|2250
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WCP-4|WCP-4]]
|[[File:GIPR EC1 4002.jpg|100px]]
|[[Hawthorn Leslie & Company|Hawthorn Leslie]], [[Brown, Boveri & Cie|BBC]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive#2Co-Co2|2-Co-2]]
|1
|1928
|2390
|Retired

|-
!colspan="10"|WCM series
|-
|rowspan="6"|[[Direct Current|DC]]
|rowspan="6"|Mixed
|[[Indian locomotive class WCM-1|WCM-1]]
|[[File:An-Rail-Engine-display-in-ICF-Rail-Museum-Chennai.JPG|100px]]
|[[English Electric]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|7
|1954-55
|3170
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WCM-2|WCM-2]]
|
|[[English Electric]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|12
|1956-57
|2810
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WCM-3|WCM-3]]
|
|[[Hitachi]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|3
|1958
|2460
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WCM-4|WCM-4]]
|[[File:WCM 4.jpg|100px]]
|[[Hitachi]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|7
|1960
|3290
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WCM-5|WCM-5]]
|[[File:Business_end_of_broad_gauge_dc_electric_locomotive_WCM-5.jpg|100px]]
|[[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|21
|1961-63
|3700
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WCM-6|WCM-6]]
|[[File:WCM-6.jpg|100px]]
|[[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|2
|1995
|5000
|Retired

|-
!colspan="10"|WCG series
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Direct Current|DC]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Rail freight transport|Goods]]
|[[Indian locomotive class WCG-1|WCG-1]]
|[[File:Indian locomotive class WCG1.jpg|100px]]
|[[Swiss Locomotive & Machine Works|SLM]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive#C-C|C-C]]
|41
|1925-29
|2400
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WCG-2|WCG-2]]
|[[File:WCG2 triplet Indian Railways.jpg|100px]]
|[[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|57
|1970-76
|1640
|Retired
|-
!colspan="10"|WAM series
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Alternating Current|AC]]
|rowspan="4"|Mixed
|[[Indian locomotive class WAM-1|WAM-1]]
|[[File:WAM1 20202 locomotive.jpg|100px]]
|50 cycles group{{efn|Consortium of [[KraussMaffei]], [[Krupp]], SFAC and [[La Brugeoise et Nivelles]]}}
|[[Bo-Bo#B′B′|B-B]]
|100
|1959-60
|2870
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WAM-2/3|WAM-2]]
|
|[[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries|Mitsubishi]]
|[[Bo-Bo]]
|36
|1960-64
|2790
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WAM-2/3|WAM-3]]
|
|[[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries|Mitsubishi]]
|[[Bo-Bo]]
|2
|1964
|2790
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WAM-4|WAM-4]]
|[[File:WAM-4 AJJ.jpg|100px]]
|[[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|500
|1970-83
|3640
|Retired
|-
!colspan="10"|WAP series
|-
|rowspan="6"|[[Alternating Current|AC]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Passenger train|Passenger]]
|[[Indian locomotive class WAP-1|WAP-1]]
|[[File:WAP-1 Locomotive at Delhi.jpg|100px]]
|[[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|65
|1980-96
|3760
|In service
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WAP-3|WAP-3]]
|[[File:Rajhans WAP1 ^22006 heading Bihar Sampark Kranti at NDLS - Flickr - Dr. Santulan Mahanta.jpg|100px]]
|[[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|9
|1987-88
|3760
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]]
|[[File:Bhubaneshwar-Visakhapatnam Intercity Express on Platform 1 at Vizianagaram.jpg|100px]]
|[[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|778
|1994-2015
|5000
|In service
|
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WAP-5|WAP-5]]
|[[File:WAP-5 at Bhopal.jpg|100px]]
|[[ABB]], [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW]]
|[[Bo-Bo]]
|249
|1995-present
|6000
|In service
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WAP-6|WAP-6]]
|[[File:Kaziranga Express (SBC-Guwahati) at Khalor, West Bengal.jpg|100px]]
|[[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|17
|1995-98
|5000
|Some variants of wap 6 has been Retired/Others are converted to wap 4e and Operational
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]]
|[[File:WAP-7-LOCO.jpg|100px]]
|[[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW]], [[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]], [[Patiala Locomotive Works|PLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|1959
|2000-present
|6350
|In service
|-
! colspan="10" |WDAP Series
|-
|[[Electric locomotive|Electric]] + [[Diesel locomotive|Diesel]] (Dual Mode)
|[[Passenger train|Passenger]]
|[[Indian locomotive class WDAP-5|WDAP-5]]
|[[File:WDAP-5.jpg|100px]]
|[[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|1
|2019
|5500
|In service (trials)
|-
! colspan="11" |WAG series
|-
|rowspan="18"|[[Alternating Current|AC]]
|rowspan="18"|[[Rail freight transport|Goods]]
|[[Indian locomotive class WAG-1|WAG-1]]
|[[File:WAG1 locomotive.jpg|100px]]
|[[SNCF]], [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW]]
|[[Bo-Bo#B′B′|B-B]]
|112
|1963-66
|2900
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WAG-2|WAG-2]]
|[[File:Wag2.png|100px]]
|[[Hitachi]], [[Mitsubishi]]
|[[Bo-Bo#B′B′|B-B]]
|45
|1964-65
|3180
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WAG-3|WAG-3]]
|
|[[Henschel & Son|Henschel]], [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW]]
|[[Bo-Bo#B′B′|B-B]]
|10
|1965
|3150
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WAG-4|WAG-4]]
|[[File:WAG4 20937MathuraJunction9-3-92.jpg|100px]]
|[[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW]]
|[[Bo-Bo#B′B′|B-B]]
|186
|1966-69
|3150
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WAG-5|WAG-5]]
|[[File:WAG-5HA AJJ.jpg|100px]]
|[[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW]], [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|1196
|1984-98
|3900
|In service
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WAG-6A|WAG-6A]]
|[[File:WAG-6A loco with a BCNA freight train 01.jpg|100px]]
|[[ASEA]]
|[[Bo-Bo-Bo]]
|6
|1987-89
|6000
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WAG-6B/C|WAG-6B/C]]
|[[File:VSKP based WAG-6C locos at Koraput.jpg|100px]]
|[[Hitachi]]
|[[Bo-Bo-Bo]]
|12
|1988
|6110
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WAG-7|WAG-7]]
|[[File:BZA based WAG-7 loco - 28217 at Dumdum Station.jpg|100px]]
|[[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|2007
|1992-2015
|5000
|In service
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WAG-8|WAG-8]]
|
|[[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|1
|1990
|5000
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WAG-9|WAG-9]]
|[[File:WAG 9 Kazipet Junction.jpg|100px]]
|[[ABB]], [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|84
|1996-present
|6000
|In service
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WAG-9|WAG-9H]]
|[[File:A Krishnarajapuram-based WAG-9HC at Bangalore City Railway Station.jpg|100px]]
|[[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW]], [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]], [[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]], [[Patiala Locomotive Works|PLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|6073
|2006-present
|6000
|In service
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WAG-9|WAG-9I]]
|
|[[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|43
|2010-present
|6000
|In service
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WAG-9|WAG-9HH/EF9K]]
|[[File:EF9K Locomotive "Nava Utkarsh" on duty..jpg|100px]]
|[[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|57
|2020-present
|9000
|In service
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WAG-9|WAG-9/EF12K]]
|[[File:Bhilai EF12K %28WAG-9 Twins%29 on duty..jpg|100px]]
|[[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co+Co-Co]]
|110
|2023-present
|12000
|In service
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WAGC3/WAG-10|WAG-10]]
|[[File:BNDM WAG10.png|100px]]
|[[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co-Co-Co]]
|1
|2018-present
|10000
|In service
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WAG-11|WAG-11]]
|[[File:WAG-11.jpg|100px]]
|[[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co-Co-Co]]
|4
|2018-present
|12000
|In service
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WAG-12|WAG-12]]
|[[File:WAG-12B locomotive.jpg|100px]]
|[[Alstom]], [[Electric Locomotive Factory, Madhepura|ELF]]
|[[Bo-Bo#Bo′Bo′+Bo′Bo′|Bo-Bo-Bo-Bo]]
|590
|2017-present
|12000
|In service
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WAG D-9|WAG D-9]]
|[[File:Dahod based WAG D9.jpg|left|frameless|131x131px]]
|[[Siemens]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|
|2025-present
|9000
|commissioning

|-
!colspan="10"|WCAM series
|-
|rowspan="3"|Dual ([[Direct Current|DC]]/[[Alternating Current|AC]])
|rowspan="3"|Mixed
|[[Indian locomotive class WCAM-1|WCAM-1]]
|[[File:19011 (BCT-ADI) Gujarat Express.jpg|100px]]
|[[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|54
|1975-79
|2930 (DC) 3640 (AC)
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WCAM-2|WCAM-2]]
|[[File:BL based WCAM-2P loco - 21867.jpg|100px]]
|[[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|20
|1995-96
|3780 (DC) 4720 (AC)
|In service
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WCAM-3|WCAM-3]]
|[[File:Wcam3 kurla.jpg|100px]]
|[[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|53
|1997-98
|4600 (DC) 5000 (AC)
|In service

|-
!colspan="10"|WCAG series
|-
|Dual ([[Direct Current|DC]]/[[Alternating Current|AC]])
|[[Rail freight transport|Goods]]
|[[Indian locomotive class WCAG-1|WCAG-1]]
|[[File:WCAG-1 21970-21979 Container Rake BSL Outer.jpg|100px]]
|[[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|12
|1999-2000
|4600 (DC) 5000 (AC)
|In service
|}

===Metre-gauge===
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="text-align:left;"style="font-size: 85%"
|+Metre-gauge Electric Locomotives<ref name="Heritage">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/Heritage/2021/4_%20Diesel%20and%20Electric%20Locomotives.pdf|title=Heritage list of locomotives|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
!|[[Railway electric traction|Traction]]
!Usage
!Name
!Image
!Manufacturer
![[Wheel arrangement|Axles]]
!Number built
!Production
!|[[Power (physics)|Power]] (|[[Horsepower|HP]])
!Status
|-
|[[Direct Current|DC]]
|[[Rail freight transport|Goods]]
|[[Indian locomotive class YCG-1|YCG-1]]
|[[File:YCG-1 21900.jpg|100px]]
|[[English Electric]]
|[[Bo-Bo]]
|4
|1930
|640
|Retired
|-
|[[Alternating Current|AC]]
|Mixed
|[[Indian locomotive class YAM-1|YAM-1]]
|[[File:YAm1-21922.jpg|100px]]
|[[Mitsubishi]]
|[[Bo-Bo#B′B′|B-B]]
|20
|1964-66
|1740
|Retired
|}

===Electric multiple units===
In 1925, the [[Multiple units of India|electric multiple units]] (EMU) introduced in Bombay were 1.5KV DC units imported were from [[Cammell Laird]] and [[Duewag|Uerdingenwagonfabrik]].<ref name="EL1"/> In the 1960s, EMUs were developed by Integral Coach Factory (ICF) in Chennai. Indian Railways uses multiple DC units in operation in several suburban sections which are classified from WCU-1 through WCU-15. BHEL developed AC-DC dual use EMUs which can run on 25kV AC and 1.5kV DC traction lines.<ref name="EL1"/> In the late 1990s, MEMUs were developed which ran on 25KV AC power. AC Electric multiple units are designated WAU-1 to WAU-4.<ref name="EMUF">{{cite web|url=https://irfca.org/faq/faq-mu.html|title=Multiple Units|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In 2019, ICF rolled out three-phase AC units to replace conventional DC units.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/3-phase-memu-to-replace-conventional-dc-rakes-soon/article29588400.ece|title=3-phase MEMU to replace conventional DC rakes soon|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 October 2019|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

== Diesel ==
In 1954, the first [[diesel locomotive]] was used in India, which was manufactured by North British Locomotive Company.<ref name="Gandhi"/> In 1958, [[Indian locomotive class WDM-1|WDM-1]], the first locomotive used for mainline traffic was imported from [[American Locomotive Company|ALCO]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Complete Encyclopedia of Locomotives|first1=Mirco|last1=De Cet|first2=Alan|last2=Kent|year=2006|page=286|isbn=978-9-0366-1505-1|publisher=Rebo International}}</ref> In 1964, the first broad-gauge [[Indian locomotive class WDM-2|WDM-2]] diesel locomotive was rolled out by Banaras Locomotive Works.<ref name="Banaras"/>

===Broad-gauge===
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="text-align:left;"style="font-size: 85%"
|+Broad-gauge Diesel Locomotives<ref name="D1"/><ref name="Heritage"/><ref name="Banaras"/><ref name="IRFCA">{{cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/loco_classes|title=Loco classes|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
!Usage
!Name
!Numbers
!Image
!Manufacturer
![[Wheel arrangement|Axles]]
!Number built
!Production
![[Power (physics)|Power]] ([[Horsepower|HP]])
!Status

|-
!colspan="10"|WDM series
|-
|rowspan="9"|Mixed
|[[Indian locomotive class WDM-1|WDM-1]]
|17000-17099
|[[File:Indian locomotive class WDM-1.jpg|100px]]
|[[American Locomotive Company|ALCO]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|100
|1957-59
|1950
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WDM-2|WDM-2]]
|16000-16887, 17100-17999, 18040-18079, 18112-18514, 18523-18900, 18903-18999
|[[File:Kundan, the first WDM-2 locomotive assembled at DLW, Varanasi.jpg|100px]]
|[[American Locomotive Company|ALCO]], [[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|2700
|1962-98
|2600
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WDM-2G|WDM-2G]]
|80000,80001
|
|[[Patiala Locomotive Works |PLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|2
|2013
|2400
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WDM-3|WDM-3]]
|18515-18522
|
|[[Henschel & Son|Henschel]]
|[[Bo-Bo]]
|8
|1970
|2500
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WDM-3A|WDM-3A]]
|13xxx, 14001-14057, 14058-14143, 16000-
|[[File:MLDT based WDM3A 16598R.jpg|100px]]
|[[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|1431
|1994-98
|3100
|In service
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WDM-3D|WDM-3D]]
|11101 - 11590
|[[File:WDM-3D 11466.jpg|100px]]
|[[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|500
|2003-13
|3300
|In service
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WDM-4|WDM-4]]
|18000-039, 18080-18111
|[[File:WDM-4 locomotive.jpg|100px]]
|[[Electro-Motive Diesel|GM]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|72
|1962
|2600
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian Locomotive class WDM-6|WDM-6]]
|18901,18902
|
|[[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]]
|[[Bo-Bo]]
|2
|1981-82
|1350
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WDM-7|WDM-7]]
|11001-11015
|[[File:ഡീസൽ എഞ്ചിൻ, ബ്രോഡ് ഗേജ്.jpg|100px]]
|[[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|15
|1987-89
|2000
|In service

|-
!colspan="10"|WDP series
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Passenger train|Passenger]]
|[[Indian locomotive class WDP-1|WDP-1]]
|15001-15069
|[[File:WDP1 (15010) locomotive with Rewari Passenger.jpg|100px]]
|[[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]], [[American Locomotive Company|ALCO]]
|[[Bo-Bo]]
|69
|1995-99
|2300
|In service
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WDP-3A|WDP-3A]]
|15501-15544
|[[File:WDP3A c 15543 PUSHPAK.jpg|100px]]
|[[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]], [[American Locomotive Company|ALCO]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|44
|1998-2002
|3100
|In service
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WDP-4|WDP-4]]
|20000-20103, 40001-40608
|[[File:WDP4 20094.jpg|100px]]
|[[Electro-Motive Diesel|EMD]], [[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|711
|2002-18
|4000
|In service

|-
!colspan="10"|WDG series
|-
|rowspan="6"|[[Rail freight transport|Goods]]
|[[Indian locomotive class WDG-2/3A|WDG-2/3A]]
|14501-14999, 13000-13665
|[[File:WDG-3A 13296.jpg|100px]]
|[[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|2004
|1995-2010
|3100
|In service
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WDG-4|WDG-4]]
|12001-12999, 70001-70190
|[[File:GTY based WDG-4 locos with Freight Tanker at Malkajgiri 01.JPG|100px]]
|[[Electro-Motive Diesel|EMD]], [[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|1188
|1999-2018
|4500
|In service
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WDG-4|WDG-4D]]
|70301-70882, 12681
|[[File:WDG4D 70360.jpg|100px]]
|[[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|583
|2012-2018
|4500
|In service
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WDG-4G|WDG-4G]]
|49001-49700
|[[File:ROZA WDG4G 49032 roaming at Katihar Jn (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|[[GE Transportation]], [[Diesel Locomotive Factory, Marhowrah|DLF]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|468
|2017-present
|4500
|In service
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WDG-5|WDG-5]]
|50001-50007
|[[File:5500HP WDG5 Locomotive christened as Bheem - Flickr - Dr. Santulan Mahanta (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|[[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|7
|2012-17
|5500
|In service
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WDG-6G|WDG-6G]]
|69001-69300
|[[File:Gandhidham based WDG-6G at Ghaziabad outer station area.jpg|Gandhidham based WDG-6G at Ghaziabad outer station area|100px]]
|[[GE Transportation]], [[Diesel Locomotive Factory, Marhowrah|DLF]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|92
|2018-present
|6000
|In service

|-
!colspan="10"|WDS series
|-
|rowspan="7"|[[Shunting (rail)|Shunter]]
|[[Indian locomotive class WDS-1|WDS-1]]
|19000-19014
|[[File:GE 45-Ton Switcher at MSU's T. B. Simon Power Plant.jpg|100px]]
|[[General Electric|GE]]
|[[Bo-Bo]]
|15
|1944-45
|386
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WDS-2|WDS-2]]
|19016-19045
|[[File:Bonn Beuel Krauss-Maffei ML 400 C uit 1951 (20194143436).jpg|100px]]
|[[Krauss-Maffei]]
|[[UIC classification of locomotive axle arrangements|C]]
|30
|1954-55
|440
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WDS-3|WDS-3]]
|19046-19052
|
|[[Maschinenbau Kiel]]
|[[UIC classification of locomotive axle arrangements|C]]
|7
|1961
|618
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WDS-4|WDS-4]]
|
19057-19732
|[[File:Heritage Engine at Valsad 2 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|[[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW]]
|[[UIC classification of locomotive axle arrangements|C]]
|662
|1968-97
|600-700
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WDS-5|WDS-5]]
|19087-19107
|[[File:Mahabodhi Express (Mughal Sarai Station).jpg|100px]]
|[[American Locomotive Company|ALCO]], [[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|21
|1967
|1065
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WDS-6|WDS-6]]
|
|[[File:Tughlakabad-based WDS-6 locomotive at Anand Vihar Terminal.jpg|100px]]
|[[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|270
|1975–present
|1400
|In service
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class WDS-8|WDS-8]]
|
|
|[[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW]]
|[[Bo-Bo]]
|5
|1979-82
|800
|Retired
|}

In 2009, a [[Indian locomotive class YDM-4|YDM-4 locomotive]] was converted to a broad gauge shunter by [[Golden Rock Railway Workshop]], codenamed WCDS-6, with C for "Converted" and delivered to [[RITES]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://irfca.org/faq/faq-loco.html|title=Locomotive FAQ|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

===Metre-gauge===
{{anchor|YDM}}
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="text-align:left;"style="font-size: 85%"
|+Metre-gauge Diesel Locomotives<ref name="D1"/><ref name="Heritage"/><ref name="Banaras"/><ref name="IRFCA"/>
|-
!Usage
!Name
!Image
!Manufacturer
![[Wheel arrangement|Axles]]
!Number built
!Production
![[Power (physics)|Power]] ([[Horsepower|HP]])
!Status
|-
!colspan="9"|YDM series
|-
|rowspan="5"|Mixed
|[[Indian locomotive class YDM-1|YDM-1]]
|[[File:Indian diesel locomotive, class YDM1R, Nº 6002.jpg|100px]]
|[[North British Locomotive Company|NBL]]
|[[Bo-Bo#B′B′|B-B]]
|20
|1955-56
|700
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class YDM-2|YDM-2]]
|
|[[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW]]
|[[Bo-Bo#B′B′|B-B]]
|41
|1986-90
|700
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class YDM-3|YDM-3]]
|
|[[Electro-Motive Diesel|EMD]]
|[[Bo-Bo#B′B′|B-B]]
|30
|1961-62
|1390
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class YDM-4|YDM-4]]
|[[File:YDM4-6669 Jaipur Junction, 2008 (3).JPG|100px]]
|[[American Locomotive Company|ALCO]], [[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|541
|1961–93
|1400
|In service
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class YDM-5|YDM-5]]
|[[File:YDM - 5.jpg|100px]]
|[[Electro-Motive Diesel|GM]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive#C-C|C-C]]
|25
|1964
|1390
|Retired
|}

==={{track gauge|2ft6in}} gauge===
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="text-align:left;"style="font-size: 85%"
|+{{track gauge|2ft6in}} gauge Diesel Locomotives<ref name="D1"/><ref name="Heritage"/><ref name="Banaras"/><ref name="IRFCA"/>
|-
!Usage
!Name
!Image
!Manufacturer
![[Wheel arrangement|Axles]]
!Number built
!Production
![[Power (physics)|Power]] ([[Horsepower|HP]])
!Status
|-
!colspan="9"|ZDM series
|-
|rowspan="5"|Mixed
|[[Indian locomotive class ZDM-1|ZDM-1]]
|
|[[Arnold Jung Lokomotivfabrik|Arnold Jung]]
|[[Bo-Bo#B′B′|B-B]]
|5
|1955
|290
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class ZDM-2|ZDM-2]]
|[[File:ZDM 2 Diesel locomotive at Solan.jpg|100px]]
|[[Maschinenbau Kiel]]
|[[Bo-Bo#B′B′|B-B]]
|25
|1964-65
|700
|Retired
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class ZDM-3|ZDM-3]]
|[[File:Zdm engine baijnath.jpg|100px]]
|[[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW]]
|[[Bo-Bo#B′B′|B-B]]
|40
|1970-82
|700
|In service
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class ZDM-4|ZDM-4]]
|[[File:Narrow Gauge Train at Rajim.JPG|100px]]
|[[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW]]
|[[Bo-Bo#B′B′|1-B-B-1]]
|49
|1975-90
|700
|In service
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class ZDM-5|ZDM-5]]
|[[File:Bari Train.jpg|100px]]
|[[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW]]
|[[Bo-Bo#B′B′|B-B]]
|41
|1989
|450
|In service
|}

==={{track gauge|2ft}} gauge===
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="text-align:left;"style="font-size: 85%"
|+{{track gauge|2ft}} gauge Diesel Locomotives<ref name="D1"/><ref name="Heritage"/><ref name="Banaras"/><ref name="IRFCA"/>
|-
!Usage
!Name
!Image
!Manufacturer
![[Wheel arrangement|Axles]]
!Number built
!Production
![[Power (physics)|Power]] ([[Horsepower|HP]])
!Status
|-
!colspan="9"|NDM series
|-
|rowspan="3"|Mixed
|[[Indian locomotive class NDM-1|NDM-1]]
|[[File:NeralDeparture.JPG|100px]]
|[[Arnold Jung Lokomotivfabrik|Arnold Jung]]
|[[Bo-Bo#B′B′|B-B]]
|7
|1955
|290
|In service
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class NDM-5|NDM-5]]
|[[File:Gwalior Light Railway, June 2017.jpg|100px]]
|[[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|CLW]]
|[[Bo-Bo#B′B′|B-B]]
|11
|1987-89
|450
|In service
|-
|[[Indian locomotive class NDM-6|NDM-6]]
|[[File:Darjeeling train station.jpg|100px]]
|SAN
|[[UIC classification of locomotive axle arrangements|B]]
|6
|1997
|335
|In service
|}

===Diesel railcars and multiple units===
In 1958, the [[Commonwealth Engineering]] of Australia supplied an unknown number of {{convert|400|hp|kW|abbr=on}}, 83-seat broad-gauge [[diesel-mechanical]] railcars to Indian Railways, classified as WRD-1. Powered by a pair of 200 hp [[Leyland Motors|Leyland]] engines, it had an axle arrangement of 1A-1A1, and a top speed of {{convert|110|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Sampson|1960|page=321}}{{sfn|Allen|1982|page=426}}

In 1993-94, [[diesel multiple unit]]s (DMU) were introduced into service. Depending on their transmission system, they are classified as DEMU ([[diesel-electric transmission]]) or DHMU ([[diesel-hydraulic]] transmission).<ref name="EMUF"/> With increase in electrifiction, DEMUS have been replaced by MEMUs in stages.<ref name="EMUF"/>

== Dual ==
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="text-align:left;"style="font-size: 85%"
|+Broad-gauge Dual Locomotives<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,1093,6509&cssType=1|title=Achievements of 2021|publisher=RDSO|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=17 January 2016 |title=Railways to manufacture dual-mode locomotives that run on diesel, electricity|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Railways-to-manufacture-dual-mode-locomotives-that-run-on-diesel-electricity/articleshow/50612226.cms|access-date=20 May 2020|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
!Usage
!Name
!Image
!Manufacturer
![[Wheel arrangement|Axles]]
!Number built
!Production
![[Power (physics)|Power]] ([[Horsepower|HP]])
!Status
|-
|[[Passenger train|Passenger]]
|[[Indian locomotive class WDAP-5|WDAP-5]]
|[[File:WDAP-5.jpg|100px]]
|[[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]]
|[[Co-Co locomotive|Co-Co]]
|1
|2019-
|4500 (Diesel) 5500 (AC)
|In trials
|}

== Steam ==
===Broad-gauge===
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=360|image1=HPS 24467.jpg|alt1=Steam engine at outdoor museum|image2=NRM WP 7200.JPG|alt2=More-modern steam locomotive|alt3=Old red-and-black steam locomotive|
image3=YPclass.jpg|image4=Indian locomotive B-26.jpg|alt4=Large steam locomotive|footer=Indian Railways locomotives: ''(clockwise from upper left)'' HPS, NRM WP 7200, B-26 and YP-class locomotives}}
In the 19th century, the railway companies ordered custom-built steam locomotives, usually from [[Great Britain|British]] manufacturers. With non-standardized and multiple designs, manufacturing cost was high and production was slow. During the 1890s, Indian railway companies imported locomotives from [[Germany]] and the [[United States]] when British manufacturers were suffering from work outages.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hughes|1979|p=17}}</ref> The locomotives used included:
*[[Bengal Nagpur Railway]]:
**Class F: {{whyte|0-6-0}}
**Class GM: {{whyte|2-6-0}} (probably modified)
**[[BNR class HSG]]: {{whyte|2-8-0+0-8-2}} [[Garratt locomotive]], first Garratt locomotive
**Class M: [[4-6-2]] (probably modified)
**[[BNR class N]]: {{whyte|4-8-0+0-8-4}} Garratt, India's largest locomotive; One is preserved at the [[National Rail Museum, New Delhi]]
**[[BNR class NM]]: Ten were built in 1931 by [[Beyer, Peacock & Company]]; withdrawn in the late 1960s
**[[BNR class P]]: {{whyte|4-8-2+2-8-4}} Garratt, four were built by Beyer, Peacock & Company in 1939; withdrawn in the early 1970s
*[[Bombay, Baroda & Central India Railway]]:
**BB&CI class P: {{whyte|4-6-2}}
**Class A: {{whyte|2-4-0|T}}, an [[Atlantic (locomotive)|Atlantic]]; was at the [[Palej]] shed
**Class U36: {{whyte|0-4-2}}, used on hauling suburban trains in Bombay
**Class D1: {{whyte|4-4-0}}, one was named ''Princess May''
**Class M: {{whyte|4-6-2}}
*[[East Indian Railway|East Indian Railway Company]]:
**Class CT: {{whyte|0-6-4|T}}, converted to a [[Superheater#Locomotives|superheater]]
**EIR class G: {{whyte|2-2-2|T}}, first two named ''Express'' and ''[[Fairy Queen (locomotive)|Fairy Queen]]''; Built in 1855, the latter is the world's oldest locomotive to be in working order and was rebuilt by ICF; Housed at [[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railway (EIR)]]
**EIR class P: {{whyte|4-6-0}}
*[[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]]:
**[[GIP-1 to 8|''Sultan'', ''Sahib'' and ''Sindh'']]: Hauled the first passenger train in 1853
**[[Lord Falkland (locomotive)|''Lord Falkland'']]: [[0-6-0]]
**GIPR classes Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4: {{whyte|0-8-4|T}}, Used on [[Thal Ghat]] as [[Bank engine|bankers]] for pushing trains up the [[Western Ghats]].
**GIPR Class F and F3: 2-6-0
**GIPR class J1: 0-6-0
**Class D4: 4-6-0, one is named ''Hero''
**Class D5: 4-6-0 passenger locomotive
**Class E1: 4-4-2 Atlantic built by the North British Locomotive Company in 1907–8; Rebuilt with a superheater between 1925 and 1928.
**Class T: Tank locomotive used for hauling Mumbai suburban trains
**Class Y: 2-8-4T
**Crane tank: 0-6-0T, one is preserved at the National Rail Museum in New Delhi
*[[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway]]:
**M&SM class V: 4-4-0, one is preserved.
**Class BTC: 2-6-4T, based on [[BSI Group|BESA]] specifications
**Class T: 0-4-2; one is preserved in Chennai
*[[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]]:
**NSR class A: 2-6-0T, No. 48, an Atlantic preserved at the National Rail Museum, Delhi
*[[North Western State Railway]]:
**Class EM: 4-4-2, one is preserved at the National Rail Museum
**NWR class GAS: 2-6-2+2-6-2 Garratt, one built in 1925 and retired in 1937
**NWR class P: 2-4-0
**Class E1: 4-4-2
**Class N1: 4-8-0
*[[Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway]]:
**Class B26: 0-6-0, one is preserved at the National Rail Museum
*Others:
**Class B: 2-6-0
**Class E: 2-4-0
**Class F: 2-8-2, built between 1926 and 1950 by [[Nasmyth Wilson]] for service on [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway (CR)]]
**Class G: 2-6-0, probably intended for freight
**Class NA2
**Class PTC: 2-6-4T, owned by Northern Railway (NR); probably a converted passenger locomotive
**Class Y2: 2-8-2T, reclassified L2
**Phoenix: 0-4-0T, one is at the National Rail Museum
**Ramgotty: 2-2-0T, the National Rail Museum's oldest locomotive, it was converted to broad gauge

[[File:Pakistan Railways 3157, MOSI.jpg|thumb|alt=Steam locomotive in a museum|[[Vulcan Foundry]] class SPS, 1911]]
In the early 1900s, the British Engineering Standards Committee (later the [[BSI Group#History|British Engineering Standards Association]]) began designing a series of locomotives for use by Indian railways. The first two designs emerged in 1903: a [[4-4-0]] passenger and [[0-6-0]] goods. They were revised in 1905 and 1906 with additional heavier, more-powerful locomotives:{{sfn|Hughes|1979|page=18}}
* [[Indian locomotive class SP|Class SP]]: Standard passenger ([[4-4-0]])
* [[Indian locomotive class SG|Class SG]]: Standard goods ([[0-6-0]])
* [[Indian locomotive class PT|Class PT]]: Passenger tank ([[2-6-4T]])
* [[Indian locomotive class HP|Class HP]]: Heavy passenger ([[4-6-0]])
* [[Indian locomotive class AP|Class AP]]: Atlantic passenger ([[4-4-2 (locomotive)|4-4-2]])
* [[Indian locomotive class HG|Class HG]]: Heavy goods ([[2-8-0]])
* [[Indian locomotive class HT|Class HT]]: Heavy tank ([[2-8-2T]])

These advisory BESA designs were customized by the railway companies, which used different classification systems; only the state-operated railways used the class designations SP, SG, PT, HP, AP, HG and HT. When [[superheater#Locomotives|superheating]] was accepted, superheated versions were classified SPS, SGS and so on (if built with superheaters) and SPC, SGC and so on (if converted from [[Superheated steam#Saturated steam|saturated]] to superheated).{{sfn|Hughes|1979|page=18}}

{{multiple image|alt1=Manufacturer's photo|image1=XP works photo, 1935.jpg|width1=150|image2=Indian State XB class 1927 photo.jpg|width2=150|alt2=Similar to first photo, without manufacturer documentation|footer=Indian Railways locomotives: 1935 XP class ''(left)'' and 1927 XB class}}
After World War I, larger and more-powerful locomotives were designed by British consulting engineers for the Indian government. They began to operate from 1927:{{sfn|Hughes|1979|page=21}}
* [[Indian locomotive class XA|Class XA]]: branch passenger [[4-6-2]] design, 12.5-ton [[axle load]]
* [[Indian locomotive class XB|Class XB]]: light passenger 4-6-2 design, 17-ton axle load
* [[Indian locomotive class XC|Class XC]]: heavy passenger 4-6-2 design, 19.5-ton axle load
* [[Indian locomotive class XD|Class XD]]: Light goods [[2-8-2]] design, 17-ton axle load
* [[Indian locomotive class XE|Class XE]]: heavy goods 2-8-2 design, 22.5-ton axle load
[[File:ETH-BIB-IRS Lokomotive XF Ans 05373-1762-FL .jpg|thumb|Class XF, built by [[Beyer, Peacock & Company]] in [[Manchester]] for [[East Bengal Railway]]]]
* Class XF: light shunting [[0-8-0]] design, 18-ton axle load
* Class XG: heavy shunting 0-8-0 design, 23-ton axle load
* Class XH: 4-cylinder 2-8-2, 28-ton axle load; none were built
* [[Indian locomotive class XP|Class XP]]: experimental passenger 4-6-2, 18.5-ton axle load
* [[Indian locomotive class XS|Class XS]]: experimental 4-cylinder 4-6-2, 21.5-ton axle load
* Class XT: light tank [[0-4-2T]], 15-ton axle load

During [[India in World War II|World War II]], large numbers of 2-8-2 locomotives were acquired from the United States and Canada and classified AWD and CWD. The Baldwin Locomotive Works adapted the [[USATC S160 Class]] locomotive design for India, and it became [[USATC S160 Class|class AWC]].{{sfn|Hughes|1979|page=23}} Sixty broad-gauge locomotives were built in 1944 as part of an order of 180 S160 engines. In addition to modified frame spreaders, axles, cylinders, and cab, the Indian locomotives had a [[turbo generator]] and electric lighting (not included in the standard European design). Many parts (including boilers) were identical to those in standard-gauge locomotives.<ref>Baldwin Locomotive Works drawing index and bill of materials for special order 43306, locomotive design 2-8-0 19S, numbers 666 to 845 for the U.S. Government, War Department.</ref>

{{multiple image|alt1=Steam engine in transit|perrow=2|total_width=360|image1=WL 15084 Amritsar, 1993 (1).JPG|image2=Old-Steam-Coal-Rail-Engine.JPG|alt2=Steam engine at an outdoor museum|footer=''(clockwise from upper left)'' WL- and YG-class locomotives; an M2-162, and a display engine in [[Guntur railway division|Guntur Division]]|image4=Guntur west terminal and a model train.jpg|alt4=Locomotive on above-ground display|image3=Indian steam locomotive M2-162.jpg|alt3=Black locomotive under cover}}
Although new classes were designed shortly before the war, many did not enter service until the post-war period. The new classes were indicated by the change of broad-gauge prefix from ''X'' to ''W'', and plans were implemented to begin manufacturing locomotives in India. The new classes were:{{sfn|Hughes|1979|page=21-23}}
* [[Indian locomotive class WP|Class WP]]: passenger 4-6-2, 18.50-ton axle load
* [[Indian locomotive class WG|Class WG]]: goods 2-8-2, 18.50-ton axle load
* [[Indian locomotive class WL (1939)|Class WL (1st)]]: light 4-6-2, 16.00-ton axle load (four for North Western Railway in 1939; all to [[Pakistan]] during [[partition of India]])
* [[Indian locomotive class WL (1955)|Class WL (2nd)]]: light 4-6-2, 16.75-ton axle load
* [[Indian locomotive class WM|Class WM]]: [[2-6-4T]], 16.25-ton axle load
* [[Indian locomotive class WT|Class WT]]: [[2-8-4T]], 18.00-ton axle load
* [[Indian locomotive class WU|Class WU]]: [[2-4-2T]], 16.50-ton axle load
* [[Indian locomotive class WV|Class WV]]: [[2-6-2T]], 16.25-ton axle load
* [[Indian locomotive class WW|Class WW]]: [[0-6-2T]], 16.50-ton axle load

All broad-gauge steam locomotives in India have been withdrawn from normal service, with only occasional steam specials continuing to operate.

===Metre-gauge===
*[[Nilgiri Mountain Railway X class]]
*BESA designs:
** [[Indian locomotive class P|Passenger]] (4-6-0)
** [[Indian locomotive class M|Mixed]] (4-6-0)
** [[Indian locomotive class G|Goods]] (4-8-0)
** [[Indian locomotive class T|Tank]] (2-6-2T)
*Indian Railway Standards designs of the late 1920s
**Class YA: 4-6-2 with 9-ton axle load (none built)
** Class YB: 4-6-2 with 10-ton axle load (161 built for India and 50 for Burma)
** [[Indian locomotive class YC|Class YC]]: 4-6-2 with 12-ton axle load (15 built for India and 13 for Burma)
** [[Indian locomotive class YD|Class YD]]: 2-8-2 with 10-ton axle load (171 built for India, 61 for Burma, and 25 for East Pakistan)
** Class YE: 2-8-2 with 12-ton axle load (none built)
** Class YF: 0-6-2 with 8-ton axle load; later examples were 2-6-2 (111 built for India)
** Class YK: 2-6-0 version of the 2-6-2 YF, 8-ton axle load (25 built for India)
**Class YT: 0-4-2T with 8-ton axle load (2 built for India)
*Wartime designs:
** Class MAWD: 2-8-2 [[USATC S118 Class]]
** Class MWGX: 4-6-2+2-6-4 Garratt
*Indian Railway Standards post war designs
** [[Indian locomotive class YL|Class YL]]: 2-6-2 mixed traffic locomotive with 8-ton axle load (264 built 1953–1957)
** [[Indian locomotive class YG|Class YG]]: 2-8-2 goods locomotive with 10{{frac|1|2}}-ton axle load (1074 built 1949–1972)
** [[Indian locomotive class YP|Class YP]]: 4-6-2 passenger locomotive with 10{{frac|1|2}}-ton axle load (871 built 1949–1970)
** [[Indian locomotive class YM|Class YM]] 2-6-4T with 9-ton axle load (12 built 1956)

==={{TrackGauge|2ft6in}} gauge===
*[[Barsi Light Railway]]:
**Class A: 0-8-4T
**Class B: 4-8-4T
**Class C: 0-6-0ST
**Class D: 0-4-0
**Class E: Sentinel railcars
**Class F: 2-8-2
**Class G: 4-6-4
*Indian Railway Standards:
**Class ZA: 2-6-2 with 4.5-ton axle load (none built)
**Class ZB: 2-6-2 with 6-ton axle load
**Class ZC: 2-8-2 with 6-ton axle load (none built)
** Class ZD: 4-6-2 with 8-ton axle load (none built)
**Class ZE: 2-8-2 with 8-ton axle load
**Class ZF: 2-6-2T with 8-ton axle load

==={{TrackGauge|2ft}} gauge===
[[File:Darjeeling train in shed. 1979.jpg|thumb|alt=Black locomotive|DHR B class locomotive in [[Darjeeling]] shed (1979)]]
*[[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]]:
** [[DHR A Class]]: 0-4-0WT;
** [[DHR B Class]]: 0-4-0ST; #777 and [[DHR 778 (Locomotive)|#778]] preserved
** DHR C Class: 4-6-2
** [[DHR D Class]]: 0-4-0+0-4-0 Garratt
*[[Matheran Light Railway]]:
** [[Matheran Light Railway Locomotives 1 to 4|MLR 1-4]]: {{whyte|0-6-0|T}}
*Indian Railway Standards (none built):
** QA: 2-6-2 with 4.5-ton axle load
** QB: 2-6-2 with 6-ton axle load
** QC: 2-8-2 with 6-ton axle load

== Others ==
In 2015, the first [[compressed natural gas]] (CNG) powered Multiple unites were rolled out by ICF.<ref name="CNG"/> In 2020, [[Southern Railway zone]] introduced the first battery/AC dual shunter termed as WAG5HA with "H" for hybrid.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-indian-railways-goes-green-with-eco-friendly-loco-adds-battery-operated-shunting-locomotive-to-its-fleet-2103440/|title=Indian Railways goes green with eco-friendly loco! Adds battery-operated shunting locomotive to its fleet|date=12 October 2020|newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The first indigenously designed and manufactured [[Hydrogen train|hydrogen-powered train]] was introduced in August 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/infrastructure/indias-first-hydrogen-powered-train-is-ready-railway-minister-ashwini-vaishnaw-shares-sneak-peek-watch-video/articleshow/123259976.cms|title=India's first hydrogen powered train is ready|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 August 2025|access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Rail transport in India]]
* [[List of locomotive builders#India|List of locomotive builders]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

=== References ===
{{Reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=Sampson |first=Henry |date=1960 |title=World Railways 1960 |url=https://archive.org/details/worldrailways1960000henr/mode/2up |url-access=registration |via=[[Internet Archive]] |location= |publisher=Sampson Low, Marston and Co. |page= |isbn= |access-date=}}{{ISBN missing|date=January 2025}}
*{{Hughes-SII}}
*{{cite book|last=Hughes |first=Hugh |year=1979 |title=Steam locomotives in India, Part 3 – Broad Gauge |url=https://archive.org/details/steamlocomotives0000hugh/mode/2up |url-access=registration |via=[[Internet Archive]] |location=Harrow, Middlesex |publisher=The Continental Railway Circle |isbn=0-9503469-4-2 }}
*{{cite book |editor-last1=Allen |editor-first1=Geoffrey Freeman |editor-link=Geoffrey Freeman Allen |date=1982 |title=Janes World Railways 1982 - 83 |url=https://archive.org/details/janesworldrailwa0000geof_c2a0/mode/2up |url-access=registration |location=London |publisher=Jane's Publishing Company |page= |isbn=9780867206180 |access-date= |series=[[Janes World Railways]] |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
*{{Hughes-IndianLocos1}}
*{{Hughes-IndianLocos2}}
*{{Hughes-IndianLocos3}}
*{{Hughes-IndianLocos4}}
*{{Marshall-INGSR}}
*{{cite book|last=Marshall|first=Lawrence G|title=Indian Metre Gauge Steam Remembered|year=2005|publisher=Plateway Press|location=East Harling, Norfolk|isbn=1871980542}}
*{{Marshall-IBGSR}}
*{{cite book |last1=Woods |first1=George |title=Indian Steam in the 1970s |date=2017 |publisher=[[Amberley Publishing]]|location=Stroud, Glos |isbn=9781445666785}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}

{{Indian Railways}}
{{Broad gauge locomotives of India}}
{{Metre gauge locomotives of India|state=collapsed}}
{{Narrow gauge locomotives of India|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Locomotives of India}}
[[Category:Locomotives of India| ]]
[[Category:Steam locomotives of India| ]]
[[Category:Diesel locomotives of India| ]]
[[Category:Electric locomotives of India| ]]
[[Category:Indian railway-related lists]]

Tarlochan Singh Kler

2026-01-23T06:40:23Z

ErikaMchenry4: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Indian cardiologist and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tarlochan Singh Kler
| birth_place = [[Amargarh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| occupation = Interventional cardiologist Medical writer
| known for = [[Interventional cardiology]]
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]]
}}
'''Tarlochan Singh Kler''' is an Indian interventional cardiologist, medical administrator, writer, and Chairman at Fortis Heart and Vascular Institute ([[Fortis Healthcare|Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurugram]] and [[Fortis Healthcare|Fortis Flt. Lt. Rajan Dhall Hospital]]) and (former Director of Cardiac Sciences at [[Fortis Healthcare|Fortis Escorts Heart Institute]]).<ref name="Executive Profile">{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=34817622&privcapId=23709728&previousCapId=26447411&previousTitle=Global%20Health%20Pvt%20Ltd | title=Executive Profile | publisher=Bloomberg | date=2016 | access-date=4 June 2016}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Born in [[Amargarh]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]],<ref name="On Indian Autographs">{{cite web | url=http://www.indianautographs.com/productdetail-125263.html | title=On Indian Autographs | publisher=Indian Autographs | date=2016 | access-date=4 June 2016}}</ref> he graduated in medicine from [[Punjabi University]] in 1976, secured his MD in general medicine from [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]] (PGIMER) in 1980, and followed it up with the degree of DM in cardiology from the same institution in 1983.<ref name="Dr. Tarlochan Singh Kler on Practo">{{cite web | url=https://www.practo.com/delhi/doctor/dr-t-s-kler-cardiologist | title=Dr. Tarlochan Singh Kler on Practo | publisher=Practo | date=2016 | access-date=4 June 2016}}</ref> He succeeded [[Naresh Trehan]] as the executive director of Fortis Heart Institute and Research Centre before becoming its director.<ref name="No dearth of skills at Escorts, says Dr Kler">{{cite web | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070617/edit.htm#5 | title=No dearth of skills at Escorts, says Dr Kler | work=The Tribune | date=17 June 2007 | access-date=4 June 2016}}</ref> He has written several articles on [[interventional cardiology]], including "''Persistent left superior vena cava opening directly into right atrium and mistaken for coronary sinus during biventricular pacemaker implantation,"''<ref name="Persistent left superior vena cava opening directly into right atrium and mistaken for coronary sinus during biventricular pacemaker implantation">{{cite journal | url=http://www.heartrhythmjournal.com/article/S1547-5271(06)01968-0/abstract | title=Persistent left superior vena cava opening directly into right atrium and mistaken for coronary sinus during biventricular pacemaker implantation |author1=Kartikeya Bhargava |author2=Vanita Arora |author3=Tarlochan Singh Kler | journal=Heart Rhythm | date=June 2007 | volume=4 | issue=6 | pages=810 | doi=10.1016/j.hrthm.2006.09.018| pmid=17556211 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> "''Mammary coronary artery anastomosis without cardiopulmonary bypass through minithoracotomy: one year clinical experience,"''<ref name="Mammary coronary artery anastomosis without cardiopulmonary bypass through minithoracotomy: one year clinical experience">{{cite journal | url=http://ejcts.oxfordjournals.org/content/14/Supplement_1/S31.full.pdf | title=Mammary coronary artery anastomosis without cardiopulmonary bypass through minithoracotomy: one year clinical experience | author=Yugal Mishra*, Yatin Mehta, Sanjay Mittal, Mahendra Mairal, Anil Karlekar, Ashok Seth, Tarlochan Singh Kler, Naresh Trehan | journal=European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery | year=1998 | volume=14 | issue=Suppl 1 | pages=S31–S37}}</ref> and "''Ventricular Fibrillation in the EP Lab. What is the Atrial Rhythm?"''<ref name="Ventricular Fibrillation in the EP Lab. What is the Atrial Rhythm?">{{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/19038103 | title=Ventricular Fibrillation in the EP Lab. What is the Atrial Rhythm? |author1=Kartikeya Bhargava |author2=Tarlochan Singh Kler | journal=Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology | date=September 2008 | volume=19 | issue=9 | pages=991–992| doi=10.1111/j.1540-8167.2008.01120.x | pmid=18363692 | s2cid=44754170 }}</ref>

== Recognition ==
In 2005, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri|Padma Bhushan]] by the [[Government of India]] for his contributions to medicine.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=3 January 2016 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Medicine}}
* [[Naresh Trehan]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kler, Tarlochan Singh}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian cardiologists]]
[[Category:Interventional cardiology]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Indian medical administrators]]
[[Category:Punjabi University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]

{{India-med-bio-stub}}

Miss Diva 2015

2026-01-17T18:47:18Z

ErikaMchenry4: minor cleanup

{{Short description|3rd edition of Miss Diva}}
{{more footnotes|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox beauty pageant
| image = Urvashi Rautela at the special screening of film 'Queen'.jpg
| photo =
| caption = [[Urvashi Rautela]]
| photogenic = Hemali Soni
| congeniality = Pooja Bisht
| date = October 14, 2015
| presenters = [[Cyrus Sahukar]]
| venue = Sahara Star, [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| broadcaster = [[Zee Cafe]], [[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom]], [[Romedy Now]]
| winner = '''[[Urvashi Rautela]]'''
| entrants = 16
| placements = 6
| acts=[[Alankrita Sahai]], [[Elli Avram]], [[Gurmeet Choudhary]], [[Salman Yusuff Khan]]
| before = [[Miss Diva - 2014|2014]]
| next = [[Miss Diva - 2016|2016]]
}}
The grand finale of the third edition of [[Miss Diva]] was held on October 14, 2015. 16 contestants vied for the title and the chance to represent [[India]] at the [[Miss Universe]] beauty pageant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-diva/contestants/miss-diva-finalists-2015/contestantslist/49013718.cms|title=2015 - Miss Diva Contestants - Miss Diva - Beauty Pageants - Indiatimes|website=Femina Miss India}}</ref> [[Urvashi Rautela]] was crowned Miss Diva 2015, while Natasha Assadi and Naveli Deshmukh were crowned 1st and 2nd Runners Up respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-actress-urvashi-rautela-crowned-miss-diva-2015-2136646|title=Actress Urvashi Rautela crowned Miss Diva 2015|date=20 October 2015|website=dna}}</ref> The pageant was aired on [[Romedy Now]] from 12 October to 18 October 2015. It was also telecast on [[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom]] and [[Zee Cafe]].

[[Urvashi Rautela]] represented [[India]] at the [[Miss Universe 2015]] pageant held on December 20, 2015 in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtvindia.com/blogs/gossip/play/urvashi-rautela-out-of-miss-universe-race-philippines-beauty-crowned-after-botch-up-52196989.html|title=Urvashi Rautela out of Miss Universe race; Philippines beauty crowned after botch up|website=mtvindia.com/}}</ref>

== Placements ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! Final results
! Contestant
|-
| '''Mister Planet 2017'''
|
* '''{{flag|USA}}''' – '''Ethan Carter'''
|-
| '''1st Runner Up '''
|
* '''{{flag|South Africa}}''' – Sizwe Nkosi
|-
| '''2nd Runner Up '''
|
* '''{{flag|Mexico}}''' – Armando Osuna

|-
| '''3rd Runner Up '''
|
* '''{{flag|Venezuela }}''' – Elvis De Oliveira

|-
| '''4th Runner Up '''
|
* '''{{flag|Australia}}''' – Dylan Mahoney

|-
| '''Top 10'''
|
* '''{{flag|Brazil}}''' – Eduardo Santos
* '''{{flag|Colombia}}''' – Camilo Rojas
* '''{{flag|Philippines}}''' – Miguel Cruz
* '''{{flag|Puerto Rico}}''' – Alejandro Rivera
* '''{{flag|Thailand}}''' – Nate Chaiyaphum
|-
| '''Top 18'''
|
* '''{{flag|Argentina}}''' – Ludovico Paulucci
* '''{{flag|England}}''' – Charlie Smith
* '''{{flag|France}}''' – Jordane Reiser
* '''{{flag|India}}''' – Pankaj Mundra
* '''{{flag|Japan}}''' – Kaizan Matsuura
* '''{{flag|Nigeria}}''' – Kevin Amilo
* '''{{flag|Switzerland}}''' – Alessio Costantini
* '''{{flag|Ukraine}}''' – Angel Mahler
|}

== Major Special Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! Final Result
! Contestant
|-
| '''Best in Debate'''
|
*'''{{flag|England}}''' – Charlie Smith
|-
| '''Best in Speech'''
|
*'''{{flag|Philippines}}''' – Miguel Cruz
|-
| '''Best in Interviews'''
|
*'''{{flag|Australia}}''' – Dylan Mahoney
|-
| '''Mr. Voice'''
|
*'''{{flag|Nigeria}}''' – Kevin Amilo
|-
| '''Mr. Top Model'''
|
*'''{{flag|Mexico}}''' – Armando Osuna
|-
| '''Mr. Talent'''
|
*'''{{flag|Japan}}''' – Kaizan Matsuura
|-
| '''People Choice Award'''
|
*'''{{flag|Philippines}}''' – Miguel Cruz
|}

== Minor Special Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! Final Result
! Contestant
|-
| '''Mr. Congeniality'''
|
*'''{{flag|Myanmar}}''' – Aung Ko Ko
|-
| '''Mr. Physique'''
|
*'''{{flag|South Africa}}''' – Sizwe Nkosi
|-
| '''Mr. Photogenic'''
|
*'''{{flag|Philippines}}''' – Miguel Cruz
|-
| '''Mr. Charming'''
|
*'''{{flag|India}}''' – Pankaj Mundra
|-
| '''Best in National Costume'''
|
*'''{{flag|Indonesia}}''' – Ifnu Viari Al Karani
|-
| '''Best in Swimwear'''
|
*'''{{flag|Brazil}}''' – Eduardo Santos
|-
| '''Best in Formal Wear'''
|
*'''{{flag|Venezuela}}''' – Elvis De Oliveira
|}

==Participants==

===Finalists===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Contestant !! Age !! Height !! State !! Status
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | [[Aarushi Sharma]] || 19 || {{height|m=1.68}} ||style="text-align:center;" | [[Delhi]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | Aileena Catherine Amon || 23 || {{height|m=1.73}} || style="text-align:center;" | [[Kerala]] || style="text-align:center;" |Top 6
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | Aishwarya Dhavale || 20 || {{height|m=1.71}} ||style="text-align:center;" | [[Maharashtra]] || style="text-align:center;" |Top 6
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | Ankita Thite || 23 || {{height|m=1.70}} ||style="text-align:center;" | Maharashtra ||
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | Hemali Soni || 19 || {{height|m=1.73}} || style="text-align:center;" | Maharashtra || style="text-align:center;" |Top 6
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | Hida Siddique || 26 || style="text-align:center;" |{{height|m=1.77}} || style="text-align:center;" | Delhi ||
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | Nancy Gupta || 26 || {{height|m=1.74}} ||style="text-align:center;" | [[Himachal Pradesh]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | Natasha Assadi || 23|| {{height|m=1.73}} ||style="text-align:center;" | [[Bangalore]] || style="text-align:center;" |'''1st Runner Up'''
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | Naveli Deshmukh || 19 ||style="text-align:center;" |{{height|m=1.73}} || style="text-align:center;" | Maharashtra || style="text-align:center;" |'''2nd Runner Up'''
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | Simran Khandelwal || 19 ||{{height|m=1.73}}||style="text-align:center;" |[[Madhya Pradesh]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | [[Urvashi Rautela]] || 21 ||{{height|m=1.70}}||style="text-align:center;" |[[Uttarakhand]] || style="text-align:center;" |'''Winner'''
|}

===Preliminary round===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Contestant !! Age !! Height !! State !! Status
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | Rashi Yadav || 23 || {{height|m=1.76}} ||style="text-align:center;" | [[New Delhi]] || Eliminated in Episode 2
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | Shivani Shetty || 21 || {{height|m=1.71}} ||style="text-align:center;" | [[Maharashtra]] || Eliminated in Episode 3
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | Apoorva Sharma || 22 || {{height|m=1.70}} ||style="text-align:center;" | [[Rajasthan]] || Eliminated in Episode 3
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | Pooja Bisht || 26|| {{height|m=1.70}} || style="text-align:center;" | [[Uttarakhand]] || Eliminated in Episode 4
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | [[Shivani Jadhav]] || 19 ||style="text-align:center;" |{{height|m=1.73}} ||style="text-align:center;" | [[Chhattisgarh]] || Eliminated in Episode 5
|}

==Judges==
* [[Irrfan Khan]], Indian actor
* [[Kangana Ranaut]], Indian actress and model
* [[Lara Dutta]], Indian actress, model and [[Miss Universe 2000]]
* Nikhil Mehra, Indian fashion designer
* Shantanu Mehra, Indian fashion designer
* [[Vikas Bahl]], [[Indian film]] producer, screenwriter and director

==Crossovers & Returnees==

;[[Miss Diva]]
* [[Miss Diva 2021|2021]]: Naveli Deshmukh (Unplaced)

;;[[Femina Miss India]]
* [[Femina Miss India 2019|2019]]: [[Shivani Jadhav]](Miss India Grand International 2019)
* [[Femina Miss India 2015|2015]]: Naveli Deshmukh(''TOP 10'')

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/miss-diva-universe-2015-top-14-contestants-unveiled-647473|title=Miss Diva 2015: Top 16 Contestants Unveiled|date=21 September 2015|work=[[International Business Times]], India Edition}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/miss-diva-2015-contestants-sizzle-swimsuit-round-photos-650790|title=Miss Diva 2015: Contestants sizzle in swimsuit round|date=16 October 2015|work=International Business Times, India Edition}}
* {{cite web|url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-diva/archives/Miss-Diva-2015-finalists-showcase-their-communication-skills/articleshow/49337010.cms|title=Miss Diva 2015 finalists showcase their communication skills|work=[[The Times of India]]}}
* {{cite web|url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-diva/archives/Miss-Diva-Universe-crowned-at-a-Grand-Finale/articleshow/49441032.cms|title=Miss Diva Universe crowned at a Grand Finale |work=The Times of India}}
* {{cite web|url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-diva/archives/Watch-Miss-Diva-2015-finalists-sizzle-in-swimwear-on-TV-tonight/articleshow/49353194.cms|title=Watch Miss Diva 2015 finalists sizzle in swimwear on TV tonight|work=The Times of India}}
* {{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/actress-urvashi-rautela-crowned-miss-diva-2015/|title=Actress Urvashi Rautela crowned Miss Diva 2015|date=19 October 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}
* {{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/lara-dutta-back-with-fresh-season-of-miss-diva-2015/|title=Lara Dutta back with fresh season of Miss Diva 2015|date=10 August 2015|work=The Indian Express}}
* {{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/ahmedabad/The-audition-rounds-of-Yamaha-Fascino-Miss-Diva-2015-held-at-Radisson-Blu-at-Ahmedabad/articleshow/48706747.cms|title=The audition rounds of Yamaha Fascino Miss Diva 2015 held at Radisson Blu, at Ahmedabad|work=The Times of India}}

{{Miss Diva}}

[[Category:2015 beauty pageants in India]]
[[Category:2015 beauty pageants]]
[[Category:Miss Diva]]
[[Category:October 2015 in India]]

Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency

2025-12-20T05:04:06Z

ErikaMchenry4: Put Up Entry

{{Short description|Constituency in Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Secunderabad {{Small|TG-8}}
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Andhra Pradesh/Secunderabad.map}}
| map_caption = Boundary of Secunderabad Constituency in Telangana
| established = 1957
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[G. Kishan Reddy]] {{Small|[[Ministry of Coal|Union Minister of Coal]]}} {{Small|[[Ministry of Mines (India)|Union Minister of Mines]]}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =G.Kishan Reddy.jpg
| electors = 1,893,647<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election - 2014"]</ref>
| assembly_cons = [[Musheerabad Assembly constituency|Musheerabad]] [[Amberpet Assembly constituency|Amberpet]] [[Khairatabad Assembly constituency|Khairatabad]] [[Jubilee Hills Assembly constituency|Jubilee Hills]] [[Sanathnagar Assembly constituency|Sanathnagar]] [[Nampally Assembly constituency|Nampally]] [[Secunderabad Assembly constituency|Secunderabad]]
}}
'''Secunderabad''' Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 17 [[Lok Sabha]] . (Lower House of the Parliament) constituencies in [[Telangana]] state in southern [[India]].<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=29}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] segments:<ref name="ceo"/>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan=2 |Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|57
|[[Musheerabad Assembly constituency|Musheerabad]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]]
|[[Muta Gopal|M. Gopal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|59
|[[Amberpet Assembly constituency|Amberpet]]
|[[Kaleru Venkatesh|Kaleru Venkatesham]]
|-
|60
|[[Khairatabad Assembly constituency|Khairatabad]]
|[[Danam Nagender]]
|-
|61
|[[Jubilee Hills Assembly constituency|Jubilee Hills]]
|[[Valalla Naveen Yadav]]
|{{party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|62
|[[Sanathnagar Assembly constituency|Sanathnagar]]
|[[Talasani Srinivas Yadav]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|63
|[[Nampally Assembly constituency|Nampally]]
|[[Mohammad Majid Hussain]]
|{{party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|70
|[[Secunderabad Assembly constituency|Secunderabad]]
|[[T. Padma Rao Goud]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

=== Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency delimitation history ===
Following Assembly constituencies were included in Secunderabad constituency during delimitation every time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/146-archive-delimitation-orders/|title=Archive Delimitation Orders}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! S.No !! Delimitation implemented year !! Assembly constituencies included
|-
|1
| 1957
| Musheerabad, Secunderabad, Secunderabad Cantonment, Jublee hills, Shahabad.
|-
|2
| 1962
| Musheerabad, Secunderabad, Secunderabad Cantonment, Hyderabad East, Jubilee Hills, Medchal, Chevella.
|-
|3
| 1967
| Musheerabad, Secunderabad, Secunderabad Cantonment, Khairatabad, Asifnagar, Gagan Mahal, Maharajganj.
|-
|4
| 1977
| Musheerabad, Secunderabad, Sanathnagar, Khairatabad, Asifnagar, Himayatnagar, Maharajganj.
|-
|5
| 2009
| Musheerabad, Secunderabad, Sanathnagar, Khairatabad, Amberpet, Jubilee Hills, Nampally.
|-
|}

==Members of Lok Sabha==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan=“2” | Narala Saikiran Mudiraj
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| rowspan=“2” | Narala Saikiran Mudiraj
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan=“2”| Narala Saikiran Mudiraj
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|rowspan=2| M.M.Hashim
|style="background-color: {{party color|Telangana Praja Samithi}}" |
|[[Telangana Praja Samithi]]
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| rowspan="6" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | || rowspan="6" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 1979^
| rowspan="2" |[[P. Shiv Shankar]]
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| [[Tanguturi Anjaiah]]
|-
| 1987^
| rowspan="2" |[[T. Manemma]]
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| [[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| P. V. Rajeshwar Rao
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| rowspan="2" |[[M. Anjan Kumar Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| [[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| rowspan="2" |[[G. Kishan Reddy]]
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|
2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===General election, 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Secunderabad]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate=[[G. Kishan Reddy]]
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes=473,012
|percentage=45.15
|change={{increase}}3.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Danam Nagender]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=423,068|percentage=40.38|change={{increase}}21.45}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[T. Padma Rao Goud]]|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|votes=129,586|percentage=12.37|change={{decrease}}22.89}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=5,166|percentage=0.49|change={{down}}0.50}}
{{Election box majority|votes=49,944|percentage=4.77|change={{down}}2.02}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,047,659|percentage=49.04|change={{increase}}2.54}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election, 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Secunderabad]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[G. Kishan Reddy]]
|votes = 384,780
|percentage = 42.05
|change = {{decrease}}1.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Talasani Sai Kiran Yadav|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|votes=322,666|percentage=35.26|change={{increase}}20.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[M. Anjan Kumar Yadav]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=173,229|percentage=18.93|change={{up}}0.65}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=N. Shankar Goud|votes=9,683|percentage=1.06|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=9,038|percentage=0.99|change={{up}}0.34}}
{{Election box majority||votes=62,114|percentage=6.79|change={{down}}18.59}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=915,263|percentage=46.50|change={{down}}6.51}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{down}}1.61
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election, 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Secunderabad]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
| votes = 438,271
| percentage = 43.66
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[M. Anjan Kumar Yadav]]|votes=183,536|percentage=18.28|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|candidate=Narla Mohan Rao|votes=145,120|percentage=14.44|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=T. Bheemsen|votes=143,847|percentage=14.33|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Syed Sajid Ali|votes=45,187|percentage=4.50|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=6,572|percentage=0.65|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=254,735|percentage=25.35|change=+5.68}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,003,769|percentage=53.01|change=−1.92}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +4.25
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election, 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: [[Secunderabad]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[M. Anjan Kumar Yadav]]
|votes = 340,549
|percentage = 39.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Bandaru Dattatraya]]|votes=170,382|percentage=19.70|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=S. Sudhish Rambhotla|votes=135,604|percentage=15.68|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=[[Dasoju Sravan Kumar|Dr. Dasoju Sravan Kumar]]|votes=91,414|percentage=10.57|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Lok Satta Party|candidate=C. V. L. Narasimha Rao|votes=52,641|percentage=6.09|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Mohammad Ali (Telangana)|M. D. Mahmood Ali]]|votes=33,144|percentage=3.83|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=Abdus Sattar Mujahed|votes=18,720|percentage=2.16|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=170,167|percentage=19.67|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=865,038|percentage=54.93|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election, 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general election]]: [[Secunderabad]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[M. Anjan Kumar Yadav]]
|votes = 485,710
|percentage = 49.90
|change = +7.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Bandaru Dattatraya]]|votes=416,952|percentage=42.84|change=−9.35}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen|candidate=Humera Aziz|votes=38,394|percentage=3.94|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=68,758|percentage=7.06|change=+17.12}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=973,288|percentage=52.29|change=−2.56}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +7.77
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Secunderabad]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/telangana/secunderabad/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Secunderabad lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Telangana}}

{{coord|17.44|78.50|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Telangana]]
[[Category:Hyderabad district, India]]
[[Category:Politics of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Politics of Secunderabad]]

Vijaypur, Jammu and Kashmir

2025-12-07T16:46:44Z

ErikaMchenry4: Put Up Post

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vijaypur
| other_name = Bajipur, Bajpur, Baipur, Baichper
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|32.585|N|75.00|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Samba district|Samba]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipal Committee
| governing_body = Samba-Vijaypur Municipal Committee
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 21044
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 184120
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|JK]] 21
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name = Vijaypur
}}

'''Vijaypur''' is a town, tehsil and municipal committee in the [[Samba district]] of the Indian [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], situated on the bank of Devak River, known locally as Gupt Ganga. It is one of the most fast-growing towns near [[Jammu city]] in [[Jammu division]].

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Vijaypur had a population of 21044. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Vijaypur has an average literacy rate of 73%, lower than the national average of 74.4%: male literacy is 77%, and female literacy is 69%.

==Religion==
Hindu 88.65%, Sikh 7.48%, Muslim 1.38%,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/|title=Census 2011 India|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Municipalities of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Samba district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]

{{JammuandKashmir-geo-stub}}

Pran Kurup

2025-11-25T07:07:32Z

ErikaMchenry4: added references

{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pran Kurup
| image =
| birth_date = 3 October 1966
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{dda|2016|9|3|1966|10|3|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| occupation = Entrepreneur, author
| yearsactive =
| parents = K. Madhava Kurup, Sarojini
| relations = [[K. P. P. Nambiar]] (uncle)
}}
'''Pran Kurup''' (3 October 1966 – 3 September 2016) was an Indian entrepreneur and author.<ref name="DNA">{{cite web|title=Arvind Kejriwal is no dictator: Pran Kurup's new book looks at AAP as a start-up in politics|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/interview-arvind-kejriwal-is-no-dictator-pran-kurup-s-new-book-looks-at-aap-as-a-start-up-in-politics-2238506|website=Daily News & Analysis|accessdate=5 September 2016}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Pran Kurup was born in [[Chennai]] to K. Madhava Kurup and Sarojini, who hailed from [[Kannur]].<ref name="MBI" /> He was the nephew of [[K. P. P. Nambiar]].<ref name="KK">{{cite news|title=പ്രാൺ കുറുപ്പ് നിര്യാതനായി|url=http://news.keralakaumudi.com/beta/news.php?NewsId=TlRWTTAzNTUyNDA=&xP=RExZ&xDT=MjAxNi0wOS0wNSAwMDowNDowMA==&xD=MQ==&cID=Mw==|accessdate=5 September 2016|publisher=Kerala Kaumudi}}</ref> He completed his graduation in [[Electrical Engineering]] from [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur]] and post-graduation in [[Robotics]] from [[Miami University]].<ref name="MBI" />

==Entrepreneur and author==
Pran Kurup co-founded Vitalect with Taher Abbasi and Ricky Bedi, an e-learning company based in California in 1997. The company was originally called ByteK Designs Inc. and renamed to Vitalect in 1999. He also served as the president of the Silicon Valley Indian Professionals Association (SIPA).<ref name="ET" />

Kurup authored three books.<ref>{{cite web|title=Author - Pran Kurup|url=http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/638644.Pran_Kurup|website=GoodReads|accessdate=5 September 2016}}</ref> The first two books were on technical topics. He co-authored ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Logic_Synthesis_Using_Synopsys.html?id=dwd5KSVfUVEC Logic Synthesis Using Synopsys]'' with Taher Abbasi. The second book ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/It_s_the_Methodology_Stupid.html?id=4vDnPQAACAAJ It's the Methodology, Stupid!]'' was co-authored with Taher Abbasi and Ricky Bedi. In 2016, he released his third book on his IIT batchmate and friend [[Arvind Kejriwal]].<ref name="BS">{{cite news|title=When a 'Gabbar Singh' in Kharagpur came to head AAP (Book Review)|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/when-a-gabbar-singh-in-kharagpur-came-to-head-aap-book-review-116051800138_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=18 May 2016|accessdate=5 September 2016}}</ref> Titled ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Arvind_Kejriwal_the_Aam_Aadmi_Party.html?id=bGUdDAAAQBAJ Arvind Kejriwal & the Aam Aadmi Party: An Inside Look]'', the book contained a political analysis<ref>{{cite web|title=Why the Aam Aadmi Party is like Android and Linux: it's an Open Source movement|url=http://scroll.in/article/808004/why-the-aam-aadmi-party-is-like-android-and-linux-its-an-open-source-movement|website=Scroll|date=13 May 2016 |accessdate=5 September 2016}}</ref> of the rise of Kejriwal and [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The Legend of Arvind|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20160530-arvind-kejriwal-and-the-aam-aadmi-party-an-inside-look-pran-kurup-books-828919-2016-05-18|website=India Today|access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref> and a comparison of the growth with that of start-up companies.<ref name="DNA" /> The book was released by Kejriwal himself in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="FES">{{cite news|title=Talk of Sidhu becoming AAP face in Punjab premature: Arvind Kejriwal|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/talk-of-navot-singh-sidhu-becoming-aap-face-in-punjab-premature-arvind-kejriwal/322352/|accessdate=5 September 2016|publisher=Financial Express}}</ref>

He was also a columnist on the [[The Economic Times|Economic Times blogs]].<ref name="ET">{{cite web|title=Outside Edge|url=http://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/outsideedge/|website=The Economic Times|accessdate=5 September 2016}}</ref>

==Death==
Pran Kurup died on 3 September 2016 in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], due to heart failure and was cremated on 5 September 2016.<ref name="MBI">{{cite news|title=പ്രാണ്‍ കുറുപ്പ് അന്തരിച്ചു|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/print-edition/kerala/pran-kurup-malayalam-news-1.1331611|accessdate=5 September 2016|publisher=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> He is survived by his wife, a daughter and a son.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kurup, Pran}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Chennai]]
[[Category:People from Kannur]]

Taare Zameen Par (soundtrack)

2025-11-22T08:06:27Z

ErikaMchenry4:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Taare Zameen Par (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| cover = Taare Zameen Par (soundtrack).png
|border=yes
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2007|11|5}}
| recorded = 2007
| studio = Anand, Mumbai, India
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 38:45
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], [[Universal Music Japan]]
| producer = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| prev_title = [[Heyy Babyy]]
| prev_year = 2007
| next_title = [[Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic]]
| next_year = 2008
}}

'''''Taare Zameen Par (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''''' is the [[Soundtrack album|soundtrack]] to the 2007 [[psychological drama film]] [[Taare Zameen Par|of the same name]] produced and directed by [[Aamir Khan]], who also stars alongside [[Darsheel Safary]], [[Tanay Chheda]], [[Vipin Sharma]] and [[Tisca Chopra]]. The soundtrack and musical score is composed by [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] and lyrics written by [[Prasoon Joshi]], with the exception of one of the songs composed by Shailendra Barve and written by [[Amole Gupte]], the film's co-director. The album featuring eight songs was released by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] on 5 November 2007.

== Development ==
{{See also|Taare Zameen Par#Musical sequences|Taare Zameen Par#Background music|label 1=Musical sequences in ''Taare Zameen Par''|label 2=background music}}
According to [[Shankar Mahadevan]], the trio found it challenging on getting the right sound in place, so that it would stick to the film's spirit while composing and should not "camouflage or compromise on the sound with arrangements or spicing up the affairs with any 'jhinchaak' stuff."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=14 November 2007 |title=Aamir wanted Shankar to sing for TZP |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/11/14/3257/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726231007/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/11/14/3257/index.html |archive-date=26 July 2010 |access-date=27 July 2010 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Comparing with other films, ''Taare Zameen Par'' required melody to hold center stage, where "there is a different level of energy that you have to bring in composing for such different soundtrack as we had to be subdued yet effective".<ref name=":0" />

Upon Khan's insistence, Mahadevan performed vocals for two of the tracks—the title track and "Maa"—which happened as Khan listened to the rough cut of the tracks and felt that his vocals would be apt for the soulful feel of the compositions. The song "Bheja Kum" is a dialogue based on the film rather than a conventional song; the track was performed by nine artists including Khan and [[Kiran Rao]], who would speak a few words highlighting the tension Ishaan goes through. Mahadevan added that the song had a funny yet realistic side to it, which led the trio enjoyed while recording the song.

Instead of scoring the film at his studio, the music was recorded at Khan's home in [[Panchgani]] to have a clear mindset and instructed on the timing, scope and other aspects. The final version was however recorded at Anand Recording Studios in Mumbai. Khan wanted to refrain from using pre-planned techniques of recording the music, and insisted on recording the film score live, a technique which Hindi film musicians did decades ago.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 November 2007 |title=Shankar, Ehsaan, Loy get traditional |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shankar-ehsaan-loy-get-traditional/articleshow/2578386.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007172415/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shankar-ehsaan-loy-get-traditional/articleshow/2578386.cms |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=7 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Reception ==
{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; width:27em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"
| style="text-align: left;" | "We were so moved when we were given the narration of the film. We knew instantly that we had to come up with a kind of score that gels well with the theme and spirit of the film. I am happy that the music has caught on with audience acknowledging this aspect of the soundtrack."
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | – Shankar Mahadevan<ref name=":0" />
|}

Joginder Tuteja of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' praised the variety of genres present in the soundtrack and the lack of [[remix]]es. He gave it an overall rating of 3.5 out of 5 stars, calling it a "zero compromise album" that "stays true to the film's spirit".<ref name="cd">{{Cite web |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |date=7 November 2007 |title=Taare Zameen Par: Music Review |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/13306/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224062442/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/13306/index.html |archive-date=24 December 2008 |access-date=4 January 2009 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> Sukanya Verma of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave the soundtrack a score of 3 out of 5, commenting, "''Taare Zameen Par'' isn't your regular soundtrack about fluttering hearts and sleepless nights. What makes these delicate and whimsical creations special is their underlying innocence."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=8 November 2007 |title=Taare Zameen Par: Songs of innocence |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/nov/05taare.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510112112/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/nov/05taare.htm |archive-date=10 May 2011 |access-date=24 December 2010 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref>

[[Karthik Srinivasan]] of ''[[Milliblog]]'' wrote "The trio revel in Aamir's sensibilities to produce a refined soundtrack for adults".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=7 November 2007 |title=Taare Zameen Par (Hindi – Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy) |url=https://milliblog.com/2007/11/04/taare-zameen-par-hindi-shankar-ehsaan-loy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406014622/https://milliblog.com/2007/11/04/taare-zameen-par-hindi-shankar-ehsaan-loy/ |archive-date=6 April 2017 |access-date=7 October 2024 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Kushal Gopalka of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' rated 3.5 out of 5 stating "With their thoroughly positive music score for this movie, the music direction trio, Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy, have once again proven their supremacy among Bollywood's combo music makers."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gopalka |first=Kushal |date=7 December 2007 |title=Taare Zameen Par music review: On a positive note |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/U1j6v7MyCG6PsjeuVxXxON/Music-Review--On-a-positive-note.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007174046/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/U1j6v7MyCG6PsjeuVxXxON/Music-Review--On-a-positive-note.html |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=7 October 2024 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> Khalid Mohamed of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "As for the music score, it's remarkable essentially for the moving ''Maa and Mera jahaan'' composed by Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy and excellently written by Prasoon Joshi."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Khalid |date=25 April 2008 |title=Review: Taare Zameen Par |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-taare-zameen-par/story-IV6sYHhHTr8TEeLDmiOPqJ.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001192602/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-taare-zameen-par/story-IV6sYHhHTr8TEeLDmiOPqJ.html |archive-date=1 October 2017 |access-date=7 October 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Sankhayan Ghosh of ''[[Film Companion]]'' ranked it as the second-best album of the musical trio.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Sankhayan |date=1 March 2023 |title=Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy's Top 20 Albums, Ranked |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bandish-bandits-shankar-ehsaan-loys-top-20-albums-ranked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302062059/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bandish-bandits-shankar-ehsaan-loys-top-20-albums-ranked |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=7 October 2024 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref>

According to the Indian trade website [[Box Office India]], with around {{formatnum:1100000}} units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's thirteenth highest-selling album.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624132928/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |archive-date=24 June 2010 |access-date=23 June 2010 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{track listing
| headline = ''Taare Zameen Par (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)'' track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Taare Zameen Par
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], Dominique Cerejo, Vivienne Pocha
| length1 = 7:08
| title2 = Kholo Kholo
| extra2 = [[Raman Mahadevan]]
| length2 = 5:01
| title3 = Bum Bum Bole
| extra3 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Aamir Khan]], [[Armaan Malik]]
| length3 = 5:32
| title6 = Jame Raho
| extra6 = [[Vishal Dadlani]]
| length6 = 2:59
| title4 = Maa
| extra4 = Shankar Mahadevan
| length4 = 5:14
| title5 = Bheja Kum (Why?! Why Can't You?!)
| extra5 = Shankar Mahadevan, Bugs Bhargava, Shankar Sachdev, Roaj Gopal Iyer, Ravi Khanwiker, [[Loy Mendonsa]], [[Amole Gupte]], Kiran Rao, Aamir Khan, Ram Madhavni, Haji Springer
| length5 = 2:07
| title7 = Mera Jahan
| extra7 = [[Adnan Sami]], Auriel Cordo, Ananya Wadkar, Amole Gupte
| length7 = 6:32
| title8 = Ishaan's Theme
| extra8 = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| length8 = 4:13
| total_length = 38:45
}}

{{track listing
| headline = ''Val Nakshatram (Tamil Dubbed)'' track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mannil Vinmeengal
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length1 = 7:08
| title2 = Thatti Thatti Tirandhidhu
| extra2 = [[Raman Mahadevan]]
| length2 = 5:01
| title3 = Paru Paru Mayavanthinai
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length3 = 5:32
| title6 = Katti Shoevai Katti Belt
| extra6 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length6 = 2:59
| title4 = Iravil Payanthen
| extra4 = Shankar Mahadevan
| length4 = 5:14
| title5 = Why?! Why Can't You?!
| extra5 = Shankar Mahadevan
| length5 = 2:07
| title7 = Oh Little Sweet
| extra7 = [[Adnan Sami]]
| length7 = 6:32
| title8 = Ishaan's Theme
| extra8 = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| length8 = 4:13
| total_length = 38:45
}}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+Accolades for ''Taare Zameen Par (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Filmfare Awards]]
| [[53rd Filmfare Awards|16 February 2008]]
| [[Filmfare Best Lyricist Award|Best Lyricist]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Prasoon Joshi]] ("Maa")
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |date=6 February 2008 |title=Nominees - 53rd Annual Filmfare Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/02/06/3548/index.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023075708/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/02/06/3548/index.html |archivedate=23 October 2011 |accessdate=15 July 2020 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |agency=Bollywood Hungama News Network}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |date=23 February 2008 |title=Winners of 53rd Annual Filmfare Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/02/23/3610/index.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122012020/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/02/23/3610/index.html |archivedate=22 November 2011 |accessdate=15 July 2020 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |agency=Bollywood Hungama News Network}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2008 |title=TZP, SRK, Kareena emerge winners at 53rd Filmfare |url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/tzp-srk-kareena-emerge-winners-at-53rd-filmfare_426154.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210921/https://zeenews.india.com/home/tzp-srk-kareena-emerge-winners-at-53rd-filmfare_426154.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=3 June 2020 |website=[[Zee News]]}}</ref> <ref name="filmfare">{{Cite web |date=24 February 2008 |title=Taare Zameen Par sweeps Filmfare Awards |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail/20159/Taare-Zameen-Par-sweeps-Filmfare-Awards.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228125818/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail/20159/Taare-Zameen-Par-sweeps-Filmfare-Awards.html |archive-date=28 February 2008 |access-date=29 July 2010 |publisher=Yahoo! India Movies}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | [[National Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[55th National Film Awards|21 October 2009]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Lyrics|Best Lyricist]]
| {{Won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="pib.nic.in">{{Cite web |title=55th National Film Awards for the Year 2007 |url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2009/sep/r2009090707.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007125534/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2009/sep/r2009090707.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2009 |access-date=7 September 2009 |publisher=Press Information Bureau ([[Govt. of India]])}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]] ("Maa")
| {{Won}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | [[Producers Guild Film Awards]]{{efn|Previously known as Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards.}}
| rowspan="2" | 30 March 2008
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| [[Prasoon Joshi]] ("Maa")
| {{Won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/03/14/3674/index.html |title=Nominations for 3rd Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards |last=Bollywood Hungama News Network |date=14 March 2008 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921064836/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/03/14/3674/index.html |archive-date=21 September 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/04/01/3724/index.html |title=Winners of 3rd Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards |last=Bollywood Hungama News Network |date=1 April 2008 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814215007/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/04/01/3724/index.html |archive-date=14 August 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=3rd Apsara Awards - Nominees |url=http://apsaraawards.org/3rd_apsara_awards_nominees.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107165817/http://apsaraawards.org/3rd_apsara_awards_nominees.html |archive-date=7 November 2014 |access-date=15 July 2020 |publisher=[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=3rd Apsara Awards - Winners |url=http://apsaraawards.org/3rd_apsara_awards_winners.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107174907/http://apsaraawards.org/3rd_apsara_awards_winners.html |archive-date=7 November 2014 |access-date=15 July 2020 |publisher=[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]] ("Maa")
| {{Won}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Screen Awards]]
| [[14th Screen Awards|10 January 2008]]
| [[Star Screen Award Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Prasoon Joshi]] ("Maa")
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/01/02/3422/index.html|title=Nominees for 14th Annual Screen Awards|date=2 January 2008|work=Bollywood Hungama|accessdate=15 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429081517/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/01/02/3422/index.html|archivedate=29 April 2009|agency=IndiaFM News Bureau}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/01/11/3466/index.html|title=Winners of 14th Annual Star Screen Awards|date=11 January 2008|work=Bollywood Hungama|accessdate=15 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023075703/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/01/11/3466/index.html|archivedate=23 October 2011|agency=Bollywood Hungama News Network}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| [[2008 Zee Cine Awards|25 January 2008]]
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2008 |title=Winners of the Zee Cine Awards 2008 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/04/27/3817/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814222126/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/04/27/3817/index.html |archive-date=14 August 2011 |access-date=27 November 2010 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Ghatak |first=Ashis |url=https://rupapublications.co.in/books/the-musical-maverick-the-authorized-biography-of-shankar-mahadevan/ |title=The Musical Maverick; The Authorized Biography Of Shankar Mahadevan |publisher=Rupa Publications |isbn=935702672X |location=Mumbai, India |publication-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327090928/https://rupapublications.co.in/books/the-musical-maverick-the-authorized-biography-of-shankar-mahadevan/ |archive-date=27 March 2024 |url-status=live}}
{{Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy}}
[[Category:2007 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) soundtracks]]
[[Category:Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy soundtracks]]

Bharatiya Lok Dal

2025-10-20T22:49:35Z

ErikaMchenry4: added page per standard format

{{short description|Former political party in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = Bharatiya Lok Dal
| colorcode = {{party color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}
|logo = [[File:BLD Symbol.jpg|180px]]
|foundation = 1974
|dissolution = 1977
|split =
|merged = [[Janata Party]]
|predecessor = [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]] [[Samyukta Socialist Party]] [[Swatantra Party]] [[Utkal Congress]]
|ideology = Anti-[[Indira Gandhi]]<ref>{{cite news
| author =
| title = Gandhi ends Indian censorship and frees political prisoners
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nJwuAAAAIBAJ&dq=%22Bharatiya+Lok+Dal%22&pg=PA2&article_id=1940,4222869
| work = The Montreal Gazette
| date = 21 January 1977
| access-date = 19 June 2024
}}</ref>
|position = [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Gould |first=Harold|author-link=Harold A. Gould|date=20 May 2019|title=India Votes Alliance Politics And Minority Governments In The Ninth And Tenth General Elections |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbuZDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Bharatiya+Lok+Dal%22+-Bharatpedia&pg=PT82 |publisher=Taylor and Francis|page= |isbn=9780429722776|access-date=19 June 2024}}</ref>
}}
'''Bharatiya Lok Dal''' ({{translation| Indian Peoples' Party}}) was a [[Indian political parties|political party in India]]. The '''BLD,''' or simply '''BL,''' was formed at the end of 1974 through the fusion of seven parties opposed to the rule of [[Indira Gandhi]], including the [[Swatantra Party]], the [[Samyukta Socialist Party]], the [[Utkal Congress]] and the [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]. The leader of the BLD was [[Choudhary Charan Singh|Charan Singh]].<ref name="charan">{{cite book | url=https://charansingh.org/biography | title=Charan Singh, A Brief Life History | publisher=Charan Singh Archives | author=Harsh Singh Lohit | pages=32}}</ref>

==History==
In 1977, the BLD combined with the [[Jan Sangh]] and the [[Indian National Congress (Organization)]] to form the [[Janata Party]]. The newly formed Janata Party contested the [[1977 Indian general election|1977 elections]] on the BLD symbol and formed independent India's first government not ruled by the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Grover|first=Verinder|author-link=|date=1997|title=Political Parties and Party System Volume 5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ERsVf_DPFUC&dq=%22Bharatiya+Lok+Dal%22+-Bharatpedia&pg=PA608|location=|publisher=Deep and Deep publications|pages=608–609|isbn=9788171008780}}</ref>

Despite a strong start, the Janata government began to wither as significant ideological and political divisions emerged. Through 1979, support for Morarji Desai had declined considerably due to worsening economic conditions as well as the emergence of allegations of nepotism and corruption involving members of his family. Protesting Desai's leadership, Charan Singh resigned and withdrew the support of his BLD. Desai also lost the support of the secular and socialist politicians in the party, who saw him as favoring the Hindu nationalist [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]]. On 19 July 1979 Desai resigned from the government. Dissidents projected Charan Singh as the new prime minister in place of Desai.<ref>{{cite book|last=Horowitz|first=Donald L.|title=The Deadly Ethnic Riot|year=2001|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-22447-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/deadlyethnicriot00horo/page/244 244]|url=https://archive.org/details/deadlyethnicriot00horo/page/244}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jeff Haynes|title=Democracy and Political Change in the Third World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdWAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168|date=2 September 2003|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-134-54184-3|pages=168–|access-date=6 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423174835/https://books.google.com/books?id=YdWAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168|archive-date=23 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Supporting Charan Singh">{{cite book|last1=de Mesquita|first1=Bruce Bueno|title=The Predictioneer's Game: Using the Logic of Brazen Self-Interest to See and shape the future|publisher=[[Random House]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8129-7977-0|page=xxiii|url={{Google books|8BafGvdAYYEC|page=PA10|keywords=%22charan%20singh%22|text=|plainurl=yes}}|year=2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sanghvi|first1=Vijay|title=The Congress, Indira to Sonia Gandhi By|date=2006|publisher=Kalpaz|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-7835-340-1|pages=114–122|url={{Google books|npdqD_TXucQC|page=PA7|keywords=charan|text=|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref>

President [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] appointed Charan Singh as the Prime Minister of a minority government on the strength of 64 MPs, calling upon him to form a new government and prove his majority. The departure of Desai and the BJS had considerably diminished Janata's majority, and numerous Janata MPs refused to support Charan Singh. MPs loyal to [[Jagjivan Ram]] withdrew themselves from the [[Janata party]]. Former allies such as the DMK, Shiromani Akali Dal and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) had distanced themselves from the Janata party. Desperately seeking enough support for a majority, Charan Singh even sought to negotiate with Congress (I), which refused. After only three weeks in office, Charan Singh resigned. With no other political party in position to establish a majority government, President Reddy dissolved the Parliament and called fresh elections for January 1980.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/forty-years-ago-august-21-1979-charan-govt-resigns-5921778/|title = Forty Years Ago, August 21, 1979: Charan Govt Resigns|date = 21 August 2019|access-date=23 June 2024}}</ref>

After 1980 elections, Charan Singh came out of the Janata Alliance with his party and renamed it as Lok Dal.

Subsequently, [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]] (son of Charan Singh) founded the [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] (RLD). Now Lok Dal is led by [[Chaudhary Sunil Singh]] of [[Aligarh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Lok-Dal-jumps-into-poll-fray-as-Chaudharys-heir/articleshow/11560154.cms|title=Lok Dal jumps into poll fray as Chaudhary's heir|website=The Times of India|date=20 January 2012 }}</ref>

== Constituent Parties ==
* [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
* [[Swatantra Party]]<ref name="Patnaik 1985 p.183 ">{{cite book | last=Patnaik | first=B.K. | title=The Politics of Floor-crossing in Orissa | publisher=Santosh Publications | year=1985 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJUeAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2024-07-06 | page=183|quote=Swatantra, Utkal Congress and S.P.I. merged into Bharatiya Lok Dal.}}</ref>
* [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
* [[Utkal Congress]]<ref name="Asthana 1988 p.154 ">{{cite book | last=Asthana | first=P. | title=Party System in India: Development Or Decay | publisher=Criterian Publications | year=1988 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iW8mAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2024-07-06 | page=154 |quote=When the Pragati Legislature Party was formed, the Utkal Congress became a constituent unit of it. In a meeting, on 17th August, 1974, the founder President of the UC party announced the decision of the party to merge with the B.L.D.
}}</ref>
* [[Rashtriya Loktantrik Dal]]
* [[Kisan Mazdoor Party]]
* [[Punjabi Khetibari Zamindari Union]]<ref name="Archives">{{cite web | url=https://charansingh.org/life-history/bkd-continues-do-well-assembly-elections-cannot-replace-dominant-congress-due | title=Charan Singh Archives | date=2 November 2015 | publisher=charansingh.org | accessdate=26 May 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* {{official|http://lokdal.org.in/}}

{{Indian political parties}}
{{Indian Emergency}}

[[Category:Bharatiya Lok Dal| ]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Political parties with year of disestablishment missing]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 disestablishments in India]]

Avudaiyarkoil

2025-10-16T03:18:05Z

ErikaMchenry4: put up a article.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Avudaiyarkoil Avudaiyar Koil
| image_skyline = Aavidiyar Kovil..JPG
| image_alt =
| caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10|04|23|N|79|02|24|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_type3 = Taluk
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pudukkottai|Pudukkotai district]]
| subdivision_name3 = Avadaiyarkoil
| other_name = ''Tirupperunturai'' ''Avadea Covill'' during the [[British Raj]]]
| settlement_type = village
| elevation_m =
}}

'''Avudaiyarkoil''' is a [[Town Panchayat]] and [[Taluk]] in the [[Pudukkottai|Pudukkotai district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The village has a temple named [[Tirupperunturai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/new-inscriptions-confirm-manickavasagar-built-temple/article5646362.ece |title=New inscriptions confirm Manickavasagar built temple |publisher=thehindu.com |accessdate=2014-02-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pudukkottai.nic.in/taluks-avkoil.htm |title=Pudukkottai District |publisher=Pudukkottai.nic.in |accessdate=2013-06-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221091129/http://pudukkottai.nic.in/taluks-avkoil.htm |archivedate=2014-02-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pudukkottai District - District Maps Online |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |url=http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/district.php?dcode=22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526111232/http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/district.php?dcode=22 |archivedate=2007-05-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pudukkottai.nic.in/blocks-avkoil.htm |title=Pudukkottai District |publisher=Pudukkottai.nic.in |accessdate=2013-06-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231082504/http://pudukkottai.nic.in/blocks-avkoil.htm |archivedate=2013-12-31 }}</ref> It is about {{Convert|14|km|mi|0}} South East of the Major town [[Aranthangi]] along State Highway 26 (SH 26), on the South bank of the [[Vellar River (Southern Tamil Nadu)|Vellar River]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:The ceiling of the kanga sabhai (golden hall).jpg|The Stone, Kodungai, work in the ceiling of the Ponnarangu (Golden Hall)
File:AVUDAIYAR KOVIL STONERINGS.JPG|Stone Rings in the Ceiling of Thiyagarayar Mandapam
File:Gopuram of Avudayar Koil.jpg|Avudayar Kovil ([[Tirupperunturai|Tirupperunturai temple]])
File:Avudayar Kovil.jpeg|View of the Tower over the Sanctum
File:Avudayar Kovil Gopuram.jpeg|Periya Gopuram
File:Avudayar Kovil mandapam.jpeg|Temple Entrance
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat|Avudayar Koil}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [http://www.infotree.in/tamilnadu/pudukkottai/avudaiyarkoil.html Athmanadha Swamy Temple Gallery]

[[Category:Cities and towns in Pudukkottai district]]

{{Pudukkottai-geo-stub}}

Happy Raikoti

2025-08-08T13:43:09Z

ErikaMchenry4: New Info

{{BLP sources|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| alt =
| birth_place = [[Raikot]], [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab, India]]
| occupations = Singer, lyricist, actor
| years_active = 2011–present
| birth_name = Anil Kumar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1992|05|12|df=yes}}
| name = Happy Raikoti
| image = Happy Raikoti.jpg
}}

'''Happy Raikoti''' (born 12 May 1992) is an Indian singer, lyricist and actor associated with [[Punjabi music]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/gyan-zone/addicted-to-love/164119.html|title=Addicted to love|access-date=18 June 2016|archive-date=16 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216093514/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/gyan-zone/addicted-to-love/164119.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/Roshan-Prince-presents-Back-To-Bhangra/articleshow/45070764.cms|title=Roshan Prince presents Back To Bhangra – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 January 2017 |publisher=}}</ref> He made his singing debut with the song "Jaan" in 2014. His album "7 Knaalan" was released in 2015. Recently he has appeared in the movie ''[[Teshan (film)|Teshan]]''. He is one of leading lyricists in Punjabi Music.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

==Discography ==
===As lead artist===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
! Album/Single Track
! Music director
! Record label
|-
|2014
| ''Jaan''
| Laddi Gill
| Lokhdun Punjabi
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|Shagna Di Tyaari
|Laddi Gill
|Speed Records
|-
|7 Kanaalan ( Album )
|Laddi Gill
|Speed Records
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
|Crazy Demands
|Desi Crew
|Speed Records
|-
|Main Tan V Pyaar Karda
|Millind Gaba
|Speed Records
|-
|Mutiyaar
|Laddi Gill
|Speed Records
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|Big Dreams
|Deep Jandu
|Lokdhun Punjabi
|-
|Pagal
|Goldboy
|Humble Music
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018
|Pegg Shegg
|V Raxx
| rowspan="2" |White Hill Music
|-
|Akhian
|Goldboy
|-
|Top Top
|Laddi Gill
|White Hill Music
|-
|Nikke Nikke Khaab
|Laddi Gill
|Boomboxx Music
|-
|Main Ja Maa
|Ikky
|White Hill Music
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|Bai Hood
|Ikky
|Jass Records
|-
|Zinda
|Goldboy
|White Hill Music
|-
|Pyaar Ni Karna
|Snappy
|Speed Records
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|Zamaana
|Laddi Gill
|Jass Records
|-
|Wahguru
|Laddi Gill
|Happy Raikoti
|-
| rowspan="5" |2021
|Pyaar Kari Jaane O
|Avvy Sra
|Pellet Drum Records
|-
|Mohabattan
|Laddi Gill
|White Hill Music
|-
|Addiction
|Mxrci
|Happy Raikoti
|-
|Maa Da Dil
|Laddi Gill
|Happy Raikoti
|-
|Zinda Aa Mai
|Avvy Sra
|Worldwide Punjabi
|-
|}

===Popular singles as lyricist===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Album/Single Track
!Singer
! Music director
! Record label
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2014
| ''Vehaam''
|Roshan Prince
| Desi Crew
| Speed Records
|-
|Dairy ( from album "[[Judaa 2]]" )
|[[Amrinder Gill]]
|[[Dr Zeus|Dr. Zeus]]
|Speed Records
|-
|Gunday Returns
|Dilpreet Dhillon
|Desi Crew
|Speed Records
|-
|Dus Mint
|Sippy Gill
|Laddi Gill
|Speed Records
|-
|Desi Rockstar 2 ( Album )
|[[Gippy Grewal]]
|[[Jatinder Shah]]
|Speed Records
|-
|Dil Darda
|[[Roshan Prince]]
|Laddi Gill
|Black Studio Canada
|-
| ''[[Bapu Zimidar]]''
|[[Jassie Gill]]
| Jatinder Shah
| Speed Records
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
| ''Laden''
|Jassie Gill
| Gupz Sehra
| JRS Music
|-
|Kitte Kalli
|[[Maninder Buttar]]
|Preet Hundal
|Paanj-Aab Records
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|Jatti De Nain
|Roshan Prince
|Millind Gaba
|Times Music
|-
| ''Teri Kami''
|[[Akhil (singer)|Akhil]]
| BOB
|Speed Records
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017
|Sohnea
|[[Miss Pooja]]
|[[Millind Gaba]]
|Speed Records
|-
|5–7 Yaar
|Karan Randhawa
|Laddi Gill
|Jass Records
|-
|Kaali Hummer
|Maninder Buttar
|Deep Jandu
|White Hill Music
|-
| ''Pasand''
|Miss Pooja
| Dj Dips
|Saga Hits
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|Designer
|[[Nimrat Khaira]]
|[[Deep Jandu]]
|Humble Music
|-
|Mude Marr Jaange
|Raghveer Boli, [[Bohemia (rapper)|Bohemia]]
|Jay K
|Bohemia
|-
|Double Cross
|[[Ammy Virk]]
|Ikky
|Speed Records
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|Sohnea 2
|Miss Pooja
|Millind Gaba
|Speed Records
|-
|Main Teri Ho Gayi Aa
|Millind Gaba
|Millind Gaba
|Speed Records
|-
| rowspan="8" |2020
|Miss You
|Gippy Grewal
|Enzo
|Humble Music
|-
|Me and You
|Gippy Grewal
|Desi Crew
|T-Series
|-
|Taare
|[[Diljit Dosanjh]]
|Intense
|Diljit Dosanjh
|-
|Sone Di Dabbi
|Gippy Grewal
|Desi Crew
|Music Builderzz
|-
|Pyaar Mangdi
|Jassie Gill, Happy Raikoti
|Avvy Sra
|Jassie Gill
|-
|• Sharaab
• Aish Aa

(From album "The Main Man"
|Gippy Grewal
|Deep Jandu
|Geet MP3
|-
|Jaan
|Gurnam Bhullar
|Sharry Nexus
|Jass Records
|-
|Taare Baliye
|Ammy Virk
|Avvy Sra
|Burfi Music
|-
| rowspan="7" |2021
|Khabbi Seat
|Ammy Virk
|Mix Singh
|Burfi Music
|-
|Oye Hoye Hoye
|Jassie Gill
|Avvy Sra
|T- Series
|-
|Be Ready
|Ninja
|Desi Crew
|Happy Raikoti
|-
|Mannda E Ni
|Dj Flow
|Avvy Sra
|Hashtag Records
|-
|Kade Kade
|Ammy Virk
|Avvy Sra
|[[T-Series (company)|T- Series]]
|-
|Tere Laare
|Afsana Khan
|Desi Crew
|DC Studioz
|-
|Hathyar 2
|[[Gippy Grewal]], Manpreet Kaur
|Laddi Gill
|Humble Music
|}

== Lyricist in movies ==
===Punjabi===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Movie
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Jatt James Bond]]''
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Angrej]]''
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Dildariyaan]]''
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Ambarsariya]]''
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Love Punjab]]''
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Ardaas (film)|Ardaas]]''
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Dulla Bhatti]]''
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Main Teri Tu Mera]]''
|-
|2016
| ''Tiger''
|-
|2016
| ''[[Lock (film)|Lock]]''
|-
|2016
| ''[[Darra (film)|Darra]]''
|-
|2016
| ''[[Nikka Zaildar]]''
|-
|2017
| ''[[Sarvann]]''
|-
|2017
| ''[[Manje Bistre]]''
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Golak Bugni Bank Te Batua]]''
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Shadaa]]''
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Ardaas Karaan (film)|Ardaas Karaan]]''
|-
|2020
|Ik Sandhu Hunda Si
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Puaada]]''
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Sher Bagga]]''
|}

===Hindi===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Movie
|-
| 2021
| [[Sardar Ka Grandson]]
|-
|2021
|[[Kya Meri Sonam Gupta Bewafa Hai?]]
|-
|}

==References==
<references/>

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=8328781}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raipoti, Happy}}
[[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]
[[Category:Punjabi music]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Raikot]]
[[Category:Bhangra (music) musicians]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:People from Ludhiana district]]
[[Category:Musicians from Ludhiana]]

Lambloo

2025-05-26T19:19:52Z

ErikaMchenry4: Starting A Article!

{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lambloo
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number]]
| postal_code = 305623
}}
'''Lambloo''' is a town situated in [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> It is 10 km away from the [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur District]] famous for ShaniDev temple which attracts pilgrims from nearby places, particularly on weekend days. A famous [[Shiva]] temple is situated in the nearby village [[Gasota]] while reaching Lambloo from the district headquarters.

{{coord missing|Himachal Pradesh}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh}}
[[Category:Villages in Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh]]

Halalpur Krishnapur

2025-05-20T00:27:35Z

ErikaMchenry4: New New Post

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Halalpur Krishnapur
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.203505|N|88.588553|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.4912
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5202
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 741202
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03454
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ranaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ranaghat Uttar Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat Uttar Paschim]]
| website = {{URL|http://nadia.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Halalpur Krishnapur''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Ranaghat II]] [[Community development block|CD block]] in the [[Ranaghat subdivision]] of the [[Nadia district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=250| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|14|0|N|88|32|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Ranaghat subdivision of Nadia district''' M: municipal town/ city/notified area, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|13|53|N|88|23|15|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Nrisinghapur | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Nrisinghapur]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|14|0|N|88|25|0|E}} | label-pos2=bottom|label2=Ghoralia | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Ghoralia]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|15|15|N|88|28|52|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Harinadibhastsala | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Harinadibhastsala]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|13|50|N|88|28|7|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Beharia | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Beharia, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|12|5|N|88|30|22|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Phulia | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Phulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|20|40|N|88|38|38|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Bagula | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Bagula]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|18|45|N|88|31|48|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Badkulla | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Badkulla]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|18|50|N|88|30|55|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Patuli | numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Patuli, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|17|20|N|88|31|47|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Gangni | numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Gangni]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|13|50|N|88|33|20|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Kamgachhi | numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Kamgachhi]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|12|55|N|88|33|40|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Raghabpur | numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Raghabpur, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|12|0|N|88|32|18|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Panpara | numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Panpara]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|11|15|N|88|33|32|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Aistala | numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Aistala]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|8|55|N|88|33|2|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Satigachha | numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Satigachha]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|8|15|N|88|33|6|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Anulia | numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Anulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|6|55|N|88|32|44|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Gopalpur | numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Gopalpur, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|6|10|N|88|33|20|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Parbbatipur | numbered17=CT| mark-title17= [[Parbbatipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|12|45|N|88|35|18|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Halalpur Krishnapur | numbered18=CT| mark-title18= Halalpur Krishnapur (CT)|shape-color18=black| label-size18=13|label-color18=black 
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|11|15|N|88|35|0|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Hijuli | numbered19=CT| mark-title19= [[Hijuli, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|9|40|N|88|34|44|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Ranaghat (CT) | numbered20=CT| mark-title20= [[Ranaghat (CT)]] (CT)
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|8|5|N|88|34|24|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Nasra | numbered21=CT| mark-title21= [[Nasra, Ranaghat]] (CT)
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|7|51|N|88|38|38|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Gangnapur | numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Gangnapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|5|50|N|88|31|45|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Belgharia | numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Belgharia, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|10|30|N|88|31|40|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Ranaghat |label-size24=13 | numbered24=M| mark-title24= [[Ranaghat]] (M)|label-color24=#800000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|16|4|N|88|26|13|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Shantipur |label-size25=13 | numbered25=M| mark-title25= [[Shantipur]] (M)|label-color25=#800000
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|15|25|N|88|33|29|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Birnagar |label-size26=13 | numbered26=M| mark-title26= [[Birnagar]] (M)|label-color26=#800000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|8|50|N|88|35|21|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Cooper's Camp |label-size27=11 | numbered27=M| mark-title27= [[Cooper's Camp]] (M)|label-color27=#800000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|16|25|N|88|32|8|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= Taherpur |label-size28=11 | numbered28=M| mark-title28= [[Taherpur]] (M)|label-color28=#800000
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|13|34|N|88|40|30|E}} | label-pos29=right|label29= Panikhali| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Panikhali]] (R)| shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|14|34|N|88|36|17|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Aranghata| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Aranghata]] (R)| shape-color30=#C40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|14|44|N|88|42|21|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Duttapulia| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Duttapulia]] (R)| shape-color31=#C40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|22|3|N|88|36|4|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32= Hanskhali| numbered32=R| mark-title32= [[Hanskhali]] (R)| shape-color32=#C40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|9|45|N|88|30|38|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33= Habibpur| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Habibpur, Nadia]] (R)| shape-color33=#C40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|11|58|N|88|37|50|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Dhantala| numbered34=R| mark-title34= [[Dhantala]] (R)| shape-color34=#C40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|10|27|N|88|35|48|E}} | label-pos35=right|label35= Nokari| numbered35=R| mark-title35= [[Nokari]] (R)| shape-color35=#C40000
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|6|50|N|88|31|25|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36= Payradanga| numbered36=R| mark-title36= [[Payradanga]] (R)| shape-color36=#C40000
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|18|0|N|88|21|0|E}}|label37= Bhagirathi| labela37=River|label-color37 = #77A1CB| label-angle37=-75| label-pos37=top| label-size37=11| mark-size37=0| mark-title37=none
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|19|40|N|88|35|0|E}}|label38= Churni |labela38 = River| label-color38 = #77A1CB| label-angle38=-65| label-pos38=top| label-size38=11| mark-size38=0| mark-title38=none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|22|30|N|88|46|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=70| arc-gapA=3.0| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Halalpur Krishnapur is located at {{coord|23.203505|N|88.588553|E|display=inline}}.

The maps of Ranaghat I and Ranaghat II CD blocks, in the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Nadia'', shows the census towns of [[Kamgachhi]], [[Raghabpur, Nadia|Raghabpur]], [[Panpara]], [[Aistala]], [[Satigachha]], [[Anulia]], Halalpur Krishnapur, [[Hijuli, Nadia|Hijuli]] and [[Ranaghat (CT)]] forming a cluster around [[Ranaghat]]. Certain other localities such as [[Nokari]], [[Nasra, Ranaghat|Nasra]], [[Cooper's Camp]], [[Birnagar]], [[Habibpur, Nadia|Habibpur]], [[Gopalpur, Nadia|Gopalpur]] and [[Parbbatipur]] are also linked with this cluster.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Nadia, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Map of Ranaghat I CD block, page 449, and Map of Ranaghat II CD block, page 475| publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 8 October 2020}}</ref>

===Area overview===
Nadia district is mostly alluvial plains lying to the east of [[Hooghly River]], locally known as Bhagirathi. The alluvial plains are cut across by such distributaries as Jalangi, Churni and Ichhamati. With these rivers getting silted up, floods are a recurring feature.<ref>Gangopadhyay, Basudev, ''Paschimbanga Parichay'', 2001, {{in lang|bn}}, p. 70, Sishu Sahitya Sansad</ref> The Ranaghat subdivision has the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi]] on the west, with [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]] and [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] districts lying across the river. Topographically, Ranaghat subdivision is spread across the Krishnanagar-Santipur Plain, which occupies the central part of the district, and the Ranaghat-Chakdaha Plain, the low-lying area found in the south-eastern part of the district. The [[Churni River|Churni]] separates the two plains. A portion of the east forms the boundary with [[Bangladesh]]. The lower portion of the east is covered by a portion of the [[North 24 Parganas district]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Nadia, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 13,14 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 16 October 2020}}</ref> The subdivision has achieved reasonably high urbanisation. 41.68% of the population lives in urban areas and 58.32% lives in rural areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia | work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 16 October 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map. All the four subdivisions are presented with maps on the same scale – the size of the maps vary as per the area of the subdivision.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Halalpur Krishnapur had a total population of 5,202, of which 2,676 (51%) were males and 2,526 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 432. The total number of literate persons in Halalpur Krishnapur was 3,904 (81.84% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 8 October 2020}}</ref>

The following municipalities, notified area, outgrowths and census towns were part of Ranaghat Urban Agglomeration in 2011 census: [[Ranaghat]] (M), [[Birnagar]] (M), [[Cooper's Camp]] (NA), Magurkhali (OG), [[Ranaghat (CT)]] (CT), [[Hijuli, Nadia|Hijuli]] (CT), [[Aistala]] (CT), [[Satigachha]] (CT), [[Nasra, Ranaghat|Nasra]] (CT), [[Panpara]] (CT), [[Raghabpur, Nadia|Raghabpur]] (CT), [[Kamgachhi]] (CT), [[Anulia]] (CT) and Halalpur Krishnapur (CT).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | work= Constituents of Urban Agglomeration Having Population Above 1 Lakh |publisher= Census of India 2011 | access-date = 18 October 2020}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Nadia'', Halalpur Krishnapur covered an area of 2.4912 km2. Among the civic amenities, the protected water supply involved BWT, tubewell, borewell. It had 720 domestic electric connections, 45 road light points. Among the medical facilities, the nearest dispensary/ health centre was 6 km away. Among the educational facilities it had 1 primary school, other school facilities at Hijuli 2 km away. Three important commodities it produced were silver ornaments, carpentry items, powerloom products. It had branch offices of 2 nationalised banks, 2 private commercial banks, 2 cooperative banks, 1 agricultural credit society, 2 non-agricultural credit societies.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Nadia, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 635-656; Statement I: Status and Growth History, Page 635; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Page 641; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Page 643; Statement IV: Medical Facilities, Page 646; Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Page 655; Statement VI: Industry and Banking, Page 2833 | publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 30 September 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[Kalinarayanpur Junction railway station]], located nearby, is on the [[Lalgola and Gede branch lines|Sealdah-Krishnanagar line]] of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/all/14624/325/1164 | title = Sealdah Krishnanagar City Local | work = Time Table | publisher = IndiaRailInfo | access-date = 11 October 2020}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Aranghata Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at [[Aranghata]], is the major government medical facility in the Ranaghat II CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =6 October 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nadia District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Nadia district]]

Chhaa Jaa

2025-05-16T15:39:28Z

ErikaMchenry4: created data

{{Multiple issues|
{{Promotional|date=December 2023}}
{{Notability|Org|date=June 2022}}
}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Chhaa Jaa
| image =
| image_size =
| established = 2019
| founders = [[Girl Effect]]
| focus = To educate adolescent girls
| location = India
| key_people =
| affiliations =
| website = {{URL|https://www.chhaajaa.com}}
}}

'''Chhaa Jaa''' (Go Forth and Shine) is a digital-first youth brand in [[India]] that aims to help girls build the confidence they need to make choices and changes in their lives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Girl Effect's new initiative Chhaa Jaa aims to empower adolescent girls through digital media: Jessica Posner Odede |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/girl-effects-new-initiative-chaa-jaa-aims-to-empower-adolescent-girls-through-digital-media-jessica-posner-odede/articleshow/71524709.cms |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=The Times of India |date=10 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, Chhaa Jaa launched "Bol Behen," a Hinglish chatbot providing a safe space for girls to ask questions on sensitive topics like relationships and reproductive health.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-10 |title=Girl Effect's first youth program launched in India |url=https://mattersindia.com/2019/10/girl-effects-first-youth-program-launched-in-india/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=Matters India |language=en-US}}</ref>

They also established the girls-only Facebook community "Bak Bak Gang" in 2019, serving as a safe space for girls to discuss various topics covered in Chhaa Jaa's content.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Chhaa Jaa': Empowering Adolescence adolescent girls with digital media|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chhaa-jaa-empowering-adolescent-girls-with-digital-media/articleshow/71519433.cms |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=The Times of India |date=10 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== Recognitions ==
*[[UNESCO]], [[UNICEF]], [[World Health Organization|WHO]], HRP and [[United Nations Population Fund|UNFPA]] commissioned Chhaa Jaa to serve as a best practice case study for a model for youth-centred digital health interventions released in 2020.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}
*Digital media series Khullam Khulla won an India Content Leadership Award’ 2020 for 'Best Content in a Digital Media Campaign for a Cause'.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

==See also==
[[Girl Effect]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Official website|https://www.chhaajaa.com}}

[[Category:Women's education in India]]

Badiya Ka Bala, Ajmer

2025-05-05T16:57:48Z

ErikaMchenry4: put up a details

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Badiya Ka Bala
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ajmer district|Ajmer]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ajmer tehsil]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 305
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="AjmerCensusDCHB-B">{{Cite book|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0821_PART_B_DCHB_AJMER.pdf|title=District Census Handbook Ajmer, Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract|last=|first=|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations|year=2011|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]]
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 =
| blank3_info_sec1 =
| blank4_name_sec1 =
| blank4_info_sec1 =
| blank5_name_sec1 =
| blank5_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec2 =
| blank2_info_sec2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 305206
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =

| blank_name_sec2 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Ajmer (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ajmer]]<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituency]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Pushkar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pushkar]]<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>
}}
'''Badiya Ka Bala''' is a village in [[Ajmer tehsil]] of [[Ajmer district]] of [[Rajasthan|Rajasthan state]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=651 भू-अभिलेख निरीक्षक बने नायब तहसीलदार {{!}} 651 Naib Tehsildar becomes land records inspector|url=https://www.patrika.com/ajmer-news/651-naib-tehsildar-becomes-land-records-inspector-5314300/|access-date=2022-01-12|website=Patrika News}}</ref> The village falls under Miyapur [[gram panchayat]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=District sub district identification code—Rajasthan Government|url=http://www.rajcensus.gov.in/OTHER/AHS.PDF|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123040612/http://www.rajcensus.gov.in:80/OTHER/AHS.PDF |archive-date=2014-01-23 }}</ref>

==Demography==
As per [[2011 census of India]], Badiya Ka Bala has population of 305 of which 159 are males and 146 are females. [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] of the village is 918.<ref name="AjmerCensusDCHB-B" />

==Transportation==
Badiya Ka Bala is connected by air ([[Kishangarh Airport]]), by train ([[Ajmer Junction railway station]]) and by road.

==See also==
*[[Ajmer Tehsil]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Villages in Ajmer district]]

{{AjmerDistrict-geo-stub}}

Sasthamkotta railway station

2025-03-10T03:37:18Z

ErikaMchenry4: typo fix

{{Short description|Railway station in Kerala, India}}
{{About|the railway station|the town|Sasthamkotta|the city|Kollam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Sasthamkotta
| type = [[Regional rail]], [[Light rail]] & [[Commuter rail]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Sasthamkotta railway station.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = [[Sasthamkotta]], [[Kollam district|Kollam]], [[Kerala]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|9|01|53.2|N|76|36|03.4|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sasthamkotta_railway_station&params=9_01_53.2_N_76_36_03.4_E_type:railwaystation_region:IN]
| map_type = India#India Kerala
| elevation = 36.34
| line = [[Ernakulam–Kollam line (via Kottayam and Kayamkulam)|Ernakulam–Kottayam-Kollam line]]
| other =
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At–grade]]
| platform = 2
| tracks = 4
| parking = Available
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1958}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = [[25 kV AC]] [[Utility frequency|50 Hz]]
| accessible = 
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = STKT
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Thiruvananthapuram}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| zone = [[Indian Railways]]
| passengers = 2,459 per day
| classification = '''NSG-5'''
| pass_percent =
| annual passenger earnings =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
| route_map = {{Ernakulam–Kottayam–Kayamkulam–Kollam line|inline=1}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Sasthamkotta railway station''' (station code: STKT) is an NSG–5 category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]].<ref name="sr_stn">{{cite web |title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 (CATEGORY- WISE) |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=3 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=7 |date=1 April 2023}}</ref> It is located in the [[Kollam district]] of [[Kerala]].<ref>[https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1641895515486-ANNUAL%20EARNINGS.pdf Southern Railway Station Categorization]</ref> The nearest important major rail head to Sasthamkotta is [[Kollam Junction railway station]]. As per the latest railway report, Sasthamkotta railway station has generated {{INRConvert|1.2479|c|lk=on}} through annual passenger tickets earning during the year 2016–17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1513057317774-Profile%20of%20Thiruvananthapuram%20Division.pdf |title=Stations Profile 2017 |publisher=Indian Railways |accessdate=14 March 2018}}</ref>

==Services==
;Express trains having halt at the station.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#fff;"
|-
!! style="background:gold;"| Train no
!! style="background:gold;"| Origin
!! style="background:gold;"| Destination
!! style="background:gold;"| Train name
|-
|16347/16348
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Central]]
|[[Mangalore Central]]
|Mangalore Express
|-
|16629/16630
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Central]]
|[[Mangalore Central]]
|[[Malabar Express]]
|-
|16303/16304
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Central]]
|[[Ernakulam Junction]]
|[[Vanchinad Express]]
|-
|16649/16650
|{{stnlnk|Nagercoil Junction}}
|[[Mangalore Central]]
|[[Parasuram Express]]
|-
|16525/16526
|{{stnlnk|Bangalore City}}
|{{stnlnk|Kanyakumari}}
|[[Island Express (train)|Island Express]]
|-
|18567/18568
|{{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}}
|{{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam}}
|[[Kollam–Visakhapatnam Express]]
|-
|16302/16301
|{{stnlnk|Thiruvananthapuram Central}}
|{{stnlnk|Shoranur Junction}}
|[[Venad Express]]
|-
|16791/16792
|{{stnlnk|Punalur}}
|[[Palakkad]]
|[[Palaruvi Express]]
|-
|06015/06016
|[[Ernakulam Junction]]
|{{stnlnk|Velankanni}}
|Special Express
|-
|16366
|[[Nagercoil Junction railway station|Nagercoil Junction]]
|[[Kottayam railway station|Kottayam]]
|
|}

;Passenger trains having halt at the station

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#fff;"
|-
!! style="background:gold;"| Train no
!! style="background:gold;"| Origin
!! style="background:gold;"| Destination
!! style="background:gold;"| Train name
|-
|56300/56301
|{{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}}
|{{stnlnk|Alappuzha}}
|Passenger
|-
|56391/56392
|{{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}}
|[[Ernakulam Junction railway station|Ernakulam]]
|Passenger
|-
|56305
|{{stnlnk|Kottayam}}
|{{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}}
|Passenger
|-
|56304
|{{stnlnk|Nagercoil Junction}}
|{{stnlnk|Kottayam}}
|Passenger
|-
|66300/66301
|{{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}}
|[[Ernakulam Junction railway station|Ernakulam]]
|MEMU
|-
|66307/66308
|[[Ernakulam Junction railway station|Ernakulam]]
|{{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}}
|MEMU
|-
|56393/56394
|{{stnlnk|Kottayam}}
|{{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}}
|Passenger
|-
|66302/66303
|{{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}}
|[[Ernakulam Junction railway station|Ernakulam]]
|MEMU
|-
|56365/56366
|{{stnlnk|Guruvayur}}
|{{stnlnk|Punalur}}
|Fast Passenger
|}

==See also==
* [[Karunagappalli railway station]]
* [[Kollam Junction railway station]]
* [[Paravur railway station]]
* [[Kayamkulam Junction railway station]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sasthamkotta_railway_station&params=9_01_53.2_N_76_36_03.4_E_type:railwaystation_region:IN GeoHack - Sasthamkotta railway station]

{{commons category|Sasthamkotta}}

{{Railway stations in Kerala |state=expanded}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1958]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Kollam district|Sasthamkotta]]
[[Category:Thiruvananthapuram railway division]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in Kerala]]

{{Kerala-railstation-stub}}

Lendbox

2025-01-01T18:27:00Z

ErikaMchenry4: Starting New Details!

{{Short description|P2P lending platform}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Transactree Technologies Private Limited
| logo = LendboxLogo.svg
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Financial services]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2015|11}} in [[New Delhi]], India
| founder = Ekmeet Singh ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])
| hq_location_city = [[New Delhi, Delhi]]
| hq_location_country = India
| area_served = India
| key_people = {{UBL| Bhuvan Rustagi ([[Co-founder]]) |Jatin Malwal ([[Co-founder]] and [[Chief technology officer|CTO]]) }}
| website = {{URL |https://lendbox.in}}
}}
'''Lendbox''' (officially known as '''Transactree Technologies Private Limited''') is an Indian [[peer-to-peer lending]] and [[peer to peer investing]] [[non-bank financial institution]] founded in 2015 and based in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nayanam |first=Shivam |date=2024-08-30 |title=Lendbox Review: Debt Investing Made Accessible |url=https://aayushbhaskar.com/lendbox-review/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Aayush Bhaskar |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-01 |title=How lendbox, a bootstrap-funded startup, is addressing the credit needs of over 6 million borrowers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/brandhub/pr-release/how-lendbox-a-bootstrap-funded-startup-is-addressing-the-credit-needs-of-over-6-million-borrowers/article67800438.ece |access-date=2024-10-11 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The company provides a platform for peer-to-peer lending allowing individuals to invest in loans and borrowers to obtain funding directly from individual investors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=DNA Web |title=Why P2P lending platforms like lendbox are attracting new age investors? |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-why-p2p-lending-platforms-like-lendbox-are-attracting-new-age-investors-3080366 |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Lendbox was founded by Ekmeet Singh, Bhuvan Rustagi, and Jatin Malwal in 2015. Lendbox raised Rs. 6 crore from its first investor, IvyCap Ventures in a pre-series [[Funding round|financing round]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Supraja |date=2018-11-26 |title=IvyCap Ventures makes first investment in P2P lending through Lendbox |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/ivycap-ventures-makes-first-investment-in-p2p-lending-through-lendbox/articleshow/66802892.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In 2018, Lendbox was listed among the top 10 P2P lending platforms in India by The Indian Wire.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varun |date=2018-08-25 |title=List of top 10 P2P lending startups in India |url=https://www.theindianwire.com/startups/top-p2p-lending-startups-72116/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=The Indian Wire |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Varun |date=2019-04-19 |title=Lendbox Review : Details & Review of P2P Lending For Investors |url=https://www.theindianwire.com/startups/lendbox-review-121376/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=The Indian Wire |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kancherla |first=Prashanth |date=2024-04-24 |title=10 Best P2P lending platforms in India (2024) |url=https://ozonetel.com/p2p-lending-platforms-india/ |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=ozonetel.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2019, Lendbox received the NBFC-P2P certification from the [[Reserve Bank of India|Reserve Bank of India (RBI)]] allowing it to operate as a registered P2P lending platform.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-02-02 |title=Lendbox Receives NBFC - Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Certification from the RBI |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/business/in-other-news/020219/lendbox-receives-nbfc-peer-to-peer-p2p-certification-from-the-rbi.html |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

Lendbox offered multiple P2P services both directly and through its partners (like [[Mobikwik#Xtra|Mobikwik Xtra]]). For fixed investments, they provided an annual interest rate of 13.99%. However, if withdrawals were made before maturity, the interest rate was reduced to 8% per annum. For flexible investments, Lendbox offered up to 12% interest per annum.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhalla |first=Tarush |date=2022-09-19 |title=MobiKwik launches investment product Xtra, scales AUM to over Rs 100 crore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/mobikwik-launches-investment-product-xtra-scales-aum-to-over-rs-100-crore/articleshow/94287134.cms |access-date=2024-10-11 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

By the [[fiscal year]] 2025, Lendbox expects a revenue growth of 20% due to its expanding market presence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhakta |first=Pratik |date=2023-11-29 |title=P2P companies log revenue jump, thanks to business partnerships |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/p2p-startups-show-strong-revenue-leverage-partnership-business-to-the-fullest/articleshow/105570146.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-11 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramanathan |first=Ajay |date=2024-07-03 |title=Lendbox expects revenue to grow by 20% in FY25 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/banking-finance-lendbox-expects-revenue-to-grow-by-20-in-fy25-3541761/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Partnerships ==
Lendbox partnered with several [[fintech]] platforms including EaseMyDeal, Cashe, [[TransUnion]] (formerly TrueCredit) and [[MobiKwik|Mobikwik]] (for both [[Mobikwik#Xtra|Xtra]] and [[Mobikwik#Zip pay later|Zip]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-12-21 |title=EaseMyDeal Partners with LendBox to launch P2P Investment on its App at Flat 10 per cent p.a. |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/easemydeal-partners-with-lendbox-to-launch-p2p-investment-on-its-app-at-flat-10-per-cent-p-a/1895222/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-08 |title=Lendbox partners with leading fintech platforms Cashe & True Credits to fuel future growth |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/impact-feature/lendbox-partners-with-leading-fintech-platforms-cashe-true-credits-to-fuel-future-growth-588734/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversies ==

=== System loopholes ===
Between December 2022 and March 2023, Lendbox faced a significant issue wherein approximately 457 scamster accounts exploited system loopholes. These accounts allegedly deposited cash into various P2P lending schemes and then withdrew the amount twice by making fraudulent refund requests—once through the Lendbox or Mobikwik app and a second time via the [[National Payments Corporation of India]] (NPCI), citing non-receipt of funds. This resulted in a loss amounting to approximately Rs. 10 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Raj |date=2023-08-07 |title=Fraudsters use system error to dupe lending platform of Rs 10cr |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/fraudsters-use-system-error-to-dupe-lending-platform-of-rs-10cr/articleshow/102483843.cms |access-date=2024-10-11 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Lendbox filed an FIR against the culprits to address the situation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thathoo |first=Chetan |date=2023-08-10 |title=Scamsters Exploit System Error To Defraud P2P Lending Startup Lendbox Of INR 10 Cr |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/scamsters-exploit-system-error-to-defraud-p2p-lending-startup-lendbox-of-inr-10-cr/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref>

=== Unauthorized Loan Scam ===
Several people reported that Lendbox negatively impacted their [[TransUnion CIBIL|CIBIL scores]] despite not having taken any loans from the platform.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alam |first=Sahil |date=2024-05-09 |title=Mobikwik Zip Loan incorrect reporting and unfair late payments fees |url=https://www.technofino.in/community/threads/mobikwik-zip-loan-incorrect-reporting-and-unfair-late-payments-fees.26403/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=TechnoFino |language=en-US}}</ref> Lendbox clarified that these loans were issued by their partner, Mobikwik.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |editor-last=Mitra |editor-first=Chandrajit |title="My Mistake Was...": Finfluencer Anupam Gupta Victim Of Loan Fraud |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/finfluencer-anupam-gupta-latest-victim-of-loan-fraud-being-chased-by-mobikwik-agents-5797860 |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Sumit |date=2023-12-29 |title=Financial Scam Alert: Possible Unauthorized Loans Impacting Multiple Individuals via lendbox.in, Check Your CIBIL Scores Immediately |url=https://www.punekarnews.in/financial-scam-alert-possible-unauthorized-loans-impacting-multiple-individuals-via-lendbox-in-check-your-cibil-scores-immediately/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Punekar News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-23 |title=Cibil Showing a loan from Transctree Technologies Pvt Ltd but I've not Taken any Loan {{!}} Consumer Complaints Court |url=https://consumercomplaintscourt.com/cibil-showing-a-loan-from-transctree-technologies-pvt-ltd-but-ive-not-taken-any-loan/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Operational Changes ===
Following guidelines issued by the RBI in March 2024, Lendbox ceased the 'Anytime Withdrawal' feature from September 2024 due to which existing funds were subsequently re-invested without explicit consent from users and approval for borrower's list.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhakta |first=Pratik |date=2024-03-22 |title=P2P lenders to stop 'liquid funds' as RBI peers into business |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/p2p-lenders-to-stop-liquid-funds-as-rbi-peers-into-business/articleshow/108686922.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-22 |title=P2P lenders under stress; Pocket FM's unicorn funding round |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/newsletters/morning-dispatch/p2p-lenders-under-stress-pocket-fms-unicorn-funding-round/articleshow/108691415.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhakta |first=Pratik |date=2024-09-05 |title=P2P investors take to social media to vent against new RBI rules |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/p2p-investors-grapple-with-amended-rbi-rules-vent-ire-on-social-media/articleshow/113068953.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

Approximately Rs. 7000 crore was mapped as loan against user wishes in [[Mobikwik#Xtra Scam|Mobikwik Xtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Ritu |date=2024-09-09 |title=MobiKwik Xtra suspends 'anytime withdrawals' following RBI's recent directions on P2P lending - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/finance/mobikwik-xtra-suspends-anytime-withdrawals-rbi-p2p-lending-new-rules-nbfc-19473020.htm |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=[[CNBC TV18]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thanawala |first=Hiral |date=2024-10-23 |title=Funds locked post RBI's new P2P lending rules, Lendbox investors seek recourse |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/personal-finance/rbis-p2p-lending-guidelines-lock-funds-lendbox-investors-seek-recourse-12848575.html |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=moneycontrol.com}}</ref>

Company also shifted its focus to fixed-tenure products in order to comply with regulatory requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramanathan |first=Ajay |date=2024-03-27 |title=P2P lenders focus on fixed tenure products after RBI rap |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/banking-finance-p2p-lenders-focus-on-fixed-tenure-products-after-rbi-rap-3437430/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.lendbox.in}}

{{FinTech in India}}

[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2015]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 2015]]

Aravani Art Project

2024-09-23T04:28:04Z

ErikaMchenry4: put up post.

{{Short description|Public art collective in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox artist 
| name = Aravani Art Project
| image = File:Artists at Work, Aravani Art Project 2023.jpg
| caption = Artists at Work, Aravani Art Project in Mumbai, 15 April 2023
| field = [[Public Art]], [[Murals]]
| movement = [[Artivism]], [[Feminist Art]]
| awards = Awesome Without Borders Grant
| website = https://aravaniartproject.com
}}

'''Aravani Art Project''' is an Indian [[public art]] collective, run by trans and [[Cisgender|cis]] women.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Aravani Art Project |url=https://www.platform-mag.com/art/the-aravani-art-project.html |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=www.platform-mag.com}}</ref> Initiated by Bangalore-based artist Poornima Sukumar, the project brings together people from the [[transgender]] community who paint [[mural]]s inspired by their lives and experiences, in and around public spaces in the city. The project is named after the annual [[Aravan Festival in Coimbatore|Aravani Festival]] that takes place in the [[Koovagam|Koothandavar Temple]], [[Tamil Nadu]], where thousands of members from the transgender community assemble to perform the rituals of being married to Lord [[Iravan|Aravan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kejriwal |first=Rohini |title=The Aravani Art Project: Using street art to empower the transgender community |url=http://scroll.in/magazine/824810/aravani-art-project-a-project-that-uses-street-art-to-empower-the-transgender-community |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> While it began locally in [[Bangalore]] in the year 2016, the members of the project have traveled to different parts of India and Sri Lanka in their mission to spread awareness and reclaim public spaces through the medium of [[art]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-03 |title=Transgender Women Around India Are Discovering the Joy of Art With Help From a Bengaluru Muralist |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/94106/aravani-art-project/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Better India |language=en}}</ref>

As of 2022, the Aravani Art Project has painted murals on the entrance and walkway of the [[India Art Fair]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-27 |title=India Art Fair preview: What to expect in 2022 |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/story/india-art-fair-preview-what-to-expect-in-2022/ |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=Architectural Digest India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Inception ==
In 2015, artist Poornima Sukumar, derived inspiration from the [[Aravan Festival in Coimbatore|Aravani Festival]] of [[Koovagam]] Temple in naming and creating the project that would eventually become the Aravani Art Project. The project was set up in [[Bangalore]], in 2016. The director of the project, Sukumar, had experience and knowledge of the lives of trans people in India, who identify as ''[[Hijra (South Asia)|hijra]],'' through her documentary research.<ref name=":0" /> The project was created as a space where members of the community could engage in conversations and transform their narratives through [[street art]].{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

Since 2016, Poornima Sukumar and her team, which now includes Shanthi Muniswamy, Karnika Bai, Vicky Shinde, Kanchana, Jyothi, Shwetha, Smita Avimuktha, Varsha, Chandri, Purushi, Aishu, Mayuri, Kajal and many other people from the [[transgender]] community have been actively involved in various painting projects across the country. Although the project is founded by Poornima Sukumar, it took shape along with her former work partner Sadhna Prasad . The back-hand team now consists of Nandini Rajaram, Murugan, Deepak George, Boodhesh, Aditi and so on <ref>{{Cite web |title=ARAVANI ART PROJECT - Our People |url=https://aravaniartproject.com/our-team |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=aravaniartproject.com}}</ref>

== Structure and Method ==
In 2016, Sukumar gathered a few members from the hijra transgender community and painted their first mural in Bangalore city. Aravani Art Project's initial work focused on small scale pieces where they used the metaphors of the wall as society. Huge and colorful murals were painted, and members of the community stood against this backdrop, camouflaged in the same color patterns. This was meant to signify their inclusion within society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ARAVANI ART PROJECT -kr-market |url=https://aravaniartproject.com/kr-markert_01 |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=aravaniartproject.com}}</ref> The project has expanded to paint murals over different metropolitan city spaces around India, and has completed an international project in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Likewise, members of the collective are ever-growing and join them in creating the paintings from various parts of the country.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

=== Style ===
The art works created by the project are mainly murals. They span walls - of city spaces, classrooms, school/college facades, even halls of public buildings like theaters, corporate offices, libraries and restaurants/pubs. Each mural project encapsulates a specific theme relating to gender, sexuality, freedom, even ecological awareness.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-02-16 |title=Aravani Art Project: Creating safe public spaces for the transgender community through visual art |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/aravani-art-project-creating-safe-public-spaces-for-transgender-community-visual-art-murals-7769696/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Their art practice aims to archive traditional language, song, myths and stories of the transgender community. The art forms reflect a vector art style of drawing and painting. Many of them contain one line messages that emphasize freedom, dignity of existence, differences in human lives, and the importance of sustainable practices. The locations of these murals are often close to their community spaces, in order to ensure a close relationship with their bases.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Asmita |date=2017-06-01 |title=The Aravani Art Project: Inclusivity & Art With The Transgender Community |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2017/06/02/aravani-art-project/ |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=Feminism In India |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Themes ===
The Aravani Art Project attempts to herald a change in the way transgender experiences and lives are seen in society.<ref name=":1" /> Members of the transgender community are claiming visibility, inclusion and rightful opportunities in society to a larger extent in the current day and age. Their representation in popular culture have increased to a certain extent from before.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-08 |title=Trans representation in Indian cinema |url=https://mediaindia.eu/cinema/trans-representation-in-indian-cinema/ |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=Media India Group |language=en}}</ref> However, the stigma around their identities and gender expression still remains. In most spaces they face discrimination and systemic inequalities, even violence.<ref name=":1" />

The project visualizes the occupation of spaces that are denied to persons from gender and sexual minority communities. Through art, they aim to raise awareness and increase conversations regarding rights, sharing experiences and reclaiming spaces. They attempt to create a change in society through a form of artistic activism that enables members of the LGBTQIA+ community to enter public spaces confidently and create safe experiences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Aravani Project |url=http://www.redelephantfoundation.org/2016/10/the-aravani-project.html |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Red Elephant Foundation}}</ref>

=== Reception ===
The Aravani Art Project has grown to a large scale since its inception in 2016. They have completed over 60 projects, spanning across ten cities. They have collaborated with St+Art India Foundation, various [[Multinational corporation|MNC's]] like [[Microsoft]], [[Wipro]], [[Goldman Sachs|Goldmann Sachs]] and [[JPMorgan Chase|JP Morgan]]. They have also collaborated with local theaters, art galleries, the [[India Art Fair]], public libraries and educational institutions in running workshops, creating murals that inform and aesthetically brightens public spaces.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=ARAVANI ART PROJECT - Projects To Empower Transgender Community |url=https://aravaniartproject.com/projects |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=aravaniartproject.com}}</ref>

== Work ==

=== Major Projects ===
The Aravani Art Project has completed more than sixty projects across India and Sri Lanka. Some of the major ones include:

# '''Social Impact Mural''': ''[[Soho House (club)|Soho]]'' Mumbai, commissioned the project to create a mural highlighting equality, fraternity and sustainability on a private beach facing wall, in February, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SOHO House / Social Impact Mural |url=https://www.artandfound.work/our-work/sohohouse |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=Art&Found |language=en-US}}</ref>
# '''Not Just Faces''': an exhibition of sixty portraits painted by the members, accompanied by oral narratives of their lives and experiences at the [[Serendipity Arts Festival]], [[Goa]], December, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The art of expression at Serendipity Arts Festival |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/the-art-of-expression-at-serendipity-arts-festival/cid/1736084 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
# Painting of '''Story Walls''', in collaboration with Pratham Books, where members painted three classroom walls, in over three different government schools, highlighting trans and women's narratives. July, 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ARAVANI ART PROJECT -Government-schools |url=https://aravaniartproject.com/government-schools_23 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=aravaniartproject.com}}</ref>
# '''Trans Lives Matter''': St+Art India Foundation, in Delhi, invited the project to work on a large scale mural on a school wall in [[Lodhi Colony]]. This saw the collaboration of women from Delhi's transgender community as well. The mural paid homage to transgender persons who paved the way for awareness and social activism within their communities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trans Lives Matter by Aravani Art Project {{!}} Wescover Street Murals |url=https://www.wescover.com/p/street-murals-by-aravani-art-project-at-private-residence--PBJB3I3diB |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=www.wescover.com |language=en}}</ref>
# '''Dharavi Wall Mural''': Aarogya Seva and Youth Rap group, Dawgz in collaboration with The [[Humsafar Trust]], Mumbai, invited members of the Aravani Art Project to paint a common wall in [[Dharavi]], which saw the meeting of many youth and children. The project was commissioned in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ARAVANI ART PROJECT - Dharavi Mumbai |url=https://aravaniartproject.com/dharavi-mumbai_03 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=aravaniartproject.com}}</ref>
# '''Meri Identity, Meri Pehchaan''': The project collaborated with Pushpa Mai and all her disciples from the Transgender community of [[Rajasthan]], in creating a mural at the [[Vivek Vihar metro station|Vivek Vihar]] Metro Station in [[Jaipur]] in March 2017. The aim of the mural is to create awareness of the structural inequalities that the transgender community faces in availing public funds, jobs and services due to the lack of identification systems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aravani Art Project: Giving Power to the Third Gender! |url=https://www.cityshor.com/jaipur/aravani-art-project-giving-power-to-the-third-gender/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=www.cityshor.com}}</ref>

=== Locations ===
The Aravani Art Project has completed projects across various locations in India including - [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Delhi]], [[Jaipur]], [[Kolkata]], Chennai, Pune, Mumbai and [[Kochi]]. They have also completed International projects in [[Kathmandu|Kathmandu, Nepal]] and [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name=":2" />

=== Awards and nominations ===
The Aravani Art Project was awarded an Awesome Without Borders Grant by the [[Awesome Foundation]] in July, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Awesome Foundation : Aravani Art Project |url=https://www.awesomefoundation.org/en/projects/73654-aravani-art-project |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=www.awesomefoundation.org |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://aravaniartproject.com/ Aravani Art Project's webpage]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J4cei1u7zC4 Aravani Art Project - A Documentary]

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[[Category:Indian artist groups and collectives]]
[[Category:LGBTQ collectives]]
[[Category:Public art in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Public art in India]]