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Santhosh K. Nayar

2026-05-08T17:59:11Z

EmoryFigueroa: Made entry - done

{{Short description|Indian film actor (1960–2026)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Santhosh K. Nayar
| image = Santhosh K Nayar.jpg
| birth_name = Santhosh Kesavan Nayar
| birth_date = {{birth date|1960|11|12|df=y}}<ref name="Mathrubhumi2026"/>
| birth_place = [[Trivandrum]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2026|05|05|1960|11|12|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Enathu]], Kerala, India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1982–2026
| spouse = Subhasree V.
| relatives =
| children = 1
}}

'''Santhosh Kesavan Nayar''' (12 November 1960 – 5 May 2026) was an Indian actor who appeared in [[Malayalam cinema]]. He acted in more than 100 films, primarily in antagonistic roles.

==Early life and education==
Santhosh hailed from [[Trivandrum]], India.<ref name="MM1">{{cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=18598656&programId=1073753134&BV_ID=@@@&channelId=-1073751306&tabId=5 |title=Manorama Online {{!}} Women {{!}} Work & Life {{!}} |website=www.manoramaonline.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327201133/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=18598656&programId=1073753134&BV_ID=@@@&channelId=-1073751306&tabId=5 |archive-date=2015-03-27}}</ref> He was the only son of retired headmaster C. N. Kesavan Nayar and P. Rajalakshmiamma, who is also a retired teacher. He grew up along with his two sisters in [[Pettah, Thiruvananthapuram]]. Santhosh was brought up by his maternal grandparents, advocate K. S. Chellappan Pillai and B. Parukuttyamma, when his parents left for [[Ethiopia]] on deputation.

Nayar completed his schooling at [[St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School, Thiruvananthapuram|St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School, Trivandrum]]. He initially enrolled in an engineering programme at [[Chinmaya Vishwa Vidyapeeth]], but discontinued after one year.<ref name="Kaumudi2025"/> He subsequently pursued undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in mathematics at [[Mahatma Gandhi College]], where he also served as editor of the college magazine.<ref name="Mathrubhumi2026">{{cite news |author1=Movies Desk |title=മോഹൻലാലിന്റെ ജൂനിയർ, ജാക്കിയുടെ വലംകൈ; ‘സ്ഥി.വാ.ഗു’വായ വില്ലൻ, ഹാസ്യവേഷങ്ങളിലും തിളങ്ങിയ സന്തോഷ് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/actor-santhosh-k-nayar-biography-death-ekdlkx8m |access-date=7 May 2026 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=5 May 2026 |language=ml}}</ref> He was involved in campus politics through the Democratic Students Union (DSU), the student wing of the [[National Democratic Party (Kerala)|National Democratic Party]] (NDP), and served as its president. Concurrently, he was associated with the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], where he held organisational roles, including ''shikshak'' and ''mukhya shikshak''.<ref name="Kaumudi2025">{{cite news |author1=Keralakaumudi Daily |title='Mohanlal was part of SFI then, I was always involved in the activities of Swayamsevak Sangh, became mukhya shikshak' |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/cinema/cine-news/mohanlal-was-part-of-sfi-then-i-was-always-involved-in-the-activities-of-swayamsevak-sangh-became-mukhya-shikshak-1503186 |access-date=7 May 2026 |work=Keralakaumudi Daily |date=22 March 2025}}</ref>

Both his sisters turned became [[gynaecologist]]s while he wanted to pursue a career as an actor.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

==Film career==
Santhosh began his acting career while completing his final year of bachelor's degree, securing his first role through an audition.<ref name="MM1"/> He made his debut in the Malayalam film ''[[Ithu Njangalude Katha]]'' (1982), directed by [[P. G. Viswambharan]], in which he portrayed one of five principal protagonists. The film was a commercial success. In subsequent years, Nayar portrayed "semi-villain" roles.<ref name="mathrubhumi1">{{cite news |last1=Ravindran |first1=Rosa |title=Villain has the toughest part in films: Santhosh K Nayar |url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/interview-with-actor-santhosh-k-nayar-47970933 |access-date=5 May 2026 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=24 February 2019}}</ref>

His performance as a villain in ''[[Ivide Thudangunnu]]'' (1984), another box office success, marked a turning point, leading to a series of similar roles.<ref name="mathrubhumi1"/> He also played a recognizable villain role in ''[[April 18 (film)|April 18]]'' the same year.<ref name="Mathrubhumi2026"/> Despite this emerging typecasting, he played leading roles in ''Kothi Theerumvare'' and ''[[Ithu Nalla Thamasha]]'' (both 1985). In an interview with ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'', he stated that at the peak of his career he had worked in as many as 42 films within a single year.<ref name="mathrubhumi1"/> He played a positive role in ''[[Yuvajanotsavam]]'' (1986).<ref name="Mathrubhumi2026"/> Nayar's breakthrough performance came with the role of Lawrence in ''[[Irupatham Noottandu]]'' (1987), which significantly enhanced his public recognition. He played a comedic role in ''[[Nagarangalil Chennu Raparkam]]'' (1989).<ref name="mathrubhumi1"/>

In 2005, Nayar took a four-year hiatus from acting in an effort to avoid typecasting. Following his return, he was cast in comparatively minor roles, often limited to a few scenes. Nevertheless, he played noticeable characters in ''[[Bus Conductor (film)|Bus Conductor]]'' (2006), ''[[Simhasanam (2012 film)|Simhasanam]]'' (2012), and ''[[Thiruvambadi Thamban]]'' (2012). He later played a humorous role in ''[[Proprietors: Kammath & Kammath]]'' (2013).<ref name="mathrubhumi1"/> The 2026 film ''[[Bharathanatyam 2 Mohiniyattam]]'' was his last release while alive. The film was a commercial success.<ref name="death"/>

==Personal life==
Santhosh married Subhasree V., a high-school teacher by profession; they had a daughter, Rajasree S. Nayar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=nithya |title=നടൻ സന്തോഷ് കെ നായരുടെ മകൾ വിവാഹിതയായി |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/actor-santhosh-k-nair-daughter-wedding-qoroin |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=Asianet News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

On 5 May 2026, Santhosh died of a heart attack while undergoing treatment at a hospital in [[Enathu]] following a car collision at Puthussery, [[Adoor]]. He was 65.<ref name="death">{{cite news |title=Malayalam actor Santhosh K Nayar, who played his last role in ‘Mohiniyattam’ dies in car accident aged 65 |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2026/05/05/malayalam-actor-santosh-k-nayar-who-played-the-last-role-in-mohiniyattam-dies-in-a-car-accident-at-65.html |access-date=5 May 2026 |work=The Week |date=5 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Malayalam actor Santhosh K Nayar, who played his last role in ‘Mohiniyattam’ dies in car accident aged 65 |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2026/05/05/malayalam-actor-santosh-k-nayar-who-played-the-last-role-in-mohiniyattam-dies-in-a-car-accident-at-65.html |website=The Week |access-date=5 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=‘Lost our dear brother’: Mohanlal, Suresh Gopi condoles death of actor Santhosh Nayar |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/lost-our-dear-brother-mohanlal-suresh-gopi-condoles-death-actor-santhosh-nayar-c46uzskv |website=mathrubhumi |access-date=5 May 2026 |language=en |date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Ithu Njangalude Katha]]'' || Joseph ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1983 || ''[[Nanayam]]'' || Babu's friend||
|-
| ''[[Pinnilavu]]'' || Basheer ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1984 || ''[[Ivide Thudangunnu]]'' || Rajan ||
|-
| ''[[April 18 (film)|April 18]]'' || Jacob ||
|-
| ''[[Nishedhi]]'' || Sunny ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Sumangaliyude Katha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kurishuyudham]]'' || Simon ||
|-
| ''[[Sandyakkenthinu Sindhooram]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=18 | 1985 || ''[[Iniyum Kadha Thudarum]]'' || Sandeep ||
|-
| ''[[Ee Lokam Evide Kure Manushyar]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ivide Ee Theerathu]]'' || Raju ||
|-
| ''[[Kandu Kandarinju]]'' || College student Sajan ||
|-
| ''[[Orikkal Oridathu]]'' || Baby Thomas ||
|-
| ''[[Eeran Sandhya]]'' || Freddy Louis ||
|-
| ''[[Aanakkorumma]]'' || Vikraman ||
|-
| ''[[Snehicha Kuttathinu]]'' || Vinod ||
|-
| ''[[Ithu Nalla Thamasha]]'' || Vjayakrishnan/Kuttappan ||
|-
| ''[[Vasantha Sena (1985 film)|Vasantha Sena]]'' || Mathews ||
|-
| ''[[Dheivatheyorthu]]'' || Shaji ||
|-
| ''[[Akalathe Ambili]]'' || Edwin ||
|-
| ''[[Upaharam (1985 film)|Upaharam]]'' || Vinod ||
|-
| ''[[Angadikkappurathu]]'' || Raghu ||
|-
| ''Kaattuthee'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kiraatham]]'' || Murali ||
|-
| ''[[Omanikkan Ormavaikkan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Kothi Theerumvare'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1986 || ''[[Ithile Iniyum Varu]]'' || Kasim ||
|-
| ''[[Nandi Veendum Varika]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Yuvajanotsavam]]'' || Nissar ||
|-
| ''[[Ente Shabdham]]'' || Abu ||
|-
| ''[[Snehamulla Simham]]'' || Hari S. Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Cabaret Dancer]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1987 || ''[[Irupatham Noottandu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Agni Muhurtham]]'' || Subair ||
|-
| ''Maanasa Maine Varu'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1988 || ''[[Charavalayam]]'' || Karumban ||
|-
| ''[[Ayitham]]'' || Govindankutty ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Muthassi Katha]]'' || Karuppayyan ||
|-
| ''Oru Vivaada Vishayam'' || james||
|-
| ''1921'' || Keshavankutty||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1989 || ''[[Peruvannapurathe Visheshangal]]'' || Chandukkutty Kuruppu ||
|-
| ''[[Crime Branch (film)|Crime Branch]]'' || Shaji ||
|-
| ''[[Najangalude Kochu Doctor]]'' || Rajeevan||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1990 || ''[[Kadathanadan Ambadi]]'' || Thambikkutti ||
|-
| ''[[Nagarangalil Chennu Raparkam]]'' ||Rambo's assistant ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1991 || ''[[Koodikazhcha]]'' || Viswanatha Panikkar ||
|-
| ''[[Vishnulokam]]'' || Sathyan ||
|-
| ''[[Koumara Swapnangal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kilukkam]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Kizhakkunarum Pakshi]]'' || Satheeshan ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1992 || ''[[Thalastaanam]]'' || Bharathan ||
|-
| ''[[Maanyanmar]]'' || Sathyan ||
|-
| ''[[Aardram]]'' || Moideen ||
|-
| ''[[Kauravar]]'' || Maathu ||
|-
| ''Valayam'' || ||
|-
| ''Radhachakram'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1993 || ''[[Customs Diary]]'' || Babu ||
|-
| ''[[Dhruvam]]'' || Hassan||
|-
| ''[[Ammayane Sathyam]]'' || Hassan||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1994 || ''Gaandeevam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sainyam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Avan Ananthapadmanaabhan'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Paalayam]]'' || Thommi ||
|-
| ''[[Chukkan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Kadal'' || ||
|-
| ''Dadha'' || Pappan||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1995 || ''[[Sindoora Rekha]]'' || Chellappan ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Abhibhashakante Case Diary]]'' || Chacko ||
|-
| ''[[Maanthrikam]]'' || Beeran ||
|-
| ''Chantha'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thumboli Kadappuram]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1999 || ''[[Crime File]]'' || SI Karthav ||
|-
| ''[[My Dear Karadi]]'' ||Sathyanathan ||
|-
| ''[[The Godman]]'' ||Moideen||
|-
| 2000 || ''Kaathara'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2002 || ''[[Oomappenninu Uriyadappayyan]]'' || Cameo||
|-
|''[[Krishna Gopalakrishna]]'' || Jangathnathan ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2004 || ''[[Runway (2004 film)|Runway]]'' || Achayan ||
|-
| ''[[Natturajavu]]'' || Alex ||
|-
| ''Freedom'' || ||
|-
| ''Vellinakshathram'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vettam]]'' || Karunan ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2005 || ''[[Kochi Rajavu]]'' || Karimbarakkal Divakaran ||
|-
| ''[[Chandrolsavam]]'' || Sahadevan ||
|-
| ''[[The Tiger (2005 film)|The Tiger]]'' || Rajath Naidu ||
|-
| ''[[Bus Conductor (film)|Bus Conductor]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2006 || ''[[Lion (2006 film)|Lion]]'' || SI Prathapa Varma||
|-
| ''[[Mahasamudram]]'' || Rival Player||
|-
| ''[[Chess (2006 film)|Chess]]'' || Crime Branch||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2007 || ''[[Khaki (2007 film)|Khaki]]'' || Sukumaran ||
|-
| ''[[Alibhai]]'' || Shankaran||
|-
|2008 || Pramukhan || ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[I. G. – Inspector General]]'' || ADGP Yoonus IPS ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2010 || ''[[Kaaryasthan]]'' || Puthezhathu Vijayan||
|-
| ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|Pokkiriraja]]'' || Divakaran||
|-
| ''[[Valiyangadi (film)|Valiyangadi]]'' || SI Abdul Jabbar ||
|-
| ''Koottukkar'' || CR Rajan ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Venicile Vyapari]]'' || SI Karikkan George ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2012 || ''[[Bhoomiyude Avakashikal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Simhasanam (2012 film)|Simhasanam]]'' || Balan ||
|-
| ''[[Mayamohini]]'' || Sub Registar ||
|-
| ''[[Thiruvambadi Thamban]]'' || Parameshwaran ||
|-
| ''[[Madirasi]]'' || Udumpi Mani ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2013 || ''[[Nakhangal (2013 film)|Nakhangal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Proprietors: Kammath & Kammath]]'' || DYSP George ||
|-
| ''[[Sound Thoma]]'' || Raghava Panicker
|-
| ''[[Sringaravelan]]'' || Avarachan Muthalali||
|-
| ''[[Ginger (2013 film)|Ginger]]''||[[Sub-inspector|SI]] Ajith Kumar
|-
| 2014 || ''On The Way'' || ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Cousins (2014 film)|Cousins]]'' || Rajarajan ||
|-
| 2016 || ''Pa.Va'' || ||
|-
| 2018 || ''Drama'' || ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Aaraattu_(2022_film)|Aarattu]]'' ||Bhadran ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[1921: Puzha Muthal Puzha Vare]]'' || Abdullakutty ||
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Bharathanatyam 2 Mohiniyattam]]'' || Temple committee member ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-29 |title=Mohiniyattam Trailer: Bharathanatyam sequel promises Drishyam-coded comedy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Mar/29/mohiniyattam-trailer-bharathanatyam-sequel-promises-drishyam-coded-comedy |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Television==
* ''Swapnam'' – [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
* ''Sreekrishnan'' – [[Sun Surya|Surya TV]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0763503}}
* [http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Santhosh&limit=38 Santhosh] at MSI

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayar, Santhosh K.}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in India]]

Info Edge

2026-05-08T08:00:16Z

EmoryFigueroa: Stub...

{{short description|Indian multinational technology company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Info Edge (India) Limited
| logo = Infoedgelogo.png
| logo_size =
| caption =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| genre =
| ISIN = INE663F01024
| traded_as = {{plainlist|
*{{NSE|NAUKRI}}
*{{BSE|532777}}
}}
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{start date and age|1995}}
| location_city = [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| location_country = India
| locations =
| area_served = [[India]], [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Bahrain]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| founder = [[Sanjeev Bikhchandani]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Sanjeev Bikhchandani, the Naukri man, wants to be a builder and funder with Info Edge |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/entrepreneurship/why-sanjeev-bikhchandani-the-naukri-man-wants-to-be-a-builder-and-funder-with-info-edge/articleshow/45892016.cms |access-date=24 May 2020 |work=Economic Times}}</ref>
| key_people = Hitesh Oberoi (CEO)<ref>{{cite news |title=Trying on new hats |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/info-edge-looks-for-newer-avenues-of-growth-amid-slowdown/story/205365.html |access-date=24 May 2020 |work=Business Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=How a sales-obsessed company has been developing its tech muscle |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/how-a-sales-obsessed-company-has-been-developing-its-tech-muscle/articleshow/60916296.cms |access-date=24 May 2020 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>
| industry = {{plainlist|
* [[Internet]]
* [[Classifieds]]
}}
| products = {{plainlist|
*[[Naukri.com]]
*[[Jeevansathi.com]]
*99Acres.com
*Shiksha.com
}}
| services = {{plainlist|
*[[Employment website|Employment]]
*[[Education]]
*[[Real estate]]
*[[Matrimonial website|Matrimonial services]]
}}
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|2654|c}} (FY25)<ref name="fy25">{{cite news |title=Infoedge|url=https://www.hdfcsec.com/hsl.docs//HSIE%20Results%20Daily%20-%2028%20May%2025%20-%20HSIE-202505280713241618664.pdf |access-date=31 July 2025 |publisher=HSIE}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|1073|c}} (FY25)<ref name="fy25"/>
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|977|c}} (FY25)<ref name="fy25"/>
| aum =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 4,049 (2022)<ref name="iev"/>
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.infoedge.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Info Edge''' is an Indian [[Technology company|technology holding company]] which owns, operates and invests in [[internet]]-led businesses.<ref>{{cite news |title=HSBC values Info Edge's stake in Zomato at $1.1 billion; stock jumps 5% |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/hsbc-values-info-edge-s-stake-in-zomato-at-1-1-billion-stock-jumps-5-120090200732_1.html |access-date=28 April 2021 |work=Business Standard India |date=2 September 2020}}</ref> The company's offerings include the flagship employment website [[Naukri.com]], matrimonial website [[Jeevansathi.com]], real estate classifieds platform 99Acres.com, and educational portal Shiksha.com, among others.<ref>{{cite news |title=Info Edge: Getting the job done |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/work-in-progress/info-edge-getting-the-job-done/52251/1 |access-date=24 May 2020 |work=Forbes India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Info Edge spreads its start-up investments |url=https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/fwn1WW3cJGwa6XpbstDTZK/Info-Edge-makes-additional-investment-in-Zomatocom.html |access-date=24 May 2020 |work=Livemint}}</ref> As of 2018, more than 70 percent of the company's revenue came from Naukri.com.<ref>{{cite news |title=Investments In AI, Revenue Growth May Stem Fall In Margin, Says Info Edge |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/investments-in-ai-revenue-growth-may-stem-fall-in-margin-says-info-edge |access-date=24 May 2020 |work=Bloomberg Quint}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Info Edge's biggest edge |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/leaderboard/info-edges-biggest-edge/50493/1 |access-date=24 May 2020 |work=Forbes India}}</ref>

As of September 2020, it also held [[Minority interest|minority stakes]] in 23 online companies<ref>{{cite news |title=Hottest India Internet Stock Surging Despite Valuation Fears |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-18/hottest-internet-stock-in-india-surging-despite-valuation-fears |access-date=27 November 2020 |work=Bloomberg.com |date=18 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref> including two [[unicorn (finance)|unicorn]]s<ref>{{cite news |title=It's an internet platform. It's a holding company. It's a VC fund. It's Info Edge! |url=https://the-ken.com/story/info-edge-various-faces/ |access-date=24 May 2020 |work=The Ken}}</ref>—the food delivery company [[Zomato]] (15.23% stake, as of July 2021)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Sneha |title=Info Edge clocks a return of 1,050 times on Zomato investment |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/infoedges-rs-4-7-crore-investment-in-zomato-is-now-worth-rs-15000-crore/articleshow/84678085.cms |access-date=25 January 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> and the insurance aggregator [[Policybazaar]] (13.3% stake, as of November 2021).<ref>{{cite news |title=Info Edge, SoftBank among biggest winners as Policybazaar lists |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/info-edge-softbank-among-biggest-winners-as-policybazaar-lists/articleshow/87721532.cms |access-date=25 January 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Info Edge raises capital to tap inorganic opportunities; flexible on investments in Zomato, PolicyBazaar |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/companies/article/info-edge-raises-capital-to-tap-inorganic-opportunities-flexible-on-investments-in-zomato-policybazaar/634570 |access-date=27 November 2020 |work=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Info Edge was founded by [[Sanjeev Bikhchandani]] in 1995, initially reproducing [[classified advertising|classified ads]] from newspapers on its website. In April 1997, Bikhchandani started Naukri.com with help from his brother and friends.<ref>{{cite news |title=The amazing story of the making of Naukri.com |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2007/jan/24inter.htm |access-date=6 February 2023 |work=Rediff}}</ref> It then launched Jeevansathi.com in 1998, 99acres.com in 2005 and Shiksha.com in 2008.<ref name=fortune/> Info Edge [[initial public offering|went public]] in 2006 under the [[ticker symbol]] "Naukri".<ref>{{cite news |title=Info Edge (India) Ltd. |url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/info-edg-india-18844/information/company-history |access-date=24 May 2020 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> It launched offshoots of Naukri such as NaukriGulf.com for [[Gulf Cooperation Council|Gulf]] countries in 2006<ref>{{cite news |title=Naukri.com enters Middle-East market |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060402/ldh1.htm#2 |access-date=6 February 2023 |work=Tribune India}}</ref> and FirstNaukri.com for campus recruitment in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Pradipta |title=Info Edge plans portal for freshers |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/info-edge-plans-portal-for-freshers-109012801046_1.html |access-date=6 February 2023 |work=Business Standard India |date=28 January 2009}}</ref>

Info Edge was one of the early investors of Zomato (then known as FoodieBay) and reportedly invested in Policybazaar in 2008 before its website was launched.<ref name=fortune>{{cite news |title=Info Edge: Investing in ideas |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/info-edge-investing-in-ideas/104586 |access-date=27 November 2020 |work=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Between 2010 and 2013, Info Edge invested a total of {{INR}}86 crore in Zomato across four rounds and became the controlling shareholder in Zomato.<ref>{{cite news |title=Info Edge invests $10M afresh in Zomato, values firm at around $55M |url=https://www.vccircle.com/info-edge-invests-10m-afresh-zomato-values-firm-around-55m |access-date=3 January 2023 |work=VCCircle |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103094921/https://www.vccircle.com/info-edge-invests-10m-afresh-zomato-values-firm-around-55m |url-status=dead }}</ref> Zomato ceased to be a subsidiary of Info Edge in September 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Shrutika |title=Zomato raises fresh funds of $60 million, taking Info Edge's stake down to 47% |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/zi7r9EP4TLuEI4H4QuqHbO/Zomato-raises-60-million-from-Temasek-Holdings-others.html |access-date=6 February 2023 |work=mint |date=7 September 2015 |language=en}}</ref> In the later years between 2017 and 2018, Info Edge made investments in the education-technology company, NoPaperForms (Meritto), an Education CRM and Enrolment-automation software for educational institutions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Info Edge invests more in ed-tech startup NoPaperForms|url=https://www.vccircle.com/info-edge-invests-more-in-ed-tech-startup-nopaperforms|website=VCCircle|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Info Edge-Backed NoPaperForms Sets The IPO Ball Rolling, Appoints Bankers|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/info-edge-backed-nopaperforms-sets-the-ipo-ball-rolling-appoints-bankers/|website=Inc42 Media|date=2025-03-05|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en|first=Palak|last=Sharma}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Meritto's parent NoPaperForms files confidential IPO papers with Sebi|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/ipos/fpos/merittos-parent-nopaperforms-files-confidential-ipo-papers-with-sebi/articleshow/125182219.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com|work=The Economic Times|date=2025-11-08|access-date=2025-11-27|issn=0013-0389}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}

In 2020, the company set up an [[alternative investment]] arm called Info Edge Ventures<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das Gupta |first1=Surajeet |title=Info Edge founder wants a hat-trick after Zomato, PolicyBazaar success |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/info-edge-founder-wants-a-hat-trick-after-zomato-policybazaar-success-120090100002_1.html |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=Business Standard |date=1 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> under which it started Info Edge Venture Fund, a [[venture capital fund]] to invest in early-stage technology startups.<ref>{{cite news |title=Info Edge's tech start-up investment coffer much larger at Rs 750 cr |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/info-edge-s-tech-start-up-investment-coffer-much-larger-at-rs-750-cr-120012401695_1.html |access-date=24 May 2020 |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Info Edge opens Rs 100 cr venture fund |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/info-edge-opens-rs-100-cr-venture-fund/articleshow/73571711.cms |access-date=24 May 2020 |work=Economic Times}}</ref> As of 2022, Info Edge Ventures has three [[investment funds]]–Info Edge Venture Fund, Info Edge Capital, and Capital 2B.<ref name="iev">{{cite news |title=Temasek to invest $162.5 million in three Info Edge Ventures funds |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/temasek-to-invest-162-5-million-in-three-info-edge-ventures-funds-8426421.html |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

==Acquisitions==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Company
!Type
!Ref.
|-
|2017
|AmbitionBox
|workplace discovery platform
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Info Edge brings AmbitionBox under its fold |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/info-edge-brings-ambitionbox-under-its-fold/articleshow/58161029.cms |access-date=14 March 2021 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|iimjobs.com hirist.tech
|job portals
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nanda |first1=Prashant K. |title=Naukri.com acquires recruitment portals iimjobs.com and hirist.com |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/naukri-com-acquires-recruitment-portals-iimjobs-com-and-hirist-com-1559019337562.html |access-date=6 February 2023 |work=mint |date=28 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|Zwayam
|HR software
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Debangana |title=Info Edge to acquire HR SaaS startup Zwayam to boost Naukri's growth |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/info-edge-to-acquire-hr-saas-startup-zwayam-to-boost-naukris-growth/article34802786.ece |access-date=6 February 2023 |work=The Hindu Businessline |date=13 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|DoSelect
|HR and skilling platform
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Naukri parent Info Edge acquires HR tech startup DoSelect |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/naukri-com-parent-info-edge-acquires-hr-tech-startup-doselect/articleshow/84670447.cms |access-date=6 February 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=23 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|Aisle
|dating app
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=V. Sajeev |title=Tech company Info Edge takes 76% stake in dating app Aisle |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/tech-company-info-edge-takes-76-stake-in-dating-app-aisle/article65230161.ece |access-date=6 February 2023 |work=The Hindu Businessline |date=16 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|Broker Network
|real estate broker platform
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Upadhyay |first1=Harsh |title=Info Edge acquires majority stake in Rahul Yadav's startup 4B Networks |url=https://entrackr.com/2022/05/info-edge-acquires-majority-stake-in-rahul-yadavs-startup-4b-networks/ |access-date=6 February 2023 |work=Entrackr |date=31 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|Coding Ninjas
|edtech platform
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Info Edge gains on acquiring controlling stake in CodingNinjas |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/info-edge-gains-on-acquiring-controlling-stake-in-codingninjas-122100600433_1.html |access-date=6 February 2023 |work=Business Standard India |date=6 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|BigShyft
|recruitment
|
|}

== Affiliated companies ==
* [[Zomato]]
* [[Policybazaar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|www.infoedge.in}}

{{Nifty 200 companies}}

[[Category:Online companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1995]]
[[Category:Companies based in Noida]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

UI (film)

2026-05-07T00:20:12Z

EmoryFigueroa:

{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Upendra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = UI
| image = UI promotional poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]
| writer = Upendra
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = G. Manoharan Sreekanth K. P. Bhaumik Gondaliya
| starring = Upendra [[Reeshma Nanaiah]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[H. C. Venugopal]]
| editing = Vijay Raj B. G.
| music = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| studio = Lahari Films Venus Entertainers [[Zee Studios]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2024|12|20|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = {{INR}}60{{ndash}}100 crore
<ref name=":37">{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/ui-ott-release-date-how-to-watch-kannada-science-fiction-movie-online-11735986629544.html|title=UI OTT Release Date|date=4 January 2025|website=Live Mint|access-date=7 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="ottplay">{{cite news |title=UI movie release date: Here's when Upendra's technical marvel is out in theatres |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ui-movie-release-date-heres-when-upendras-technical-marvel-is-out-in-theatres/9e5ec45584205 |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=OTTPlay |date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920023821/https://www.ottplay.com/news/ui-movie-release-date-heres-when-upendras-technical-marvel-is-out-in-theatres/9e5ec45584205 |archive-date=20 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}47 crore
<ref name=":47"/>
}}

'''''UI''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Science fiction film|sci-fi]] [[Dystopian fiction|dystopian]] [[Surrealist cinema|surrealist]] [[Psychological film|psychological]] [[action comedy]] film written and directed by [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] in his directorial final and produced by Lahari Films and Venus Entertainers. The film stars Upendra in a [[dual role|triple role]] as Sathya, Kalki and Upendra Rao, alongside [[Reeshma Nanaiah]], [[Nidhi Subbaiah]], [[Murali Sharma]], [[Sadhu Kokila]] and [[Indrajit Lankesh]]. The film's music was composed by [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]], while cinematography and editing were handled by [[H. C. Venugopal]] and Vijay Raj. B.G.
<ref name="teaser">{{cite web |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Upendra stuns with an audio-only UI teaser |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2023/sep/19/upendra-stuns-with-an-audio-only-ui-teaser-47790.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=20 September 2023 |language=en |date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929030355/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2023/sep/19/upendra-stuns-with-an-audio-only-ui-teaser-47790.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

''UI'' was released on 20 December 2024, coinciding with [[Christmas]] weekend, to mixed reviews from critics and audience.

==Plot==
Actor-filmmaker [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra Rao]] releases the film ''UI'', which controversially receives a unique "UI (Universal Intelligence)" certificate from the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]]. The release triggers widespread protests and celebrations. Film analyst Kiran Adarsh ([[Murali Sharma]]) is asked to review the film but delays, saying he must first understand its deeper intent.

Kiran visits a remote house where Upendra once wrote scripts. A maid reveals that Upendra wrote a script for two weeks a year earlier and later burned it, but she secretly preserved it and gives it to Kiran. The narrative then shifts to the contents of this script.

The script opens with a mythological prologue: despite God's warning, Eve eats the forbidden fruit, leading to the birth of civilization, religion, business, inequality, wars, and societal divisions—setting the philosophical foundation of the story.

In the present age, Seena (Katri Seena), a habitual pickpocket, rises through deceitful politics, renames himself Vamana, and eventually becomes Raja Vamana Rao. Parallelly, fake god men and spiritual leaders manipulate society, symbolizing the corruption of [[Kali Yuga]].

A selfless man named Satya, devoted to truth and righteousness, gains a mass following by redistributing wealth taken from the rich with his father Shastri, angering Vamana. Satya passively endures violence and becomes a moral symbol for the people. A prophecy reveals that Satya was born five minutes before midnight, narrowly missing being born as Kalki, the prophesied savior.

A ruthless gangster is later revealed to be Kalki, Satya's younger twin brother, born exactly at midnight. Kalki was abducted at birth and raised violently, shaping his nihilistic worldview. Declaring himself Kalki, he announces his mission to end Kali Yuga and is celebrated by the masses. His father publicly proclaims him as the savior.

Kalki imprisons Satya in his secret "inner world", a psychological laboratory where humans are studied as test subjects, while the outside society is termed the "outer world". Kalki believes humanity deserves destruction, while Satya insists society cannot be destroyed for the sins of a few and rejects claims of divinity.

Satya escapes captivity and witnesses mass human suffering. Meanwhile, Kalki manipulates society using fear, religion, food control, caste divisions, and spectacle, provoking chaos and communal violence. Though initially hailed as a savior, Kalki's rule devolves into dictatorship and mass killings.

As people begin recognizing Satya as the true moral force, Kalki loses control. Satya publicly rejects caste and religion, but is violently attacked by the very people he seeks to uplift, exposing society's hypocrisy.

The script abruptly cuts to Upendra himself, who admits this ending was not his intention. An imagined Kalki argues that humanity only understands harsh reality, not idealism. Upendra ultimately rejects this view and burns the script, believing people are intelligent enough to understand truth.

Returning to the present, Kiran concludes that the released UI film is not the burned script, but a mirror of society itself. Unable to fully grasp its message despite multiple viewings, he tells the media he must watch it once more—after which the film reveals its final intent: UI is the reality of human behavior, not fiction.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] in [[List of actors who have played multiple roles in the same film|triple role]] as
**Sathya
**Kalki
**Upendra Rao
* [[Reeshma Nanaiah]] as Nandini
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Joker, a clown in town
* Vinayak Trivedi as Shiva
* [[Murali Sharma]] as [[Taran Adarsh|Kiran Adarsh]], Film analyst and Trade expert
* [[Indrajit Lankesh]] as Mahesh
* [[Nidhi Subbaiah]] as Sunaina
* [[Om Sai Prakash]] as Vijay
* [[Guruprasad]] as Arjun
* [[P. Ravi Shankar]] as Vaamana Rao
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] as Suriya
* Hamsa Prathap as Aishwarya
* Neetu as Meera
* Lasya Nagraj as Keerthy
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Upendra conceived the story for ''UI'' in the mid-2000s. This was his eleventh film as a director and first since ''[[Uppi 2]]'' (2015).<ref name="toi1">{{cite news |title=Upendra begins to shoot 'UI' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/upendra-begins-to-shoot-ui/articleshow/92535348.cms |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=29 June 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002092047/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/upendra-begins-to-shoot-ui/articleshow/92535348.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The theme and storyline of the film was not revealed by the makers to the media even during the final filming stages of ''UI''; they maintained that it was an "entertaining subject yet it tackles a significant global issue."<ref name="ce1">{{cite web |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=UI transcends language barriers, and addresses a global issue: Upendra |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2023/may/31/ui-transcends-language-barriers-and-addresses-a-global-issue-upendra-44067.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=20 September 2023 |language=en |date=31 May 2023}}</ref> In an interview to ''Bangalore Times'' in June 2023, Upendra mentioned that "With UI, I want to build a totally different world visually. It will be '[[Surrealism|surrealistic]]'".<ref>{{cite web |title=When technology takes over, a certain charm is lost: Upendra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/canvas-of-cinema-is-unlimited-our-imagination-is-limitless-together-we-create-magic-upendra/articleshow/101123580.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=20 September 2023 |language=en |date=20 June 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208114917/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/canvas-of-cinema-is-unlimited-our-imagination-is-limitless-together-we-create-magic-upendra/articleshow/101123580.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> A report stated that the film was reportedly made at a budget of {{INR}}100 [[crore]].<ref name="ottplay">{{cite news |title=UI movie release date: Here's when Upendra's technical marvel is out in theatres |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ui-movie-release-date-heres-when-upendras-technical-marvel-is-out-in-theatres/9e5ec45584205 |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=OTTPlay |date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920023821/https://www.ottplay.com/news/ui-movie-release-date-heres-when-upendras-technical-marvel-is-out-in-theatres/9e5ec45584205 |archive-date=20 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

The film got U/A certification on 19 December 2024.

=== Cast and crew ===
The film was launched on 3 June 2022, and the makers revealed the meaning of the title ''UI'' to be the [[Tilaka|mark]] worn on forehead. G. Manoharan's Lahari Films and K. P. Sreekanth's Venus Enterrtainers were reported to produce the film.<ref name="tnie2">{{cite web |title=UI, the movie, officially launched in true Uppi style |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/jun/04/ui-the-movie-officially-launched-in-true-uppi-style-2461469.html |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=20 September 2023 |language=en |date=4 June 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929124303/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/jun/04/ui-the-movie-officially-launched-in-true-uppi-style-2461469.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It was also reported that, alongside Kannada, the film would be released in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Hindi]] and [[Malayalam]]. Actor [[Murali Sharma]] was reported to be a part of the film's cast when the film was announced in June 2022.<ref name="toi1"/> A month later, actress [[Nidhi Subbaiah]]'s signing was reported.<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive: Nidhi Subbaiah bags a pivotal role in Upendra's UI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/nidhi-subbaiah-bags-a-pivotal-role-in-upendras-ui/articleshow/92865472.cms |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=14 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517214525/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/nidhi-subbaiah-bags-a-pivotal-role-in-upendras-ui/articleshow/92865472.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> However, until November 2022, no other members of the cast were officially confirmed by the makers. However, it was speculated that [[Sunny Leone]] was a part of the cast.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Sunny Leone part of Upendra's UI? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/nov/30/sunny-leone-part-of-upendras-ui-2523492.html |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=The New Indian Express |date=30 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929124135/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/nov/30/sunny-leone-part-of-upendras-ui-2523492.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Reeshma Nanaiah]]'s role was also speculated,<ref name="toi2">{{cite web |title=Reeshma Nanaiah to play one of the female leads in Upendra's 'UI' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/reeshma-nanaiah-to-play-one-of-the-female-leads-in-upendras-ui/articleshow/95956996.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=20 September 2023 |language=en |date=3 December 2022 |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208114923/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/reeshma-nanaiah-to-play-one-of-the-female-leads-in-upendras-ui/articleshow/95956996.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and was a confirmed a few months later.

A May 2023 report revealed that Leone and Nanaiah had been cast, alongside Murali Krishna and [[Indrajit Lankesh]], and that [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] would compose the film's music. Shivakumar, who had previously worked in [[KGF (film series)|''KGF'' film series]] and ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]'', was hired as art director for the film.<ref name="ce1"/> Deepu S. Kumar served as the film's editor,<ref name="tnie3">{{cite web |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Embracing Upendra's vision, 'UI' faces a challenge at the edit desk |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/aug/03/embracing-upendras-vision-ui-faces-a-challenge-at-the-edit-desk-2601307.html |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=20 September 2023 |language=en |date=3 August 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208114924/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/aug/03/embracing-upendras-vision-ui-faces-a-challenge-at-the-edit-desk-2601307.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and Prajwal as the cinematographer.<ref name="toi2"/> In June, it was reported that actress Veena Ponnappa, who previously appeared in ''[[Vedha (2022 film)|Vedha]]'' (2022), was cast.<ref>{{cite news |title=Veena Ponappa bags filmmaker Upendra's upcoming project |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/veena-ponappa-bags-filmmaker-upendras-upcoming-project/articleshow/100989267.cms |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=14 June 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208114923/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/veena-ponappa-bags-filmmaker-upendras-upcoming-project/articleshow/100989267.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Filming and post-production ===
A co-producer of the film, Naveen Manohar, who contributed also on the technical front in the film's making, stated that the film features an entire city [[Set (film and TV scenery)|set]], spanning 10 [[acre]]s in area, complemented by extensive [[visual effects]] set [[Compositing|extensions]]. He further elaborated on the visual effects, revealing that the team had created a unique world within the film, comprising over 1,400 VFX shots, and that the film incorporated various cutting-edge technologies, such as [[Virtual reality|VR]]-Mocobot. He added that [[3D body scanning|3D scanning]] of Upendra was made using a setup of more than 200 [[Digital single-lens reflex camera|DSLR cameras]] to create his [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]] [[Double (occupation)|double]].<ref name="ce1"/> It was reportedly the first Asian film to use this technology.<ref name="ottplay"/> Manohar also revealed that an entire sequence was shot using a virtual reality pipeline.<ref name="ce1"/> Creation technology of [[Industrial Light & Magic]], which was previously employed in ''[[Avatar: The Way of Water]]'' (2022), was also used in the film.<ref name="teaserth1">{{cite web |title='UI' teaser: Upendra leaves it to your imagination |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ui-teaser-upendra-leaves-it-to-your-imagination/article67321196.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=20 September 2023 |language=en-IN |date=18 September 2023 |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920062500/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ui-teaser-upendra-leaves-it-to-your-imagination/article67321196.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="federal">{{cite web |last1=Raghuraman |first1=Shreyas |title=Exclusive: Upendra's 'UI' will have tech used in Avatar: Way of Water |url=https://thefederal.com/entertainment/exclusive-upendras-ui-will-have-tech-used-in-avatar-way-of-water |website=thefederal.com |access-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920124854/https://thefederal.com/entertainment/exclusive-upendras-ui-will-have-tech-used-in-avatar-way-of-water/ |archive-date=20 September 2023 |language=en |date=3 January 2023}}</ref> Filming locations included [[Bengaluru]], [[Mysore]] and [[Hyderabad]].<ref name="federal"/>
''UI'' was announced in June 2022. The music is composed by [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]].

Filming for ''UI'' completed in early August 2023, with a song sequence left pending to be shot in October that year. It was reported that Upendra also assisted in editing, which would take a month's time, before the [[dubbing]] process.<ref name="tnie3"/> Dubbing began in late August with Upendra voicing for the film's Kannada and Telugu versions.<ref name="release">{{cite news |title=Upendra's multilingual entertainer 'UI' enters dubbing phase |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/aug/30/upendras-multilingual-entertainerui-enters-dubbing-phase-2609846.html |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=The New Indian Express |date=30 August 2023 |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208114917/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/aug/30/upendras-multilingual-entertainerui-enters-dubbing-phase-2609846.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Marketing ==
A concept poster of the film was released by the makers on 3 June 2022. It featured a horse-like animal and other caricatures.<ref name="tnie2"/> On 2 January 2023, a 32-second [[behind-the-scenes|BTS]] footage was released by the makers.<ref name="federal"/> On 1 May, another BTS footage of the making with the caption, "It is only through these hard workers and their hard work that we achieve great things" was released, to mark the [[International Workers' Day]].<ref>{{cite web |title=To Team UI, With Lots Of Love From Director Upendra |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/to-team-ui-with-lots-of-love-from-director-upendra-7704685.html |website=News18 |access-date=20 September 2023 |language=en |date=2 May 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208114923/https://www.news18.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/to-team-ui-with-lots-of-love-from-director-upendra-7704685.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[Teaser (trailer)|teaser]] was released on 18 September, on the occasion of Upendra's birthday.<ref name="teaser1">{{cite news |title=Watch: Upendra's 'UI The Movie' teaser clocks 4 million views in a day |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kannada-film-upendra-rao-pan-india-film-ui-the-movie-teaser-released-2438062-2023-09-20 |access-date=20 September 2023 |work=[[India Today]] |date=20 September 2023 |language=en |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921060251/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kannada-film-upendra-rao-pan-india-film-ui-the-movie-teaser-released-2438062-2023-09-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Cinema Express'' reported that it was "an audio-only teaser... with Upendra's voice shrouded in mystery and darkness, unveiling tantalizing sounds that hint at dripping water, thunderous gunshots, and a skilled man evading danger." The voice poses a question: "How does one escape from it?" before adding that if ones catches a glimpse of light and listens carefully, it imparts the wisdom of composure, concentration and the intricacies of weaponry.<ref name="teaser"/> The teaser concluded with a woman's voice proclaiming, "This is not '[[Artificial intelligence|AI]],' this is 'UI', Use your Intelligence."<ref name="teaserth1"/> A [[double exposure]] picture with the character of Upendra's face on that of a horse was used as thumbnail of the teaser.<ref name="teaserth1"/> It had four million views on [[YouTube]] in 24 hours.<ref name="teaser1"/>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = UI
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption =
| released = 2024
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Kannada]]
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 =
}}
{{Singles
| name = UI
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Cheap Song Promo
| single1date = 14 February 2024<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/upendra-drops-the-cheap-song-promo-from-ui/|title=Upendra drops the promo of 'Cheap' song from 'UI'|date=14 February 2024|website=The South First|access-date=8 May 2024|archive-date=8 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508181724/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/upendra-drops-the-cheap-song-promo-from-ui/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| single2 = Troll Song<ref>{{Cite web |title=Troll, New Song From Upendra-starrer UI, Gets 3 Million Views |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/troll-new-song-from-upendra-starrer-ui-gets-3-million-views-8806006.html |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=News18 |date=7 March 2024 |language=en |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315081305/https://www.news18.com/movies/troll-new-song-from-upendra-starrer-ui-gets-3-million-views-8806006.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| single2date = 4 March 2024
}}
}}
The music was composed by [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Cheap Song
| lyrics1 = Upendra
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]], Nakash Aziz, Deepak Blue
| length1 = 3:05
| title2 = Troll Song
| lyrics2 = Naresh Kumar HN
| extra2 = Aishwarya Rangarajan, Harshika Devanath, Anup Bhandari, B. Ajaneesh Loknath
| title3 = Fan India Song
| length3 = 3:16
| lyrics3 = Upendra
| extra3 = Tippu, Nakash Aziz, Aishwarya Rangarajan
| length2 = 3:36
| total_length = 4:23
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
It was originally scheduled to be released in October 2024, but was postponed due to post-production delays.

The film was theatrically released on 20 December 2024, coinciding with Christmas in [[Kannada]], alongside [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Hindi]] and [[Malayalam]] languages.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

=== Home media ===
The satellite rights of the film were acquired by [[Zee Kannada]]. It was reported that the post-theatrical streaming rights were acquired by [[Sun NXT]], however, the producers have clarified that the streaming rights were yet to be acquired by a streaming company.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/post/UgkxHKr5lCM7p0Yrxiyeo3-di0xyElIhdN3H | title=Post from Lahari Music | T-Series | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>

== Reception==
=== Critical reception ===
Shashiprasad SM of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the film 4/5 and wrote that "Upendra compresses a decade of philosophical musings into ''UI'', presenting his personal reflections on life. However, how we receive it is up to the viewer—whether to accept it, reject it as nonsense, or find it too complex to grasp. With ''UI'', Upendra masterfully conveys his perspective and then challenges the audience to reflect on their own views."<ref>{{cite news |title=UI Movie Review: Upendra's 'UI' Presents A Powerful Philosophy – Focus Until 'You And I' See! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/ui-movie-review-upendras-ui-presents-a-powerful-philosophy-focus-until-you-and-i-see-review-116479546/amp |work=Times Now |date=20 December 2024 |language=en |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=21 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220073844/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/ui-movie-review-upendras-ui-presents-a-powerful-philosophy-focus-until-you-and-i-see-review-116479546/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> Sanjay Ponnappa of ''[[India Today]]'' gave it 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "The film creatively uses metaphors to inspire introspection while commenting on socio-political issues. Although the old-school approach to the screenplay and performances might feel outdated to some, the socio-political commentary blended with satire keeps viewers engaged. Overall, ''UI'' firmly establishes itself within the distinctive 'director Upendra' genre."<ref>{{cite news |title=UI review: Upendra's extravagant story of introspection filled with metaphors |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/ui-review-upendra-extravagant-story-of-introspection-filled-with-metaphors-stmp-2652782-2024-12-20 |work=India Today |date=20 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Jagadish Angadi of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' rated it 4/5 and wrote, "Upendra employs metaphors to convey his political and social philosophy. Through bold and unapologetic storytelling, he mocks society’s entrenched preferences and beliefs. He presents two potential solutions for the climax, allowing viewers to choose their own climax."<ref>{{cite news |title='UI' movie review: Uppi's bold satire examines a dystopian philosophy |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/ui-movie-review-uppis-bold-satire-examines-a-dystopian-philosophy-3327799 |work=Deccan Herald |date=21 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref> A. Sharadhaa of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated it 3/5 and wrote, "The plot of ''UI'' is complex, with numerous twists that make it difficult to explain succinctly. The narrative is layered, and while it touches on religion, caste, and corruption, these themes feel underdeveloped and lack the depth they deserve."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=UI Movie Review: Upendra's film leaves us reflecting on the status quo |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2024/Dec/21/ui-movie-review-upendras-sci-fi-film-leaves-us-reflecting-on-the-status-quo |work=Cinema Express |date=21 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Sridevi S. of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it 3/5 stars and wrote, "Upendra's films are so far known for their unique narrative and compelling storytelling, but this film feels more like a lecture than a cinematic experience. The philosophical elements fail to translate into engaging cinema as he tries to preach too many elements. A 2000-year-odd history is crunched into a 2-hour-long film."<ref>{{cite news |title=UI Movie Review : An unconventional commentary on modern society |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/ui/movie-review/116498001.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 December 2024}}</ref> Vivek M. V. of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The first and the last 15 minutes of ''UI'' are the most incredible portions of Kannada cinema in 2024. Apart from the twisted climax, the film is quite easy to comprehend, quashing the talks about the film being a mind-bending drama."<ref>{{cite news |last1=M.V |first1=Vivek |title='UI' movie review: Upendra's political commentary is a one-of-a-kind experience |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ui-movie-review-upendras-political-commentary-is-a-one-of-a-kind-experience/article69008710.ece |work=The Hindu |date=20 December 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Sunayana Suresh of ''The South First'' rated it 3/5 stars and wrote, "The film has some good writing when it comes to dialogues and songs in vintage Upendra style, which makes the theatrical worth it for those who like that aspect. But, the visual effects in certain parts of the film do not sit right and overpower the narrative at times."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Suresh |first1=Sunayana |title=UI review: This vintage Upendra brain teaser is a mixed bag |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/kannada/ui-movie-review/ |work=The South First |date=20 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Swaroop Kodur of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' wrote that "The writer-director makes an impassioned case for countless topics such as human greed, lust, the idea and implications of God, religion, caste, politics and utopia-dystopia. The narrative, however, is devoid of a proper screenplay-led structure to guide all these conversations, leaving it fragmented and murky."<ref>{{cite news |title='UI' Movie Review: Upendra's Head-Scratcher Misses Way More Than It Hits |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/ui-movie-review-upendras-head-scratcher-misses-way-more-than-it-hits |work=The Hollywood Reporter India |date=20 December 2024 |language=en |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=21 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220084952/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/ui-movie-review-upendras-head-scratcher-misses-way-more-than-it-hits |url-status=live }}</ref> Subha J Rao of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote that "''UI'', which came riding a blitzkrieg of promotion, offers a smorgasbord of garish images — the colour is so saturated, it hurts your eyes".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/ui-review-two-hours-of-torture-that-passes-off-for-a-movie-that-youve-to-decode|title=UI review: Two hours of torture that passes off for a movie that you've to decode|first=Subha J|last=Rao|language=en|date=20 December 2024|access-date=23 December 2024}}</ref>

=== Box office===
On day 1, the film earned {{INR}}6.95 crore, day 2, {{INR}}5.6 crore and day 3, {{INR}}5.95 crore, with first week collection of {{INR}}26.3 crore and 10 day collection of {{INR}}29.45 crore.<ref name=":2945">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/max-box-office-collection-day-5-kichcha-sudeep-kannada-movie-outperforms-upendra-ui-check-day-wise-earnings-10209569|title=Max Box Office Collection Day 5: Kichcha Sudeep's Kannada Movie Outperforms Upendra's UI? Check Day-Wise Earnings|date=30 December 2024|website=English Jagran|access-date=6 January 2025|archive-date=30 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230095610/https://english.jagran.com/entertainment/max-box-office-collection-day-5-kichcha-sudeep-kannada-movie-outperforms-upendra-ui-check-day-wise-earnings-10209569|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/box-office-collection-disney-mufasa-the-lion-king-ui-marco-2-viduthalai-2-vanvaas-day-10-3029104.html|title=Box Office Collection : शाहरुख खान की 'मुफासा' ने 9 दिन में ही छाप लिए 2000 करोड़, 'पुष्पा भाऊ' 25 दिनों में भी नहीं कर पाए ये कमाल |author= |date=30 December 2024|website=TV9 Bharatvarsh|access-date=6 January 2025}}</ref> Though initially it was reported that the movie grossed around ₹37.15 crores<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/ui-ott-release-date-how-to-watch-kannada-science-fiction-movie-online-11735986629544.html|title=UI OTT Release Date|date=4 January 2025|website=Live Mint|access-date=7 January 2025}}</ref> to ₹40 crores,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ui-on-ott-upendra-led-film-strikes-streaming-rights-deal/fb60464f91255 | title=UI on OTT: Upendra-led film strikes streaming rights deal? }}</ref> the final box office collection was reported to be {{INR}}47 crores.
<ref name=":47">{{cite web |title=UI Movie box office verdict: Psychological thriller earns just Rs 47 crore, trade analyst says 'expected from Upendra |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/originals/ui-kannada-movie-box-office-verdict-psychological-thriller-earns-just-rs-47-crore-trade-analyst-says-expected-from-from-upendra-650805.html |website=India Times |date=18 January 2025 | access-date=26 January 2025|language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt23875550}}
{{Upendra}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Upendra]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction action films]]
[[Category:Indian dystopian films]]
[[Category:2024 science fiction action films]]

Kashmiris

2026-05-04T01:14:06Z

EmoryFigueroa: New

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group}}
{{Other uses|Kashmiri (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Cleanup|reason=extremely poor writing in some places (including grammar, spelling, etc.)|date=August 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Kashmiris
| image = Rouf Dance.jpg
| caption = Kashmiri women performing the [[Wanvun|Rouf dance]] at a festival in [[New Delhi|New Delhi, India]], 2011
| region1 = {{flagcountry|India}}
| pop1 = 6,797,587 ([[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir (1952–2019)]], ([[2011 Census of India|2011]])*
| ref1 = <ref>{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Abstract Of Speakers' Strength of Languages And Mother Tongues – 2011|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815041600/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|archive-date=15 August 2020|access-date=17 March 2020|website=Census India (.gov)}}</ref>
| region2 = {{flagcountry|Pakistan}}
| pop2 = 155,088 ([[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[2023 Census of Pakistan|2023]])*<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=7th Population and Housing Census-2023 PUNJAB |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Provincial-Census-Report-2023-Punjab.pdf |access-date=12 April 2026 |website=[[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref> 132,450 ([[Azad Kashmir]], [[1998 Pakistani census|1998]])*
| ref2 = <ref name=Shakil>{{citation |url=https://www.academia.edu/6485567 |title=Languages of Erstwhile State of Jammu Kashmir (A Preliminary Study) |last=Shakil |first=Mohsin |date=2012 }}</ref>
| langs = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]]<ref>Khanday, A., Aabid M, Sheikh,(2018) Urdu Language in Kashmir: A Tool of Assimilation or Means towards Segregation?, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH CULTURE SOCIETY, vol 2,no 12. "Urdu being an alien language for all regions of the state does not have too many people considering it as their
mother tongue in the state. This is despite the fact that most people understand and speak the language in Jammu and
Kashmir."</ref>
| rels = '''Majority''': [[Kashmiri Muslims|Islam]] {{nowrap|{{small|([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] majority, [[Shia Islam|Shia]] minority)}}}} '''Minority''':{{hlist|[[Kashmiri Hindus|Hinduism]]}}
| related = Other [[Indo-Aryan peoples]]
| footnotes = *The population figures are only for the number of speakers of the Kashmiri language. May not include ethnic Kashmiris who no longer speak the Kashmiri language.
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ks
}}
'''Kashmiri people''' ({{IPA|ks|kəːʃirʲ}}) are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethnolinguistic group]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Jyoti Bhusan Das |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpTpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |title=Jammu and Kashmir |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-011-9231-6 |page=14 |language=en}}</ref> speaking the [[Kashmiri language]] and originating from the [[Kashmir Valley]] in Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

== Ruling history ==
{{Main|History of Kashmir}}
{{For|the 1954–2019 history|Jammu and Kashmir (state)#History}}

The earliest known [[Neolithic]] sites in the [[Kashmir Valley]] are from around 3000 BCE, of which [[Burzahom]] is the most significant. These sites provide evidence of early human settlement, including dwellings, tools and domesticated animals. {{sfn|Singh|2008|pp=111–3}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2000|p=259}} During the later [[Vedic period]], the [[Uttarakuru|Uttara–Kurus]] tribe settled in Kashmir.{{sfn|Rapson|1955|p=118}}{{sfn|Sharma|1985|p=44}}

During the [[Ashoka]] reign (304–232 BCE), Kashmir became part of the [[Maurya Empire]] and the city of Srinagari ([[Srinagar]]) was built.{{sfn|Sastri|1988|p=219}} Kashmir was later conquered by [[Kanishka]], an emperor from the [[Kushan dynasty]].{{sfn|Chatterjee|1998|p=199}} In the eighth century, during the [[Karkota Empire]], Kashmir grew as an imperial power.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=571}} [[Lalitaditya Muktapida]] defeated [[Yashovarman]] of [[Kanyakubja]] and conquered the eastern kingdoms of Magadha, [[Kamarupa]], [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauda]], and [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]], he also defeated the [[Arabs]] in [[Sindh]].{{sfn|Majumdar|1977|pp=260–3}}{{sfn|Wink|1991|pp=242–5}}{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=571}} Later came the [[Utpala dynasty]], founded by [[Avanti Varman (Utpala dynasty)|Avantivarman]], which was followed by the [[Karkota dynasty|Karkotas dynasty]].{{sfn|Majumdar|1977|p=357}} In the latter half of the 10th century, [[Queen Didda]], a descendant of the [[Hindu Shahi]]s of [[Udabhandapura]] on her mother's side, took over as ruler.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=571}} After her death in 1003 CE, the [[Lohara dynasty]] ruled the region.{{sfn|Khan|2008|p=58}}

In 1339, [[Shah Mir]] became the ruler of Kashmir, establishing the [[Shah Mir dynasty]], which brought Islam to the Kashmir region. From 1586 to 1751, the [[Mughal Empire]] ruled Kashmir, followed by the Afghan [[Durrani Empire]] which ruled from 1747 until 1819. The [[Sikh Empire|Sikh]]s, under [[Ranjit Singh]], annexed Kashmir in 1819. In 1846, after the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]], the [[Treaty of Lahore]] was signed and upon the purchase of the region from the [[British East India Company|British]] under the [[Treaty of Amritsar (1846)|Treaty of Amritsar]], the King of Jammu, [[Gulab Singh]], became ruler of Kashmir. Thereafter, the [[Dogra dynasty]] ruled under the British Crown until 1947, when the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] joined India.

[[Kashmir dispute|Kashmir]] is currently a disputed territory, administered by three countries, India, Pakistan, and China.

== Geographic distribution==
{{See also|States of India by Kashmiri speakers|Kashmiris in Azad Kashmir|Kashmiris in Punjab|Kashmiri language}}

There are about 6.8 million speakers of Kashmiri and related dialects in Jammu and Kashmir and amongst the [[Kashmiri diaspora]] in other states of India.<ref name="Census2011">{{Cite web |title=Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf |access-date=2 July 2018}} The precise figures from the 2011 census are 6,554,36 for Kashmiri as a "mother tongue" and 6,797,587 for Kashmiri as a "language" (which includes closely related smaller dialects/languages).</ref> Most Kashmiris are located in the [[Kashmir Valley]], [[Chenab Valley]] and other areas of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="Koshur">{{cite web |title=Koshur: An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri |url=http://www.koshur.org/contents.html |access-date=2 June 2007 |publisher=Kashmir News Network: Language Section (koshur.org)}}</ref> In the Kashmir valley, they form an absolute majority with a slight majority in the [[Chenab Valley]] region.

[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] is spoken by roughly five per cent of [[Azad Kashmir]]'s population.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bukhari |first=Shujaat |date=14 June 2011 |title=The other Kashmir |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/The-other-Kashmir/article13834085.ece |access-date=24 October 2020}}</ref> According to the [[1998 Pakistan Census]], there were 132,450 Kashmiri speakers in Azad Kashmir.<ref name="Shakil2">{{cite journal |last=Shakil |first=Mohsin |date=2012 |title=Languages of Erstwhile State of Jammu Kashmir (A Preliminary Study) |url=https://www.academia.edu/6485567 |journal=University of Azad Jammu and Kahsmir |access-date=24 October 2020}}</ref> Native speakers of the language were dispersed in "pockets" throughout Azad Kashmir,<ref name="Kachru2">{{cite web |last=Kachru |first=Braj B. |author-link=Braj Kachru |date=3 July 2002 |title=The Dying Linguistic Heritage of the Kashmiris: Kashmiri Literary Culture and Language |url=http://koausa.org/language/pdf/DyingLinguistic.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619010025/http://koausa.org/language/pdf/DyingLinguistic.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2018 |access-date=24 October 2020 |work=Kashmiri Overseas Association}}</ref><ref name="KJLR2">{{Cite journal |last1=Akhtar |first1=Raja Nasim |last2=Rehman |first2=Khawaja A. |date=2007 |title=The Languages of the Neelam Valley |journal=Kashmir Journal of Language Research |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=65–84 |issn=1028-6640 |quote=Additionally, Kashmiri speakers are better able to understand the variety of Srinagar than the one spoken in Muzaffarabad.}}</ref> particularly in the districts of [[Muzaffarabad District|Muzaffarabad]] (15%), [[Neelum District|Neelam]] (20%) and [[Hattian Bala District|Hattian]] (15%), with very small minorities in [[Haveli District|Haveli]] (5%) and [[Bagh District|Bagh]] (2%).<ref name="Shakil2" /> The Kashmiri spoken in Muzaffarabad is distinct from, although still [[Mutual intelligibility|intelligible]] with, the Kashmiri of the Neelam Valley to the north.<ref name="KJLR2" /> In Neelam Valley, Kashmiri is the second most widely spoken language and the majority language in at least a dozen or so villages, where in about half of these, it is the sole mother tongue.<ref name="KJLR2" /> The Kashmiri dialect of Neelam is closer to the variety spoken in northern Kashmir Valley, particularly [[Kupwara district|Kupwara]].<ref name="KJLR2" /> At the [[2017 Census of Pakistan]], as many as 350,000 people declared their first language to be Kashmiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiani |first=Khaleeq |date=28 May 2018 |title=CCI defers approval of census results until elections |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447 |access-date=17 March 2020 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a19eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT33 |title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris |date=15 September 2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-622-0 |pages=33 |language=en}}</ref>

A process of [[language shift]] is observable among Kashmiri-speakers in Azad Kashmir according to linguist [[Tariq Rahman]], as they gradually adopt local dialects such as [[Pahari-Pothwari]], [[Hindko]] or move towards the ''lingua franca'' [[Urdu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaw |first=M. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC&pg=PA328 |title=Kashmir and {{as written|I|t's [sic]}} People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society |date=2004 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-537-1 |pages=328–329 |language=en |quote=In parts of Pakistan, as a Pakistani scholar, Rahman observes (1996:225-226), “there are pockets of Kashmiri-speaking people in Azad Kashmir [Pakistan-occupied Kashmir] and elsewhere ...” Rahman adds that the process of language shift is in progress among Kashmiri speakers in Pakistan too, as: most of them [Kashmiris] are gradually shifting to other languages such as the local Pahari and Mirpuri which are dialects of Punjabi...Most literate people use Urdu since, in both Azad and Indian-held Kashmir, Urdu rather than Kashmiri is the official language of government.}}</ref><ref name="Kachru2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hock |first1=Hans Henrich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0iFBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT811 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide |last2=Bashir |first2=Elena |date=24 May 2016 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-042338-9 |pages=811 |language=en |quote=In Pakistan-controlled Kashmir, Kashmiri speakers are shifting to Urdu (Dhar 2009)}}</ref><ref name="KJLR2" /> This has resulted in these languages being used more than Kashmiri.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 June 2015 |title=Up north: Call for exploration of archaeological sites |work=The Express Tribune |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/897933/up-north-call-for-exploration-of-archaeological-sites |access-date=24 October 2020 |quote=He said Kundal Shahi and Kashmiri languages, which were spoken in the Neelum Valley, were on the verge of dying.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Zafar Ali |date=20 February 2016 |title=Lack of preservation causing regional languages to die a slow death |work=The Express Tribune |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1051223/lack-of-preservation-causing-regional-languages-to-die-a-slow-death |access-date=25 October 2020 |quote=Dr Khawaja Abdul Rehman, who spoke on Pahari and Kashmiri, said pluralistic and tolerance-promoting Kashmiri literature was fast dying, as its older generation had failed to transfer the language to its youth. He said that after a few decades, not a single Kashmiri-speaking person will be found in Muzaffarabad...}}</ref> There have been calls for the promotion of Kashmiri at an official level; in 1983, a Kashmiri Language Committee was set up by the government to patronise Kashmiri and impart it in school-level education. However, the limited attempts at introducing the language have not been successful, and it is Urdu, rather than Kashmiri, that Kashmiri Muslims have seen as their identity symbol.<ref name="Rahman2">{{cite book |last=Rahman |first=Tariq |title=Language and politics in Pakistan |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-577692-8 |author-link=Tariq Rahman}}</ref> Rahman notes that efforts to organise a Kashmiri language movement have been challenged by the scattered nature of the Kashmiri-speaking community in Azad Kashmir.<ref name="Rahman2" />

== Language ==
The [[Kashmiri language]] is one of the [[Languages with official status in India|22 scheduled languages]] of [[India]].<ref name="Central Institute of Indian Languages">{{cite web |title=Scheduled Languages of India |url=http://www.ciil.org/Main/languages/indian.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524104936/http://www.ciil.org/Main/Languages/indian.htm |archive-date=24 May 2007 |access-date=2 June 2007 |publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages}}</ref> It was a part of the ''eighth Schedule'' in the former Constitution of the Jammu and Kashmir. Along with other regional languages mentioned in the ''Sixth Schedule'', as well as Hindi and Urdu, the Kashmiri language was to be developed in the state.<ref name="GAD">{{cite web |title=The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir (India) |url=http://jkgad.nic.in/statutory/Rules-Costitution-of-J&K.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507200338/http://jkgad.nic.in/statutory/Rules-Costitution-of-J%26K.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2012 |access-date=2 June 2007 |publisher=General Administrative Department of the Government of Jammu & Kashmir (India)}}</ref>
{{multiple image
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Persian began to be used as the court language in Kashmir during the 14th century, under the influence of Islam. It was replaced by Urdu in 1889 during the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra rule]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Siegfried |date=1 May 2012 |title=kashmir iii. Persian language in the state administration |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/kashmir-iii-administration |access-date=5 February 2022 |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhat |first=M. Ashraf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eVwpDwAAQBAJ&q=The+Changing+Language+Roles+and+Linguistic+Identities+of+the+... |title=The Changing Language Roles and Linguistic Identities of the Kashmiri speech community |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4438-6260-8 |pages=75}}</ref> In 2020, Kashmiri became an official language in the Union Territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (Union Territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] for the first time.<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |date=27 September 2020 |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |access-date=27 September 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=23 September 2020 |title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 |work=Rising Kashmir |url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |title=BJP president congratulates J-K people on passing of Jammu and Kashmir Official Language Bill 2020 |url=http://businessworld.in/article/BJP-president-congratulates-J-K-people-on-passing-of-Jammu-and-Kashmir-Official-Language-Bill-2020/23-09-2020-323945 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=BW Businessworld |language=en}}</ref>

Kashmiri is closely related to [[Poguli]] and [[Kishtwari]], which are spoken in the mountains to the south of the Kashmir Valley and have sometimes been counted as dialects of Kashmiri.

== Krams (surnames) ==
{{See also|List of Kashmiri tribes}}
[[File:Kashmir-hindu-priests.jpg|thumb|Kashmiri Hindu priests in the 1890s]]

[[Kashmiri Hindus]] are [[Saraswat Brahmins]] and are known by the exonym ''[[Kashmiri Pandit|Pandit]]''.<ref name=":74">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqwYDQAAQBAJ&dq=Kashmiri+Hindus+are+all+Saraswat+Brahmins&pg=PT130|title=Disappearing Peoples?: Indigenous Groups and Ethnic Minorities in South and Central Asia|last1=Brower|first1=Barbara|last2=Johnston|first2=Barbara Rose|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=978-1-315-43039-3|quote=Kashmiri Hindus are all Saraswat brahmins, known by the exonym Pandit (the endonym being Batta), a term first reserved for emigrant Kashmiri brahmins in Mughal service. Their surnames (kram) designate their original professions or their ancestors' nicknames (e.g., Hakim, Kaul, Dhar, Raina, Teng).}}</ref> The Muslims living in [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]] are of the same stock as the [[Kashmiri Pandit]] community and are designated as [[Kashmiri Muslims]].<ref name=":023">{{Cite book|url=http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/37337|title=Census of India, 1941|volume=22|page=9|quote=The Muslims living in the southern part of the Kashmir Province are of the same stock as the Kashmiri Pandit community and are usually designated Kashmiri Muslims; those of the Muzaffarabad District are partly Kashmiri Muslims, partly Gujjar and the rest are of the same stock as the tribes of the neighbouring Punjab and North West Frontier Province districts.|access-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> Kashmiri Muslims are descended from [[Kashmiri Hindus]] who [[Conversion to Islam|converted]] to [[Islam]], and Kashmiri Pandits are the predecessors of the Kashmiri Muslims,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMM-xRVr5qgC&dq=kashmiris+are+native+to+kashmir+valley&pg=PA223 |title=Kashmiri Pandits: Looking to the Future |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2001 |isbn=978-81-7648-236-3 |quote=The Kashmiri Pandits are the '''precursors''' of Kashmiri Muslims who now form a majority in the valley of Kashmir...Whereas Kashmiri Pandits are of the same ethnic stock as the Kashmiri Muslims, both sharing their habitat, language, dress, food and other habits, Kashmiri Pandits form a constituent part of the Hindu society of India on the religious plane.}}</ref> who now form the majority population in the Kashmir Valley<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last1=Bhasin|first1=M.K.|last2=Nag|first2=Shampa|year=2002|title=A Demographic Profile of the People of Jammu and Kashmir|url=http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-13-0-000-000-2002-Web/JHE-13-1-2-001-02-Abst-PDF/JHE-13-1-2-001-02/JHE-13-1-2-001-055-02-Tt.pdf|journal=Journal of Human Ecology|publisher=Kamla-Raj Enterprises|page=15|access-date=1 January 2017|quote=Thus the two population groups, Kashmiri Pandits and Kashmiri Muslims though at the time constituted ethnically homogenous population, came to differ from each other in faith and customs.}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last1=Bhasin|first1=M.K.|last2=Nag|first2=Shampa|year=2002|title=A Demographic Profile of the People of Jammu and Kashmir|url=http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-13-0-000-000-2002-Web/JHE-13-1-2-001-02-Abst-PDF/JHE-13-1-2-001-02/JHE-13-1-2-001-055-02-Tt.pdf|journal=Journal of Human Ecology|page=16|access-date=1 January 2017|quote=The Sheikhs are considered to be the descendants of Hindus and the pure Kashmiri Muslims, professing Sunni faith, the major part of the population of Srinagar district and the Kashmir state.}}</ref> Both the Kashmiri Hindus and Muslim society reckons descent [[Patrilineality|patrilineally]]. Certain property and titles may be inherited through the male line, but certain inheritances may accrue through the female line. After [[Kashmiri Hindus]] converted to Islam they largely retained their family names (''kram'') which indicated their original profession, locality or community.<ref name=":74" /> These include:

* [[Bhat#Kashmir|Bhat]], Bhatt or Butt<ref name="Anthropological Survey of India">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPmBAAAAMAAJ&q=bhat+butt+name+kashmir |title=The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 52 |publisher=The Survey |year=2003 |quote=The But/Butt of Punjab were originally Brahmin migrants from Kashmir during 1878 famine. |access-date=2 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Bansi Pandit2">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsoC6GWr47QC&dq=bhat+butt+name+kashmir&pg=PA99 |title=Explore Kashmiri Pandits |publisher=Dharma Publications |isbn=978-0-9634798-6-0 |access-date=2 December 2010}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last1=Brower |first1=Barbara |last2=Johnston |first2=Barbara Rose |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqwYDQAAQBAJ&dq=Kashmiri+Hindus+are+all+Saraswat+Brahmins&pg=PT130 |access-date=14 July 2023 |title=Disappearing Peoples?: Indigenous Groups and Ethnic Minorities in South and Central Asia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-315-43039-3 |quote=Sheikh: local converts, subdivided into numerous subgroups. Most largely retain their family names, or patronyms (kram), indicating their original profession, locality or community-such as Khar (carpenter), Pampori (a place), Butt and Pandit (Brahmin), Dar (kshatriya)-but with increasing Islamization, some have dropped these. }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxJDAAAAYAAJ&q=kashmiri+names+bat+dar+lone |title=Proceedings - Indian History Congress, Volume 63 |publisher=Indian History Congress |year=2003 |isbn= |location= |page=867 |quote=...the Muslims also retained their Hindu caste-names known as Krams e.g. Tantre, Nayak, Magre, Rather, Lone, Bat, Dar, Parray, Mantu, Yatoo..... |access-date=30 December 2016 |via=}}</ref><ref name="KBAhmad" /><ref name = "WMClements" /><ref name ="NADhar>{{Cite journal |last=Dhar |first=Nazir Ahmad |date=2002 |title=Social Distribution of Linguistic Variants in Kashmiri Speech |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute |volume=62/63 |page=46 |jstor=42930603 |issn=0045-9801 |quote=The surnames like Bhat, Pandit, Munshi, Dhar, Dar, Handoo, Kakroo, etc. characterize aboriginal affinity}}</ref><ref name = "RBhat" /><ref name = "UKaul" />
* [[Dhar (surname)|Dhar]]/Dar<ref name="Bansi Pandit2" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="MQRaina" /><ref name = "WMClements" />
* [[Pandit (surname)|Pandit]]<ref name=":9" /><ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name="KBAhmad" /><ref name ="MQRaina" /><ref name = "WMClements" /><ref name ="DDSharma">{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Dhruv Dev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4rccspy46sC&dq=Haksar+caste+Kashmir&pg=PA184 |access-date=5 May 2023 |title=Panorama of Indian Anthroponomy: An Historical, Socio-Cultural and Linguistic Analysis of Indian Personal Names |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-8324-078-9 |quote=In Kashmiri, the Pandit surname is attested with Muslims as well, e.g. Mohd Shafi Pandit, Charman J & K Public Service Commission. |language=en-IN |publisher=Mittal Publication }}</ref><ref name ="NADhar />
* [[Kaul]]<ref name ="SVictoria">{{cite book|first=Victoria |last=Schofield |author-link=Victoria Schofield|title=Kashmir in conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek00fuXVz1wC&pg=PA118|access-date=25 June 2012|year=2003 |publisher=I.B. Tauris & Co |isbn= 1-86064-898-3 |page=4 |quote=...looms rose to 24,000 by 1813. Despite the religious oppression that many Hindus were subjected, they were however, useful to the Afghans because of their administrative experience. Kashmiri Pandits were not prevented into entering into government service & there were some families whose names consistently appear in public service - the Dhars, Kauls, Tikkus & Saprus. }}</ref>
* [[Raina (surname)|Raina]]<ref name=":74" /><ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name ="MQRaina">{{cite book |date=13 November 2014 |last=Raina |first=Mohini Qasba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bb-QBQAAQBAJ&dq=Madan+Kashmiri+surname&pg=PA55 |access-date=5 April 2023 |title=Kashur The Kashmiri Speaking People: Analytical Perspective |page=55 |quote=Among the leading Krams may be mentioned the following names: Tikku, Razdan, Kak, Munshi, Mathu, Kachru, Pandit, Sipru, Bhan, Zitshu, Raina, Dhar, Fotadar, Madan, Thusu, Wangnu, Muju, Hokhu, and Dulu. Of these the members of the Dhar family have probably been the most influential. |isbn=978-1-4828-9945-0 |publisher=Partridge Singapore |language=en-IN }}</ref><ref name="KBAhmad" /><ref name="Lawrence" />
* [[Kak clan|Kak]]<ref name="Lawrence">{{Cite book|last=Lawrence|first=Sir Walter Roper|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DqAHweWRUs0C&q=Dar&pg=PA304|title=The Valley of Kashmir|quote=Among the leading Krams may be mentioned the following names:— Tikku, Razdan, Kak, Munshi, Mathu, Kachru, Pandit, Sapru, Bhan, Zitshu, Raina, Dar, Fotadar, Madan, Thusu, Wangnu, Muju, Hokhu, and Dulu.|date=2005|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1630-1|page=304|language=en}}</ref><ref name ="Agrawal" />
* [[Kachru]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="MQRaina" /><ref name = "WMClements" /><ref name = "RBhat" /><ref name = "UKaul />
* [[Kichlu]]<ref name ="Agrawal" />
* Mantu/Mantoo/Mintoo<ref name=":0" /><ref name = "WMClements" />
* [[Fotedar]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="MQRaina" /><ref name="Bansi Pandit2" />
* [[Haksar]]<ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name="KBAhmad" />
* [[Handoo]]<ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name = "WMClements" />
* [[Parimoo]]<ref name="KBAhmad" /><ref name = "RBhat">{{cite web |date=23 February 2008 |last1=Anwar |last2=Bhat |first1=Tarique |first2=Rajesh |url=https://twocircles.net/2008feb23/kashmiryat_kashmiri_surnames.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226225421/https://twocircles.net/2008feb23/kashmiryat_kashmiri_surnames.html |archive-date=26 February 2008 |title=Kashmiryat in Kashmiri surnames |quote=Similarly, Mirza, Dhar or Dar, Bhat, Kaul, Akhoon, Chakoo, Durrani, Kachroo, Draboo, Kaloo, Kanna, Kaw, Khar, Khuda, Kitchloo, Munshi, Machama, Mirza, Padar, Parimoo and Raina are a few typical surnames that are used by both Hindus, and Muslims of Kashmir! |publisher=[[Two Circles]] |language=en-IN }}</ref><ref name = "UKaul">{{cite web |date=4 September 2020 |last=Kaul |first=Upendra |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/my-name-is-khan-and-im-kaul |url-status=live |access-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230405053256/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/amp/story/todays-paper/my-name-is-khan-and-im-kaul |archive-date=5 April 2023 |title=My name is Khan, and I'm Kaul |quote=Similarly, Mirza, Dhar or Dar, Bhat, Akhoon, Chakoo, Durrani, Kachroo, Draboo, Kaloo, Kanna, Kaw, Khar, Khuda, Kitchloo, Munshi, Machama, Mirza, Padar, Parimoo and Raina are a few typical surnames that are used by both Hindus, and Muslims of Kashmir |publisher=[[Greater Kashmir]] |language=en-IN }}</ref>
* [[Mattoo]]<ref name = "WMClements">{{Cite book |last1=Clements |first1=William M.|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of World Folklore and Folklife: Southeast Asia and India, Central and East Asia, Middle East |last2=Green |first2=Thomas A. |date=2006 |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]]|isbn=978-0-313-32849-7 |page=60 |language=English |quote=A variety of Hindu surnames such as Dar, Bhatt, Handoo, Kachru, Kichlu, Matoo and Pandit persist in Muslim families.}}</ref><ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name="KBAhmad" /><ref name="Lawrence" />
* [[Rajguru]]
* [[Bhan]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="Agrawal" />
* [[Bazaz]]<ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name="KBAhmad">{{cite book |date=23 June 2017 |last=Ahmad |first=Khalid Bashir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=txtBDwAAQBAJ&dq=jalali+kashmiri+surname&pg=PT262 |access-date=5 April 2023 |title=Kashmir: Exposing the Myth Behind the Narrative |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |quote=One would come across among Muslims of Kashmir any number of surnames that are equally common among the Pandits. Among these are Bhat, Raina, Nath, Langoo, Malla, Bazaz, Saraf, Munshi, Watal, Wali, Khar, Shangloo, Nehru, Gagar, Kharoo, Aga, Jalali, Peer, Pandit, Parimoo and Mattoo. |isbn=978-93-86062-81-9 |language=en-IN }}</ref>
* [[Bakshi]]<ref name ="Agrawal">{{cite book |date=20 August 2014 |last=Agrawal |first=Premendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2E36BgAAQBAJ&dq=mattu+surname&pg=PT47 |access-date=5 April 2023 |title=Accursed & Jihadi Neighbour |publisher=Commercial Services |page=86 |isbn=978-81-930512-0-7 |quote=Meaning of surnames found on the Kashmiri Pandit tree: Bakaya, Sapru, Bakshi, Munshi, Wazir, Chalkbast, Bhan, Langar or Langroo, Wattal, Bazaz, Taimini, Mattu, Chak, Zalpuri, Khar, Hazari, Zutshi, Razdan, Tikhu, Kathju, sopori, Thussoo, Haksar, Raina, Waloo or Wali, Wantu/Wanchu, Gamkhwar, Kakh, Mushran, Sharga, Handoo, Gurtu, Kitchlu, and Ganjoo. |language=en-IN }}</ref>
* Rather<ref name=":0" />
* [[Razdan (surname)|Razdan]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="Agrawal" />
* [[Munshi#Kashmiri surname|Munshi]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name="KBAhmad" />
* [[Sapru]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name ="SVictoria" />
* [[Thussu]]<ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="MQRaina" />
* [[Tikoo]]<ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name="Lawrence" />
* [[Zutshi]]<ref name ="Agrawal" />
* Magre/Magray<ref name=":0" />
* Yatoo<ref name=":0" />
* [[Wali (surname)|Wali]]<ref name="KBAhmad" /><ref name ="Agrawal" />
* [[Wanchoo]]<ref name ="Agrawal" />
* Wazir<ref name ="Agrawal" />
* [[Madan (surname)|Madan]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="MQRaina" />
* [[Wani (surname)|Wani]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Uttar Pradesh |date=2005 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-7304-114-3 |editor-last=Hasan |editor-first=Amir |location=Manohar |page=769 |language=en |quote=The Kesarwani Bania, or simply the Kesarwani, as they are popularly referred to, are an important group of the Vaishya or business community. They were also referred to as Baniya, Bani and Bakkal in the British time. From Kashmir, they came to Kara- Manikpur at the end of the twelfth century. |editor-last2=Anthropological Survey of India}}</ref>
* [[Lone (surname)|Lone]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[Mir (clan)|Mir]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wani |first=Muhammad Ashraf |title=Islam in Kashmir: Fourteenth to Sixteenth Century (pages 35, 191) |publisher=Oriental Publishing House |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-901385-0-5 |pages=35, 191 |language=en}}</ref>
* Ganai<ref name=":0" />
* Tantray<ref name=":0" />
* Parray<ref name=":0" />

== Culture ==
{{main|Culture of Kashmir|Kashmiri mythology|Kashmiri handicrafts}}
[[File:The Great Kashmiri Salt tea.png|thumb|upright|Kashmiri [[Samovar|Samovar and Noon Chai]]]]

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Jammu and Kashmir#Kashmir}}
The traditional types of music of Kashmir are ''Sufi Kalam'', ''[[Wanvun]]'', ''Chakri'', ''Henzae'', and ''[[Ladishah]]''.

Some of the musical instruments used in Kashmir are [[Rubab (instrument)|Rubab]], ''Tumbaknaer'' (which is of Iranian origin) and [[Santoor]].

A traditional dance form usually performed by women on occasions like marriages and similar social functions is ''Rouf''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dancesofindia.co.in/folk-dances-india/kashmir/ |title=Folk Dances of Kashmir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513013523/http://www.dancesofindia.co.in/folk-dances-india/kashmir/ |archive-date=13 May 2012|access-date=25 March 2022 }}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Kashmiri cuisine}}
[[Meat]] and [[rice]] are popular food items among Kashmiris, rice being considered a [[staple food]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC&q=kashmiris+meat&pg=PA98|title=Kashmir and Its People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society|last=Kaw|first=M.K.|publisher=APH Publishing|year=2004|isbn=978-81-7648-537-1|pages=98|quote=But perhaps the most popular items of the Kashmiri cuisine were meat and rice.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eMfzTBcXcYC&q=kashmiris+rice+staple&pg=PA243|title=Culture and Political History of Kashmir|last=Bamzai|first=Prithivi Nath Kaul|author-link=Prithivi Nath Kaul Bamzai |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|year=1994|isbn=978-81-85880-31-0|pages=243|quote=Rice was, as now, the staple food of Kashmiris in ancient times.}}</ref>

[[Noon Chai]] or ''Sheer Chai'' and ''[[Kahwah|Kahweh]]'' are beverages of Kashmir.

[[Wazwan]] is a multi-course meal in Kashmir prepared by skilled chefs called ''Wazas''.

Kashmir is also known for its baking traditions. ''[[Sheermal]]'', ''[[Bakarkhani]]'' (puff pastry), ''Lavas'' (unleavened bread), ''Tsochwor'' (hard, bagel-shaped bread) and ''[[Kulche]]'' are popular baked goods.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/kashmir-has-special-confectionary_10027147.html|title=Kashmir has special confectionary|date=13 March 2008|publisher=Thaindian.com|access-date=25 March 2012|archive-date=12 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512112836/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/kashmir-has-special-confectionary_10027147.html}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col}}
* [[List of Kashmiris]]
* [[Kashmiri diaspora]]
* [[Kashmiri Hindus]]
* [[Kashmiri Shaikh]]
* [[Literature of Kashmir]]
* [[Kashmiriyat]]
* [[1931 Kashmir agitation]]
* [[1941 Census of Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Kashmir conflict]]
* [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]]
* [[Elections in Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Theory of Kashmiri descent from lost tribes of Israel]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}

=== Encyclopedia ===
* {{citation |last1=Amin |first1=Tahir |last2=Schofield |first2=Victoria |chapter=Kashmir |editor=John L. Esposito |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islamic World |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |chapter-url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0433?_hi=3&_pos=48# |ref={{sfnref|Amin & Schofield, Kashmir|2009}}}}
* Khan, Nyla Ali. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200706063826/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t355/e0016?_hi=3&_pos=47 ''Kashmir'']. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women.
* {{citation | last =West | first =Barbara | year =2010| title =Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania | publisher =Infobase | isbn =978-1-4381-1913-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA372 }}

=== Scholarly books ===
* Ames, Frank (1986). [https://books.google.com/books?id=wT7rAAAAMAAJ ''The Kashmir shawl and its Indo-French influence'']. Antique Collectors' Club. {{ISBN|9780907462620}}.
* {{Citation | last =Bhat | first =M. Ashraf | year =2017 | title =The Changing Language Roles and Linguistic Identities of the Kashmiri Speech Community | publisher =Cambridge Scholars Publishing | isbn =978-1-4438-6260-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eVwpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55}}
* {{citation |last=Bose |first=Sumantra |author-link=Sumantra Bose |title=Transforming India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reiwAAAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72819-6 |ref={{sfnref|Bose, Transforming India|2013}}}}
* {{cite book |last1=Brower |first1=Barbara |last2=Johnston |first2=Barbara Rose |year=2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqwYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT130 |title=Disappearing Peoples?: Indigenous Groups and Ethnic Minorities in South and Central Asia |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-3154-3039-3}}
* C. Baron V. Hugel, Annotated By D.C. Sharma (1984). [https://books.google.com/books?id=O2WSRW2t3XYC ''Kashmir Under Maharaja Ranjit Singh.''] Atlantic Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd. {{ISBN|9788171560943}}.
* {{citation |first=Rekha |last=Chowdhary |title=Jammu and Kashmir: Politics of Identity and Separatism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-2oCgAAQBAJ |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-41405-6}}
* {{citation |author1-link=Julie Yu-Wen Chen |author2-link=Chih-yu Shih |last1=Chen |first1=Yu-Wen |last2=Shih |first2=Chih-Yu |title=Borderland Politics in Northern India |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-317-60517-1 |ref={{sfnref|Chen & Shih, Borderland Politics in Northern India|2016}}}}
* Drace-Francis, Alex, [https://books.google.com/books?id=1kwdBQAAQBAJ European Identity: A Historical Reader]''ed. European Identity: a historical reader.''] Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
* {{citation |last=Fahim |first=Farukh |chapter=Centuries' Subjugation Kicks off a Bitter Struggle |editor=Harsh Dobhal |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CcbLvuT1jbkC&pg=PA259 |title=Writings on Human Rights, Law, and Society in India: A Combat Law Anthology: Selections from Combat Law, 2002–2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CcbLvuT1jbkC |publisher=Human Rights Law Network/Socio Legal Information Centre |location=New Delhi |year=2011 |pages=258–264 |isbn=978-81-89479-78-7 |ref={{sfnref|Fahim, Centuries' Subjugation Kicks off a Bitter Struggle|2011}}}}
* {{citation |last= Hangloo |first=Rattan Lal |title=The State in Medieval Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DzduAAAAMAAJ |date=2000 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-251-5 |ref={{sfnref|Hangloo, The State in Medieval Kashmir|2000}}}}
* {{citation |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |author-link=Ayesha Jalal |title=Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sa6CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA482 |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-59937-0 |ref={{sfnref|Jalal, Self and Sovereignty|2002}}}}
* {{citation |title=Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir |first=Mridu |last=Rai | publisher=C. Hurst & Co |year=2004 |isbn=1-85065-661-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTHTI-Eus8kC |ref={{sfnref|Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects|2004}}}}
* {{citation |last=Schofield |first=Victoria |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-86064-898-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC |ref={{sfnref|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2000}}}}
* {{citation |last=Schofield |first=Victoria |title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaT3AgAAQBAJ |year=2010 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-0-85773-078-7 |ref={{sfnref|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2010}}}}
* {{citation |last=Sevea |first=Iqbal Singh |title=The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-139-53639-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8hAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 |ref={{sfnref|Sevea, The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal|2012}}}}
* {{citation |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-342-7 |ref={{sfnref|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015}}}}
* Watt, George (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=0idOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA648 ''A Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, Part 2'']. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|9781108068796}}.
* {{citation |last=Zutshi |first=Chitralekha |title=Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlBjzE-1ML8C |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-85065-700-2 |ref={{sfnref|Zutshi, Languages of Belonging|2004}}}}

=== Books ===
* {{citation |last=Bamzai |first=P. N. K. |author-link=Prithivi Nath Kaul Bamzai |title=Culture and Political History of Kashmir: Ancient Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eMfzTBcXcYC |date=1994 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-85880-31-0 |ref={{sfnref|Bamzai, Ancient Kashmir|1994}}}}
* {{citation|last=Bamzai|first=Prithivi Nath Kaul|title=Culture and Political History of Kashmir: Medieval Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y4ZuAAAAMAAJ|year=1994|publisher=M.D. Publications|isbn=978-81-85880-33-4 |ref={{sfnref|Bamzai, Medieval Kashmir|1994}}}}
* {{citation |last=Bakshi |first=S. R. |title=Kashmir Through Ages, Volume 2: Kashmir - Valley and its Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ONDsQCO9yTQC&pg=PA247 |date=1997 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-85431-71-0 |ref={{sfnref|Bakshi, Kashmir Through Ages, Volume 2|1997}}}}
* {{citation |last=Bhandari |first=Mohan C. |title=Solving Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChbvL5i0O7YC|year=2006 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7062-125-6}}
* {{citation|last=Chatterjee|first=Suhas|title=Indian Civilization And Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KItocaxbibUC&pg=PA199|year=1998|publisher=M.D. Publications|isbn=978-81-7533-083-2}}
* Dar, P Krishna (2000). [https://books.google.com/books?id=PJNtAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT8 ''Kashmiri Cooking'']. Penguin UK. {{ISBN|9789351181699}}.
* {{citation|last=Green|first=Peter|title=Alexander of Macedon: 356-323 B.c.: a Historical Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HlhvoI2T_YYC&pg=PA403|year=1970|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-07166-7}}
* {{citation|last=Heckel|first=Waldemar|title=The Wars of Alexander the Great 336–323 BC|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DO6QMPLRiEUC&pg=PA48|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-49959-7}}
* {{citation |last=Kaw |first=M.K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMM-xRVr5qgC&pg=PA34 |title=Kashmiri Pandits: Looking to the Future|publisher=APH Publishing |year=2001 |isbn=978-81-7648-236-3 |ref={{sfnref|Kaw, Kashmiri Pandits|2001}}}}
* {{citation |last=Kaw |first=M. K. |title=Kashmir and its People: Studies in the evolution of Kashmiri society |series=Volume 4 of KECSS research series: Culture and heritage of Kashmir |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2004 |page=90 |isbn=978-81-7648-537-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC |ref={{sfnref|Kaw, Kashmir and its People|2004}}}}
* {{citation|last=Khan|first=Iqtidar Alam|title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzZFUcDpDzsC&pg=PA58|year=2008|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-5503-8}}
* Madison Books; Andrews McMeel Publishing, LLC; Corby Kummer (1 November 2007). ''1001 Foods To Die For.'' Andrews McMeel Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-7407-7043-2}}.
* {{citation |last=Hāṇḍā |first=Omacanda |title=Textiles, Costumes, and Ornaments of the Western Himalaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFPnh9B5zncC|year=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-076-7}}
* {{citation|last=Kennedy|first=Kenneth A. R.|title=God-Apes and Fossil Men: Paleoanthropology of South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6zQHNavWlsC&pg=PA259|year=2000|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-11013-1}}
* {{citation|last=Majumdar|first=Ramesh Chandra|author-link=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar|title=Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA261|year=1977|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0436-4}}
* {{citation |first=Parmanand |last=Parashar |title=Kashmir The Paradise Of Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gylNFls7xxoC |date=2004 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-518-9}}
* {{citation |last=Rafiabadi |first=Hamid Naseem |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeK9w9P0sBQC |title=World Religions and Islam: A Critical Study, Part 2 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-414-4}}
* {{citation |last=Rafiabadi |first=Hamid Naseem |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ysB4DTRgh5sC |title=Saints and Saviours of Islam |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-555-4 |ref={{sfnref|Rafiabadi, Saints and Saviours|2005}}}}
* {{citation|last=Rapson|first=Edward James|title=The Cambridge History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gYg8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA733|year=1955|publisher=Cambridge University Press|id=GGKEY:FP2CEFT2WJH}}
* {{citation |author=Janet Rizvi |title=Trans-Himalayan Caravans: Merchant Princes and Peasant Traders in Ladakh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XsRIAAAAYAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-565817-0 |ref={{sfnref|Rizvi, Trans-Himalayan Caravans|2001}}}}
* {{citation|last=Sastri|first=K. A. Nilakanta|title=Age of the Nandas And Mauryas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC&pg=PA220|year=1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0466-1}}
* {{citation|last=Sharma|first=Subhra|title=Life in the Upanishads|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gqmy7FdD_XUC&pg=PA44|year=1985|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-202-4}}
* {{citation|last=Singh|first=Upinder|author-link=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0}}
* {{citation|last=Wink|first=André|title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA245|year=1991|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-09509-0}}
* Solomon H. Katz; William Woys Weaver (2003). ''Encyclopedia of Food and Culture: Food production to Nuts.'' Scribner. {{ISBN|978-0-684-80566-5}}.
* ''The Panjab Past and Present''. Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University. 1993. p. 22.

=== Journal articles ===
* Bhasin, M.K.; Nag, Shampa (2002). [http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-13-0-000-000-2002-Web/JHE-13-1-2-001-02-Abst-PDF/JHE-13-1-2-001-02/JHE-13-1-2-001-055-02-Tt.pdf "A Demographic Profile of the People of Jammu and Kashmir"](PDF). ''Journal of Human Ecology''
* {{Citation | last1 =Downie | first1 =J.M. | last2 =Tashi | first2 =T. | last3 =Lorenzo | first3 =F.R. | last4 =Feusier | first4 =J.E. | last5 =Mir | first5 =H. | last6 =Prchal | first6 =J.T. | title =A Genome-Wide Search for Greek and Jewish Admixture in the Kashmiri Population | journal =PLOS ONE |year=2016 |volume=11 |issue=8 |article-number=e0160614 | doi =10.1371/journal.pone.0160614 | pmid =27490348 | pmc =4973929 | bibcode =2016PLoSO..1160614D | doi-access =free }}
* ''Journal of History''. Department of History, Jadavpur University. 1981. p. 76.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=gPmBAAAAMAAJ&q=bhat+butt+name+kashmir ''The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 52'']. The Survey.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=SANuAAAAMAAJ&q=bhat+butt+surname+punjabi ''The quarterly journal of the Mythic society (Bangalore)., Volume 96'']. The Society.

=== Primary sources ===
* {{citation|last=Lawrence|first=Sir Walter Roper|title=The Valley of Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DqAHweWRUs0C|year=1895|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1630-1}}
* Mohamed, C K. [http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18942 ''Census of India, 1921. Vol. XXII: Kashmir. Part I: Report''].
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=oxJDAAAAYAAJ&q=kashmiri+names+bat+dar+lone ''Proceedings – Indian History Congress, Volume 63'']. Indian History Congress. 2003.
* [http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPageContent.jsp?ID=14653&page=307&CategoryID=1&pagetype=1&Searched=W3GX ''Punjab Census Report 17 Feb 1881'']. 1883.
* Ram, Anant; Raina, Hira Nand (1933). Census of India, 1931. Vol. XXIV: Jammu and Kashmir State. Part II: Imperial and State Tables.
* Sir George Watt (1903). ''Indian Art at Delhi 1903: Being the Official Catalogue of the Delhi Exhibition 1902–1903.'' Motilal Banarsidass Publ. {{ISBN|978-81-208-0278-0}}.
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{commons inline}}

{{Pakistan topics}}
{{India topics}}
{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}
{{Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Kashmir Valley}}
{{Ethnic groups in Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashmiri People}}

[[Category:Kashmiri people| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir|*]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups divided by international borders]]
[[Category:Dardic peoples]]

2025–26 Goa Professional League

2026-05-01T13:48:28Z

EmoryFigueroa:

{{Short description|32nd season of the Goa Pro League}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[Goa Football League|Goa Professional League]]
| season = [[2025–26 in Indian football|2025–26]]
| dates = 18 September 2025–1 May 2026<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-06-04|title=GFA releases competitions calendar for 25–26 season|url=https://www.thegoan.net/sports/%EF%BB%BFgfa-releases-competitions-calendar-for-25%E2%80%9326-season/131287.html|access-date=2025-10-03|website=www.thegoan.net|language=en-UK}}</ref>
| winners = [[Sporting Clube de Goa]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-04-27|title=Three-Peat glory for Sporting Clube de Goa|url=https://www.thegoan.net/sports/%EF%BB%BFthreepeat-glory-for-sporting-clube-de-goa/147310.html|access-date=2025-04-29|website=www.thegoan.net|language=en-IN}}</ref> 9th GPL title 9th [[List of Goan state football champions|Goan title]]
| promoted =
| relegated = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]] [[Guardian Angel SC|Guardian Angel]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=GPL: Churchill Brothers, Guardian Angel relegated |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/gpl-churchill-bros-guardian-angel-relegated/articleshow/130377239.cms |access-date=20 April 2026 |date=20 April 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| matches = 154
| total goals = 435
| league topscorer =
| biggest home win =
| biggest away win =
| highest scoring = [[Dempo SC|Dempo]] 6-5 Chapora<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dempo Survive Late Chapora Storm in 11-Goal Thriller |url=https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/dempo-survive-late-chapora-storm-in-11-goal-thriller/ |access-date=1 May 2026 |date=17 February 2026 |work=[[Goa Football Association]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| longest wins =
| longest unbeaten =
| longest winless =
| longest losses =
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| attendance =
| average attendance =
| prevseason = [[2024–25 Goa Professional League|2024–25]]
| nextseason = ''[[2026–27 Goa Professional League|2026–27]]''
| best goalkeeper =
| updated = 22 April 2026
}}

The '''2025–26 Goa Professional League''' is the 28th season of the [[Goa Football League#Goa Professional League|Goa Professional League]], the top [[association football|football]] league in the [[India]]n state of [[Goa]] since its establishment in 1996. [[Sporting Clube de Goa]] are the defending champions, having won their 8th title.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Pro League: Sporting Clube de Goa are champions, again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-pro-league-sporting-clube-are-champions-again/articleshow/120833022.cms |access-date=3 May 2025 |date=3 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |first1=Flavio |last1=Lopes |language=en-us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503140812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-pro-league-sporting-clube-are-champions-again/articleshow/120833022.cms |archive-date=3 May 2025 }}</ref>

The '''Charity Match''', the curtain-raiser to the Goa Pro league was held on 7 September 2025. It was contested between [[Sporting Clube de Goa]] and [[Dempo SC]]. Dempo won the match on shootouts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sporting Clube de Goa edge Dempo SC in shootout to win Charity Match |url=https://www.thegoan.net/sports/%EF%BB%BFsporting-clube-de-goa-edge-dempo-sc-in-shootout-to-win-charity-match/135832.html |access-date=3 October 2025 |date=8 September 2025 |work=The Goan |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In uncertain times, Goa moves ahead with the Charity match |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/in-uncertain-times-goa-moves-ahead-with-charity-match/articleshow/123738829.cms |access-date=28 October 2025 |date=6 September 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Changes from last season ==

=== Relegated from [[2024–25 Goa Professional League]] ===
* [[Panjim Footballers]]<ref>
*{{Cite web|date=2025-03-23|title=Panjim Footballers relegated from Goa Pro League|url=https://www.thegoan.net/sports/%EF%BB%BFpanjim-footballers-relegated-from-goa-pro-league/127855.html|access-date=2025-04-05|website=www.thegoan.net|language=en-UK}}
*{{Cite web|date=2025-03-23|title=Panjim Footballers relegated after six-year stay in GPL|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/panjim-footballers-relegated-after-six-year-stay-in-gpl/articleshow/119389131.cms|access-date=2025-10-03|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en-IN}}
</ref>

=== Promoted to 2025–26 Goa Professional League ===

==== From [[Goa Football League#First Division League|GFA First Division League]] ====
*Chapora Yuvak Sangh<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-10 |title=Chapora Yuvak Sangh emerge GFA First Division League champions|url=https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/chapora-yuvak-sangh-emerge-gfa-first-division-league-champions/|access-date=2025-05-22 |website=[[Goa Football Association]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Corporate entries ====
*Bidesh XI SC<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-03-23|title=Goa Pro League is now bigger, hopefully better|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-pro-league-is-now-bigger-hopefully-better/articleshow/123954168.cms|access-date=2025-09-18|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en-UK}}</ref>

On 12 March 2025, the GFA invited bids for a new team to participate in the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-03-12 |title=Goa Football Association invites bids for new team in Goa Professional League|url=https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/goa-football-association-invites-bids-for-new-team-in-goa-professional-league/|access-date=2025-09-17 |website=[[Goa Football Association]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! {{increase}} to GPL!! {{decrease}} to [[Goa Football League#First Division League|First Division]]
|-
| Chapora Yuvak Sangh Bidesh XI SC
| [[Panjim Footballers]] 
|}

==Club locations==
{{Location map+ |India Goa |width=360|float=right |caption=Location of '''2025–26 Goa Pro League''' teams |places=
{{Location map~ |India Goa |lat=15.262606 |long=73.973827 |label=[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India Goa |lat=15.546344 |long=73.760425 |label=Calangute|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India Goa |lat=15.513521 |long=73.941636 |label=[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~ |India Goa |lat=15.263374 |long=74.108052 |label=[[Guardian Angel SC|Guardian Angel]]|position=bottom}}
{{Location map~ |India Goa |lat=15.638789 |long=73.876002 |label=[[SESA Football Academy|SESA]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |India Goa |lat=15.541037 |long=73.824640 |label=[[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|FC Goa]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~ |India Goa |lat=15.397943 |long=73.914502 |label={{nowrap|Cortalim Villagers}}|position=right}}
{{Location map~ |India Goa |lat=15.356074 |long=73.927077 |label=[[Pax of Nagoa SC|Pax of Nagoa]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India Goa |lat=15.616230 |long=73.825282 |label=Geno|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India Goa |lat=15.599363 |long=73.749271 |label=Chapora YS|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India Goa |lat=15.621429 |long=73.896276 |label=Bidesh|position=right}}

{{Location map~ |India Goa |lat=15.493796 |long=73.819373 |mark=Black pog.svg|label='''Panaji'''|position=bottom}}
{{Location map~ |India Goa |lat=15.132636 |long=73.609971 |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |label=<div style="font-size:100%;">'''{{nowrap|[[Panaji]] teams:}}''' 
{{nowrap|[[File:Red pog.svg|8px]] [[Goa Police]]}} 
{{nowrap|[[File:Red pog.svg|8px]] [[Sporting Clube de Goa]]}} 
</div>|position=right}}

{{Location map~ |India Goa |lat=15.40092 |long=73.81526 |mark=Black pog.svg|label='''Vasco'''|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India Goa |lat=14.950 |long=73.60997 |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |label=<div style="font-size:100%;">'''{{nowrap|[[Vasco da Gama, Goa
|Vasco]] teams:}}''' 
{{nowrap|[[File:Red pog.svg|8px]] [[Clube de Salgaocar]]}} 
{{nowrap|[[File:Red pog.svg|8px]] [[Vasco SC|Vasco]]}} 
</div>|position=right}}

{{Location map~ |India Goa |lat=15.598599 |long=73.816199 |mark=Green pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nowrap|'''[[Duler Stadium]]'''}}</div>|position=right}}
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center"
! Club
! Location
! Ground
|-
|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|[[Carambolim]]
|[[Dempo SC#Ella Academy Ground|Ella Academy Ground]]
|-
|[[Goa Police]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Panaji]]
|rowspan="7"| [[Duler Stadium]]
|-
|[[Sporting Clube de Goa]]
|-
|Bidesh XI SC
|[[Assonora]]
|-
|Chapora Yuvak Sangh
|[[Chapora Beach|Chapora]]
|-
|[[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|FC Goa B]]
|[[Porvorim]]
|-
|[[Calangute#Sports|Calangute Association]]
|[[Calangute]]
|-
|Geno Sports Club
|[[Mapusa]]
|-
|[[SESA Football Academy|SESA FA]]
|[[Sanquelim]]
|[[Sircaim#Football academy|Sesa Academy Ground]]
|-
|[[Vasco SC|Vasco]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Tilak Maidan]]
|-
|[[Clube de Salgaocar]]
|-
|Cortalim Villagers
|[[Cortalim]]
|-
|[[Pax of Nagoa SC|Pax of Nagoa]]
|[[Nagoa]]
| Nagoa Ground
|-
|[[Churchill Brothers SC|Churchill Brothers]]
|[[Margao]]
|rowspan="2"|Benaulim Ground
|-
|[[Guardian Angel SC]]
|[[Curchorem]]
|-
|}

==Format==
The 2025–26 Goa Professional League consists of 15 teams and will be played in two phases. In the first phase, all the teams will play each other once.<ref>{{cite news |title=Unveiling the 2024-2025 Goa Professional League |url=https://www.sportingclubedegoa.in/unveiling-the-2024-2025-goa-professional-league/#:~:text=The%202024-2025%20Goa%20Professional%20League%20showcases%2014,teams%20competing%20for%20a%20%E2%82%B910%20lakh%20prize. |access-date=13 February 2024 |work=[[SC de Goa]] |date=1 August 2024 |location=Goa}}</ref>

In the second, the top 8 teams play in the Super League and the team that finishes top of the table is declared the champion. The bottom 7 will play the relegation league and the team finishing last will be relegated to the 2026-27 First Division.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Pro League 2024-25|url=https://theawayend.co/goa-pro-league/|website=The Away End|language=en}}</ref>

==Broadcasting==
Matches from the league were telecast live on the SportsCast India [[YouTube]] channel.<ref>https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKCzydrLKEvm8HHsvdrditPPlW77BJTka&si=gMUbf8e01rDIwCnH</ref>

== Controversies ==
In February 2026, The GFA issued chargesheet to 14 footballers, mostly from Chapora Yuvak Sangh, for their alleged match-fixing activities.<ref>{{cite news |title=GFA issues chargesheet to 14 players for alleged match fixing in 2025-26 Goa Pro League season |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/goa-football-association-match-fixing-14-players-chargesheet-latest-news-updates/article70657600.ece |access-date=21 February 2026 |work=[[Sportstar]] |date=20 February 2026 |location=Goa}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Police constable among 14 facing a life ban for match fixing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/police-constable-among-14-facing-life-ban-for-match-fixing-in-goan-football/articleshow/128635236.cms |access-date=21 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 February 2026 |location=Goa}}</ref>

==Phase 1==
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update= complete
|section=League table
|source= [https://www.gfagoa.com/league-details/goa-professional-league/ Goa Professional League Official] [https://theawayend.co/goa-pro-league/ The Away End - Goa Pro League]
|show_groups=no


|team7=CAL
|team13=CHB
|team11=COR
|team4=DEM
|team3=GEN
|team14=GUA
|team5=FCG
|team9=POL
|team8=CHA
|team10=PXN
|team2=SAL
|team6=SES
|team1=SCG
|team12=VSC
|team15=BSC


|win_SCG=10 |draw_SCG=3 |loss_SCG=1 |gf_SCG=32 |ga_SCG=7 
|win_SAL=9 |draw_SAL=4 |loss_SAL=1 |gf_SAL=27 |ga_SAL=10 
|win_GEN=9 |draw_GEN=3 |loss_GEN=2 |gf_GEN=27 |ga_GEN=15 
|win_DEM=8 |draw_DEM=5 |loss_DEM=1 |gf_DEM=25 |ga_DEM=15 
|win_FCG=8 |draw_FCG=2 |loss_FCG=4 |gf_FCG=29 |ga_FCG=12 
|win_CAL=6 |draw_CAL= 2 |loss_CAL=6 |gf_CAL=22 |ga_CAL=19 
|win_SES=5 |draw_SES=5 |loss_SES=4 |gf_SES=13 |ga_SES=11 
|win_POL=5 |draw_POL=4 |loss_POL=5 |gf_POL=25 |ga_POL=20 
|win_CHA=6 |draw_CHA= 1 |loss_CHA=7 |gf_CHA=25 |ga_CHA=29 
|win_PXN=4 |draw_PXN=2 |loss_PXN=8 |gf_PXN=16 |ga_PXN=21 
|win_COR=2 |draw_COR=7 |loss_COR=5 |gf_COR=9 |ga_COR=20 
|win_VSC=3 |draw_VSC=4 |loss_VSC=7 |gf_VSC=14 |ga_VSC=31 
|win_CHB=3 |draw_CHB=3 |loss_CHB=8 |gf_CHB=13 |ga_CHB=21 
|win_GUA=2 |draw_GUA=1 |loss_GUA=11 |gf_GUA=12 |ga_GUA=33 
|win_BSC= |draw_BSC=4 |loss_BSC=10 |gf_BSC=6 |ga_BSC=31 


|result1=S
|result2=S
|result3=S
|result4=S
|result5=S
|result6=S
|result7=S
|result8=S
|result9=R
|result10=R
|result11=R
|result12=R
|result13=R
|result14=R
|result15=R


|name_SCG= [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|name_DEM= [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|name_CAL= Calangute
|name_FCG= [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|FC Goa B]]
|name_CHB= [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|name_SES= [[SESA Football Academy|SESA]]
|name_CHA= Chapora YS
|name_GUA= [[Guardian Angel SC|Guardian Angel]]
|name_VSC= [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]]
|name_POL= [[Goa Police]]
|name_COR= Cortalim Villagers
|name_PXN= [[Pax of Nagoa SC|Pax of Nagoa]]
|name_GEN= Geno SC
|name_SAL= [[Clube de Salgaocar|Salgaocar]]
|name_BSC= Bidesh SC


|show_limit=5
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) head-to-head; 3) goal difference; 3) goals scored


|res_col_header=Qualification
|col_S=green1
|text_S=Super League
|col_R=red1
|text_R=Relegation League
}}

===Fixtures===
{{#invoke:sports results|main|source= [https://theawayend.co/goa-pro-league/ The Away End - Goa Pro League]
|update= complete
|matches_style=FBR
|team_header=


|team7=CAL
|team13=CHB
|team11=COR
|team4=DEM
|team3=GEN
|team14=GUA
|team5=FCG
|team9=POL
|team8=CHA
|team10=PXN
|team2=SAL
|team6=SES
|team1=SCG
|team12=VSC
|team15=BSC


|name_SCG = [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|name_DEM = [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|name_FCG = [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|FC Goa B]]
|name_SES = [[SESA Football Academy|SESA]]
|name_POL = [[Goa Police]]
|name_COR = Cortalim
|name_GEN = Geno
|name_SAL = [[Clube de Salgaocar|Salgaocar]]
|name_PXN= [[Pax of Nagoa SC|Pax of Nagoa]]
|name_CAL= Calangute
|name_CHB= [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill]]
|name_CHA= Chapora YS
|name_GUA= [[Guardian Angel SC|Guardian Angel]]
|name_VSC= [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]]
|name_BSC= Bidesh


|match_SCG_DEM=
|match_SCG_FCG=
|match_SCG_SES=
|match_SCG_POL=
|match_SCG_COR= 3-0
|match_SCG_GEN= 0-0
|match_SCG_SAL=
|match_SCG_GUA= 3-2
|match_SCG_VSC= 3-1
|match_SCG_PXN= 2-0
|match_SCG_CAL= 2-0
|match_SCG_CHB=
|match_SCG_CHA=
|match_SCG_BSC= 7-0


|match_DEM_SCG= 1-1
|match_DEM_FCG= 2-0
|match_DEM_SES= 1-1
|match_DEM_POL=
|match_DEM_COR=
|match_DEM_GEN=
|match_DEM_SAL= 0-2
|match_DEM_GUA=
|match_DEM_VSC=
|match_DEM_PXN=
|match_DEM_CAL=
|match_DEM_CHB= 2-1
|match_DEM_CHA= 6-5
|match_DEM_BSC=


|match_FCG_SCG= 2-1
|match_FCG_DEM=
|match_FCG_SES=
|match_FCG_POL=
|match_FCG_COR=
|match_FCG_GEN= 2-3
|match_FCG_SAL=
|match_FCG_GUA= 5-0
|match_FCG_VSC= 5-0
|match_FCG_PXN= 2-0
|match_FCG_CAL= 2-0<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-10-01|title=Goa Pro League: FC Goa Defeat Calangute Association 2-0 With Goals From Shawn Fernandes and Jovial Dias|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/sports/shawn-jovial-scriptfc-goas-victory/447549/|access-date=2025-10-03|website=[[O Heraldo]]|language=en-IN}}</ref>
|match_FCG_CHB=
|match_FCG_CHA=
|match_FCG_BSC= 2-0


|match_SES_SCG= 0-0
|match_SES_DEM=
|match_SES_FCG= 1-0
|match_SES_POL=
|match_SES_COR=
|match_SES_GEN= 0-1
|match_SES_SAL= 1-1
|match_SES_GUA=
|match_SES_VSC=
|match_SES_PXN= 0-1
|match_SES_CAL=
|match_SES_CHB= 1-1
|match_SES_CHA= 3-2
|match_SES_BSC=


|match_POL_SCG= 0-1
|match_POL_DEM= 1-2<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-09-27|title=Dempo SC fire 2-1 past Goa Police|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/sports/dempo-sc-fire-2-1-past-goa-police/333850/|access-date=2025-10-03|website=[[O Heraldo]]|language=en-IN}}</ref>
|match_POL_FCG= 2-2
|match_POL_SES= 2-1
|match_POL_COR=
|match_POL_GEN= 1-2<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-10-02|title=GPL: Geno FC come from behind to beat Goa Police|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/sports/gpl-geno-fc-come-frombehind-to-beat-goa-police/447662/|access-date=2025-10-03|website=[[O Heraldo]]|language=en-IN}}</ref>
|match_POL_SAL= 0-0
|match_POL_GUA=
|match_POL_VSC=
|match_POL_PXN=
|match_POL_CAL=
|match_POL_CHB= 1-0
|match_POL_CHA= 1-3
|match_POL_BSC=


|match_COR_SCG=
|match_COR_DEM= 0-0
|match_COR_FCG= 0-3
|match_COR_SES= 1-0<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-09-29|title=Cortalim Villagers edge past Sesa FA|url=https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/cortalim-villagers-edge-past-sesa-fa/|website=[[Goa Football Association]]|language=en-IN}}</ref>
|match_COR_POL= 0-3
|match_COR_GEN=
|match_COR_SAL= 0-0
|match_COR_GUA=
|match_COR_VSC=
|match_COR_PXN=
|match_COR_CAL=
|match_COR_CHB= 1-1
|match_COR_CHA= 0-1
|match_COR_BSC=


|match_GEN_SCG=
|match_GEN_DEM= 0-0
|match_GEN_FCG=
|match_GEN_SES=
|match_GEN_POL=
|match_GEN_COR= 2-2
|match_GEN_SAL=
|match_GEN_GUA= 6-1<ref>https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/geno-fc-turn-the-tide-to-deliver-a-commanding-win-over-guardian-angel-sc/</ref>
|match_GEN_VSC= 3-1
|match_GEN_PXN= 1-0
|match_GEN_CAL= 2-1
|match_GEN_CHB=
|match_GEN_CHA=
|match_GEN_BSC= 3-0


|match_SAL_SCG= 0-4
|match_SAL_DEM=
|match_SAL_FCG= 0-0
|match_SAL_SES=
|match_SAL_POL=
|match_SAL_GEN= 3-1
|match_SAL_COR=
|match_SAL_GUA= 4-0
|match_SAL_VSC=
|match_SAL_PXN= 1-0
|match_SAL_CAL= 3-2
|match_SAL_CHB= 4-0
|match_SAL_CHA=
|match_SAL_BSC=


|match_PXN_SCG=
|match_PXN_DEM= 1-3
|match_PXN_FCG=
|match_PXN_SES=
|match_PXN_POL= 3-1
|match_PXN_GEN=
|match_PXN_COR= 1-1
|match_PXN_SAL=
|match_PXN_CAL= 2-5<ref>https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/first-half-fury-seals-calangute-associations-emphatic-win-over-pax-of-nagoa-sc/</ref>
|match_PXN_CHB=
|match_PXN_CHA=
|match_PXN_GUA= 3-0
|match_PXN_VSC= 2-0
|match_PXN_BSC= 0-0


|match_CAL_SCG=
|match_CAL_DEM= 0-2
|match_CAL_FCG=
|match_CAL_SES= 1-2
|match_CAL_POL= 2-2
|match_CAL_GEN=
|match_CAL_COR= 3-0
|match_CAL_SAL=
|match_CAL_PXN=
|match_CAL_CHB=
|match_CAL_CHA=
|match_CAL_GUA= 2-1
|match_CAL_VSC= 2-0
|match_CAL_BSC= 0-0


|match_CHB_SCG= 1-2
|match_CHB_DEM=
|match_CHB_FCG= 0-2
|match_CHB_SES=
|match_CHB_POL=
|match_CHB_GEN= 1-2
|match_CHB_COR=
|match_CHB_SAL=
|match_CHB_PXN= 2-1
|match_CHB_CAL= 0-1
|match_CHB_CHA=
|match_CHB_GUA= 0-2<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-09-28|title=Goa Pro League: Fedrich Fernandes Brace Seals Guardian Angel SC’s 2-0 Win Over Churchill Brothers|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/sports/fedrich-shines-for-guardian-angel-sc/410150/|access-date=2025-10-03|website=[[O Heraldo]]|language=en-IN}}</ref>
|match_CHB_VSC=
|match_CHB_BSC= 1-0


|match_CHA_SCG= 0-3
|match_CHA_DEM=
|match_CHA_FCG= 3-2
|match_CHA_SES=
|match_CHA_POL=
|match_CHA_GEN= 3-1<ref>https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/chaporas-early-blitz-overwhelms-geno-in-3-1-victory/</ref>
|match_CHA_COR=
|match_CHA_SAL= 1-2<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-11-04|title=Players caught in a fix |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/players-caught-in-a-fix/articleshow/125066910.cms|access-date=2026-02-21|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en-IN}}</ref>
|match_CHA_PXN= 3-2
|match_CHA_CAL= 1-3
|match_CHA_CHB= 0-3
|match_CHA_GUA=
|match_CHA_VSC=
|match_CHA_BSC=


|match_GUA_SCG=
|match_GUA_DEM= 2-3
|match_GUA_FCG=
|match_GUA_SES= 0-2
|match_GUA_POL= 1-2
|match_GUA_GEN=
|match_GUA_COR= 0-0
|match_GUA_SAL=
|match_GUA_PXN=
|match_GUA_CAL=
|match_GUA_CHB=
|match_GUA_CHA= 0-1
|match_GUA_VSC= 0-2
|match_GUA_BSC= 3-0<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-10-03|title=Goa Pro League: Guardian Angel SC Beat Bidesh XI 3-0 at Duler Stadium|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/sports/guardian-angel-sc-walk-past-bidesh-xi/447737/|access-date=2025-10-03|website=[[O Heraldo]]|language=en-IN}}</ref>


|match_VSC_SCG=
|match_VSC_DEM= 0-0
|match_VSC_FCG=
|match_VSC_SES= 0-0
|match_VSC_POL= 1-7
|match_VSC_GEN=
|match_VSC_COR= 2-2
|match_VSC_SAL= 1-5
|match_VSC_PXN=
|match_VSC_CAL=
|match_VSC_CHB= 2-2
|match_VSC_CHA= 1-0<ref>
*{{Cite web|date=2025-09-29|title=Goa Pro League: Vasco edge Chapora YS 1-0|url=https://www.thegoan.net/sports/goa-pro-league-vasco-edge-chapora-ys-10/136849.html|access-date=2025-10-03|website=www.thegoan.net|language=en-IN}}
*{{Cite web|date=2025-09-29|title=Vasco SC Edge Past Chapora YS 1-0 in Goa Professional League Thriller at Duler|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/sports/ngulgoulal-helps-vasco-sc-collect-three-points/447216/|access-date=2025-10-03|website=[[O Heraldo]]|language=en-IN}}
</ref>
|match_VSC_GUA=
|match_VSC_BSC=


|match_BSC_SCG=
|match_BSC_DEM= 1-3
|match_BSC_FCG=
|match_BSC_SES= 0-1
|match_BSC_POL= 2-2
|match_BSC_GEN=
|match_BSC_COR= 1-2
|match_BSC_SAL= 0-2
|match_BSC_PXN=
|match_BSC_CAL=
|match_BSC_CHB=
|match_BSC_CHA= 2-2
|match_BSC_GUA=
|match_BSC_VSC= 0-3
}}

==Phase 2==
All the points from Phase 1 are carried over to Phase 2.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/gfa__official_/p/DH_fxA9Tb94/?hl=en|title=Instagram|website=www.instagram.com|accessdate=18 September 2025}}</ref>

===Super League===
[[Indian Super League]], [[Indian Football League]], [[I-League 2]], [[I-League 3]], and [[Institutional League|institutional teams]] are ineligible for [[I-League 3|2026–27 I-League 3]].
<onlyinclude>

{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update= complete
|section=Super League
|source= [https://www.gfagoa.com/league-details/goa-professional-league/ Goa Professional League Official] [https://theawayend.co/goa-pro-league/ The Away End - Goa Pro League]
|show_groups=no


|team_order = SCG, DEM, SAL, FCG, GEN, CAL, SES, CHA


|win_SCG=14 |draw_SCG=5 |loss_SCG=2 |gf_SCG=44 |ga_SCG=13 
|win_SAL=12 |draw_SAL=7 |loss_SAL=2 |gf_SAL=41 |ga_SAL=22 
|win_DEM=12 |draw_DEM=8 |loss_DEM=1 |gf_DEM=44 |ga_DEM=21 
|win_GEN=10 |draw_GEN=4 |loss_GEN=7 |gf_GEN=35 |ga_GEN=25 
|win_FCG=12 |draw_FCG=3 |loss_FCG=6 |gf_FCG=39 |ga_FCG=23 
|win_CAL=9 |draw_CAL=5 |loss_CAL=7 |gf_CAL=36 |ga_CAL=31 
|win_SES=7 |draw_SES=6 |loss_SES=8 |gf_SES=19 |ga_SES=20 
|win_CHA=6 |draw_CHA=1 |loss_CHA=14 |gf_CHA=29 |ga_CHA=50 


|name_SCG= [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]][[I-League 2|IL2]]
|name_DEM= [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]][[I-League|IFL]]
|name_FCG= [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|FC Goa B]][[Indian Super League|ISL]]
|name_SES= [[SESA Football Academy|SESA]]
|name_CHA= Chapora YS
|name_CAL= Calangute
|name_GEN= Geno SC
|name_SAL= [[Clube de Salgaocar|Salgaocar]][[2025-26 I-League 3|IL3]]


|show_limit=5
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored


|result1=C
|res_col_header=Qualification
|col_C=gold
|text_C=Champions
|result3=Q
|col_Q=green2
|text_Q=Eligible for [[I-League 3]]
}}</onlyinclude>
{{notelist}}

===Fixtures===
{{#invoke:sports results|main|source= [https://theawayend.co/goa-pro-league/ The Away End - Goa Pro League]
|update= complete
|matches_style=FBR
|team_header=


|team1 = SCG
|team2 = SAL
|team3 = GEN
|team4 = DEM
|team5 = FCG
|team6 = SES
|team7 = CAL
|team8 = CHA


|name_SCG = [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|name_DEM = [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|name_FCG = [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|FC Goa B]]
|name_SES = [[SESA Football Academy|SESA]]
|name_CHA = Chapora YS
|name_CAL = Calangute
|name_GEN = Geno SC
|name_SAL = [[Clube de Salgaocar|CD Salgaocar]]


|match_SCG_DEM= 2-2
|match_SCG_FCG= 1-2
|match_SCG_SES= 1-0<ref>https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/sporting-dig-deep-to-down-sesa/</ref>
|match_SCG_CAL=
|match_SCG_CHA= 3-0
|match_SCG_GEN=
|match_SCG_SAL= 1-1<ref>https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/salgaocar-fc-hold-sporting-clube-de-goa/</ref>


|match_DEM_SCG=
|match_DEM_FCG=
|match_DEM_SES=
|match_DEM_CAL= 3-3<ref>https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/golden-eagles-stung-late-as-calangute-snatch-dramatic-draw/</ref>
|match_DEM_CHA=
|match_DEM_GEN= 2-1
|match_DEM_SAL=


|match_FCG_SCG=
|match_FCG_DEM= 0-4
|match_FCG_SES= 2-1
|match_FCG_CAL=
|match_FCG_CHA= 2-1
|match_FCG_GEN=
|match_FCG_SAL= 2-2<ref>https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/cd-salgaocar-earn-a-deserved-point-against-the-gaurs/</ref>


|match_SES_SCG=
|match_SES_DEM= 0-0<ref>https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/sesa-fa-and-dempo-sc-share-spoils/</ref>
|match_SES_FCG=
|match_SES_CAL= 1-2<ref>https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/a-composed-finish-send-calangute-association-climbing-the-table/</ref>
|match_SES_CHA=
|match_SES_GEN=
|match_SES_SAL=


|match_CHA_SCG=
|match_CHA_DEM= 0-4<ref>https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/dempo-sc-sweep-aside-chapora-yuvak-sangh-in-emphatic-four-goal-rout/</ref>
|match_CHA_FCG=
|match_CHA_SES= 1-2
|match_CHA_CAL=
|match_CHA_GEN=
|match_CHA_SAL=


|match_CAL_SCG= 1-3
|match_CAL_DEM=
|match_CAL_FCG= 1-0<ref>https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/pathans-stoppage-time-strike-seals-a-famous-win-for-calangute-as-ten-man-fc-goa-heartbreak/</ref>
|match_CAL_SES=
|match_CAL_CHA= 2-0<ref>https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/sharmas-iron-gloves-and-a-clinical-second-half-seal-calangutes-commanding-win/</ref>
|match_CAL_GEN= 1-1<ref>https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/naiks-second-half-strike-rescues-calangutes-point-in-a-hard-fought-draw/</ref>
|match_CAL_SAL=


|match_GEN_SCG= 0-1<ref>https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/sporting-clube-de-goa-edge-geno-fc-pax-of-nagoa-sneak-past-vasco-sc/</ref>
|match_GEN_DEM=
|match_GEN_FCG= 1-2<ref>https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/fc-goa-overturn-genos-lead-in-stoppage-time/</ref>
|match_GEN_SES= 0-2<ref>https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/sesa-fa-seals-a-composed-win-against-geno-fc/</ref>
|match_GEN_CAL=
|match_GEN_CHA= 5-1
|match_GEN_SAL= 0-1<ref>https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/rebellos-last-gasp-header-settles-a-hard-fought-victory-in-salgaocars-favour/</ref>


|match_SAL_SCG=
|match_SAL_DEM= 0-4<ref>https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/dempo-sc-demolish-salgaocar-in-a-ruthless-four-goal-masterclass/</ref>
|match_SAL_FCG=
|match_SAL_SES= 3-0<ref>https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/clube-de-salgaocar-dismantle-sesa-fa/</ref>
|match_SAL_CAL= 4-4<ref>https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/calangute-claw-back-from-0-3-to-stun-salgaocar-in-a-breathtaking-4-4-draw/</ref>
|match_SAL_GEN=
|match_SAL_CHA= 3-1
}}

===Relegation League===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update= complete
|section=Relegation League
|source= [https://www.gfagoa.com/league-details/goa-professional-league/ Goa Professional League Official] [https://theawayend.co/goa-pro-league/ The Away End - Goa Pro League]
|show_groups=no


|team_order = POL, PXN, COR, VSC, CHB, GUA, BSC


|win_POL=7 |draw_POL=4 |loss_POL=9 |gf_POL=32 |ga_POL=30 
|win_PXN=7 |draw_PXN=4 |loss_PXN=9 |gf_PXN=26 |ga_PXN=25 
|win_COR=4 |draw_COR=11 |loss_COR=5 |gf_COR=19 |ga_COR=25 
|win_VSC=6 |draw_VSC=5 |loss_VSC=9 |gf_VSC=20 |ga_VSC=36 
|win_CHB=5 |draw_CHB=5 |loss_CHB=10 |gf_CHB=24 |ga_CHB=26 
|win_GUA=5 |draw_GUA=4 |loss_GUA=11 |gf_GUA=20 |ga_GUA=37 
|win_BSC= |draw_BSC=4 |loss_BSC=16 |gf_BSC=7 |ga_BSC=51 


|name_PXN= [[Pax of Nagoa SC|Pax of Nagoa]]
|name_COR= Cortalim Villagers
|name_CHB= [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|name_POL= [[Goa Police]]
|name_GUA= [[Guardian Angel SC|Guardian Angel]]
|name_VSC= [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]]
|name_BSC= Bidesh SC


|show_limit=5
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored


|note_BSC=Direct entrants Bidesh XI are immune from relegation this season.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GPL: Churchill Brothers, Guardian Angel relegated |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/gpl-churchill-bros-guardian-angel-relegated/articleshow/130377239.cms |access-date=20 April 2026 |date=20 April 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|res_col_header=Qualification
|result5=R
|result6=R
|col_R=red1
|text_R=Relegation to [[Goa Football League#First Division League|First Division]]
}}

===Fixtures===
{{#invoke:sports results|main|source= [https://theawayend.co/goa-pro-league/ The Away End - Goa Pro League]
|update= complete
|matches_style=FBR
|team_header=


|team1 = POL
|team2 = PXN
|team3 = COR
|team4 = VSC
|team5 = CHB
|team6 = GUA
|team7 = BSC


|name_PXN= [[Pax of Nagoa SC|Pax of Nagoa]]
|name_POL= [[Goa Police]]
|name_CHB= [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|name_COR= Cortalim Villagers
|name_GUA= [[Guardian Angel SC|Guardian Angel]]
|name_VSC= [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]]
|name_BSC= Bidesh SC


|match_PXN_POL=
|match_PXN_CHB= 0-1
|match_PXN_COR=
|match_PXN_GUA=
|match_PXN_VSC=
|match_PXN_BSC=


|match_POL_PXN= 0-5
|match_POL_CHB=
|match_POL_COR= 0-3<ref>https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/cortalim-villagers-run-riot-in-dominant-three-goal-masterclass/</ref>
|match_POL_GUA= 0-1<ref>https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/guardian-angel-sc-stun-goa-police-with-hard-fought-victory/</ref>
|match_POL_VSC= 0-1
|match_POL_BSC= 6-0<ref>https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/goa-police-sc-dominate-bidesh-xi-sc/</ref>


|match_CHB_PXN=
|match_CHB_POL= 0-1
|match_CHB_COR= 2-2<ref>https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/churchill-hold-on-with-ten-men-to-share-the-spoils-in-a-pulsating-draw/</ref>
|match_CHB_GUA=
|match_CHB_VSC= 1-2
|match_CHB_BSC=


|match_COR_PXN= 2-2
|match_COR_POL=
|match_COR_CHB=
|match_COR_GUA= 1-1
|match_COR_VSC= 0-0
|match_COR_BSC= 2-0<ref>https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/first-half-doubles-hands-cortalim-villagers-a-convincing-win-over-bidesh-xi/</ref>


|match_GUA_PXN= 1-1
|match_GUA_POL=
|match_GUA_CHB= 0-0
|match_GUA_COR=
|match_GUA_VSC= 3-1
|match_GUA_BSC=


|match_VSC_PXN= 0-1
|match_VSC_POL=
|match_VSC_CHB=
|match_VSC_COR=
|match_VSC_GUA=
|match_VSC_BSC= 2-0<ref>https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/vasco-sc-seal-a-deserved-victory/</ref>


|match_BSC_PXN= 0-1<ref>https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/pax-of-nagoa-claim-a-hard-earned-win-over-bidesh-xi/</ref>
|match_BSC_POL=
|match_BSC_CHB= 0-7<ref>https://www.gfagoa.com/content-detail/the-red-machines-roll-churchill-brothers-demolish-bidesh-xi-in-seven-goal-rout/</ref>
|match_BSC_COR=
|match_BSC_GUA= 1-2
|match_BSC_VSC=
}}

== Prize money ==
The total pool of prize money is {{INRConvert|10|l|lk=l}}<ref>{{cite news |title=13-Team Goa Professional League kicks off today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/13-team-goa-professional-league-kicks-off-today/articleshow/103093744.cms |access-date=28 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 August 2023 |location=Goa}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Position
!Amount
|-
!Champions
|{{INRConvert|6|l|lk=l}}
|-
!Runner-ups
|{{INRConvert|4|l|lk=l}}
|-
!Total
!{{INRConvert|10|l|lk=l}}
|}

==See also==
*[[2025–26 I-League 3]]
*[[2025–26 Indian State Leagues]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|group=n}}
{{Goa Professional League}}
{{Football in Goa}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2025-26 Goa Professional League}}
[[Category:Goa Professional League seasons]]
[[Category:2025–26 in Indian football leagues]]

Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani

2026-05-01T09:08:03Z

EmoryFigueroa: creating basic article v1.

{{Cleanup rewrite|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ek_Tha_Raja_Ek_Thi_Rani.jpeg
| caption =
| alt_name = Raja-Rani
| genre = Drama [[Romance (love)|Romance]] [[Mystery film|Mystery]]
| creator = [[Sphere Origins]]
| story = Nilanjana Purkayastha Rajita Sharma Akash Deep '''Dialogues''' Aparajita Sharma Divy Nidhi Sharma
| screenplay = Faizal Akhtar Sweksha Bhagat
| director = Pawan Parkhi
| creative_director = [[Siddhartha Vankar]]. Snehil Dixit Mehra
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Drashti Dhami]] as Rani Gayatri Devi
* [[Siddhant Karnick]] as Rana Indravadan Singh Deo
* [[Eisha Singh]] as Rani Rajveer Singh/Naina Rajveer Singh
* [[Sartaj Gill]] Kunwar Rajveer Singh/Raj Chauhan
* [[Priya Tandon]] as Swarnalekha Lakshyaraj Singh
}}
| theme_music_composer = Raju Singh Siddhartha Vankar
| endtheme =
| composer = Aashish Regoo
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 504
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Sujoy Wadhwa Comall Sunjoy Wadhwa
| location = [[Rajasthan]] [[Mumbai]]
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20–22 minutes
| company = [[Sphere Origins]]
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2015|07|27}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2017|07|04}}
}}
'''''Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani''''' (English: ''Once There was a King and Queen'') is an Indian television [[drama|period drama]] that aired on [[Zee TV]] on 27 July 2015. The show initially focused on the love story of Rani Gayatri ([[Drashti Dhami]]) and Ranaji ([[Siddhant Karnick]]) (Season 1). However, due to the deaths of their characters, the show focused on Rani ([[Eisha Singh]]), their daughter, and their son-in law, Raja ([[Sartaj Gill]]). However, the character of Rani also died, and her lookalike was introduced as Naina (also led by [[Eisha Singh]]). But again the main characters were killed (Raja and Naina died). But the show retained its main lead as it was shown that Raja and Rani had re-taken births as Raj and Rani, respectively. The show went off air on 4 July 2017. The show previously took a seven-year leap, followed by a 12-year leap, followed by a four-month leap, followed by a ten-year leap, and ended by a several years leap, after which these characters died in a car accident, leaving behind their daughter.

==Plot==
===Season 1===
''Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani'' is set in the 1940s. In 1945, Ranaji returned to Ameerkot after six years of fighting the war against the British. Gayatri is the daughter of a rich ''[[zamindar]]'', but she is considered ''Manglik'' (inauspicious by birth). On the other hand, Rana Indravadhan Singh (Ranaji) is the king of Amerkot who has been traumatised after his first wife, Rani Sulakshana death. Ranaji's mother, Rajmata Priyamvada, has a debt to pay to Gayatri's father, so she offers Ranaji's hand in marriage instead. Unwillingly, Ranaji marries Gayatri.

After marriage, Ranaji and Gayatri slowly form a bond. However, challenges are presented by family members like Badi Rani Maa, a woman pretending to be Sulakshana, Avdhesh, Rageshowri and so on.

Due to Badi Rani Maa and Rageshowri, Ranaji marries Rageshowri and loses his memory, and forgets Gayatri. Gayatri is thrown off a cliff by Badi Rani Maa. She is then saved by Lukhan and then disguises as Savitri to help Ranaji (King Rana) regain his memory. On the other hand, Lakshyaraj, Chandravadan's son, discovers that Gayatri is alive. He tells Badi Rani Maa this truth before he dies due to a spear passing through his chest during a performance at the festival of colours. Badi Rani Maa later confirms and realizes it is true. She tries to bring Ranaji and Savatri together in order to expose Savatri as Gayatri to King Rana (Ranaji). On the day she wants to real the truth about Badi Rani Maa and Rageshwari to King Rana, Badi Rani Maa poses so many threats all to no avail, such as planting a bomb in Gayatri's carriage, and even sending [[A Man to Kill|a man to kill]] the priest who has come to testify against Badi Rani Maa. Everything seemed to be in the favour of Gayatri as the priest's testimony convinces Ranaji, until Badi Rani Maa exposes Savatri's real face in front of every one by pouring water on her. King Rana becomes angry again, and sends Gayatri and Rajmata to the dungeon. Later he meets Gayatri to tell him the truth. They then decide to redo everything on the cliff again. Badi Rani Maa tries to convince Ranaji to just kill Rajmata and Gayatri, as it is how '''politics''' is played. But she fails in her attempt. On the hill, Badi Rani Maa has once again already exchanged the fake bullets with real ones. This time Ranaji decides to shoot Gayatri. As Gayatri is shot by Ranaji, he begins to experience a trauma. Badi Rani Maa begins to laugh and jubilate on the hill that Gayatri is finally dead. But Gayatri finally gets up and so does Ranaji. King Rana reveals to Badi Rani Maa that he switched the bullets again after she put real bullets. Badi Rani Maa then calls her goons to kill Ranaji. She reveals that she suspected something could happen so she came prepared. But Rajmata intervenes the scene with her own guards who arrest Badi Rani Maa's goons. Badi Rani Maa then removes a big gun from clothes and points it at King Rana's face. All hope seems to be lost until Swarnalekha and Lukhan throw a stick at Badi Rani Maa's head, knocking her out. Badi Rani Maa and Rageshwari are sent to the dungeon. Happiness returns to the inhabitants of the palace as Lukhan and Swarna (Lakshyaraj's wife) are getting married. But with the help of her son, Kunwar Chandravadan, The vengeful Badi Rani Maa comes to grace the occasion with a jungle man named Kaal. Kaal kills Ranaji during a faceoff. He also throws a knife at Swarnalekha (Swarna). As he tries to kill Gayatri by Badi Rani Maa's orders, Lukhan saves Gayatri and they escape along with Rajmata from the palace. Later Swarna wakes up to find dead bodies everywhere including King Rana. Badi Rani Maa imprisons Swarna until she gives birth to Lukhan's child.

Gayatri steals Ranaji's body from his burial conducted by the deceitful Badi Rani Maa. She then gives him a proper burial among the loyal men of Ameerkot. She then rescues her mother from Badi Rani Maa, who wishes to use her mother to get to Gayatri by threatening to hang the mother if Gayatri does not come in front of her.

====9 months later====
Gayatri gives birth to a baby girl. During these nine months, the women were trained by Rajmata to fight, since King Kaal had decreed that any pregnant woman should be killed in search of Gayatri. After giving birth to her child, she goes to the palace with her baby, Rajmata, Lukhan and her army to fight Badi Rani Maa and Kaal. Meanwhile, Kaal becomes the king of Ameerkot, supported by Queen grandmother (Badi Rani Maa) since she had a dream when Kaal threatened her to become the king of Ameerkot.Meanwhile, her son Kunwar Chandravadan was expecting to be the king. While Gayatri triumphs in finishing Kaal off and reclaiming the throne of Ameerkot, Badi Rani Maa goes to beg Gayatri, but Gayatri does not believe her. [[She Kicks|She kicks]] her away. When the Queen grandmother regains consciousness, she tries to kill Gayatri's baby who is tied to her (Gayatri's) back, but stabs Gayatri instead. But before Gayatri falls down, she also leaves Badi Rani Maa with a gift. She renders her handicapped by cutting one of her hands with a sword. Kaal finishes off Gayatri and she dies, while Rajmata and the baby escape. Ranaji and Gayatri reunite in heaven.

Rajmata and the baby girl are met by Chandravadan who has orders from his mother, Badi Rani Maa to kill them. He then spares their lives as Rajmata is able to convince him that Queen grandmother (Badi Rani Maa) will never give him the throne. That she has given it to Kaal, an outsider instead of her own son. Rajmata, Lukhan, and the baby girl are in a vehicle to another place. They name the baby girl '''Rani'''.

===Season 2===
====7 years later====
India has gained independence and the British officials have left. Gayatri's and Ranaji's daughter, Rani, grows up under Rajmata's care. She goes to the royal palace to work as a servant and befriends Raja, Jeevan, and Bindu. Raja and Jeevan are Kaal's sons, and Bindu is Swarnalekha and Lakhan's unaware daughter. Kaal has become the King. Badi Rani Maa gives Rani series of tests, such as to come down from a tall point, to play a game of snakes and ladders involving riddles at every ladder, and also the test in which Rani had to give away her salary so that the other servants can get their salary. All these test is because Rani challenged Badi Rani Maa to stop her injustice against the servants of the palace. Meanwhile, Rajmata suffers from tuberculosis. When Badi Rani Maa realizes that she is losing her grip on Raja, she decides to play her old game - being nice in the front to her enemies, while backstabbing them in the back. Raja and Rani are separated during their childhood due to the plans of Badi Rani Maa. Raja is accused of terribly beating Jeevan (Rageshwari's son). Because of this, Kaal sends Raja to a boarding school, where he is maltreated. Rani leaves Amerkot along with Rajmata after the deaths of Lakhan and his love, Swarnalekha, as planned by Badi Rani Maa. She kills Lakhan with a knife and shoots Swarnalekha with a gun, as they are on their way to find Rajmata and Rana and Gayatri's daughter - Rani, who Badi Rani Maa is unaware of her identity. Since Raja is in the hostel, Badi Rani Maa uses the opportunity to turn Raja against Kaal, saying that Kaal doesn't want him to come home. Raja hates his father. He also hates Rani, as he believes that it is because of her he got sent to the boarding school. Badi Rani Maa also tells Bindu to be writing letters to Raja telling him how much she cares for him. She also tells Raja not to allow any girl like Rani to come into his life ever again.

Meanwhile, Rani and Rajmata are in another town. They work in a hospital. Rajmata then becomes seriously ill because the tuberculosis has spread all over her body. She then undergoes operation. She survives it and she lives together with Rani and a nurse from the hospital. Rani wonders when she will get the chance to meet Raja in order to clear up their misunderstanding.

====10 years later====
Raja and Rani meet again in college. This time, when Raja meets Rani, he starts to create trouble for her as he believes that Rani was responsible for sending him to a boarding school. However, they gradually fall in love. On the day of their wedding, Raja finds out that Rani is Ranaji and Gayatri's daughter, and they were murdered by Kaal and Badi Rani Maa, but they marry anyway. Raja imprisons Kaal and Badi Rani Maa dies while trying to kill Rani. Bindu is also arrested. Rani avenges her parents' murders.

Some months later, Nawab Iqbal Khan enters their life bringing a new challenge for Raja and Rani. He accuses Raja of killing his fiancée Zahira. Later it is revealed that Jeevan was the one that killed Zahira. But only Jeeves/Jeevan (Raja's brother) and Shusti (Raja's college friend) knew about this secret, since they were the ones that buried the lady. They lied to Rani that no accident took place. Although Shusti wanted [[To Tell the Truth|to tell the truth]], he was threatened by Jeevan. Iqbal decides to punish Raja by shooting him at a cliff. Raja then falls down the cliff in Rani's presence.

====4 months later====
Raja returns, saved by Bindu. He sees Rani and Iqbal together. It is then revealed that Rani is pretending to love Iqbal to avenge Raja's death, unknowing that Raja is actually alive. Meanwhile, Raja seeks revenge from Rani and Iqbal, disguising himself as Angad, Bindu's husband, but Rani recognizes him. Iqbal continues to plot against them, and Raja starts to hate Rani. Iqbal forces Rani to shoot Raja against her will. As Raja runs away from Iqbal's goons, he survives as he is saved by a don. Raja begins illegal work for the don, in which he harms three police officers. Iqbal takes Rani along with him in his car to see the weak "Raja". They spot Raja near the ocean trying to kill himself with a gun. Rani takes the opportunity to cause an accident as she drags the steering wheel with Iqbal. Iqbal dies in the accident and Rani dies in a hospital. Raja falls in bad company and becomes associated with criminals, still believing Rani deceived him and unaware that she is dead.

====10 years later====
Raja is now a don in [[Mumbai]] and starts to live with Laila, the daughter of another don. Naina, Rani's look-a-like, is a junior artist in films and lives with her mother and sister. Raja thinks that Naina is Rani and starts to hate her. On the other hand, Vijay, a police officer, likes Naina. Raja learns that Rani is dead and that Naina is her look-alike but still dislikes her as she reminds him of Rani.

Gradually, his attitude towards Naina normalizes and a love triangle develops. On the day of his wedding to Laila, Raja calls it off. Laila blames Naina. Naina encounters Rani's spirit that helps her prove to Raja that Rani was innocent and sacrificed herself to avenge him. Vijay tries to rape Naina and breaks her legs. Laila uses this to try and defame Naina but Raja marries Naina to protect her. Laila attacks Naina on several occasions but finally dies, as she is eaten by crocodiles in the water - a trap which she had set for Naina.

Raja thinks he's getting a fresh start in life and starts to love Naina and takes her on a honeymoon to [[Goa]]. Here, he meets Rani's spirit, who now becomes a ghost and has turned dark. Rani wants Raja to unite with her in the spirit world. Rani's spirit is revealed to be controlled by Badi Rani Maa's spirit.

All the inhabitants of the palace come to know of the return of Rani and Badi Rani Maa. Badi Rani Maa attacks the family of Priyamvada on several occasions, as she had told Rajmata that she wants to play with them for a few days before she kills them. Her attacks range from making Naina to dance, trying to turn Naina to stone, putting Vikrant (Laila's younger brother) in a box, trying to kill Priyamvada, locking Naina in a bottle, etc. Priyamvada is able to rescue Rani from Badi Rani Maa spell, as she helps Rani to attain moshka (salvation), and Rani goes to the spirit world. Finally, with the help of the priest, they are able to trick Badi Rani Maa that Rajmata is dead, as Rajmata decided to lay down her life for Raja and Naina to be spared by Badi Rani Maa. Raja tells Rajmata to leave for [[America in The Morning|America in the morning]], so that she can be safe.
In the final episode of Badi Rani Maa's attacks, she returns to the palace in the morning, infuriated how Rajmata put up a very great performance to trick her. As she tries to enter into the palace, she is unable because the priest told Rajmata and her family to tie a thread around the doors and windows of the palace. Queen grandmother still tries to get in but ends up losing her powers. She goes back to meet the witch doctor that brought her back to life to give her more power. She returns to the palace, and the thread can no longer stop her. This time, she wastes no time in executing her evil plans. She immediately disguises herself as Raja and leads Naina into a trap, where she stabs Naina in front of the real Raja. Then she also stabs Raja. She makes Naina's mother and Rekha (Naina's sister) to hit their head on objects and fall down. Rajmata arrives at the scene to see Naina and Raja on the ground. Badi Rani Maa then makes Raja to strangle himself. The two die holding hands together. As Badi Rani Maa celebrates, she slips on Raja's blood. She then remembers the words that the witch doctor told her that if an honest man's blood touches her, she will lose all her powers. She still rejoices as she fades away. Rajmata cries as Raja and Naina are dead. She tries to kill herself with the same knife but the priest stops her. She tells the priest to bring them back but he says he cannot since he cannot decide one's destiny. Rajmata tells him not to preach about God to her.

The priest tells Rajmata that Raja and Rani are destined to return to prove that nothing is more powerful than true love.

===Season 3===
====20 years later====
Raja and Rani are reborn as Raj and Rani. Raj is appointed the [[security guard]] of Rani to her dislike. When her wedding is fixed to Kundan, she asks Raj to abduct her. Raj and Rani end up in Amerkot, and Rani feels a strange connection to the place. She finds Rani Gayatri's diary and pursues Raj. Raj is then told to kill Rani to save his brother Dev who is being held captive by Rani's aunt, Anandi. Raj explains his situation to Rani but doesn't reveal Anandi's identity.

At home, Rani fakes her marriage to Raj and saves both Raj and Dev. Anandi is revealed to have killed Rani's father and is sent to prison. Rani agrees to marry Kundan, who wants her money and plans to leave her behind after marriage to live in London. Anandi is released and also wants Rani's wealth.

Raj reveals Kundan's intentions to Rani and her mother, who thank him. Rani and Raj fall in love, but her mother gives him three months to prove his love. Rani convinces Raj to visit Amerkot, where they find a painting of Raja and Rani and Badi Rani Maa. Rajmata reappears and tells them that this is their rebirth.

Badi Rani Maa (Queen Grandmother) returns to the palace once more. This time, she returns with darker magic. She now has minions, which attack Raj and Rani before she later reveals herself to them. She engages in a faceoff against Raj, Rani and the priest that told Rajmata about Raj and Rani's rebirths. Everything goes well as the priest puts a shield around them to shield them from Badi Rani Maa's attacks. Rajmata stands next to Badi Rani Maa and watches everything.

But things take an unexpected turn when Badi Rani Maa disarms the shield protecting them. She then throws a knife at the priest and a spear at Raj. Badi Rani Maa tells Rajmata that hatred still wins over love. As she tries to throw a spear at Rani, the priest wakes up, and the shield is established once more. Rajmata then sprinkles holy water on Badi Rani Maa, and she disappears. The priest dies while Raj is taken for medical attention.

Badi Rani Maa sends an arrow to Rani with a note telling her that the cure to a witch's spell cannot be found easily, that if she wants witch medicine, then she must give something to her in return for Raja's life. Rani and Priyamvada go to meet Badi Rani Maa. The Queen grandmother tells Rani to give her the holy water in exchange for Raj's life. The Queen mother tells Rani not to do it, but she then accepts. When Rani gives the holy water to Badi Rani Maa, she (Badi Rani Maa) begins to laugh and breaks the bottle of holy water on the ground. Priyamvada falls to the ground. As Badi Rani Maa is making some chants, the Queen mother gets up immediately (meaning she was pretending) and brings out the real holy water which she had hidden in her clothes and begins to sprinkle it on the Queen grandmother. Rani then cuts Badi Rani Maa's choti (plait/braid) i.e. her hair, totally killing her. Raj later recovers and they return to the palace.

After defeating Badi Rani Maa, Raj and Rani get married. Raj later discovers that it was Rani's mother that made him and his mother's lives miserable when he was young. He now decides to tell Rani all of this by showing Rani his home, mother and sister. He tells Rani that her mother was also responsible for his father's death when he was a child. Raj then throws Rani off the cliff. Raj thinks he has won as he has property papers which he tricked Rani to sign as an insurance document, stating that all of Rani's properties is his. But because of the rain storm, the signatures of Rani is cleaned from the property papers. Raj becomes sad.
At the palace, Rani's mother receives a phone call that Rani has been found. As they meet her, they realize that she has lost her memory. They try to bring Rani's memory back. Rani brings Raj's mother and sister to the palace. Rani finally regains her memory.

Later on, Rani gives birth to twins, but one of the twins was kidnapped by Vasundhara, a woman who is an enemy of Raj and Rani. Raj and Rani leave their other child Siddhi and set out on a journey to find the missing twin Riddhi. As Raj is driving the vehicle, Rani begins to lose hope as she tells Raj that it has been a day and they have not found Riddhi. Raj tells Rani that they will find the child. As Raj tries to convince Rani not to doubt, they engage in an argument. This results in their vehicle hitting a tree, which then explodes, killing them.

====18 years later====
18 years later, Raj and Rani's daughter Siddhi has become 18 years of age and is given a book with the title (Ek Tha Raja, Ek Thi Rani) as a birthday gift from her grandmother. Her twin sister, Riddhi, who is still alive, is shown with Vasundhara, the woman who kidnapped her when she was a baby. Riddhi is seen stealing money from a place and beating up a police officer. She sings happy birthday to herself as she walks away from the scene of the crime. She presents the money to Vasundhara. Meanwhile, Siddhi's coronation as the Queen of Ameerkot then takes place in the palace. As the priest hands the staff to her, she rejects it and goes to her parents' pictures and offers prayers to them. She decides that Ameerkot no longer needs a queen. The serial ends with her in front of Raj and Rani's pictures.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Siddhant Karnick]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Siddhant shoots in 47 degrees covered in four layers|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Siddhant-shoots-in-47-degrees-covered-in-four-layers/articleshow/47912085.cms|access-date=3 July 2015|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=3 July 2015}}</ref> as Rana Indravardhan Singh Deo: Former King of Ameerkot; Devvardhan and Priyamvada's son; Gayatri's husband; Rani's father; Raj's father-in-law; Riddhi and Siddhi's grandfather (2015—2016)
* [[Drashti Dhami]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/reasons-why-we-love-drashti-dhami-s-ek-tha-raja/article_26594a16-34aa-11e5-ac4d-8ba0a8e42e7d.html|title=5 Reasons Why We Love Drashti Dhami's 'Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani'|access-date=27 July 2015|archive-date=2 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150802013936/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/reasons-why-we-love-drashti-dhami-s-ek-tha-raja/article_26594a16-34aa-11e5-ac4d-8ba0a8e42e7d.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/siddhant-karnick-and-drashti-dhami-out-of-ek-tha-raja-ek-thi-rani-318821-2016-04-19|title=Siddhant Karnick and Drashti Dhami quits Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani?|date=19 April 2016 |access-date=19 April 2016}}</ref> as Rani Gayatri Indravardhan Singh Deo: Former Queen consort of Ameerkot; Govind and Sethani's daughter; Indravardhan's second wife; Rani's mother; Raj's mother-in-law; Riddhi and Siddhi's grandmother (2015—2016)
* [[Sartaj Gill]] as
** Raj "Raja" Singh: Kaal's son; Jeevan's brother; Rani and Naina's husband (2016)
*** Swar Hingonia as child Raj (2016)
** Rajveer "Raj" Singh: Raj's reborn; Dev's brother; Rani's husband; Siddhi and Riddhi's father (2016—2017) (Dead)
* [[Eisha Singh]]<ref>TNN (8 June 2016). [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Eisha-Singh-is-the-new-Rani-on-Ek-Tha-Raja-Ek-Thi-Rani/articleshow/52652342.cms "Eisha Singh is the new Rani on 'Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani'"]. ''[[Times of India]]''</ref><ref>Desai, Shraddha (22 June 2016). [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Bhopals-Eisha-Singh-plays-the-new-Rani-in-Ek-Tha-Raja-Ek-Thi-Rani/articleshow/52868517.cms "Bhopal's Eisha Singh plays the new Rani in Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani"]. ''[[Times of India]]''</ref> as
** Rani Raj Singh: Princess of Ameerkot; Indravardhan and Gayatri's daughter; Raj's first wife (2016)
*** Mahima Joshi as child Rani (2016)
** Naina Raj Singh: Rani's look-alike; Rekha's sister; Raj's second wife (2016)
** Rani [[Rajveer Singh]]: Rani's reborn; Rajveer's wife; Siddhi and Riddhi's mother (2016—2017)
* [[Anita Raj]] as Rajmata Priyamvada Devvardhan Singh Deo: Former Queen consort of Ameerkot; Devvardhan's wife; Indravardhan's mother; Gayatri's mother-in-law; Rani's grandmother; Siddhi and Riddhi's great-grandmother (2015—2017)
* [[Surekha Sikri]] as Badi Rani Maa Bhagyavanti Suryavardhan Singh Deo aka Dakini: Former Queen consort of Ameerkot; Suryavvardhan's second wife; Chandravardhan's mother; Devvardhan's step-mother; Kokila and Priyamvada's mother-in-law; Lakshyaraj's grandmother; Indravardhan's step-grandmother; Rani's step-great-grandmother; Riddhi and Siddhi's step-great-great-grandmother (2015—2017)

===Recurring===
* [[Moon Banerjee]] as Sethani Damyanti Devi, Gayatri's mother (recurring Season 1) (2015–16)
* [[Akshay Anand]] as Kunwar Chandravadan Singh Deo (recurring Season 1–2) (2015–16)
* [[Parull Chaudhry|Parul Chaudhary]] as Kunwarani Kokila Chandravadan Singh Deo (recurring Season 1–2) (2015–16)
* [[Anjum Fakih]] as Rageshwari Singh (recurring season 1-2): Rana's third wife; Devvadan and Priyamvada's daughter-in-law; Rani Singh Deo's step-mother (2015-2016)
* Puneet Sharma as Lakhan (2015–16)
* [[Priya Tandon]] as Choti Kunwarani Swarnalekha Lakshyaraj Singh Deo (2015–16)
* Ritesh M M Shukla as Bhuvan Kaka (recurring Season 3) (2017)
* [[Aakash Talwar]] as Kunder (recurring Season 3) (2017)
* [[Usha Bachani]] as Anandi (recurring Season 3) (2017)
* [[Dolly Sohi]] as Sunanda (2017)
* Praggya Sethi as Preeti (recurring Season 3) (2017)
* [[Suyyash Rai]] as Vijay (recurring Season 2) (2017)
* [[Mohammed Iqbal Khan]] as Nawab Iqbal Khan (2016–17)
* Neha Mishra as Meenu/Gayatri's friend (2016–17)
* Shivangi Sharma / Purva Parag as Rani Ambika Singh (2016–17)
* [[Sudesh Berry]] as Don (recurring Season 2) (2017)
* Poonampreet Bhatia as Kunwari Bindu Singh Deo/Lovely (2016–17)
* [[Deepshikha Nagpal]] as Abida, Iqbal's step mother (2017)
* [[Chetan Hansraj]] as Maharaja Kaal Singh (2016)
* [[Zaan Khan]] as Kunwar Jeevan Singh(2016)
* Vijay Kalvani as Vice Principal Mr. Chaubey/Chilgoza (2016)
* Ajay Arya as Lakshyaraj Chandravadan Singh Deon (2015–16)
* Astha Agarwal as Jhumki (the false Sulakshana. First wife of Rana Indravadan) (2015)
* Vineet Sharma as Sartaj (recurring Season 1) (2015)
* Amardeep Garg as Bhairav Yogi
* Abhiram Nain as Avdesh Singh Chauhan (recurring Season 1) (2016) (dead)
* [[Darshan Jariwala]] as Seth Govinddas (2015)
* Jayna Tida as Rani Sulakshana: Rana's first wife; Devvadan and Priyamvada's daughter-in-law; Rani Singh Deo's step-mother (2015)
* Ahmad Harhash as Raja Singhn(2015–16)

===Guest appearances===
*[[Mouni Roy]], in a dance performance in the New Year Special (2016)
*[[Karan Wahi]], in a dance performance (2016)
*[[Rashami Desai]], in a dance performance (2016)
*[[Sonal Vengurlekar]], Ranaji's friend and also to promote her show, [[Yeh Vaada Raha (TV series)]] in which she has retaken birth as Survi (dead)
*[[Ankush Arora]], Ranaji's friend's lover and also to promote his show, [[Yeh Vaada Raha (TV series)]] along with Sonal Vergunlekar in which he is reborn as Karthik

==Production==

===Casting===
[[Drashti Dhami]] was roped in the play the lead as Gayatri. Speaking about her comeback to television post her last show ''[[Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]'', she said “I do feel a little under pressure since ‘Madhubala’ was such a success. But I am also looking forward to seeing my fans’ reaction to my new show. Even my family and friends are very excited,” “It found it difficult to speak in the dialect which people spoke at that time. That was challenging. Other than that, I did not have any issues with the role,”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/marriage-has-been-a-smooth-transition-drashti-dhami/|title=Marriage has been a smooth transition: Drashti Dhami|date=20 July 2015}}</ref>

==Accolades==
*[[Indian Television Academy Awards]] - Best Actress in a Negative Role - Won

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.zeetv.com/shows/ek-tha-raja-ek-thi-rani/ Official Website]

[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Indian historical television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]

Parvathipuram Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-24T02:55:55Z

EmoryFigueroa: starting new details added tags

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name =Parvathipuram
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = Andhra Pradesh
| union_territory =
| established = 1952
| abolished = 2008
| assembly_cons =
| reservation = ST
}}
'''Parvathipuram''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in north-eastern [[Andhra Pradesh]]<ref name=delimitation1951>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1951 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=23 August 1951 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> till 2008. The seat was reserved for the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2| Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[N. Ramaseshaiah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|Dippala Suri Dora
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Biddika Satyanarayana]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|Viswasarai Narasimha Rao Dora
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Biddika Satyanarayana]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|rowspan=3|[[Kishore Chandra Suryanarayana Deo Vyricherla]]<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1977 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|rowspan=2|[[Vijaya Ramaraju Setrucharla]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|Pradeep Kumar Dev Vyricherla
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Vijaya Ramaraju Setrucharla]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Dadichiluka Veera Gouri Sankara Rao]]<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Kishore Chandra Suryanarayana Deo Vyricherla]]<ref name=election2004/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="4" |Constituency Demolished in 2008 after [[Delimitation Commission of India]] Report.
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Parvathipuram<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Vyricherla Kishore Chandra Suryanarayana Deo]]
| votes = 321,788
| percentage = 48.69
| change = +1.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Dadichiluka Veera Gouri Sankara Rao]]
| votes = 314,370
| percentage = 47.57
| change = -1.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) (Kanu Sanyal)
| candidate = Uooyaka Mutyalu
| votes = 13,896
| percentage = 2.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (Marxist–Leninist) (D.V. Rao)
| candidate = Arika Gumpaswamy
| votes = 10,869
| percentage = 1.64
| change = +0.05
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 7,418
| percentage = 1.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 660,923
| percentage = 73.74
| change = +3.86
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing = +1.31
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Parvathipuram, Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coords|18.8|83.4|display=title}}

[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:Vizianagaram district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 1952]]

List of talukas in Pune district

2026-04-21T04:24:58Z

EmoryFigueroa: done

{{Short description|District in state of Maharashtra in India}}
[[File:Pune in Maharashtra (India).svg|right|250px|thumb|Location of [[Pune district]] in [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]]]]
[[File:Tehsils in Pune district.png|right|250px|thumb| Location of talukas of [[Pune district]] in [[Maharashtra]]]]

'''Pune district''' is a district in state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]]. There are 15 [[taluka]]s (talukas) in [[Pune district]] (including 2 city talukas). The 15 talukas are divided into following 5 district subdivisions.

== District Subdivisions ==

===Bhor===
* [[Bhor taluka]]
* [[Purandar taluka]]
* [[Velhe taluka]]

===Pune===
* [[Haveli taluka]]
* [[Pune City taluka]]

===Shirur===
* [[Khed Taluka]]
* [[Ambegaon taluka]]
* [[Shirur taluka]]
* [[Junnar taluka]]

===Maval===
* [[Maval taluka]]
* [[Mulshi taluka]]

==List of talukas in Pune district by area==
The Table below list 14 of the 15 talukas of [[Pune district]] (the exception being Pimpri-Chinchwad City taluka) in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]], along with district subdivision and location map in the district information.<ref>[http://pune.gov.in/maps/tahsilmaps.html Talukas in Pune district] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310230609/http://pune.gov.in/maps/tahsilmaps.html |date=March 10, 2010 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" border=1 width=75%
|+
|-
! Name | Districts Subdivision || class="unsortable" | Location on District Map
|-
|[[Ambegaon taluka|Ambegaon]] || Khed || [[File:Ambegaon tehsil in Pune district.png|150 px|center|ambeogan junnar khed]]
|-
|[[Baramati taluka|Baramati]] || Baramati || [[File:Baramati tehsil in Pune district.png|150 px|center]]
|-
|[[Bhor taluka|Bhor]] || Bhor|| [[File:Bhor tehsil in Pune district.png|150 px|center]]
|-
|[[Daund taluka|Daund]] || Baramati || [[File:Daund tehsil in Pune district.png|150 px|center]]
|-
|[[Haveli taluka|Haveli]] || Haveli || [[File:Haveli tehsil in Pune district.png|150 px|center]]
|-
|[[Indapur taluka|Indapur]] || Baramati || [[File:Indapur tehsil in Pune district.png|150 px|center]]
|-
|[[Junnar taluka|Junnar]] || Junnar || [[File:Junnar tehsil in Pune district.png|150 px|center]]
|-
|[[Khed taluka|Khed]] || Khed || [[File:Khed tehsil in Pune district.png|150 px|center]]
|-
|[[Maval taluka|Maval]] || Maval || [[File:Maval tehsil in Pune district.png|150 px|center]]
|-
|[[Mulshi taluka|Mulshi]] || Maval || [[File:Mulshi tehsil in Pune district.png|150 px|center]]
|-
|[[Pune City]]|| Haveli || [[File:Pune City tehsil in Pune district.png|150 px|center]]
|-
|[[Purandar taluka|Purandar]] || Bhor || [[File:Purandar tehsil in Pune district.png|150 px|center]]
|-
|[[Shirur taluka|Shirur]] || Khed || [[File:Shirur tehsil in Pune district.png|150 px|center]]
|-
|[[Velhe taluka|Velhe]] || Bhor || [[File:Velhe tehsil in Pune district.png|150 px|center]]

|}

==See also==
* [[Pune district]]
* [[Talukas in Ahmednagar district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Talukas in Pune district}}

[[Category:Talukas in Pune district| ]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra| ]]
[[Category:Geography of Pune district]]
[[Category:Maharashtra-related lists]]

Lakmé Fashion Week

2026-04-20T03:36:39Z

EmoryFigueroa: article

{{Short description|Bi-annual fashion week}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Lakmé Fashion Week
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| logo = Lakmé Fashion Week (2021).svg
| logo_caption = Lakmé Fashion Week
| logo_size =
| image_size = 220px
| caption = [[Nargis Fakhri]] at the Lakme Fashion Week in 2013
| status = Active
| genre =
| date =
| begins =
| ends =
| frequency = Bi-Annual in March and October
| venue = Different
| location = [[Delhi]] & [[Mumbai]]
| country = India
| years_active =
| first = 2000
| founder_name =
| last =
| prev =
| next =
| sponsor = IMG Reliance
| website = {{URL|https://lakmefashionweek.co.in/|lakmefashionweek.co.in}}
}}
'''Lakmé Fashion Week X FDCI''' is a bi-annual [[fashion week]] which takes place at [[Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]]. Its ''Summer-Resort'' show takes place in March at Mumbai while the ''Winter-Festive'' show takes place in October at Delhi.<ref name=iejuly11>{{cite news|title=ANOTHER FASHION WEEK?|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/another-fashion-week/821039/|access-date=1 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=23 July 2011}}</ref>

== History ==
The event first took place in 2000.

==Activities==
It is considered one of the premier fashion events in India<ref name=reuters08>{{cite news|title=Mumbai all set for Lakme Fashion Week|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2008/03/19/idINIndia-32577020080319|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201052548/http://in.reuters.com/article/2008/03/19/idINIndia-32577020080319|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2013|access-date=1 April 2012|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|date=19 March 2008}}</ref> along with FDCI's [[India Fashion Week]] and [[India Runway Week]]. It is jointly run and organized by IMG Reliance Limited and [[Lakmé Cosmetics|Lakmé]], whose title sponsor is Lakmé. <ref name=toi02>{{cite news|title=Fashion business poised for dramatic growth: FDCI|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Fashion-business-poised-for-dramatic-growth-FDCI/articleshow/17896739.cms|accessdate=1 April 2012|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=2 August 2002}}</ref>

Indian film stars such as [[Priyanka Chopra Jonas]], [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Malaika Arora Khan]], and [[Arjun Rampal]] as well as International models such as [[Naomi Campbell]] have participated at this show by making it one of the most prominent fashion shows in the world. Globally prominent luxury brand labels that have taken part in LFW include [[Louis Vuitton]], [[Dolce & Gabbana]], and [[Roberto Cavalli]]. Among Indian designers, [https://www.mrajaykumar.com/ Mr. Ajay Kumar], [[Manish Malhotra]], [[Rohit Bal]], [[Tarun Tahiliani]], and [[Ritu Beri]] have taken part in the event.<ref name=mrajaykumar>{{cite web|title=Loud patterns, bold statement|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/fashion/bengalurus-designer-ajay-kumar-marks-his-fashion-week-debut/article7404243.ece|access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=LFW 2013 announced|url=http://www.vogue.in/content/lakme-fashion-week-2013-dates-announced|access-date=15 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=ieaugust11>{{cite news|title=Fashion's Milestones|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/fashions-milestones/832225/0|access-date=1 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=16 August 2011}}</ref> The event has been responsible for launching the careers of designers such as [[Sabyasachi Mukherjee]].<ref name=tt05>{{cite news|title=New star rises from east|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050424/asp/nation/story_4654867.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204052806/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050424/asp/nation/story_4654867.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 February 2013|access-date=1 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=24 April 2005}}</ref> [[Kareena Kapoor]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]], [[Sushmita Sen]], [[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Bipasha Basu]] and [[Lisa Haydon]] have been some of the major show-stoppers.

==See also==
* [[Fashion in India]]
* [[India Fashion Week]]
* [[India Runway Week]]
* [[India Kids Fashion Week]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website}}
* [http://www.apnnews.com/2015/07/14/nations-most-coveted-model-auditions-at-lakme-fashion-week-is-back/ Mumbai Auditions]
* [http://hoture.com/category/lakmefashionweek-2013-fc/ Lakme Fashion Week 2013 videos]

[[Category:1999 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1999]]
[[Category:Annual events in India]]
[[Category:Culture of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Fashion weeks in India]]

Anuraadha Tewari

2026-04-16T07:11:56Z

EmoryFigueroa: Adding initial details more to come

{{short description|Indian film writer and director}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anuraadha Tewari
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption = Auraadha Tewari
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Banaras]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| death_date =
| birth_name =
| occupation = Screenwriter, film director
| yearsactive = 1996 – present
}}

'''Anuraadha Tewari''' is a Mumbai based Writer – Director, working prolifically for the last 3 decades in the Indian Entertainment Industry. With a Masters’ Degree and a Gold Medal in Film Direction from the prestigious Film School of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]<ref>{{cite news|url = https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/screenplay/anuradha-tiwari | title=Hindi Screenplay Anuradha Tiwari Biography, News, Photos, Videos }}</ref>, New Delhi, Anuradha has ever since written 7 Films, 25 Tv Shows and has 5 released Web Series. Most known for the 2008 film ''[[Fashion (2008 film)|Fashion]]'' (Story and Screenplay Writer) that won the National Award for both its female leads ([[Priyanka Chopra Jonas]] and [[Kangana Ranaut]]) and was nominated for all the Top Cinema Awards of the year. She is also known for the Story and Screenplay of critically acclaimed films like ''[[Jail (2009 film)|Jail]]'' (2009) and [[Heroine (2012 film)|''Heroine'']] ( 2012).

In 2017, Anuraadha created the first Writing Co. of India called KOSEN RUFU which sets up Writers’ Rooms, sourcing and training new writing talent and giving them an opportunity to work in the Industry. She also runs a Certification Course in the Foundations of Screenwriting called the LANGUAGE OF CINEMA under her banner FILM GURUKUL that teaches Conscious Creativity.

== Personal life ==
Anuraadha attended the [[Welham Girls' School]] and was the National Topper of ISC Commerce 1989. Later, she graduated from [[Lady Shri Ram College]], New Delhi in B.Com. Hons and was the President of the Students' Union. She earned a master's degree in Mass Communication and was a gold medalist in Film Direction from the Film School of MCRC, [[Jamia Millia Islamia]].

== Filmography ==

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
! Film !! Notes
|-
|2001
| ''[[Rahul (film)|Rahul]]'' ||

|2001
| ''[[Yaadein (film)|Yaadein]]'' ||

|2002
| ''[[Supaari (film)|Supaari]]'' ||

|2008
| ''[[Fashion (2008 film)|Fashion]]'' || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Heroine-cannot-be-pulled-off-by-a-pregnant-actor/articleshow/9123458.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706213804/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-06/news-interviews/29742432_1_jaya-gender-discrimination-heroine|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-07-06|title= Heroine cannot be pulled off by a pregnant actor|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|2009
| ''[[Jail (2009 film)|Jail]]'' ||
|-
|2012
| ''[[Heroine (2012 film)|Heroine]]'' ||
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title !! Network
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Yeh Meri Life Hai]]'' || rowspan="2" | SonyLiv
|-
| 2002–2003
| ''Salaam Zindagi''
|-
| 2003–2007
| ''[[Shararat (sitcom)|Shararat]]'' || Star Plus
|-
| 2003
| ''Yahaan Ke Hum Sikandar'' || [[Zee Next]]
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Jab Love Hua]]'' || Zee
|-
| 2004–2005
| ''[[Dhoom Machaao Dhoom]]'' || [[Disney]]
|-
| 2004
| ''Hum 2 Hain Na'' || rowspan="4" | Sony
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Saaksshi]]''
|-
| 2005–2006
| ''[[Kaajjal]]''
|-
| 2006
| ''Jeete Hain Jisske Liye''
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Chhoona Hai Aasmaan]]'' || [[Star One (TV channel)|Star One]]
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Seven (TV series)|Seven]]'' || [[YRF Television]]
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''Crazy, Stupid, Ishq'' || [[Channel V]]
|-
| 2011–2013
| ''Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behnaa Hai'' || [[StarPlus|Star Plus]]
|-
|2012–present
|''Savdhaan India''
|[[Life OK|Life Ok]]
|-
| 2013
| ''O Gujariya'' || Channel V
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''[[Humsafars]]'' || SonyLiv
|-
| 2015
| ''Qubool Hai - Season 5'' || [[Zee TV|ZEE]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| ''Adhuuri Humaari Kahaani'' || [[&TV|& TV]]
|-
| ''[[Girls on Top (2016 TV series)|Girls On Top]]'' || [[MTV]]
|-
| 2017
| ''Laakhon Mein Ek - Season 2'' || [[Amazon Prime Video]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2024
| ''[[Raisinghani vs Raisinghani]]'' || [[SonyLIV|SonyLiv]]
|-
| ''[[Dil Dosti Dilemma]]'' || Amazon Prime Video
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1173370|Anuradha Tiwari}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tewari, Anuraadha}}
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Indian television writers]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women television directors]]
[[Category:Indian television directors]]
[[Category:Indian women television writers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]

Kashipur, Uttarakhand Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:56:15Z

EmoryFigueroa: Done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{for|the constituency in West Bengal|Kashipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kashipur
| mla = Trilok Singh Cheema
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = Uttarakhand
| district = [[Udham Singh Nagar]]
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar]]
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 63
| electors = 176,740
| map_image = Kashipur, Uttarakhand Assembly constituency map.svg
}}

'''Kashipur Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy electoral [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]]. It includes Kashipur area of [[Udhamsingh Nagar]] District.

Kashipur Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of [[Nainital-Udhamsingh Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election!!Member!!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Lakshman Datt
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Devi Datt
|-
| [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| R. Datt
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="3" |[[N. D. Tiwari|Narayan Datt Tiwari]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=5|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Satendra Chandra Ghuria
|-
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[N. D. Tiwari|Narayan Datt Tiwari]]
|-
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| [[Akbar Ahmad]] Dumpy<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19870415-congressi-suffers-shocking-defeat-in-kashipur-at-the-hands-of-opposition-candidate-799834-1987-04-15 | title=Congress(I) suffers shocking defeat in Kashipur at the hands of opposition candidate }}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[K. C. Singh Baba]]
|-
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |Rajiv Kumar
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[K. C. Singh Baba]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|-
| colspan=4 align=center|''Major boundary changes''
|-
| [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Harbhajan Singh Cheema]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
| colspan=4 align=center|''Major boundary changes''
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Harbhajan Singh Cheema]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Trilok Singh Cheema]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kashipur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Trilok Singh Cheema]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=48,508 |percentage=42.79% |change={{decrease}}4.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Narendra Chand Singh|party=Indian National Congress|votes=32,173|percentage=28.38%|change={{decrease}}0.23}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Deepak Bali|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=16,074|percentage=14.18%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Gagan Singh Kamboj|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=14,332|percentage=12.64%|change={{decrease}}2.05}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Manoj Kumar Dobariyal|party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal|votes=855|percentage=0.75%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=726|percentage=0.64%|change={{increase}}0.02}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,335 |percentage=14.41% |change= {{decrease}}4.74 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,13,360|percentage=63.95%|change={{decrease}}5.56}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,77,270 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.34 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kashipur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harbhajan Singh Cheema]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=50,156 |percentage=47.76% |change={{increase}}9.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Joshi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,042 |percentage=28.61% |change={{decrease}}7.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohd Ashraf Siddiqui |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=15,426 |percentage=14.69% |change={{decrease}}1.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajeev Kumar Agarwal |party=Independent politician |votes=7,106 |percentage=6.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=655 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,114 |percentage=19.15% |change= {{increase}}16.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,05,012 |percentage=69.51% |change= {{increase}}0.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,51,069 |ref = |change= {{increase}}28.03 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}9.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kashipur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harbhajan Singh Cheema]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=31,734 |percentage=38.72% |change={{increase}}5.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Joshi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,352 |percentage=35.81% |change={{increase}}19.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haseen Khan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=13,211 |percentage=16.12% |change={{decrease}}0.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohd. Yamin Siddiqui |party=Uttarakhand Raksha Morcha |votes=3,667 |percentage=4.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Aziz Qureshi |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,216 |percentage=1.48% |change={{decrease}}15.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Vilas |party=Independent politician |votes=1,074 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohd. Anas Ansari |party=Rashtriya Lok Dal |votes=439 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,382 |percentage=2.91% |change= {{decrease}}13.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=81,965 |percentage=69.46% |change= {{increase}}0.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,17,999 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}5.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kashipur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harbhajan Singh Cheema]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=31,756 |percentage=33.66% |change={{increase}}2.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohd. Zubair |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=16,295 |percentage=17.27% |change={{decrease}}0.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satyendra Chandra Gudiya |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,722 |percentage=16.67% |change={{decrease}}13.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Avatar Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=15,474 |percentage=16.40% |change={{increase}}2.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mukesh Mehrotra |party=Independent politician |votes=11,520 |percentage=12.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjeev Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,013 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rekha Chowdhary |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=619 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,461 |percentage=16.39% |change= {{increase}}16.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=94,334 |percentage=69.21% |change= {{increase}}14.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,36,302 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}2.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kashipur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harbhajan Singh Cheema]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,396 |percentage=30.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. C. Singh Baba]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,201 |percentage=30.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Avtar Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=10,868 |percentage=18.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harish Negi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=8,549 |percentage=14.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Musharraf Husain |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=1,189 |percentage=1.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=517 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=361 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amarjeet Singh |party=Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya) |votes=303 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=195 |percentage=0.33% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=59,933 |percentage=54.76% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,09,454 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |website=Eci.nic.in |accessdate=2017-06-25}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/Election2012/RESULTS_2012_Uttarakhand_State.pdf |title=RESULTS 2012 Uttarakhand State |website=Ceo.uk.gov.in |accessdate=2017-06-25}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |title=Ac_pc |accessdate=2010-01-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619064401/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |archivedate=19 June 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |title=Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=2013-12-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201021552/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |archivedate=1 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}
{{coord|29.21|78.96|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:Udham Singh Nagar district]]

Bhatgaon Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:24:53Z

EmoryFigueroa: Adding initial stub needs work

{{Short description|Constituency of the Chhattisgarh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhatgaon
| mla = [[Laxmi Rajwade]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Paras Nath Rajwade]]
| map_caption = Chhattisgarh assembly election result
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| division = Surguja
| district = [[Surajpur District]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sarguja Lok Sabha constituency|Sarguja]]
| established = 1951
| electors = 236,803<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| reservation = ST
| constituency_no = 5
| map_image = Bhatgaon Assembly constituency map.svg
}}

'''Bhatgaon Vidhan Sabha Constituency''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in central [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/chhattisgarh2013/|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency|website=CEO CG|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref> This vidhan sabha consists of 306 division.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Division |first=Area |title=Bhatgaon Assembly |url=https://election.cg.gov.in/deoportal/searchelectornew/acpartsection.aspx}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhatgaon Assembly Constituency: Election Results, Current & Winning MLA List |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/chhattisgarh/bhatgaon.html |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=www.mapsofindia.com}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Laxminarayan Das
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Jitendra Vijay Bahadur
|{{party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[Reshamlal Jangade]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|P. Mangliram
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|[[Reshamlal Jangade]]
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Kanhaiyalal Kasoriya
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Kumar Bhatiya
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Reshamlal Jangade]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Haridas Bhardwaj
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Mayaram Negi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Haridas Bhardwaj
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Haridas Bhardwaj
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Ravi Shankar Tripathi
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2010^
|Rajni Ravishankar Tripathi
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Paras Nath Rajwade]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Laxmi Rajwade]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|}
^by-election

== Election results ==
===2023===
{{Election box begin |title= [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhatgaon<ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Laxmi Rajwade]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 105,162
|percentage = 54.06
|change = +19.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Paras Nath Rajwade]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 61,200
|percentage = 31.46
|change = -11.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Narendra Sahu
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 11,441
|percentage = 5.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Paras Rajwade
|party = Independent
|votes = 2,565
|percentage = 1.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kapil Dev Paikra
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 2,018
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Samaylal Patil
|party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|votes = 1,851
|percentage = 0.95
|change = -4.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 637
|percentage = 0.33
|change = -0.24
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 43,962
|percentage = 22.60
|change = +13.47
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 194,531
|percentage = 82.15
|change = +3.62
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 236,803
|ref=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhatgaon<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=Statistical data of General Election to Chhatisgarh Assembly - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Paras Nath Rajwade]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 74,623
|percentage = 43.29
|change = }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajni Ravishankar Tripathi
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 58,889
|percentage = 34.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ram Adheen Poya
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 10,050
|percentage = 5.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Surendra Choudhary
|party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|votes = 9,067
|percentage = 5.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 981
|percentage = 0.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,734
|percentage = 9.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,72,373
|percentage = 78.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing = }}
{{Election box end}}<ref name="election2018" />

==See also==
*[[Telgaon]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|21.16|81.72|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Surajpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Welcome to Central Jail

2026-04-13T02:45:26Z

EmoryFigueroa: Made data - done

{{short description|2016 Malayalam film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Welcome to Central Jail
| image = Welcome to Central Jail (film) poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sundar Das]]
| producer = Vyshakh Rajan
| screenplay = [[Benny P. Nayarambalam]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]]|[[Renji Panicker]]|[[Vedhika]]|[[Hareesh Kanaran]]|[[Sharaf U Dheen]]|[[Naseer Sankranthi]]|[[Balachandran Chullikkadu]]|[[Kailash]]|}}
| music = [[Berny-Ignatius]] [[Nadirshah]] Nithin P. L.
| cinematography = [[Alagappan N]]
| editing = [[Johnkutty]]
| studio = Vaishaka Cynyma
| distributor = Vaishaka Cynyma
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2016|9|10}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget = 
| gross = {{estimated}} {{INR}}25.4 crore<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/kerala-onam-box-office-oppam-creates-history-oozham-welcome-to-central-jail-remain-rock-steady-1474292852.html|title = Kerala Onam Box Office: Oppam creates history, Oozham, Welcome to Central Jail remain rock steady}}</ref>
}}

'''''Welcome to Central Jail''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy film]] written by [[Benny P. Nayarambalam]] and directed by [[Sundar Das]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Dileep teams with Sundar Das for 'Welcome to Central Jail' |url=http://metrovaartha.com/en/2015/08/29/dileep-again-with-sundar-das-for-welcome-to-central-jail/ |work=Metro Vaartha |date=29 August 2015 }}</ref> The cinematography is handled by [[Alagappan N]].
The film features [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] and [[Vedhika]] in the lead roles, whereas [[Renji Panicker]], [[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Vinaya Prasad]] and [[Thesni Khan]] portray pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Anu James |title=After King Liar, Dileep will join Welcome to Central Jail team in January |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/after-king-liar-dileep-will-join-welcome-central-jail-team-january-659888 |work=[[International Business Times]] |date= 17 December 2015}}</ref> The film released on 10 September 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/kerala-onam-box-office-oppam-creates-history-oozham-welcome-to-central-jail-remain-rock-steady-1474292852.html|title = Kerala Onam Box Office: Oppam creates history, Oozham, Welcome to Central Jail remain rock steady}}</ref> The film received generally positive response from critics and the film was a commercial success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/kerala-onam-box-office-oppam-creates-history-oozham-welcome-to-central-jail-remain-rock-steady-1474292852.html|title = Kerala Onam Box Office: Oppam creates history, Oozham, Welcome to Central Jail remain rock steady}}</ref>

==Plot==

A simpleton Unnikuttan has an unhealthy attachment with central jail. He was born and brought up there with his father Keshavan and mother Janaki before being transferred to child care facility at the age of six. Unni finds solace and happiness inside jail, for getting in he fills in as a substitute for real-life punishments of petty crimes committed by others. Unni, who is in his late 30s, isn't married and many whom he knows advises him to marry someone to be felt loved and not to go to jail as a substitute. In jail he falls in love with Radhika, and to marry her he tries to solve her problems as she witnessed a murder done by a minister. When he meets Radhika, who is jailed in drug case. She discloses her love to Unnikkuttan but is not now ready because she is awaited by the minister to be killed. She describe all story behind this wrong case against is because that she witnessed the minister murdering Karunan.

It is all that the killer is following her to kill her and for her safety her uncle lie to him that she got a job and boarded to [[Delhi]]. When she was in her auntie's home, she saw in TV news that in the same case Simon is jailed. Later she decided to hand over the video clip, she shot in her video camera. As a sudden action she is now arrested. Unnikkuttan gets released in parole, takes the video clip and exposes it to media. Simon thanks Unnikkuttan for proving his innocence. Radhika gets released and the minister is arrested. A new police officer joins the jail as the jail superintendent. He becomes strict to everyone including Unnikkuttan as the superintendent is the minister's man. They send a Hindi guy to kill Unnikkuttan. But he attacks many prisoners and in revenge, Unnikkuttan beats the Hindi guy to death. The superintendent beats Unnikkuttan very brutally and takes his revenge. Jailor Gopinath comes there to save Unnikkuttan. He threatens the superintendent by telling that he will give a complaint against him and the prisoners are witnesses on the incident. Unnikkuttan is taken back to his cell. He decided to not come back to the jail again. Meanwhile, the minister and superintendent sends a guy to kill Radhika. But she kills him in an act of self defence and gets arrested. Meanwhile, Unnikkuttan gets released from the jail and sees Radhika arrested. She reveals about her crime to him. The minister and superintendent humiliates Unnikkuttan by telling that she killed a man whom they sent and came to the jail but they will plan kill her. Angrily, Unnikkuttan kills the minister and superintendent by stabbing them to death and goes to back to the jail. After the chaos, Unnikkuttan marries Radhika in the jail.

==Cast==
{{colbegin|colwidth=}}
* [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] as Unnikuttan
* [[Vedhika]] as Radhika
* [[Renji Panicker]] as [[Jailer (occupation)|Jailer]] Gopinathan Menon a.k.a. Gopi Sir
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Keshavan
* [[Aju Varghese]] as Paanji
* [[Mohan Jose]] as Baburaj
* [[Sharaf U Dheen]] as Dineshan, prisoner
* [[Kalabhavan Haneef]] as Ajayan, Minister's assistant
* [[Kochu Preman]] as Stephen
* [[Pradeep Kottayam]] as Shivan
* [[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]] as Simon
* [[Hareesh Perumanna]] as Swaminathan aka Swami
* [[Vinaya Prasad]] as Janaki
* [[Thesni Khan]] as Bhavani
* Veena Nair as Ponnamma
* [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]] as Cheriyan
* [[Sreejith Ravi]]
* Jubil Rajan P Dev
* [[Saju Kodiyan]] as Pushkaran
* Vinod Kedamangalam as Ramesh
* George Aloor as Thorappan Raghavan
* [[Naseer Sankranthi]] as Bhaskaran
* [[Balachandran Chullikadu]] as Khader
* Kumarakom Raghunath as Jail Superintendent
* Kottayam Manju as Ladies jail warden
* Nandu Pothuval as Ramachandran, Temple committee member
* [[Chali Pala]] as Rajeevan, Traffic Police
* Sudheer Sukumaran as Kodanadu Vishwanathan
* Shafique Rahman as Superintendent G Vikram Sait (Neerkoli)
* Jaise Jose as Police officer
* Binu Adimali as Shibu
* [[Bibin George]] as Kalari Aashan
* [[Pauly Valsan]] as Lady Jailor
* [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] as Prisoner Gopalan
* [[Dinesh Panicker]] as Karunan
* Kalabhavan Rahman as Vinayan, Ministers assistant
* [[Dharmajan Bolgatty]] as Sugunan
{{colend}}

==Production==

The film had [[Sundar Das]] and [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] collaborating for the fifth time together, after a gap of 13 years. The filming began on 2 April 2016 in [[Kochi]], most of the parts were shot at Kochi and in the [[Central Prison, Poojappura]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name="International Business Times 2 April 2016">{{cite news|last1=James|first1=Anu|title=Shooting of Dileep-Vedhika's 'Welcome to Central Jail' begins in Kochi|accessdate=24 April 2016|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/shooting-dileep-vedhikas-welcome-central-jail-begins-kochi-photo-673120|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=2 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="Times of India 4 April 2016">{{cite news|last1=Sidhardhan|first1=Sanjith|title=Vedhika joins Welcome to Central Jail|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/Vedhika-joins-Welcome-to-Central-Jail/articleshow/51683711.cms|accessdate=24 April 2016|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=4 April 2016}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The film's music was composed by [[Berny-Ignatius]], [[Nadirshah]], and Nithin P. L. The soundtrack album was released by [[Sony Digital Audio Disc Corporation|Sony DADC Manufacturing India Pvt. Ltd.]] on 7 September 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to Central Jail (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Nithin P. L., Nadirshah & Berny Ignatius on Apple Music|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/welcome-to-central-jail-original/id1153244940|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116015357/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/welcome-to-central-jail-original/id1153244940|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 November 2016|publisher=[[iTunes]]|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Length
|-
| 1 || "Police Anu Tharam" || [[Nadirshah]] || 03:14
|-
| 2 || "Achan Iniyoru Naalum" || Adharsh || 01:54
|-
| 3 || "Ravin Chillayil" || [[Sithara (singer)|Sithara]] || 05:17
|-
| 4 || "Enthanu En Manasile" || [[Madhu Balakrishnan]], [[Jyotsna Radhakrishnan]] || 04:14
|-
| 5 || "Sundaree" || [[Shankar Mahadevan]], Renjini Jose || 03:59
|-
| 6 || "Bye Bye Central Jail" || Samad || 04:07
|}
==Box office==
In its first 25 days of release, the film grossed 25.4 crore at the Kerala box office alone, with the budget of 6.5 crore and the film recorded commercial hit at Box office.

==Release==
''Welcome to Central Jail'' released in [[Kerala]] on 10 September 2016. Its box office has been 25.4 crores within 25 days.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/dileeps-welcome-central-jail-wtcj-review-live-audience-updates-693196 | title=Dileep's 'Welcome to Central Jail' (WTCJ) review: Live audience updates | work=[[International Business Times]] | accessdate=10 September 2016 | author=Anu James}}</ref><ref name=bo>{{cite news|last=James|first=Anu|title=Kerala box office: Here's collection report of Onam releases Oppam, Oozham, WTCJ, Iru Mugan|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-box-office-heres-collection-report-onam-releases-oppam-oozham-wtcj-iru-mugan-698454|accessdate=7 October 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=6 October 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5679718}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian prison films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sundar Das]]
[[Category:Films scored by Berny–Ignatius]]
[[Category:Films scored by Nadirshah]]

Sudarshana Chakra

2026-03-28T14:24:00Z

EmoryFigueroa:

{{Short description|Discus weapon used by Vishnu}}
{{for|people named Sudarshana|Sudarshana (name)}}
[[File:Chakra at Ashta Laxmi Devalayam 01 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Iconography of the Sudarshana Chakra upon a temple wall]]
In [[Hindu mythology]], the '''Sudarshana Chakra''' ({{Langx|sa|सुदर्शनचक्र}}) is a [[divine]] spinning disc, attributed to [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=sudarshana+chakra+hinduism&pg=PT1184 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |pages=1184 |language=en}}</ref> The Sudarshana Chakra is generally portrayed on the right rear hand of the [[Chaturbhuja|four hands]] of Vishnu, who also holds the [[Panchajanya]] (conch), the [[Kaumodaki]] (mace), and the [[Padma (Vishnu)|Padma]] (lotus).<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/80 80]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref>

In the ''[[Rigveda]]'', the Sudarshana Chakra is stated to be Vishnu's symbol as the wheel of time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jakimowicz |first=Marta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j9c1AAAAIAAJ&q=sudarshana+chakra+wheel+of+time |title=Metamorphoses of Indian Gods |date=1988 |publisher=Seagull Books |isbn=978-81-7046-029-9 |pages=1988 |language=en}}</ref> The disc later emerged as an [[ayudhapurusha]] (an anthropomorphic form), representing a fierce aspect of [[Vishnu]], used for the destruction of demons. As an ''ayudhapurusha'', the deity is known as ''Chakraperumal'', ''Chakratalvar'', ''Chakradhara,'' or ''Chakrapani''.

{{Vaishnavism}}

==Etymology==
The word ''Sudarshana'' is derived from two Sanskrit words – ''Su'' ({{lang|sa|सु}}) meaning "good/auspicious" and ''[[Darshana]]'' ({{lang|sa|दर्शन}}) meaning "vision". In the Monier-Williams dictionary the word Chakra is derived from the root {{lang|sa|क्रम्}} (''kram'') or {{lang|sa|ऋत्}} (''rt'') or {{lang|sa|क्रि}} (''kri'') and refers among many meanings, to the wheel of a [[carriage]], wheel of the sun's chariot or [[metaphorically]] to the [[wheel of time]].<ref>Monier Monier-Williams (1871). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, p. 310.</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |veditors= Monier-Williams, Leumann E, Cappeller C |title= Chakra |encyclopedia= A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages, p. 380. |year= 2002|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass Publications |isbn= 9788120831056 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zUezTfym7CAC&q=cakra+monier+williams&pg=PA381 }}</ref> In [[Tamil language|Tamil]], the Sudarshana Chakra is also known as Chakratalvar (disc-devotee).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishna |first=Nanditha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gp1IDwAAQBAJ&dq=Chakratalvar&pg=PT60 |title=Hinduism and Nature |date=2017-12-26 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-87326-54-5 |pages=60 |language=en}}</ref>

==Literature ==
===Rigveda===
[[File:Chakrapani perumal kumbakonam.png|200px|thumb|Artistic representation of Chakrapani Perumal worshiped in [[Tamil Nadu]].]]
The [[Rigveda]] mentions the Sudarshana Chakra as a symbol of Vishnu, and as the wheel of time.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Art: A history of Indian art from the earliest times up to the third century A.D, Volume 1 of Indian Art|last=Agarwala|first=Vasudeva Sharana |year= 1965| page= 101|publisher=Prithivi Prakashan}}</ref>

===Mahabharata===
The [[Mahabharata]] features the spinning disc as a weapon of [[Krishna]], identified with Vishnu. The deity beheads [[Shishupala]] with the Sudarshana Chakra at the [[Rajasuya|rajasuya yajna]] of Emperor [[Yudhishthira]]. He also employs it during the fourteenth day of the [[Kurukshetra War]] to obscure the sun. The [[Kaurava]]s are deceived, allowing [[Arjuna]] to slay [[Jayadratha]], avenging the death of his [[Abhimanyu|son]].

===Ramayana===
The [[Ramayana]] states that the Sudarshana Chakra was created by the divine architect, [[Vishvakarma]]. Vishnu slays a [[Danava (Hinduism)|danava]] named Hayagriva on top of a mountain named Chakravana, seizing the disc from him.

===Ahirbudhnya Samhita===
The [[Ahirbudhnya Samhita]] ({{Langx|sa|अहिर्बुध्न्यसंहिता}}, {{IAST3|Ahiburdhnyasaṃhitā}}) is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] text belonging to the [[Pancharatra]] tradition. It is a [[Tantra|Tantrika]] composition, composed possibly over several centuries within the 1st millennium CE, most probably at 200 CE.<ref name=burley>{{cite book |last= Burley |first= Mikel |author-link=Mikel Burley |year= 2007|title= Classical Samkhya and Yoga: An Indian Metaphysics of Experience| volume= 3 of Routledge Hindu Studies Series |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=K3B9AgAAQBAJ&q=ahirbudhnya&pg=PA21 |publisher= Routledge |pages= 21–22, 27–28 |isbn= 978-1134159789 }}</ref> Ahirbudhnya Saṃhita literally means a compendium (''samhita'') of the serpent-from-the-depths (from ''ahi'' for serpent and ''budhna'' for bottom/root).<ref name=burley/><ref name=sukumari>[[Sukumari Bhattacharji]], (1988). The Indian Theogony: A Comparative Study of Indian Mythology from the Vedas to the Purāṇas, p.150. CUP Archive</ref>

In the ''Ahirbudhnya Samhita'', [[Vishnu]] emanated in 39 different forms.<ref>Muralidhar Mohanty, (2003). Origin and development of Viṣṇu cult, p.105. Pratibha Prakashan. {{ISBN|8177020633}}</ref> The Samhita is characteristic for its concept of Sudarshana. It provides mantras for Sudarshana, and details the method of worship of the multi-armed Sudarshana. Its chapters include explanations on the origin of ''astras'' (weapons), ''anga'' (mantras), [[Vyuha]]s, sounds, and diseases, how to make Sudarshana Purusha appear, how to resist divine weapons and black magic, and provides method for making and worshipping the Sudarshana Yantra. The ''Ahirbudhnya Samhita'' is the source of Taraka Mantra, Narasimhanustubha Mantra, three occult alphabets, Sashtitantra and select astra mantras. It also mentions the [[Purusha Sukta]]. The four Vyuhas in this samhita are [[Vasudeva]], [[Samkarshana]], [[Pradyumna]] and [[Aniruddha]].<ref>Bahadur Chand Chhabra, 2008. Findings in Indian archaeology, p.21. Sundeep Prakashan. {{ISBN|8185067767}}</ref>

===Puranas===
The [[Puranas]] also state the Sudarshana Chakra was made by [[Vishvakarma]], featuring a legend regarding its origin: Vishvakarma's daughter, [[Sanjna|Sanjña]], was married to the sun god, [[Surya]]. However, due to her consort's blazing light and heat, she could not approach him. When she informed her father regarding this, Vishvakarma diminished the brilliance of the sun so that his daughter could be with him. From the splendour of the [[Surya|Sun]], Vishvakarma produced three divine objects: the aerial vehicle [[Pushpaka Vimana]], the [[Trishula]] of [[Shiva]], and the Sudarshana Chakra of [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishnan |first=S. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pimrEAAAQBAJ&dq=vishwakarma+surya&pg=PT11 |title=Devas and Kings: Short Stories from Hindu Puranas |date=2023-02-02 |publisher=SA Krishnan |pages=11 |language=en}}</ref>

Following the self-immolation of [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]] in the Daksha yajna, a grieving [[Shiva]] carried around her lifeless body, and was inconsolable. To liberate him from his anguish, Vishnu employed Sudarshana Chakra to cut the corpse of [[Sati (goddess)|Sati]] into fifty-one pieces. The fifty-one parts of the goddess' body are believed to have scattered across the earth, venerated as the [[Shakta pithas]].
{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

Vishnu granted King [[Ambarisha]] the boon of the Sudarshana Chakra to reward him for his devotion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vaswani |first=J. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ePNvEAAAQBAJ&dq=vishnu+ambarisha+chakra&pg=PT114 |title=Stories with a difference from the Bhagavata Purana |date=2019-06-20 |publisher=Gita Publishing House |isbn=978-93-86004-23-9 |pages=114 |language=en}}</ref>

The Sudarshana Chakra was also used to behead [[Rahu]] and cut the celestial [[Mount Mandara|Mandara mountain]] during the [[Samudra manthan|Samudra Manthana]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Purnendu Narayana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIBBAAAAYAAJ&dq=churning+of+the+ocean+bhagavata+purana&pg=PA169 |title=A Study of the Bhagavata Purana: Or, Esoteric Hinduism |date=1901 |publisher=Freeman & Company, Limited |pages=172 |language=en}}</ref>

==Historical representations==
[[File:Vrishni coin.png|thumb|upright=1.25|A Vrishni silver coin from Alexander Cunningham's ''Coins of Ancient India: From the Earliest Times Down to the Seventh Century'' (1891)]]
The chakra is found in the coins of many tribes with the word ''gana'' and the name of the tribe inscribed on them.<ref name=nandita/> Early historical evidence of the Sudarshana-Chakra is found in a rare tribal [[Vrishni]] silver coin with the legend ''Vṛishṇi-rājaṅṅya-gaṇasya-trātasya'' which P. L. Gupta thought was possibly jointly issued by the gana (tribal confederation) after the Vrishnis formed a confederation with the Rajanya tribe. However, there is no conclusive proof so far. Discovered by Cunningham, and currently placed in the British Museum, the silver coin is witness to the political existence of the Vrishnis.<ref>{{cite book |last= Handa|first= Devendra |year= 2007|title= Tribal Coins of Ancient India|publisher= Aryan Books International|page= 140 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Cunningham |first= Alexander |year= 1891 |title= Coins of Ancient India: From the Earliest Times Down to the Seventh Century|url= https://archive.org/stream/coinsancientind00cunngoog#page/n97/mode/2up |page= 70 |author-link= Alexander Cunningham}}</ref> It is dated to around 1st century BCE.<ref name=nandita/> Vrishni copper coins dated to later time were found in Punjab. Another example of coins inscribed with the chakra are the Taxila coins of the 2nd century BCE with a sixteen-spoked wheel.<ref name=nandita/>

A coin dated to 180 BCE, with an image of Vasudeva-Krishna, was found in the Greco-Bactrian city of [[Ai-Khanoum]] in the Kunduz area of Afghanistan, minted by [[Agathocles of Bactria]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Joshi |first= Nilakanth Purushottam |year= 1979 |title= Iconography of Balarāma | page=22 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5vd-lKzyFg0C&pg=PA22 |publisher= Abhinav Publications|isbn= 9788170171072 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Sagar |first= Krishna Chandra |year= 1992 |title= Foreign Influence on Ancient India |publisher= Northern Book Centre|page= 94 |isbn= 8172110286}}</ref> In Nepal, Jaya Cakravartindra Malla of Kathmandu issued a coin with the chakra.<ref>{{cite journal |author= |year= 1908 |title= Jaya Cakravartindra Malla |journal= Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |pages= 702 | publisher= Cambridge University Press }}</ref>

Among the only two types of Chakra-vikrama coins known so far, there is one gold coin in which Vishnu is depicted as the Chakra-purusha. Though Chandragupta II issued coins with the epithet ''vikrama'', due to the presence of the kalpavriksha on the reverse it has not been possible to ascribe it to him.<ref>{{cite book |last= Bajpai |first= K.D |year= 2004|title= Indian Numismatic Studies|publisher= Abhinav Publications|page= 151|isbn= 8170170354}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Agrawal|first= Ashvini |year= 1989|title= Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass Publications|page= 23|isbn= 8120805925 }}</ref>

==Anthropomorphic form==
[[File:Chakra ayudhapurusha.jpg|thumb|Sudarshana Chakra depicted as Chakratalvar who is an [[ayudhapurusha]] and a fierce aspect of his owner Vishnu]]
The anthropomorphic form of Sudarshana can be traced from discoid weapons of ancient India to his esoteric multi-armed images in the medieval period in which the Chakra served the supreme deity (Vishnu) as his faithful attendants.<ref name="hflam">{{cite book|last1=von Stietencron|first1=Heinrich|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kgpLBpUCufwC&q=cakra+discoid+medieval+sudarsana+wheel+of+time&pg=PA97|title=Epic and Purāṇic bibliography: A-R|last2=Flamm|first2=Peter|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|year=1992|isbn=3447030283|author1-link=Heinrich von Stietencron|author2-link=Peter Flamm}}</ref> While the two-armed Chakra-Purusha was humanistic, the medieval multi-armed Sudarshana (known as Chakraperumal or Chakrathalvar) was speculatively regarded as an impersonal manifestation of destructive forces in the universe; that, in its final aspect, combined the flaming weapon and the wheel of time which destroys the [[universe]].<ref name="hflam" /><ref name="begley">Wayne Edison Begley. (1973). Viṣṇu's flaming wheel: the iconography of the Sudarśana-cakra, pp. 18, 48, 65–66, 76–77. Volume 27 of Monographs on archaeology and fine arts. New York University Press</ref>

The rise of Tantrism aided the development of the anthropomorphic personification of the chakra as the active aspect of Vishnu with few sculptures of the [[Pala Empire|Pala era]] bearing witness to the development,<ref name="doshi" /> with the chakra in this manner possibly associated with the [[Vrishni]]s.<ref name="nandita" /> However, the worship of Sudarshana as a quasi-independent deity concentrated with the power of Vishnu in its entirety is a phenomenon of the southern part of India; with idols, texts and inscriptions surfacing from the 13th century onwards and increasing in large numbers only after the 15th century.<ref name="doshi" />

The ''Chakra Purusha'' in [[Pancharatra]] texts has either four, six, eight, sixteen, or thirty-two hands,<ref name=parimoo>{{cite book |last=Parimoo |first= Ratan |year= 2000 |title= Essays in New Art History: Text. Volume 1 of Essays in New Art History: Studies in Indian Sculpture : Regional Genres and Interpretations |publisher= Books & Books |pages= 146–148 |isbn= 8185016615 }}</ref> with double-sided images of multi-armed Sudarshana on one side and [[Narasimha]] on other side (called Sudarshana-Narasimha in Pancharatra) within a circular rim, sometimes in dancing posture found in Gaya area datable to 6th and 8th centuries.<ref name=orissa>The Orissa Historical Research Journal, Volume 31, p. 90. Superintendent of Research and Museum, Orissa State Museum, 1985.</ref> Unique images of Chakra Purusha, one with Varaha in Rajgir possibly dating to the 7th century,
<ref>Frederick M. Asher, 2008. Bodh Gaya: Monumental legacy, p. 90. Oxford University Press</ref> and another from Aphsad (Bihar) detailing a fine personification dating to 672 CE have been found.<ref>Col Ved Prakash, (2007). Encyclopaedia of North-East India, Volume 1, p. 375. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. {{ISBN|8126907037}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ic4UCdaxbHIC&dq=Chakrapurusha+from+Aphsad&pg=PA375]</ref><ref>See: http://vmis.in/ArchiveCategories/collection_gallery_zoom?id=491&search=1&index=30876&searchstring=india</ref>

While the chakra is ancient, with the emergence of the anthropomorphic forms of ''chakra'' and ''shankha'' traceable in the north and east of India as the ''Chakra-Purusha'' and ''Shanka-Purusha''; in the south of India, the Nayak period popularized the personified images of Sudarshana with the flames. In the Kilmavilangai cave is an archaic rock-cut structure in which an image of Vishnu has been hallowed out, holding the Shanka and Chakra, without flames.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jouveau-Dubreuil |first= G |year= 1994 |title= Pallava Antiquities |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QbYKPXQ3DaAC&q=tindivanam+cave+of+perumal+chakra+without+flames&pg=PA56 |publisher= Asian Educational Services|page= 46 |isbn= 8120605713 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cpreecenvis.nic.in/Database/KilmavilangaiCaveTemple_2942.aspx |title= Kilmavilangai Cave Temple |author= |access-date= 31 March 2017 }}</ref> At this point, the Chakrapurusha with the flames had not been conceived in the south of India. The threat of invasions from the north was a national emergency during which the rulers sought out the [[Ahirbudhnya Samhita]], which prescribes that the king should resolve the threat by making and worshiping images of Sudarshana.<ref name=begley/>

Though similar motives contributed to the installation of images of Sudarshana during the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara period]], there was a wider distribution of the cult during the [[Nayak dynasty|Nayak period]], with Sudarshana's images set up in temples ranging from small, out-of-the-way temples to large temples of importance.<ref>Wayne Edison Begley (1973). Viṣṇu's flaming wheel: the iconography of the Sudarśana-cakra, p. 77. [https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=m33WAAAAMAAJ&dq=Ahirbudhnya-Samhita+Nayak+Sudarsana&focus=searchwithinvolume&q="attempt+to+resolve"] Volume 27 of Monographs on archaeology and fine arts. New York University Press</ref> Though political turmoil resulted in the disintegration of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], the construction and refurbishing of temples did not cease; with the Nayak period continuing with their architectural enterprises, which Begley and Nilakantha Sastri note "reflected the rulers' awareness of their responsibilities in the preservation and development of all that remained of [[Hinduism]].

The worship of Sudarshana Chakra is found in the Vedic and in the tantric cults. In the [[Garuda Purana|Garuda purana]], the chakra was also invoked in tantric rites.<ref name=nandita>Nanditha Krishna, (1980). The Art and Iconography of Vishnu-Narayana, p. 51.</ref> The tantric cult of Sudarshana was to empower the king to defeat his enemies in the shortest time possible.<ref name=doshi>Saryu Doshi, (1998). Treasures of Indian art: Germany's tribute to India's cultural heritage, p. 68. The National Museum of India.</ref> Sudarshana's hair, depicted as tongues of flames flaring high forming a nimbus, bordering the rim of the disc and surrounding the deity in a circle of rays (Prabha-mandala) are a depiction of the deity's destructive energy.<ref name=doshi/>

==Representation==
[[File:The Hindu God Vishnu LACMA M.70.5.1 Chakra (cropped).jpg|thumb|Chakra in a 13th-century-CE metal Vishnu icon]]
[[File:Sudarshana Chakra at Asian Civilisations Museum.jpg|alt=Sudarshana Chakra at Asian Civilisations Museum.|thumb|An 18th-century bronze representation of the Sudarshana Chakra at [[Asian Civilisations Museum]], Singapore.]]

===Philosophy===
Various [[Pancharatra]] texts describe the Sudarshan chakra as prana, Maya, kriya, shakti, bhava, unmera, udyama and saṃkalpa.<ref name=nandita/> In the [[Ahirbudhnya Samhita|Ahirbudhanya Samhita]] of the [[Pancharatra]], on bondage and liberation, the soul is represented as belonging to ''bhuti-shakti'' (made of 2 parts, viz., time (''bhuti'') and shakti (''maya'') which passes through rebirths until it is reborn in its own natural form which is liberated; with the reason and object of samsara remaining a mystery. Samsara is represented as the 'play' of God even though God in the Samhita's representation is the perfect one with no desire to play. The beginning and the end of the play is effected through Sudarshana, who in the [[Ahirbudhnya Samhita|Ahirbudhanya Samhita]] is the will of the omnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent God. The Sudarshana manifests in 5 main ways to wit the 5 Shaktis, which are creation, preservation, destruction, obstruction, and obscuration; to free the soul from taints and fetters which produce ''vasanas'' causing new births; so as to make the soul return to her natural form and condition which she shares with the supreme lord, namely, omnipotence, omniscience, omnipresence.<ref name= otto>{{cite book |last= Otto |first= Schrader |year= 1916 |title= Introduction to the Pancaratra and the Ahirbudhnya Samhita|url= https://archive.org/details/introductiontoth020344mbp |pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontoth020344mbp/page/n123 114]–115, 135 |author-link= Otto Schrader (philologist)}}</ref>

===Weapon===
According to the [[Ahirbudhnya Samhita|Ahirbudhanya Samhita]], "Vishnu, in the form of Chakra, was held as the ideal of worship for kings desirous of obtaining universal sovereignty",<ref>Wayne Edison Begley (1973). Viṣṇu's flaming wheel: the iconography of the Sudarśana-cakra, p. 48. Volume 27 of Monographs on archeology and fine arts. New York University Press</ref> a concept associated with the [[Bhagavata]] tradition in the Puranas, a religious condition traceable to the Gupta period,<ref>Śrīrāma Goyala, (1967). A history of the Imperial Guptas, p. 137. Central Book Depot.</ref> which also led to the [[chakravartin]] concept.<ref name=begley/> The concept of universal sovereignty possibly facilitated the syncretism of [[Krishna]] and [[Vishnu]] and reciprocally reinforced their military power and heroic exploits; with the kshatriya hero, [[Krishna]] preserving order in the phenomenal world while the composite [[Vishnu]] is the creator and upholder of the universe supporting all existence.<ref name=begley/> Begley notes the evolution of the anthropomorphic iconography of Sudarshana, beginning from early expansion of the Bhagavata sect thus:

<blockquote> "In contrast to the relatively simple religious function of the Cakra-Purusa, the iconographic role of the medieval Sudarsana-Purusa of South India was exceedingly complex. The medieval Sudarsana was conceived as a terrifying deity of destruction, for whose worship special tantric rituals were devised. The iconographic conception of Sudarsana as an esoteric agent of destruction constitutes a reassertion of the original militaristic connotation of the cakra".<ref name=begley/></blockquote>

An early scriptural reference in obtaining the 'grace of Sudarshana' through building a temple for him can be found in the [[Ahirbudhnya Samhita|Ahirbudhanya Samhita]], in the story of [[Kushadhwaja|Kushadhvaja]], a king of the Janakas, who felt possessed by the devil causing him various ills, due to a sin from his past life in killing a righteous king. His guru advises him to build the temple, following which he performs propitiatory rites for 10 days upon which he is cured.<ref name="otto" /> However, the multi-armed Sudarsana as a horrific figure with numerous weapons standing on a flaming wheel comes from southern Indian iconography with the earliest example of the South Indian Sudarsana image being a small eight-armed bronze image from the 13th century.<ref name="begley" />

==Worship==
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2024}}Though Chakraperumal or Chakratalvar shrines (''sannidhis'') are found inside Vishnu's temples, there are very few temples dedicated to Chakraperumal alone as the main deity ([[moolavar]]):
* Sri Sudarshana Bhagavan Temple, [[Nagamangala]]
* [[Chakrapani Temple, Kumbakonam]] – located on the banks of the Chakra Bathing Ghat of the [[Kaveri]] river. Here, the god is Chakra Rājan and his consort is Vijayavalli.
*[[Jagannath Temple, Puri]], where [[Jagannath]] (a form of Vishnu-Krishna), [[Subhadra]], [[Balarama|Balabhadra]] and Sudarshana are the main deities.
*The temple of Chakraperumal in [[Gingee]] on the banks of [[Sankaraparani River|Varahanadi]] is now defunct<ref name="srinivasachari">{{cite book|last=C.S|first=Srinivasachari|url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofgingeea035396mbp/historyofgingeea035396mbp_djvu.txt|title=History Of Gingee And Its Rulers|year=1943}}</ref>

In Kerala, Sudharsana Chakra is worshiped both directly and in the form of Shatrughna, one of four sons of King Dasharatha, and brother to Lord Rama, considered an avatar of Sudharsana Moorthy.

As Sudharsana Moorthy
* Alathiyur Pavelikkara Narayanathu Kavu Sudarshana Temple, Triprangode, Malappuram. A rare sudarshana temple complex in Kerala dedicated to [[Lord Sudarshana]]. Along with the main deity, Badrakali, Shastha and naga are worshipped here. The temple is also the paradevatha of mangalassery.
* [[Thuravoor, Cherthala|Thuravoor]] Sree Narasimha Moorthy Temple, [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]- One of the rare temple complexes in Kerala, where two sanctum sanctorums are situated within a single Nalambalam (temple structure), one of the sanctums in dedicated to Lord Narasimha and the other to Maha Sudarsana Moorthy. The Sudarsana Moorthy Temple is believed to be 1300 years old.
* [[Sreevallabha Temple|Sreevallabha Temple, Thiruvalla, Pathanamthitta]] - One of the oldest and largest temples in Kerala and one of the 108 [[Divya Desam]]s, Sudharsana Moorthy is worshipped along with Sreevallabha in this temple. The temple for Sudarshana Chakra was built by Sreedevi Antherjanam of Sankramangalathu Illam, and was rebuilt by Queen Cherumthevi in 59 BC.
* Thrichakrapuram Temple, Puthanchira- The main deity is Sudharsana Moorthy. In the morning, the deity is worshiped as the fierce Maha Sudharsana Moorthy, and in the evening as the calmer Sudharsana Moorthy. The evening pujas are conducted without incense lamps and bells, in the form of hand gestures. Although worship is for Lord Vishnu as Sudarshana Moorthy, as the temple's legend is connected to Lord Shiva, the crescent moon is the main ornament attached to the idol.
* Ayyarvattom Sree Maha Sudharshana Temple, Eravannur, Kozhikode
* Pallikkara Sri Mahavishnu Sudharsana Temple, Kozhikode

As Shatrughna avatar
* [[Payammal Shatrughna Temple|Payammal Sree Shatrughna Swami Temple]], Thrissur
* Methiri Sree Sathrughnaswamy Temple, Kottayam
* Nedungaattu Sree Shatrugna Swami Temple(Mammalassery), Ernakulam
* Naranathu Shatrughna Swami Temple, Malappuram
* Payam Sri Mahavishu (Shatrughna) Temple, Kannur
* Sree Shatrughna Swami Temple, Kalkulam, Kuthannur, Palakkad

The icons of Chakra Perumal are generally built in the Vijayanagar style. There are two forms of Chakraperumal, one with 16 arms and another with 8 arms. The one with 16 arms is considered the god of destruction and is rarely found. The Chakraperumal shrine inside the [[Simhachalam Temple]] is home to the rare 16-armed form. The one with 8 arms is benevolent and is the form generally found in Vishnu's temples. Chakraperumal was deified an avatar of Vishnu himself,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/vijayanagara-period-statues-saved-from-rusting/article3128838.ece |title= Vijayanagara period statues saved from rusting |author=Jayaraj Manepalli |website= [[The Hindu]] |date= 5 May 2006 |access-date= 28 March 2017}}</ref> with the [[Ahirbudhnya Samhita]] identifying the Chakra-Purusha with Vishnu himself, stating ''Chakrarupi svayam Harih''.<ref>Swati Chakraborty, (1986). Socio-religious and cultural study of the ancient Indian coins, p. 102</ref>

The Simhachalam Temple follows the ritual of ''Baliharana'' or purification ceremony. Sudarshana or Chakraperumal is the ''bali bera'' (icon that accepts sacrifices, as a representative of the chief deity) of [[Narasimha]],<ref name=ks>Sundaram, K. (1969). The Simhachalam Temple, pp. 42, 115. Published by the Simhachalam Devasthanam.</ref> where he stands with 16 arms holding emblems of Vishnu with a circular background halo.<ref name=ks/> In ''Baliharana'', Chakraperumal is taken to a ''yajnasala'' where a ''[[yajna]]'' (sacrifice) is performed, wherein cooked rice with ghee is offered while due murti mantras are chanted, along with the Vishnu Sukta and Purusha Sukta. Then he is taken on a palanquin around the temple with the remaining food offered to the guardian spirits of the temple.<ref name=ks/>

Other temples with shrines to Sudarshana Chakra are [[Thiruevvul|Veeraraghava Swamy Temple]], Thiruevvul; [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangapatna]]; [[Thirumohoor Kalamegaperumal temple]], [[Madurai]]; and [[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Varadharaja Perumal Temple]], [[Kanchipuram]].

The ''Sudarshana [[homa (ritual)|homa]]m'' is performed by invoking Sudarshana along with his consort Vijayavalli into the sacrificial fire. This ''homam'' is very popular in [[South India]].

==See also==
*[[Narayanastra]]
*[[Ayudhapurusha]]
*[[Ahirbudhnya Samhita]]
*[[Panchajanya]]
*[[Chakram]]
*[[Chakri dynasty]] of [[Thailand]], named after this weapon.
*[[Sampo]]

==Further reading==
*''Vishnu's Flaming Wheel: The Iconography of the Sudarsana-Cakra'' (New York, 1973) by W. E. Begley

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vaishnava philosophy}}
{{Jagannath}}
{{Hindu deities and texts}}

[[Category:Weapons in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Deities of Jagannath]]
[[Category:Forms of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Weapons of Vishnu]]

Laminion

2026-03-27T10:46:10Z

EmoryFigueroa: stub

{{Short description|Genus of spiders}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Laminion
| authority = Sankaran, Caleb & Sebastian, 2020<ref name=WSC_g5824 />
| type_species = ''[[Laminion birenifer|L. birenifer]]''
| type_species_authority = (Gravely, 1921)
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 4, [[#Species|see text]]
}}

'''''Laminion''''' is a [[genus]] of south Asian [[ant spider]]s. It was first described by P. M. Sankaran, J. T. D. Caleb and P. A. Sebastian in 2020,<ref name=Sank2020 /> and it has only been found in [[India]].<ref name=WSC_g5824 />

==Species==
{{as of|2021|11}} it contains 4 species:<ref name=WSC_g5824 />
*''[[Laminion arakuense|L. arakuense]]'' (Patel & Reddy, 1989) – India
*''[[Laminion birenifer|L. birenifer]]'' (Gravely, 1921) – India
*''[[Laminion debasrae|L. debasrae]]'' (Biswas & Biswas, 1992) – India
*''[[Laminion gujaratense|L. gujaratense]]'' ([[B. K. Tikader|Tikader]] & Patel, 1975) – India

==References==
<references>

<ref name=WSC_g5824>{{cite journal| title=Gen. Laminion Sankaran, Caleb & Sebastian, 2020| website=World Spider Catalog Version 20.0| access-date=2021-11-17| year=2021| publisher=Natural History Museum Bern| url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/5824| doi=10.24436/2}}</ref>

<ref name=Sank2020>{{cite journal| author-last=Sankaran| author-first=P. M.| author2-last=Caleb| author2-first=J. T. D.| author3-last=Sebastian| author3-first=P. A.| year=2020| journal=European Journal of Taxonomy| title=A review of the Indian species formerly assigned to the genus ''Storena'' Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae: Zodariidae) with the description of a new genus| volume=707| pages=1–23| doi=10.5852/ejt.2020.707| doi-access=free| url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/reference/15415}}</ref>

</references>

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal| author-last=Solanki| author-first=R.| author2-last=Siliwal| author2-first=M.| author3-last=Kumar| author3-first=D.| year=2018| journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa| title=Transfer of ''Storena gujaratensis'' Tikader & Patel, 1975 to the genus ''Suffasia'' Jocqué, 1991 (Araneae: Zodariidae)| volume=10| issue=8| pages=12130–12132| doi=10.11609/jott.3452.10.8.12130-12132| url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/reference/14473| doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal| author-last=Patel| author-first=B. H.| author2-last=Reddy| author2-first=T. S.| year=1989| journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society| title=On some rare spiders of the family Zodariidae (Araneae: Arachnida) from coastal Andhra Pradesh, India| volume=86| pages=221–225| url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/reference/6781}}
*{{cite journal| author-last=Tikader| author-first=B. K.| author2-last=Patel| author2-first=B. H.| year=1975| journal=Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society| title=Studies on some rare spiders of the family Zodariidae from India| volume=3| issue=5| pages=137–139| url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/reference/4687}}
*{{cite journal| author-last=Gravely| author-first=F. H.| year=1921| journal=Records of the Indian Museum, Calcutta| title=The spiders and scorpions of Barkuda Island| volume=22| pages=399–421, pl| url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/reference/1812}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q98918599}}

[[Category:Zodariidae genera]]
[[Category:Spiders of the Indian subcontinent]]

{{Zodariidae-stub}}

False evidence

2026-03-26T21:29:43Z

EmoryFigueroa: slightly refine information further and updated info

{{Short description|Any information created or obtained illegally in order to sway a verdict in court}}
{{redirect|Suppressed evidence|the fallacy|Cherry picking }}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2011}}
{{Criminal defenses}}

'''False evidence''', '''fabricated evidence''', '''forged evidence''', '''fake evidence''' or '''tainted evidence''' is information created or obtained illegally in order to sway the [[verdict]] in a [[court case]]. Falsified [[Evidence (law)|evidence]] could be created by either side in a case (including the police/[[prosecution]] in a [[criminal law|criminal case]]), or by someone sympathetic to either side. Misleading by [[motion to suppress|suppressing evidence]] can also be considered a form of false evidence ([[lying by omission|by omission]]); however, in some cases, suppressed evidence is excluded because it cannot be proved the accused was aware of the items found or of their location. The analysis of evidence ([[forensic evidence]]) may also be forged if the person doing the forensic work finds it easier to fabricate evidence and test results than to perform the actual work involved. [[Parallel construction]] is a form of false evidence in which the evidence is truthful but its origins are untruthfully described, at times in order to avoid evidence being excluded as [[inadmissible evidence|inadmissible]] due to unlawful means of procurement such as an [[search warrant|unlawful search]].

Apart from the desire for one side or another to succeed or fail in its case, the exact rationale for falsifying evidence can vary. Falsifying evidence to procure the conviction of those honestly believed guilty is considered a form of [[police corruption]] even though it is intended to (and may) result in the conviction of the guilty; however it may also reflect the incorrect prejudices of the falsifier, and it also tends to encourage corrupt police behavior generally. In the [[United Kingdom]], this is sometimes called '[[Noble Cause Corruption]].' A "throw down," i.e. the [[Frameup|planting]] of a weapon at a crime scene might be used by the police to justify shooting the victim in self-defense, and avoid possible prosecution for [[manslaughter]].<ref>{{cite journal|url= http://openjurist.org/689/f2d/1220/webster-v-city-of-houston |title= 689 F. 2d 1220 - Webster v. City of Houston |at= paragraph 29 |website=openjurist.org |date= October 28, 1982|volume= F2d |issue= 689 |access-date= April 17, 2015}}</ref> However, the accused might have falsified some evidence, especially if not arrested immediately, or by having other access to a [[crime scene]] and related areas.

==Types==
* ''Forged evidence'' - an item or information manufactured, or altered, to support some agenda, is not admissible in many courts, including U.S. criminal courts.
* ''Planted evidence'' - an item or information which has been moved, or planted at a scene, to seem related to the accused party, is not admissible in many courts, including U.S. criminal courts.
* ''Tainted evidence'' - information which has been obtained by illegal means or has been revealed (or traced) using evidence acquired by illegal search, and/or seizure, is called the "fruit of the poisonous tree" and is not admissible in many courts, including U.S. criminal courts.
* [[Parallel construction]] - tainted evidence, where the origin of the evidence is untruthfully represented, preventing discussion of whether it was legally obtained or not.
* ''Suppressed evidence'' - an item or information which a court judge has ruled as "inadmissible" is forbidden to be presented in a court case. Suppressed evidence might be excluded because it was found hidden or locked away in areas the accused could not be proven to know.

In some criminal cases, a person will be identified as a "[[person of interest]]" for a few days before arrest, allowing time to reveal suspicious actions (such as in recorded phone calls), or to attempt to falsify evidence before their arrest, e.g. to prove that the accused was not at the scene of the crime when it was being committed.

==Cases==
{{Expand list|date=February 2011}}

===The Crewe murders===
{{main|Murder of Harvey and Jeannette Crewe}}
In June 1970 a [[Pukekawa]], [[Waikato Plains|Lower Waikato]], couple were killed and their bodies dumped in the [[Waikato River]]. [[Arthur Allan Thomas]], a local farmer, was twice convicted of their murders but following massive publicity was later given a [[royal pardon]].

Two bullet cases presented by senior detectives Bruce Hutton and Lenrick Johnston were crucial evidence for the conviction. In 1980, after Thomas's pardon a [[Royal commission]] into the convictions concluded "Mr Hutton and Mr Johnston planted the shellcase, exhibit 350 in the Crewe garden, and that they did so to manufacture evidence that Mr Thomas's rifle had been used for the killings."<ref name="Taylor">{{cite web|url=http://homepages.paradise.net.nz/r.christie/thomas_royal_commission_1980.pdf|title=Report of the Royal Commission to inquire into the Circumstances of the Convictions of Arthur Allan Thomas for the Murders of David Harvey Crewe and Jeanette (sic) Lenore Crewe|last=Taylor|first=Robert Linsay|author2=John Bowie Gorden|author3=Allen Howard Johnston|date=1980|work=Book|publisher=NZ Government Printer|pages=125|access-date=June 11, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609174212/http://homepages.paradise.net.nz/r.christie/thomas_royal_commission_1980.pdf|archive-date=June 9, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Killing of Bernard Whitehurst ===
{{Main|Killing of Bernard Whitehurst}}
In 1975, after the shooting death of '''Bernard Whitehurst''' by a [[Montgomery, Alabama]] police officer who incorrectly identified Whitehurst as the suspect in the robbery of a neighborhood grocery store, there was a police [[cover-up]] that included police officers planting a gun on him from the police evidence room. The coroner relied on police reports that Whitehurst was killed by a bullet fired through the chest.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1977/04/03/alabamas-watergate/94450203-adc3-4ba1-8805-fec5ebd456c9/|title=Alabama's 'Watergate'|last=MacPherson|first=Myra|date=April 3, 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=November 21, 2016}}</ref> After an investigation by the local newspaper and local attorney Donald Watkins raised questions about the facts of the case, six months later, the District Attorney James Evans ordered the body to be exhumed and an autopsy to be performed.<ref name=":2" /> The results of the autopsy showed that Whitehurst had been shot in the back.<ref name=":2" /> The attempted cover-up led to the resignation of eight police officers, the city’s mayor, James Robinson and the Director of Public Safety, Ed Wright.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/local/2015/12/04/montgomery-erects-second-marker-honoring-bernard-whitehurst/76797052/|title=Montgomery erects second marker honoring Bernard Whitehurst|newspaper=The Montgomery Advertiser|access-date=November 21, 2016}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/02/06/archives/top-police-officer-in-montgomery-quits-director-fails-a-polygraph.html|title=TOP POLICE OFFICER IN MONTGOMERY QUITS|date=February 6, 1977|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=November 21, 2016}}</ref> No police officer was convicted of a crime.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://blog.al.com/montgomery/2013/04/city_of_montgomery_unveils_mar.html|title=City of Montgomery unveils marker recognizing police cover-up in 1975 shooting death of Bernard Whitehurst; family still wants apology (photos)|newspaper=AL.com|access-date=November 20, 2016}}</ref> Forty years later, the Montgomery City Council passed a resolution that formally expressed regret for the shooting and cover-up.<ref name=":3" />

===Murder of Holly Staker===

{{main|Juan Rivera (wrongful conviction)}}

In 1992, 11-year-old Holly Staker was raped and murdered while babysitting in [[Waukegan, Illinois]]. A local man named [[Juan Rivera (wrongful conviction)|Juan Rivera]] was convicted of the murder solely on the basis of a confession, one that he claimed was coerced. No physical evidence linked him to the crime scene and many details of his confession contradicted known evidence from the crime scene. [[DNA testing]] done in 2004 on semen taken from the crime scene ruled out Rivera as the source, however, the prosecution argued that the semen sample came from previous consensual sex with another man. Rivera was convicted again. His conviction was overturned by the [[appellate court]] who took the unusual step of barring prosecutors from retrying Rivera and he was released.<ref name=Appeal>{{cite news|title=People V. Rivera|url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/il-court-of-appeals/1588686.html|agency=Appellate Court of Illinois, Second District|date=December 9, 2011}}</ref>

After his release, Rivera's attorneys asked the courts to order [[genetic testing]] on a piece of evidence the prosecution had tried to use at his trial in 1993. Rivera's shoes had blood on them, which the prosecution argued belonged to Holly. The prosecution withdrew them prior to his first trial when it was discovered that the shoes were not available for sale anywhere in the United States until after the murder. In 2015, Rivera's attorney sought further forensic testing on the shoes. DNA analysis indicated that the blood indeed belonged to Holly, but also contained another genetic sample; one that matched the semen sample. Rivera's defense team insists that this is proof not only that the blood was planted, but that the real killer's DNA was inadvertently [[Tampering with evidence|planted]] as well. The DNA has yet to be matched to an individual, but has been linked to DNA from another home invasion and murder. The man convicted of that crime also claims to be wrongfully convicted.<ref name=Mills>{{cite news|last1=Mills|first1=Steve|title=Attorneys: Police planted blood on Juan Rivera's shoes in Waukegan slaying|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-juan-rivera-shoes-met-20141210-story.html#page=1|work=Chicago Tribune|date=December 10, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ordered tests">{{cite news|last1=Hinkel|first1=Dan|last2=Mills|first2=Steve|title=Judge orders tests for alleged evidence tampering in Juan Rivera case|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-juan-rivera-shoes-test-met-20150130-story.html|work=Chicago Tribune|date=January 30, 2015}}</ref>

Following his [[exoneration]], he was awarded $20 million USD, the largest wrongful conviction settlement in US history.<ref name=Meincke>{{cite news|last1=Meincke|first1=Paul|title=JUAN RIVERA WINS LARGEST WRONGFUL CONVICTION SETTLEMENT IN U.S. HISTORY|url=http://abc7chicago.com/news/man-wins-largest-wrongful-conviction-settlement-in-us-history/566716/|agency=ABC 7|date=March 20, 2015}}</ref><ref name=Moran>{{cite news|last1=Moran|first1=Dan|title=Man freed after 20 years in prison for murder gets $7.5 million from Waukegan|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/2015/05/05/man-freed-after-20-years-in-prison-for-murder-gets-75-million-from-waukegan/|work=The Chicago Tribune|date=May 5, 2015}}</ref>

===New York State Police Troop C scandal===
In the [[New York State Police Troop C scandal]] of 1993, Craig D. Harvey, a New York State Police trooper, was charged with fabricating evidence. Harvey admitted he and another trooper lifted fingerprints from items the suspect, John Spencer, touched while in Troop C headquarters during booking. He attached the fingerprints to evidence cards and later claimed that he had pulled the fingerprints from the scene of the murder. The forged evidence was used during trial and John Spencer was sentenced to 50 years to life in prison.<ref name=admits>{{cite news |title=Police Investigation Supervisor Admits Faking Fingerprints |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/30/nyregion/police-investigation-supervisor-admits-faking-fingerprints.html |quote=In a widening scandal that has rocked the New York State Police, a lieutenant who supervised criminal investigations in seven upstate counties admitted yesterday that he had faked fingerprint evidence in three cases. The lieutenant, Craig D. Harvey, also said in court in Delhi, N.Y., that he had been assisted in fabricating evidence by another lieutenant, Patrick O'Hara, who works out of state police headquarters in Albany supervising drug and organized-crime investigations. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 30, 1993 |access-date=June 21, 2007 }}</ref>

After the truth came out, it was discovered that they had been falsifying evidence in cases for many years. At least three officers were convicted. Every case the department had been involved in had to be reinvestigated.

===FBI scandal===
In the 1990s, the [[fingerprint]], [[DNA]], and explosive units of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory]] had written reports confirming local police department theories without actually performing the work.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021|reason=Bold claim, can't find any reference to it in the news or other sources.}}

Such laws and regulatory procedures stipulating the conditions under which evidence can be handled and manipulated fall under a body of due process statutes called [[chain of custody]] rules. It is crucial for law enforcement agencies to scrupulously collect, handle and transfer evidence in order to avoid its falsification. In most jurisdictions, chain of evidence rules require that the transfer of criminal evidence be handled by as few persons as possible. To prevent error or improper tampering, chain of evidence rules also stipulate that those authorized to experiment with collected evidence document the nature, time, date and duration of their handling.

===303 Creative LLC v. Elenis===
The [[303 Creative LLC v. Elenis]] case was decided by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] on June 30, 2023.<ref name="SCrOTUS21-476">{{cite web |title=Docket for 21-476 |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-476.html |website=supremecourt.gov |publisher=U.S. Supreme Court |access-date=6 July 2023}}</ref> In this case, the defendants filed false evidence with their appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court. The false evidence was claimed by the defendant to have been a request for a gay wedding site that was submitted to the defendant's web site.<ref name="NYT303vElenisEvidence">{{cite web |last1=Liptak |first1=Adam |title=What to Know About a Seemingly Fake Document in a Gay Rights Case |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/03/us/politics/same-sex-marriage-document-supreme-court.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=6 July 2023 |date=3 July 2023}}</ref> The web site request was claimed to have been submitted on the afternoon of Sept. 21, 2016; this was after [[United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Tenth_Circuit|10th Circuit]] found in favor of the State of [[Colorado]] (July 26, 2021), but before the defendant filed an appeal to the US Supreme Court (September 24, 2021).<ref name="Ballotpedia303vElenis">{{cite web |title=303 Creative LLC v. Elenis |url=https://ballotpedia.org/303_Creative_LLC_v._Elenis |website=Ballotpedia |access-date=6 July 2023}}</ref> In an article by [[The New Republic]], reporter Melissa Gira Grant found that the contact information in the false evidence was a real person, but they had never submitted a request to 303 Creative, and in fact, they were already married, and not gay.<ref name="TNR303vElenis">{{cite magazine |last1=Gira Grant |first1=Melissa |title=The Mysterious Case of the Fake Gay Marriage Website, the Real Straight Man, and the Supreme Court |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/173987/mysterious-case-fake-gay-marriage-website-real-straight-man-supreme-court |magazine=The New Republic |access-date=6 July 2023 |date=29 June 2023}}</ref> The lawyers for Colorado said the evidence was irrelevant to the case, and neither the majority opinion nor the dissent of the Supreme Court ruling mentioned the false evidence. Although the defendant submitted the request as evidence, they claim to have no knowledge of whether the request was real, using the claim of a web site submission as plausible deniability. Further, the defendant claimed fear that responding to the request to see if it was valid might result in the state of Colorado suing her.<ref name="NYT303vElenisEvidence" />

===Biden v. Nebraska===
The [[Biden v. Nebraska]] case was decided by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] on June 30, 2023.<ref name="SCrOTUS22-506">{{cite web |title=Docket for 22-506 |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-506.html |website=supremecourt.gov |publisher=U.S. Supreme Court |access-date=7 July 2023}}</ref> The case was related to the forgiveness of federal [[Student loans in the United States|student loans]] by the Biden administration that was challenged by multiple states. Much of this case hinged on a claim that the [[Higher Education Loan Authority of the State of Missouri|Missouri Higher Education Loan Authority (MOHELA)]] would be financially harmed by the student loan forgiveness. However, internal documents from the MOHELA show that it did not file the suit, made no claim of financial harm, and had nothing to do with the case. The evidence submitted by the [[Missouri]] [[state attorney general|Attorney General]] was a fabrication that MOHELA did not participate in.<ref name="TAP22-506">{{cite news |last1=Dayen |first1=David |title=The Student Loan Case's Unwilling Participant |url=https://prospect.org/justice/2023-06-19-student-loan-cancellation-supreme-court-mohela/ |access-date=7 July 2023 |work=The American Prospect |date=19 June 2023}}</ref> Despite the reporting that the evidence of financial harm to MOHELA was false, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled against the [[Biden administration]].<ref>{{cite web |title=22-506 Biden v. Nebraska |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/22-506_nmip.pdf |website=U.S. Supreme Court |access-date=7 July 2023 |date=30 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="SCrOTUS22-506" />

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[False accusations]]
* [[False arrest]]
* [[Fingerprint]]
* [[Intimidation]]
* {{sectionlink|Kompromat|History}}
* [[Junk science]]
* [[Miscarriage of justice]]
* [[Parallel construction]]
* [[Surveillance abuse]]
* [[2015 Ninoy Aquino International Airport bullet planting scandal]]
* [[Barış Pehlivan]]
* [[Howland will forgery trial]]
* [[List of wrongful convictions in the United States]]
* [[M62 Coach Bombing]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* [[National Law Journal]]; October 9, 1995; "Faked Evidence Becomes Real Problem-From Fingerprints to Photos to Computer Data, Lawyers are Learning to be Vigilant"
* New York Times; November 22, 1992, Sunday; "Ripples of a Pathologist's Misconduct In Graves and Courts of West Texas. The prairie graveyards of West Texas are giving mute testimony to the misdeeds of a circuit-riding pathologist who left a trail of faked autopsies, botched blood samples and missing organs from the Panhandle to the Rio Grande. According to defense lawyers' estimates, as many as 20 capital murder cases ..."
* John F. Kelly and Phillip K. Wearne; Tainting Evidence: Inside The Scandals At The [[FBI]] Crime Lab

{{Miscarriage of justice}}

[[Category:False evidence| ]]
[[Category:Law enforcement terminology]]
[[Category:Evidence law]]
[[Category:Criminal defenses]]
[[Category:Injustice]]
[[Category:Police misconduct]]
[[Category:Abuse of the legal system]]
[[Category:Forgery]]

Asaf Jahi dynasty

2026-03-25T02:22:13Z

EmoryFigueroa: formatting fix

{{Short description|Muslim dynasty that ruled the Kingdom of Hyderabad from 1734 to 1948}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}{{More citations needed|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox royal house
| surname = House of Asaf Jah
| titles = Nizam-ul-Mulk Nawab
| other_names =
| coat_of_arms = Hyderabad Coat of Arms.jpg
| coatofarmssize =
| coat_of_arms_caption = Coat of Arms of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]
| image =
| image_caption =
| parent_family = [[Banu Taym]]
| founder = [[Asaf Jah I]]
| current_head = [[Azmet Jah]]
| final_ruler = [[Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII|Osman Ali Khan]]
| styles = [[His Exalted Highness]]
| estate = [[Chowmahalla Palace]]
| appointer =
| founding_year = 31 July 1724
| deposition = 17 September 1948
}}

The '''Asaf Jahi''' is a Muslim dynasty that ruled the [[Hyderabad State]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/how-the-nizams-stole-hyderabad-understanding-origins-of-asaf-jah-dynasty-122091600252_1.html|title=How the Nizams 'stole' Hyderabad: Understanding origins of Asaf Jah dynasty|date=16 September 2022 }}</ref> The family came to [[Indian subcontinent|India]] in the late 17th century and became employees of the [[Mughal Empire]]. They were great patrons of [[Indo-Persian culture]], language, and literature, and the family found ready patronage.{{citation needed| date=March 2026}}

The dynasty was founded by [[Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asaf Jah I|Mir Qamar-ud-Din Siddiqi]], a [[Viceroy of the Deccan]]—(administrator of six Mughal governorates) under the [[Mughals|Mughal emperors]] from 1713 to 1721. He intermittently ruled after [[Aurangzeb|Aurangzeb's]] death in 1707 and under the title Asaf Jah in 1724. The Mughal Empire crumbled and the Viceroy of the Deccan, Asaf Jah I, declared himself independent, whose domain extended from the [[Narmada River]] in the North to [[Trichinopoly]] in the South and [[Masulipatnam]] in the east to [[Bijapur]] in the west.

==History==
[[Nawab Khwaja Abid Siddiqi]], the grandfather of the first [[Nizam]], was born in Aliabad near [[Samarkand]] in the kingdom of [[Bukhara]] in modern-day [[Uzbekistan]]. His father, Alam Shaik, was a well-known [[Sufi]] and celebrated man of letters. Khwaja Abid's mother was from the family of Mir Hamdan, a distinguished Syed of Samarkhand. The first Nizam's mother was the daughter of [[Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)|Sadullah Khan]], the [[Grand vizier]] (1645-1656) of [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Hyderabad Affairs |year=1883 |publisher=Talbot Bros. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S-4AscFFwZsC |language=en}}</ref>

After succeeding in the war of succession, Aurangzeb made him the Governor of [[Ajmer]] and subsequently of [[Multan]] with the title of ''Qalich Khan''. He served the Emperor with distinction particularly during the early years of Aurangzeb's reign while he was consolidating and restoring peace in his newly acquired territory.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kate |first1=P. V. |title=Marathwada under the Nizams, 1724-1948 |date=1987 |publisher=Mittal Publications |location=Delhi, India |isbn=978-81-7099-017-8}}</ref>

Asaf Jah's father [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I]] was a military general under Aurangzeb. Under the command of Feroze Jung, Hyderabad was sieged and later occupied by the Mughals.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Shia of India|url=https://insideismailism.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/shia-of-india-1953-john-norman-hollister_txt.pdf|page=125|last=Holister|first=John Norman|year=1953|access-date=3 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010135146/https://insideismailism.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/shia-of-india-1953-john-norman-hollister_txt.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Asaf Jah I==
{{Main|Asaf Jah I}}
[[File:Asaf Jah I.jpg|right|thumb|[[Qamar-ud-din Khan Siddiqi, Asaf Jah I|Qamaruddin Khan, Asaf Jah I]]]]
The founder of this dynasty was [[Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asif Jah I|Mir Qamaruddin Khan]], a noble and a courtier of the Mughal [[Muhammad Shah]], who negotiated a peace treaty with Nadirshah got disgusted with the intrigues that prevailed in [[Delhi]]. He was on his way back to the Deccan, where, earlier he was a [[Subedar]]. But he had to confront [[Mubariz Khan]], as a result of a plot by the Mughal emperor to kill the former. Mubariz Khan failed in his attempt and he was himself slain. This one took place in AD 1724, and henceforth Mir Qamaruddin, who assumed the title of [[Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asaf Jah I|Nizam-ul-Mulk]], conducted himself as an independent ruler. Earlier, while he was one of the Ministers of the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah, the latter conferred on him the title of Asaf Jah. Thus begins the Asaf Jahi rule over Golconda with the capital at [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hydonline.com/cityscape/history/nizams.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416073722/http://www.hydonline.com/cityscape/history/nizams.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2007-04-16 | title=Nizams}}</ref>

==Asaf Jah II==
{{Main|Asaf Jah II}}

{{More citations needed|date=August 2023}}
The fourth son of the [[Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asif Jah I|Nizam-ul-Mulk]], [[Nizam Ali Khan]] was born on 24 February 1734. He assumed the Subedari of the Deccan at the age of 28 years and ruled the Deccan for almost 42 years - the longest period among the Nizams.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DfNLEAAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Research on the Role of Libraries, Archives, and Museums in Achieving Civic Engagement and Social Justice in Smart Cities|author=Taher Mohamed|publisher=IGI Global|year=2021|page=110|isbn=9781799883654 }}</ref> His reign was one of the most important chapters in the history of the Asaf Jahi dynasty. Among his efforts to consolidate the Nizam empire was the shift of the Deccan capital from Aurangabad to Hyderabad. He ruled the Deccan at a most critical period and got very successful support from the [[House of Paigah]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2O07AQAAIAAJ|title=Journal: Humanities. Section A., Volumes 33-36|publisher=University of Madras|year=1961|page=141}}</ref> He protected the Deccan from the attack of the [[Marathas]] and [[Tippu Sultan]] of [[Mysore]] by signing a mutual protection treaty with the British.

After a reign that played a pivotal role in the establishment of the Nizam dynasty, Nizam Ali Khan Siddiqi died in 1803 at the age of 69. He was buried at the [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Mecca Masjid]]{{cn|date=January 2024}} alongside the tomb of his mother Umda Begum.

==Asaf Jah III==
{{Main|Asaf Jah III}}

[[Mir Akbar Ali Khan Siddiqi Sikander Jah, Asaf Jah III]] was born on 11 November 1768. After the death of Nizam Ali Khan, he became the Subedar Jah was ratified by the emperor [[Shah Alam II]] and also conferred all his father's titles on Sikander Jah.<ref>{{cite web |title=SECUNDERABAD: ORIGINS, TALES & ARMY CONNECTION |date=February 2017|url=https://salute.co.in/secunderabad-origins-tales-army-connection/}}</ref>

==Asaf Jah IV==
{{Main|Asaf Jah IV}}

[[Nasir-ud-dawlah, Asaf Jah IV|Mir Farkhunda Ali Khan Siddiqi Nusir-ud-Dawlah]] was born in [[Bidar]] on 25 April 1794. He was the eldest son of Sikander Jah and after his father's death, he succeeded him on 23 May 1829.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hyderabadplanet.com/mir-farkhunda-ali-khan-nasir-ud-daula-asaf-jah-nizam.html | title=Mir Farkhunda Ali Khan Nasir-ud-daula - Asaf Jah IV of Hyderabad, India | access-date=30 September 2018 | archive-date=7 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207095712/http://www.hyderabadplanet.com/mir-farkhunda-ali-khan-nasir-ud-daula-asaf-jah-nizam.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=May 2024}}

==Asaf Jah V==
{{Main|Asaf Jah V}}

[[Afzal ad-Dawlah, Asaf Jah V|Mir Tahniath Ali Khan Siddiqi Afzal-ud-daula]] was born in Kuruduwadi on 11 October 1827. He was the eldest son of Nawab Nasir-ud-daula. He ascended the throne on 18 May 1857 and Indian mutiny was started on 17 July 1857 [[Rohillas]] attacked the residency but [[Sir Salar Jung]] put down the attack with a firm hand. Similarly, trouble started in [[Solapur]] but the Maharaja of Solapur was unable to control it.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

==Asaf Jah VI==
{{Main|Asaf Jah VI}}

[[Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI|Mir Mahboob Ali Khan]] was born in Tandur on 17 August 1866. He was the only son of Nawab [[Afzal ad-Dawlah, Asaf Jah V|Afzal-ud-Daula Asaf Jah V]]. When his father died he was two years and seven months old. He was installed as the Munsab by Sir [[Salar Jung I]], Nawab Rasheeduddin Khan, Shams ul Ummra and the residents, there functioned as the Reyab. Shar-ul-Ummul died on 12 December 1881 and Salar Jung became the sole regent. He was remembered as administrator and regent till his death.<ref>{{cite news|title=NIZAM OF HYDERABAD DEAD.; Premier Prince of the Indian Empire Had an Annual Income of $10,000,000. |work=The New York Times |date=30 August 1911 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1911/08/30/archives/nizam-of-hyderabad-dead-premier-prince-of-indian-empire-had-annual.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-staying-at-falaknuma-is-like-holding-a-mirror-up-to-our-past-1741439|title=Staying at Falaknuma is like holding a mirror up to our past | date=16 September 2012 | first=Sumit | last=Chakraberty|publisher=DNA |access-date=22 October 2018 }}</ref> after the death of Sir [[Mir Turab Ali Khan, Salar Jung I|Salar Jung I]] Sir [[Viqar-ul-Umra]] became the next Regent and guardian of [[Mahboob Ali Khan]] and served as [[Prime Minister of Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/bhopal14 |title=bhopal14}}</ref>

He is popularly known for his efforts to abolish the practice of [[Sati (practice)|Sati]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Letters leave a rich legacy of rulers |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/100618/letters-leave-a-rich-legacy-of-rulers.html}}</ref> and for having supernatural healing powers against [[Snakebite]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Picturing the 'Beloved'|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/180816/picturing-the-beloved.html}}</ref>

==Asaf Jah VII==
{{Main|Asaf Jah VII}}

Asaf Jah VII was the last Nizam (ruler) of Hyderabad State.He signed the [[instrument of accession]], joining India in 1948.{{sfn|Chandra|Mukherjee|Mukherjee|2008|p=96}}
[[Mir Osman Ali Khan]] was born in Hyderabad on 5 April 1886 at Purani Haveli. Since he was the heir-apparent, great attention was paid to his education, and eminent scholars were engaged to teach him [[English language|English]], [[Urdu]], [[Persian language|Persian]]. On 14 April 1906, he married Dulhan Pasha Begum, daughter of Nawab Jahangir Jung, at Eden Bagh, at the age of 21.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nizam VII cared more for people than himself |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/270518/nizam-vii-cared-more-for-people-than-himself.html|date=2018-05-26}}</ref>

He is credited for various reforms in education and development and remembered for being a truly secular<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/nizam-hyderabad-mir-osman-ali-khan-was-perfect-secular-ruler-812716/ | title=Nizam Hyderabad Mir Osman Ali Khan was a perfect secular ruler| date=2015-08-13}}</ref> King by giving yearly donations to various temples.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nizam gave funding for temples and Hindu educational institutions |url=http://missiontelangana.com/nizam-gave-funding-for-temples-and-hindu-educational-institutions/ |access-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708074635/http://missiontelangana.com/nizam-gave-funding-for-temples-and-hindu-educational-institutions/ |archive-date=8 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He made large donations to educational institutions in India and abroad. He donated Rs 10 Lakh to the [[Banaras Hindu University]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Nizam gave funding for temples, and Hindu educational institutions {{!}} {{!}} Mission Telangana |url=http://missiontelangana.com/nizam-gave-funding-for-temples-and-hindu-educational-institutions/ |date=8 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708074635/http://missiontelangana.com/nizam-gave-funding-for-temples-and-hindu-educational-institutions/ |archive-date=8 July 2018 }}</ref> and Rs 5 Lakh to the [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Why we need Minority Character for Aligarh Muslim University, Jamia or Hamdard |url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/14147-why-we-need-minority-character-for-aligarh-muslim-university-jamia-or-hamdard |access-date=21 February 2023 |publisher=milligazette |date=9 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709094521/http://www.milligazette.com/news/14147-why-we-need-minority-character-for-aligarh-muslim-university-jamia-or-hamdard |archive-date=9 July 2018 }}</ref>

He set up the [[Osmania University]],<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/osmania-university-first-to-teach-in-blend-of-urdu-amp-english/articleshow/57366802.cms | title=Osmania University first to teach in blend of Urdu & English - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Osmania General Hospital]], [[Osmania Medical College]], [[State Bank of Hyderabad]], South India's first airport -the [[Begumpet Airport]], [[Nizamia Observatory]], [[Government Nizamia General Hospital]], etc.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://telanganatoday.com/reminiscing-seventh-nizam-enormous-contribution-education | title=Reminiscing the seventh Nizam's enormous contribution to education}}</ref>

The Nizam was reported to have fathered 34 children including 16 sons and 18 daughters.<ref name="34 children #3">{{cite news|title=Last surviving son of Nizam, Fazal Jah, dies|author=Mir Ayoob Ali Khan|date=19 February 2018|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/last-surviving-son-of-nizam-fazal-jah-dies/articleshow/62975984.cms|access-date=18 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220040300/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/last-surviving-son-of-nizam-fazal-jah-dies/articleshow/62975984.cms|archive-date=20 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="34 mention #2">{{cite news |title=Last Surviving son of seventh Nizam passes away in Hyderabad |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/last-surviving-son-seventh-nizam-passes-away-hyderabad-76681 |access-date=18 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218193305/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/last-surviving-son-seventh-nizam-passes-away-hyderabad-76681 |archive-date=18 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Nizams34children">{{cite news |title=Nizam's heirs seek Pakistani intervention to unfreeze bank account |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nizam-heirs-pakistani-intervention-unfreeze-bank-account-110376-2012-07-20 |publisher=indiatoday |date=20 July 2012 |access-date=18 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218145641/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nizam-heirs-pakistani-intervention-unfreeze-bank-account-110376-2012-07-20 |archive-date=18 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mohla |first=Anika |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article1306390.ece |title=From richest to rags in seven generations |publisher=The New Indian Express |accessdate=18 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814120438/http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article1306390.ece |archive-date=14 August 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1584818/India-finally-settles-1million-Nizam-dispute.html |title=India finally settles £1million Nizam dispute |date=12 April 2008 |access-date=11 April 2019 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411234313/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1584818/India-finally-settles-1million-Nizam-dispute.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,497496,00.html |title=A prince's ransom | the Guardian | guardian.co.uk |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |access-date=11 April 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209063024/https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,497496,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Others==
===Descendants of Asaf Jah VII===
* [[Azam Jah]], Prince of [[Berar Province|Berar]], [[GCIE]], [[Knight Grand Cross of the British Empire|GBE]], [[Meritorious Service Medal (United Kingdom)|MSM]] (21 February 1907 – 9 October 1970). Granted the title of ''His Highness the Prince of Berar'' (13 November 1936). Passed over in the line of succession in 1967 in favour of his elder son. He had two sons, the elder [[Mukarram Jah]] and the younger [[Muffakham Jah]]
* [[Moazzam Jah]], second son of [[Asaf Jah VII]].
* [[Mukarram Jah|Barkat Ali Khan Mukarram Jah, Asaf Jah VIII]], 8th (Titular) Nizam of Hyderabad (6 October 1933 - 14 January 2023). Succeeded his grandfather as a titular monarch on 24 January 1967; titles were abolished by the Indian Government on 28 December 1971. He had children including two sons.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}
* [[Azmat Jah|Muhammad Azmat Ali Khan, Asaf Jah IX]], 9th (Titular) Nizam of Hyderabad (23 July 1960 - ). Succeeded his father as titular monarch on 14 January 2023; titles were abolished by the Indian Government on 28 December 1971. He has a son, Murad Jah.
* [[Najaf Ali Khan]] - Grandson of 7th Nizam - known for being a [[Culture of Hyderabad|Hyderabad Heritage]] enthusiast, who has also criticized the [[Government of Telangana]] regarding the negligence of several [[Heritage structures in Hyderabad, India|heritage structures]] and hospitals built by the [[Mir Osman Ali Khan|7th Nizam]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/151016/a-treasure-lost-nizam-scion.html|title=A treasure lost: Nizam scion|date=2016-10-15|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2018-09-16|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/nizams-family-wants-hangar-collapse-probe/articleshow/64902501.cms|title=Nizam's family wants hangar collapse probe - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-09-16}}</ref>

==Asaf Jahi rulers of Hyderabad==
{|class="wikitable"
! width=8% | Image
! width=15% | Titular Name
! width=15% | Personal Name
! width=8% | Date of birth
! width=8% | Nizam From
! width=8% | Nizam Until
! width=8% | Date of death
|-
| [[File:Nizam-ul-mulk.jpg|100px|center]]
| align="center"| '''Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I''' {{Nastaliq|نظام‌الملک آصف جاہ}}
| align="center"| '''[[Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asaf Jah I|Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan]]''' {{Nastaliq|}}
| align="center"| 20 August 1671
| align="center"| 31 July 1724
| align="center" colspan="2"| 1 June 1748
|-
| [[File:No image.png|100px|center]]
| align="center"| '''Nasir Jung''' {{Nastaliq|نصیرجنگ}}
| align="center"| '''[[Nasir Jang Mir Ahmad|Mir Ahmed Ali Khan]]'''
| align="center"| 26 February 1712
| align="center"| 1 June 1748
| align="center" colspan="2"| 16 December 1750
|-
| [[File:Dupleix meeting the Soudhabar of the Deccan.jpg|100px|center]]
| align="center"| '''Muzaffar Jung''' {{Nastaliq|مظفرجنگ}}
| align="center"| '''[[Muhyi ad-Din Muzaffar Jang Hidayat|Mir Hidayat Muhi-ud-din Sa'adullah Khan]]'''
| align="center"| ?
| align="center"| 16 December 1750
| align="center" colspan="2"| 13 February 1751
|-
| [[File:Salabat Jung.jpg|100px|center]]
| align="center"| '''Salabat Jung''' {{Nastaliq|صلابت جنگ}}
| align="center"| '''[[Mir Sa'id Muhammad Khan, Salabat Jang|Mir Sa'id Muhammad Khan]]'''
| align="center"| 24 November 1718
| align="center"| 13 February 1751
| align="center"| 8 July 1762 (''deposed'')
| align="center"| 16 September 1763
|-
| [[File:Mir Nizam Ali Khan.jpg|100px|center]]
| align="center"| '''Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah II''' {{Nastaliq|نظام‌الملک آصف جاہ دوم}}
| align="center"| '''[[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Mir Nizam Ali Khan]]'''
| align="center"| 7 March 1734
| align="center"| 8 July 1762
| align="center" colspan="2"| 6 August 1803
|-
| [[File:Sikandar Jah.jpg|115px|center]]
| align="center"| '''Sikander Jah, Asaf Jah III''' {{Nastaliq|سکندر جاہ ،آصف جاہ سوئم}}
| align="center"| '''[[Mir Akbar Ali Khan Sikander Jah, Asaf Jah III|Mir Akbar Ali Khan]]'''
| align="center"| 11 November 1768
| align="center"| 6 August 1803

| align="center" colspan="2"| 21 May 1829
|-
| [[File:Nasir ud-Daula.jpg|100px|center]]
| align="center"| '''Nasir-ud-Daula, Asaf Jah IV''' {{Nastaliq|ناصر الدولہ ،آصف جاہ چہارم}}
|align="center"| '''[[Nasir-ud-dawlah, Asaf Jah IV|Mir Farqunda Ali Khan]]'''
| align="center"| 25 April 1794
| align="center"| 21 May 1829
| align="center" colspan="2"| 16 May 1857
|-
| [[File:Afzal ud-Daula.jpg|100px|center]]
| align="center"| '''Afzal-ud-Daula, Asaf Jah V''' {{Nastaliq|افضال الدولہ ،آصف جاہ پنجم}}
| align="center"| '''[[Afzal ad-Dawlah, Asaf Jah V|Mir Tahniyath Ali Khan]]'''
| align="center"| 11 October 1827
| align="center"| 16 May 1857
| align="center" colspan="2"| 26 February 1869
|-
| [[File:Asaf Jah VI.jpg|100px|center]]
| align="center"| '''Asaf Jah VI''' {{Nastaliq|آصف جاہ شیشم}}
| align="center"| '''[[Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI|Mir Mahbub Ali Khan]]''' {{Nastaliq|میر محبوب علی خان}}
| align="center"| 17 August 1866
| align="center"| 26 February 1869
| align="center" colspan="2"| 29 August 1911
|-
| [[File:Usman_Ali_Khan.jpg|150px|center]]
| align="center"| '''Asaf Jah VII''' {{Nastaliq|آصف جاہ ہفتم}}
| align="center"| '''[[Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII|Mir Osman Ali Khan]]''' {{Nastaliq|میر عثمان علی خان}}
| align="center"| 6 April 1886
| align="center"| 29 August 1911
| align="center"| 17 September 1948 (''deposed'')
| align="center"| 24 February 1967
|}

Nasir Jung, Muzaffar Jung and Salabat Jung:- * These three rulers are not enumerated in the order of the Asaf Jah's, mainly because they were not granted the title of ASAF JAH by the Mughal Emperor.

=== Titular ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! width=15% |Titular Name
! width=15% | Personal Name
! width=8% | Date of birth
! width=8% | Nizam From
! width=8% | Nizam Until
! width=8% | Date of Death
! Note(s)
|-
| align="center"| Asaf Jah VIII {{Nastaliq|آصف جاہ ہشتم}}
| align="center"| [[Mukarram Jah|Mir Barkat Ali Khan]] {{Nastaliq|میر برکت علی خان}}
| align="center"| 6 October 1933
| align="center"| 24 February 1967
| align="center"| 5 November 1971
(deposed)
| align="center"| 15 January 2023
|Government of India recognised him in 1964 as heir-apparent to Asaf Jah VII, and following his grandfather's demise in 1967, he succeeded to his rank, dignity, and title. His coronation took place at Chowmahalla Palace on April 6, 1967, and he was recognised as Ruler of Hyderabad on April 14, 1964, by the Government of India. However, due to [[Privy Purse in India#Abolition|26th Amendment to the Constitution of India]], he ceased to enjoy his princely pensions, titles, and privileges.
|-
| align="center"| Asaf Jah IX {{Nastaliq|آصف جاہ نہم}}
| align="center"| [[Azmet Jah|Mir Muhammad Azmet Ali Khan]] {{Nastaliq|میر محمد عظمت علی خان}}
| align="center"| 23 July 1960
| align="center"| 20 January 2023
| colspan="2" |
|Azmet Jah acceded to the throne of the former Hyderabad State on 14 January 2023, following the death of Asaf Jah VIII.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Azmat Jah becomes the next Nizam of Hyderabad; here's all you need to know about him |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/azmat-jah-becomes-the-next-nizam-of-hyderabad-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-him/articleshow/97192539.cms |access-date=2023-01-21}}</ref> Azmat Jah's ceremonial coronation took place on 20 January 2023, at [[Chowmahalla Palace]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-22 |title=Azmet Jah coronated as ninth titular Nizam of Hyderabad |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/hyderabad/story/azmet-jah-coronated-as-ninth-titular-nizam-of-hyderabad-2324768-2023-01-22 |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-22 |title=In Hyderabad, Azmet Jah coronated as successor of Mukarram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/azmet-jah-coronated-as-successor-of-mukarram-in-hyderabad/articleshow/97214523.cms |access-date=2024-12-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2023}}
|}

==Family tree==
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Genealogy of the Asaf Jahi dynasty}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | |
A01=[[Murrah ibn Ka'b|Murrah ibn Ka'b]]}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | |A02 | |A01 | | | | | | |
A01=[[Kilab ibn Murrah|Kilab ibn Murrah]]|
A02=[[Banu Taym|Taym ibn Murrah]]}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | |A02 | |A01 | | | | | | |
A01=[[Qusayy ibn Kilab|Qusayy ibn Kilab]]|
A02=Sa'd ibn Taym}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | |A02 | |A01 | | | | | | |
A01=[[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai|Abd Manaf ibn Qusayy]]|
A02=Ka'b ibn Sa'd}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | |A02 | |A01 | | | | | | |
A01=[[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hashim ibn Abd Manaf]]|
A02=Amr ibn Ka'b}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | |A02 | |A01 | | | | | | |
A01=[[Abd al-Muttalib|Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim]]|
A02=Amir ibn Amr}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | |A02 | |A01 | | | | | | |
A01=[[Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib]]|
A02=[[Abu Quhafa|Uthman ibn Amir]]}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | |A02 | |A01 | | | | | | |
A01=[[Muhammad|Prophet Muhammad]]|
A02=[[Abu Bakr|Abu Bakr al-Siddiq]]}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | |:| | | |:| | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | |:| | | |:| | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | |:| | | |:| | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | |A01 | | |:| | | | | | | |
A01=20 generations|boxstyle_A01=border-width:0px}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | |:| | | |:| | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | |:| | | |:| | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | |:| | | |:| | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | |A01 | | |:| | | | | | | |
A01=[[Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi|Shihab ud-Din Umar al-Suhrawardi]]}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | |:| | | |:| | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | |:| | | |:| | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | |:| | | |:| | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | |A01 | | |:| | | | | | | |
A01=14 generations|boxstyle_A01=border-width:0px}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | |:| | | |:| | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | |:| | | |:| | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | |:| | | |:| | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | |A01 | | |:| | | | | | | |
A01=Abdul Rahman Azizzan Khan Siddiqi Bayafandi}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | |!| | | |:| | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | |A01 | | |:| | | | | | | |
A01=Allahdad Khan Siddiqi Bayafandi}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | |!| | | |:| | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | |A01 |y|A02 | | | | | | |
A01=Khawaja Isma'il Khan Siddiqi Bayafandi|
A02=?|boxstyle_A02=background-color:#FFC0CB}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | |
A01=[[Kilich Khan]]|
A02=[[Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)|Sa'adullah Khan]]}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | |A01 |y|A02 | | | | |
A01=[[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I|Ghazi ud-Din Khan Firuz Jung I]]|
A02=Safia Khanum|boxstyle_A02=background-color:#FFC0CB}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Nizam ul-Mulk Asaf Jah I]]''' (1) r. 1724-1748|boxstyle_A01=background-color:#FFD700; border-width:0px}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1|A01 | |A02 | |A03 | |A04 |
A01='''[[Nasir Jung]]''' (2) r. 1748-1750|boxstyle_A01=background-color:#FFD700; border-width:0px|
A02='''[[Salabat Jung]]''' (4) r. 1751-1762|boxstyle_A02=background-color:#FFD700; border-width:0px|
A03='''[[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Nizam ul-Mulk Asaf Jah II]]''' (5) r. 1762-1803|boxstyle_A03=background-color:#FFD700; border-width:0px|
A04=Khair un-Nisa Begum|boxstyle_A04=background-color:#FFC0CB}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 |
A01='''[[Sikander Jah, Asaf Jah III|Sikandar Jah Asaf Jah III]]''' (6) r. 1803-1829|boxstyle_A01=background-color:#FFD700; border-width:0px|
A02='''[[Muhyi ad-Din Muzaffar Jang Hidayat|Muzaffar Jung]]''' (3) r. 1750-1751|boxstyle_A02=background-color:#FFD700; border-width:0px}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | |
A01='''[[Nasir-ud-Daulah|Nasir ud-Daulah Asaf Jah IV]]''' (7) r. 1829-1857|boxstyle_A01=background-color:#FFD700; border-width:0px}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 |
A01='''[[Afzal-ud-Daulah|Afzal ud-Daulah Asaf Jah V]]''' (8) r. 1857-1869|boxstyle_A01=background-color:#FFD700; border-width:0px|
A02=[[Mir Turab Ali Khan, Salar Jung I|Salar Jung I]]}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | |A01 |y|A02 |
A01='''[[Mahboob Ali Khan|Asaf Jah VI]]''' (9) r. 1869-1911|boxstyle_A01=background-color:#FFD700; border-width:0px|
A02=Amat uz-Zahra|boxstyle_A02=background-color:#FFC0CB}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |,|-|'| | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 |
A01='''[[Mir Osman Ali Khan|Asaf Jah VII]]''' (10) r. 1911-1948 – Titular – 1948-1967|boxstyle_A01=background-color:#FFD700; border-width:0px|
A02=[[Abdulmejid II|Abdul Majid II]]}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | |A01 |y|A02 |
A01=[[Azam Jah]] ''Prince of Berar''|
A02=[[Dürrüşehvar Sultan|Durru Shehvar Sultan]]|boxstyle_A02=background-color:#FFC0CB}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | |
A01='''[[Mukarram Jah|Asaf Jah VIII]]''' (11) – Titular – 1967-1971 Head of House 1971-2023|boxstyle_A01=background-color:#FFD700; border-width:0px}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | |
A01='''[[Azmet Jah|Asaf Jah IX]]''' (12) Head of House 2023-present|boxstyle_A01=background-color:#FFD700; border-width:0px}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Chart bottom}}

==See also==
* [[Hyderabad State]]
* [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]
* [[National Anthem of Kingdom of Hyderabad]]
* [[Paigah (Hyderabad)|Paigah]]
* [[Salar Jung family]]
* [[List of Sunni Muslim dynasties]]
* [[Karrani Dynasty]]
* [[Pakistan Tehreek-E-Insaaf]]
* [[Aga Khan Palace]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{citation |last1=Chandra |first1=Bipan |author-link=Bipan Chandra |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Aditya |last3=Mukherjee |first3=Mridula |title=India Since Independence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dE9qEg-NgHMC |year=2008 |orig-year=first published 1999 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-310409-4 }}

==External links==
*[https://asafjahidynasty.com/ Official Portal]
* {{Google books |id=d1wUgKKzawoC |page=142 |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813 }}

{{Nizam of Hyderabad}}
{{Hyderabad topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nizam Of Hyderabad}}
[[Category:1724 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Asaf Jahi dynasty| ]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Nawabs of India]]
[[Category:Royal titles]]
[[Category:Titles in India]]
[[Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership]]
[[Category:Asian royal families]]
[[Category:Banu Abu Bakr]]

1974 Orissa Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-24T09:38:26Z

EmoryFigueroa: Adding the data added tags

{{Short description|State assembly election in India}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1974 Orissa Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = No
| previous_election = 1971 Orissa Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = '''1971'''
| next_election = 1977 Orissa Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = '''1977'''
| election_date = 1974
| seats_for_election = All 147 seats in the [[Orissa Legislative Assembly]]
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Cow_and_Calf_INC.svg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Nandini Satpathy]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)
| leaders_seat1 = Not contested
| seats1 = 69
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 18
| popular_vote1 = 21,52,818
| percentage1 = 37.44
| swing1 =
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Biju Patnaik 2018 stamp of India.jpg|bSize=220|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=58|oTop=14}}
| leader2 = [[Biju Patnaik]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Rajanagar (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajanagar]]
| party2 = [[Utkal Congress]]
| seats2 = 35
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 2
| popular_vote2 = 15,21,064
| percentage2 = 26.45
| swing2 =
| image3 = {{eppt|Swatantra Party|height=100|width=100}}
| leader3 = [[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]]
| leaders_seat3 = [[Bolangir (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bolangir]]
| party3 = Swatantra Party
| seats3 = 21
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}} 15
| popular_vote3 = 6,94,473
| percentage3 = 12.08
| swing3 =
| title = [[Chief Minister of Orissa|Chief Minister]]
| posttitle = [[Chief Minister of Orissa|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Nandini Satpathy]]
| before_party = [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| after_election =[[Nandini Satpathy]]
| after_party = [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| majority_seats = 74
}}

Elections to the sixth [[Orissa Legislative Assembly]] were held 1974.<ref>[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3622-orissa-1974/ 1974 Orissa Legislative Assembly election]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ws.ori.nic.in/ola/brief.htm |title=Brief History of Orissa Legislative Assembly Since 1937 |access-date=2019-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070109172223/http://ws.ori.nic.in/ola/brief.htm |archive-date=2007-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19770131-story-of-orissa-cm-binayak-acharya-a-political-rags-to-riches-tale-823567-2014-07-21 Story of Orissa CM Binayak Acharya: A political rags-to-riches tale]</ref>

==Constituencies==

The elections were held for 147 seats. A total of 722 candidates contested for these 147 seats.

==Political parties==

Three national parties, [[Communist Party of India]], [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Swatantra Party]] along with the state party [[Utkal Congress]] took part in the assembly election. Congress party emerged again as the winner by winning 50% of the seats with a vote share of 37.44%. [[Nandini Satpathy]] again become the [[Chief Minister of Orissa|Chief Minister]] of the state.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=404278 |title=The 'Iron lady' of Orissa politics |access-date=2019-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222220220/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=404278 |archive-date=2014-02-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Results ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Source: [[Election Commission of India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=1974 Orissa Legislative Assembly Election |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3622-orissa-1974/ |url-status=live |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
! colspan="10" |[[File:India Odisha Legislative Assembly 1974.svg]]
|-
! colspan="4" |Party
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
!Color
!Flag
!Name
!Symbol
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!+/−
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
| [[File:Cow_and_Calf_INC.svg|50x50px]]
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| [[File:Cow_and_Calf_INC.svg|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:right;" |2,152,818
| 37.44%
| {{increase}} 9.26
| 135
| 69
| {{increase}} 18
|-
| {{Party color cell|Utkal Congress}}
|
| [[Utkal Congress]]
|
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,521,064
| 26.45%
| {{increase}} 2.46
| 95
| 35
| {{increase}} 2
|-
| {{Party color cell|Swatantra Party}}
| [[File:Swatantra-Party-flag.svg|50x50px]]
| [[Swatantra Party]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Star.png|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 694,473
| 12.08%
| {{decrease}} 5.36
| 56
| 21
| {{decrease}} 15
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[File:CPI-banner.svg|50x50px]]
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| [[File:CPI_symbol.svg|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 279,738
| 4.87%
| {{increase}} 0.08
| 14
| 7
| {{increase}} 3
|-
| {{Party color cell|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|
| [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Tree.png|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 101,789
| 1.77%
| {{increase}} 0.56
| 17
| 2
| {{increase}} 2
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50x50px]]
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| [[File:CPIM_election_symbol.png|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 67,600
| 1.18%
| {{decrease}} 0.02
| 8
| 3
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| {{Party color cell|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|
| [[Orissa Jana Congress]]
|
| style="text-align:right;" | 67,169
| 1.17%
| {{decrease}} 3.99
| 42
| 1
| {{no change}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Jharkhand Party}}
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cock.png|50x50px]]
| [[Jharkhand Party]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Cock.png|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 34,786
| 0.60%
| {{decrease}} 1.04
| 12
| 1
| {{decrease}} 3
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| -
| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| -
| style="text-align:right;" | 750,818
| 13.06%
| {{increase}} 5.51
| 299
| 7
| {{increase}} 3
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan="4" |Total
!-
!-
!-
!-
!146
!-
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Valid Votes'''
|style="text-align:right;"| '''5,749,825'''
|48.76
! colspan="4" rowspan="5" |
|-
| colspan="4" |Invalid Votes
|style="text-align:right;"|346,895
| -
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Total Votes polled / turnout'''
|style="text-align:right;"| '''6,096,720'''
|'''51.70'''
|-
| colspan="4" |Abstentation
|style="text-align:right;"| 5,694,717
| -
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Total No. of Electors'''
|style="text-align:right;"| '''11,791,437'''
!
|}

== Elected Members ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!District
!AC. No.
! Constituency
! Winner Candidate
! Party
!
|-
| rowspan="10" |[[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
|1
| [[Karanjia Assembly constituency|Karanjia (ST)]]
| Karunakar Naik
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2
| [[Jashipur Assembly constituency|Jashipur (ST)]]
| Ghanshyam Hemram
| {{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|3
| [[Bahalda Assembly constituency|Bahalda (ST)]]
| Sashi Bhusan Marndi
| {{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|4
| [[Rairangpur Assembly constituency|Rairangpur (ST)]]
| Arjun Majhi
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|5
| [[Bangriposi Assembly constituency|Bangriposi (ST)]]
| Rudra Mohan Das
| {{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|6
| Kuliana (ST)
| Sarat Chandra Singh
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|7
| [[Baripada Assembly constituency|Baripada]]
| Promod Chandra Bhanjdeo
| {{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|8
| [[Baisinga Assembly constituency|Baisinga (ST)]]
| Kuanria Majhi
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|9
| [[Khunta Assembly constituency|Khunta (ST)]]
| Ramesh Saren
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|10
| [[Udala Assembly constituency|Udala (ST)]]
| Ravaneswa Madhei
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="12" |[[Balasore district|Baleshwar]]
|11
| [[Bhograi Assembly constituency|Bhograi]]
| [[Kartikeswar Patra]]
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|12
| [[Jaleswar, Odisha Assembly constituency|Jaleswar]]
| Gadadhar Giri
| {{full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|13
| [[Basta Assembly constituency|Basta]]
| [[Chintamani Jena]]
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|14
| [[Balasore Assembly constituency|Balasore]]
| Arun Dey
| {{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|15
| [[Soro Assembly constituency|Soro]]
| Jadunath Das Mahapatra
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|16
| [[Simulia Assembly constituency|Simulia]]
| Sailen Mohapatra
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|17
| [[Nilgiri Assembly constituency|Nilgiri]]
| Banamali Das
| {{full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|18
| [[Bhandaripokhari Assembly constituency|Bhandaripokhari (SC)]]
| [[Bairagi Jena]]
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|19
| [[Bhadrak Assembly constituency|Bhadrak]]
| Jugal Kishore Pattanaik
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|20
| [[Dhamnagar Assembly constituency|Dhamnagar]]
| Hrudananda Mullick
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|21
| [[Chandabali Assembly constituency|Chandbali (SC)]]
| Manmohan Das
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|22
| [[Basudevpur Assembly constituency|Basudevpur]]
| Jagabandhu Das
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="26" |[[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
|23
| [[Sukinda Assembly constituency|Sukinda]]
| Sanatan Deo
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|24
| [[Korei Assembly constituency|Korai]]
| [[Ashok Kumar Das]]
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|25
| [[Jajpur Assembly constituency|Jajpur (SC)]]
| Jagannath Malik
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|26
| [[Dharmasala Assembly constituency|Dharamsala]]
| Banka Bihari Das
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|27
| [[Barchana Assembly constituency|Barchana]]
| Dusasan Jena
| {{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|28
| [[Bari-derabisi Assembly constituency|Bari-Derabisi]]
| Prahlad Malik
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|29
| [[Binjharpur Assembly constituency|Binjharpur (SC)]]
| Baishmab Charan Malik
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|30
| [[Aul Assembly constituency|Aul]]
| [[Sarat Kumar Deb]]
| {{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|31
| [[Patamundai Assembly constituency|Patamundai (SC)]]
| Biswanath Mallik
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|32
| [[Rajanagar Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]]
| [[Biju Patnaik]]
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|33
| [[Kendrapara Assembly constituency|Kendrapara]]
| [[Bed Prakash Agarwal]]
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|34
| [[Patkura Assembly constituency|Patkura]]
| Raj Kishore Nayak
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|35
| [[Tirtol Assembly constituency|Tirtol]]
| [[Pratap Chandra Mohanty]]
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|36
| [[Ersama Assembly constituency|Ersama]]
| Lokanath Chowdhury
| {{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|37
| [[Balikuda-Erasama Assembly constituency|Balikuda]]
| Basudeb Mohapatra
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|38
| [[Jagatsinghpur Assembly constituency|Jagatsinghpur (SC)]]
| [[Laxman Mallick]]
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|39
| [[Kissannagar Assembly Constituency|Kissannagar]]
| Batakrushna Jena
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|40
| [[Mahanga Assembly constituency|Mahanga]]
| Shaik Matlub Ali
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|41
| [[Salipur Assembly constituency|Salepur (SC)]]
| Baidhar Behera
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|42
| [[Gobindpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gobindpur]]
| Sudhansu Malini Ray
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|43
| [[Cuttack Sadar Assembly constituency|Cuttack Sadar]]
| [[Trilochan Kanungo]]
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|44
| [[Cuttack City Assembly constituency|Cuttack City]]
| Srikanta Panda
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|45
| [[Choudwar-Cuttack Assembly constituency|Choudwar]]
| Kanhu Charan Lenka
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|46
| [[Banki Assembly constituency|Banki]]
| Jogesh Chanda Rout
| {{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|47
| [[Athagarh Assembly constituency|Athgarh]]
| [[Radhanath Rath]]
| {{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|48
| [[Baramba Assembly constituency|Baramba]]
| Raja Saheb Trilochan Singh Deo
| {{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| rowspan="16" |[[Puri district|Puri]]
|49
| [[Balipatna Assembly constituency|Balipatna (SC)]]
| Gopinath Bhoi
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|50
| [[Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency|Bhubaneswar]]
| [[Harekrushna Mahtab]]
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|51
| [[Jatani Assembly constituency|Jatni]]
| Satyapriya Mohanty
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|52
| [[Pipili Assembly constituency|Pipli]]
| Bipin Bihari Dash
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|53
| [[Nimapara Assembly constituency|Nimapara (SC)]]
| Nilamani Sitha
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|54
| [[Kakatpur Assembly constituency|Kakatpur]]
| Brudaban Patra
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|55
| [[Satyabadi Assembly constituency|Satyabadi]]
| Gangadhar Mahapatra
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|56
| [[Puri Assembly constituency|Puri]]
| [[Brajamohan Mohanty]]
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|57
| [[Brahmagiri Assembly constituency|Brahmagiri]]
| Siddheswar Panigrahi
| {{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|58
|[[Chilika Assembly constituency|Chilka]]
|No Nomination filed
|
|-
|59
| [[Khurda Assembly constituency|Khurda]]
| Benudhar Baliarsingh
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|60
| [[Begunia Assembly constituency|Begunia]]
| Satyanand Champatiray
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|61
| [[Ranpur Assembly constituency|Ranpur]]
| [[Ramesh Chandra Panda]]
| {{full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|62
| [[Nayagarh Assembly constituency|Nayagarh]]
| [[Bhagabat Behera]]
| {{full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|63
| [[Khandapada Assembly constituency|Khandapara]]
| Satyasundar Misra
| {{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|64
| [[Daspalla Assembly constituency|Daspalla]]
| Harihar Karana
| {{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| rowspan="15" |[[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
|65
| [[Jaganathprasad Assembly constituency|Jaganathprasad (SC)]]
| Batsa Naik
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|66
| [[Bhanjanagar Assembly constituency|Bhanjanagar]]
| [[Somnath Rath]]
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|67
| [[Surada Assembly constituency|Suruda]]
| Sarat Chanda Panda
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|68
| [[Aska Assembly constituency|Aska]]
| Harihar Das
| {{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|69
| [[Kabisuryanagar Assembly constituency|Kabisuryanagar]]
| Sadananda Mahanty
| {{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|70
| [[Kodala Assembly constituency|Kodala]]
| Kanhu Charan Nayak
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|71
| [[Khalikote Assembly constituency|Khallikote]]
| [[V. Sugnana Kumari Deo]]
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|72
| [[Chhatrapur Assembly constituency|Chatrapur]]
| [[Daitari Behera]]
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|73
| Hinjili
| Brundaban Nayak
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|74
| [[Gopalpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gopalpur (SC)]]
| [[Mohan Nayak]]
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|75
| [[Berhampur Assembly constituency|Berhampur]]
| [[Binayak Acharya]]
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|76
| [[Chikiti Assembly constituency|Chikiti]]
| Satchida Nandu Deo
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|77
| [[Mohana Assembly constituency|Mohana]]
| Udayanarayan Deb
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|78
| [[Ramagiri Assembly constituency|Ramagiri (ST)]]
| Chakradhar Paik
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|79
| [[Paralakhemundi Assembly constituency|Parlakhemundi]]
| Nalla Kurmanaikulu
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="14" |[[Koraput district|Koraput]]
|80
| [[Gunupur Assembly constituency|Gunupur (ST)]]
| [[Bhagirathi Gamang]]
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|81
| [[Bissam Cuttack Assembly constituency|Bissam-cuttack (ST)]]
| Ulaka Dambarudhar
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|82
| [[Rayagada Assembly constituency|Rayagada (ST)]]
| [[Ramachandra Ulaka|Ulka Rama Chandra]]
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|83
| [[Laxmipur Assembly constituency|Lakshmipur (ST)]]
| Ananta Ram Majhi
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|84
| [[Pottangi Assembly constituency|Pottangi (ST)]]
| Disari Sannu
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|85
| [[Koraput Assembly constituency|Koraput]]
| Harish Chandra Baxipatra
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|86
| [[Malkangiri Assembly constituency|Malkangiri (SC)]]
| Naka Kannaya
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|87
| [[Chitrakonda Assembly constituency|Chitrakonda (ST)]]
| Gangadhar Madi
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|88
| [[Kotpad Assembly constituency|Kotpad (ST)]]
| Basudeb Majhi
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|89
| [[Jeypore Assembly constituency|Jeypore]]
| [[Raghunath Patnaik]]
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|90
| [[Nabarangpur Assembly constituency|Nowrangpur]]
| Habibulla Khan
| {{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|91
| [[Kodinga Assembly constituency|Kodinga (ST)]]
| Sombaru Majhi
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|92
| [[Dabugam Assembly constituency|Dabugam (ST)]]
| Syamoghomo Majhi
| {{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|93
| [[Umerkote Assembly constituency|Umarkote (ST)]]
| Rabisingh Majhi
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]
|94
| [[Nuapada Assembly constituency|Nawapara]]
| Jagannath Pattanaik
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|95
| [[Khariar Assembly constituency|Khariar]]
| Anupa Singh Deo
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|96
| [[Dharmagarh Assembly constituency|Dharamgarh (SC)]]
| Dayanidhi Naik
| {{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|97
| [[Koksara Assembly constituency|Koksara]]
| Chandrabhanu Singh Deo
| {{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|98
| [[Junagarh Assembly constituency|Junagarh]]
| Udit Pratap Deo
| {{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|99
| [[Bhawanipatna Assembly constituency|Bhawanipatna (SC)]]
| Jagamohan Nayak
| {{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|100
| [[Narla Assembly constituency|Narla (ST)]]
| [[Dhaneswar Majhi]]
| {{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|101
| [[Kesinga Assembly constituency|Kesinga]]
| Sarat Chandra Singh Deo
| {{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |Phulabani
|102
| [[Baliguda Assembly constituency|Balliguda (ST)]]
| Sahura Mallik
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|103
| [[Udayagiri, Odisha Assembly constituency|Udayagiri (ST)]]
| Gopal Pradhan
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|104
| [[Phulbani Assembly constituency|Phulbani (SC)]]
| Chandra Sekhar Behera
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|105
| [[Boudh Assembly constituency|Boudh]]
| Natabar Pradhan
| {{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Balangir district|Balangir]]
|106
| [[Titlagarh Assembly constituency|Titilagarh (SC)]]
| Tapi Jal
| {{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|107
| [[Kantabanji]]
| Ramprasad Misra
| {{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|108
| [[Patnagarh Assembly constituency|Patnagarh]]
| [[Ainthu Sahoo]]
| {{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|109
| [[Saintala Assembly constituency|Saintala]]
| Krushna Chandra Panda
| {{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|110
| [[Loisingha Assembly constituency|Loisingha]]
| [[Ananga Udaya Singh Deo]]
| {{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|111
| [[Bolangir Assembly constituency|Bolangir]]
| [[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]]
| {{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|112
| [[Sonepur Assembly constituency|Sonepur (SC)]]
| Daulat Bagh
| {{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|113
| [[Binka Assembly constituency|Binka]]
| Radha Mohan Mishra
| {{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|114
| [[Birmaharajpur Assembly constituency|Birmaharajpur]]
| Hrushikesh Hota
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
|115
| [[Athmallik Assembly constituency|Athmallik]]
| Bhajaman Behera
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|116
| [[Angul Assembly constituency|Angul]]
| Adwait Prasad Singh
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|117
| [[Hindol Assembly constituency|Hindol (SC)]]
| Bhagirathi Naik
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|118
| [[Dhenkanal Assembly constituency|Dhenkanal]]
| [[Nandini Satpathy]]
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|119
| [[Gondia, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gondia]]
| Sribatsa Nayak
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|120
| [[Kamakhyanagar Assembly constituency|Kamakhyanagar]]
| Brahmananda Biswal
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|121
| [[Pallahara Assembly constituency|Pallahara]]
| Narayan Sahu
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|122
| [[Talcher Assembly constituency|Talcher (SC)]]
| Brundaban Behera
| {{full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="12" |[[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
|123
| [[Padampur Assembly constituency|Padampur]]
| [[Krupasindhu Bhoi]]
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|124
| [[Melchhamunda Assembly constituency|Melchhamunda]]
| Prakash Chandra Debta
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|125
| [[Bijepur Assembly constituency|Bijepur]]
| [[Gananath Pradhan]]
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|126
| [[Bhatli Assembly constituency|Bhatli (SC)]]
| Mohan Nag
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|127
| [[Bargarh Assembly constituency|Bargarh]]
| Nabin Kumar Pradhan
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|128
| [[Sambalpur Assembly constituency|Sambalpur]]
| Shri Ballav Panigrahi
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|129
| [[Brajarajnagar Assembly constituency|Brajarajnagar]]
| Prasanna Kumar Panda
| {{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|130
| [[Jharsuguda Assembly constituency|Jharsuguda]]
| Sairendhri Nayak
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|131
| [[Laikera Assembly constituency|Laikera (ST)]]
| [[Hemanand Biswal]]
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|132
| [[Kuchinda Assembly constituency|Kuchinda (ST)]]
| Jagateswar Mirdha
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|133
| [[Rairakhol Assembly constituency|Rairakhol (SC)]]
| Basanta Kumar Mohananda
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|134
| [[Deogarh Assembly constituency|Deogarh]]
| Tribhuban Deb
| {{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh]]
|135
| [[Sundargarh Assembly constituency|Sundargarh]]
| Dibyalochan Sekhar Deo
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|136
| [[Talsara Assembly constituency|Talsara (ST)]]
| Premananda Kalo
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|137
| [[Rajgangpur Assembly constituency|Rajgangpur (ST)]]
| [[Christopher Ekka]]
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|138
| [[Biramitrapur Assembly constituency|Biramitrapur (ST)]]
| Christodas Luhgun
| {{full party name with color|Jharkhand Party}}
|-
|139
| [[Rourkela Assembly constituency|Rourkela]]
| Dhananjaya Mohanty
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|140
| [[Raghunathpali Assembly constituency|Raghunathpali (ST)]]
| Agapit Lakra
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|141
| [[Bonai Assembly constituency|Bonai (ST)]]
| Benudhar Naik
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Kendujhar district|Keonjhar]]
|142
| [[Champua Assembly constituency|Champua (ST)]]
| Guru Charan Naik
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|143
| [[Patna Assembly constituency|Patna]]
| Maheswar Majhi
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|144
| [[Keonjhar Assembly constituency|Keonjhar (ST)]]
| Govinda Munda
| {{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|145
| [[Telkoi Assembly constituency|Telkoi (ST)]]
| Niladri Naik
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|146
| [[Ramchandrapur, Odisha Assembly Constituency|Ramchandrapur]]
| Murlidhar Kuanr
| {{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|147
| [[Anandapur Assembly constituency|Anandapur (SC)]]
| Bhubananda Jena
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==See also==
* [[1974 elections in India]]
* [[1971 Orissa Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[1977 Orissa Legislative Assembly election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Odisha elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Odisha]]
[[Category:1974 State Assembly elections in India|Odisha]]
[[Category:1970s in Orissa]]

Immurement

2026-03-16T15:49:49Z

EmoryFigueroa: cleanup

{{Short description|Live entombment usually until death}}
{{for|immurement of corpses|Tomb|Mausoleum}}
[[File:Hadj_Mohammed_Mesfewi.png|thumb|The execution of [[serial killer]] [[Hadj Mohammed Mesfewi]]]]
'''Immurement''' ({{ety|la|im-|in||murus|wall}}; {{lit|walling in}}), also called '''immuration''' or '''live entombment''', is a form of [[imprisonment]], usually until death, in which someone is placed within an enclosed space without exits.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/immure Definition of Immurement]</ref> This includes instances where people have been enclosed in extremely tight confinement, such as within a [[coffin]]. When used as a means of [[execution]], the prisoner is simply left to die from [[starvation]] or [[dehydration]]. This form of execution is distinct from [[premature burial|being buried alive]], in which the victim typically dies of [[asphyxia]]tion. By contrast, immurement has also occasionally been used as an early form of [[life imprisonment]], in which cases the victims were regularly fed and given water. There have been a few cases in which people have survived for months or years after being walled up, as well as some people, such as [[anchorite]]s, who were voluntarily immured.

Notable examples of immurement as an established execution practice (with death from thirst or starvation as the intended aim) are attested. In the Roman Empire, [[Vestal Virgins]] faced live entombment as punishment if they were found guilty of breaking their chastity vows. Immurement has also been well established as a punishment of robbers in [[Persia]], even into the early 20th century. Some ambiguous evidence exists of immurement as a practice of coffin-type confinement in [[Mongolia]]. One famous, but likely mythical, immurement was that of [[Anarkali]] by [[Emperor Akbar]] because of her supposed relationship with [[Emperor Jahangir|Prince Saleem]].

Isolated incidents of immurement, rather than elements of continuous traditions, are attested or alleged from numerous other parts of the world. Instances of immurement as an element of massacre within the context of war or revolution are also noted. Entombing living persons as a type of human sacrifice is also reported, for example, as part of grand burial ceremonies in some cultures.

As a motif in legends and folklore, many tales of immurement exist. In the folklore, immurement is prominent as a form of [[capital punishment]], but its use as a type of [[human sacrifice]] to make buildings sturdy has many tales attached to it as well. Skeletal remains have been, from time to time, found behind walls and in hidden rooms, and on several occasions have been asserted to be evidence of such sacrificial or punitive practices.

==History==
===Europe===
[[File:Estonia Immuration02.JPG|thumb|Re-creation of a 16th-century knight, who was believed to be entombed in a wall of [[Kuressaare Castle]], [[Estonia]]]]
According to Finnish legend, a young maiden was wrongfully immured into the castle wall of [[Olavinlinna]] as a punishment for treason. The subsequent growth of a [[rowan tree]] at the location of her execution, whose flowers were as white as her innocence and berries as red as her blood, inspired a ballad.<ref>[http://www.nba.fi/en/olavinlinna_legends Olavinlinna Legends]</ref> Similar legends stem from [[Haapsalu]],<ref>[http://www.haapsalu.ee/index.php?lk=270&show=375 The Immured Lady] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090819143501/http://www.haapsalu.ee/index.php?lk=270&show=375 |date=2009-08-19 }}</ref> [[Kuressaare]],<ref>[http://www.aulik.se/Baltikumresan/Kuressaare/ppages/ppage6.htm The immured knight] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203100622/http://www.aulik.se/Baltikumresan/Kuressaare/ppages/ppage6.htm |date=2013-12-03 }}</ref> [[Põlva]]<ref>"Legend has it that a girl was immured in the wall of the church in a kneeling position and thus the place came to be called Põlva (the Estonian word põlv means knee in English)." [http://www.polva.ee/tourism Põlva linn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203172832/http://www.polva.ee/tourism |date=2013-12-03 }}</ref> and [[Visby]].<ref>"... is the Maiden's Tower (Jungfrutornet), in which legend has it that the daughter of a Visby goldsmith was walled up alive for betraying the town to the Danes out of love for the Danish king [[Valdemar Atterdag]]."[http://www.planetware.com/tourist-attractions-/visby-s-gtl-vis.htm Visby Tourist Attractions]</ref>

According to a [[Latvian people|Latvian]] legend, as many as three people might have been immured in tunnels under the [[Grobiņa Castle]]. A daughter of a knight living in the castle did not approve of her father's choice of a young nobleman as her future husband. Said knight also pillaged surrounding areas and took prisoners to live in the tunnels, among these a handsome young man whom the daughter took a liking to, helping him escape. Her fate was not so lucky as the knight and his future son-in-law punished her by immuring her in one of the tunnels. Another nobleman's daughter and a [[Swedish people|Swedish]] soldier are also said to be immured in one of the tunnels after she had fallen in love with the Swedish soldier and requested her father to allow her to marry him. According to another legend, a maiden and a servant were immured after a failed attempt at spying on [[Germans]] to gain intelligence on their plans for what is now Latvia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pasakas.net/teikas/vietas/g/grobinas-pils/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119072306/http://www.pasakas.net/teikas/vietas/g/grobinas-pils |url-status=usurped |archive-date=January 19, 2012 |title=Grobiņas pils |last=Jansone |first=Una |access-date=November 9, 2013 }}</ref>

In book 3 of his ''[[History of the Peloponnesian War]]'', [[Thucydides]] goes into great detail on the revolution that broke out at [[Corfu]] in 427 BC:<ref>Thucydides, [http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/GreekScience/Thuc.+3.69-85.html%20Thuc.%203.69-85:Civil%20War%20at%20Corcyra 3.81.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215213240/http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/GreekScience/Thuc.+3.69-85.html%20Thuc.%203.69-85:Civil%20War%20at%20Corcyra |date=2013-12-15 }}</ref>
{{blockquote|Death thus raged in every shape; and, as usually happens at such times, there was no length to which violence did not go; sons were killed by their fathers, and suppliants dragged from the altar or slain upon it; while some were even walled up in the temple of Dionysus and died there.}}

The [[Vestal Virgin]]s in ancient Rome constituted a class of priestesses whose principal duty was to maintain the sacred fire dedicated to [[Vesta (mythology)|Vesta]] (goddess of the home and the family), and they lived under a strict vow of chastity and celibacy. If that vow of chastity was broken, the offending priestess was immured alive as follows:<ref>Smith (1846), [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_PeYRAAAAYAAJ/page/n358 p. 353]</ref>

{{blockquote|When condemned by the college of pontifices, she was stripped of her [[vittae]] and other badges of office, was scourged, attired like a corpse, placed in a closed litter, borne through the forum attended by her weeping kindred with all the ceremonies of a real funeral to a rising ground called the Campus Sceleratus. This was located just within the city walls, close to the Colline gate. A small vault underground had been previously prepared, containing a couch, a lamp, and a table with a little food. The pontifex maximus, having lifted up his hands to heaven and uttered a secret prayer, opened the litter, led forth the culprit, and placed her on the steps of the ladder which gave access to the subterranean cell. He delivered her over to the common executioner and his assistants, who led her down, drew up the ladder, and having filled the pit with earth until the surface was level with the surrounding ground, left her to perish deprived of all the tributes of respect usually paid to the spirits of the departed.}}

The order of the Vestal Virgins existed for about 1,000 years, but only about 10 effected immurements are attested in extant sources.<ref>Dowling (2001), [http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSAO&Volume=4&Issue=1&ArticleID=14 "Vestal Virgins: Chaste keepers of the flame"]</ref>

[[Basiliscus|Flavius Basiliscus]], emperor of the [[Eastern Roman Empire]] from AD 475–476, was deposed, and in winter he was sent to [[Cappadocia]] with his family. There they were imprisoned in either a dry cistern,<ref>Peter Sarris opts for freezing to death, rather than death by starvation. Sarris (2011), [https://books.google.com/books?id=d6OMefsyv_EC&pg=PT252 p. 252]</ref> or a tower,<ref>Evagrius (2000), [https://books.google.com/books?id=YP9cuh3KX3wC&pg=PA143 p. 143, footnote 31]</ref> and perished. The historian [[Procopius]] said they died exposed to cold and hunger,<ref>Procopius (2007), [https://books.google.com/books?id=iH1L6UE5_e4C&pg=PA71 p. 71]</ref> while other sources, such as [[Priscus]], merely speaks of death by starvation.<ref>Rohrbacher (2013), [https://books.google.com/books?id=VnaF58VDxzAC&pg=PA89 p. 89]</ref>

The [[patriarch of Aquileia]], [[Poppo of Treffen]] (r. 1019–1045), was a mighty secular potentate, and in 1044 he sacked [[Grado, Friuli-Venezia Giulia|Grado]]. The newly elected [[Doge of Venice]], [[Domenico I Contarini]], captured him and allegedly let him be buried up to his neck, and left guards to watch over him until he died.<ref>Hübner (1700), [https://books.google.com/books?id=kN4GAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP718 p. 590]</ref>

In 1149, Duke [[Otto III of Olomouc]] of the [[Moravia]]n [[Přemyslid dynasty]] immured the abbot Deocar and 20 monks in the [[refectory]] in the monastery of [[Hradisko Monastery|Rhadisch]], where they starved to death. Ostensibly this was because one of the monks had fondled his wife Duranna when she had spent the night there. However, Otto III confiscated the monastery's wealth, and some said this was the motive for the immurement.<ref>Wekebrod (1814), [https://books.google.com/books?id=djECAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA118 pp. 118–119]</ref>

[[File:Thornton Abbey Ruins.jpg|thumb|right|Ruins of [[Thornton Abbey]]]]
In the ruins of [[Thornton Abbey]], [[Lincolnshire]], an immured skeleton was found behind a wall along with a table, a book, and a candlestick. By some, he is believed to be the fourteenth abbot, immured for some crime he had committed.<ref>Dodsley (1744), [https://books.google.com/books?id=m29bAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA103 p. 103]. On suspicion of it being the remains of the fourteenth abbot, [http://www.mspong.org/picturesque/thornton_abbey.html Thornton Abbey; and its "immured" Abbot] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612063457/http://www.mspong.org/picturesque/thornton_abbey.html |date=2011-06-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Augsburg-Perlachkirche.jpg|thumb|Perlachturm with [[St. Peter am Perlach|St. Peter by Perlach]]]]
The actual punishment meted out to men found guilty of [[paederasty]] might vary between different status groups. In 1409 and 1532 in [[Augsburg]], two men were burned alive for their offences; a rather different fate was prescribed to four clerics found guilty of the same offence in another 1409 case. Instead of burning, they were locked into a wooden casket that was hung up in the [[Perlachturm]], and they starved to death.<ref>Osenbrüggen (1860), [https://archive.org/details/dasalamannische00osengoog/page/n308 p. 290]</ref>

After confessing in an Inquisition Court to [[1321 lepers' plot|an alleged conspiracy]] involving lepers, the Jewry, the King of Granada, and the Sultan of Babylon, Guillaume Agassa, head of the leper asylum at Lestang, was condemned in 1322 to be immured in shackles for life.<ref>Carlo Ginzburg, ''Ecstasies'', p. 43</ref>

[[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarian]] [[countess]] [[Elizabeth Báthory|Elizabeth Báthory de Ecsed]] (''Báthory Erzsébet'' in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]; 1560–1614) was immured in a set of rooms in 1610 for the death of several girls, with figures being as high as several hundred, though the actual number of victims is uncertain. The highest number of victims cited during the trial of Báthory's accomplices was 650; this number comes from a claim by a servant girl named Susannah that Jakab Szilvássy, Báthory's court official, had seen that figure in one of Báthory's private books. The book was never revealed and Szilvássy never mentioned it in his testimony.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thorne |first=Tony |title=Countess Dracula |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=1997 |isbn=978-1408833650 |location=London, England |pages=53 |language=English}}</ref> Being labeled the most prolific female serial killer in history has earned her the nickname of the "Blood Countess", and she is often compared with [[Vlad the Impaler|Vlad III the Impaler]] of [[Wallachia]] in [[folklore]]. She was allowed to live in immurement until she died, four years after being sealed, ultimately dying of causes other than starvation; evidently her rooms were well supplied with food. According to other sources (written documents from the visit of priests, July 1614), she was able to move freely and unhindered within the castle, more akin to [[house arrest]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bledsaw |first=Rachael |date=20 February 2014 |title=No Blood in the Water: The Legal and Gender Conspiracies Against Countess Elizabeth Bathory in Historical Context |url=https://ir.library.illinoisstate.edu/etd/135/ |journal=MS Thesis |doi=10.30707/ETD2014.Bledsaw.R |via=Illinois State University doi:10.30707/ETD2014.Bledsaw.R|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferencné |first=Palkó |date=2014 |title=Báthory Erzsébet Pere |journal=BA Thesis |via=University of Miskolc}}</ref>

====Asceticism====
A particularly severe form of [[asceticism]] within Christianity is that of [[anchorites]], who typically allowed themselves to be immured, and subsisted on minimal food. For example, in the 4th century AD, one nun named Alexandra immured herself in a tomb for ten years with a tiny aperture enabling her to receive meager provisions. [[Saint Jerome]] ({{circa|340–420}}) spoke of one follower who spent his entire life in a cistern, consuming no more than five figs a day.<ref>O'Reilly (2000), [https://books.google.com/books?id=T-9vsaISVKsC&pg=PA180 p. 180]</ref> [[Gregory of Tours]], in his writings, related two stories of immurement, including that of a nun in [[Poitiers]]. She was immured in a cell at her own request after experiencing a vision of [[Salvius of Albi]], who was himself immured for a period prior to becoming bishop.<ref>Gregory of Tours. A History of the Franks. Pantianos Classics, 1916</ref>

[[File:Die eingemauerte Nonne.jpg|thumb|Immurement of a nun (fictitious depiction in an illustration from 1868)]]
In Catholic monastic tradition, there existed a type of enforced, solitary confinement for nuns or monks who had broken their vows of chastity, or espoused heretical ideas. [[Henry Charles Lea]] offers an example:<ref>Lea (2012), [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39451/39451-h/39451-h.htm#FNanchor_444_444 p. 487]</ref>
{{blockquote|In the case of Jeanne, widow of B. de la Tour, a nun of Lespenasse, in 1246, who had committed acts of both [[Cathar]]an and [[Waldensian]] heresy, and had prevaricated in her confession, the sentence was confinement in a separate cell in her own convent, where no one was to enter or see her, her food being pushed in through an opening left for the purpose—in fact, the living tomb known as the "{{lang|la|in pace}}".}}
Indeed, the punitive function of {{lang|la|in pace}} was that of perpetual seclusion. The guilty were condemned not to starve to death quickly, but to ''live'' in utter isolation from other human beings. As Lea describes in a footnote to this case:<ref>Lea (2012), [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39451/39451-h/39451-h.htm#Footnote_444_444 footnote 444]</ref>

{{blockquote|The cruelty of the monastic system of imprisonment known as {{lang|la|italic=yes|in pace}}, or {{lang|la|italic=yes|vade in pacem}}, was such that those subjected to it speedily died in all the agonies of despair. In 1350 the Archbishop of Toulouse appealed to King John to interfere for its mitigation, and he issued an Ordonnance that the superior of the convent should twice a month visit and console the prisoner, who, moreover, should have the right twice a month to ask for the company of one of the monks. Even this slender innovation provoked the bitterest resistance of the Dominicans and Franciscans, who appealed to Pope Clement VI, but in vain.}}

Meanwhile, Sir [[Walter Scott]], himself an antiquarian, favors the alternative in a remark to his [[epic poem]] ''[[Marmion (poem)|Marmion]]'' (1808):<ref>Scott (1833), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Sk9AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA392 p. 392]</ref>
{{blockquote|It is well known, that the religious, who broke their vows of chastity, were subjected to the same penalty as the Roman Vestals in a similar case. A small niche, sufficient to enclose their bodies, was made in the massive wall of the convent; a slender pittance of food and water was deposited in it and the awful words {{lang|la|Vade in pace}}, were the signal for immuring the criminal. It is not likely that, in latter times, this punishment was often resorted to; but, among the ruins of the [[Coldingham Priory|abbey of Coldingham]] were some years ago discovered the remains of a female skeleton which, from the shape of the niche, and the position of the figure seemed to be that of an immured nun.}}
The practice of immuring nuns or monks on breaches of chastity continued for several centuries into the early modern period. Francesca Medioli writes the following in her essay "Dimensions of the Cloister":<ref>Medioli, Schutte, Kuehn, Menchi (2001), [https://books.google.com/books?id=1TVrePw1sq4C&pg=PA170 pp. 170–171]</ref>
{{blockquote|At Lodi in 1662 Sister Antonia Margherita Limera stood trial for having introduced a man into her cell and entertained him for a few days; she was sentenced to be walled in alive on a diet of bread and water. In the same year, the trial for breach of enclosure and sexual intercourse against the cleric Domenico Cagianella and Sister Vincenza Intanti of the convent of San Salvatore in Ariano had an identical outcome.}}

===Asia===
In the ancient [[Sumer]]ian city of [[Ur]] some graves (as early as 2500 BC.) clearly show the burial of attendants, along with that of the principal dead person. In one such grave, as [[Gerda Lerner]] wrote on page 60 of her book ''The Creation of Patriarchy'':
{{blockquote|The human sacrifices were probably first drugged or poisoned, as evidenced by a drinking cup near each body, then the pit was immured, and covered with earth<ref>Lerner (1986), [https://books.google.com/books?id=szm-8WgGjWgC&pg=PA60 p. 60]</ref>}}
The [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]] is notorious for its brutal repression techniques. Several of its rulers memorialized their victories in self-congratulatory detail. Here is a commemoration [[Ashurnasirpal II]] (r. 883–859 BC) made that includes immurement:<ref>Kurkijan (2008), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-xEyetzPPEC&pg=PA17 p. 17]{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
{{blockquote|I erected a wall in front of the great gate of the city. I flayed the chiefs and covered this wall with their skins. Some of them were walled in alive in the masonry; others were impaled along the wall. I flayed a great number of them in my presence, and I clothed the wall with their skins. I collected their heads in the form of crowns, and their corpses I pierced in the shape of garlands ... My figure blooms on the ruins; in the glutting of my rage I find my content}}

[[Émile Durkheim]] in his work ''[[Suicide (Durkheim book)|Suicide]]'' writes the following about certain followers of [[Amida Buddha]]:<ref>Durkheim (2010), [https://books.google.com/books?id=v23YleX1UskC&pg=PA224 p. 224]</ref>
{{blockquote|The sectarians of Amida have themselves immured in caverns where there is barely space to be seated and where they can breathe only through an air shaft. There they quietly allow themselves to die of hunger.}}

By popular legend, [[Anarkali]] was immured between two walls in [[Lahore]] by order of Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]] for having a relationship with crown prince Salim (later Emperor [[Jehangir]]) in the 16th century. A bazaar developed around the site, and was named [[Anarkali Bazaar]] in her honour.<ref>On Anarkali legend and tomb, [https://www.ualberta.ca/~rnoor/tomb_anarkali.html Anarkali's Tomb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318014928/http://www.ualberta.ca/~rnoor/tomb_anarkali.html |date=2022-03-18 }}</ref>
A tradition existed in Persia of walling up criminals and leaving them to die of hunger or thirst. The traveller M. E. Hume-Griffith stayed in Persia from 1900 to 1903, and she wrote the following:<ref>Hume-Griffith (1909), [https://archive.org/stream/behindveilinpers00humeuoft#page/138/mode/2up pp. 138–139]</ref>
{{blockquote|Another sad sight to be seen in the desert sometimes, are brick pillars in which some unfortunate victim is walled up alive ... The victim is put into the pillar, which is half built up in readiness; then if the executioner is merciful he will cement quickly up to the face, and death comes speedily. But sometimes a small amount of air is allowed to permeate through the bricks, and in this case the torture is cruel and the agony prolonged. Men bricked up in this way have been heard groaning and calling for water at the end of three days.}}

Travelling back and forth to Persia from 1630 to 1668 as a gem merchant, [[Jean-Baptiste Tavernier]] observed much the same custom that Hume-Griffith noted some 250 years later. Tavernier notes that immuring was principally a punishment for thieves, and that immurement left the convict's head out in the open. According to him, many of these individuals would implore passers-by to cut off their heads, an amelioration of the punishment forbidden by law.<ref>Tavernier, Phillips (1678), [https://archive.org/stream/sixvoyagesJohnB00Tave#page/232/mode/2up p. 233]</ref> [[John Fryer (travel writer)|John Fryer]],<ref>[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/freyer-john-writer-and-doctor John Fryer]</ref> travelling Persia in the 1670s, writes:<ref>Fryer (1698), [https://archive.org/details/anewaccounteast00whitgoog/page/n265 p. 318]</ref>
{{blockquote|From this Plain to [[Lorestan Province|Lhor]], both in the Highways, and on the high Mountains, were frequent Monuments of Thieves immured in Terror of others who might commit the like Offence; they having literally a Stone-[[Doublet (clothing)|Doublet]], whereas we say metaphorically, when any is in Prison, ''He has it Stone Doublet on''; for these are plastered up, all but their Heads, in a round Stone Tomb, which are left out, not out of kindness, but to expose them to the Injury of the Weather, and Assaults of the Birds of Prey, who wreak their Rapin with as little Remorse, as they did devour their Fellow-Subjects.}}

In the late 1650s, various sons of the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]] became embroiled in wars of succession, in which [[Aurangzeb]] was victorious. One of his half-brothers, [[Shah Shuja (Mughal)|Shah Shujah]] proved particularly troublesome, but in 1661 Aurangzeb defeated him, and Shah Shuja and his family sought the protection of the King of [[Rakhine State|Arakan]]. According to [[Francois Bernier]], the King reneged on his promise of asylum, and Shuja's sons were decapitated, while his daughters were immured and died of starvation.<ref>Bernier (1916), [https://archive.org/stream/travelsinmogulem00bernuoft#page/114/mode/2up pp. 114–115]</ref>

During Mughal rule in early 18th century India, the two youngest sons of [[Guru Gobind Singh]] were sentenced to death by being bricked in alive for their refusal to convert to Islam and abandon the [[Sikhism|Sikh]] faith. On 26 December 1705, [[Fateh Singh (Sikhism)|Fateh Singh]] was killed in this manner at [[Sirhind-Fategarh|Sirhind]] along with his elder brother, [[Zorawar Singh (Sikhism)|Zorawar Singh]]. [[Gurdwara Fatehgarh Sahib]] which is situated 5 km north of Sirhind marks the site of the execution of the two younger sons of Guru Gobind Singh at the behest of [[Wazir Khan (Sirhind)|Wazir Khan of Kunjpura]], the Governor of Sirhind. The three shrines within this Gurdwara complex mark the exact spot where these events were witnessed in 1705.<ref>Joseph Davey Cunningham, History of the Sikhs, Published by Rupa Publications India Pvt Ltd, page 76.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/the-story-of-sahibzada-zorawar-singh-and-sahibzada-fateh-singh/ | title=The story of Sahibzada Zorawar Singh and Sahibzada Fateh Singh | date=31 December 2018 }}</ref>

[[Jezzar Pasha]], the Ottoman governor of provinces in modern Lebanon, and Palestine from 1775 to 1804, was infamous for his cruelties. When building the new walls of [[Beirut]], he was charged with, among other things, the following:<ref>de Tott (1786), [https://books.google.com/books?id=6oc2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA97 p. 97]</ref>
{{blockquote|... and this monster had taken the name of Dgezar (Butcher) as an illustrious addition to his title. It was, no doubt, well deserved; for he had immured alive a great number of Greek Christians when he rebuilt the Walls of Barut..The heads of these miserable victims, which the butcher had left out, in order to enjoy their tortures, are still to be seen.}}

Staying as a diplomat in Persia from 1860 to 1863, [[Edward Backhouse Eastwick|E. B. Eastwick]] met at one time, the ''[[Sardar|Sardar i Kull]]'', or military high commander, Aziz Khan. Eastwick notes that he "did not strike me as one who would greatly err on the side of leniency". Eastwick was told that just recently, Aziz Khan had ordered 14 robbers walled up alive, two of them head-downwards.<ref>Eastwick (1864), [https://books.google.com/books?id=PVYOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA186 p. 186]</ref> Staying for the year 1887–1888 primarily in [[Shiraz]], [[Edward Granville Browne]] noted the gloomy reminders of a particularly bloodthirsty governor there, Firza Ahmed, who in his four years of office (ending circa 1880) had caused, for example, more than 700 hands cut off for various offences. Browne continues:<ref>Browne (2013), [https://books.google.com/books?id=BerYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA118 pp. 117–118]</ref>
{{blockquote|Besides these minor punishments, many robbers and others suffered death; not a few were walled up alive in pillars of mortar, there to perish miserably. The remains of these living tombs may still be seen outside ''Derwaze-i-kassah-khane'' ("Slaughter-house Gate") at Shiraz, while another series lines the road as it enters the little town of [[Abadeh|Abade]]...}}

[[File:Manchu Qing Mongolia Wooden Trunk (35318196370).jpg|thumb|Wooden trunk used in Qing Mongolia to lock criminals]]
Immurement was [[Capital punishment in Mongolia|practiced in Mongolia]] as recently as the early 20th century. It is not clear that all thus immured were meant to die of starvation. In a newspaper report from 1914, it is written:<ref>''New Zealand Herald'' (1914), [http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=NZH19140217.2.66 p. 7]</ref>
{{blockquote|... the prisons and dungeons of the Far Eastern country contain a number of refined Chinese shut up for life in heavy iron-bound coffins, which do not permit them to sit upright or lie down. These prisoners see daylight for only a few minutes daily when the food is thrown into their coffins through a small hole.}}

===North Africa===
In 1906, [[Hadj Mohammed Mesfewi]], a cobbler from [[Marrakesh]], was found guilty of murdering 36 women; the bodies were found buried underneath his shop and nearby. Due to the nature of his crimes, he was walled up alive. For two days his screams were heard incessantly before silence by the third day.<ref>{{cite news|work=The St. John|date=September 8, 1906|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=38&dat=19060908&id=Syg1AAAAIBAJ&pg=3044,4436382|page=13|title=Tempering Justice in America; Making it Cruel Abroad}}</ref><ref>[http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86063756/1906-06-28/ed-1/seq-1/ ''Zeitungsartikel (1) von 1906'']</ref><ref>[http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/31183825 ''Zeitungsartikel (2) von 1906'']</ref>

==Sacrificial variations==
=== Construction ===
{{main|Hitobashira}}
A number of cultures have tales and ballads containing as a motif the sacrifice of a human being to ensure the strength of a building. For example, there was [[Hitobashira|a culture of human sacrifice]] in the construction of large buildings in East and Southeast Asia. Such practices ranged from '''da sheng zhuang''' (打生樁) in China to '''hitobashira''' in Japan and '''myosade''' (မြို့စတေး) in Burma.

The folklore of many [[Southeastern Europe]]an peoples refers to immurement as the mode of death for the victim sacrificed during the completion of a construction project, such as a bridge or fortress (mostly real buildings). The [[Rozafa Castle|Castle of Shkodra]] is the subject of such stories in both the [[Albanian Mythology|Albanian oral tradition]] and in the [[Serbian epic poetry|Slavic one]]. The [[Albanians|Albanian]] version is [[Rozafa Castle#Legend|The Legend of Rozafa]], in which three brothers uselessly toil at building walls which always disappear at night: when told that they must bury one of their wives in the wall, they pledge to choose the one that brings them luncheon the next day, and not to warn their respective spouses. However, two brothers secretly inform their wives (the topos of two fellows betraying one being common in Balkan poetry, cf. [[Miorița]] or the [[Song of Çelo Mezani]]), leaving Rozafa, wife of the honest brother, to die. She accepts her fate, but asks that they leave exposed a foot to rock the infant son's cradle, a breast to feed him, and a hand to stroke his hair.

One of the most famous versions of the same legend is the [[Serbian epic poetry|Serbian epic poem]] called ''[[The Building of Skadar]]'' (Зидање Скадра, ''Zidanje Skadra'') published by [[Vuk Karadžić]], after he recorded a folk song sung by a [[Herzegovina|Herzegovinian]] storyteller named [[Old Rashko]].{{sfn|Dundes|1996|pp=3,146}}{{sfn|Cornis-Pope|Neubauer|2004|p=273}}{{sfn|Skëndi|2007|p=75}} The version of the song in the [[Serbian language]] is the oldest collected version of the legend, and the first one which earned literary fame.{{sfn|Dundes|1996|p=146}} The three brothers in the legend were represented by members of the noble [[Mrnjavčević family]], [[Vukašin of Serbia|Vukašin]], [[Uglješa Mrnjavčević|Uglješa]] and Gojko.{{sfn|Dundes|1996|p=150}} In 1824, Karadžić sent a copy of his folksong collection to [[Jacob Grimm]], who was particularly enthralled by the poem. Grimm translated it into [[German language|German]], and described it as "one of the most touching poems of all nations and all times".{{sfn|Dundes|1996|p=3}} [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] published the German translation, but did not share Grimm's opinion because he found the poem's spirit "superstitiously barbaric".{{sfn|Dundes|1996|p=3}}{{sfn|Cornis-Pope|Neubauer|2004|p=273}} [[Alan Dundes]], a famous [[Folklore studies|folklorist]], noted that Grimm's opinion prevailed and that the ballad continued to be admired by generations of folksingers and ballad scholars.{{sfn|Dundes|1996|p=3}}

A very similar Romanian legend, that of [[Meşterul Manole]], tells of the building of the [[Curtea de Argeș Cathedral|Curtea de Argeș Monastery]]. Ten expert masons, among them Master Manole himself, are ordered by [[Neagu Voda]] to build a beautiful monastery, but incur the same fate, and also decide to immure the wife who will bring them luncheon. Manole, working on the roof, sees her approach, and pleads in vain with God to unleash the elements in order to stop her. When she arrives, he proceeds to wall her in, pretending to be doing so in jest, while she cries out increasingly in pain and distress. When the building is finished, Neagu Voda takes away the masons' ladders, fearing they will build a more beautiful building. They try to escape, but all fall to their deaths. Only from Manole's fall a stream is created.<ref>Tappe (1984), [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1259765?uid=3738744&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21103113155813 A Rumanian Ballad and its English Adaptation]</ref>

Many other [[Bulgarian music|Bulgarian]] and [[Folklore of Romania|Romanian]] folk poems and songs describe a bride offered for such purposes, and her subsequent pleas to the builders to leave her hands and breasts free, that she might still nurse her child. Later versions of the songs revise the bride's death; her fate to languish entombed within the construction is transmuted to her nonphysical shadow, and its loss yet leads to her pining away and eventual death.<ref>{{cite web |title=Троица братя града градяха |last=Моллов |first=Тодор |publisher=LiterNet |date=14 August 2002 |access-date=2007-05-19 |language=bg |url=http://liternet.bg/publish/tmollov/troica.htm }} Examples of Bulgarian songs: [http://liternet.bg/folklor/sbornici/bnt/8/212.htm ''Three Brothers Were Building a Fortress''] recorded near [[Smolyan]], [http://liternet.bg/folklor/sbornici/bnt/4/119.htm ''Immured Bride''] recorded in [[Struga]].</ref>

Other variations include the Hungarian folk ballad "Kőmíves Kelemen" (Kelemen the Stonemason). This is the story of twelve unfortunate stonemasons tasked with building the [[Deva, Romania|fort of Déva]]. To remedy its recurring collapses, it is agreed that one of the builders must sacrifice his bride, and the bride to be sacrificed will be she who first comes to visit.<ref>Called "Clemens" in Eliade, Dundes (1996), [https://books.google.com/books?id=MDmGX5y40IwC&pg=PA77 p. 77]</ref> In some versions of the ballad the victim is shown some mercy; rather than being trapped alive she is burned and only her ashes are immured.<ref>On the sacrifice, with ashes immured, see for example: Mallows (2013), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Yt1M3egMbWMC&pg=PA219 p. 219]</ref>

A Greek story, "[[Bridge of Arta|The Bridge of Arta]]" ({{langx|el|Γεφύρι της Άρτας}}), describes numerous failed attempts to build a bridge in that city. Again, a cycle wherein a team of skilled builders toils all day only to return the next morning to find their work demolished is eventually ended when the master mason's wife is immured.<ref>Eliade, Dundes (1996), [https://books.google.com/books?id=MDmGX5y40IwC&pg=PA75 pp. 75–76]</ref> Legend has it that a maiden was immured in the walls of [[Madliena]] church as a sacrifice or offering after continuous failed construction attempts. The pastor achieved this by inviting all of the most beautiful maidens to a feast; the most beautiful one, Madaļa, falls into a deep sleep after the pastor offers wine from "certain goblet".<ref>Pozemovskis, {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090831111217/http://www.pasakas.net/teikas/vietas/k/ka-celies-madlienas-nosaukums/ Kā cēlies Madlienas nosaukums]}}</ref>

===Ceremonial===
Within [[Inca culture]], it is reported that one element in the great Sun festival was the sacrifice of young maidens (between ten and twelve years old), who after their ceremonial duties were done were lowered down in a waterless [[cistern]] and immured alive.<ref>French (2000), [https://books.google.com/books?id=_ACqBJczrO8C&pg=PA78 p. 78]</ref> The [[children of Llullaillaco]] represent another form of Incan child sacrifice.

Acknowledging the traditions of human sacrifice in the context of the building of structures within German and Slavic folklore, [[Jacob Grimm]] offers some examples of the sacrifice of animals as well. According to him, within Danish traditions, a lamb was immured under an erected altar in order to preserve it, while a churchyard was to be ensured protection by immuring a living horse as part of the ceremony. In the ceremonies of erection of other types of constructions, Grimm notices that other animals were sacrificed as well, such as pigs, hens and dogs.<ref>Grimm (1854), [https://archive.org/details/deutschemytholo05grimgoog/page/n443 p. 1095]</ref>

[[Harold Edward Bindloss]], in his 1898 non-fiction ''In the Niger country'', writes of the funeral of a great chief:
{{blockquote|Only a few years ago, when a powerful headman died not very far from [[Bonny, Nigeria|Bonny]], several of his wives had their legs broken, and were buried alive with him<ref>Bindloss (1898), [https://archive.org/stream/innigercountry00bind#page/168/mode/2up p. 169]</ref>}} Similarly, the 14th century traveller [[Ibn Batuta]] observed the burial of a great khan:<ref>Batuta, Lee (1829), [https://books.google.com/books?id=wjAtGKM_-WIC p. 220]</ref>

{{blockquote|The Khan who had been killed, with about a hundred of his relatives, was then brought, and a large sepulchre was dug for him under the earth, in which a most beautiful couch was spread, and the Khan was with his weapons laid upon it. With him they placed all the gold and silver vessels he had in his house, together with four female slaves, and six of his favourite [[Mamluk]]s, with a few vessels of drink. They were then all closed up, and the earth heaped upon them to the height of a large hill.}}

==In literature and the arts==
;Opera
At the end of [[Verdi]]'s opera ''[[Aida]]'' the Egyptian General Radames is found guilty of treason and is immured in a cave as punishment. Once the cave is enclosed, he discovers that his lover Aida has hidden in the cave to be with him, and they die there together.

;Literature
In [[Honoré de Balzac]]'s 1831 story "[[La Grande Bretèche]]," Madame de Merret is accused by her husband of hiding a lover in her bedroom closet; she swears on a crucifix that no one is in there and threatens to leave him if he casts doubt on her character by checking. In response, her husband has the closet door sealed and plastered over, then spends the next twenty days living in his wife's room to ensure her lover cannot escape.

[[Diana Norman|Ariana Franklin's]] ''Mistress of the Art of Death'' (2007) includes the execution of a nun by walling her into her [[Monastic cell|cell]], to circumvent the protection usually afforded by her vows.

In the 1978 novel ''[[The Three-Arched Bridge]]'' by Albanian writer [[Ismail Kadare]], the immurement of a villager plays an important role; whether or not he volunteered or was punished remains unclear. The book also contains discussion on the background and motives of the characters in the Legend of Rozafa.

;Stage, film, and television
In the 1944 film ''[[The Canterville Ghost (1944 film)|The Canterville Ghost]],'' Sir Simon ([[Charles Laughton]]) is immured by his father while he is hiding to avoid fighting a duel.

At the end of the 1955 movie ''[[Land of the Pharaohs]]'', scheming Princess Nellifer ([[Joan Collins]]) is shocked to learn that she has been immured in the tomb of her husband [[Khufu|Pharaoh Khufu]] ([[Jack Hawkins]]).

In "[[Alfred Hitchcock Presents season 5|The Ikon of Elijah]]", a 1960 episode of ''[[Alfred Hitchcock Presents]]'', the main character is immured in a monastic cell as penance for having killed a monk.

[[Edgar Allan Poe]]'s short story "[[The Cask of Amontillado]]", in which the narrator murders a rival by immuring him in a crypt, has been adapted for film and television, including a segment in [[Roger Corman]]'s anthology ''[[Tales of Terror]]'' (1962) and an episode of the 2023 [[Netflix]] series ''[[The Fall of the House of Usher (miniseries)|The Fall of the House of Usher]].''

The walling-in of wayward monastics, individuals and entire cloisters alike, is common in the genre of nunsploitation; [[The Nun of Monza#'The Nun of Monza' in film|several such films]] draw on the historical case of [[the Nun of Monza]] in particular. Though in reality she was released from immurement after serving some 10 or 15 years, some movies dramatize her fate as one of permanent confinement.

In the 1976 Danish comedy film ''[[The Olsen Gang Sees Red]]'' the protagonist is momentarily immured in a castle dungeon next to actual immurements.

In a 1984 episode of ''[[Thomas the Tank Engine]]'' "The Sad Story of Henry<ref>{{Citation |title="Thomas & Friends" The Sad Story of Henry (TV Episode 1984) |work=IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1022093/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>" the engine Henry was immured as punishment for disobeying the orders of [[The Fat Controller]].

In a 1999 episode of ''[[Angel (1999 TV series)|Angel]]'', "Room of a Vu", Maude Pearson immured her son Dennis.

In a 2003 episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]'', "[[C.E.D'oh]]", [[C. Montgomery Burns|Mr. Burns]] unsuccessfully tries to immure [[Homer Simpson]] as revenge for taking over the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant.

==See also==

* "[[The Cask of Amontillado]]"
* [[Dried cat]]
* [[Oubliette]]
* [[Life imprisonment]]
* [[Human sacrifice]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book|last=Altekar|year=1959|first=Anant S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYG4K0yYHQgC|title=The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization: From Prehistoric Times to the Present Day|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ|location=Madras|isbn=9788120803244}}
*{{cite web|author=Baltikumresan|publisher=Baltikumresan|website=aulik.se|url=http://www.aulik.se/Baltikumresan/Kuressaare/ppages/ppage6.htm|title=The immured knight|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203100622/http://www.aulik.se/Baltikumresan/Kuressaare/ppages/ppage6.htm|archive-date=2013-12-03}}
*{{cite book|last1=ibn Batuta|last2=Lee|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_22IbAQAAMAAJ|title=The Travels of Ibn Batuta|year=1829|publisher=Oriental Translation Committee|location=London}}
*{{cite book|last=Bechstein|first=Ludwig|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_V0YWAAAAYAAJ|title=Thüringer sagenbuch|year=1858|publisher=C. A. Hartleben|location=Coburg}}
*{{cite book|last=Bernier|first=Francois|url=https://archive.org/stream/travelsinmogulem00bernuoft|title=Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 1656–1668|year=1916|publisher=Milford, Oxford University Press|location=London}}
*{{cite book|last=Bindloss|first=Harold|url=https://archive.org/stream/innigercountry00bind|title=In the Niger country|year=1898|publisher=W. Blachwood and Sons|location=Edinburgh and London}}
*{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Harry J.|url=https://archive.org/details/injunjoesghostin00brow|url-access=registration|title=Injun Joe's Ghost: The Indian Mixed-blood in American Writing|publisher=University of Missouri Press|location=Columbia, Missouri|isbn=9780826262448|year=2004}}
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{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{wikiquote-inline}}

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[[Category:Execution methods]]
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Nicobar Islands rain forests

2026-03-14T18:50:34Z

EmoryFigueroa:

{{Short description|Terrestrial ecoregion in the Nicobar Islands}}
{{Infobox ecoregion
| name = Nicobar Islands rain forests
| image = Nicobar islands 1 teressa.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Teressa Island]]
| map = Nicobar Islands.jpg
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Map of the Nicobar Islands
| biogeographic_realm = [[Indomalayan realm]]
| biome = [[tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]]
| area = 1699
| country1 = [[India]]
| state1 = [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| region_type = [[Union territories of India|Union territory]]
| border1 =
| bird_species =
| mammal_species =
| elevation =
| geology =
| habitat_loss =
| habitat_loss_ref =
| conservation = Critical/endangered<ref name = wwf>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Nicobar Islands rain forests|id=im0133}}</ref>
|protected = 57
|protected_ref = <ref name = dopa>"Nicobar Islands rain forests". ''DOPA Explorer.'' Accessed 5 August 2021. [https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40133]</ref>
|embedded =
}}

The '''Nicobar Islands rain forests''' are a [[tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|tropical moist broadleaf forest]] [[ecoregion]] in the [[Nicobar Islands]], which is part of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] [[union territory]] of [[India]]. The Nicobar Islands are in the Indian Ocean, lying north of [[Sumatra]] and south of the [[Andaman Islands]]. The islands are politically part of India, although physically closer to [[Southeast Asia]]. Millions of years of isolation from the mainland has given rise to a distinct flora and fauna, including many endemic species.

==Geography==
The Nicobar Islands consist of 22 islands, of which 13 are inhabited. The islands extend about 260 km from north and south, and form three groups. The northern group is composed of [[Car Nicobar]], the northernmost island, and [[Batti Malv]]. The central group includes [[Nancowry Island|Nancowry]], [[Katchal Island|Katchal]], [[Kamorta Island|Kamorta]], [[Teressa Island|Teressa]], [[Chowra Island|Chowra]], [[Tillangchong]], and several smaller islets. The southern group includes [[Great Nicobar]], [[Little Nicobar]] and several smaller islets. Great Nicobar is the largest ({{convert|921|km2|abbr=on}}), highest ([[Mount Thullier]], 670 m), and southernmost island.<ref name = wwf/>

The [[Andaman Sea]] lies east of the islands, and the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the west. The [[Ten Degree Channel]] separates the Car Nicobar from the southernmost of the Andaman Islands 150 km north. Sumatra lies 189 miles south of Great Nicobar.<ref name = wwf/>

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands form an [[island arc]] over 600 km in length, created by the [[subduction]] of the [[Indian Plate]] under the [[Burma Plate]], of which the Nicobar and Andaman islands are part. The subduction zone creates periodic large earthquakes, including the [[1881 Nicobar Islands earthquake]] and the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]].{{cn|date=March 2023}}

The surface geology of the islands consists of Eocene sedimentary rocks (sandstone, shale, and siltstone) at lower elevations, with intrusions of [[ultrabasic]] igneous rock. [[Serpentinite]] and [[gabbro]] are found at higher elevations.<ref name = wwf/>

Only Great Nicobar has perennial streams. The island has five perennial rivers – the Galathea, Jubilee, Amrit Kaur, Dak Aniang, and Dak Tayal – which all originate from Mount Thullier. The Galathea River is the longest, flowing southwards for about 30 km to empty into the sea at Galathea Bay near the southern tip of the island.<ref>P. C. Bandopadhyay and A. Carter. "Chapter 2: Introduction to the geography and geomorphology of the Andaman–Nicobar Islands". Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 47, 9-18, 2 February 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/M47.2. [https://mem.lyellcollection.org/content/47/1/9]</ref>

==Climate==
The Nicobar Islands have a tropical rain forest climate. Average temperatures range from 22 to 30 °C. Average annual rainfall ranges from 3,000 to 3,800 mm. Heavier rainfall coincides ith the [[monsoon]] winds, which come from the southwest from May to September, and from the northeast between October and December.<ref name = wwf/>

==Flora==
Plant communities on the islands include mangroves and coastal forests near the shore, and evergreen and deciduous forests in the interiors of the islands.

Coastal forests feature widespread [[Indo-Pacific]] seashore plants, including the trees ''[[Barringtonia]]'' sp., ''[[Pandanus]]'' sp., and ''[[Casuarina equisetifolia]]'', with the shrubs ''[[Scaevola frutescens]], [[Hibiscus tiliaceus]]'', and ''[[Clerodendrum inerme]]''. There are extensive areas of [[coconut palm]] (''Cocos nucifera'') along the coast, both cultivated and wild.<ref name = arora>Arora K. (2018) The Nicobarese Tribes and Their Knowledge. In: Indigenous Forest Management In the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00033-2_3</ref>

The evergreen forests on Great Nicobar, Kamorta, and Katchal are dominated by the trees ''[[Calophyllum soulattri]], [[Sideroxylon longipetiolatum]], [[Garcinia xanthochymus]], [[Pisonia excelsa]]'', and ''[[Mangifera sylvatica]]'', with ''[[Artocarpus peduncularis]], [[Radermachera lobbi]], [[Symplocos leiostachya]]'', and ''[[Bentinckia nicobarica]]'' also present on Kamorta and Katchal.<ref name = wwf/> Species of ''[[Macaranga]], [[Ficus]]'', and ''[[Terminalia (plant)|Terminalia]]'' are common along the riverbanks of Great Nicobar. The tree canopy averages 30 to 50 metres in height. The climbing bamboo ''[[Dinochloa andamanica]]'' climbs the tall trees.<ref name = arora/>

Deciduous forests are found at lower elevations on Great Nicobar, and typical trees include ''[[Terminalia procera]]'' and ''[[Terminalia bialata]]''.<ref name = wwf/>

Some of the northern and central islands, including Car Nicobar, Kamorta, Katchall, and Nancowry, have extensive areas of grassland in the interior. The grasslands may be anthropogenic in origin. Typical species include the grasses ''[[Imperata cylindrica]], [[Saccharum spontaneum]], [[Heteropogon contortus]], [[Chloris barbata]], [[Chrysopogon aciculatus]]'', and ''[[Scleria cochinchinensis]]'', together with herbs and shrubs.<ref name = wwf/>

There are 580 species of flowering plants on the islands. Approximately 14% are endemic to the islands. The flora of the islands shares more affinities with Sumatra and the [[Malay Peninsula]] than with the Andamans or Myanmar; only 28% of flowering plant species are shared with the Andamans.<ref name = wwf/><ref name = manohara>Manohara, T.N., Linto, E.L. & Renuka, C. Diversity and conservation of palms in Andaman & Nicobar archipelago. Biodivers Conserv 19, 3655–3666 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9918-6</ref>

The palms ''[[Bentinckia nicobarica]], [[Rhopaloblaste augusta]], [[Calamus dilaceratus]]'', and ''[[Calamus nicobaricus]]'' are endemic to the Nicobar Islands. ''[[Areca triandra]], [[Calamus andamanicus]], [[Caryota mitis]], [[Korthalsia laciniosa]], [[Licuala peltata]]'', and ''[[Pinanga manii]]'' are more widespread species native to the islands.<ref name = manohara/>

==Fauna==
There are 25 native mammal species on the islands, principally bats and rats. Large mammals include the [[wild boar]] (''Sus scrofa'') and [[Nicobar macaque]] (''Macaca fascicularis umbrosa''). Four species are endemic to the islands<ref name = wwf/> – the [[Nicobar shrew]] (''Crocidura nicobarica'') on Great Nicobar, the [[Nicobar treeshrew]] (''Tupaia nicobarica'') on Great Nicobar and Little Nicobar, the [[Palm rat]] (''Rattus palmarum'') on Car Nicobar and Great Nicobar, and the [[Nicobar flying fox]] (''Pteropus faunulus'') throughout the islands.

82 species of birds are native to the islands. These include eight species of [[heron]], seven [[hawk]] species, six kingfisher species, and six species of [[pigeon]]. Five species are endemic, including the [[Nicobar serpent-eagle]] (''Spilornis minimus''), [[Nicobar sparrowhawk]] (''Accipiter butleri''), [[Nicobar parakeet]] (''Psittacula caniceps''), and [[Nicobar bulbul]] (''Hypsipetes nicobariensis''). The [[Nicobar scrubfowl]] (''Megapodius nicobariensis'') once inhabited the Andaman islands as well, but is now extinct there and found only on the Nicobar Islands. Four species, the [[Andaman wood-pigeon]] (''Columba palumboides''), [[Andaman cuckoo-dove]] (''Macropygia rufipennis''), [[Andaman boobook]] (''Ninox affinis''), and [[white-headed starling]] (''Sturnus erythropygius''), are limited to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The ecoregion constitutes the Nicobar Islands endemic bird area.<ref name = wwf/><ref>"Nicobar Islands". Endemic Bird Areas factsheet, BirdLife International (2021). Accessed 5 August 2021. [http://datazone.birdlife.org/eba/factsheet/138].</ref>

There are 43 reptile species on the islands, of which eleven are endemic. There are eleven species of amphibians, all frogs and toads, including two endemic species, the [[Polypedates insularis|Nicobar tree frog]] (''Polypedates insularis'') and [[Minervarya nicobariensis|Nicobar cricket-frog]] (''Minervarya nicobariensis'').<ref name = wwf/>

==People==
The islands have been inhabited for centuries. The [[Nicobarese people]] live on twelve of the islands. Most Nicobarese live in villages, and grow a variety of tree, root, and vegetable crops for food, fiber, and building materials, including coconut, areca palm, papaya, banana, breadfruit, jackfruit, and yams. Pigs and chickens are kept for food, and wild fruits, roots, tubers, and fibers are gathered from the forests.<ref name = arora/>

Larger plantations of coconut have been established near the coast, and tapioca, sweet potato, sugarcane, and cashew are grown in the interior of the more populated islands.<ref name = arora/>

The 2011 census recorded 36,842 people on the islands. Starting in the late 1960s the Indian government encouraged people from mainland India to settle on the islands, and by the late 1990s mainlanders constituted over a third of the population.<ref name = wwf/> The islands, together with the Andaman Islands, constitute the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] union territory of India. The Nicobar Islands are administered as a separate [[Nicobar district|district]]. [[Malacca, Car Nicobar|Malacca]] on Car Nicobar is the district's administrative headquarters.

==Conservation and threats==
57% of the islands' land area is in protected areas.<ref name = dopa/> A 1997 assessment found that only 14% of the islands' forests had been removed.<ref name = wwf/> A 2017 assessment found that 18% of the islands' unprotected area is still covered in primary forest.<ref>Eric Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b. [https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix014]</ref>

== Protected areas ==
[[File:GreatNicobarBiosphereMap.jpg|thumb|right|Map of the [[Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve]]]]
17% of the ecoregion is in protected areas.<ref name = dopa/> Protected areas include [[Campbell Bay National Park]] and [[Galathea National Park]] on Great Nicobar.

The [[Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve]] was designated on Great Nicobar by [[UNESCO]] in 2013. The reserve has a total area of 103,870 ha. The core area of 53,623 ha comprises Cambell Bay and Galathea National parks. A buffer area of 34,877 includes lands adjacent to and between the two parks. There is also a transitional area of 10,070 ha, including 5,300 marine hectares.<ref>"Great Nicobar". Man and Biosphere Programme, United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Accessed 5 August 2021. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/asia-and-the-pacific/india/great-nicobar</ref><ref name = wwf/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{commons-inline}}
* {{WWF ecoregion|name=Nicobar Islands rain forests|id=im0133}}
* [http://datazone.birdlife.org/eba/factsheet/138 Nicobar Islands endemic bird area (Birdlife International)]
* [https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/40133 Nicobar Islands rain forests (DOPA Explorer)]

[[Category:Indomalayan ecoregions]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of India]]
[[Category:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]]
[[Category:Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Endemic Bird Areas]]

Hemidactylus sankariensis

2026-03-13T17:05:06Z

EmoryFigueroa: Stub...

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| status =
| genus = Hemidactylus
| species = sankariensis
| authority = Agarwal, [[Aaron Matthew Bauer|Bauer]], Giri, & Khandekar, 2019
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Hemidactylus sankariensis''''', the '''Sankari brookiish gecko''' is a species of [[gecko]]. It is [[endemic]] to [[India]].<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species|genus=Hemidactylus|species=sankariensis}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q85766203}}

[[Category:Hemidactylus]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2019]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Aaron M. Bauer]]
{{Hemidactylus-stub}}

Indian peafowl

2026-03-11T04:56:31Z

EmoryFigueroa: small edit

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Redirect|Common peacock|the butterfly with this common name|Papilio polyctor{{!}}''Papilio polyctor''}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Indian peafowl
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Pavo cristatus'' |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |article-number=e.T22679435A92814454 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679435A92814454.en |access-date=2 January 2022}}</ref>
| image = Peacock on tree (52077240794).jpg
| image_caption = Peacock in [[Nagarhole National Park]]
| image2 = Indian Peafowl or Peahen.jpg
| image2_caption = Peahen in [[Bandipur National Park]]
| genus = Pavo
| species = cristatus
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| range_map = Indian Peacock Range.svg
| range_map_caption = Map showing native range
}}

The '''Indian peafowl''' ('''''Pavo cristatus'''''), also known as the '''common peafowl''', or '''blue peafowl''', is a [[species]] of [[peafowl]] native to the [[Indian subcontinent]]. While it originated in the Indian subcontinent, it has since been introduced to many other parts of the world. Male peafowl are referred to as '''''peacocks''''', and female peafowl are referred to as '''''peahens''''', although both sexes are often referred to [[colloquialism|colloquially]] as a "peacock".

The Indian peafowl displays a marked form of [[sexual dimorphism]]. The brightly coloured male has a blue coloured head with a fan-shaped crest and is best known for his long [[Train (clothing)|train]]. The train is made up of elongated upper-tail [[Covert (feather)|covert feathers]] with colourful eyespots. These stiff feathers are raised into a fan and quivered in a display during [[courtship]]. The peahen is predominantly brown in colour, with a white face and iridescent green lower neck, and lacks the elaborate train. There are several colour mutations of the Indian peafowl including the [[leucistic]] white peafowl.

Despite the length and size of the covert feathers, the peacock is still capable of flight. The peafowl lives mainly on the ground in open forests or on cultivable lands where it forages for berries and grains, and also preys on snakes, lizards and small rodents. It makes loud calls, which makes it easier to detect, and are often used to indicate the presence of a predator in the forest areas. It forages on the ground in small groups and usually escapes on foot through undergrowth and avoids flying, though it flies into tall trees to roost.

The function of the Indian peacock's elaborate train has been debated for more than a century. In the 19th century, [[Charles Darwin]] found it a puzzle, hard to explain through ordinary [[natural selection]]. His later explanation, [[sexual selection]], is widely but not universally accepted. In the 20th century, [[Amotz Zahavi]] argued that the train was a [[handicap principle|handicap]], and that males were honestly [[signalling theory|signalling]] their fitness in proportion to the splendour of their trains. Despite extensive study, opinions remain divided on the mechanisms involved.

The Indian peafowl is listed as [[Least Concern]] on the [[IUCN Red List]]. It is the [[List of national birds|national bird]] of [[India]] and venerated in [[Hindu mythology|Hindu]] and [[Greek mythology]].

== Taxonomy==
The Indian peafowl was [[Species description|formally described]] in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' under its current [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Pavo cristatus''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=C. |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |year=1758 |title=Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis |volume=1 |edition=10th |page=156 |publisher=Laurentii Salvii |location=Holmiae (Stockholm) |language=La |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727063 |archive-date=23 August 2021 |access-date=15 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823180804/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727063 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Peters |editor-first=J. L. |editor-link=James L. Peters |year=1934 |title=Check-List of Birds of the World |volume=2 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |page=133 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14482946 |archive-date=15 February 2025 |access-date=15 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215143726/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14482946 |url-status=live }}</ref> The genus name ''Pavo'' is [[Latin]] for "peacock",<ref>{{ cite web |last=Jobling | first=J. A. |title=Pavo |work=The Key to Scientific Names |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/key-to-scientific-names/search?q=Pavo |publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology |access-date=15 February 2025}}</ref> which came from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''taos'' derived from [[Persian language|Persian]] {{Lang|fa-Latn|tavus}}, which came from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] word {{Lang|ta-Latn|tokei}}.<ref name=Hunter>{{cite book |title=The Imperial Encyclopaedic Dictionary: Volume 7|author=Hunter, R. |author-link=Robert Hunter (encyclopædist) |year=1901 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|page=3028}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|year=1884 |publisher=[[Chatto and Windus]]|author=Burton, R. F. |author-link=Richard Francis Burton|title=The book of the sword |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofsword00burt/page/155|url-access=registration|isbn=978-0-486-25434-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/bookofsword00burt/page/155 155]}}</ref> The specific epitet ''cristatus'' is Latin meaning "crested".<ref>{{cite web |last=Jobling |first=J. A. |title=cristatus |work=The Key to Scientific Names |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/key-to-scientific-names/search?q=cristatus |publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology |access-date=15 February 2025 |archive-date=15 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215143726/https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/key-to-scientific-names/search?q=cristatus |url-status=live }}</ref> The species is considered to be [[monotypic]]: no [[subspecies]] are recognised.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web |editor1-last=Gill |editor1-first=F. |editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=D. |editor3-last=Rasmussen |editor3-first=P. |editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen |date=2024 |title=Pheasants, partridges, francolins |work=IOC World Bird List Version 14.2 |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/pheasants/ |publisher=International Ornithologists' Union |access-date=15 February 2024 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005084940/https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/pheasants/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The earliest usage of the word peacock in written English was from the 14th century where [[Geoffrey Chaucer]] used the word in a [[simile]] "''proud a pekok''" in his poem ''[[Troilus and Criseyde]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chaucer |first=Geoffrey |title=Troilus and Criseyde |url=http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/webcore/murphy/troilus/troilus1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604042416/http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/webcore/murphy/troilus/troilus1.pdf |archive-date=4 June 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=[[University of New York]]}}</ref><ref name="Weekly">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/etymologicaldict00weekuoft#page/528/mode/1up/ |author=Weekley, E. |title=An etymological dictionary of modern English |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |year=1921 |isbn=978-1-176-40695-7|page=528}}</ref> Various spelling variants included peacock, pacok, pecok, pekok, pokok, and pocok among others.<ref name=Hunter/>

== Description ==
[[File:Pavo Real Venezolano.jpg|thumb|Head of a male Indian peafowl, showing his fan shaped [[Crest (feathers)|crest]]]]
The Indian peafowl's size, color and shape of the crest make them easily identifiable within their native distribution range.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/238924|title=''Pavo cristatus'' |work=India biodiversity portal|access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418023743/https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/238924 |url-status=live}}</ref> It displays a marked form of [[sexual dimorphism]].<ref>{{cite book |editor=Jamieson, B.G.M. |title=Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Birds, Part B: Sexual Selection, Behavior, Conservation, Embryology and Genetics|year=2007|isbn=978-1-482-28051-7 |publisher=Science Publishers |place=Enfield |page=377 |chapter=Applications of reproductive biology to bird conservation and population management |author1=Elphick, C.S. |author2=Reed, M. |author3=Delehanty, D.J.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Strickberger's Evolution |author1=Hall, B. K. |author2=Hallgrímsson, B. |author3=Strickberger, M. W. |year=2014|isbn=978-1-449-61484-3 |publisher=[[Jones & Bartlett]] |page=278}}</ref> A male peafowl or peacock is a larger sized bird with an average bill to tail length of {{cvt|40-46|in|cm|order=flip}} and as much as {{cvt|78-90|in|cm|order=flip}} to the end of a fully grown [[Peacock trains|train]]. It weighs {{cvt|9-11.5|lb|order=flip}} and is amongst the heaviest birds in [[Phasianidae]]. The male has a metallic blue crown with short and curled, blue-greenish head feathers. It has a fan-shaped [[Crest (feathers)|crest]] with bare black shafts and tipped with bluish-green webbing. A white stripe above the eye and a crescent shaped white patch below the eye are formed by bare white skin. The [[Lore (anatomy)|lore]], chin and throat are covered with greenish feathers. It has a long blue neck with scaly bronze-green feathers with black and copper markings in the back. The scapular region and wings are made of chestnut colored primary feathers with black secondaries. The tail is dark brown with glossy green chest, buff thighs, and blackish-brown abdomen and tail [[covert (feather)|coverts]].<ref name="Blanford">{{cite book |author1=Blanford, W. T. |author-link1=William Thomas Blanford|author2=Oates, E. W. |author-link2=Eugene William Oates |title=The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds |pages=68–70 |volume=4 |year=1889 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |url=https://archive.org/stream/birdsindia04oaterich#page/68/mode/1up}}</ref><ref name="Whistler">{{cite book |author=Whistler, H. |author-link=Hugh Whistler |year=1949|title=Popular handbook of Indian birds |pages=407–410 |edition=4th |publisher=Gurney and Jackson |isbn=978-1-135-41787-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/popularhandbooko033226mbp/page/410/mode/1up/}}</ref>

[[File:Trevarno, pavo cristatus06.jpg|thumb|left|Close-up of the tail covert, showing the distinct eye-spot]]
The male is best known for his elongated train, which extend from the [[Rump (animal)|rump]]. The train is made up of elongated upper tail coverts, which are bronze-green train with the outermost and longer feathers ending up with an elaborate eye-spot. The eye-spots consist of a purplish-black, heart-shaped nucleus, enclosed by blue and an outer copper rim, which is surrounded by alternating green and bronze. A few of the outer feathers lack the spot and end in a crescent shaped black tip.<ref name="Blanford"/><ref name="Whistler"/> The feathers of the train do not have colored pigments and the colorization is a result of the micro-structure of the feathers and the optical phenomena involved.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Blau |first=S.K.|title=Light as a Feather: Structural Elements Give Peacock Plumes Their Color |journal=Physics Today |volume=57|issue=1|pages=18–20 |year=2004 |doi=10.1063/1.1650059 |bibcode=2004PhT....57a..18B |doi-access=free}}</ref> The male has a spur on the leg above the hind toe. The train feathers and the tarsal spur of the male start developing only in the second year of its life. The trains are not fully developed until the age of four.<ref name="Moult">{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/1366352 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v076n03/p0344-p0346.pdf|title=Ecological Studies of the Plumes of the Peacock (''Pavo cristatus'') |author=Sharma, I. K. |journal=The Condor |volume=76 |issue=3 |year=1974 |pages=344–346 |jstor=1366352 |access-date=24 March 2013|archive-date=20 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320085057/http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v076n03/p0344-p0346.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The train feathers of the male Indian peafowl are also [[moulted]] every year, usually starting at the end of the [[monsoon]] in August or September and are fully developed by February to March.<ref name="Blanford"/><ref name="Moult"/> The moult of the flight feathers may be spread out across the year.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Notes on some pheasants from southwestern Asia, with remarks on molt |journal=[[American Museum Novitates]] |issue=1518 |author=Marien, D. |year=1951|pages=1–25 |hdl=2246/3909}}</ref>

The females or peahens, are smaller at around {{cvt|38|cm}} in length and weigh {{cvt|6-9|lb|order=flip}}. The peahen has a rufous-brown head with a crest, whose tips are chestnut colored and edged with green. The upper body is brownish with pale mottling and the primaries, secondaries and tail are dark brown. The lower neck is metallic green with dark brown breast feathers glossed with green and whitish underparts. Both sexes have dark brown eyes, brown colored [[beak]] and legs. Young males also resemble the females with chestnut colored primaries.<ref name="Blanford"/><ref name="Whistler"/>

=== Mutations and hybrids ===
{{multiple image |perrow=2 |image1=Black-shouldered Indian Peafowl-Naturalis Biodiversity Center.jpg |image2=Proud white peacock.JPG
|caption1=A [[melanistic]] black-shouldered Indian peafowl from [[Naturalis Biodiversity Center]], [[Leiden]]
|caption2=A displaying [[leucistic]] white Indian peafowl}}
There are several colour mutations of the Indian peafowl that have become common in captive birds through [[selective breeding]]. The black-shouldered mutation was initially considered as a subspecies or even a separate species of the Indian peafowl (''P. nigripennis'').<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sclater, P. L. |author-link=P. L. Sclater|year=1860|title=On the black-shouldered peafowl of Latham (''Pavo nigripennis'') |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society London |pages=221–222 |url=https://archive.org/stream/lietuvostsrmoksl60liet#page/221/mode/1up}}</ref> [[Charles Darwin]] presented firm evidence for it being a variety under domestication, which is now well established and accepted. It was important for Darwin to prove that it was a colour variation rather than a wild species as it was contrary to his theory of slow modification by natural selection in the wild.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Van Grouw, H. |author2=Dekkers, W. |year=2023 |title=The taxonomic history of Black-shouldered Peafowl; with Darwin's help downgraded from species to variation |journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club |volume=143 |issue=1 |pages=111–121 |doi=10.25226/bboc.v143i1.2023.a7 |hdl=10141/623047 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> In this genetic variation, the adult male is [[melanistic]] with black wings. The young birds are creamy white with fulvous-tipped wings. The gene which produces melanism in the male, causes a dilution of colour in females, which have creamy white and brown markings.<ref name="Blanford"/><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Peafowl |author=Seth-Smith, D. |journal=Avicultural Magazine |year=1940 |volume=5 |pages=205–206}}</ref> Other forms of mutations include the pied and white mutations, which are the result of [[allele|allelic]] variation at specific [[locus (genetics)|loci]].<ref>{{cite journal |title= Plumage Color Inheritance of the Indian Blue Peafowl (''Pavo Cristatus''): Blue, Black-Shouldered, Cameo, and Oaten |journal=Journal of Heredity |year=1991 |doi=10.1093/jhered/82.1.64 |volume=82 |pages=64–68 |author1=Somes, R. G. |author2=Burger, R. E.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Inheritance of the White and Pied Plumage Color Patterns in the Indian Peafowl (''Pavo cristatus'') |journal=Journal of Heredity |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=57–62 |year=1993 |author1=Somes, R. G. |author2=Burger, R. E. |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111277}}</ref>

Crosses between a male [[green peafowl]] (''Pavo muticus'') and a female Indian peafowl (''P. cristatus'') produce a stable hybrid called a "Spalding", named after Keith Spalding, a bird fancier from [[California]].<ref name="Jackson">{{cite book |author=Jackson, C. E. |title=Peacock |url=https://archive.org/details/peacockreaktionb00jack/page/n11 |url-access=limited |publisher=[[Reaktion Books]] |year=2006 |pages=10–11 |isbn=978-1-861-89293-5}}</ref> There can be [[outbreeding depression]] if birds of unknown pedigree are released into the wild, as the viability of such hybrids and their offspring is often reduced as per [[Haldane's rule]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF02983075|last1=Haldane|first1=J. B. S.|author-link1=J. B. S. Haldane|year=1922|title=Sex ratio and unisexual sterility in hybrid animals |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1428440|journal=[[Journal of Genetics]] |volume=12|pages=101–109 |issue=2 |s2cid=32459333 |access-date=11 September 2019|archive-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128094650/https://zenodo.org/record/1428440|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leimu |first1=R. |last2=Fischer |first2=M. |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0012614 |title=Between-Population Outbreeding Affects Plant Defence |journal=PLoS One |volume=5 |issue=9 |article-number=e12614 |year=2010 |pmid=20838662 |pmc=2935481 |bibcode=2010PLoSO...512614L |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Distribution and habitat ==
[[File:Indian_peafowl_(Pavo_cristatus)_female_with_chick.jpg|thumb|Female Indian peafowl in [[Yala National Park]]]]

The Indian peafowl is a resident breeder in the [[Indian subcontinent]] and is found across most of [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. In India, it is found across the country from the [[Indus Basin|Indus valley]] in the north-west to [[Assam]] in the north-east, and from [[Himalayas]] in the north to the southern tip, except for the marshlands of [[Sunderbans]] in [[East India]]. In India, it is found up to elevations of {{cvt|5000|ft}} in the north and upto {{cvt|6000|ft}} in the mountains of the south. In Sri Lanka, it largely inhabits the drier lowland areas. It is generally found in forests, small hills, and bushy areas near water sources. It also occupies cultivable lands and live in a semi-domesticated state in human habitations.<ref name="Blanford"/><ref name="Whistler"/><ref>{{cite journal|author=Dodsworth, P.T.L. |year=1912|title=Occurrence of the Common Peafowl ''Pavo cristatus'', Linnaeus in the neighbourhood of Simla, N.W. Himalayas|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=21|issue=3|pages=1082–1083|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30222511|access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-date=16 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216035220/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30222511 |url-status=live}}</ref> The peafowl has since been introduced in many other parts of the world and has become [[feral]] in some areas.<ref name="Ali"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Long, J .L. |year=1981|title=Introduced Birds of the World|publisher=Agricultural Protection Board of Western Australia}}</ref> It was supposedly introduced into [[Europe]] by [[Alexander the Great]], while the bird might have been introduced earlier and had reached [[Athens]] by 450 [[BCE]].<ref>{{cite journal |page=40| title=The birds of Old English literature |journal=The Journal of Germanic Philology |volume=2 |issue=2|year=1898 |author=Whitman, C.H. |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.54912 |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924031439544#page/n43/mode/1up/}}</ref><ref name="Nair">{{cite journal |year=1974 |doi=10.2307/1177550 |title=The Peacock Cult in Asia |author=Nair, P. T. |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=93–170 |jstor=1177550 |url=http://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/afs/pdf/a272.pdf|archive-date=5 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205195010/http://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/afs/pdf/a272.pdf}}</ref>

The first whole-genome sequencing of the Indian peafowl identified 15,970 [[Coding region|protein-coding sequences]] and was found to have less repetitive [[DNA]] (8.62%) than that of the chicken genome (9.45%). Studies have suggested that the population suffered at least two bottlenecks (four [[Million years ago|mya]] and 450,000 years ago), which resulted in a severe reduction in its effective population size.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jaiswal| first=S.K. |author2=Gupta, A. |author3=Saxena, R. |author4=Prasoodanan, V.P. |author5=Sharma, A.K. |author6=Mittal, P. |author7=Roy, A. |author8=Shafer, A.B. |author9=Vijay, N. |author10=Sharma, V.K. |title=Genome sequence of Indian Peacock reveals the peculiar case of a glittering bird |journal=Frontiers in Genetics |year=2018 |volume=9 |page=392 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2018.00392 |doi-access=free|pmc=6156156 }}</ref>

== Behaviour and ecology ==
[[File:Peacock Flying.jpg|thumb|An Indian peacock in flight]]

The Indian peafowl forages on the ground in small groups, known as musters, that usually have a single peacock and three to five peahens. After the breeding season, the flocks tend to be made up only of females and young. It is found in the open early in the mornings and tends to rest under cover during the heat of the day. It is often sighted dust-bathing at dusk.<ref name="Ali">{{cite book|author1=Ali, S. |author2=Ripley, S. D. |author-link1=Salim Ali|author-link2=Sidney Dillon Ripley|title=Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|volume=2|year=1980|pages=123–126|isbn=978-0-195-62063-4}}</ref> It roosts on tall trees at night, but may sometimes make use of rocks or buildings.<ref name="Whistler"/><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Trivedi, P. |author2=Johnsingh, A.J.T. |year=1996|title=Roost selection by Indian Peafowl (''Pavo cristatus'') in Gir Forest, India|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=93|issue=1|pages=25–29 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48603263 |access-date=21 December 2017|archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802042819/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48603263 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Roost">{{cite journal|author1=Parasharya, B. M. |author2=Mukherjee, A. |year=1999|title=Roosting behaviour of Indian Peafowl ''Pavo cristatus'' |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=471–472 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48583158 |access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802042754/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48583158|url-status=live}}</ref> Birds usually arrive at their roosting sites during the dusk and call frequently before taking their positions.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Navaneethakannan, K. |year=1984|title=Activity patterns in a colony of Peafowls (''Pavo cristatus'') in nature|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=387–393|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48874315|access-date=21 December 2017|archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802042806/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48874315|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite its size, the Indian peafowl is capable of flight. However, it rarely flies and often escapes by running on foot through the undergrowth when perturbed or disturbed. When it takes off, it uses regular, slower flaps to maintain flight rather than gliding.<ref name="Whistler"/><ref name="Ali"/>

=== Diet===
The Indian peafowl is found lazily feeding in the open early in the mornings, and might move to cultivated lands to feed during the mornings and the evenings.<ref name=Whistler/> The groups often walk in single file to the nearby waterholes for a drink.<ref name=Ali/> The birds often congregate near human habitats and might be fed by humans.<ref name=Whistler/> It is omnivorous and feeds on grass, seeds, flowerbuds, fruits, insects, and small reptiles.<ref name=Blanford/> It feeds on smaller snakes but keeps its distance from larger ones.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Johnsingh, A.J.T. |year=1976|title=Peacocks and cobra |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=73 |issue=1 |page=214 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48293205|access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802042843/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48293205|url-status=live}}</ref> It also feeds on a wide range of crops such as [[peanut]], [[tomato]], [[paddy (unmilled rice)|paddy]], [[chili pepper]] and [[banana]]s in cultivated areas.<ref name=Injar>{{cite journal |author1=Johnsingh, A.J.T. |author2=Murali, S. |year=1978 |title=The ecology and behaviour of the Indian Peafowl |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=1069–1079 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48297296 |access-date=21 December 2017|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802042827/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48297296 |url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Western India]], a large percentage of its food is made up of the fallen berries of ''[[Zizyphus]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |year=1995 |title=Diet of Indian Peafowl ''Pavo cristatus'' Linn. in Gir Forest, Gujarat |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=262–263 |author1=Trivedi, P. |author2=Johnsingh, A.J.T.|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48613807|access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802042815/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48613807|url-status=live}}</ref> Around human habitations, it feeds on food scraps and even human [[excreta]].<ref name=Ali/>

=== Communication ===
[[File:Indian Peafowl.ogg|thumb|Call of Indian peafowl]]
The most common calls are a loud ''pia-ow'' or ''may-awe'' with the frequency of calling increasing before the [[monsoon]] season. It raises loud sounds when alarmed or disturbed and are often used to indicate the presence of a [[predator]]s such as the [[tiger]] in the forests. It also makes other calls such as a rapid series of ''ka-aan..ka-aan'' or a rapid ''kok-kok''. It often emits an explosive low-pitched ''honk!'' when agitated.<ref name="Whistler"/><ref name="Ali"/><ref name="Injar"/> It might even call at night when alarmed and neighboring birds may call in a relay like series. Nearly seven different call variants have been identified apart from six variants of alarm calls that are commonly produced by both the sexes.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Ethology|title=Seasonal and diurnal use of eight different call types by Indian peafowl ( ''Pavo cristatus'')|volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=375–381 |year=2008 |author1=Takahashi, M. |author2=Hasegawa, T. |doi=10.1007/s10164-007-0078-4|s2cid=27794735}}</ref>

=== Breeding ===
[[File:Peacock Courtship and Mating Ritual in the Wild.webm|thumb|A male courting females]]

Indian peacocks are [[Animal sexual behaviour#Polygamy|polygamous]].<ref name="Blanford"/> The peafowl usually reaches [[sexual maturity]] at the age of two to three years old.<ref>{{cite web|title=Common (Indian) Peafowl |publisher=Rolling Hills Wildlife Adventure |url=http://www.rollinghillswildlife.com/animals/p/peafowl/|access-date=26 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924091858/http://www.rollinghillswildlife.com/animals/p/peafowl/|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> The breeding season may be spread out over the entire year and is more common during the monsoon months of June to August.<ref name="Whistler"/> Several males may congregate at a [[Lek (mating arena)|lek]] site and these males are often closely related.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/43651 |title=Peacocks lek with relatives even in the absence of social and environmental cues |journal=Nature |volume=401 |issue=6749 |pages=155–157 |url=https://www.nbb.cornell.edu/neurobio/BioNB427/READINGS/Sherman1999.pdf |author1=Petrie, M. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Krupa, A. |author3=Burke, T. |year=1999 |bibcode=1999Natur.401..155P |s2cid=4394886 |access-date=2 June 2010 |archive-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722175905/http://www.nbb.cornell.edu/neurobio/BioNB427/READINGS/Sherman1999.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Males at leks maintain small territories next to each other and allow females to visit them. Males make no attempt to guard harems and females do not favour specific males.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rands, M. R. M. |author2=Ridley, M. W. |author3=Lelliott, A. D. |doi=10.1016/S0003-3472(84)80159-1 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=830–835 |title=The social organization of feral peafowl |journal=Animal Behaviour |date=1984 |s2cid=53198443}}</ref>

[[File:Pavo cristatus MWNH 1075.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.75|Egg from the collection of [[Museum Wiesbaden]]]]
[[File:Indian Peahens I IMG 9647.jpg|thumb|A peahen with chicks]]

A peacock uses its ornate train in a [[courtship display]], wherein it raises the tail feathers into an arched fan and quivers them.<ref name="Blanford"/> The wings are held half open and drooped and it periodically vibrates the long feathers, producing a ruffling sound. It faces the peahen initially and might turn around to display the tail.<ref name="Ali"/> The peacock may also freeze over food to invite a peahen in a form of [[courtship feeding]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v088n03/p0543-p0559.pdf |title=Courtship Feeding in Gallinaceous Birds |author1=Stokes, A. W. |author2=Williams, H. W. |journal=The Auk |volume=88 |issue=3 |year=1971 |pages=543–559 |access-date=24 March 2013 |archive-date=4 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104025337/http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v088n03/p0543-p0559.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> While peacocks may also display even in the absence of peahens, it is usually done close to the females. When a peacock is displaying, peahens appear not to show any interest and usually continue their foraging.<ref name="Injar"/>

The nests are usually shallow hollow scrapes on the ground lined with leaves, sticks and other debris. The peafowl might also nest on crevices in the buildings, and disused nests of [[vultures]].<ref name="Whistler"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Vyas, R. |year=1994 | title=Unusual breeding site of Indian Peafowl |journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] |volume=34 |issue=6 |page=139 |url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW34_6#page/n21/mode/1up}}</ref> The female lays a clutch of three to eight oval shaped eggs. The eggs measure about {{cvt|2.45-3|in|cm}} in length and {{cvt|1.42-2.2|in|cm}} in width. They appear polished and have thick shells with pits and pores. The color varies from pale white to buff or reddish-brown. The males take no part in hatching or rearing the young.<ref name="Whistler"/> However, isolated unusual instance of a male incubating a clutch of eggs has been reported.<ref name="Ali"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Shivrajkumar, Y. S. |year=1957 |title=An incubating Peacock (''Pavo cristatus'' Linn.) |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=54 |issue=2 |page=464 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48183148 |access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802042825/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48183148 |url-status=live}}</ref> The eggs are incubated by the females for about 28 to 30 days.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fdc.telangana.gov.in/public/tsfdc/images/peacock_lifecycle.pdf|title=Peacock lifecycle|work=[[Government of Telangana]]|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=24 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424055240/https://fdc.telangana.gov.in/public/tsfdc/images/peacock_lifecycle.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The chicks are [[nidifugous]] and follow the mother around after hatching. Downy young may sometimes climb on their mothers' back and the female may carry them in flight to a safe tree branch.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Singh, H. |year=1964 |title=Peahens flying up with young |journal=Newsletter for Birdwatchers |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=14 |url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW4#page/n14/mode/1up}}</ref>

=== Sexual selection ===
[[File:PeacockInTheWoods.jpg|thumb|[[Abbott Handerson Thayer|Abott Thayer]]'s painting (1907)]]
The Indian peacock is known for its brighter and elaborate colours, compared to the much duller peahen, which has been a puzzle to scientists. [[Charles Darwin]] failed to see an adaptive advantage for the extravagant tail which seemed only to be an encumbrance. He wrote to botanist [[Asa Gray]], "the sight of a feather in a peacock's tail, whenever I gaze at it, makes me sick!". He developed the principle of [[sexual selection]] to explain the problem, however, though not everyone accepted the theory.<ref>{{cite book |last=Miller |first=G. |author-link=Geoffrey Miller (psychologist) |title=The mating mind: how sexual choice shaped the evolution of human nature |year=2000 |publisher=[[Anchor Books]] |location=[[New York City]] |isbn=978-0-385-49517-2|edition=1st}}</ref> In 1907, American artist [[Abbott Handerson Thayer]] showed in his painting that the eyespots helped form a [[disruptive camouflage]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fuertes Boynton |first=M. |year=1952 |title=Abbott Thayer and Natural History |journal=Osiris |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=542–555 |doi=10.1086/368563 |s2cid=145455502}}</ref> In his 1909 book ''[[Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom]]'', he denied the possibility of sexual selection and argued that essentially all forms of [[animal coloration]] had evolved as [[camouflage]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Ball, P. |title=Invisible: The Dangerous Allure of the Unseen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64ogBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA239 |date=2014 |publisher=[[Random House]] |isbn=978-1-84792-289-2 |page=239}}</ref> The theory was criticized by [[Theodore Roosevelt]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Revealing and concealing coloration in birds and mammals |author=Roosevelt, T. |author-link=Theodore Roosevelt |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |year=1911 |volume=30 |issue=Article 8|pages=119–231 |hdl=2246/470}}</ref>

In the 1970s, [[Amotz Zahavi]] proposed a possible resolution to the apparent contradiction between natural selection and sexual selection. He argued that the peacock [[honest signalling|honestly signalled]] the [[handicap principle]] of having a large and costly train. However, the mechanism may be less straightforward than it seems and the cost could be that the [[hormone]]s that enhance feather development also results in the depression of the [[immune system]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The handicap principle: a missing piece of Darwin's puzzle |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1999 |isbn=0-19-512914-8 |author1=Zahavi, A. |author-link1=Amotz Zahavi|author2=Zahavi, A. |author3=Balaban, A. |author4=Ely, M. P.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Ros, A. |author2=Correia, M. |author3=Wingfield, J. |author4=Oliveira, R. |title=Mounting an immune response correlates with decreased androgen levels in male peafowl, ''Pavo cristatus'' |journal=Journal of Ethology |year=2009 |pages=209–214 |volume=27 |issue=2 |doi=10.1007/s10164-008-0105-0 |hdl=10400.12/1242 |s2cid=25651539 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[Ronald Fisher]]'s [[Fisherian runaway|runaway model]] proposed a positive feedback between female preference for elaborate trains and development of the elaborate train itself. However, this model assumes that the male train is a relatively recent evolutionary adaptation and a molecular phylogeny study shows the opposite that the most recently evolved species is actually the least ornamented one.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kimball, T. T. |author2=Braun, E. L. |author3=Ligon, J. D. |author4=Lucchini, V. |author5=Randi, E. |title=A molecular phylogeny of the peacock-pheasants (Galliformes: Polyplectron spp.) indicates loss and reduction of ornamental traits and display behaviours |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |year=2001 |volume=73 |pages=187–198 |doi=10.1006/bijl.2001.0536 |issue=2 |bibcode=2001BJLS...73..187K}}</ref> This finding suggests a chase-away sexual selection in which females evolved resistance to the male ploy of elaborate trains".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Davies, N. B. |title=Introduction to Behavioural Ecology |year=2012 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |pages=179–222 |edition=Fourth|author2=Krebs, J. R. |author3=West, S. A.}}</ref>

A study on the feral population of Indian peafowl at [[Whipsnade Wildlife Park]] in southern [[England]] showed that the number of eyespots in the train predicted a male's mating success; further, this success could be manipulated by cutting the eyespots off some of the male's ornate feathers. Furthermore, the study also found that the chicks fathered by more ornamented males weighed more than those fathered by less ornamented males, which indicated an increased survival ability.<ref name=Loyau>{{cite journal|author1=Loyau, A. |author2=Petrie, M. |author3=Jalme, M. S. |author4=Sorci, G. |title=Do peahens not prefer peacocks with more elaborate trains?|journal=Animal Behaviour |year=2008 |volume=76 |pages=e5–e9 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.07.021 |issue=5 |s2cid=40638610}}</ref> However, recent studies have failed to find a relation between the number of displayed eyespots and mating success.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=82 |issue=1 |year=2011 |pages=21–28 |title=Peahens prefer peacocks displaying more eyespots, but rarely |author1=Dakin, R. |author2=Montgomerie, R. |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.03.016|s2cid=53201463}}</ref>

[[File:Blue Peacock Safari Park.jpg|thumb|Close up of the open train of an Indian peacock, showing his eye-spots]]
A seven-year study of free-ranging peafowl came to the conclusion that female peafowl do not select mates solely on the basis of their trains and it is an obsolete signal for which female preference has already been "lost or weakened". It found no evidence that peahens expressed any preference for peacocks with more elaborate trains, trains having more [[Eyespot (mimicry)|ocelli]], a more symmetrical arrangement, or greater length. It determined that the peacock's train was not the universal target of female [[mate choice]], and do not correlate to male physical conditions. It argued that the removal of eyespots substantially changed the appearance of male peafowls, and it was likely that the females mistook these males for sub-adults, or perceived that the males were physically damaged. Moreover, in a feral peafowl population, there is little variation in the number of eyespots in adult males as it is rare for adult males to lose a significant number of eyespots and hence, it might not form the basis for sexual selection.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Peahens do not prefer peacocks with more elaborate trains|author1=Takahashi, M. |author2=Arita, H. |author3=Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, M. |author4=Hasegawa, T. |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=75 |issue=4 |date=2008 |pages=1209–1219 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.10.004}}</ref> The British research team argued that alternative explanations for these results had been overlooked, and concluded that female choice might indeed vary in different ecological conditions.<ref name="Loyau"/>

A 2010 study on a natural population of Indian peafowls in northern India proposed a "high maintenance handicap" theory. It stated that only the fittest males can afford the time and energy to maintain a long tail and the long train is an indicator of good body condition, which results in greater mating success.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=The Open Ornithology Journal |volume=3 |year=2010|pages=13–19 |title=Behavior of Indian Peafowl ''Pavo cristatus'' Linn. 1758 during the Mating Period in a Natural Population |author1=Harikrishnan, S. |author2=Vasudevan, K. |author3=Sivakumar, K. |doi=10.2174/1874453201003010013 |doi-access=free}}</ref> While train length seems to correlate positively with [[major histocompatibility complex]] diversity in males, females do not appear to use train length to choose males.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Hale, M. L. |author2=Verduijn, M. H. |author3=Moller, A. P. |author4=Wolff, K. |author5=Petrie, M. |title=Is the peacock's train an honest signal of genetic quality at the major histocompatibility complex? |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |year=2009 |volume=22 |pages=1284–1294 |doi=10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01746.x |issue=6 |pmid=19453370 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Another study in France brought up two possible explanations with the first explanation stating that there might be a genetic variation of the trait of interest under different geographical areas due to a [[founder effect]] and/or a [[genetic drift]]. The second explanation suggested that "the cost of trait expression may vary with environmental conditions," so that a trait that is indicative of a particular quality may not work in another environment.<ref name=Loyau/> A 2013 study that tracked the eye movements of peahens responding to male displays found that the peahens looked in the direction of the upper train of feathers only when at long distances and that they looked only at the lower feathers when males displayed close to them. The rattling of the tail and the shaking of the wings helped in keeping the attention of females.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1242/jeb.087338 |year=2013 |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=216 |issue=16 |pages=3035–3046 |title=Through their eyes: selective attention in peahens during courtship |first1=J. L. |last1=Yorzinski |first2=G. L. |last2=Patricelli |first3=J. S.|last3=Babcock |first4=J. M.|last4=Pearson|first5= M. L. |last5=Platt |pmid=23885088 |pmc=4074220 |bibcode=2013JExpB.216.3035Y}}</ref>

=== Lifespan and mortality ===
The Indian peafowl is known to live for up to 23 years in captivity. However, it is estimated to live for only about 15 years in the wild.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Flower, M. S. S. |year=1938 |title=The duration of life in animals – IV. Birds: special notes by orders and families| journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London| pages=195–235}}</ref>

Adult Indian peafowls are difficult to capture since they can usually escape [[Predation|predator]]s by flying into trees; [[tiger]], [[leopard]], [[hyena]], [[dhole]] and [[golden jackal]] ambush adult individuals.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Hayward, M. W. |author2=Jędrzejewski, W. |author3=Jedrzejewska, B. |title=Prey preferences of the tiger ''Panthera tigris'' |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=286 |issue=3 |year=2012 |pages=221–231 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00871.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Arviazhagan, C. |author2=Arumugam, R. |author3=Thiyagesan, K. |title=Food habits of leopard (''Panthera pardus fusca''), dhole (''Cuon alpinus'') and striped hyena (''Hyaena hyaena'') in a tropical dry thorn forest of southern India |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |year=2007|volume=104|pages=178–187}}</ref> Smaller peafowl are sometimes hunted by large birds of prey such as [[changeable hawk-eagle]] and [[rock eagle-owl]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dhanwatey, A. S. |year=1986 |title=A Crested Hawk-Eagle ''Spizaetus cirrhatus'' (Gmelin) killing a Peafowl ''Pavo cristatus'' Linnaeus |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=83 |issue=4 |page=202 |access-date=21 December 2017 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48772392 |archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802042809/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48772392|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |year=1990 |title=Indian Great Horned Owl ''Bubo bubo'' (Linn.) and Peafowl ''Pavo cristatus'' Linn |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=87 |issue=2 |page=300 |author1=Tehsin, R. |author2=Tehsin, F. |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48807014 |access-date=21 December 2017|archive-date=14 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014015230/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48807014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Chicks are more prone to predation than adult birds. Adults living near human habitations might sometimes be hunted by domestic [[dog]]s or by humans.<ref name=Injar/> The peafowls often forage in groups as it provides some safety as there are more eyes to look out for predators.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Shahla, Y. |author2=Yahya, H. S. A. |year=2000 |title=Group size and vigilance in Indian Peafowl ''Pavo cristatus'' (Linn.), Family: Phasianidae |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=97|issue=3|pages=425–428 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48567869|access-date=21 December 2017|archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802042838/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48567869|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Threats and conservation ==
[[File:Peacock Dance.jpg|thumb|A male Indian peafowl at [[Yala National Park]] in [[Sri Lanka]]]]
The Indian peafowl is widely distributed across India and Sri Lanka, with introduced feral colonies in many parts of the world. Conservative estimates of the population in 2002 put them at more than 100,000.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Madge, S. |author2=McGowan, P. |year=2002 |title=Pheasant, partridges and grouse, including buttonquails, sandgrouse and allies |publisher=Christopher Helm |place=London}}</ref> While the exact population size is unknown, it is not thought to declined, and it is classified as [[least concern]] on the [[IUCN Red List]].<ref name=iucn/>

Poaching of peacocks for their meat and feathers and accidental poisoning by feeding on pesticide treated seeds are known threats to wild birds.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Alexander, J. P. |year=1983|title=Probable diazinon poisoning in peafowl: a clinical description |journal= Veterinary Rec. |volume=113 |issue=20 |page=470|doi=10.1136/vr.113.20.470|doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |pmid=6649386 |s2cid=11252054}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Ramesh, K. |author2=McGowan, P. |year=2009|title=On the current status of Indian Peafowl ''Pavo cristatus'' (Aves: Galliformes: Phasianidae): keeping the common species common|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=106–108|doi=10.11609/jott.o1845.106-8|doi-access=free}}</ref> It is also hunted in some areas for usage in folk remedies.<ref name=Injar/> The Indian peafowl has been part of the agricultural ecosystem for centuries, where it aids in seed dispersal and feeds on pests such as insects and small rodents. However, it can cause a 40% decrease in yield in rice fields due to the damage caused.<ref name=Ali/><ref>{{cite web |author=Ramanan, S.S. |title=Researchers quantify damage caused by peafowl to farmers |date=2018 |work=[[Down to Earth (magazine)|Down to Earth]] |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/wildlife-biodiversity/researchers-quantify-damage-caused-by-peafowl-to-farmers-62441 |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref name=Agro>{{cite web |title=Sri Lanka's divine pests: Peafowl problem calls for human action |author=Amarasinge, T. |date=2020 |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2020/01/sri-lankas-divine-pests-peafowl-problem-calls-for-human-action-commentary/|access-date=1 June 2024 |work=[[Mongabay]] |archive-date=31 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531114945/https://news.mongabay.com/2020/01/sri-lankas-divine-pests-peafowl-problem-calls-for-human-action-commentary/|url-status=live}}</ref> In urban areas, they can damage plants in gardens, attack their reflections thereby breaking glass and mirrors, perch and scratch cars or leave their droppings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Peafowl |work=City of San Antonio |url=https://www.sa.gov/Directory/Departments/ACS/Wildlife/Peafowl|access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=27 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627013845/https://www.sa.gov/Directory/Departments/ACS/Wildlife/Peafowl|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Indian peafowl is protected both culturally and by law in India and Sri Lanka.<ref name=Whistler/><ref name=Agro/> Methods to identify if feathers have been plucked or have been shed naturally have been developed, as Indian law allows only the collection of feathers that have been shed.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.scijus.2007.08.002|author=Sahajpal, V. |author2=Goyal, S. P. |year=2008 |title=Identification of shed or plucked origin of Indian Peafowl (''Pavo cristatus'') tail feathers: Preliminary findings |journal=Science and Justice |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=76–78 |pmid=18700500}}</ref> Cities have been introduced peafowl management programmes, which include education on how to prevent the birds from causing damage while treating the birds humanely.<ref>{{cite web |title=La Canada, California, City Council, Peafowl Management Plan Update |url=http://www.lacanadaflintridge.com/city/council/agendaitems/2009/120709/item8.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607171148/http://www.lacanadaflintridge.com/city/council/agendaitems/2009/120709/item8.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.east-northamptonshire.gov.uk/downloads/Peafowl_Peacocks.pdf |title=East Northamptonshire plan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613203116/http://www.east-northamptonshire.gov.uk/downloads/Peafowl_Peacocks.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dunedingov.com/docs/leisureservices/livingwithpeafowl.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221082738/http://www.dunedingov.com/docs/leisureservices/livingwithpeafowl.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2008 |title=Living with peafowl. City of Dunedin, Florida }}</ref> Various wildlife sanctuaries have been established in India such as [[Adichunchanagiri Hills]], [[Choolannur Pea Fowl Sanctuary]], and [[Viralimalai Bird Sanctuary]] for the protection of the Indian peafowl.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-04/9%20Compendium%20Book_2021_Low%20%281%29%20%282%29.pdf |title=National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in India |work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]] |date=2021|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

The Indian peafowl also breeds readily in captivity and various zoos, parks, and bird-fanciers maintain breeding populations across the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfzoo.org/indian-peafowl/|title=Indian peafowl|work=[[San Francisco Zoo]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/peafowl|title=Indian peafowl|work=[[San Diego Zoo]]|access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305142514/https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/peafowl|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zoobarcelona.cat/en/animals/indian-peafowl|title=Indian peafowl|work=[[Barcelona Zoo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422085315/https://zoobarcelona.cat/en/animals/indian-peafowl|url-status=live}}</ref>

==In culture==
[[File:Murugan by Raja Ravi Varma.jpg|thumb|[[Kartikeya]] with his consorts riding a peacock, painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]]]
The Indian peafowl has been used in numerous mythological and contemporary representations.<ref name="Ali"/> It is designated as the [[national bird]] of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/national-identity-elements/national-bird.php|title=National Bird|access-date=3 April 2024|publisher=[[Government of India]]|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029051307/https://knowindia.india.gov.in/national-identity-elements/national-bird.php|url-status=live}}</ref> In the Indian subcontinent, many [[Hindu deities]] are associated with the bird, and it is frequently depicted in various temple art, mythology, poetry, folk music, and traditions.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Folklore of birds and beasts of India|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=28|issue=2|pages=562–565|author=Fitzpatrick, J. |year=1923|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30113154|access-date=21 December 2017|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802042751/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30113154|url-status=live}}</ref> The Hindu war god [[Kartikeya]] is depicted as using an Indian peacock named Paravani as his [[vahana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://disa.ukzn.ac.za/gandhi-luthuli-documentation-centre/vehicle-lord-murugan-rides-peacock-called-paravani|title=The Vehicle Lord Murugan rides is a peacock called Paravani |publisher=Gandhi Luthuli Documentation Center |access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=24 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924172622/https://disa.ukzn.ac.za/gandhi-luthuli-documentation-centre/vehicle-lord-murugan-rides-peacock-called-paravani|url-status=live}}</ref> Hindu god [[Krishna]] is often depicted with an Indian peacock feather on his crown. The ''[[Ramayana]]'' describes that the head of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]]s, [[Indra]], who unable to defeat the [[asura]] king [[Ravana]], sheltered under the wing of a peacock and later blessed it with a "thousand eyes" and fearlessness from serpents.<ref name="Lal">{{cite book|title=Peacock in Indian art, thought and literature|author=Lal, K. |publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=2007|isbn=978-8-17017-429-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wuotb7YyrigC |pages=11, 26, 139}}</ref> Another mythological story narrates that Indra was cursed with a thousand ulcers and was transformed into a peacock with a thousand eyes before his curse was removed by [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/ramavijayathemyt00unwkuoft#page/n27/mode/1up/|page=14 |title= Ramavijaya (The mythological history of Rama)| year=1891|publisher=Dubhashi and company}}</ref> In [[Buddhist]] philosophy, the Indian peacock represents wisdom.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BH/bh117490.htm |year=1988|title=Symbolism of Animals in Buddhism|author=Choskyi, V. J. |journal=Buddhist Hiamalaya |volume=1|issue=1 |access-date=1 June 2010|archive-date=29 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529055901/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BH/bh117490.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Numerous uses of the bird's parts as an antidote to snake venom in [[Ayurveda]] and other folk remedies have been documented.<ref>{{cite web |last=Challinor |first=D. |author-link=David Challinor |title=Letter from the Desk of David Challinor, November 2001 |url=http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/1193/1/November_2001.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827064244/http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/1193/1/November_2001.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2011 |access-date=2 June 2010 |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]}}</ref> It is part of folklore with beliefs such as the impregnation of peahens orally by means of the tears of the peacocks.<ref>{{cite book|first=E. |last=Rolland|year=1915 |title=Faune populaire de la France. Tome 6.|page=149|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5433286x/f161.image|access-date=2 June 2017|archive-date=11 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811120632/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5433286x/f161.image|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Emeneau |first=M. B. |author-link=Murray Barnson Emeneau |year=1943 |title=Studies in the Folk-Tales of India: I: Some Origin Stories of the Todas and Kotas |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=158–168 |doi=10.2307/594123 |jstor=594123}}</ref> In [[Greek mythology]], the origin of the Indian peacock's plumage is explained in the tale of [[Hera]] and [[Argus Panoptes|Argus]].<ref name="Jackson"/> The main figure of [[Yezidi]]s, [[Melek Taus]], is commonly depicted as a peacock.<ref>{{cite book|title=The cult of the peacock angel |author=Empson, R. H. W. |publisher=[[H. F and G. Witherby]]|year=1928|url=https://archive.org/details/MN40203ucmf_2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Springett, B. H. |title= Secret sects of Syria and the Lebanon|publisher=[[George Allen & Unwin]]|year=1922|url=https://archive.org/details/secretsectsofsyr032392mbp}}</ref> A [[Di Goldene Pave|golden peacock]] is considered as a symbol of [[Yiddishkeit|Ashkenazi Jewish culture]], and is the subject of several folktales and songs in Yiddish.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ingeveb.org/blog/introducing-in-geveb-a-journal-of-yiddish-studies|title=A Peacock's Dream: Introducing In geveb|work=In geveb|access-date=2019-06-04|archive-date=4 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604163633/https://ingeveb.org/blog/introducing-in-geveb-a-journal-of-yiddish-studies|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishfolksongs.com/en/golden-peacock|title=The Golden Peacock {{!}} Jewish Folk Songs |work=Jewish Folk Songs|access-date=4 June 2019|archive-date=29 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329051221/http://www.jewishfolksongs.com/en/golden-peacock|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[Middle Ages]], knights in Europe took a "vow of the peacock" and decorated their helmets with its plumes. In [[Robin Hood]] stories, the titular archer uses arrows fletched with peacock feathers. Peacock feathers were buried with [[Viking]] warriors.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Tyrberg, T. |year=2002|title=The archaeological record of domesticated and tamed birds in Sweden |journal=Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia |volume=45 |pages=215–231|url=http://www.isez.pan.krakow.pl/journals/azc_v/pdf/45/16.pdf|access-date=2 June 2010 |archive-date=26 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726075816/http://www.isez.pan.krakow.pl/journals/azc_v/pdf/45/16.pdf}}</ref>

The birds were often kept in menageries and as ornaments in large gardens and estates in the middle ages. In 1526, the legal issue as to whether peacocks were wild or domestic fowl was thought sufficiently important for [[Cardinal Wolsey]] to summon all the English judges to give their opinion, which was that they are domestic fowl.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gwyn, P. |title=The King's Cardinal: The rise and Fall of Thomas Wolsey|publisher=Pimlico|year=2000|page=113|isbn=978-0-71265-122-6}}</ref> Indian peacocks were frequently used in European heraldry with the peacocks most often depicted as facing the viewer and with the tails displayed. In this pose, the peacock is referred to as being "in his pride". Peacock tails, in isolation from the rest of the bird, are rare in British heraldry, but are used frequently in [[German people|German]] systems.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fox-Davies, A. |author-link=Arthur Fox-Davies|title=A Complete Guide to Heraldry|publisher=T.C. and E.C. Jack|year=1909|pages=246–247|url=https://archive.org/details/completeguidetoh00foxduoft}}</ref> The Indian peacock feathers are used in many rituals and ornamentation and its motifs are widespread in architecture, coinage, textiles and modern items of art and utility.<ref name="Nair"/> Indian peacock motifs are widely used even today such as in the logos of the [[NBC logo|NBC]] television network and [[SriLankan Airlines]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Company Quietly Adds NBC Peacock To Corporate Logo|url=https://deadline.com/2012/12/comcast-flips-the-bird-company-quietly-adds-nbc-peacock-to-corporate-logo-386360/|author=Finke, N. |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=2012|access-date=6 February 2013|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402201146/http://deadline.com/2012/12/comcast-flips-the-bird-company-quietly-adds-nbc-peacock-to-corporate-logo-386360/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zilliondesigns.com/blog/best-international-airline-logos-with-mythological-creatures/|title=Best International Airline Logos with Mythological Creatures |date=2014|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Zillion designs}}</ref>

The term "peacocking" is often used as a means of depicting pride in [[English language]] and is used to describe someone who is very proud or gives a lot of attention to clothing.<ref name="Hunter"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/peacock|title=Peacock|website=Cambridge English Dictionary|access-date=2 June 2010 |archive-date=8 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100908053620/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/peacock|url-status=live}}</ref> In Australia, it referred to the practice of buying up the best pieces of land so as to render the surrounding lands valueless.<ref>{{cite book|title=A dictionary of slang and unconventional English |author1=Partridge, E. |author2=Beale, P. |year=2002 |publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-29189-7}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Galusha, JG; Hill, LM (1996) A study of the behaviour of Indian Peacocks ''Pavo cristatus'' on Protection Island, Jefferson County, Washington, USA. Pavo 34(1&2):23–31.
* Prakash, M (1968) Mating of Peacocks ''Pavo cristatus''. ''[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]]'' . 8(6), 4–5.
* {{cite journal|author=Sharma, IK|year=1973|title=Ecological studies of biomass of the Peafowl (''Pavo cristatus'')|journal=Tori|volume=22|issue=93–94|pages=25–29|doi=10.3838/jjo1915.22.25|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal|author=Sharma, IK|year=1981|title=Adaptations and commensality of the Peafowl (''Pavo cristatus'') in the Indian Thar Desert|journal=Annals Arid Zone.|volume=20|issue=2|pages=71–75 }}
* {{cite journal|vauthors=Shrivastava AB, Nair NR, Awadhiya RP, Katiyar AK|year=1992|title=Traumatic ventriculitis in Peacock (''Pavo cristatus'')|journal=Indian Vet. J.|volume=69|issue=8|page=755 }}

==External links==
* [https://avibirds.com/indian-peafowl/ Article with video about Indian peafowl] at avibirds.com

{{Symbols of India}}
{{Phasianidae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q61865}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pavo (genus)|Indian peafowl]]
[[Category:National symbols of India]]
[[Category:Birds of South Asia]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758|Indian peafowl]]
[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|Indian peafowl]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Planning Commission (India)

2026-03-07T18:29:34Z

EmoryFigueroa: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian economic commission and advisory agency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = '''Planning Commission'''
| nativename = Planning commission of India
| logo = PlanningCommissionIndia.jpg
| logo_caption =
| formed = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1950|03|15}}
| dissolved = {{End date and age|2014|08|17|df=yes}}
| superseding1 = [[NITI Aayog]]<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/polifggfftyfdfyffftyfftycy/planning-commission-renamed-as-neeti-ayog/articleshow/45714284.cms Economic Times], See also [http://lex-warrier.in/2015/01/planning-commission-called-neeti-ayog/ Lex-Warrier: Online Law Journal]</ref>
| headquarters = Yojana Bhavan, New Delhi
| chief1_name = Prime Minister of India
| parent_agency = [[Government of India]]
| website = {{URL|http://planningcommission.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Planning Commission''' was an institution in the [[Government of India]] which formulated India's [[Five-Year Plans of India|Five-Year Plans]], among other functions.

In his first [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] speech in 2014, [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] announced his intention to dissolve the Planning Commission. It has since been replaced by a new institution named [[NITI Aayog]].

==History==
{{See also|Five-year plans of India}}
Rudimentary economic planning, deriving from the [[Sovereignty|sovereign authority of the state]], was first initiated in India in 1938 by [[President of the Indian National Congress|Congress President]] [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose]], Atul Tiwari, [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]] who had been persuaded by [[Meghnad Saha]] to set up a National Planning Committee.<ref name=Saha>{{cite web|title=Meghnad Saha: A Pioneer in Astrophysics|url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/saha/sahanew.htm|website=Vigyan Prasar Science Portal|access-date=27 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223073932/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/saha/sahanew.htm|archive-date=23 February 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[M. Visvesvaraya]] had been elected head of the Planning Committee. [[Meghnad Saha]] approached him and requested him to step down, putting forward the argument that planning needed a reciprocity between science and politics. [[Visvesvaraya|M. Visvesvaraya]] generously agreed and Jawaharlal Nehru was made head of the National Planning Committee. The [[British Raj]] also formally established the Advisory Planning Board under [[K. C. Neogy]] that functioned from 1944 to 1946.

Industrialists and economists independently formulated at least three development plans. Some scholars have argued that the introduction of planning as an instrument was intended to transcend the ideological divisions between [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and Nehru.<ref>Partha Chatterjee, 2001 "Development planning and the Indian state" in State and Politics in India (ed. Partha Chatterjee) New Delhi: Oxford University Press</ref> Other scholars have argued that the Planning Commission, as a central agency in the context of plural [[democracy in India]], needs to carry out more functions than rudimentary economic planning.<ref>Sony Pellissery, 2010 Central agency in plural democracy. The India Economy Review, 7 (3), 12–16</ref>

After India achieved [[Partition of India|independence]], a formal model of planning was adopted, and accordingly the Planning Commission, reporting directly to the [[Prime Minister of India]], was established on 15 March 1950, with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as the chairman. Authority for creation of the Planning Commission was not derived from the [[Constitution of India]] or statute; it is an arm of the Central [[Government of India]].

The first Five-Year Plan was launched in 1951, focusing mainly on development of the agricultural sector. Two subsequent Five-Year Plans were formulated before 1965, when there was a break because of the Indo-Pakistan conflict. Two successive years of drought, devaluation of the currency, a general rise in prices and erosion of resources disrupted the planning process and after three Annual Plans between 1966 and 1969, the fourth Five-Year Plan was started in 1969.

The Eighth Plan could not take off in 1990 due to the fast changing political situation at the centre, and the years 1990–91 and 1991–92 were treated as Annual Plans. The Eighth Plan was finally launched in 1992 after the initiation of structural adjustment policies.

For the first eight Plans the emphasis was on a growing [[public sector]] with massive investments in basic and heavy industries, but since the launch of the Ninth Plan in 1997, the emphasis on the public sector has become less pronounced and the current thinking on planning in the country, in general, is that it should increasingly be of an indicative nature.

In 2014, the Narendra Modi government decided to wind down the Planning Commission. It was replaced by the newly formed [[NITI Aayog]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=NITI Aayog|url=https://niti.gov.in/content/overview#:~:text=The%20Government%20of%20India%2C%20in,of%20the%20people%20of%20India.}}</ref>

==Organisation==
The composition of the Commission underwent considerable changes since its initiation. With the Prime Minister as the ''[[ex officio]]'' Chairperson, the committee had a nominated deputy chairperson, with the rank of a full Cabinet Minister. [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet Ministers]] with certain important portfolios{{which|date=May 2018}} acted as ''ex officio'' members of the commission, while the full-time members were experts in various fields like economics, industry, science and general administration.

''Ex officio'' members of the Commission included the Finance Minister, Agriculture Minister, Home Minister, Health Minister, Chemicals and Fertilisers Minister, Information Technology Minister, Law Minister, Human Resource Development Minister and Minister of State for Planning.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Express|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/jairam-ramesh-ceases-to-be-exofficio-member-of-planning-commission/1050549}}</ref>

The Commission worked through its various divisions, of which there were two kinds:
* General Planning Divisions
* Programme Administration Divisions

The majority of the experts in the commission were economists, making the commission the biggest employer of the [[Indian Economic Service]].

==Functions==
The Indian Planning Commission's functions as outlined by the Government's 1950 resolution are following:

# To make an assessment in the material, capital and human resources of India, including technical personnel, and investigate the possibilities of augmenting those are related resources which are found to be deficient in relation to the nation's requirement.
# To formulate a plan for the most effective and balanced utilisation of country's resources.
# To define the stages, on the basis of priority, in which the plan should be carried out and propose the allocation of resources for the due completion of each stage.
# To indicate the factors that tend to retard economic development.
# To determine the conditions which need to be established for the successful execution of the plan within the incumbent socio-political situation of the country.
# To determine the nature of the machinery required for securing the successful implementation of each stage of the plan in all its aspects.
# To appraise from time to time the progress achieved in the execution of each stage of the plan and also recommend the adjustments of policy and measures which are deemed important vis-a-vis a successful implementation of the plan.
# To make necessary recommendations from time to time regarding those things which are deemed necessary for facilitating the execution of these functions. Such recommendations can be related to the prevailing economic conditions, current policies, measures or development programmes. They can even be given out in response to some specific problems referred to the commission by the central or the state governments.

==Social media==
In March 2013, Planning Commission launched a massive social media campaign for spreading Awareness about 12th Five Year Plan. It was followed by a series of [[Google+ Hangouts]] and a Plan Hackathon. By September 2013, it had made a considerable presence on social media with over a hundred thousand [[Twitter]] followers and a considerable size on [[Facebook]], [[YouTube]], [[SlideShare]], and [[Instagram]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Planning Commission of India gets over 1 Lakh followers on Twitter|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/planning-commission-of-india-gets-over-1-lakh-followers-on-twitter/|access-date=22 September 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Investment commission of India]]
* [[Five-Year Plans of India]]
* [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance, Government of India]]
* [[Finance Commission of India]]
* [[NITI Aayog]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://planningcommission.gov.in/ Official Homepage]

{{Indian commissions}}
{{Economy of India topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Nehru administration]]
[[Category:Economic planning in India]]
[[Category:Indian commissions and inquiries]]
[[Category:2014 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Defunct government agencies of India]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1950]]
[[Category:Government agencies disestablished in 2014]]

Anegan (soundtrack)

2026-03-06T19:42:24Z

EmoryFigueroa: Adding new pg more to come

{{Short description|2014 soundtrack album by Harris Jayaraj}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Anegan
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| cover = Anegan soundtrack.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| released = 2 November 2014
| recorded = 2014
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 30:19
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]
| producer = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| prev_title = [[Yaan (film)|Yaan]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Nannbenda]]
| next_year = 2015
}}

'''''Anegan''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] for the 2015 film [[Anegan|of the same name]], starring [[Dhanush]] and directed by [[K. V. Anand]]. The album featured six songs composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]], with lyrics written by [[Vairamuthu]], [[Kabilan Vairamuthu]], [[Rokesh]] and [[C. S. Amudhan]]. The album was released by [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]] on 2 November 2014.

== Development ==
For the film's soundtrack and score, Anand roped in his regular collaborator Harris Jayaraj to compose the music thereby marking his first collaboration with Dhanush.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=4 August 2013 |title=Dhanush and Harris Jayaraj come together |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Dhanush-and-Harris-Jayaraj-come-together/articleshow/21594321.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326192844/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Dhanush-and-Harris-Jayaraj-come-together/articleshow/21594321.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=26 March 2015 |access-date=2 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> After his commitments on multiple films, by early-2014, he had begun composing the songs for the film in [[Paris]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-11-10 |title=Harris begins his 14th innings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harris-begins-his-14th-innings/articleshow/25549187.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260216092505/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harris-begins-his-14th-innings/articleshow/25549187.cms |archive-date=2026-02-16 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-04-09 |title=Harris's brush with Mozart |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/harriss-brush-with-mozart/articleshow/33456660.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412232749/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/harriss-brush-with-mozart/articleshow/33456660.cms |archive-date=2014-04-12 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> By May 2014, Jayaraj had begun recording a [[Folk music|folk]] number titled "Aathadi Aathadi" which was written by Vairamuthu.<ref>{{cite web|date=7 May 2014|title='Anegan' nearing completion|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/anegan-nearing-completion-news-tamil-ofhpEfjcicdsi.html?ref=subnav|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920092846/http://www.sify.com/movies/anegan-nearing-completion-news-tamil-ofhpEfjcicdsi.html?ref=subnav|archive-date=20 September 2014|access-date=18 August 2014|work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Anand suggested [[Bhavatharini]] to record vocals for the song as it suited her voice, and the team requested her to do so to which Bhavatharini agreed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-05-05 |title=Bhavatharini sings for Harris Jayaraj |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/bhavatharini-sings-for-harris-jayaraj/articleshow/34642811.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505043500/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/bhavatharini-sings-for-harris-jayaraj/articleshow/34642811.cms |archive-date=2014-05-05 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In June 2014, Jayaraj recorded another song titled "Roja Kadale" also written by Vairamuthu; the song was recorded by [[Shankar Mahadevan]], whom Harris had collaborated after ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]'' (2005).<ref>{{cite web |date=5 June 2014 |title=Harris Jayaraj and Shankar Mahadevan join hands again |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140605/entertainment-kollywood/article/harris-jayaraj-and-shankar-mahadevan-join-hands-again |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920093330/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140605/entertainment-kollywood/article/harris-jayaraj-and-shankar-mahadevan-join-hands-again |archive-date=20 September 2014 |access-date=26 August 2014 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Later that month, he had recorded a "peppy number"—later deciphered to be "YOLO (You Only Live Once)"—and was written by director [[C. S. Amudhan]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Ravi, Nandita |date=24 June 2014 |title=Amudhan turns lyricist for Anegan |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Amudhan-turns-lyricist-for-Anegan/articleshow/37084381.cms? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920093420/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Amudhan-turns-lyricist-for-Anegan/articleshow/37084381.cms |archive-date=20 September 2014 |access-date=24 August 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> This was his second song in his stint as a lyricist, as he previously wrote for "Maddy Maddy" from ''[[Minnale]]'' (2001), also composed by Jayaraj.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=2014-12-13 |title=Funny once more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/funny-once-more/article6688970.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118162059/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/funny-once-more/article6688970.ece |archive-date=2025-01-18 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-25 |title=Amudhan Plays Lyricist Again |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/Jun/25/amudhan-plays-lyricist-again-628695.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809212516/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/Jun/25/amudhan-plays-lyricist-again-628695.html |archive-date=2020-08-09 |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Regarding Amudhan's involvement, Anand said that as the song situation is based on how software employees wanting to have a chilled weekend, he searched for a lyricist who can capture the mood of the song, and ultimately zeroed on Amudhan whom he considered a "relaxed person at the core".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Karthik |date=2014-07-03 |title=A different take on the north, this August |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-different-take-on-the-north-this-august/article6174581.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123214805/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-different-take-on-the-north-this-august/article6174581.ece |archive-date=2025-01-23 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The [[dappankuthu]] number "Danga Maari Oodhari" was written by [[Rokesh]] and performed by Marana Gana Viji, in his maiden respectively stints as a songwriter and singer, while also featuring additional vocals from Dhanush and Naveen Madhav. Anand wanted Jayaraj to be devoid of western instruments and preferred him using local instruments like ''thaarai thappattai'' ({{Literal translation|traditional folk percussions}}) for an earthy touch.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=2015-02-11 |title=KV Anand spill the beans on 'Anegan' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kv-anand-spill-the-beans-on-anegan-news-tamil-pclmoIbacafcf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214054147/http://www.sify.com/movies/kv-anand-spill-the-beans-on-anegan-news-tamil-pclmoIbacafcf.html |archive-date=2015-02-14 |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> After the tune was composed, Anand wanted a lyricist who is proficient in the local slang on Tamil and conjured up around 150 words, out of which Rokesh's lines intrigued the director.<ref name=":1" /> Rokesh, who worked as a machine operator in [[Vyasarpadi]], used to write [[gaana]] songs as a hobby. He was briefed to write the song with words appropriate to a slum in the 1970s and had completed writing the lyrics within a day. But as the words were much alien to them, he would explain the lyrics one by one and would rewrite several times before the lyrics were finalised.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=2014-12-06 |title=A song from the slums |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-song-from-the-slums/article6667972.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417090021/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-song-from-the-slums/article6667972.ece |archive-date=2025-04-17 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Naveen Madhav, who recorded the vocals of the song claimed that the note was really high and had to strain his voice to make it pitch perfect, which in turn making his much different and unrecognizable.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I knew Danga Maari would become a rage: Naveen Madhav|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/I-knew-Danga-Maari-would-become-a-rage-Naveen-Madhav/articleshow/46163075.cms|access-date=2020-07-08|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|date=2015-02-08|last=P|first=Sangeetha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726120640/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/I-knew-Danga-Maari-would-become-a-rage-Naveen-Madhav/articleshow/46163075.cms|archive-date=2020-07-26|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2014, Jayaraj informed via [[Twitter]] that almost all the songs were completed.<ref name="TOIAn">{{cite news|date=26 August 2014|title=Harris Jayaraj on 'Anegan' and 'Thala55' audio|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Harris-Jayaraj-on-Anegan-and-Thala55-audio/articleshow/40907889.cms|access-date=26 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920093516/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Harris-Jayaraj-on-Anegan-and-Thala55-audio/articleshow/40907889.cms|archive-date=20 September 2014}}</ref> By October, Jayaraj had completed the [[Audio mixing|final mix]] of the songs.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-10-23 |title=Harris Jayaraj keeps Dhanush waiting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/harris-jayaraj-keeps-dhanush-waiting/articleshow/44697373.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260216102122/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/harris-jayaraj-keeps-dhanush-waiting/articleshow/44697373.cms |archive-date=2026-02-16 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The music rights were acquired by [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-26 |title=Sony Music is on a buying spree |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sony-music-is-on-a-buying-spree-news-tamil-oh0kzfgidbcei.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727234230/http://www.sify.com/movies/sony-music-is-on-a-buying-spree-news-tamil-oh0kzfgidbcei.html |archive-date=2014-07-27 |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
The track list was launched on 30 October 2014, featuring six tracks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2014 |title=Dhanush Anegan audio launch Nov 2 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-11-06/Dhanush-Anegan-audio-launch-Nov-10/115057 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260216045602/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-11-06/Dhanush-Anegan-audio-launch-Nov-10/115057 |archive-date=16 February 2026 |access-date=16 February 2026 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref> The film's soundtrack had [[soft launch]] on 2 November 2014 at the [[Suryan FM]] radio station followed by a physical release at the [[AGS Entertainment|AGS Cinemas]] multiplex chain in [[T. Nagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-25 |title=Anegan audio on November 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Anegan-audio-on-November-10/articleshow/45010904.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827134750/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Anegan-audio-on-November-10/articleshow/45010904.cms |archive-date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-02 |title='Anegan' audio launched |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/anegan-audio-launched-imagegallery-kollywood-olkk0Ljbjchcc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111015439/http://www.sify.com/movies/anegan-audio-launched-imagegallery-kollywood-olkk0Ljbjchcc.html |archive-date=2014-11-11 |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Before the release, the album was made available through [[iTunes]] on 1 November.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-11-02 |title=Dhanush's 'Anegan' music released |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dhanushs-anegan-music-launch/article6583011.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113083801/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dhanushs-anegan-music-launch/article6583011.ece |archive-date=2014-11-13 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-01 |title=Anegan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/anegan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/937694069 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718031858/https://music.apple.com/in/album/anegan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/937694069 |archive-date=2025-07-18 |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=[[iTunes]]}}</ref> The event was later broadcast at the ''Cut 2 Cut'' show premiered via [[Sun Music]] on 16 November 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-11-13 |title=Anegan audio launch on Sun Music |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/anegan-audio-launch-on-sun-music/articleshow/45215225.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260216111027/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/anegan-audio-launch-on-sun-music/articleshow/45215225.cms |archive-date=2026-02-16 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The soundtrack for the Telugu version ''Anekudu'' was released on 23 January 2015, at a promotional event held at Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2015 |title=Anekudu's audio to be launched today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Anekudus-audio-to-be-launched-today/articleshow/46185654.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214065822/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Anekudus-audio-to-be-launched-today/articleshow/46185654.cms |archive-date=2015-02-14 |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Track listing ==

=== Tamil ===
{{track listing
| headline = ''Anegan''
| extra4 = [[Shail Hada]], [[Ramya NSK]], Richard, MC Vickey, Eden
| title1 = Danga Maari Oodhari
| lyrics1 = [[Rokesh]]
| extra1 = [[Dhanush]], Marana Gana Viji, Naveen Madhav
| length1 = 5:42
| title2 = Roja Kadale
| extra2 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| length2 = 5:21
| lyrics2 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| title3 = Aathadi Aathadi
| lyrics3 = [[Kabilan Vairamuthu]]
| extra3 = [[Bhavatharini]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Dhanush, [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]
| length3 = 5:52
| title4 = YOLO – (You Only Live Once)
| lyrics4 = [[C. S. Amudhan]]
| total_length = 30:19
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title9 =
| title10 =
| extra5 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]
| length5 = 5:15
| title6 = Deivangal Ingae
| lyrics6 = Kabilan Vairamuthu
| extra6 = [[Sriram Parthasarathy]]
| length6 = 3:30
| title5 = Thodu Vaanam
| length4 = 4:39
| lyrics5 = Vairamuthu
}}

=== Telugu ===
{{track listing
| headline = ''Anekudu''
| extra4 = [[Shail Hada]], [[Ramya NSK]], Richard, MC Vickey, Eden
| title1 = Bandlaguda Rowdyki
| lyrics1 = Sahithi
| extra1 = Vandemataram Srinivas, Marana Gana Viji, Naveen Madhav
| length1 = 5:42
| title2 = Roja Kadali
| extra2 = [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| length2 = 5:18
| lyrics2 = [[Vanamali]]
| title3 = Ee Sinni Sinnari
| lyrics3 = Vanamali
| extra3 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Harini
| length3 = 5:50
| title4 = YOLO – (You Only Live Once)
| lyrics4 = Vanamali
| total_length = 30:07
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra5 = Srinivas, [[Shakthisree Gopalan]], Durga
| length5 = 5:12
| title6 = Deivamu Vundhi
| lyrics6 = Vanamali
| extra6 = [[Sriram Parthasarathy]]
| length6 = 3:27
| title5 = Yegise Nadhi
| length4 = 4:38
| lyrics5 = Vanamali
}}

== Reception ==
''[[The Times of India]]''-based critic gave 3 out of 5 to the album and stated "Harris and Anand made a fantabulous comeback with a string of songs encompassing different variety of genres of music."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-03 |title=Music Review: Anegan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Music-Review-Anekudu/articleshow/46211976.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308015456/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Music-Review-Anekudu/articleshow/46211976.cms |archive-date=2015-03-08 |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Siddharth K of ''[[Sify]]'' also provided the same rating and wrote "''Anegan'' is another regular Harris Jeyaraj fare where the tunes keep giving a déjà vu to the listeners [...] While songs like "Roja Kadale", "Thodu Vaanam" and "Danga Maari" impress, the remaining songs fall flat making it an album not on the same lines of ''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]'' and ''[[Maattrraan|Maatraan]]''."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Siddharth |date=2014-11-02 |title=Anegan audio review |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/anegan-audio-review-news-tamil-olkwsthchjbie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310090621/http://www.sify.com/movies/anegan-audio-review-news-tamil-olkwsthchjbie.html |archive-date=2015-03-10 |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

[[Karthik Srinivasan]] of ''[[Milliblog]]'' considered it a "mild improvement" in comparison to the composer's previous three outings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=2014-11-02 |title=Anegan (Music review), Tamil – Harris Jayaraj |url=https://milliblog.com/2014/11/10/anegan-music-review-tamil-harris-jayaraj/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701110355/https://milliblog.com/2014/11/10/anegan-music-review-tamil-harris-jayaraj/ |archive-date=2017-07-01 |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=[[Milliblog]]}}</ref> Vipin Nair of ''Music Aloud'' gave 7.5 out of 10 to the soundtrack and stated "The reuse/inspiration aspect notwithstanding, Anegan is the best soundtrack that Harris Jayaraj has produced for KV Anand from among their four outings together."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Vipin |date=2014-11-02 |title=Anegan – Music Review (Tamil Movie Soundtrack) |url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2014/11/10/anegan-music-review-tamil-movie-soundtrack/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115000412/https://www.musicaloud.com/2014/11/10/anegan-music-review-tamil-movie-soundtrack/ |archive-date=2014-11-15 |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=Music Aloud}}</ref> Anupama Subramanian of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote "Harris Jayaraj’s Danga Maari number is already a rage. All the other songs are okay."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2015-02-14 |title=Movie review 'Anegan': Dhanush's acting makes up for his plastic appearance |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150214/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-anegan-dhanushs-acting-makes-his-plastic |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216123526/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150214/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-anegan-dhanushs-acting-makes-his-plastic |archive-date=2015-02-16 |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Awards
! scope="col" | Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Reference column heading}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
|14 February 2016
|Favourite Song
|"Danga Maari Oodhari"
|{{Won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.astroulagam.com.my/KollywoodMasala/articledetails/tabid/4719/articleId/1812/9th-Edison-Award-2016 |title=Yuttha Medai 2015 winners performs at 9th Edison Award 2016 |publisher=[[Astro (television)|Astro Ulagam]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704075224/http://www.astroulagam.com.my/KollywoodMasala/articledetails/tabid/4719/articleId/1812/9th-Edison-Award-2016 |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=4 July 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.edisonawards.in/pages/pompous-occasion-details.php?id=28 |title=Edison Awards 2016 |publisher=[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706091650/http://www.edisonawards.in/pages/pompous-occasion-details.php?id=28 |archive-date=6 July 2017 |access-date=6 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[IIFA Utsavam]]
| rowspan="4" |[[1st IIFA Utsavam|24–25 January 2016]]
| rowspan="2" |Best Lyricist – Tamil
|[[Rokesh]] – ("Danga Maari Oodhari")
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iifautsavam.com/nominees-tam.html |title=IIFA Utsavam 2015 Nominees — Tamil |publisher=[[IIFA Utsavam]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704081611/http://www.iifautsavam.com/nominees-tam.html |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=4 July 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://iifautsavam.com/awards.html |title=IIFA Utsavam 2015 |publisher=IIFA Utsavam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704081617/http://iifautsavam.com/awards.html |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=4 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vairamuthu]] – ("Roja Kadale")
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil
|[[Dhanush]], Marana Gana Viji and Naveen Madhav – ("Danga Maari Oodhari")
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil
|[[Bhavatharini]] – ("Aathadi Aathadi")
|{{Nom}}
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |[[Mirchi Music Awards South]]
| rowspan="5" |27 July 2016
|Lyricist of the Year – Tamil
|[[Vairamuthu]] – ("Aathadi Aathadi")
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/tamil-2014/nomination-tamil-2015/ |title=Mirchi Music Awards South Nominations 2015 – Tamil |date=27 July 2016 |publisher=[[Mirchi Music Awards South]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171019181311/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/tamil-2014/nomination-tamil-2015/ |archive-date=19 October 2017 |access-date=19 October 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/tamil-2014/winners-tamil-2015/ |title=Mirchi Music Awards South Winners 2015 – Tamil |date=27 July 2016 |publisher=Mirchi Music Awards South |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019181502/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/tamil-2014/winners-tamil-2015/ |archive-date=19 October 2017 |access-date=19 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|Female Vocalist of the Year – Tamil
|[[Bhavatharini]] – ("Aathadi Aathadi")
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Mannin Kural – Male
| rowspan="2" |Marana Gana Viji – ("Danga Maari Oodhari")
|{{Won}}
|-
|Upcoming Male Vocalist of the Year – Tamil
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Upcoming Female Vocalist of the Year – Tamil
|[[Rokesh]] – ("Danga Maari Oodhari")
|{{Nom}}
|}

== Impact ==
The song "Danga Maari" emerged as a chartbuster after release.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-11-18 |title=Dhanush elated with Dangamaari |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/dhanush-elated-with-dangamaari/articleshow/45283219.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260216111412/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/dhanush-elated-with-dangamaari/articleshow/45283219.cms |archive-date=2026-02-16 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Director [[S. Shankar]] on his Twitter account, praised the song and its lyrics calling it an "instant hit".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-08 |title=Shankar's tears apart Dhanush's song |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Shankars-tears-apart-Dhanushs-song/articleshow/45155867.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115224648/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Shankars-tears-apart-Dhanushs-song/articleshow/45155867.cms |archive-date=2014-11-15 |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> "Danga Maari" became a breakthrough for the singer Marana Gana Viji and lyricist Rokesh as well.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2017-05-15 |title=Gana is the voice and language of people who are outcasts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/gana-is-the-voice-and-language-of-people-who-are-outcasts/articleshow/58670293.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020090640/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/gana-is-the-voice-and-language-of-people-who-are-outcasts/articleshow/58670293.cms |archive-date=2017-10-20 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Viji stated in an interview to ''The Times of India'' that "[Jayaraj] believed that someone as simple as me can sing that song and make it a hit. And the high point is that the song took me to even London and Toronto."<ref name=":2" /> Rokesh then wrote lyrics for popular songs such as "Dandanakka" from [[Romeo Juliet (2015 film)|''Romeo Juliet'']], "Maari Thara Local" from ''[[Maari (film)|Maari]]'', "Aaluma Doluma" from ''[[Vedalam]]'', and other songs.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-08-20 |title=What is madras baashai? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Made-in-Madras/article14585069.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029182509/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Made-in-Madras/article14585069.ece |archive-date=2019-10-29 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Harris Jayaraj}}
[[Category:2014 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:2010s film soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Harris Jayaraj soundtracks]]
[[Category:Sony Music India soundtracks]]
[[Category:Romance film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Action film soundtracks]]

Por Bazaar

2026-03-04T09:46:55Z

EmoryFigueroa: edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Por Bazaar
|image = Por Bazaar poster.jpg
|alt =
|caption = Film poster
|director = [[Manava Naik]]
|producer = Ashwini Ranjit Darekar
|story = Parag Kulkarni
|starring = [[Ankush Chaudhari]] [[Sai Tamhankar]] Swarangi Marathe Satya Manjrekar Anurag Worlikar Dharmaj Joshi Sakheel Parchure
|music = Shailendra Barve
|cinematography = Dhananjay Kulkarni
|editing = Apurva Ashish
|studio = ARD Entertainment & Video Palace
|distributor = Video Palace
|released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|09|19}}
|country = [[India]]
|language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|budget =
|gross =
}}

'''''Por Bazaar''''' ({{Translation|Child Trafficking}}) is a 2014 [[Marathi language|Marathi]] language [[Thriller film|thriller]] film which is produced by video Palace and directed by [[Manva Naik]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/por-bazar-marathi-focus-on-child-trafficking/|title=Por Bazar (Marathi) / Focus on child trafficking|date=26 September 2014|publisher=}}</ref> It stars [[Sai Tamhankar]], Swarangi Marathe, Satya Manjrekar, Anurag Worlikar, Dharmaj Joshi, Sakheel Parchure, and [[Ankush Chaudhari]] in negative role.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/ankush-chaudhari-takes-up-a-grey-character/|title=Ankush Chaudhari takes up a grey character|date=19 September 2014|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-after-riteish-deshmukh-salman-khan-and-shah-rukh-khan-farhan-akhtar-associates-himself-with-marathi-cinema-2021220|title=After Riteish Deshmukh, Salman Khan and Shah Rukh Khan, Farhan Akhtar associates himself with Marathi cinema - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=24 September 2014|publisher=}}</ref> [[Swapnil Joshi]] and [[Farhan Akhtar]] does a cameo in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/farhan-akhtar-debuts-in-a-marathi-film-por-bazaar/|title=Farhan Akhtar debuts in a Marathi film Por Bazaar|date=12 September 2014|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/impressed-with-por-bazaar-s-script-farhan-akhtar-agrees-to-do-a-cameo/story-WixisGg2nFxG9yQUsepwKN.html|title=Impressed with Por Bazaar's script, Farhan Akhtar agrees to do a cameo|date=17 September 2014|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.desimartini.com/news/bollywood/farhan-enters-marathi-film-industry-por-bazaar/article13826.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914040743/http://www.desimartini.com/news/bollywood/farhan-enters-marathi-film-industry-por-bazaar/article13826.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 September 2014|title=Farhan enters Marathi film industry with Por Bazaar|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/after-salman-farhan-does-a-cameo-in-marathi-film-por-bazaar/|title=After Salman, Farhan Does A Cameo In Marathi Film 'Por Bazaar' - Koimoi|first=Koimoi.com|last=Team|date=11 September 2014|publisher=}}</ref>

== Plot ==
One day, five college friends skip class and come across a house conducting seemingly strange activities. Soon, they find a bunch of innocent kids trapped inside and decide to investigate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/por-bazaar/movie-review/43001309.cms|title=Por Bazaar Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Ankush Chaudhari]] as Bhurabhai
* [[Sai Tamhankar]] as Shraddha Madam
* Chitra Nawathe as Bhurabhai's sidekick
* [[Swanand Kirkire]] as Manjiri's father
* Chinmayee Sumeet as Vishal's mother
* Prajakta Kulkarni as Manjiri's mother
* Swarangi Marathe as Manjiri
* Satya Manjrekar as Vishal
* Anurag Worlikar as Ajay
* Dharmaj Joshi as Samar
* Sakheel Parchure as Ragini
* Shantanu Gangane as Police Inspector

== Soundtrack ==
{{empty section|date=September 2020}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|7142424}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Por Bazaar}}
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2014 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2014 thriller films]]

Meghe Dhaka Tara (2013 film)

2026-03-04T00:25:35Z

EmoryFigueroa: article - done

{{Short description|Indian Bengali film by Kamaleshwar Mukherjee}}
{{About|the 2013 film|the 1960 film|Meghe Dhaka Tara (1960 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Meghe Dhaka Tara
| image = Meghe Dhaka Tara 2013 poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]]
| producer = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| writer = Kamaleswar Mukherjee
| story = Kamaleswar Mukherjee
| screenplay = Kamaleswar Mukherjee
| starring = [[Saswata Chatterjee]] [[Ananya Chatterjee]] [[Abir Chatterjee]] [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]] Joydeep Mukherjee Abhijit Guha Ritwik Chakrabarty Anindya Bose [[Mumtaz Sorcar]] [[Bidipta Chakraborty|Bidipta Chakrabarty]] [[Subhasish Mukhopadhyay]] [[Biswajit Chakraborty]] [[Debpratim Dasgupta]] [[Anirban Guha]]
| music = [[Debojyoti Mishra]] [[Salil Chowdhury]] [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| cinematography = Soumik Haldar
| editing = Rabiranjan Moitra
| studio = Shree Venkatesh Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|06|14|Kolkata}}
| runtime = 2 hours 32 minutes<ref name="ToI 19 June 2013" />
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Meghe Dhaka Tara''''' ({{Translation|Cloud Capped Star}};
{{IPA|bn|meːɡʱeː ɖʱaːkaː taːra}}) is a 2013 [[India]]n [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film directed by [[Kamaleswar Mukherjee]] and made under [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] banners. The film is inspired by the life and works of Bengali film director [[Ritwik Ghatak]].<ref name="KM interview">{{cite news|title=Kamaleswar's next film is 'Meghe Dhaka Tara'|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-12/news-interviews/33166731_1_kamaleswar-mukherjee-ritwik-ghatak-meghe-dhaka-tara |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922113657/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-12/news-interviews/33166731_1_kamaleswar-mukherjee-ritwik-ghatak-meghe-dhaka-tara |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 September 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="Ritwik Ghatak Meghe Dhaka Tara">{{cite news|title=Ritwik Ghatak Meghe Dhaka Tara|access-date=6 October 2012|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120616/jsp/entertainment/story_15616492.jsp#.UHCyfs95MxA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620081640/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120616/jsp/entertainment/story_15616492.jsp#.UHCyfs95MxA|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 June 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=India|date=16 June 2012}}</ref> The entire film is in black and white except the last scene which has been shot in colour.<ref name="মেঘে ঢাকা ঋত্বিক" /><ref name="MDT VF 11 May 2013">{{cite web|title=Meghe Dhaka Tara|url=http://www.venkateshfilms.com/blog/meghe-dhaka-tara-2/|publisher=Venkatesh Films|access-date=18 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="ঋত্বিকের জীবন নিয়ে তৈরি ছবি 'মেঘে ঢাকা তারা’">{{cite news|title=ঋত্বিকের জীবন নিয়ে তৈরি ছবি 'মেঘে ঢাকা তারা'|url=http://www.mzamin.com/details.php?nid=NTQ3Njg=&ty=MA==&s=MjI=&c=Mjk=|access-date=18 May 2013|newspaper=Manab Jamin}} {{in lang|bn}}</ref> In this film [[Saswata Chatterjee]] plays the character of [[Nilkantha Bagchi]] and [[Ananya Chatterjee]] plays the role of Durga, Nilkantha's wife. The film was released on 14 June 2013. Besides giving an account of Ghatak's life, the film also depicts the socio-political environment of contemporary [[West Bengal]] during the [[Tebhaga movement|Tebhaga]] and [[Naxalite]] movements.

''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'', after a special screening of the film in November 2012, wrote in their review that this film had potential to become a "classic" film. The acting of Saswata Chatterjee as Nilkantha Bagchi was widely appreciated too.

== Plot ==

The story of the film starts in 1969 and deals with Ritwik Ghatak's time spent in a mental asylum. It shows Nilkantha being admitted to mental asylum under the supervision of Doctor S. P. Mukherjee. S. P. Mukherjee learns that the Prime Minister of India knows Nilkantha and is fond of his works and may request the hospital authority to take special care of him. In the hospital, a police officer sees Nilkantha and tells Doctor Mukherjee that he is a wasted drunkard. Another patient of hospital mocks Nilkantha as a "disgraced intellectual". Even while he was undergoing treatment in the hospitals, he writes a play and stages it with other asylum patients.

The film shows how Durga (Nilkantha's wife) wants to leave him saying "separation is essential". Nilkantha witnessed partition of Bengal and its devastating effect and in his youth became attracted towards communism. Throughout the film, Nilkantha's mental agony, struggles, inner contradictions, disappointments as well as financial troubles faced by him are shown. He clearly tells, it is not possible for him to make entertaining or commercial films. During a discussion, Nilkantha asks Doctor Mukherjee that should a man perform ''[[mujra]]'' at a time when the society is burning? He also tells Doctor Mukherjee that he is a "people's artist" and that is his job.

The film also shows the atmosphere of Bengal during ''[[Tebhaga movement|Tebhaga]]'' and Naxalite movements. A scene has been shown in the film where a book named "How to be a good communist?" is burning. This scene symbolises Ghatak's dissatisfaction with India's communist politics. When Durga tells Nilkantha that they don't have a single rupee to run the family, Nilkantha readily replies, it is not money but it is one's work which will remain forever.

== Credits ==

=== Cast ===
{{multiple image

| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| width =
| footer = [[Mrinal Sen]] ''(left)'' was a close friend of Ghatak in real life. In this film, Anindya Bose plays Sen's character. [[Abir Chatterjee]] ''(centre)'' plays Doctor S. P. Mukherjee, a psychiatrist. In this film during a heated conversation Nilkantha directly asks Doctor Mukherjee that does he recommend someone to perform the dance (''mujra'') when the society is burning. [[Mumtaz Sorcar]] ''(right)'' plays [[Supriya Devi]]'s role. Supriya Devi portrayed Neeta in Ghatak's ''[[Meghe Dhaka Tara (1960 film)|Meghe Dhaka Tara]]'' (1960)


| image1 = Mrinal-sen.jpg
| width1 = 101
| alt1 =


| image2 = Abirc.jpg
| width2 = 116
| alt2 =


| image3 = Mumtaz Sorcar.jpg
| width3 = 139
| alt3 =

}}
* [[Saswata Chatterjee]] as [[Nilkantha Bagchi]]
* [[Ananya Chatterjee]] as Durga
* [[Abir Chatterjee]] as Doctor S. P. Mukherjee
* [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]] as [[Anil Chatterjee]]
* Joydeep Mukherjee as [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
* Abhijit Guha as [[Salil Choudhury]]
* Padmanabha Dasgupta as [[Kali Banerjee]]
* [[Anindya Bose]] as [[Mrinal Sen]]
* [[Mumtaz Sorcar]] as [[Supriya Devi]]
* [[Bidipta Chakrabarty]] as [[Shobha Sen]]
* [[Subhasish Mukhopadhyay]] as [[Bijon Bhattacharya]]
* [[Biswajit Chakraborty]] as Charuprakash Ghosh
* [[Shantilal Mukherjee]]
* Anirban Guha
* [[Arup Kumar Ganguly]] as Freedom Fighter
* [[Anindya Banerjee]] as Patient in Mental Asylum
* Debpratim Dasgupta as Patient in Mental Asylum

== Production ==

=== Development ===
{{Quote box
|quote = ''The reason my film is called "MDT" is because Nilkantha, despite being a star, is covered in clouds. The title will also create a connection between Ghatak and his character, Neelkantha.''
|source = Kamaleswar Mukherjee in an interview<ref name="KM interview" />
|align = right
|width = 30%
|border = 1px solid
|fontsize =
|bgcolor = #E9F6F7
|tstyle =
|qalign = center
|qstyle =
|quoted = 1
|salign = right
}}
Director Kamaleswar Mukherjee wanted to pay tribute to film-maker Ritwik Ghatak and decided to make this film which is a fictional account of a filmmaker's life and the filmmaker's character is inspired by Ritwik Ghatak's life and works.<ref name="KM interview" /> He told, he got inspiration from all of Ghatak's works and his life, Ghatak's ''[[Meghe Dhaka Tara (1960 film)|Meghe Dhaka Tara]]'' (1960)<ref name="MDT 1960 arthouse">{{cite web|title=MDT 1960 arthouse|url=http://www.arthousecinema.in/2013/03/meghe-dhaka-tara/|publisher=Art House Cinema|access-date=21 May 2013}}</ref> was one of them.<ref name="KM interview" /> This film was Mukherjee's second films as a director after ''Uro Chithi'' which was a box-office failure.<ref name="KM interview" /><ref name="লাইটস, ক্যামেরা, প্যারাসিটামল">{{cite news|title=লাইটস, ক্যামেরা, প্যারাসিটামল|url=http://anandabazar.com/archive/1121128/28ananda-plus6.html|access-date=18 May 2013|newspaper=Anandabazar Patrika|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502184659/http://anandabazar.com/archive/1121128/28ananda-plus6.html|archive-date=2 May 2013}} {{in lang|bn}}</ref> At first the film was named ''Jwala'' (meaning, "pain" or "agony").<ref name="Jwala Bengali movie">{{cite web|title=Jwala Bengali movie|url=http://www.bhalobasa.in/articles/158910/Jwala--Bengali-Movie-on-Ritwik-Ghatak|publisher=Bhalobasa.in|access-date=7 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026172102/http://www.bhalobasa.in/articles/158910/Jwala--Bengali-Movie-on-Ritwik-Ghatak|archive-date=26 October 2012}}</ref> About the title of the film Mukherjee told, despite being a film director Ghatk's life was capped with clouds which creates a connection between Ghatak and Nilkantha, the protagonist of the film.<ref name="KM interview" />

Mukherjee used the following books to do the research works for the film—<ref name="লাইটস, ক্যামেরা, প্যারাসিটামল" />
# ''Ritwik Tantra'' {{in lang|bn}} written by Sanjay Mukhopadhyay
# a) ''Ritwik'' and b) ''Padma theke Titash'' {{in lang|bn}} written by Surama Ghatak, Anushtup publication
# ''Chalachitra, Manush o Aro Kichu'' {{in lang|bn}} written by Sanjay Mukhopadhyay, Dey's Publishing, {{ISBN|81-295-0397-2}}.
# ''Ritwik Ghatak'' {{in lang|bn}} by Rajat Roy
# a) ''Ritwik ekti nadir naam'' and b) ''Sakshat Ritwik'' {{in lang|bn}} written by Sanghita Ghatak
# ''Ritwik-da, Salil-da'' {{in lang|bn}} written by Tushar Talukdar

=== Filming ===
[[File:Purulia rail station.JPG|thumb|left|Some of the most important scenes of the film were shot in [[Purulia]].<ref name="Ritwik Ghatak Meghe Dhaka Tara" />]]
The entire film is in black and white except the last scene which has been shot in colour. The scene is the film's climax too.<ref name="মেঘে ঢাকা ঋত্বিক" /><ref name="MDT VF 11 May 2013" /> The film was shot in Kolkata and [[Purulia District|Purulia]]. Some of the most important scenes of the film were shot in Purulia including a long rain scene where Ghatak too shot his last film ''Jukti Takko Aar Gappo''.<ref name="Ritwik Ghatak Meghe Dhaka Tara" /> Kamaleswar Mukherjee found the local people of Purulia enthusiastic and helpful.<ref name="Proloy strikes Raj crew">{{cite news|title=Proloy strikes Raj crew|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-12/news-interviews/37039941_1_purulia-bullet-raja-rampage|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616015953/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-12/news-interviews/37039941_1_purulia-bullet-raja-rampage|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2013|access-date=20 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 February 2013}}</ref> Some of the rehearsals were organized at Kolkata's ''Muktangan'' theatre.<ref name="Ritwik Ghatak Meghe Dhaka Tara" />

Film's director Kamaleswar Mukherjee told in an interview– "Neither is my film Ritwik's biopic nor is it a remake of his legendary film. It tells a story in a completely new style and has no similarity with the original. I'm inspired by all of Ghatak's works and his life; "MDT" is just one of them. The audience will realize this once they watch my film."<ref name="KM interview" />

Saswata Chatterjee described the film as a "dream project" and told his experiences during the shooting were incredible. He also told that he was amazed to see the amount of research works Kamaleswar Mukherjee did to direct this film.<ref name="বলিউড ডাকছে : শাশ্বত চট্টোপাধ্যায়">{{cite news|title=বলিউড ডাকছে : শাশ্বত চট্টোপাধ্যায়|url=http://my.anandabazar.com/content/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8-18|access-date=18 May 2013|newspaper=Anandabazar Patrika|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617020708/http://my.anandabazar.com/content/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8-18|archive-date=17 June 2013}} {{in lang|bn}}</ref>

=== Characters and casting===

==== Saswata Chatterjee as Nilkantha Bagchi ====
[[Saswata Chatterjee]] portrayed [[Nilkantha Bagchi|Nilkantha]]'s character in the film. Kamaleswar Mukherjee told in an interview that Saswata was their first choice for this role as he felt ''"Apu da"''<ref group="lower-greek">Nickname of Saswata Chatterjee is "Apu"</ref> was perfect to portray the character created by Ghatak. Mahendra Soni, one of the producers of the film, later told if Saswata had denied playing the character then they would have asked Kamaleswar Mukherjee to act the role himself as they knew Mukherjee had a theatre background and is a good actor too.<ref name="লাইটস, ক্যামেরা, প্যারাসিটামল" />

After playing the role of Bob Biswas in the film ''[[Kahaani]]'' Saswata received many similar offers, but he did not want to repeat his performance of Bob. When the offer of this film's protagonist role came to him he accepted. Chatterjee had already worked with film's director Kamaleswar Mukherjee before.<ref name="Bob’s Next Cut">{{cite news|title=Bob's Next Cut|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/bob-s-next-cut/968764/|access-date=7 October 2012|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=1 July 2012}}</ref> In an interview Chatterjee told that he tried and shed some bodyweight to fit in the character of Nilkantha.<ref name="Ritwik Ghatak Meghe Dhaka Tara" /> He told, he watched a lot of Ghatak's films and documentaries to understand his body language.<ref name="Bob’s Next Cut" />

Chatterjee told in an interview that during the shooting he became so involved with his character that he even faced difficulties to talk to his wife Mohua at that time.<ref name="A few scenes of Meghe Dhaka Tara gave me jitters: Saswata Chatterjee">{{cite news|title=A few scenes of Meghe Dhaka Tara gave me jitters: Saswata Chatterjee|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-04/news-interviews/39739873_1_meghe-dhaka-tara-saswata-chatterjee-filmmaker|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715010025/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-04/news-interviews/39739873_1_meghe-dhaka-tara-saswata-chatterjee-filmmaker|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 July 2013|access-date=4 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 June 2013}}</ref>

==== Ananya Chatterjee as Durga ====
Ananya Chatterjee played the role of Durga, Nilkantha's wife.<ref name="Ritwik Ghatak Meghe Dhaka Tara" /> In the film ''Jukti Takko Aar Gappo'' too the name of Nilkantha's wife character was Durga. Kamaleswar Mukherjee selected Chatterjee to portray this role for her acting skill and Mukherjee found a type of seriousness in her expressions which were needed for the role. To prepare for this role, Chatterjee used to read the script of the film over and over again. She also used to spend time to understand Durga's feelings towards Nilkantha.<ref name="Up close personal">{{cite web|title=Meghe Dhaka Tara – Saswata, Ananya and Kamaleswar: Up Close and Personal|url=http://www.venkateshfilms.com/blog/meghe-dhaka-tara-saswata-ananya-and-kamaleswar-up-close-and-personal|publisher=Shree Venkatesh Film|access-date=24 May 2013}}</ref>

==== Doctor S. P. Mukherjee ====
Abir Chattejee played the role of psychiatrist Doctor S. P. Mukherjee. Doctor Mukherjee tries to find out Nilkantha's confusion.<ref name="Ritwik Ghatak Meghe Dhaka Tara" /><ref name="The cerebral star">{{cite news|title=The cerebral star|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130428/jsp/graphiti/16834187.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503095901/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130428/jsp/graphiti/16834187.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 May 2013|access-date=18 May 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph}}</ref> This was an important character in the film. Ananya Chatterjee later told in a light mode— "actually, in this film, Abir is like Saswata’s wife because they are together in most of the scenes."<ref name="Ritwik Ghatak Meghe Dhaka Tara" />

==== Other characters ====
; Meenu
Meenu's character, inspired by [[Supriya Devi]], was played by [[Mumtaz Sorcar]].<ref name="Small roles, a big leap for actors of Meghe Dhaka Tara">{{cite news|title=Small roles, a big leap for actors of Meghe Dhaka Tara|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-12/news-interviews/39924078_1_ritwik-ghatak-kamaleswar-mukherjee-role|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619080156/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-12/news-interviews/39924078_1_ritwik-ghatak-kamaleswar-mukherjee-role|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 June 2013|access-date=12 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 June 2013}}</ref> Sorcar felt, portraying this role was a very difficult job, but, she thanked Kamaleswar Mukherjee for giving her independence to develop the character in her own way.<ref name="মুমতাজ এবার সুপ্রিয়া দেবী মুমতাজ এবার স্মৃতির সরণিতে">{{cite news|title=মুমতাজ এবার সুপ্রিয়া দেবী মুমতাজ এবার স্মৃতির সরণিতে|url=http://www.timesibengali.com/index.php/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87.html|access-date=18 May 2013|newspaper=Times Bengali}} {{in lang|bn}}</ref>

; Bikram
Bikram is a playwright, theatre director and actor. The character was inspired from Bijon Bhattacharya and was played by Subhasish Mukherjee.<ref name="Small roles, a big leap for actors of Meghe Dhaka Tara" />

; Gurudas
Gurudas is also a theatre actor and theatre activist like Nilkantha. The character was inspired by [[Kali Banerjee]] and played by Padmababha Dasgupta.<ref name="Small roles, big leap for actors of Meghe Dhaka Tara">{{cite news|title=Small roles, big leap for actors of Meghe Dhaka Tara|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-12/news-interviews/39924078_1_ritwik-ghatak-kamaleswar-mukherjee-role|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619080156/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-12/news-interviews/39924078_1_ritwik-ghatak-kamaleswar-mukherjee-role|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 June 2013|access-date=12 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 June 2013}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music of the film was composed by [[Debojyoti Mishra]].
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Bandar, Bandar, Bandar, Bandar
| note1 = Song
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = Anurup, Arijit
| length1 =

| title2 = Math Pathar, Gram Nagar, Bandare Toiri Hao
| note2 = Poem ''Shapath'', the actual line of the main poem is— ''(Tai)Gram Nagar, Math pathar, Bandare Toiri Hao''
| extra2 =
| lyrics2 = [[Salil Chowdhury]]
| length2 =

| title3 = Moder kono desh nai
| note3 =
| extra3 = Anurup Mallick
| lyrics3 =
| length3 =
}}

== Release ==
The film is released on 14 June 2013 in Kolkata with English subtitles.<ref name="Twitch release news">{{cite web|title=Electrifying First Trailer For Dark Bengali Film Meghe Dhaka Tara|url=http://twitchfilm.com/2013/05/electrifying-first-trailer-dark-bengali-film-meghe-dhaka-tara.html|publisher=Twitch|access-date=25 May 2013}}</ref> In an interview given in August 2012, Kamaleswar Mukherjee expected that the film would release in mid-October of that year, but the release got delayed because the production house of the film wanted to send it in different international film festivals first. The film was attempted to be sent at [[Cannes Film Festival]] and it was screened at [[Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref name="লাইটস, ক্যামেরা, প্যারাসিটামল" /> The film created much excitement before its release.<ref name="মেঘে ঢাকা ঋত্বিক" />

== Reception ==

=== Pre-release reception ===
After a special screening of the film in Kolkata, ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' published a review in their newspaper on 28 November 2012. In that review, the making of the film was widely appreciated and the film was tagged as an "authentic period film". The review highly praised Saswata Chatterjee's acting as Nilkantha and gave it "letter marks". They also felt Saswata Chatterjee's portrayal of Nilkantha was better than his previous popular character Bob Biswas of ''[[Kahaani]]''. The review predicted that this film had the potential to become a "cult" or "classic" film in future.<ref name="মেঘে ঢাকা ঋত্বিক">{{cite news|title=মেঘে ঢাকা ঋত্বিক|url=http://anandabazar.com/archive/1121128/28ananda-plus7.html|access-date=18 May 2013|newspaper=Anandabazar Patrika|date=28 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502184712/http://anandabazar.com/archive/1121128/28ananda-plus7.html|archive-date=2 May 2013}} {{in lang|bn}}</ref>

After watching this film in a closed preview, Bengali film director [[Raj Chakraborty]] cancelled editing works of his own film for that day. Raj Chakraborty later told— "how could I do editing works of my own film on a day in which I saw a film like ''Meghe Dhaka Tara''? I did not want to commit such a mistake!"<ref name="লাইটস, ক্যামেরা, প্যারাসিটামল" /> He also told that he was even ready to work as an assistant director to Kamaleswar Mukherjee who made such a film.<ref name="বলিউড ডাকছে : শাশ্বত চট্টোপাধ্যায়" />

After watching the film, Shrikant Mohta of Shree Venkatesh Films felt this was the best film made under their banners.<ref name="লাইটস, ক্যামেরা, প্যারাসিটামল" />

=== Post-release reception ===
The film received positive reviews from reviewers and critics. ''[[The Times of India]]'' commented in their review, though Ghatak's personal life was well-known, Mukherjee's fictional retelling of his life was interesting. They found the script of the film well-researched and the real-life characters like Bijon Bhattacharya, Sobha Sen, Supriya Devi were woven neatly. They stated, using color in only the last few scenes was a masterstroke.<ref name="ToI 19 June 2013">{{cite news|title=Meghe Dhaka Tara review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/bengali/movie-reviews/meghe-dhaka-tara/movie-review/20662825.cms|access-date=19 June 2013|newspaper=ToI|date= 19 June 2013}}</ref>

Bengali newspaper ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' widely appreciated the making of the film and gave it 8 out of 10 and commented Kamaleshwar Mukherjee should have come to film direction much earlier.<ref name="ঋত্বিক একটি বোধের নাম">{{cite news|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/archive/1130622/22cine.html|title=ঋত্বিক একটি বোধের নাম|access-date=22 June 2013|newspaper=Anandabazar Patrika|date=22 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628040856/http://www.anandabazar.com/archive/1130622/22cine.html|archive-date=28 June 2013}}</ref>

=== Awards ===

* Centenary Award at [[IFFI|International Film Festival of India, Goa 2013]]
* Silver Crow Pheasant Award for the Best Director at [[IFFK|International Film Festival of Kerala, 2013]]
* NETPAC Award [[IFFK|International Film Festival of Kerala, 2013]]<ref name="Awards at IFFK 2013">{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Golden-Crow-Pheasant-for-Parviz/2013/12/14/article1944764.ece?service=print|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222113131/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Golden-Crow-Pheasant-for-Parviz/2013/12/14/article1944764.ece?service=print|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2015|title=Awards at IFFK 2013|access-date=5 March 2014|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=5 March 2014}}</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[Chander Pahar (film)|Chander Pahar]]''

== References ==

=== Footnotes ===
{{Reflist|group=lower-greek}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{external media
| float = right
| width =
| video1 = [//www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZT5UEzQeDGg#! Official trailer of the film at YouTube]
}}
* {{Official website|http://www.venkateshfilms.com/blog/bangla-cinema/meghe-dhaka-tara/}}

{{IFFI Silver Peacock - Special Jury Award and Special Mention|state=collapsed}}
{{Ritwik Ghatak}}
{{Kamaleshwar Mukherjee}}
{{Shree Venkatesh Films}}

[[Category:Ritwik Ghatak]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]]

Lalbakaiya river

2026-03-03T20:02:26Z

EmoryFigueroa: new - done

{{Short description|Transborder river flowing from Nepal to India}}
'''Lalbakaiya river''' is a transborder river flowing from hills of Nepal to India. It crosses the border at Balua Gowabari.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Springer| isbn = 978-981-10-2890-8| pages = 109–147| last = Ghimire| first = Motilal| title = Land Cover Change and Its Eco-environmental Responses in Nepal| chapter = Historical Land Covers Change in the Chure-Tarai Landscape in the Last Six Decades: Drivers and Environmental Consequences| location = Singapore| series = Springer Geography| accessdate = 2022-07-31| date = 2017| url = https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2890-8_5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| last = Thakur| first = Madan| title = Boat swept away by Lalbakaiya River; 15 come in contact (Update)| work = My Republica| accessdate = 2022-07-31| url = http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/48378/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| last = Acharya123himal| title = Maintenance of embankments of Bagmati and Lalbakaiya rivers after rain| work = Himal Sanchar| accessdate = 2022-07-31| date = 2021-06-11| url = https://himalsanchar.com/maintenance-of-embankments-of-bagmati-and-lalbakaiya-rivers-after-rain/}}</ref> Its two major tributaries are Bakaya river and [[Dhansar River|Dhansar river]].

==Conflict==
After flooding of the area, the locals of Banjaraha at Ishnath Municipality has been voicing to decommission the dam in the India side. Due to the dam, water level has raised and there is flooding every year. In July 2021, around 500 [[bigha]] of land was inundated. <ref>{{Cite web| last = Sureis| title = Banjaraha locals want Indian dam in Lalbakaiya River removed| work = The Himalayan Times| accessdate = 2022-07-31| date = 2019-08-05| url = https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/banjaraha-locals-want-indian-dam-in-lalbakaiya-river-removed}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of rivers of Nepal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Transborder rivers]]

V. L. Zaithanzama

2026-03-01T16:57:34Z

EmoryFigueroa:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}{{Infobox Indian politician|office =Member of the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]}}
'''V. L. Zaithanzama''' (born 30 July 1958)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mizoram Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.mizoramassembly.in/members/details/66 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.mizoramassembly.in}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Mizoram]]. He is an MLA from [[Aizawl West 3 Assembly constituency|Aizwal West 3 Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Tribes community, in [[Aizawl district|Aizwal District]]. He won the [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Zoram People's Movement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VL Zaithanzama , ZPM Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On VL Zaithanzama , Assembly Election Constituency Seat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/mizoram/assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/vl-zaithanzama-16017-4 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=Aizawl West III Election Result 2023 LIVE: How to check Mizoram Legislative Assembly poll winners, news - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/aizawl-west-iii-election-result-2023-live-zpms-vl-zaithanzama-wins-seat-by-over-4000-votes-18466111.htm |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Zaithanzama is from Sialhawk, [[Champhai district|Champhai District]], Mizoram. He is the son of late V.L. Siama. He completed Class 10 in 1978 at Mizo High School, Shillong.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=V. L. Zaithanzama(Zoram People's Movement):Constituency- AIZAWL WEST-III (ST)(AIZAWL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Mizoram2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=45 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Zaithanzama won from Aizwal West 3 Assembly constituency representing the [[Zoram People's Movement]] in the 2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election. He polled 9,202 votes and defeated his nearest rival, K. Lalsawmvela of the [[Mizo National Front]], by a margin of 4,582 votes. He first became an MLA winning the [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]] defeating [[Vanlalzawma]] of MNF, by a margin of 1026 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=Aizawl West-III Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: ZPM's V. L. Zaithanzama with 9202 defeats MNF's K. Lalsawmvela |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/aizawl-west-iii-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2471377-2023-12-04 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=Aizawl West III Election Result 2023 LIVE: How to check Mizoram Legislative Assembly poll winners, news - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/aizawl-west-iii-election-result-2023-live-zpms-vl-zaithanzama-wins-seat-by-over-4000-votes-18466111.htm |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zaithanzama, V. L.}}

[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Zoram People's Movement politicians]]
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Champhai district]]
[[Category:Mizo people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Aizawl]]

Shamita Das DasGupta

2026-02-24T15:20:22Z

EmoryFigueroa: Made a pg - done

{{distinguish||text = the seismologist [[Shamita Das]]}}
{{short description|American activist}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Shamita Das DasGupta
| image = Shamitadasdasguptaenews.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|February 1949}}
| birth_name = Shamita Das
| birth_place = India
| education = Sakhawat Memorial High School BS, MS, PhD [[Ohio State University]]
| occupation = Teaching, social activism
| spouse = [[Sujan Dasgupta |Sujan DasGupta]]
| children = [[Sayantani DasGupta]]
| notable_works = cofounder of [[Manavi - An Organization for South Asian Women|Manavi]]
}}

'''Shamita Das DasGupta''' ({{nee}} Das; [[Bengali people|Bengali]]: শমীতা দাশ দাশগুপ্ত; born February 1949) is an Indian-born American scholar and [[activism|activist]].<ref>[http://www.abbeville.com/interiors.asp?ISBN=0789203383&CaptionNumber=05 ''The Family of Women'' by Carolyn Jones and Todd Lyon] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217140052/http://www.abbeville.com/interiors.asp?ISBN=0789203383&CaptionNumber=05 |date=2012-02-17 }}</ref> A social activist since early 1970s, she co-founded [[Manavi - An Organization for South Asian Women|Manavi]] in 1985.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nriworld.com/achievers/display.asp?achname=Shamita%20Dasgupta |title=NRI world – the Platform for Global Indians |access-date=2009-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061123064948/http://www.nriworld.com/achievers/display.asp?achname=Shamita%20Dasgupta |archive-date=2006-11-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the first organization of its kind that focuses on [[violence against women|violence]] against South Asian women in the United States. A part-time teacher and full-time community worker, she has written extensively in the areas of [[ethnic group|ethnicity]], [[gender]], [[immigration]], and [[violence against women]]. Her books include: ''A Patchwork Shawl: Chronicles of South Asian Women in America'', ''Body Evidence: Intimate Violence Against South Asian Women in America'', ''Globalization and Transnational Surrogacy in India: Outsourcing Life'' and ''Mothers for Sale: Women in Kolkata’s Sex Trade''.{{cn|date=March 2024}}

==Background==
Married at an early age, she moved to the USA at the age of 19.<ref>[http://www.abbeville.com/interiors.asp?ISBN=0789203383&CaptionNumber=05 ''The Family of Women'' by Carolyn Jones and Todd Lyon] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217140052/http://www.abbeville.com/interiors.asp?ISBN=0789203383&CaptionNumber=05 |date=2012-02-17 }}</ref> She did her undergraduate and graduate studies at [[Ohio State University]]<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=An investigation of sex-role identity of women prisoners.|date=1979|language=English|first=Shamita Das|last=DasGupta|oclc = 6291331}}</ref> and received her PhD in [[developmental psychology]].<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Relations between women's gender identities and gender-associated activities in crime and occupation|date=1983|language=English|first=Shamita Das|last=DasGupta|oclc = 10128557}}</ref> She moved to New Jersey and taught at [[Rutgers University]] for several years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Media&PR |first=CPPR |date=2024-11-18 |title=Strengthening State Responses to Gender-Based Violence (GBV) - U.S. and Indian Perspectives |url=https://www.cppr.in/event/strengthening-state-responses-to-gender-based-violence-gbv |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=Centre for Public Policy Research (CPPR) |language=en-US}}</ref>

From her association with various women's organizations, she realized that South Asian women were generally ignored by the mainstream domestic violence organizations, so she decided to establish an organization that would focus on their unique issues. She co-founded [[Manavi - An Organization for South Asian Women|Manavi]], an organization for South Asian women, in New Jersey with five other women.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roy|first=Debjani|date=2012|title=South Asian Battered Women's Use of Force Against Intimate Male Partners|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801212461431|journal=Violence Against Women|volume=18|issue=9|pages=1108–1118|doi=10.1177/1077801212461431|pmid=23108807|s2cid=23695174|issn=1077-8012|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Activism and academia==
She describes herself as a community worker.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110723232738/http://www.oneamerica.net/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=9&products_id=61 One America celebrating our diversity], oneamerica.net. Accessed March 15, 2024.</ref> She has established herself as an academic through research and teaching. She has written numerous articles on south Asian women’s issues and collaborated with her physician daughter, [[Sayantani DasGupta]], on mother-daughter experiences. Currently she is an adjunct faculty member at the [[New York University School of Law]]. She serves on the editorial board of the "Violence against Women" journal.<ref>[http://www.sagepub.com/journalsProdEditBoards.nav?prodId=Journal200837 Sage Journal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104070522/http://www.sagepub.com/journalsProdEditBoards.nav?prodId=Journal200837 |date=2010-01-04 }}</ref> The recipient of many awards, including the [[Bannerman Fellowship]],<ref name=":0" /> she is on the boards of several national organizations.

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|title=The demon slayers and other stories: Bengali folk tales|publisher=[[Interlink Books]]|year=1995|isbn=978-1-56656-156-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZ6BAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book|title=A Patchwork Shawl: Chronicles of South Asian Women in America|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|year=1998|isbn=978-0-81352-518-1|url=https://archive.org/details/patchworkshawlch00dasg|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|title=Body Evidence: Intimate Violence against South Asian Women in America|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|year=2007|isbn= 978-0-81353-982-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DBoEAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book|title=Mothers for Sale: Women in Kolkata's Sex Trade|publisher=Dasgupta-Alliance|year=2009|isbn= 978-8-18211-051-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H9wGPwAACAAJ}}
* {{cite book|title=Globalization and Transnational Surrogacy in India: Outsourcing Life|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|year=2014|isbn=978-0-73918-742-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VvIInwEACAAJ}}

==References==
<references/>

==Further reading==
*{{cite web |title=Interview With Shamita Das DasGupta |url=http://saalt.org/blog-2/ |website=[[South Asian Americans Leading Together]] |accessdate=24 March 2018 |archive-date=May 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518133838/https://saalt.org/blog-2/ |url-status=dead }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dasgupta, Shamita Das}}
[[Category:American activists]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Ohio State University Graduate School alumni]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American people of Bengali descent]]
[[Category:Women writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American women writers]]
[[Category:American women non-fiction writers]]

Badagada Government High School, Bhubaneswar

2026-02-22T11:34:03Z

EmoryFigueroa: Adding new stub w/ sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Government High School, Badagada, Bhubaneswar
| image = Badagada_High_School_Gate_in_2008.JPG
| motto =
| established = 1963
| type =
| affiliation =
| grades = Class 6th to 10th
| president =
| principal =
| head_of_school = Basanti Panda
| dean =
| faculty =
| staff =
| enrollment = 500
| campus_type =
| campus_size =
| location = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord |20.252763|85.849609}}
| website =
}}

'''Badagada Government High School, Bhubaneswar''', is a high school in the capital city of [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]. The school was started in 1963 by the Government of Odisha. It is one of the oldest government schools in the city of Bhubaneswar along with the [[Capital High School, Bhubaneswar|Capital High School]], which was established a decade earlier. In 2013, Badagada Government High School, Bhubaneswar, celebrated its Golden Jubilee. The school is located at the corner of an old village called Badagada and a new housing complex built by [[Bhubaneswar Development Authority]] (BDA).

== Description ==

The school is strategically located at the corner of an old village called Badagada and a new housing complex built by [[Bhubaneswar Development Authority]] (BDA). It is called the Badagada BRIT Colony. BRIT stands for Bhubaneswar Regional Improvement Trust which was the initial version of [[Bhubaneswar Development Authority|BDA]].

Badagada High School is a [[Government of Odisha]]-owned high school in the capital city of [[Bhubaneswar]].<ref>Department of School & Mass Education, Government of Odisha, http://www.odisha.gov.in/schooleducation/Index.html</ref> It is led by a headmaster, but effective administration and the budget are the responsibility of the Department of School and Mass Education, Government of Odisha.<ref>Department of School & Mass Education, Government of Odisha, http://sme.odisha.gov.in/</ref>

The school has classes from 6th through 10th grades. It is affiliated to the [[Board of Secondary Education, Odisha]] of the Government of Odisha, which conducts the terminal 10th grade examination.<ref>Board of Secondary Education, Odisha, http://www.bseodisha.nic.in/</ref>

The typical class size is 50 students.

Teachers are appointed by the Government of Odisha.

== Headmasters ==

[[File:Badagada_High_School_Headmasters-List_in_2015.jpg|thumb|right|List of headmasters]]

These headmasters have served Badagada High School.
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* 2015-present: Basanti Panda
* 2013-2013: Chandrasekhar Das
* 2013-2013: Maheswar Sahoo
* 2010-2013: Chandrasekhar Das
* 2004-2010: Basanta Manjari Acharya
* 1998-2003: Pramilabala Mishra
* 1996-1997: Jaganath Mahapatra
* 1994-1996: Sashi Bhusan Mahapatra
* 1993-1994: Mamata Choudhury
* 1991-1993: Bhagirathi Routray
* 1989-1991: Guru Charan Pradhan
* 1989-1989: Charulata Pattanaik
* 1985-1989: Paramananda Das
* 1984-1985: Durga Charan Das
* 1984-1984: Sachidananda Mishra
* 1983-1984: Dayanidhi Mahapatra
* 1980-1983: Banambar Pattnaik
* 1977-1980: Bhagirathi Routray
* 1974-1977: Amritananda Panda
* 1971-1974: Syamsundar Mahapatra
* 1969-1971: Ananta Rath
* 1963-1969: Bhagirathi Routray
}}

== Gallery ==

<gallery class="center" mode=packed>
File:Badagada_High_School_Main_Front_Gate_in_2015.jpg|Main gate, 2015
File:Badagada_High_School_Main_Front_Building_in_2015.jpg|Main front building, 2015
File:Badagada_High_School_Golden_Jubilee_Gate_in_2013.jpg|Golden Jubilee Gate, established in 2013

File:Badagada_High_School_Gate_in_2008.JPG|Front gate, 2008
File:Badagada_High_School_Scout_Room_in_2008.JPG|Scout room, 2008
File:Badagada_High-School_1988_Gradutes_Group-Picture_1987.jpg|Selected graduates of 1988
</gallery>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Saraju Mohanty]], professor and director at the [[University of North Texas]], US

==See also==
* [[Puri Zilla School]]
* [[Secondary Board High School]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Schools in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Orissa]]

Riva Bubber

2026-02-10T03:05:54Z

EmoryFigueroa: starting first data nd citations

{{short description|Indian actress|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Riva Bubber
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai, India]]
| occupation = [[Model (profession)|Model]], actress
| years_active = 1996–2018
}}
'''Riva Bubber''' is an Indian actress.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-why-riva-doesnt-mind-aging-1042214 Why Riva doesn't mind aging - Entertainment - ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126191440/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-why-riva-doesnt-mind-aging-1042214 |date=26 November 2022 }}[[DNA India]]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131118213811/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-14/news/44031796_1_weight-mother-last-show You rarely get to play your age on TV: Riva Bubber - ] ''[[The Times of India]]''</ref><ref name="DOB">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k3/actor/rivabubber.htm |title=TV work is tremendously taxing but it gives a high that films can't offer |date=9 May 2002 |website=Indian Television Dot Com |access-date=12 December 2013 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125010437/http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k3/actor/rivabubber.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> After featuring in the Indian Arabic pop song [[Habibi Dah (Nari Narain)|Habibi Dah]] in 2001 Bubber made her debut as an actress with the role of Nikita in television series ''[[Kyun Hota Hai Pyarrr]]''. Afterwards, she joined ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' where she played the role of Damini. She is also known for her portrayal as Shabana Ghulam Haider in ''[[Beintehaa]]'', Vimmi in ''[[Preet Se Bandhi Ye Dori Ram Milaayi Jodi|Ram Milaayi Jodi]]'' and Priyamvada in ''[[Suryaputra Karn]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Bigg-Boss-season-Saath-7-Preetika-Rao-Jodha-Akbar-Naved-Aslam-Rituraj-Singh-Beintehaa-Colors-Riva-Bubber/articleshow/25828933.cms |title=Naved Aslam & Rituraj Singh in Beintehaa |website=The Times of India |date=15 November 2013 |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920144646/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Bigg-Boss-season-Saath-7-Preetika-Rao-Jodha-Akbar-Naved-Aslam-Rituraj-Singh-Beintehaa-Colors-Riva-Bubber/articleshow/25828933.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life==
Riva Bubber was born in [[Mumbai, India]] to Ruby Bubber.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}} She is of Punjabi descent and the youngest of three children.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Selva (film)|Selva]]'' || Kamini || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Credited as Reeva
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Roja Malare]]'' || Malarvizhi || Tamil || Credited as Reeva
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Pad Man (film)|Pad Man]]'' || Lakshmi Prasad's neighbour || Hindi ||
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
|-
| 2002–2004
| ''[[Kyun Hota Hai Pyarrr]]''
| Nikita / Nikki Sharma
|-
| 2003–2008
| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
| Damini Gautam Virani
|-
| 2004–2005
| ''Ayushmaan''
| Dr. Kavya
|-
| 2004–2005
| ''[[Karma – Koi Aa Rahaa Hai Waqt Badalney]]''
| Mrinal
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Kkavyanjali]]''
| Sonia
|-
| 2005–2006
| ''[[K. Street Pali Hill]]''
| Smriti / Simran / Damini resembles Mansi
|-
| 2010–2012
| ''[[Preet Se Bandhi Ye Dori Ram Milaayi Jodi|Ram Milaayi Jodi]]''
| Vimmy Bedi
|-
| 2013–2014
| ''[[Beintehaa]]''
| Shabana Ghulam Haider
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Suryaputra Karn]]''
| Priyamvada<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Riva-Bubber-makes-her-mythological-debut/articleshow/47769327.cms |title=Riva Bubber makes her mythological debut |website=The Times of India |date=23 June 2015 |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=8 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908022610/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Riva-Bubber-makes-her-mythological-debut/articleshow/47769327.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=1397442}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bubber, Riva}}
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

M. Ramkumar

2026-02-08T11:59:40Z

EmoryFigueroa: further cleanup intro for consistency further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = M.Ramkumar
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1968|04|18}}
| birth_place = Kumbakonam
| disappeared_date =
| disappeared_place =
| disappeared_status =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| monuments =
| other_names =
| citizenship =
| education = B.SC, M.A.
| alma_mater = Jamal Mohamed college, Trichy.
| occupation = Politician and [[agriculturist]]
| years_active = 1988–present
| employer =
| organization =
| agent =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| style =
| height =
| television =
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor = R.Duraikannu
| party =
| movement =
| opponents =
| boards =
| criminal_charge =
| criminal_penalty =
| criminal_status =
| callsign =
| awards =
| website =
| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
| module4 =
| module5 =
| module6 =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''M. Ramkumar''' is an Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from papanasam constituency.

He contested in the following year's 2001 as a Tamil manila congress candidate, 2006 and 2011 elections as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate. He was the chairman district panchayat ([[Thanjavur district]]) from 1996 to 2001.

In 2011 elections he had great chances of getting into the state cabinet (ministry) but due to great disappointment he lost with his rival [[R. Doraikkannu]] of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].

Where in the elections the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] and their alliance won a drastic seats of 203 pushing out the DMK even from the opposition party.

Even though being the closest associate of late [[G.K. Moopanar]] and his son [[G.K. Vasan]] there where a lot of speculations of M. Ramkumar rumouring he would turn heads towards the AIADMK.

In June 2016 Mr. Ramkumar joined the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam in the presence of the late Chief Minister [[J.Jayalalithaa]].

==Personal life ==
He was born on 18 April 1968 in [[Kumbakonam]], his parents are Mr.Maruthapillai & Mrs. Jaya Lakshmi, his father Mr. Maruthapillai was a Superintendent of police. He then was graduated from Jamal Mohamed college trichy. Having great interest in politics he joined in the Indian national congress led by Mr. GK.Moopanar.

== Political career ==
After starting his political journey as the staunch loyalist of [[G. K. Moopanar]], The TNCC president from 1976 to 1980, and again in 1988–89. Mr. Moopanar was a puissant AICC general secretary from 1980 to 1988. Moopanar founded the [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] in the year 1996 (TMC) party. Moopanar was a Rajya Sabha member when he died. Moopanar also shunned the Prime Minister's post offered to him in April 1997 after the fall of the United Front government led by H.D. Deve Gowda.

In 1991 Mr.Ramkumar was given various positions in the party's youth wing, And later in 1996 contested in the local body elections and held in leading positions in the district panchayat and later he contested and won the Assembly elections representing [[Papanasam]] constituency.

He was a close confidente of moopanar's family. Mr.Ramkumar was the chosen candidate for three consecutive terms by [[G. K. Moopanar]] in his own home town. Even though being the closest associates of moopanars family Ramkumar decided to join AIADMK, later he was invited by the late [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[Jayalalithaa]] to join [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].

In June 2016 Mr.Ramkumar joined the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam in the presence of the late Chief Minister [[Jayalalithaa|J.Jayalalithaa]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ex MLA Ramkumar joined AIADMK|last=Ex MLA Ramkumar joined AIADMK|first=Ex MLA Ramkumar joined AIADMK|date=14 June 2016|work=Ex MLA|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

Mr.Ramkumar was the barrier opener for most of the leaders of [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] to run out of the party and join [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramkumar, M}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Tamil Maanila Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]

Virat Hindustan Sangam

2026-02-02T10:30:34Z

EmoryFigueroa: new initial post more to come

{{Short description|Indian right-wing cultural organisation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Virat Hindustan Sangam
| formation = {{start date and age|8 April 2015}}
| logo = Virat Hindustan Sangam Logo.png
| logo_caption = Logo of VHS
| abbreviation = VHS
| founder = [[Subramanian Swamy]]
| type = [[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]]
| purpose = Hindu Renaissance
| region = India
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = [[Subramanian Swamy]]
| leader_title2 = General Secretary
| leader_name2 = Jagdish Shetty Arvind Chaturvedi
| website = {{URL|https://vhsindia.org/}}
}}
The '''Virat Hindustan Sangam''' ({{small|[[Abbreviation|abbr.]]}} {{Abbr|VHS|Virat Hindustan Sangam}}''')''' is an Indian [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] cultural organisation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-08|title=Subramanian Swamy launches Hindutva outfit 'Virat Hindustan Sangam'|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/subramanian-swamy-launches-hindutva-outfit-virat-hindustan-sangam-2189551.html|access-date=2022-02-05|website=Firstpost}}</ref> It was founded by [[Subramanian Swamy]] on 8 April 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-04-09|title=Swamy floats new outfit|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/swamy-floats-new-outfit-virat-hindustan-sangam/article7081994.ece|url-access=limited|access-date=2022-02-05|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Its stated objective is "to pave way for a Hindu Renaissance based on the concepts of Sanatana Dharma".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=About VHS|url=https://www.vhsindia.org/about-us|access-date=2022-02-05|website=Virat Hindustan Sangam}}</ref> It was established to push issues like building [[Ram Mandir]], scrapping [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]] and bringing [[Uniform Civil Code]].<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI|date=2015-04-08|title=BJP's Subramaniam Swamy launches Hindutva outfit|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/bjps-subramaniam-swamy-launches-hindutva-outfit/|access-date=2022-02-05|newspaper=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Betwa|date=2015-04-18|title=Subramanian Swamy's New Hindutva Outfit Is For English-Speaking, Social Media Savvy Indians|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/04/18/subramanian-swamy_n_7077126.html|access-date=2022-02-05|website=HuffPost}}</ref>

Sri Lankan politician [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]] had also addressed an event organised by VHS in 2018, where he said that war of 2009 was against terrorism and not against the Tamil community.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 August 2018|title=Former Sri Lankan President Rajapakse to visit New Delhi next month|url=https://ddnews.gov.in/national/former-sri-lankan-president-rajapakse-visit-new-delhi-next-month|access-date=2022-02-05|website=DD News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=13 September 2018|title=Sri Lanka's military did not wage ethnic war against Tamils, says ex-President Mahinda Rajapaksa|url=https://scroll.in/latest/894222/sri-lankas-military-did-not-wage-ethnic-war-against-tamils-says-ex-president-mahinda-rajapaksa|access-date=2022-02-05|website=Scroll.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Authority control}}{{Hindu Nationalism|state=collapsed}}
{{India-org-stub}}
[[Category:Organizations established in 2015]]
[[Category:Right-wing populism in India]]
[[Category:Hindutva]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in India]]

Vir Singh

2026-01-31T22:45:32Z

EmoryFigueroa: Made a bio - done

{{wikt|sa:वीरसिंह}}
'''Vir Singh/Veer Singh''' may refer to:

* [[Vir Singh (gymnast)]] (born 1930), Indian Olympic gymnast
* [[Vir Singh (writer)]] (1872–1957), poet and theologian
* [[Veer Singh Dhillon]] (1792–1842), Sikh warrior
* [[Veer Singh (politician)]], (born 1956), Indian politician from Bahujan Samaj Party, Member of Parliament - Rajya Sabha - Uttar Pradesh
* [[Veer Pratap Singh]] (born 1992), Indian cricketer
* [[Vir Bahadur Singh]] (died 1990), Indian politician
* [[Veersingh Bhuriya]], Indian politician
* Veer Pratap Singh, fictional character portrayed by Shah Rukh Khan in the 2004 Indian film ''[[Veer-Zaara]]''

==See also==
*[[Weerasinghe]], a Sinhalese surname
*''[[Veera Simha Reddy]]'', a 2023 Indian film by Gopichand Malineni

{{hndis|Singh, Vir}}

Arikuchi

2026-01-24T15:38:38Z

EmoryFigueroa: Adding basic info first draft

{{Short description|Villages in Nalbari district}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Arikuchi
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|26.3501|91.46466|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = Nalbari
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 56
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1,997
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 781339<ref>{{cite web |title=Arikuchi Pin Code - 781339, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search nalbari Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/assam/nalbari/arikuchi-pincode-781339.html |website=[[ABP News]] |access-date=11 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Arikuchi BO Pin Code, Nalbari, Assam |url=https://www.ndtv.com/tools/pincodes/assam/nalbari/arikuchi-bo |website=[[NDTV]] |access-date=11 January 2026}}</ref>
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]]
| area_code = 03624
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 303867
| footnotes =
| pushpin_map_alt = Nalbari district
| area_total_ha = 153.32
| registration_plate = AS-14
}}

'''Arikuchi''' is a census village in [[Barbhag]] [[revenue block|revenue circle]] of [[Nalbari district]], [[Assam]], India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sabha |first1=India Parliament Rajya |title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report |date=April 2003 |publisher=Council of States Secretariat |page=128 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Assam |first1=India Director of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook: Kamrup |date=1972 |publisher=[[Government of Assam]] |page=153 |language=en}}</ref> The village has population of 1,997, where 1,003 are males and 994 are females as per [[2011 Census of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=PCA: Primary Census Abstract C.D. Block wise, Assam - District Nalbari - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/41002/download/44633/PCA_CDB-1824-F-Census.xlsx |website=Census Digital Library |publisher=[[Census of India]] |access-date=5 January 2026}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Nalbari district]]
[[Category:Human settlement]]

Mhapan

2026-01-23T13:39:12Z

EmoryFigueroa: cleanup information for consistency for clarity

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Mhapan
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = mr
|settlement_type = Village
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|etymology =
|nickname =
|coordinates = 
|population_total =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = India
|subdivision_type1 = State
|subdivision_name1 = Maharashtra
|subdivision_type2 =
|subdivision_name2 =
|website = 
}}

'''Mhapan''' is a village surrounded by hillocks in [[Sindhudurg district]], [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref name=mapi/> Mhapan has its own shoreline, and it is around {{convert|12.9|km|mi|0}} from the famous [[Vengurla]] beach and is just a stone's throw away from the serene beaches of Khavane and Nivati. Mhapan has a population of 5,000.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}{{when|date=May 2012}} Mhapan panchkroshi (adjoining villages) contains approximate 15000 population under villages Khavane, Nivati, Malaiee, Kochra, Medha, Shriramwadi and Paat.

Mhapan has banking facility from Sindhudurg District Central Co-Operative Bank (Now- Sindhudurg Bank, Kotak Mahindra Bank and ATM facility by Bank Of India and Sindhudurg Bank. Mhapan has administrative police station 'Saagari Police station - Nivati) which controls all the surrounding villages of Mhapan having population approx. 25000.

The Mhapan post office pin code is 416522.<ref name=pin/> It has Cellular network coverage of BSNL service.

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="mapi">
"Map Of Mhapan, Mhapan Maps, Mhapan Village Map",
Indiamapped.com, 2012, webpage:
[http://www.indiamapped.com/maharashtra/sindhudurg/vengurla/mhapan/ MI].
</ref><ref name="pin">
"Mhapan Pin code 416522 | Post", India-pin-code.com, 2012, web:
[https://archive.today/20130126035850/http://india-pin-code.com/mhapan-416522.html IPCode].
</ref>
}}

[[Category:Villages in Sindhudurg district]]

Ma'arif

2026-01-20T05:21:08Z

EmoryFigueroa: data

{{Short description|Indian Urdu magazine}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox magazine
| title = Ma'arif
| image_file = First issue of Ma'arif.jpg
| image_caption = First issue
| editor = {{Unbulleted list|[[Zafarul Islam Khan]]|Umair al-Siddiq Nadvi|Kaleem Sifaat Islahi}}
| category = [[Theology]], Culture, [[Dawah]], Literature, Education
| frequency = Monthly
| publisher = [[Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy]]
| founded = {{start date|1916}}
| firstdate = July 1916
| country = India
| based = [[Azamgarh]]
| language = Urdu
| website = [https://shibliacademy.org/read-maarif- shibliacademy.org]
| issn = 0974-7346
}}
'''''Ma'arif''''' ({{langx|ur|معارف}}) is an Urdu literary magazine published by the [[Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy]] in Azamgarh. Its first issue appeared in July 1916, and the publication has continued since. The magazine was initially proposed by [[Shibli Nomani]], but following his death, it was established and launched by his student [[Sulaiman Nadvi]].

== Background ==
''Ma'arif'' was founded in July 1916 under the auspices of the Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy, which had been formally established in early 1915 based on plans prepared by Shibli Nomani. While Nomani conceived the magazine, it was implemented posthumously by [[Sulaiman Nadvi|Sulaiman Nadwi]], who became its first editor. The magazine was intended to serve as the Academy’s primary platform for scholarly engagement, addressing both classical and contemporary intellectual issues.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Nomani |first=Khursheed |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/dar-ul-musannifeen-ki-tareekh-aur-ilmi-khidmat-part-002-khursheed-nomani-ebooks |title=Dar-ul-musannifin Ki Tareekh Aur Ilmi Khidmat |publisher=Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy |year=2004 |volume=2 |location=India |pages=263 |language=ur}}</ref>

The founding editorial board included Sulaiman Nadwi as chief editor, alongside [[Abdul Majid Daryabadi]], Hafiz, and [[Abdul Salam Nadwi]]. The magazine’s scope encompassed a wide range of subjects, including philosophy, history, science, literature, poetry, and education. It also aimed to provide critical analyses of classical texts and curated scholarly extracts from journals published in Europe, Egypt, and Beirut.<ref name=":0" />

In its inaugural issue, Nadwi stated that the magazine sought to reinterpret and organize classical Islamic sciences through modern scholarly methods, document the historical development of Islamic knowledge, examine contemporary philosophical ideas, and offer reasoned articulations of Islamic beliefs. It also aimed to present biographies of notable scholars, emphasizing their independent reasoning ([[Ijtihad|ijtihād]]) and intellectual works, and to review rare or little-known Arabic texts.{{Sfn|Nomani|2004|p=264}}

Alongside its scholarly content, ''Ma'arif'' included literary essays, contemporary debates, and critical commentary to ensure accessibility for a broader readership. Its editorial philosophy was inspired by the integrative and reformative approaches of [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid-era]] scholars, aiming to preserve traditional knowledge while engaging with modern intellectual developments. Since its establishment, the magazine has functioned as a platform for academic inquiry, historical documentation, and intellectual discourse, contributing to the study of Islamic and Eastern scholarship.{{Sfn|Nomani|2004|p=265}}

== History ==
Since its launch in 1916, ''Ma’arif'' has been edited primarily by Sulaiman Nadwi, who managed all editorial responsibilities independently for many years. In 1920, Abdul Majid Daryabadi temporarily assumed editorial duties during Nadwi’s trip to Europe, and in 1936, [[Moinuddin Ahmad Nadwi]] oversaw day-to-day editing while Nadwi served as Chief Officer of Religious Affairs in Bhopal. In 1937, Riyasat Ali Nadwi also contributed as editor, writing articles and reviews that had previously been prepared by Nadwi. By 1949, Moinuddin Ahmad Nadwi was formally listed as co-editor, although he had previously managed editorial tasks in practice. ''Ma’arif'' has been published continuously for over a century, making it one of the longest-running Urdu magazines.{{Sfn|Nomani|2004|p=266–267}}

=== Editors ===
The following is a list of editors and editors-in-chief of ''Ma'arif'' since its inception in 1916.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Period
! Name(s)
! Position
! Reference
|-
| 1916 – 1949 || [[Sulaiman Nadvi]]|| Editor-in-chief || <ref name="Shafique">{{Cite book |last=Shafique |first=Suhail |title=Ishāriyah “Maʿārif”, Azamgarh |date=April 2006 |publisher=Qirtās, [[University of Karachi]] |isbn=969-8448-69-1|edition=First |location=[[Karachi]] |pages=14–16 |language=ur |trans-title=Index of “Ma’arif”, Azamgarh |chapter=Foreword by Nigar Sajjad Zaheer |chapter-url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/ishariya-maarif-azamgadh-ebooks#13}}</ref>
|-
| 1920 (for eight months, during Sulaiman Nadvi’s visit to Europe) || [[Abdul Majid Daryabadi]]|| Editor || {{Sfn|Nomani|2004|p=267}}
|-
| 1947 (for one year) || Riyasat Ali Nadvi || Editor || {{Sfn|Nomani|2004|p=267}}
|-
| 1949 – December 1974 || [[Moinuddin Ahmad Nadwi|Moinuddin Ahmad Nadvi]]|| Editor-in-chief || <ref name="Shafique" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shafique |first=Mohammad Suhail |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/wafiyat-e-marif-ebooks#322 |title=Wafiyāt-e-Maʿārif |date=June 2013 |publisher=Qirtās |isbn=978-969-9640-02-5 |location=[[Gulshan-e-Iqbal]], Karachi |page=323 |language=ur |trans-title=Obituaries of Ma’arif}}</ref>
|-
| January 1975 – September 1979 || Abdul Salam Qidwai Nadvi and [[Sabahuddin Abdur Rahman|Sabahuddin Abdur Rahman Nadvi]]|| Co-editors || <ref name="Shafique" />
|-
| October 1979 – November 1987 || Sabahuddin Abdur Rahman Nadvi || Editor-in-chief || <ref name="Shafique" />
|-
| December 1987 – February 2008 || Ziauddin Islahi || Editor-in-chief || <ref name="Shafique" /><ref name="Tariq">{{Cite book |last=Tariq |first=Mohammad |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/moulana-ziyuddin-islahi-hayat-o-khidmat-mohammad-tariq-ebooks#320 |title=Maulana Ziauddin Islahi: Hayāt o Khidmāt |date=October 2013 |publisher=Shibli Children School |location=[[Nizamabad, Uttar Pradesh]] |pages=319–320 |language=ur |trans-title=Maulana Zia-ud-din Islahi: Life and Services}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=February 2008 |editor-last=Islahi |editor-first=Ziauddin |title=Title page|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/maarif-shumaara-number-002-ziauddin-islahi-magazines-3#1 |journal=Ma'ārif |volume=181 |issue=2 |page=Front}}</ref>
|-
| March 2008 – October 2021 || [[Ishtiyaq Ahmad Zilli]] and Umair al-Siddiq Nadvi || Co-editors || <ref>{{Cite journal |date=March 2008 |editor-last=Zilli |editor-first=Ishtiyaq Ahmad |editor-link=Ishtiyaq Ahmad Zilli |editor2-last=Nadwi |editor2-first=Umair al-Siddiq |title=Title page|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/maarif-shumaara-number-003-ishtiyaq-ahmad-zilli-magazines#1 |journal=Ma'ārif |volume=181 |issue=3 |page=Front}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=October 2021 |editor-last=Zilli |editor-first=Ishtiyaq Ahmad |editor2-last=Nadwi |editor2-first=Umair al-Siddiq |title=Table of Contents |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/maarif-shumara-number-004-ishtiyaq-ahmad-zilli-mohammad-umair-al-siddiq-magazines-10#3 |journal=Ma'ārif |volume=208 |issue=4 |page=Front}}</ref>
|-
| November 2021 – March 2022 || [[Zafarul Islam Khan]] and Umair al-Siddiq Nadvi || Co-editors || <ref>{{Cite journal |date=November 2021 |editor-last=Khan |editor-first=Zafarul Islam|editor1-link=Zafarul Islam Khan|editor2-last=Nadwi |editor2-first=Umair al-Siddiq |title=Table of Contents |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/maarif-shumara-number-005-mohammad-umair-al-siddiq-zafrul-islam-khan-magazines-1#3 |journal=Ma'ārif |volume=208 |issue=5 |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=March 2022 |editor-last=Khan |editor-first=Zafarul Islam|editor2-last=Nadwi |editor2-first=Umair al-Siddiq |title=Table of Contents |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/maarif-shumara-number-003-mohammad-umair-al-siddiq-zafrul-islam-khan-magazines#3 |journal=Ma'ārif |volume=209 |issue=3 |page=3}}</ref>
|-
| April 2022 || Zafarul Islam Khan, Umair al-Siddiq Nadvi, and Kaleem Sifaat Islahi || Co-editors || <ref>{{Cite journal |date=April 2022 |editor-last=Khan |editor-first=Zafarul Islam|editor2-last=Nadwi |editor2-first=Umair al-Siddiq|editor3-last=Islahi |editor3-first=Kaleem Sifaat|title=Table of Contents |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/maarif-shumara-number-004-mohammad-umair-al-siddiq-zafrul-islam-khan-magazines#3 |journal=Ma'ārif |volume=210 |issue=4 |page=3}}</ref>
|-
| May 2022 – February 2023 || Zafarul Islam Khan and Umair al-Siddiq Nadvi || Co-editors || <ref>{{Cite journal |date=May 2022 |editor-last=Khan |editor-first=Zafarul Islam|editor2-last=Nadwi |editor2-first=Umair al-Siddiq |title=Table of Contents |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/maarif-shumara-number-005-mohammad-umair-al-siddiq-zafrul-islam-khan-magazines#3 |journal=Ma'ārif |volume=209 |issue=5 |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=February 2023 |editor-last=Khan |editor-first=Zafarul Islam|editor2-last=Nadwi |editor2-first=Umair al-Siddiq |title=Table of Contents |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/maarif-azamgarh-002-mohammad-umair-al-siddiq-zafrul-islam-khan-magazines#3 |journal=Ma'ārif |volume=210 |issue=2 |page=3}}</ref>
|-
| March 2023 – present || Zafarul Islam Khan, Umair al-Siddiq Nadvi, and Kaleem Sifaat Islahi || Co-editors || <ref>{{Cite journal |date=March 2023 |editor-last=Khan |editor-first=Zafarul Islam|editor2-last=Nadwi |editor2-first=Umair al-Siddiq|editor3-last=Islahi |editor3-first=Kaleem Sifaat|title=Table of Contents |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/maarif-azamgarh-003-mohammad-umair-al-siddiq-zafrul-islam-khan-magazines#3 |journal=Ma'ārif |volume=210 |issue=3 |page=3}}</ref>
|}

== Sources ==
* {{Cite thesis |last=Moosa |first=Mohmmad |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/471669 |title=Urdu Sahafat Mein Ulama Ke Khidmaat 1800 AD To 1960 AD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Panjab University]] |year=2022 |location=India |page=185–188 |language=ur |degree=PhD |hdl=10603/471669 |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218103508/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/471669 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Anjum |first=Suhail |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/deeni-rasail-ki-sahafati-khidmat-suhail-anjum-ebooks |title=Deeni Rasail Ki Sahafati Khidmat |publisher=Institute Of Objective Studies |year=2017 |location=New Delhi |pages=144–148 |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jilani |first=Atiq Ahmad |url=https://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/8699 |title=Risala "Ma'arif" ki Urdu Adabi Khidmat: Ek Tehqiqi o Tanqidi Jaiza}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Parveen |first=Naghma |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/127224 |title=Seerat Nigari mein Darul Hosannafeen Azamgarh ki Kidmat Ek Tehqiqi Jaiyza |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |degree=PhD |year=2016 |location=India |pages=30–34 |language=ur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508184632/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/127224 |archive-date=8 May 2019 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Nizamuddin |title=Darulmusannyafin Shiblee Ekademy Ka Aitihasik Addhyayan 1914 Se 1947 |degree=PhD |publisher=Department of History, [[Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/146535 |language=hi |pages=131–171 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924000424/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/146535 |archive-date=24 September 2025 |year=2015 |location=India |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Roquiya |first=Zainab |title=Darul Musannefin Ki Adbi Tasaneef Ka Tahqiqi Wa Tanqidi Jaiza |degree=PhD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/63563 |language=ur |pages=559–650 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214005710/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/63563 |archive-date=14 December 2016 |year=2014 |location=India |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Uddin |first=Shabab |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/daar-ul-musannifeen-ki-adabi-khidmat-ka-taaruf-shababuddin-ebooks |title=Daar-ul-musannifeen Ki Adabi Khidmat Ka Taaruf |publisher=Aseelah Offset Printer |year=2008 |location=India |pages=146–213 |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Al-Azami |first=Mohammad Ilyas |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/darul-musannefeen-ki-tarikhi-khidmat-mohammad-ilyas-al-azami-ebooks |title=Darul Musannefeen Ki Tarikhi Khidmat |publisher=Khuda Bakhsh Library |year=2002 |location=Patna |pages=262 |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nomani |first=Khursheed |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/darul-musannefin-azamgarh-ki-adbi-khidmat-khursheed-nomani-ebooks |title=Darul Musannefin Azamgarh Ki Adbi Khidmat |publisher=[[University of Mumbai]]; Maharashtra Urdu Academy |year=1977 |location=India |pages=290–329 |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/taaruf-daar-ul-musannifeen-shibli-academy-ebooks |title=Taaruf Daar-ul-musannifeen Shibli Academy |pages=24–25 |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Baharul Islam |first=Mohammad |title=Contribution of Syed Suliman Nadvi on Urdu Literature |publisher=University of Dhaka |year=2017 |location=Bangladesh |pages=185 |language=bn}}
* {{Cite book |last=Imran |first=Atif |title=Contribution of Syed Sulaiman Nadvi to Ismail studies |publisher=Department of Islamic Studies, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2020 |location=India |pages=22 |language=en |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/346360}}
* {{Cite book |last=Al-Azami |first=Mohammad Ilyas |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/allama-syed-suleman-nadvi-bahaisiyat-moarrikh-mohammad-ilyas-al-azami-ebooks |title=Allama Syed Suleman Nadvi: Bahaisiyat Moarrikh |publisher=Khuda Bakhsh Library |year=2001 |location=[[Patna]] |pages=246 |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hashim |first=Syed Mohammad |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/syed-sulaiman-nadvi-hayat-aur-adabi-karname-syed-mohammad-hashim-ebooks |title=Syed Sulaiman Nadvi : Hayat Aur Adabi Karname |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=1995 |location=India |pages=325–352 |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Mohammad Naeem |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/allama-syed-sulaiman-nadvi-shakhsiyat-wa-adabi-khidmaat-mohammad-naeem-siddiqi-ebooks |title=Allama Syed Sulaiman Nadvi: Shakhsiyat Wa Adabi Khidmaat |publisher=Maktaba-e-Firdaus Lucknow |year=1985 |location=India |pages=364–395 |language=ur |oclc=1082203243}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nadwi |first=Moinuddin Ahmad |author-link=Moinuddin Ahmad Nadwi |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/hayat-e-suleman-shah-moinuddin-ahmad-nadvi-ebooks |title=Hayat-e-Sulaiman |publisher=Maarif Press |year=1973 |isbn=9789380104386 |location=Azamgarh |pages=105, 592 |language=ur |oclc=846490920}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Abdullah |first=Shaikh |title=Syed Sulaiman Nadvi life and works |degree=PhD |publisher=Anjuman-I-Islam Urdu Research Institute Bombay, [[University of Mumbai]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/650364 |language=ur |pages=469–485 |year=1989 |location=India}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.rekhta.org/emagazines/maarif-azamgarh All issues of ''Ma'arif''] at Rekhta

[[Category:Deobandi Urdu magazines]]
[[Category:Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy]]
[[Category:Monthly magazines]]
[[Category:Urdu-language magazines]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1916]]
[[Category:Literary magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Religious magazines published in India]]

Mangrol, Gujarat

2026-01-20T05:11:17Z

EmoryFigueroa:

{{for|the city in Baran district|Mangrol, Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mangrol
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Gujarati
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.12|N|70.12|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Junagadh district|Junagadh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 18
| population_total = 55,094
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = [http://www.citypincode.in/GUJARAT/JUNAGADH/MANGROL__JUNAGADH_PINCODE 362225]
| registration_plate =GJ
| website = {{URL|gujaratindia.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mangrol''' is a town and a minor port in [[Junagadh district]] in the state of [[Gujarat]], western [[India]]. It was formerly the seat of the [[princely state]] of [[Mangrol State|Mangrol]]. Pin code of Mangrol is 362225.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypincode.in/GUJARAT/JUNAGADH/MANGROL__JUNAGADH_PINCODE|title=MANGROL JUNAGADH Pin Code, Search MANGROL JUNAGADH JUNAGADH PinCode|website=www.citypincode.in}}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:HOLIDAY CAMP MANGROL.jpg|thumb|Mangrol beach|left]]
Mangrol is located at {{Coord|21.12|N|70.12|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/09/Mangrol.html|title=redirect to /world/IN/09/Mangrol.html|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 18 [[metre]]s (59 [[foot (length)|feet]]).

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Mangrol had a population of 55,094. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Mangrol has an average literacy rate of 58%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 69%, and female literacy is 48%. In Mangrol, 16% of the population is under 6 years of age.

== Educational institutes ==
* Tower Pay Cen School - Very old Government primary school in city. DISE CODE 24120706402
* Tirupati school - Best Gujarati medium School in Mangrol
* Shri Shardagram - This historic valuable Institutional Campus is under Shri Bharat Sarswati Mandir Sansad, Mangrol.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmsmangrol.com|title=www.bmsmangrol.com|publisher=}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* MMEW High School in Government
The institution was established in 1973 by Shri Kulinbhai Desai & Smt Vasanti Bahen Desai.At present KG section & Std 1st to 12th classes run by the school management. The school has an excellent past, present and future. The school Pariwar is working hard to build the brilliant career of each students. "Service to the nation" is the motto of the institute.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}

== Fishing industry ==
Mangrol is an important harbour as far as the fish industry is considered. There are many fisheries located here and it exports to many European nations. The fishermen of Mangrol are infamous for being caught many-a-times by the Pakistan Coast Guard for entering their naval territories in search of fish.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Cities and towns in Junagadh district]]

Uppanar River

2026-01-14T05:04:37Z

EmoryFigueroa: Made a place - done

{{Distinguish|Uppar River|Uppala River}}{{Infobox river
| native_name = {{lang|ta|உப்பனாறு}}
| name_other =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| region = [[South India]]
| subdivision_type4 = Origin
| subdivision_name4 = Various
| mouth = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| mouth_location = [[Tharangambadi]] & [[Cuddalore]]
| mouth_elevation = 17.00m
| length = 70 kilometres (43.5 mi)
| image = Uppanar River.jpg
| image_size = 200
| image_caption = The Uppanar river near Manganallur Village, [[Mayiladuthurai district]], Tamil Nadu, flowing at the brim in June 2025.
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|11.018663|79.855439|region:IN-TN_type:waterbody|display=title}}
}}The '''Uppanar river''', is a significant [[distributary]] of the [[Kaveri|Cauvery River]] in flowing through the coastal [[Sirkazhi]] and [[Tharangambadi]] taluks of [[Mayiladuthurai district]], in the southern state of [[Tamil Nadu]], India.

The Uppanar distributary system includes several engineered branches, often designated as A, B, C, and D in government and hydrological records. The Uppanar Rivers A, C, and D flow through the Mayiladuthurai district, whereas Uppanar River B flows through the [[Cuddalore district]].

It forms part of the [[Chola Nadu|Cauvery delta]] system and supports irrigation, agriculture, and traditional fisheries. Several branches of the river exist, which are largely man-made [[canal]]s used for irrigation in the delta. The river ultimately drains into the [[Bay of Bengal]].

== Geography and Course ==

=== Uppanar River A ===
The Uppanar River A in [[Mayiladuthurai district]], originates from the main Uppanar canal upstream of the Tharangambadi–Poompuhar region. Its headworks are located near Pallupettai village on the Cauvery canal. A notable nearby feature at the point of divergence is the Vadavar (Vadavaru) canal junction. From its point of origin, the channel flows downstream toward the coastal belt of the Mayiladuthurai district before entering the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The river's mouth is situated near Tirumullaivasal in [[Tharangambadi]] taluk near Tirumullaivasal Beach.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title= |url=https://ccauvery.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Cauvery_River-Atlas_151025.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251126114128/https://ccauvery.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Cauvery_River-Atlas_151025.pdf |archive-date=2025-11-26 |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=ccauvery.org}}</ref>

=== Uppanar River B ===
The Uppanar River B in [[Cuddalore district]] originates from the southern outlet of [[Perumal Eri|Perumal Lake]], located west of Cuddalore town. From its source, the river flows northeast and then parallel to the coastline for much of its lower course, forming part of the district's drainage and estuarine system. The river eventually enters the Bay of Bengal at the Uppanar estuary near Sothikuppam Beach, south of [[Cuddalore]] Old Town. The estuary lies within a larger coastal complex where the Uppanar, Gadilam and Paravanar river systems interact.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chidambaram |first1=S. |last2=Nepolian |first2=M. |last3=Ramanathan |first3=A. L. |last4=Sarathidasan |first4=J. |last5=Thilagavathi |first5=R. |last6=Thivya |first6=C. |last7=Prasanna |first7=M. V. |last8=Srinivasamoorthy |first8=K. |last9=Jacob |first9=Noble |last10=Mohokar |first10=Hemant |date=2017-12-01 |title=An attempt to identify and estimate the subsurface groundwater discharge in the south east coast of India |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212609015300728 |journal=International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=421–433 |doi=10.1016/j.ijsbe.2017.07.007 |bibcode=2017IJSBE...6..421C |issn=2212-6090|hdl=20.500.11937/67614 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chidambaram |first1=S. |last2=Sarathidasan |first2=J. |last3=Srinivasamoorthy |first3=K. |last4=Thivya |first4=C. |last5=Thilagavathi |first5=R. |last6=Prasanna |first6=M. V. |last7=Singaraja |first7=C. |last8=Nepolian |first8=M. |date=2018-01-30 |title=Assessment of hydrogeochemical status of groundwater in a coastal region of Southeast coast of India |journal=Applied Water Science |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=27 |doi=10.1007/s13201-018-0649-2 |bibcode=2018ApWS....8...27C |issn=2190-5495|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://nwm.gov.in/sites/default/files/Paravanar_Basin-05.07.17.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124092959/https://nwm.gov.in/sites/default/files/Paravanar_Basin-05.07.17.pdf |archive-date=2025-01-24 |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=nwm.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Uppanar River C ===
The Uppanar River C in the Mayiladuthurai district of Tamil Nadu. The branch diverges from the main Uppanar distributary toward the eastern sector, with its headworks located near Thirukadalmallai near Thirukkadaiyur. From its point of origin, the channel flows through '''Sirkazhi taluk''', with landmarks along or near its trace including the Thalai Sanga Nanmathiyam near [[Akkur, Mayiladuthurai|Akkur]], [[Tharangambadi]] taluk, which lies several kilometres downstream. The canal is also identifiable near Radhanallur village of Sirkazhi taluk, where its course continues through agricultural areas of the inland delta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayiladuthurai |url=https://www.twadboard.tn.gov.in/content/mayiladuthurai-district |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201032213/https://www.twadboard.tn.gov.in/content/mayiladuthurai-district |archive-date=2024-12-01 |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=twadboard.tn.gov.in |language=en |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

=== Uppanar River D ===
The Uppanar River D in the Mayiladuthurai district, diverges from the main Uppanar distributary slightly north of Tharangambadi, with headworks located near Elanthoppu village. A small [[Sluice|sluice gate]], locally known as the “Uppanar sluice”, regulates the flow at this point. From its origin, the branch extends inland through agricultural areas of Sirkazhi and Tharangambadi taluks, serving as an intermediate distribution channel within the dense canal network of the Cauvery delta. As with similar tail-end delta canals, it likely terminates by dispersing into agricultural fields or joining smaller lateral channels that eventually feed into coastal wetlands, estuaries, or the Bay of Bengal. The surrounding region includes mangroves, swamps, and seasonal freshwater inflows, with tail-end regulators helping to manage salinity and irrigation distribution.<ref name=":0" />

== Pollution and contamination ==
The ''Uppanar River C'' in [[Cuddalore district]], has been heavily affected by industrial pollution, especially from chemical and manufacturing facilities in the [[SIPCOT]] industrial area of [[Cuddalore]]. The region has been identified by state authorities as a highly polluted area, with widespread contamination of surface water and groundwater.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2015-06-11 |title=கடலூர் சிப்காட், இன்னொரு போபால்? – புவி |url=https://puvi.relier.in/2015/06/11/%e0%ae%95%e0%ae%9f%e0%ae%b2%e0%af%82%e0%ae%b0%e0%af%8d-%e0%ae%9a%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%aa%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%95%e0%ae%be%e0%ae%9f%e0%af%8d-%e0%ae%87%e0%ae%a9%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%a9%e0%af%8a%e0%ae%b0%e0%af%81/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=பிரிவு |first=இணையதளச் செய்திப் |date=2025-11-26 |title=கரூர் சம்பவம்: சமூக ஊடகங்களில் பதிவிட்டவர்கள், காவல் ஆய்வாளரிடம் சிபிஐ விசாரணை! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2025/Nov/26/karur-incident-cbi-probes-those-who-posted-on-social-media-police-inspector |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=செ.ஞானபிரகாஷ் |date=2020-07-08 |title=கழிவுகளால் மீன்கள் இறந்து மிதக்கும் உப்பனாறு; சீரழியும் மாங்குரோவ் காடுகள்: தடுக்காத புதுச்சேரி அரசு |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/563303-mangrove-forest.html |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref>

Industrial effluents have reduced agricultural productivity and affected traditional irrigation channels. Villages such as Eechangadu have reported significant crop losses, forcing many residents to take low-wage jobs in local industries. Fisherfolk have observed a decline in fish diversity; species counts have fallen from around 50 historically to only a few remaining species.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

Long-term exposure to pollutants has led to public health issues, including respiratory problems, skin and eye irritation, reproductive health complications, and chronic illnesses. Studies conducted by the '''National''' Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) in 2007 identified 14 types of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the area. At the time, about half of the industrial units were temporarily closed, but reopening could increase pollutant loads substantially. Local communities and environmental activists have advocated for stricter regulation, effluent monitoring, and comprehensive epidemiological studies to assess and mitigate health risks.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=M. P. Jonathan , S. Srinivasalu, N. Thangadurai, T. Ayyamperumal, J. S. Armstrong-Altrin, V. Ram-Mohan |year=2008 |title=Contamination of Uppanar River and coastal waters off Cuddalore, Southeast coast of India |url=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00254-007-0748-0 |journal=Environmental Geology |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=1391–1404 |doi=10.1007/s00254-007-0748-0 |bibcode=2008EnGeo..53.1391J |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=ந. வினோத் குமார் |date=30 May 2015 |title=கடலூர் சிப்காட், இன்னொரு போபால்? |url=http://tamil.thehindu.com/general/environment/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D/article7261665.ece |access-date=24 April 2016 |work=தி இந்து (தமிழ்)}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of rivers of Tamil Nadu]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Kaveri River}}{{Mayiladuthurai district}}{{Cuddalore district}}

[[Category:Tributaries of the Kaveri River]]
[[Category:Rivers of Tamil Nadu]]

Pethia dibrugarhensis

2026-01-05T09:51:48Z

EmoryFigueroa: starting basic article basic info

{{Short description|Species of freshwater fish}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| taxon = Pethia dibrugarhensis
| authority = Sharma, Vishwanath, Dishma, Borah & Das, 2025
}}

'''''Pethia dibrugarhensis''''' is a species of [[freshwater fish]] belonging to the family [[Cyprinidae]].<ref>{{Cite news|last= |first= |date=7 July 2025 |title=New fish species discovered in Brahmaputra named after Assam's Dibrugarh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/new-fish-species-discovered-in-brahmaputra-named-after-assams-dibrugarh-2752100-2025-07-07 |access-date=27 December 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> It was first described in the [[Dibrugarh district]] of [[Assam]], India, from which its name is derived.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Niti |last2=Vishwanath |first2=Waikhom |last3=Dishma |first3=Mayanglambam |last4=Borah |first4=Simanku |last5=Das |first5=B. K. |date=20 June 2025 |title=A New Species of the Genus Pethia (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from the Brahmaputra Drainage, India |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s40009-025-01691-6 |journal=National Academy Science Letters |language=en |doi=10.1007/s40009-025-01691-6 |issn=2250-1754|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://etyfish.org/smiliogastrinae/ | title = Family CYPRINIDAE: Subfamily SMILIOGASTRINAE Bleeker 1863 (Small Barbs) | access-date = 28 December 2025 | author1 = Christopher Scharpf | author2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | name-list-style = amp | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara | date = 16 November 2025}}</ref>

The species is found in small rivers and streams that have clear, slow flowing water. ''Pethia dibrugarhensis'' is a small [[Barb (fish)|barb]] known for its laterally compressed body and distinctive color markings.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 July 2025 |title=New fish species found in Brahmaputra named after Dibrugarh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/new-fish-species-found-in-brahmaputra-named-after-dibrugarh/articleshow/122255375.cms |access-date=27 December 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q137638061}}

[[Category:Pethia|dibrugarhensis]]
[[Category:Fish of India]]
[[Category:Fish described in 2025]]

{{Cyprinidae-stub}}

Golpura

2026-01-05T04:47:49Z

EmoryFigueroa: creating first data with sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Golpura
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.494748576178633 |N|76.78703521918804|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dewas district|Dewas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party = BJP
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = Ashish Sharma
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 455336
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07274
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MP.E2.80.94Madhya Pradesh|MP]]-41
| blank_name_sec1 =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Golpura''' is a village and a [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] in [[Dewas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Dulwa Village is a major agricultural production area in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. In the [[2011 Census of India]] its population was reported as 585.<ref>{{cite web |title=Golpura(474296) |website=2011 Census Data |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=531518|accessdate=9 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= village name and Language |website=Linguistic Survey of India|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2138/1/38109_2001_DEW.pdf|accessdate=9 February 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Dewas district]]

{{Dewas-geo-stub}}

Dhirendra Hiralal Waghela

2025-12-29T03:55:17Z

EmoryFigueroa: update

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1954)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = Justice
| birth_name = Dhirendra Hiralal Waghela
| image =
| office = Chief Justice of [[Bombay High Court]]
| term_start = 15 February 2016
| term_end = 10 August 2016
| office2 = 28th Chief Justice of [[Odisha High Court]]
| term_start2 = 13 April 2015
| term_end2 = 14 February 2016
| predecessor2 = [[Amitava Roy]]
| successor2 = [[Vineet Saran]]
| office3 = Chief Justice of [[Karnataka High Court]]
| term_start3 = March 2013
| term_end3 = 12 April 2015
| predecessor3 = K Shridhar Rao
| successor3 = Subhro Kamal Mukherjee (A)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1954|8|11}}
| birth_place = [[Rajkot]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Saurashtra University]]
| website =
}}

'''Dhirendra Hiralal Waghela''' (born 11 August 1954)<ref>{{cite news|title=Justice Pradip Kumar Mohanty|work=[[Daily News & Analysis]]}}</ref> is a retired Indian judge and a former Chief Justice of three [[high courts of India]]: [[Bombay High Court|Bombay]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/justice-waghela-takes-oath-as-chief-justice-of-bombay-high-court/articleshow/50992986.cms|title=Justice Waghela takes oath as Chief Justice of Bombay High Court|work=The Economic Times|date=15 February 2016 |accessdate=19 February 2016}}</ref> [[Odisha High Court|Odisha]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orissahighcourt.nic.in/cjudgesret.asp|title=Orissa High Court, Cuttack|accessdate=19 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707191453/http://www.orissahighcourt.nic.in/cjudgesret.asp|archive-date=7 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Karnataka High Court|Karnataka]].

==Education and legal practice==
Waghela stood first from [[Saurashtra University]] in General [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B]]. as well as in Special LL.B. in 1974 and 1975, respectively. He took his master's degree in law in 1976–77.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/justice-dhirendra-waghela-sworn-in-as-new-chief-justice-of-the-bombay-high-court-2626650.html|title=Justice Dhirendra Waghela sworn-in as new Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court|work=Firstpost|date=15 February 2016 |accessdate=19 February 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Waghela, Dhirendra Hiralal}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Bombay High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Karnataka High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Orissa High Court]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Recordist

2025-12-23T08:22:05Z

EmoryFigueroa: fixed issues

{{Short description|Annual Indian film award}}
{{more footnotes|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
The '''[[Kerala State Film Award]] for Best Sound Recordist''' winners:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Recipient(s)
! Film
!Ref
|-
|1979
|[[:ml:പി._ദേവദാസ്|P. Devadas]]
|
|
|-
|1980
|Viswanathan
|[[Lorry (film)|Lorry]], [[Orikkal Koodi|Orikkalkoodi]], [[Oppol]], [[Kolangal (1981 film)|Kolangal]]
|
|-
|1981
|[[:ml:പി._ദേവദാസ്|P. Devadas]]
|[[Elippathayam]], [[Pokkuveyil]]
|
|-
|1982
|[[:ml:പി._ദേവദാസ്|P. Devadas]]
|''Different films''
|
|-
|1983
| -
| -
|
|-
|1984
|[[:ml:പി._ദേവദാസ്|P. Devadas]]
|[[Mukhamukham]]
|
|-
|1985
|[[:ml:പി._ദേവദാസ്|P. Devadas]]
|
|
|-
|1986
|Selvaraj
|[[Onnu Muthal Poojyam Vare]]
|
|-
|1987
|[[:ml:ടി._കൃഷ്ണനുണ്ണി|T. Krishnanunni]]
|Purushartham
|
|-
|1988
|[[:ml:പി._ദേവദാസ്|P. Devadas]]
|[[:ml:പടിപ്പുര_(ചലച്ചിത്രം)|padippura]], Asthikal Pookkunnu
|
|-
|1989
|T. Krishnamoorthy
|
|
|-
|1990
|[[:ml:പി._ദേവദാസ്|P. Devadas]]
|[[Vembanad (film)|Vembanadu]]
|
|-
|1991
|Deepan Chettarjee
|[[Abhimanyu (1991 film)|Abhimanyu]]
|
|-
|1992
|Arun K. Bose
|[[Yodha (1992 film)|Yoddha]]
|
|-
|1993
|Arun K. Bose
|[[Ponthan Mada]]
|
|-
|1994
|[[:en:T._Krishnanunni|T.Krishnanunni]]
|[[Swaham|Swam]]
|
|-
|1995
|[[:en:T._Krishnanunni|T.Krishnanunni]]
|Kazhakam, Ormakalundayirikkanam
|
|-
|1996
|[[:en:T._Krishnanunni|T.Krishnanunni]]
|[[Desadanam]]
|
|-
|1997
|[[:en:T._Krishnanunni|T.Krishnanunni]]
|Janmadinam
|
|-
|1998
|[[:en:T._Krishnanunni|T.Krishnanunni]], Irshad Hussain
|[[Agnisakshi (1999 film)|Agnisakshi]]
|
|-
|1999
|Lakshmy Narayana, Bruno Tareere
|[[Vaanaprastham]]
|
|-
|2000
|[[N. Harikumar]]
|[[Mazha]]
|
|-
|2001
|Simon Selvaraj
|[[Sesham]]
|
|-
|2002
|N. Harikumar
|[[Nizhalkuthu]]
|
|-
|2003
|N. Harikumar
|[[Margam (film)|Margam]]
|
|-
|2004
|[[:en:N._Harikumar|N. Harikumar]]
|[[Perumazhakkalam]]
|
|-
|2005
|Ajith A. George
|[[Athbhutha Dweepu]]
|
|-
|2006
|N. Harikumar
|[[Drishtantham]]
|
|-
|2007
|[[:en:T._Krishnanunni|T._Krishnanunni]]
|[[Ottakkayyan]]
|
|-
|2008
|[[:en:T._Krishnanunni|T._Krishnanunni]], [[:en:N._Harikumar|N. Harikumar]]
|[[Oru Pennum Randaanum]]
|
|-
|2009
|N. Harikumar
|[[Patham Nilayile Theevandi]]
|
|-
|2010
|Shubdeep Sen Guptha
|[[Chitrasutram]]
|
|-
|2011
|[[M. R. Rajakrishnan]]
|[[Urumi (film)|Urumi]], [[Chaappa Kurish]]
|
|-
|2012
|M. R. Rajakrishnan
|[[Manjadikuru]]
|
|-
|rowspan="3" |2013
|Harikumar Madhavan Nair (Location sound)
|rowspan="3" | ''[[Kanyaka Talkies]]''
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|Rajeevan Ayyappan (Sound design)
|-
|N. Harikumar (Sound mixing)
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
|[[Sandeep Kurissery]], [[Jiji P Joseph|Jijimon Joseph]] (Location Sound)
|[[Oraalppokkam]]
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|Tapas Nayak (Sound design)
|[[Iyobinte Pusthakam]]
|-
|[[:en:N._Harikumar|N. Harikumar]] (Sound mixing)
|Various films
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
| Sandeep Kurissery, Jijimon Joseph (Location Sound)
| [[An Off-Day Game|Ozhivu Divasathe Kali]]
| rowspan="3" |
|-
| [[Renganaath Ravee]] (Sound Design)
| [[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]
|-
| [[M. R. Rajakrishnan]] (Sound Mixing)
| [[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|Charlie]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
| [[Jayadevan Chakkadath]] (Location/Live Sound)
| [[Kaadu Pookkunna Neram]]
| rowspan="3" |
|-
| Jayadevan Chakkadath (Sound Design)
| Kaadu Pookkunna Neram
|-
| [[Pramod Thomas]] (Sound Mixing)
| Kaadu Pookkunna Neram
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
| Smijith Kumar P. B. (Sync Sound)
| [[Rakshadhikari Baiju Oppu]]
| rowspan="3" |
|-
| [[Renganaath Ravee]] (Sound Design)
| [[Ee.Ma.Yau]]
|-
| Pramod Thomas (Sound Mixing)
| [[Aedan (film)|Aedan]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
| Anil Radhakrishnan (Sync Sound)
| [[Carbon (2018 film)|Carbon]]
| rowspan="3" |
|-
| Jayadevan Chakkadath (Sound Design)
| Carbon
|-
| [[Sinoy Joseph]] (Sound Mixing)
| Carbon
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
| [[Harikumar Madhavan Nair]] (Sync Sound)
| Nani
| rowspan="3" |
|-
| Sreesankar Gopinath, [[Vishnu Govind]] (Sound Design)
| [[Unda (film)|Unda]], [[Ishq (2019 film)|Ishq]]
|-
| Kannan Ganpat (Sound Mixing)
| [[Jallikattu (2019 film)|Jallikattu]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
| Adarsh Joseph Cherian (Sync Sound)
| Santhoshathinte Onnam Rahasyam
| rowspan="3" |<ref name="state">{{Cite web |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=16 October 2021 |title=51st Kerala State Film Awards: Here is the full list of winners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/51st-kerala-state-film-awards-here-is-the-full-list-of-winners/article37020599.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tony Babu]] (Sound Design)
| [[The Great Indian Kitchen]]
|-
| Ajith A. George (Sound Mixing)
| [[Sufiyum Sujatayum]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
| Arun Asok, Sonu K.P (Sync Sound)
| Chavittu
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Praveen |first=S.R |date=May 27, 2022 |title=Experimental cinema wins big at 52nd Kerala State Film Awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/experimental-cinema-wins-big-at-52nd-kerala-state-film-awards/article65467180.ece |website=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
| [[Renganaath Ravee]] (Sound Design)
| [[Churuli]]
|-
| Justin Jose (Sound Mixing)
| [[Minnal Murali]]
|-
| rowspan="3"|2022
| Vaishak P. V. (Sync Sound)
|[[Ariyippu]]
| rowspan="3"|
|-
|Ajayan Adat (Sound Design)
|[[Ela Veezha Poonchira]]
|-
|Vipin Nair (Sound Mixing)
|[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]
|-
| rowspan="3"|2023
|Shameer Ahamed (Sync Sound)
|[[O.Baby (film)|O.Baby]]
| rowspan="3"|
|-
|[[Jayadevan Chakkadath]], Anil Radhakrishnan (Sound Design)
|[[Ullozhukku]]
|-
|[[Resul Pookutty]], Sarath Mohan (Sound Mixing)
|[[The Goat Life|Aadujeevitham]]
|-
| rowspan="3"|2024
|Ajayan Adat (Sync Sound)
|''[[Pani (film)|Pani]]''
| rowspan="3"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/11/03/kerala-state-film-awards-2025-list-of-winners-live.html|title=Kerala State Film Awards 2025: Mammootty Best Actor, Shamla Hamza Best Actress, 'Manjummel Boys' is Best Film|work=OnlineManorama.com}}</ref>
|-
| Shijin Melvin, Abhishek Nair (Sound Design)
|rowspan="2"|''[[Manjummel Boys]]''
|-
| Fasal A Bhakkar, Shijin Melvin (Sound Mixing)
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120722074426/http://www.keralafilm.com/statefilm.htm Official website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232254/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm PRD, Govt. of Kerala: Awardees List]

{{Kerala State film Award}}

[[Category:Kerala State Film Awards]]

1590 in India

2025-11-22T19:47:15Z

EmoryFigueroa: improve section also and added references after review

{{More citations needed|date=July 2023}}
{{list incomplete|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{year in India|1590}}

Events from the year '''1590 in India'''.

==Events==
* Second battle of [[Rohinkhed]]
* Writing of the [[Akbarnama]]
* Paintings by [[Farrukh Beg]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The arts of the Mughal Empire · V&A |url=https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/the-arts-of-the-mughal-empire |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=Victoria and Albert Museum |language=en}}</ref>
* Paintings by [[Basawan]]
==Births==
* [[Virji Vora]], merchant (died around 1670)
==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Timeline of Indian history]]

{{india year nav}}
{{Year in Asia|1590}}

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1590 in India| ]]

{{India-year-stub}}

Jnana-Vijnana Yoga

2025-10-25T22:18:08Z

EmoryFigueroa: created details

{{Short description|Chapter 7 of the Bhagavad Gita}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{italic}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox religious text
|image=File:1800 CE manuscript copy, 2nd century BCE Bhagavad Gita, Schoyen Collection Norway.jpg
|image_size=
|alt=
|caption=1800 CE manuscript copy, 2nd century BCE [[Bhagvad Gita]], [[Schoyen Collection]] [[Norway]]
|religion=[[Hinduism]]
|verses=30
|author=Traditionally attributed to [[Vyasa]]
|language=[[Sanskrit]]
|date=
|chapters=
|name=Jnana-Vijnana Yoga
|previouslink=Atma-Samyama Yoga
|next=Akshara Brahma Yoga
|nextlink=Akshara Brahma Yoga
|previous=Atma-Samyama Yoga}}
The '''{{transliteration|sa|Jnana-Vijnana Yoga}}''' ({{Langx|sa|ज्ञानविज्ञानयोग|translit=Jñānavijñānayōga}}) is the seventh of the eighteen chapters of the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Amiya Bhushan |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1188954697 |title=Aristotle, Plato and Bhagvad Gita on the "Soul" In the Light Primarily of On the Soul, Phaedo and the Second Chapter of Bhagvad Gita |oclc=1188954697}}</ref> The chapter has a total of thirty [[shloka]]s. it is the 29th chapter of [[Bhishma Parva]], the sixth book of the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |translator-last=Cherniak |translator-first=Alex |title=Mahabharata Book Six |volume=1: Bhishma (Bhīṣmaparvan) |chapter=13–24 Shocking News: Bhishma fallen |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1bmzmj1.9 |pages=105–170 |publisher=NYU Press |date=2008|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1bmzmj1.9 |access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bhagavad Gita]]

{{Hinduism-stub}}

Pune–Ajni AC Superfast Express

2025-09-28T09:10:16Z

EmoryFigueroa: new basic entry basic info

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = D24E01
| name = Pune Junction – Ajni ''AC Superfast Express''
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| caption =
| type = [[AC Express (Indian Railways)|AC Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2017|05|12}}
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Pune}} (PUNE)
| stops = 8
| end = {{stnlnk|Ajni}} (AJNI)
| distance = {{convert|887|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 14 hours
| frequency = Weekly.
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 22123 / 22124
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|60|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map = [[File:(Nagpur - Pune) Express Route map.jpg|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 22123 / 22124 '''Pune–Ajni AC Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|AC express]] train of the AC Express series belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[Central Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Ajni}} in India.<ref>[http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3975&did=14941405840901C28F2D266024B91559FAB862CAB685F.web91], ''Central Railway'', 7 May 2017</ref>

It operates as train number 22123 from Pune Junction to Ajni and as train number 22124 in the reverse direction, serving the state of [[Maharashtra]].

==Coaches==

The 22123 / 24 Pune–Ajni AC Superfast Express has 9 AC 3 tier, 4 AC 2 Tier & 2 End on Generator coaches. It doesn't carry a [[pantry car]] .

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 16
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||EOG||H1||A4||A3||A2||A1||B9||B8||B7||B6||B5||B4||B3||B2||B1||EOG
|}

* EOG consists of Luggage and Generator coach
* B consists of AC 3 Tier coach
* PC consists of Pantry car coach
* A consists of AC 2 Tier coach
* H consists of First Class AC cCoach

==Service==

The 22123 Pune–Ajni AC Superfast Express covers the distance of {{convert|887|km|0|abbr=on}} in 14 hours (63.00 km/h) and in 15 hours 55 mins as 22124 Ajni–Pune AC Superfast Express (56.00 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is above {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare includes a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] surcharge.

==Routeing==

The 22123 / 24 Pune–Ajni AC Superfast Express runs from Pune Junction via {{stnlnk|Daund Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Manmad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Jalgaon Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}},{{stnlnk|Nandura}}, {{stnlnk|Akola Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Badnera Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Wardha Junction}} to Ajni.<ref>[http://www.nagpurtoday.in/prabhu-to-flag-off-regular-ajni-pune-ac-superfast-weekly-exp-on-may-9/05081450], ''nagpurtoday.in'', 8 May 2017</ref>

==Traction==

As the route is fully electrified, an [[Electric Loco Shed, Ajni|Ajni Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive powers the train up to its destination.

==Rake sharing==

*22117 / 22118 [[Pune–Amravati AC Superfast Express]]
*22125 / 22126 [[Nagpur–Amritsar AC Superfast Express]]

==Operation==

*22123 Pune–Ajni AC Superfast Express leaves Pune Junction every Friday & arriving Ajni on next day.
*22124 Ajni–Pune AC Superfast Express leaves Ajni every Tuesday & arriving Pune Junction on next day.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/pune-ajni-ac-sf-express-22123/23216/76/196 22123 AC Superfast Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/ajni-pune-ac-sf-express-22124/23215/196/76 22124 AC Superfast Express] at India Rail Info

{{AC Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pune-Ajni Intercity Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Pune]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Transport in Amravati]]
[[Category:AC Express (Indian Railways) trains]]

Sagara (Hinduism)

2025-08-19T04:19:12Z

EmoryFigueroa:

{{Short description|King in Hindu tradition}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}

{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| name = Sagara
| image = Sagara, a Vedic King and ancestor of Rama..jpg
| caption = Artistic depiction of Sagara
| dynasty = [[Suryavamsha]]
| spouse = Keshini and Sumati
| father = Bahuka also known as Jitshatru
| mother = Yadavi also known as Vijayadevi
| children = [[Asamanja]]sa (Keshini), 60,000 sons (Sumati)
| texts = [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]], [[Puranas]]
| region = Ayodhya
}}

'''Sagara''' ({{Langx|sa|सगर|lit=one who is born with poison|translit=Sagara}}) is a king of the [[solar dynasty|Suryavamsha]] dynasty in [[Hinduism]]. The son of [[Bahu (Bahuka)|Bahuka]], he ruled the city of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], with two wives, and 60,001 sons.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raman |first=Varadaraja V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sXXd87ATZnQC&dq=sagara+king&pg=PA166 |title=Bālakāṇḍa: Rāmāyaṇa as Literature and Cultural History |date=1998 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-746-3 |pages=166 |language=en}}</ref>

==Legend==

=== Birth ===
Saagar was born to Bāhuka, and his wife, Yadavi, at the [[ashram]]a of Sage [[Aurva]], while seeking refuge in the hermitage from the attacks of Tālajaṅgha, the king of [[Heheya|Hehaya]]. While Yadavi was in the seventh month of her pregnancy, her co-wife administered a poison to her, due to which she remained pregnant for seven years. When Bahuka died in the hermitage, Yadavi was ready to follow him in his funeral [[Sati (practice)|pyre]], but was prevented by Aurva, who promised her that her child would grow up to become a great and fortunate emperor. Yadavi delivered shortly. As the poison (''gara'') given to her by her co-wife had immobilised her pregnancy, [[Aurva]] named her son Sagara (Sa-with, gara-poison).<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-28 |title=Story of Aurva |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241427.html |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

=== Reign ===
[[Aurva|Sage Aurva]] conducted the [[Upanayana]] ceremony of Sagara, and taught him the [[Vedas]]. Once, Yadavi wept to hear the boy address the sage 'father', and when he enquired her of her sorrow, she told him about his real father and heritage. Sagara sought to win back his birthright.

The people of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], who lived in fear of Tālajaṅgha, sought the counsel of [[Vasishtha]], who advised them to bring Sagara back to reconquer the kingdom. The masses waited outside the ashrama of Aurva for five days to bring their plea to Sagara. With the blessings of the sage, and accompanied by the people, Sagara fought Tālajaṅgha, reconquered his kingdom, and crowned himself as the king.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-28 |title=Story of Sagara |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241901.html |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

=== Children ===
[[File:The sons of Sagara discover the stolen sacrificial horse grazing near Vasudeva, who had assumed the form of Kapila 1.jpg|thumb|The sons of Sagara discover the stolen sacrificial horse grazing near Vasudeva, who had assumed the form of Kapila]]
Sagara had two wives called Sumati and Keshini.

As he had no issue for long, Sagara, with his two wives, went to the [[Himalayas]], and started to perform [[Tapas (Indian religions)|tapas]] at the Bhṛguprasravaṇa mountain. After a century of thus, the sage [[Bhrigu]] appeared, and blessed Sagara that one of his wives would give birth to 60,000 sons, and the other to one, who would add to the glory of the dynasty. Sumati chose to bear the 60,000 sons, and Keshini decided to bear the one son. The sons of Sumati are described to be predicted to be unrighteous in character, while the son of Keshini would be righteous.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaturvedi |first=B. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8m441zg_KgC&dq=sumati+keshini&pg=PA74 |title=Vishnu Purana |date=2006 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7182-673-5 |pages=74 |language=en}}</ref>

The king and his queens returned to [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], and in due course, Keshini delivered one son called [[Asamanja|Asamañjasa]]. Sumati gave birth to a lump of flesh, which developed into 60,000 children after being cut into thousands of effulgent pieces by [[Shiva]].

Sagara embarked on a triumphal tour with his sons, and started a war of conquest. After conquering the northern regions of the land, he moved towards the south, his object being Māhiṣmatī, the kingdom of the [[Heheya Kingdom|Hehayas]]. He is stated to have destroyed the realm of his father's usurpers completely in battle.

=== Death of the Sagarputras ===
According to the [[Vishnu Purana]], King Sagara performed the [[ashvamedha]] [[yajna]] to establish his suzerainty of the earth. [[Indra]], the king of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]], grew fearful over the results of the yajna, and so he decided to steal the sacrificial horse near a mountain. He left the horse at [[Patala]] near the sage [[Kapila]], who was engaged in a deep meditation. King Sagara’s 60,000 sons, and his son [[Asamanja|Asamañjasa]], collectively known as the ''Sagarputras'' (Sons of Sagara) were commanded to find the horse. When the 60,000 sons circled the [[World Elephant|Ashtadiggajas]] and found the horse grazing near the sage, they made a great hubbub. When the furious sage opened his eyes to glare at them, they were immediately burned to ashes.<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp096.htm#page_378 Sons of Sagara] [[Vishnu Purana]] translated by [[Horace Hayman Wilson]], 1840, Book IV, Chapter IV. '''p. 378''' the gods repaired to the Muni '''Kapil'''a, who was a portion of Vishńu, free from fault, and endowed with all true wisdom. Having approached him with respect, they said, "O lord, what will become of the world, if these sons of '''Sagara''' are permitted to go on in the evil ways which they have learned from Asamanja! Do thou, then, assume a visible form, for the protection of the afflicted universe." "Be satisfied," replied the sage, "in a brief time the sons of Sagara shall be all destroyed."</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-28 |title=Story of Kapila |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241684.html |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

Generations later, one of Sagara’s descendants, [[Bhagiratha]], undertook the task of freeing the souls of his ancestors from Patala. He pursued this task by performing [[Tapas (Indian religions)|tapas]] to the goddess [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]], and succeeded in causing her to descend from [[Svarga]] upon the earth as the river [[Ganges]], and performing the funeral rites for the 60,000 perished sons at Patala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2022-09-01 |title=The Descent of the Gaṅgā; The Story of Kalmāṣapāda [Chapter 9] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-bhagavata-purana/d/doc1128848.html |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

=== Abdication ===
After the death of his sons, Sagara abdicated the throne of Ayodhya, anointing [[Amshuman]], the son of Asamañjasa, as his successor. He retired to the ashrama of Aurva, and started to perform a penance to cause the [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] to descend upon his son's ashes.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shastri |first1=J. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5HsDwAAQBAJ&dq=sagara+60000&pg=PA141 |title=The Narada-Purana Part 1: Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology Volume 15 |last2=Tagare |first2=Dr G. V. |date=2004-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3882-6 |pages=141 |language=en}}</ref>

== Jainism ==
In Jain tradition, Sagara was younger brother of Lord [[Ajitanatha]] (second [[Tirthankara]]).{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=72}} He was born to ''[[Kshatriya]]'' King Jitashatru and Queen Vijayanti (Yasomati) of [[Ikshvaku dynasty]] in [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]].{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=72}} He was the second [[Chakravartin]] ruler of [[Avasarpiṇī]] (present half of worldly time cycle as per [[Jain cosmology]]) who conquered the world with his seven jewels.{{sfn|Jacobi|2015|p=199}} His queens were Sumati and Bhadra.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=72}} He had sixty-thousand sons from his queens, Janhu being the eldest. Janhu flooded the Naga Kingdom with waters of river [[Ganga]]. This infuriated the Naga King who burnt all the sons of Sagara in anger. Sagara then place [[Bhagiratha]], his grandson, on throne and left for penance.{{sfn|McKay|2013|p=151}}{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=298}}

==See also==
* [[Bhagiratha]]
* [[Yayati]]
* [[Kapila]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
*{{citation|last=Jacobi|first=Hermann|author-link=Hermann Jacobi|title=The Uttarādhyayana Sūtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=As9CCgAAQBAJ|publisher=Kshetra Books|date=22 July 2015|isbn=978-1515192145}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{citation|last=McKay|first=Alex|title=Pilgrimage in Tibet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNFcAgAAQBAJ|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=16 December 2013|isbn=978-0-7007-0992-2}}
*{{citation|last=von Glasenapp|first=Helmuth|title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|date=1 January 1999|location=[[Delhi]]|isbn=81-208-1376-6}}
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Umakant P. |title=Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_y_P4duSXsC |date=1987 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=81-7017-208-X |ref={{sfnref|Umakant P. Shah|1987}} }}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last1=Mani|first1=Vettam|title=Puranic Encyclopaedia|url=https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft|date=1975|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=0842608222|pages=[https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/662 662–663]}}
*{{cite book|last1=Dowson|first1=John|title=A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History and Literature|date=1888|publisher=Trubner & Co|location=Ludgate Hill|pages=[https://archive.org/details/aclassicaldicti00dowsgoog/page/n297 271]–272|url=https://archive.org/details/aclassicaldicti00dowsgoog}}

{{HinduMythology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sagara}}
[[Category:Kings in Indian mythology]]
[[Category:Solar dynasty]]
[[Category:People in Jain texts]]

Tamal Bandyopadhyay

2025-07-19T04:21:30Z

EmoryFigueroa: Made a entry - done

{{short description|Indian business journalist|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| name = Tamal Bandyopadhyay
| birth_date = 18 March 1961
| birth_place = [[Midnapur]], [[West Bengal]], India
| alma mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
| occupation = Journalist, writer, columnist
| spouse = Rita Bandyopadhyay
| children = Sujan Bandyopadhyay
| credits = Banker's Trust
| agent =
| URL =
}}
'''Tamal Bandyopadhyay''' is an Indian business journalist, known for his weekly column on banking and finance Banker's Trust published in ''Business Standard'',<ref name=":0">[https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/tamal-bandyopadhyay-banking-on-m-as-106082401023_1.html Business Standard]</ref> a leading Indian business daily. He had started this column in ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'', an Indian business daily by [[HT Media|HT Media Ltd]].

He has authored seven books namely ''HDFC Bank 2.0: From Dawn to Digital''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/the-break-out-zone/hdfc-bank-20-no-stereotypes-here/story/362468.html|title=Hdfc Bank 2.0: No Stereotypes Here- Business News|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=8 July 2019 |access-date=2019-09-18}}</ref>'', From Lehman to Demonetization: A Decade of Disruptions, Reforms and Misadventures'',<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/0vN3UVeZADZIuImLrZL9jL/That-dreaded-word-Resign.html |title=That dreaded word: Resign - Livemint |date=17 November 2017 }}</ref> ''Bandhan: The Making of a Bank'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/recliner/bandhan-the-making-of-a-bank-highlights-chandra-shekhar-ghoshs-focus-vision/43669/1|title=Bandhan: The Making of a Bank highlights Chandra Shekhar Ghosh's focus, vision|website=forbesindia.com}}</ref> ''Sahara: The Untold Story'' and ''A Bank for the Buck,''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/11/27/an-indian-banks-success-story/ |title=An Indian Bank's Success Story – India Real Time – WSJ |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=27 November 2012 |accessdate=13 May 2014}}</ref> Pandemonium: The Great Indian Banking Tragedy,<ref name=":0" /> Roller Coaster: An Affair with Banking.<ref name=":1" /> ''Bandhan: The Making of a Bank'' has been translated into Bengali.

==Life and career==
A student of English literature (a postgraduate from [[Calcutta University]]), Tamal Bandyopadhyay began his career in journalism as a trainee journalist with ''[[Times of India]]'', in [[Mumbai]] in 1985. Subsequently, he has worked with four national financial dailies: ''[[The Economic Times]]'', ''[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]'', ''[[Business Standard]]'', and as a member of the founding team of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' in February 2007, going on to serve as its deputy managing editor and later as a consulting editor till September 2018. Currently he is a consulting editor of ''[[Business Standard]]'',<ref name=bs>{{cite news |title=Business Standard's consulting editor in LinkedIn Top Voices in India list |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/business-editor-s-consulting-editor-in-linkedin-s-top-voices-in-india-list-118111301660_1.html |accessdate=21 November 2018 |work=Business Standard India |date=13 November 2018}}</ref> a business daily where he served as deputy resident editor in Mumbai before joining ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]''.

He is also a senior adviser to [[Jana Small Finance Bank]]<ref name=bs /> Before this stint, he was an adviser at [[Bandhan Bank]] from August 2014.

Bandyopadhyay has been writing his weekly column ''Banker's Trust'' since February 2007. Between April and November 2011, he ran a 32-episode series on Bloomberg India TV, also called Banker's Trust, where senior central bankers, commercial bankers, and economists were interviewed every week.{{cn|date=August 2019}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hrFtVkCGTsYC |title=A Bank for the Buck |publisher=[[Jaico Publishing House]] |year=2013 |isbn=9788184953961 |oclc=823821380}}
* ''Anupam Meenrashi'' (2014)
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cf27AwAAQBAJ |title=Sahara The Untold Story |year=2014 |isbn=9788184955460 |location=Ahmedabad |oclc=883179164 |publisher=[[Jaico Publishing House]]}}
* ){{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIc_DAAAQBAJ |title=Bandhan The Making of a Bank |publisher=[[Penguin Books Limited]] |date=9 June 2016 |isbn=9789386057204}}
* {{Cite book |title=From Lehman to Demonetization |date=23 November 2017 |isbn=9789387326392 |publisher=[[Penguin Random House India Private Limited]]|oclc=1017756529 }}
*{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoWqDwAAQBAJ |title=HDFC Bank 2.0 |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |year=2019 |isbn=9789388423359}}
*{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0qohEAAAQBAJ |title=Pandemonium: The Great Indian Banking Tragedy |publisher=Roli Books |date=9 November 2020 |isbn=9788194643364}}
*{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GlKkEAAAQBAJ |title=Roller Coaster |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |date=10 January 2023 |isbn=9789393559586}}
(2023)

Bandyopadhyay's second book, ''Sahara: The Untold Story'', details the beginnings and the current day working of the secretive Sahara India Parivar.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bandyopadhyay|first1=Tamal|title=Excerpt from the book "Sahara: The Untold Story"|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/book-review---sahara-the-untold-story/1/201081.html|website=businesstoday.intoday.in|date=5 December 2013 |publisher=Jaico Publishers|accessdate=11 February 2015}}</ref> In December 2013, the [[Sahara India Pariwar]], moved [[Calcutta High Court]], got a stay on the publication of the book and filed a ₹2 billion defamation suit against the author and its publisher, Jaico Publishing House.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/sahara-slaps-rs-200-crore-libel-suit-against-mint-scribe-for-untold-story/article1-1172565.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114054002/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/sahara-slaps-rs-200-crore-libel-suit-against-mint-scribe-for-untold-story/article1-1172565.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 January 2014 |title=Sahara slaps Rs. 200-crore libel suit against Mint scribe for 'untold story' |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=13 January 2014 |accessdate=13 May 2014}}</ref> In April 2014, the parties reached an out of court settlement, following which the book carries a disclaimer by Sahara which says, among other things, the book has "defamatory content".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/jAsA4cFwmfK17Znzy8Q1MJ/Sahara-withdraws-case-against-Mint-journalists-book.html |title=Sahara withdraws case against 'Mint' journalist's book |publisher=Livemint |date=25 April 2014 |accessdate=13 May 2014}}</ref>

Tamal Bandyopadhyay is also a contributor to ''The Oxford Companion to Economics in India''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mrmlonline.com/?page=shop/flypage&product_id=2296758|title=The Oxford Companion to Economics in India}}</ref> and ''Making of New India: Transformation Under Modi Government.''

==Awards and recognition==

[[LinkedIn]] nominated Tamal Bandyopadhyay for three successive years (2015, 2016 and 2017) as one of the [https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/business-editor-s-consulting-editor-in-linkedin-s-top-voices-in-india-list-118111301660_1.html top voices] in finance. In 2018, he was nominated as one of the top 25 voices in India across sectors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/linkedin-top-voices-2018-india-linkedin-editors-india-/|title=LinkedIn Top Voices 2018: India|website=linkedin.com}}</ref>

He is a recipient of [[Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards|Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Award]] for commentary and interpretative writing for the year 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/ramnath-goenka-excellence-in-journalism-awards-full-winners-list-4991626/|title=Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards: Full list of winners|website=indianexpress.com|date=20 December 2017 }}</ref>

In 2021, his book Pandemonium: The Great Indian Banking Tragedy won the Tata Literature Live! Business Book of the Year Award. It also won the Best Business Book Award at the Kalinga Literary Festival and was acknowledged at the Skoch Literature Award 2021.<ref name=bs-tata>{{cite news |title=Tata Literature Live! Literary Awards for 2021 announced |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/tata-literature-live-literary-awards-for-2021-announced-121112301007_1.html |accessdate=13 October 2022 |work=Business Standard |date=23 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=bs-kfl>{{cite news |title=BS Columnist Tamal Bandyopadhyay wins KLF book award for 'Pandemonium |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/bs-columnist-tamal-bandyopadhyay-wins-klf-book-award-for-pandemonium-121091000612_1.html |accessdate=13 October 2022 |work=Business Standard |date=10 September 2021}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bandyopadhyay, Tamal}}
[[Category:Indian business and financial journalists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Journalists from West Bengal]]

Raja Paranjape

2025-05-27T23:16:45Z

EmoryFigueroa: basic cleanup references for accuracy and fixed typos

{{more footnotes|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{short description|Indian film actor and director}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Raja Paranjape
| image = RajaParanjapeImg.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Rajabhau Dattatraya Paranjpe
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1910|04|24}}
| birth_place = [[Miraj]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj]] (now [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1979|02|09|1910|04|24}}
| death_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| othername =
| occupation = Actor, Director, Producer and Writer
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| website =
}}
'''Rajabhau Dattatraya Paranjpe''' (24 April 1910 – 9 February 1979), known as '''Raja Paranjape''', was an Indian actor, director, producer and writer in the [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film]] and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]] industries.<ref name="toi1">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Watch-Raja-Paranjape-come-alive-on-screen-this-week/articleshow/5783423.cms |title=Watch Raja Paranjape come alive on screen this week |newspaper=Times of India | date=11 April 2010 | accessdate=5 October 2018}}</ref>
He started to produce Marathi films under the banner named Gajraj with [[Gajanan Digambar Madgulkar|G.D.Madgulkar]] and [[Sudhir Phadke]]. The super-hit Hindi film, ''[[Mera Saaya]]'', was a remake of his Marathi film, ''[[Pathlaag]]''.

==Career==
In a career spanning 40 years, Paranjape was associated with about 80 Marathi and Hindi films.<ref name="toi1" />

===Films as director (29 titles)===
{{columns-list|colwidth=18em|
#(1948) ''Balidaan''
#(1948) ''Do Kaliyan''
#(1948) ''Jeevacha Sakha''
#(1950) ''Jara Japun''
#(1950) ''Pudhcha Paool''
#(1951) ''Parijatak''
#(1951) ''Shrikrishna Satyabhama''
#(1952) ''[[Lakhachi Gosht]]''
#(1952) ''Pedgaoche Shahane''
#(1953) ''Chacha Chowdhury''
#(1954) ''Oon Paoos''
#(1955) ''Ganget Ghode Nhahale''
#(1956) ''Andhala Magto Ek Dola''
#(1956) ''Devghar''
#(1956) ''Gaath Padli Thaka Thaka''
#(1956) ''[[Pasant Aahe Mulgi (1956 film)|Pasant Aahe Mulgi]]''
#(1959) ''Baap Bete''
#(1960) ''[[Jagachya Pathivar]]''
#(1961) ''Aadhi Kalas Mag Paaya''
#(1961) ''Suvashini''
#(1962) ''Soniyachi Paoolen''
#(1963) ''Baiko Maheri Jaate''
#(1963) ''Haa Mazha Marg Eklaa''
#(1964) ''[[Pathlaag]]''
#(1965) ''Padchhaya''
#(1966) ''Gurukilli''
#(1966) ''Love and Murder''
#(1967) ''Kaka Mala Vachwa''
#(1969) ''Aadhar''
}}

===Films as actor (21 titles)===
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
#(1937) ''Kanhopatra''
#(1937) ''Pratibha Manduk''
#(1939) ''Life's for Living: AadmiMama'' (as Paranjpe)
#(1939) ''Manoos''
#(1942) ''Soonbai''
#(1944) ''[[Panna (film)|Panna]]''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rangoonwalla |first1=Firoze |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=26dZAAAAMAAJ |title=Indian Filmography: Silent & Hindi Films, 1897-1969 |last2=Das |first2=Vishwanath |date=1970 |publisher=J. Udeshi |pages=215 |language=en}}</ref>
#(1946) ''Sasurvaas''
#(1952) ''Lakhachi Gosht''
#(1952) ''Pedgaoche Shahane Kaka Shahane''
#(1952) ''Raag Rang''
#(1953) ''Chacha Chowdhury''
#(1954) ''Een Meen Sadeteen''
#(1954) ''Oon Paoos'' - (Bapu Master)
#(1960) ''Jagachya Pathivar''
#(1960) ''Hach Sunbaicha Bhau''
#(1963) ''Baiko Maheri Jaate''
#(1963) ''Bandini'' - (Kalyani's Father)
#(1963) ''Ha Majha Marg Ekla''
#(1969) ''Aadhar''
#(1971) ''Jal Bin Machhli Nritya Bin Bijli'' - (Chamay 'Royal' Roy)
#(1972) ''Piya Ka Ghar'' - (Gauri Shankar)
#(1973) ''Varhadi aani Vajantri'' - (Retired Mamledar - Groom's father)
#(1974) ''Us-Paar'' - (Mohan's Paternal Grandfather)
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0660938}}
* https://web.archive.org/web/20130424005744/http://www.rajaparanjapepratishthan.org/index.html
* https://www.flickr.com/photos/rashid_ashraf/43991175431/in/dateposted/

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paranjape, Raja}}
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Marathi film directors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:People from Sangli district]]
[[Category:Marathi film producers]]
[[Category:Marathi screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film producers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Film directors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]

{{india-film-bio-stub}}

Supedi

2025-05-15T21:32:05Z

EmoryFigueroa:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Supedi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.762|N|70.378|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rajkot district|Rajkot]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 360 440
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 2824
| registration_plate = GJ 3
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Supedi''' is a village located in the district of [[Rajkot]] in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]]. Its population is about 6946 persons, living in around 1750 households.<ref name="Supedi village">{{cite web|title=Supedi village|url=http://www.onefivenine.com/india/villages/Rajkot/Dhoraji/Supedi|accessdate=25 May 2013}}</ref>

Supedi is located about 9 km from [[Dhoraji]] and 10 km from [[Upleta]] on the banks of the [[Utavali River]]. Its high fort wall, small ghats and temples are major attractions.
[[File:Supedi Village from Utavali River.jpg|thumb|Supedi Village from Utavali River]]

== Transport ==
=== Air ===
[[Rajkot]] and [[Porbandar]] are the nearest [[List of airports in India|airports]].

=== Road ===
Supedi is on National Highway 8B. It connects Supedi with [[Rajkot]], [[Porbandar]], [[Jamnagar]], [[Gondal, India|Gondal]] and [[Jetpur, Navagadh|Jetpur]]. State transport corporation and private bus operators provide bus services.

=== Railway ===
Supedi railway station lies on the Wansjaliya-Jetalsar railway line that connects with [[Rajkot]], the nearest large city. Wansjaliya railway junction is west of Supedi and connects with [[Porbandar]], [[Jamnagar]]. [[Dhoraji]] railway station and [[Jetalsar]] railway junction are east of Supedi and connect with [[Rajkot]]. The railway line was metre gauge like all other tracks in Saurashtra and converted to broad gauge in 2011.

==Education==
*Shree Taluka Shala Supedi - for primary education
*Shree kanya vidyalaya - for girls' primary education
*Smt. L. N. Govani primary school
*Smt. R. D. Govani High School
*Shri J. H. Govani Kanya Vidyalaya
*Eva college of Ayurved

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Rajkot district}}
[[Category:Villages in Rajkot district]]